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Autoclave reactor synthesis of upconversion nanoparticles, unreported variables, and safety considerations
- Autoclave reactors are widely used across chemical and biological sciences, including for the synthesis of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) and other nanomaterials. Yet, the details of how autoclave reactors are used in such synthesis are rarely reported in the literature, leaving several key synthesis variables widely unreported and thereby hampering experimental reproducibility. In this perspective, we discuss the safety considerations of autoclave reactors and note that autoclaves should only be used if they are (a) purchased from reputable suppliers/manufacturers and (b) have been certified compliant with relevant safety standards. Ultimately, using unsuitable autoclave equipment can pose a severe physical hazard and may breach legal safety requirements. In addition, we highlight several parameters in autoclave synthesis that should be reported as standard to maximise the reproducibility of autoclave synthesis experiments across materials and chemistry research. We encourageAutoclave reactors are widely used across chemical and biological sciences, including for the synthesis of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) and other nanomaterials. Yet, the details of how autoclave reactors are used in such synthesis are rarely reported in the literature, leaving several key synthesis variables widely unreported and thereby hampering experimental reproducibility. In this perspective, we discuss the safety considerations of autoclave reactors and note that autoclaves should only be used if they are (a) purchased from reputable suppliers/manufacturers and (b) have been certified compliant with relevant safety standards. Ultimately, using unsuitable autoclave equipment can pose a severe physical hazard and may breach legal safety requirements. In addition, we highlight several parameters in autoclave synthesis that should be reported as standard to maximise the reproducibility of autoclave synthesis experiments across materials and chemistry research. We encourage users of autoclave synthesis vessels to: (1) adopt high-safety autoclaves and (2) report the many experimental variables involved to enhance experimental reproducibility.…


| Autor*innen: | Rebecca McGonigle, Jodie Glasgow, Catriona Houston, Iain CameronORCiD, Christian HomannORCiD, Dominic J. Black, Robert PalORCiD, Lewis E. MacKenzieORCiD |
|---|---|
| Persönliche Herausgeber*innen: | Lewis E. MacKenzieORCiD |
| Dokumenttyp: | Zeitschriftenartikel |
| Veröffentlichungsform: | Verlagsliteratur |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Titel des übergeordneten Werkes (Englisch): | Communications Chemistry |
| Jahr der Erstveröffentlichung: | 2025 |
| Organisationseinheit der BAM: | 1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien |
| 1 Analytische Chemie; Referenzmaterialien / 1.2 Biophotonik | |
| Veröffentlichende Institution: | Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) |
| Verlag: | Springer Science and Business Media LLC |
| Jahrgang/Band: | 8 |
| Ausgabe/Heft: | 1 |
| Aufsatznummer: | 36 |
| Erste Seite: | 1 |
| Letzte Seite: | 7 |
| DDC-Klassifikation: | Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften / Ingenieurwissenschaften / Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten |
| Freie Schlagwörter: | Autoclave synthesis; Data comparability; Decay kinetics; Energy transfer; Fluorescence; Lifetime; Method; Nano; Particle; Quality assurance; Reference material; Shell; Synthesis; Upconversion |
| Themenfelder/Aktivitätsfelder der BAM: | Material |
| Material / Advanced Materials | |
| DOI: | 10.1038/s42004-025-01415-3 |
| URN: | urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-625672 |
| Verfügbarkeit des Dokuments: | Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access") |
| Lizenz (Deutsch): | Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International |
| Datum der Freischaltung: | 19.02.2025 |
| Referierte Publikation: | Ja |
| Datum der Eintragung als referierte Publikation: | 19.02.2025 |
| Schriftenreihen ohne Nummerierung: | Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM |


