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High-Precision Surface Tension Measurements of Sodium, Potassium, and Their Alloys via Du Noüy Ring Tensiometry

  • The development of post-lithium-ion batteries has sparked significant interest in alkali-metal anodes, particularly sodium (Na), potassium (K), and sodium−potassium (Na−K) alloys. Na−K alloys are promising for partially liquid anodes due to their unique low melting points. A critical factor influencing Na−K-based anode performance is wetting behavior, which governs electrical conductivity, mechanical contact, and long-term stability. At the heart of wetting lies surface tension, a fundamental property of solid−liquid− gas interactions. However, the surface tension of alkali metals and their alloys, particularly Na−K systems, remains poorly understood due to experimental and theoretical challenges. This study bridged these gaps by employing Du Noüy ring tensiometry for the first time in alkali-metal systems to measure the surface tension of Na, K, and Na−K alloys across temperatures from ambient to 180 °C. A key innovation in this work is the development of the push-in Du Noüy method,The development of post-lithium-ion batteries has sparked significant interest in alkali-metal anodes, particularly sodium (Na), potassium (K), and sodium−potassium (Na−K) alloys. Na−K alloys are promising for partially liquid anodes due to their unique low melting points. A critical factor influencing Na−K-based anode performance is wetting behavior, which governs electrical conductivity, mechanical contact, and long-term stability. At the heart of wetting lies surface tension, a fundamental property of solid−liquid− gas interactions. However, the surface tension of alkali metals and their alloys, particularly Na−K systems, remains poorly understood due to experimental and theoretical challenges. This study bridged these gaps by employing Du Noüy ring tensiometry for the first time in alkali-metal systems to measure the surface tension of Na, K, and Na−K alloys across temperatures from ambient to 180 °C. A key innovation in this work is the development of the push-in Du Noüy method, which provided significantly higher precision and reliability compared to the traditional pull-out technique, without requiring a correction factor. The measured surface tension decreased with increasing temperature for the studied Na−K alloys. For instance, for a eutectic Na−K mixture, the surface tension decreases from 121.7 mN m−1 to 112.2 mN m−1 when increasing the temperature from ambient to 180 °C. Additionally, this study presented the first use of Gibbs free energy minimization to model the surface tension of the Na−K system. The robust method significantly enhanced the predictive accuracy compared to the previous simplified model, reducing deviations from 25% to 2%. Our findings reveal that surface tension increases with sodium mole fraction in the bulk phase, yet the surface monolayer remains potassium-rich, indicating non-ideal surface behavior. This study deepens the understanding of alkali-metal wetting behavior, providing valuable insights for designing optimized interfaces in next-generation semi-solid alkali-metal batteries.zeige mehrzeige weniger

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Autor*innen:Naiyu QiORCiD, Rachana SomaskandanORCiD, Gustav GraeberORCiD
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenartikel
Veröffentlichungsform:Verlagsliteratur
Sprache:Englisch
Titel des übergeordneten Werkes (Englisch):ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
Jahr der Erstveröffentlichung:2025
Organisationseinheit der BAM:3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher
3 Gefahrgutumschließungen; Energiespeicher / 3.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere
Veröffentlichende Institution:Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
Herausgeber (Institution):ACS
Verlag:American Chemical Society (ACS)
Verlagsort:Washington, DC
Jahrgang/Band:17
Ausgabe/Heft:17
Erste Seite:25985
Letzte Seite:25995
DDC-Klassifikation:Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften / Ingenieurwissenschaften / Angewandte Physik
Freie Schlagwörter:Alkali metal; Batteries; Liquid-metal anodes; Sodium−potassium alloy; Surface tension
Themenfelder/Aktivitätsfelder der BAM:Energie
Energie / Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung
DOI:10.1021/acsami.5c02183
URN:urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-630102
ISSN:1944-8252
Verfügbarkeit des Dokuments:Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")
Lizenz (Deutsch):License LogoCreative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International
Datum der Freischaltung:30.04.2025
Referierte Publikation:Ja
Datum der Eintragung als referierte Publikation:30.04.2025
Schriftenreihen ohne Nummerierung:Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM
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