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Formaldehyde emissions from wooden toys: Comparison of different measurement methods and assessment of exposure

  • Formaldehyde is considered as carcinogenic and is emitted from particleboards and plywood used in toy manufacturing. Currently, the flask method is frequently used in Europe for market surveillance purposes to assess formaldehyde release from toys, but its concordance to Levels measured in emission test chambers is poor. Surveillance laboratories are unable to afford laborious and expensive emission chamber testing to comply with a new amendment of the European Toy Directive; they need an alternative method that can provide reliable results. Therefore, the application of miniaturised emission test chambers was tested. Comparisons between a 1 m3 emission test chamber and 44 mL microchambers with two particleboards over 28 days and between a 24 L desiccator chamber and the microchambers with three puzzle samples over 10 days resulted in a correlation coefficient r2 of 0.834 for formaldehyde at steady state. The correlation between the results obtained in microchambers vs. flask showed aFormaldehyde is considered as carcinogenic and is emitted from particleboards and plywood used in toy manufacturing. Currently, the flask method is frequently used in Europe for market surveillance purposes to assess formaldehyde release from toys, but its concordance to Levels measured in emission test chambers is poor. Surveillance laboratories are unable to afford laborious and expensive emission chamber testing to comply with a new amendment of the European Toy Directive; they need an alternative method that can provide reliable results. Therefore, the application of miniaturised emission test chambers was tested. Comparisons between a 1 m3 emission test chamber and 44 mL microchambers with two particleboards over 28 days and between a 24 L desiccator chamber and the microchambers with three puzzle samples over 10 days resulted in a correlation coefficient r2 of 0.834 for formaldehyde at steady state. The correlation between the results obtained in microchambers vs. flask showed a high variability over 10 samples (r2: 0.145), thereby demonstrating the error-proneness of the flask method in comparison to methods carried out under ambient parameters. An exposure assessment was also performed for three toy puzzles: indoor formaldehyde concentrations caused by puzzles were not negligible (up to 8 µg/m3), especially when more conservative exposure scenarios were considered.zeige mehrzeige weniger

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Metadaten
Autor*innen:Morgane EvenORCiD, Olaf WilkeORCiD, Sabine Kalus, P. Schultes, C. Hutzler, A. Luch
Dokumenttyp:Zeitschriftenartikel
Veröffentlichungsform:Verlagsliteratur
Sprache:Englisch
Titel des übergeordneten Werkes (Englisch):Materials
Jahr der Erstveröffentlichung:2021
Organisationseinheit der BAM:4 Material und Umwelt
4 Material und Umwelt / 4.2 Material-Mikrobiom Wechselwirkungen
Veröffentlichende Institution:Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
Verlag:MDPI
Jahrgang/Band:14
Ausgabe/Heft:2 (Special issue: Measurement of the environmental impact of materials)
Erste Seite:262-1
Letzte Seite:262-16
DDC-Klassifikation:Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften / Ingenieurwissenschaften / Sanitär- und Kommunaltechnik; Umwelttechnik
Freie Schlagwörter:EN 717-3; Emission test chamber; Flask method; Formaldehyde; Microchamber; Wooden toys
Themenfelder/Aktivitätsfelder der BAM:Umwelt
DOI:10.3390/ma14020262
URN:urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-520196
Zugehöriger Identifikator:https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bam/frontdoor/index/index/docId/51985
Verfügbarkeit des Dokuments:Datei für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar ("Open Access")
Lizenz (Deutsch):License LogoCreative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International
Datum der Freischaltung:20.01.2021
Referierte Publikation:Ja
Datum der Eintragung als referierte Publikation:20.01.2021
Paper des Monats:Ja
Schriftenreihen ohne Nummerierung:Wissenschaftliche Artikel der BAM
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