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Influence of the WAAM process and design aspects on residual stresses in high-strength structural steels
- Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) enables the efficient production of weight-optimized modern engineering structures. Further increases in efficiency can be achieved by using high-strength structural steels. Commercial welding consumables for WAAM are already available on the market. Lack of knowledge and guidelines regarding welding residual stress and component safety during production and operation leads to severely limited use for industry applications. The sensitive microstructure of high-strength steels carries a high risk of cold cracking; therefore, residual stresses play a crucial role. For this reason, the influences of the material, the WAAM process, and the design on the formation of residual stresses and the risk of cold cracking are being investigated. The material used has a yield strength of over 800 MPa. This strength is adjusted via solid solution strengthening and a martensitic phase transformation. The volume expansion associated with martensite formation has aWire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) enables the efficient production of weight-optimized modern engineering structures. Further increases in efficiency can be achieved by using high-strength structural steels. Commercial welding consumables for WAAM are already available on the market. Lack of knowledge and guidelines regarding welding residual stress and component safety during production and operation leads to severely limited use for industry applications. The sensitive microstructure of high-strength steels carries a high risk of cold cracking; therefore, residual stresses play a crucial role. For this reason, the influences of the material, the WAAM process, and the design on the formation of residual stresses and the risk of cold cracking are being investigated. The material used has a yield strength of over 800 MPa. This strength is adjusted via solid solution strengthening and a martensitic phase transformation. The volume expansion associated with martensite formation has a significant influence on the residual stresses. The focus of the present investigation is on the additive welding parameters and component design on their influence on hardness and residual stresses, which are analyzed by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD). Reference specimens (hollow cuboids) are welded fully automated with a systematic variation of heat control and design. Welding parameters and AM geometry are correlated with the resulting microstructure, hardness, and residual stress state. Increased heat input leads to lower tensile residual stresses which causes unfavorable microstructure and mechanical properties. The component design affects heat dissipation conditions and the intensity of restraint during welding and has a significant influence on the residual stress.…
Autor*innen: | Karsten WandtkeORCiD, Dirk SchröpferORCiD, R. Scharf-Wildenhain, A. Hälsig, Thomas KannengießerORCiD, Arne KrommORCiD, J. Hensel |
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Dokumenttyp: | Zeitschriftenartikel |
Veröffentlichungsform: | Verlagsliteratur |
Sprache: | Englisch |
Titel des übergeordneten Werkes (Englisch): | Welding in the World |
Jahr der Erstveröffentlichung: | 2023 |
Organisationseinheit der BAM: | 9 Komponentensicherheit |
9 Komponentensicherheit / 9.2 Versuchsanlagen und Prüftechnik | |
9 Komponentensicherheit / 9.4 Integrität von Schweißverbindungen | |
Veröffentlichende Institution: | Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) |
Verlag: | Springer |
Verlagsort: | Berlin |
Jahrgang/Band: | 67 |
Ausgabe/Heft: | 4 |
Erste Seite: | 987 |
Letzte Seite: | 996 |
DDC-Klassifikation: | Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften / Ingenieurwissenschaften / Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten |
Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften / Ingenieurwissenschaften / Angewandte Physik | |
Freie Schlagwörter: | Additive manufacturing; DED-arc; High-strength steel filler metal; Residual stress |
Themenfelder/Aktivitätsfelder der BAM: | Energie |
Material | |
Material / Additive Fertigung | |
DOI: | 10.1007/s40194-023-01503-9 |
URN: | urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-572698 |
ISSN: | 1878-6669 |
Verfügbarkeit des Dokuments: | Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access") |
Lizenz (Deutsch): | Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International |
Datum der Freischaltung: | 05.04.2023 |
Referierte Publikation: | Ja |
Datum der Eintragung als referierte Publikation: | 05.04.2023 |
Paper des Monats: | Ja |
Schriftenreihen ohne Nummerierung: | Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM |