TY - JOUR A1 - Mayer, T. F. A1 - Dauberschmidt, C. A1 - Bruns, M. A1 - Eichler, T. A1 - Wiens, U. A1 - Mietz, Jürgen A1 - Gehlen, C. A1 - Ebell, Gino A1 - Gerhard, G. A1 - Osterminski, K. T1 - Das Instandsetzungsprinzip W-Cl N2 - Während das Instandsetzungsprinzip W bei carbonatisierungsinduzierter Korrosion seit vielen Jahren als Standardverfahren etabliert ist, wird seine Anwendbarkeit bei chloridinduzierter Korrosion (W-Cl) in der Fachwelt bis heute kontrovers diskutiert. Zwar ergeben sich aus seiner Anwendung gegenüber anderen Instandsetzungsverfahren auf den ersten Blick u. U. deutliche wirtschaftliche Vorteile, allerdings besteht bei diesem Verfahren ein deutlich höheres Risiko, dass das Instandsetzungsziel nicht erreicht wird. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die technischen Grundlagen des Instandsetzungsprinzips W-Cl sowie der aktuelle Kenntnisstand - sowohl für den gerissenen als auch für den ungerissenen Beton - dargestellt und baurechtliche Konsequenzen, die sich aus dem erhöhten Ausführungsrisiko ergeben, diskutiert. Korrosionsmonitoring als Element zum Nachweis des Instandsetzungserfolgs bei Anwendung des Prinzips W-Cl wird vorgestellt. Anhand von Anwendungsbeispielen werden sowohl die Risiken, die mit dem Verfahren verbunden sind, als auch das Potenzial bei erfolgreicher Anwendung veranschaulicht. KW - Korrosion KW - Instandsetzung KW - W-Cl KW - Risse PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/bate.201900083 SN - 0932-8351 VL - 97 IS - 1 SP - 2 EP - 10 PB - Ernst & Sohn CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-50246 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ebell, Gino A1 - Burkert, Andreas A1 - Günther, Tobias A1 - Wilsch, Gerd T1 - Untersuchungen zum korrosionsauslösenden Chloridgehalt an nicht rostendem ferritischem Betonstahl in Mörtel N2 - Der maßgebliche Korrosionsschutz von nicht rostendem Stahl in Beton basiert, anders als bei unlegiertem Betonstahl, auf der Ausbildung einer Chromoxidschicht. Die Chromoxidschicht ist in alkalischem und in carbonatisiertem Beton beständig, sodass nicht rostende Stähle in einem passiven Zustand vorliegen. Die Initiierung von Lochkorrosionserscheinungen ist dagegen auch an nicht rostenden Stählen in Beton möglich. Der korrosionsauslösende Chloridgehalt ist neben dem Gehalt an Legierungselementen (insbesondere dem Chromgehalt) und der Oberflächenbeschaffenheit auch vom Konzentrationsverhältnis von OH“ zu CI“ im Elektrolyten abhängig. Daher ist prinzipiell zu erwarten, dass in karbonatisierten Betonen geringere Chloridgehalte Korrosion initiieren können als in Betonen mit höheren pH-Werten. Dies gilt in besonderem Maße für nicht rostende Betonstähle mit geringen Chromgehalten, wie z. B. Produkte aus dem Werkstoff 1.4003 (X2CrNi12) mit seiner im Vergleich zu den Standardausteniten geringen Beständigkeit. Um den kritischen korrosionsauslösenden Chloridgehalt am Beispiel eines am Markt verfügbaren ferritischen Chromstahls zu bestimmen, wurden an der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) umfangreiche Untersuchungen zu beschleunigten Korrosionsversuchen in alkalischen und karbonatisierten Mörteln durchgeführt. Mittels Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) konnten die korrosionsauslösenden Chloridgehalte im Phasengrenzbereich Betonstahl-Mörtel ermittelt werden. KW - Korrosion KW - Betonstahl KW - Nicht rostender KW - LIBS KW - Chloridgehalt KW - Kritischer PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/bate.201900077 SN - 0932-8351 VL - 97 IS - 1 SP - 21 EP - 31 PB - Ernst & Sohn CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-50247 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Florian, Camilo A1 - Déziel, J.-L. A1 - Kirner, Sabrina V. A1 - Siegel, J. A1 - Bonse, Jörn T1 - The role of the laser-induced oxide layer in the formation of laser-induced periodic surface structures N2 - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) are often present when processing solid targets with linearly polarized ultrashort laser pulses. The different irradiation parameters to produce them on metals, semiconductors and dielectrics have been studied extensively, identifying suitable regimes to tailor its properties for applications in the fields of optics, medicine, fluidics and tribology, to name a few. One important parameter widely present when exposing the samples to the high intensities provided by these laser pulses in air environment, that generally is not considered, is the formation of a superficial laser-induced oxide layer. In this paper, we fabricate LIPSS on a layer of the oxidation prone hard-coating material chromium nitride in order to investigate the impact of the laser-induced oxide layer on its formation. A variety of complementary surface analytic techniques were employed, revealing morphological, chemical and structural characteristics of well-known high-spatial frequency LIPSS (HSFL) together with a new type of low-spatial frequency LIPSS (LSFL) with an anomalous orientation parallel to the laser polarization. Based on this input, we performed finite-difference time-domain calculations considering a layered system resembling the geometry of the HSFL along with the presence of a laser-induced oxide layer. The simulations support a scenario that the new type of LSFL is formed at the interface between the laser-induced oxide layer and the non-altered material underneath. These findings suggest that LSFL structures parallel to the polarization can be easily induced in materials that are prone to oxidation. KW - Laser-induced oxide layer KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) KW - Surface chemistry KW - Femtosecond laser processing KW - Nanostructuring PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-502530 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010147 SN - 2079-4991 VL - 10(1) IS - Special issue "Laser-generated periodic nanostructures" SP - 147-1 EP - 147-18 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-50253 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cubero, A. A1 - Martínez, E. A1 - Angurel, L.A. A1 - de la Fuente, G.F. A1 - Navarro, R. A1 - Legall, Herbert A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Bonse, Jörn T1 - Effects of laser-induced periodic surface structures on the superconducting properties of Niobium N2 - It is well known that the use of ultrashort (fs) pulsed lasers can induce the generation of (quasi-) periodic nanostructures (LIPSS, ripples) on the surface of many materials. Such nanostructures have also been observed in sample’s surfaces irradiated with UV lasers with a pulse duration of 300 ps. In this work, we compare the characteristics of these nanostructures on 1-mm and on 25-μm thick niobium sheets induced by 30 fs n-IR and 300 ps UV pulsed lasers. In addition to conventional continuous or burst mode processing configurations, two-dimensional laser beam and line scanning modes have been investigated in this work. The latter allows the processing of large areas with a more uniform distribution of nanostructures at the surface. The influence of the generated nanostructures on the superconducting properties of niobium has also been explored. For this aim, magnetic hysteresis loops have been measured at different cryogenic temperatures to analyse how these laser treatments affect the flux pinning behaviour and, in consequence, the superconductor’s critical current values. It was observed that laser treatments are able to modify the superconducting properties of niobium samples. T2 - E-MRS Spring Meeting 2019 CY - Nice, France DA - 27.05.2019 KW - Superconductivity KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) KW - Niobium PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-502541 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.145140 SN - 0169-4332 SN - 1873-5584 VL - 508 IS - 1 SP - 145140-1 EP - 145140-7 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-50254 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Benseghier, Z. A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo A1 - Luu, L.-H. A1 - Bonelli, S. A1 - Philippe, P. T1 - A parallel GPU-based computational framework for the micromechanical analysis of geotechnical and erosion problems N2 - This article deals with the relevance and practical feasibility of micromechanical simulations for their application to general geomechanical problems involving fluid-saturated granular assemblies, whether frictional or cohesive. A set of conceptual and numerical tools is here presented, advocating for a parallel computation using graphical processing units (GPUs) to treat large numbers of degrees of freedom with conventional Desktop computers. The fluid phase is here simulated with a particle-resolved approach in the frame of the Lattice Botzmann Method (LBM) while the granular solid phase is modelled as a collection of discrete particles from a Molecular Dynamics DEM perspective. The range of possible material behaviours for the solid granular phase is intended here to cover a broad spectrum from purely frictional to viscous cohesive materials with either brittle or transient debonding features. Specific details of the implementation and some validation cases are put forward. Finally, some exemplary applications in the fields of soil erosion and geotechnical profile installation are provided along with a discussion on the parallel performance of the presented models. The results show that a micromechanical approach can be feasible and useful in practice, providing meaningful insights into complex engineering problems like the erosion kinetics of a soil under an impinging jet or the penetration resistance of a deep foundation in a layered soil profile. KW - Offshore geomechanics KW - Erosion KW - Micromechanical modelling KW - LBM-DEM KW - GPU Parallel computing PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-502309 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103404 VL - 120 SP - Paper 103404, 1 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50230 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Weidner, Steffen A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana A1 - Kricheldorf, H. T1 - Polymer mass spectrometry at BAM with special emphasis on MALDI and ESI N2 - Since its introduction mass spectrometric techniques like Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/ionization (MALDI) and Electrospray Ionization (ESI) have become indispensable for synthetic polymer analyses. Ideally, various polymer properties (monomer structure, masses, mass distribution, end groups) can be determined simultaneously. However, in real life these experiments are always affected by important structural parameters and instrumental limitations. A short introduction focussing on latest findings with respect to ionisation principles and mechanisms will be given. Recent results from our group will be presented and efforts to avoid common drawbacks of polymer mass spectrometry will be discussed. In this regard, MALDI - Imaging mass spectrometry and the 2D hyphenation of MS with different chromatographic separation techniques were especially useful, since they can provide additional information and reduce the complexity of polymer analyses. T2 - 21. European Symposium on Polymer Spectroscopy CY - Linz, Austria DA - 13.01.2020 KW - Mass spectrometry KW - MALDI-TOF MS KW - ESI-TOF MS KW - Polymer PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50260 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zerbst, Uwe T1 - Application of fracture mechanics to welds with crack origin at the weld toe—a review. Part 2: welding residual stresses. Residual and total life assessment N2 - The two-part paper series provides an overview on the state-of-the-art in the application of engineering fracture mechanics to weldments limited to butt and fillet welds with crack initiation at weld toes. In the present second part, one focus is on welding residual stresses, their characteristics and stability under cyclic loading and their effect on structural integrity. Subsequently, features will be addressed which are essential for applying fracture mechanics to overall fatigue life and fatigue strength considerations of weldments. These comprise fatigue life relevant initial crack sizes and multiple crack initiation and Propagation due to various stress peaks along the weld toe. A concept is briefly introduced which covers all these aspects. KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Welding residual stresses KW - Multiple crack propagation KW - Fatigue strength PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-019-00816-y VL - 64 IS - 1 SP - 151 EP - 169 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-50263 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gojani, Ardian A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. T1 - Combined Raman and LIBS using Spatial Heterodyne Spectrometer with High Repetition Rate Laser N2 - Spatial heterodyne spectroscopy is used for Raman and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of six rocks with various mineral content, using high repetition rate diode-pumped solid state lasers. While LIBS data are obtained for all samples, Raman signal was determined only for half of those. This work shows that it is possible to combine LIBS and Raman spectrometry into a single instrument consisting of a DPSS laser for excitation and SHS for spectral recording. For better results and gain from complementary spectrochemical information that the system provides, it is necessary to optimize light collection. T2 - 2020 Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry CY - Tucson, Arizona, USA DA - 13.01.2020 KW - Laser-Induced Background Spectroscopy KW - Spatial heterodyne spectroscopy KW - Raman spectroscopy PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50265 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Characteristics of train passages over slab tracks from measurements and different track-soil models - Damage detection and ground vibration reduction N2 - The train passages over intact or damaged slab tracks on different soils have been calculated by the finite-element boundary-element or the wavenumber-domain method. The influence of track and soil parameters on the distribution of the track displacements and the soil forces has been analysed. The measured and calculated displacement time histories of train passages could be used to identify track damages such as lose sleepers or a lose track plate. The time histories and spectra of the soil forces can explain the measured ground vibration reduction of slab tracks. The calculated displacement and force distributions of slab tracks on continuous soils do not fulfil the Winkler hypothesis and Winkler models should not be used for track analysis. KW - Wavenumber domain KW - Continuous soil KW - Slab track KW - Soil forces KW - Track displacements KW - Track filter KW - Vehicle–track interaction PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1177/0954409719835036 SN - 0954-4097 VL - 234 IS - 2 SP - 142 EP - 160 PB - Sage CY - London AN - OPUS4-50266 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Zur Berechnung der Erschütterungsminderung von Eisenbahngleisen mit ein- und zweidimensionalen Modellen N2 - Eindimensionale Modelle des Gleises aus einem Schienenstützpunkt, zweidimensionale Modelle enthalten die Kraftverteilung der Schiene. Eindimensionale Modelle machen einen Fehler, weil sie eine zu große Fahrzeugmasse berücksichtigen. Man kann jedoch bei der Berechnung der Minderungswirkung von Gleiselementen eindimensionale Gleismodelle verwenden, um die Kraftübertragung des Gleises bzw. die Minderungswirkung des Gleises zu berechnen. Die Wechselwirkung mit dem Fahrzeug kann einfach mit der dynamischen Stützpunktsteifigkeit berechnet werden. Dabei muss die Stützpunktsteifigkeit mit einer charakteristischen Gleislänge multipliziert werden, die frequenz- und systemabhängig ist. T2 - Norm-Arbeitsausschuss Schwingungsminderung in der Umgebung von Verkehrswegen CY - Munich, Germany DA - 14.01.2020 KW - Richtige Fahrzeugmasse KW - Erschütterungsminderung KW - Elastische Gleiselemente KW - Rechenverfahren PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50268 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kool, L. A1 - Dekker, F. A1 - Bunschoten, A. A1 - Smales, Glen Jacob A1 - Pauw, Brian Richard A1 - Velders, A. H. A1 - Saggiomo, V. T1 - Gold and silver dichroic nanocomposite in the quest for 3D printing the Lycurgus cup N2 - The Lycurgus cup is an ancient glass artefact that shows dichroism as it looks green when a white light is reflected on it and a red colouring appears when a white light is transmitted through it. This peculiar dichroic effect is due to silver and gold nanoparticles present in the glass. In this research we show the synthesis of dichroic silver nanoparticles and their embedding in a 3D printable nanocomposite. The addition of gold nanoparticles to the silver nanoparticle composite, gave a 3D printable nanocomposite with the same dichroism effect of the Lycurgus cup. KW - SAXS KW - Au KW - Ag KW - Nanocomposite KW - 3D printing PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-501831 DO - https://doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.11.2 SP - 16 EP - 23 AN - OPUS4-50183 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Taketa, I. A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard A1 - Gorbatikh, L. A1 - Lomov, S. A1 - Verpoest, I. T1 - Influence of cooling rate on the properties of carbon fiber unidirectional composites with polypropylene, polyamide 6, and polyphenylene sulfide matrices N2 - The longitudinal and transverse strength of three unidirectional thermoplastic prepreg systems: carbon fiber/polypropylene (CF/PP), polyamide 6 (CF/PA6), and polyphenylene sulfide (CF/PPS) are studied and analytical formulas are proposed for the estimation of matrix and fiber/matrix interface properties from composites properties. Since the matrices are semi-crystalline thermoplastics, the influence of cooling rate on the strength is statistically evaluated. While the 0° tensile strength is found to be independent of the cooling rate, the 90° tensile strength is strongly influenced by the matrix type and cooling rate. The matrix modulus increases as the cooling rate is decreased; the degree of crystallinity also increases. The matrix residual stress, interfacial shear strength, and mode II interlaminar fracture toughness are also found to depend on the cooling rate, with the trends different for different matrices. KW - Matrix residual stress KW - Thermoplastic prepreg KW - Unidirectional composites KW - Cooling rate KW - Interfacial strength PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/09243046.2019.1651083 SN - 0924-3046 SN - 1568-5519 N1 - Die originale japanische Version des Artikels erschien in: Journal of the Japan Society for Composite Materials, Jg. 44, Nr. 4 (2018), S. 123-128. - The original Japanese version of the article was published in: Journal of the Japan Society for Composite Materials, vol. 44, no. 4 (2018), pp. 123-128. VL - 29 IS - 1 SP - 101 EP - 113 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - London AN - OPUS4-45433 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Werner, Jan A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Kutz, Philipp T1 - Composite subjected to low temperatures N2 - To reduce the global emission of CO2, liquified natural gas (LNG) is increasingly used as fuel. As the pipeline network is not developed all around the globe, LNG needs to be transported via ship or truck. Double-walled tanks made of steel with a vacuum insulation are currently used to keep LNG at cryogenic temperatures (-162 °C; 111 K). The double-walled construction makes the tanks heavy and expensive. The vacuum insulation between the two walled structure ensures that the LNG stays liquid over the transportation time (boiling point of LNG: -162 ◦C). This causes a high temperature difference between the transported good and the ambient air. Furthermore, there are some restrictions in carrying out in-service inspection using a double-wall design. Therefore, alternative tank designs, such as single wall glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP), are of growing interest. The material properties of GFRP and tank insulation at cryogenic temperatures are investigated. Liquified nitrogen (-196 °C; 77 K) is used for all experiments at cryogenic temperatures for safety reasons. Thermal conductivity of different layers are investigated and compared. Mechanical properties are analyzed by performing 3-point bending tests on cooled specimen. When cooled, the specimens fail at a higher force, but all layers of the laminate fail at once. Further investigations into the characterization of material properties, such as CT scans are currently in preparation. Evaluation is done by FEM and in approximation via analytical solutions. T2 - ICMEA 2020 CY - Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam DA - 06.01.2020 KW - GFRP KW - Tanks KW - Cryogenic temperatures KW - LNG KW - Composite material KW - Safety PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50415 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Küttenbaum, Stefan A1 - Maack, Stefan T1 - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung im Bauwesen - eine zuverlässige Informationsquelle N2 - Inhalt der Präsentation: - Einführung in das Prinzip der Laufzeitmessung - Vorteile bei der Anwendung von Volumenverfahren an Spannbetonbrücken - Möglichkeiten zur Beurteilung der Leistungsfähigkeit von ZfP-Verfahren und zur Verwendung der Messergebnisse in probabilistischen Nachweisen von Bestandstragwerken T2 - Fachtagung ZfPStatik 2020 CY - Munich, Germany DA - 18.02.2020 KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung im Bauwesen KW - Messunsicherheit KW - Nachrechnung KW - Beurteilung von Bestandstragwerken PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50417 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ahmadi, Samim A1 - Burgholzer, P. A1 - Mayr, G. A1 - Jung, P. A1 - Caire, G. A1 - Ziegler, Mathias T1 - Photothermal super resolution imaging: A comparison of different thermographic reconstruction techniques N2 - This paper presents different super resolution reconstruction techniques to overcome the spatial resolution limits in thermography. Pseudo-random blind structured illumination from a onedimensional laser array is used as heat source for super resolution thermography. Pulsed thermography measurements using an infrared camera with a high frame rate sampling lead to a huge amount of data. To handle this large data set, thermographic reconstruction techniques are an essential step of the overall reconstruction process. Four different thermographic reconstruction techniques are analyzed based on the Fourier transform amplitude, principal component analysis, virtual wave reconstruction and the maximum thermogram. The application of those methods results in a sparse basis representation of the measured data and serves as input for a compressed sensing based algorithm called iterative joint sparsity (IJOSP). Since the thermographic reconstruction techniques have a high influence on the result of the IJOSP algorithm, this paper Highlights their Advantages and disadvantages. KW - Super resolution KW - Compressed sensing KW - Laser thermography KW - Virtual wave KW - Defect reconstruction PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2020.102228 VL - 111 SP - 2228 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Netherlands AN - OPUS4-50419 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weidner, Steffen A1 - Kricheldorf, H. R. T1 - Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization behavior of neat linear and cyclic poly(L-lactide)s and their blends N2 - Numerous new tin catalysts that enable the synthesis of cyclic polylactides with broad variation in their molecular mass were recently developed. The abundance of cyclics in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectra is, however, frequently reported to greatly exceed that of linears. Thus, the MALDI ionization behavior of various end-capped linear poly(L-lactide)s and one cyclic poly(L-lactide) was investigated and compared. Neat compounds and various blends of cyclic and linear species were prepared and studied under identical conditions with regard to sample preparation and instrumental condition, except for the laser power. For this purpose, two different MALDI-TOF mass spectrometers were applied. Our results reveal that cyclics indeed show a slightly better ionization in MALDI, although their ionization as a neat compound seems to be less effective than that of linear polylactides. The ionization of most linear polylactides investigated does not depend on the end group structure. However, linear polylactides containing 12-bromododecyl end groups reveal an unexpected saturation effect that is not caused by fragmentation of the polymer or the end group, or by electronic saturation of the detector digitizer. Furthermore, polylactides with a 2-bromoethyl end group did not show such a saturation effect. An overestimation of cyclic species in MALDI-TOF mass spectra of poly(L-lactide)s must be considered, but the commonly assumed peak suppression of linear polymers in mixtures of both structures can be excluded. KW - Polylactide KW - MALDI-TOF MS KW - Blends KW - Ionization PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-504216 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.8673 VL - 34 SP - e8673 PB - Wiley Online Libary AN - OPUS4-50421 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mundra, Shishir A1 - Prentice, D. P. A1 - Bernal, S. A. A1 - Provis, J. L. T1 - Modelling chloride transport in alkali-activated slags N2 - The service-life of steel-reinforced concrete structures is primarily determined by the ability of the concrete cover to resist chloride ingress. With limited literature available on the ingress of chloride into alkali-activated slags (AAS) under service conditions, it is critical that this is described by appropriate models. This paper describes an interactive software framework to relate chloride ingress into AAS with the chemistry of the concrete cover, by considering the chloride binding capacity and porosity of the binder as a function of time, based on thermodynamic calculations of the phase assemblage as a function of slag and activator composition. This provides a major step towards developing the ability to predict the ingress of chlorides in alkali-activated concretes from a sound theoretical basis, which is essential in providing confidence in the durability of these materials in essential infrastructure applications. KW - Thermodynamic calculations KW - Alkali activated cement KW - Durability KW - Diffusion KW - Chloride PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.106011 VL - 130 SP - 106011 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50423 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fernández, R. A1 - Bokuchava, G. A1 - Toda-Caraballo, I. A1 - Bruno, Giovanni A1 - Turchenko, V. A1 - Gorshkova, Y. A1 - González-Doncel, G. T1 - Analysis of the Combined Strengthening Effect of Solute Atoms and Precipitates on Creep of Aluminum Alloys N2 - The creep strengthening mechanisms in (age-hardenable) aluminum alloys are analyzed on the basis of a new microstructural study of powder samples, an analysis of a comprehensive revision of creep data from the literature, and a new modeling approach. A strategy based on the strength difference (SD) method to separate the contributions of solid solution atoms and precipitates to creep strengthening is proposed. The new methodology considers the combination of the two contributions avoiding the need of a threshold stress term in the creep equation. The contribution of both precipitates and solid solution is taken into account by means of the analysis of the lattice parameter variation with aging time. For this study, powders of two commercial AA2xxx alloys have been analyzed using diffraction methods. The experimental results are modeled using Lubarda's approach combined with the SD method. KW - Aluminium KW - Creep KW - Diffraction KW - Precipitation KW - Solute atoms PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201901355 SN - 1438-1656 VL - 22 SP - 1901355 EP - 4 PB - Wiley-VCH Verlag AN - OPUS4-50424 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Friedrich, C. M. A1 - Weigel, S. A1 - Marvin, H. A1 - Rauscher, H. A1 - Wohlleben, W. A1 - Babick, F. A1 - Löschner, K. A1 - Mech, A. A1 - Brüngel, R. A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Gilliland, D. A1 - Rasmussen, K. A1 - Ghanem, A. T1 - The NanoDefine Methods Manual N2 - This document is a collection of three JRC Technical Reports that together form the “NanoDefine Methods Manual”, which has been developed within the NanoDefine project ‘Development of an integrated approach based on validated and standardized methods to support the implementation of the EC recommendation for a definition of nanomaterial’, funded by the European Union’s 7th Framework Programme, under grant agreement 604347. The overall goal of the NanoDefine project was to support the implementation of the European Commission Recommendation on the definition of nanomaterial (2011/696/EU). The project has developed an integrated empirical approach, which allows identifying a material as a nano- or not a nanomaterial according to the EC Recommendation. The NanoDefine Methods Manual consists of three parts: Part 1: The NanoDefiner Framework and Tools, which covers the NanoDefiner framework, general information on measurement methods and performance criteria, and tools developed by NanoDefine such as a materials categorisation system, a decision support flow scheme and an e-tool. Part 2: Evaluation of Methods, which discusses the outcome of the evaluation of the nanomaterials characterisation methods for measuring size. Part 3: Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), which presents the 23 Standard Operating Procedures developed within the NanoDefine project. In this combined document, these three parts are included as stand-alone reports, each having its own abstract, table of contents, page, table and figure numbering, and references. KW - Nanomaterial KW - Particle size distribution KW - Nanoparticles KW - NanoDefine KW - Nanomaterial classification PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-504250 SN - 978-92-76-12335-4 DO - https://doi.org/10.2760/79490 VL - JRC117501 SP - 1 EP - 451 PB - Publications Office of the European Union CY - Luxembourg AN - OPUS4-50425 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Evsevleev, Sergei A1 - Paciornik, S. A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Advanced Deep Learning-Based 3D Microstructural Characterization of Multiphase Metal Matrix Composites N2 - The quantitative analysis of microstructural features is a key to understanding the micromechanical behavior of metal matrix composites (MMCs), which is a premise for their use in practice. Herein, a 3D microstructural characterization of a five-phase MMC is performed by synchrotron X-ray computed tomography (SXCT). A workflow for advanced deep learning-based segmentation of all individual phases in SXCT data is shown using a fully convolutional neural network with U-net architecture. High segmentation accuracy is achieved with a small amount of training data. This enables extracting unprecedently precise microstructural parameters (e.g., volume fractions and particle shapes) to be input, e.g., in micromechanical models. KW - Computed tomography KW - Convolutional neural networks KW - Deep learning KW - Metal matrix composites KW - Segmentations PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-504261 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201901197 SN - 1438-1656 VL - 22 IS - 4 SP - 1901197 PB - WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-50426 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Vogl, Jochen A1 - Rienitz, O. A1 - Rosner, M. A1 - Mieller, Björn A1 - Kasemann, S. A1 - Kraft, R. A1 - Malinovskiy, D. A1 - Meixner, A. A1 - Noordmann, J. A1 - Rabb, S. A1 - Schuessler, J. A. A1 - Vocke, R. D. T1 - Calibration of Mg isotope amount ratios and delta values N2 - In the past, δ26/24Mg measurements were referenced to NIST SRM 980, the initial zero of the δ26/24Mg scale. With the development of MC-ICPMS, the detection of small but measurable isotopic differences in different chips of SRM 980 became apparent. To solve this problem a suite of magnesium isotope reference materials, ERM-AE143, -AE144 and -AE145, has been certified in a first study by applying an ab initio calibration for absolute Mg isotope ratios without any a priori assumptions, a procedure which fulfils all requirements of a primary method of measurement. We could achieve for the first time measurement uncertainties for isotope amount ratios close to the typical precision of magnesium delta values, δ26/24Mg, which are at the 0.1 ‰ level (2SD). In addition, it was demonstrated that commonly used fractionation laws are invalid for correcting Mg isotope ratios in multi-collector ICPMS as they result in a bias which is not covered by its associated uncertainty. Depending on their type, fractionation laws create a bias up to several per mil, with the exponential law showing the smallest bias between 0.1 ‰ to 0.7 ‰. With these isotope reference materials, it is possible to establish SI-traceability for magnesium delta measurements. To realize this, we organized a second study within which five expert laboratories participated to cross-calibrate all available magnesium isotope standards, which are NIST SRM 980, IRMM-009, ERM-AE143, ERM-AE144, ERM-AE145 and the standards DSM3 and Cambridge-1. The mean δ26/24Mg values for the individual iRMs, calculated from the laboratory means show 2 SD reproducibilities varying between 0.025 and 0.093 ‰. Propagated measurement uncertainties suggest a standard uncertainty of about 0.1‰ for δ26/24Mg determinations (2SD). Thus, SI traceability for magnesium isotope amount ratios and delta values is demonstrated to be established. T2 - 53rd annual conference of the DGMS including 27th ICP-MS User's Meeting CY - Münster, Germany DA - 01.03.2020 KW - Isotope ratio KW - Delta value KW - Metrology KW - Magnesium KW - Magnesium isotope ratios PY - 2020 N1 - Geburtsname von Mieller, Björn: Brandt, B. - Birth name of Mieller, Björn: Brandt, B. AN - OPUS4-50549 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lazurenko, D.V. A1 - Laptev, I.S. A1 - Golkovsky, M.G. A1 - Stark, A. A1 - Paul, J. A1 - Bataev, I. A1 - Ruktuev, A.A. A1 - Song, L. A1 - Gollwitzer, Christian A1 - Pyczak, F. T1 - Influence of the Ti/Al/Nb ratio on the structure and properties on intermetallic layers obtained on titanium by non-vacuum electron beam cladding N2 - Ti-Al-Nb based intermetallic layers of sufficient quality and thickness were obtained by non-vacuum electron beam cladding on the surfaces of Ti workpieces. Optical microscopy and X-ray tomography did not reveal any dramatical defects in the structure of cladded layers. X-ray diffraction as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy were applied to thoroughly investigate the structure and phase composition of coatings. It was found that non-equilibrium cooling conditions of coatings provided by fast removal of heat to untreated Ti substrate after the electron beam cladding was terminated induced the proceeding of metastable phase transformations. For example, γ-phase formation was suppressed in these coatings. In coatings with 8 and 20 at.% Nb (46 and 43% Al respectively) along with ordered with α2, formation of disordered solution of the alloying elements in α-Ti took place. In high-Nb alloys β(B2) phase has undergone the diffusionless transformation to ω’, which is the intermediate phase in β → ω and the coating with the maximum Nb content characterized by appearance of γ1 as a main phase. ω-phase had negative influence to hardness and wear resistance of coatings, however, generally this paremeter increased in 1.3–1.75 times compared to cp-Ti. The high temperature creep and oxidation properties decreased proportionally with increasing Nb and decreasing Al content in the cladded layers. KW - Electron beam cladding KW - Titanium aluminides KW - Metastable phases KW - Diffraction analysis KW - Wear KW - High-temperature properties PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2020.110246 SN - 1044-5803 VL - 163 SP - 110246 PB - Elsevier Inc. AN - OPUS4-50550 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Roesch, Philipp A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - 8. Netzwerktreffen PerFluSan N2 - Vorstellung der Projektarbeit der BAM auf dem 8. Netzwerktreffen PerFluSan in Dresden T2 - 8. Netzwerktreffen PerFluSan CY - Fraunhofer IKTS, Dresden, Germany DA - 09.03.2020 KW - PFC KW - Sanierung KW - Kontamination KW - Boden PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50552 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zavoiura, O. A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Seitz, O. T1 - Reactive Quantum Dot-Based FRET Systems N2 - Oligonucleotide-templated reactions (OTRs) between two reactive hybridization probes allow for the detection of a DNA or RNA of interest by exploiting the target molecule as a catalyst of chemical reactions. The product of such a reaction commonly exhibits distinct fluorescence properties and can be detected by the means of fluorescence spectroscopy. The vast majority of OTR systems utilize organic dyes as fluorescent reporters. However, the use of brighter emitters, such as semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), has potential to improve the sensitivity of detection by providing brighter signals and permitting the use of probes at very low concentrations. Here we report an RNA-templated reaction between two fluorescently labeled peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-based probes, which proceeds on the surface of a QD. The QD-Bound PNA probe bears a cysteine functionality, while the other PNA is functionalized with an organic dye as a thioester. OTR between these probes proceeds through a transfer of the organic dye to the QD and can be conveniently monitored via fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) from the QD to the Cy5. The reaction was performed in a conventional fluorescence microplate reader and permits the detection of RNA in the picomolar range. KW - Fluorescence KW - Nano KW - Particle quantum dot KW - FRET KW - Assay KW - Sensor KW - RNA-templated reactions KW - Bioconjugation KW - Synthesis KW - Dye KW - Click chemistry KW - Peptide nucleic acid KW - Quantum dots KW - RNA KW - Fluorescence spectroscopy PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0243-0_11 VL - 2105 SP - 187 EP - 198 PB - Springer Sience+Business Media AN - OPUS4-50553 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Beckmann, Jörg A1 - Puskar, Ljiljana A1 - Schade, U. A1 - Jaunich, Matthias A1 - Wolff, Dietmar A1 - Bär, Sylke T1 - Photolytically and Thermally Initiated Destruction on the Stability of (Ultra)High Molecular Polyethylene N2 - THz and mid IR spectroscopy of high-molecular PE (HMW) and ultra high-molecular PE (UHMW) reveals modifications of the molecular structure. Characteristic absorption bands are changed if the two materials are exposed by γ-Co60 radiation up to 600 kGy and subsequently stored at an annealing temperature of 398 K until for 729 days. UHMW-PE and HMW-PE behave differently during the ageing process because of their molecular weight and inherent structure distinctions. The spectroscopic data offer characteristic absorption bands, which have been used to describe the complete ageing process in more detail. For instance, the integral absorption in the B1u THz-region can be used to describe quantitatively the reduction of crystallinity. The formation of trans vinylene unsaturation and the decay of vinyl during ageing can be observed in detail in the mid IR range. T2 - 9th International Workshop on Terahertz Technology and Applications CY - Kaiserslautern, Germany DA - 03.03.2020 KW - Degradation KW - MID IR Spectroscopy PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50555 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Becker, S. A1 - Beckmann, Jörg A1 - Braun, M.-T. A1 - Cojocari, O. A1 - Feige, V. A1 - Fischer, B. A1 - Friederich, F. A1 - Globisch, B. A1 - Hechtfischer, G. A1 - Hens, K. A1 - Hübers, H.-W. A1 - Jelonnek, J. A1 - Jonuscheit, J. A1 - Keil, A. A1 - Kleine-Ostmann, T. A1 - Marquardt, E. A1 - Mayr, M. A1 - Nickel, H.-U. A1 - Nüßler, D. A1 - Peichl, M. A1 - Peters, O. A1 - Schür, J. A1 - Sprenger, T. A1 - Steiger, A. A1 - van Frank, S. A1 - Vieweg, N. A1 - Wilk, R. ED - Jonuscheit, J. ED - Marquardt, E. T1 - Terahertzsysteme und Anwendungsfelder N2 - Der Frequenzbereich der Terahertzwellen liegt im elektromagnetischen Spektrum zwischen den Mikrowellen und dem infraroten Licht – also etwa im Bereich von 0,1 bis 10 Terahertz (THz). Der VDI-Statusreport „Terahertzsysteme und Anwendungen“ stellt die unterschiedlichen Konzepte für Terahertzsysteme vor und zeigt Anwendungsbeispiele, bei denen die Terahertztechnik erfolgreich eingesetzt wird. Umfangreiche Literaturangaben ermöglichen eine intensivere Beschäftigung mit allen Themen des VDI-Statusreports. KW - Terahertzsysteme PY - 2020 UR - https://www.vdi.de/ueber-uns/presse/publikationen/details/terahertzsysteme-und-anwendungsfelder SP - 1 EP - 44 PB - Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (VDI) CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-50556 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schob, D. A1 - Sagradov, I. A1 - Roszak, R. A1 - Sparr, H. A1 - Franke, R. A1 - Ziegenhorn, M. A1 - Kupsch, Andreas A1 - Léonard, Fabien A1 - Müller, Bernd R. A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Experimental determination and numerical simulation of material and damage behaviour of 3D printed polyamide 12 under cyclic loading N2 - The material and damage behaviour of additively manufactured polyamide 12 under cyclic loading was characterized by cyclic tests and microstructure analysis by using microscopy, X-ray refraction, and computed tomography. The results were used to determine parameters for the viscoplastic material model by Chaboche and a damage model by Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman. The temperature was monitored during the experiments and the self-heating effect was observed. By including this effect, a higher accuracy could be achieved with the results of mechanical experiments. KW - 3D printing Polyamide 12 KW - Chaboche model KW - GTN model KW - Material and damage behaviour KW - X-ray refraction KW - Computed tomography PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2019.106841 SN - 0013-7944 VL - 229 SP - 106841-1 EP - 106841-13 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-50557 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Unger, Wolfgang T1 - International standardization and metrology as tools to address the comparability and reproducibility challenges in XPS measurements N2 - The status of standardization related to x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, ESCA) at ASTM International (Subcommittee E42.03) and ISO (TC 201) is presented and commented upon in a structured manner. The survey also identifies other active bodies, here VAMAS Technical Working Area 2 and the Surface Analysis Working Group at the International Meter Convention, contributing to prestandardization Research and metrology of XPS and reports their specific activities. It is concluded that existing standardization is delivering good practices in the use of XPS and has a high potential to avoid the recently observed erroneous use, misapplications, and misinterpretation by new and inexperienced users of the method—which seems to be the main reason for the “reproducibility crisis” in the field of XPS applications. A need for a more proactive publicizing of international documentary standards by experienced XPS users, specifically those who are involved in standardization, is identified. Because the existing portfolio of standards addressing the use of XPS is not complete, future standardization projects planned or already ongoing are mentioned. The way the standardization bodies are identifying future needs is shortly explained. KW - Standardisation KW - Comparability KW - Reproducibility KW - XPS KW - VAMAS KW - Metrology PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1116/1.5131074 VL - 38 IS - 2 SP - 021201-1 EP - 021201-8 PB - AVS AN - OPUS4-50560 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lu, Z. A1 - Becker, S. A1 - Leinitz, Sarah A1 - Schmidt, Wolfram A1 - von Klitzing, R. A1 - Stephan, D. T1 - Interaction of Different Charged Polymers with Potassium Ions and Their Effect on the Yield Stress of Highly Concentrated Glass Bead Suspensions N2 - The interaction of different charged polymers, namely anionic polycarboxylate superplasticizer (PCE) and neutral polyethylene glycol (PEG) with potassium ions, and their effect on the yield stress of highly concentrated glass bead suspension (GBS), were studied under different concentrations of potassium ions ([K+]). It was found that, compared to the neutral PEG, the negatively charged PCE can be adsorbed on glass beads (GB), and then decreases the yield stress of GBS. The increasing concentration of free polymer in the interstitial liquid phase with the increased polymer dosage leads to the higher yield stress of GBS, which may be caused by the higher Depletion force. In addition, this effect is also related to the charge density of the polymer and the [K+] in the solution. Along with the increase in [K+], the yield stress of GBS increases significantly with the addition of PCE, but this cannot be observed with PEG, which indicates that potassium ions can interact with negatively charged PCE instead of the neutral PEG. At last, the interparticle Forces between two single GB with adsorbed PCE in solutions containing [K+] and PCE were measured by colloidal probe atomic force microscopy to better understand the interaction of the charged polymer with counterions. KW - Yield stress KW - Free polymer KW - Charge density KW - Depletion force KW - Potassium ions PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506015 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13071490 SN - 1996-1944 VL - 13 IS - 7 SP - 1490, 1 EP - 1490, 16 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-50601 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Thomas, Maximilian A1 - Vollert, F. A1 - Weidemann, Jens A1 - Gibmeier, J. A1 - Kromm, Arne A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas T1 - Surface- and volume-based investigation on influences of different Varestraint testing parameters and chemical compositions on solidification cracking in LTT filler metals N2 - The subject of this study is how, and to what extent, Varestraint/Transvarestraint test results are influenced by both testing parameters and characteristics of evaluation methods. Several different high-alloyed martensitic LTT (low Transformation temperature) filler materials, CrNi and CrMn type, were selected for examination due to their rather distinctive solidification cracking behaviour, which aroused interest after previous studies. First, the effects of different process parameter sets on the solidification cracking response were measured using standard approaches. Subsequently, microfocus X-ray computer tomography (μCT) scans were performed on the specimens. The results consistently show sub-surface cracking to significant yet varying extents. Different primary solidification types were found using wavelength dispersive X-ray (WDX) analysis conducted on filler metals with varying Cr/Ni equivalent ratios. This aspect is regarded as the main difference between the CrNiand CrMn-type materials in matters of cracking characteristics. Results show that when it comes to testing of modern highperformance alloys, one set of standard Varestraint testing parameters might not be equally suitable for all materials. Also, to properly accommodate different solidification types, sub-surface cracking has to be taken into account. KW - Solidification cracking KW - Varestraint testing KW - MVT KW - LTT filler metal KW - Microfocus X-ray computer tomography (μCT) PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506039 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-020-00895-2 VL - 64 SP - 913 EP - 923 PB - Springer Nature CY - Heidelberg, New York AN - OPUS4-50603 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cao, L. A1 - Thome, P. A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo A1 - Somsen, C. A1 - Cailletaud, G. A1 - Eggeler, G. T1 - On the influence of crystallography on creep of circular notched single crystal superalloy specimens N2 - The present work contributes to a better understanding of the effect of stress multiaxiality on the creep behavior of single crystal Ni-base superalloys. For this purpose we studied the creep deformation and rupture behavior of double notched miniature creep tensile specimens loaded in three crystallographic directions [100], [110] and [111] (creep conditions: 950 °C and 400 MPa net section stress). Crystal plasticity finite element method (CPFEM) was used to analyze the creep stress and strain distributions during creep. Double notched specimens have the advantage that when one notch fails, the other is still intact and allows to study a material state which is close to rupture. No notch root cracking was observed, while microstructural damage (pores and micro cracks) were frequently observed in the center of the notch root region. This is in agreement with the FEM results (high axial stress and high hydrostatic stress in the center of the notched specimen). Twinning was observed in the notch regions of [110] and [111] specimens, and <112> {111} twins were detected and analyzed using orientation imaging scanning electron microscopy. The present work shows that high lattice rotations can be detected in SXs after creep fracture, but they are associated with the high strains accumulated in the final rupture event. KW - Single crystal Ni-Base superalloys KW - Double notched creep specimen KW - Stress distribution KW - Lattice rotation KW - Cracks PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506060 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.139255 SN - 0921-5093 VL - 782 SP - 139255 PB - Elsevier B. V. AN - OPUS4-50606 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - An, Biwen Annie A1 - Kleinbub, Sherin A1 - Özcan Sandikcioglu, Özlem A1 - Koerdt, Andrea T1 - Iron to Gas: Versatile Multiport Flow-Column Revealed Extremely High Corrosion Potential by Methanogen-Induced Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (Mi-MIC) N2 - Currently, sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) is regarded as the main culprit of microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC), mainly due to the low reported corrosion rates of other microorganisms. For example, the highest reported corrosion rate for methanogens is 0.065 mm/yr. However, by investigating methanogen-induced microbiologically influenced corrosion (Mi-MIC) using an in-house developed versatile multiport flow test column, extremely high corrosion rates were observed. We analyzed a large set of carbon steel beads, which were sectionally embedded into the test columns as substrates for iron-utilizing methanogen Methanobacterium IM1. After 14 days of operation using glass beads as fillers for section separation, the highest average corrosion rate of Methanobacterium IM1 was 0.2 mm/yr, which doubled that of Desulfovibrio ferrophilus IS5 and Desulfovibrio alaskensis 16109 investigated at the same conditions. At the most corroded region, nearly 80% of the beads lost 1% of their initial weight (fast-corrosion), resulting in an average corrosion rate of 0.2 mm/yr for Methanobacterium IM1-treated columns. When sand was used as filler material to mimic sediment conditions, average corrosion rates for Methanobacterium IM1 increased to 0.3 mm/yr (maximum 0.52 mm/yr) with over 83% of the beads having corrosion rates above 0.3 mm/yr. Scanning electron images of metal coupons extracted from the column showed methanogenic cells were clustered close to the metal surface. Methanobacterium IM1 is a hydrogenotrophic methanogen with higher affinity to metal than H2. Unlike SRB, Methanobacterium IM1 is not restricted to the availability of sulfate concentration in the environment. Thus, the use of the multiport flow column provided a new insight on the corrosion potential of methanogens, particularly in dynamic conditions, that offers new opportunities for monitoring and development of mitigation strategies. Overall, this study shows under certain conditions methanogenic archaea can cause higher corrosion than SRB, specific quantifications, i.e., maximum, average, and minimum corrosion rates can be determined, and that spatial statistical evaluations of MIC can be carried out. KW - Microbiologically influenced corrosion KW - Methanogen KW - Methane KW - Biocorrosion KW - Flow system KW - Modeling KW - Multiport PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506084 DO - https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.00527 VL - 11 SP - Article 527 PB - Frontiers in microbiology AN - OPUS4-50608 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Alfeld, M. A1 - Eckhardt, H.-S. A1 - Kraft, J. A1 - Maiwald, Michael A1 - Meermann, Björn A1 - Merz, K. A1 - Prikler, S. A1 - Richert, J. A1 - Steiner, G. A1 - von Tümpling, W. T1 - Trendbericht Analytische Chemie N2 - Zusätzlich zu Methodenentwicklung, Miniaturisierung und Kopplungsverfahren zeigen sich die Hyperspektroskopie zusammen mit Imaging‐Verfahren, der Einzelmolekülnachweis und der Einsatz von 3‐D‐Druckern als neue Schwerpunkte. Hinzu kommen künstliche Intelligenz bei Sensoren, Bildgebungsverfahren und Prozesssteuerung sowie die Vernetzung von Analyse‐ und Laborgeräten. Trends und Forschungsthemen aus der analytischen Chemie, zusammengestellt von elf Autoren, koordiniert von Günter Gauglitz. KW - Multielementanalytik KW - Multimodale Analytik KW - Kristallolgraphie KW - Prozessanalytik KW - Prozessindustrie KW - Industrielle Analytik KW - Chemometrik KW - Chemometrie PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/nadc.20204095786 SN - 1868-0054 VL - 68 IS - 4 SP - 52 EP - 60 PB - Wiley CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-50609 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brunier-Coulin, F. A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo A1 - Philippe, P. T1 - Generalized Shields criterion for weakly cohesive granular materials N2 - The erosion of natural sediments by a superficial fluid flow is a generic situation in many usual geological or industrial contexts. However, there is still a lack of fundamental knowledge about erosional processes, especially concerning the role of internal cohesion and adhesive stresses on issues such as the critical flow conditions for the erosion onset or the kinetics of soil mass loss. This contribution investigates the influence of cohesion on the surface erosion by an impinging jet flow based on laboratory tests with artificially bonded granular materials. The model samples are made of spherical glass beads bonded either by solid bridges made of resin or by liquid bridges made of a highly viscous oil. To quantify the intergranular cohesion, the capillary forces of the liquid bridges are here estimated by measuring their main geometrical parameters with image-processing techniques and using well-known analytical expressions. For the solid bonds, the adhesive strength of the materials is estimated by direct measurement of the yield tensile forces and stresses at the particle and sample scales, respectively, with specific traction tests developed for this purpose. The proper erosion tests are then carried out in an optically adapted device that permits a direct visualization of the scouring process at the jet apex by means of the refractive index matching technique. On this basis, the article examines qualitatively the kinetics of the scour crater excavation for both scenarios, namely, for an intergranular cohesion induced by either liquid or solid bonds. From a quantitative perspective, the critical condition for the erosion onset is discussed specifically for the case of the solid bond cohesion. In this respect, we propose here a generalized form of the Shields criterion based on a common definition of a cohesion number from yield tensile values, derived at both micro- and macroscales. The article finally shows that the proposed form manages to reconcile the experimental data for cohesive and cohesionless materials, the latter in the form of the so-called Shields curve along with some previous results of the authors which have been appropriately revisited. KW - Hydraulic jet erosion KW - Cohesive granular materials KW - Jet erosion test PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevFluids.5.034308 VL - 5 IS - 3 SP - 034308 PB - American Physical Society AN - OPUS4-50613 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ehlers, Henrik A1 - Pelkner, Matthias A1 - Thewes, R. T1 - Heterodyne Eddy Current Testing Using Magnetoresistive Sensors for Additive Manufacturing Purposes N2 - In recent years additive manufacturing technologies have become widely popular. For complex functional components or low volume production of workpieces, laser powder bed fusion can be used. High safety requirements, e.g. in the aerospace sector, demand extensive quality control. Therefore, offline non-destructive testing methods like computed tomography are used after manufacturing. Recently, for enhanced profitability and practicality online non-destructive testing methods, like optical tomography have been developed. This paper discusses the applicability of eddy current testing with magnetoresistive sensors for laser powder bed fusion parts. For this purpose, high spatial resolution giant magnetoresistance arrays are utilized for testing in combination with a single wire excitation coil. A heterodyne principle minimizes metrology efforts. This principle is compared to conventional signal processing in an eddy current testing setup using an aluminum test sample with artificial surface defects. To evaluate the influence of the powder used in the manufacturing process on eddy current testing and vice versa, a laser powder bed fusion mock-up made from stainless steel powder (316L) is used with artificial surface defects down to 100 µm. This laser powder bed fusion specimen was then examined using eddy current testing and the underlying principles. KW - Eddy current testing KW - Heterodyning KW - Laser powder bed fusion KW - Giant magnetoresistance KW - Additive manufacturing KW - 316L PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506140 DO - https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2020.2973547 SN - 1530-437X VL - 20 IS - 11 SP - 5793 EP - 5800 PB - IEEE AN - OPUS4-50614 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kruschwitz, Sabine A1 - Klewe, Tim A1 - Strangfeld, Christoph A1 - Ritzer, Tobias T1 - Zerstörungsfreie Lokalisierung von Flüssigwasser in Fußböden durch Kombination von Radar und Neutronensonde N2 - Das Neutronensondenverfahren wird bereits seit vielen Jahren erfolgreich zur Eingrenzung und Quantifizierung auftretender Feuchteschäden an Fußböden eingesetzt. Hierzu bedarf es jedoch einer Vielzahl zerstörender Sondierungsbohrungen, welche die gewonnenen Messdaten kalibrieren und eine Tiefenzuordnung des Flüssigwassers zulassen. Dadurch entsteht ein zeitlicher und finanzieller Aufwand, der durch den parallelen Einsatz des elektromagnetischen Radarverfahrens vermieden werden könnte. Mit seiner hohen Sensitivität für Wasser bietet diese Messmethode die Möglichkeit der vertikalen Lokalisierung von Feuchte, was zu einer automatisierten Klassifizierung typischer Schadensfälle beitragen soll. In einem laufenden Forschungsvorhaben werden in systematischen Laborstudien gängige Schadensfälle an häufig anzutreffenden Fußbodenaufbauten simuliert und deren Einfluss auf die genannten Verfahren untersucht. Hierbei kommen Zement- und Anhydritestriche, sowie unterschiedliche Dämmmaterialen mit variierenden Schichtdicken zum Einsatz. Wesentlicher Bestandteil der Auswertung ist die Extraktion signifikanter Signalmerkmale des Radarverfahrens, welche Rückschlüsse auf den Schadensfall und ggf. die Wassermenge zulassen. Weiterführend sollen die Kombinationsmöglichkeiten der verschiedenen Signalmerkmale und der Neutronensondendaten durch Methoden der multivariaten Datenauswertung und des maschinellen Lernens geprüft werden. Die Unabhängigkeit gegenüber wechselnden Schichtdicken und Materialien steht hierbei besonders im Fokus und soll anhand der erzielten Ergebnisse evaluiert werden. T2 - 10. Kolloquium Industrieböden CY - Esslingen, Germany DA - 03.03.2020 KW - Radar KW - Feuchte KW - Neutronensonde PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50590 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schumacher, Julia T1 - Many-sided DHN melanin – spotlight on its function in microcolonial black fungi N2 - Dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin is produced by different Ascomycetes via slightly differing biosynthetic routes. The polyketide synthases (PKS) release the heptaketide YWA1, the hexaketide AT4HN or the pentaketide T4HN. The first two products are deacetylated by ‘yellowish-green’ hydrolases to T4HN, and T4HN is further converted by a core set of enzymes to DHN. Final polymerization steps are accomplished by multicopper oxidases. DHN melanogenesis is often regulated in a spatial and temporal fashion resulting e.g. in melanized reproduction, survival and/or infection structures. Remarkable is the regulation of the DHN melanogenesis in the foliar plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea: it involves two differently expressed PKSs providing the precursor in conidia and sclerotia, respectively (Schumacher 2016, Mol Microbiol). In contrast, a polyphyletic group of Ascomycetes (microcolonial fungi/ black yeast) dwelling in hostile habitats such as bare rock surfaces in hot and cold deserts, exhibits constitutive melanogenesis. Here, DHN melanin builds a protective layer around all vegetative cells thus contributing to the survival of diverse environmental stresses even without specialized reproduction structures. As part of our continuing research on microcolonial rock-inhabiting fungi, we chose the genetically amenable Knufia petricola strain A95 (Nai et al. 2013, Fungal Genet Biol; Noack-Schönmann et al. 2014, AMB Express) for detailed studies. DHN-deficient mutants generated by targeted mutation of biosynthetic genes were studied with regard to the architecture of the cell wall and the EPS (extracellular polymeric substances) matrix, attachment to and weathering of olivine, as well as the tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses. We will discuss the critical role of the outer cell surface (DHN melanin and EPS) in adhesion to the substrate and subsequent damage of the colonized surface. T2 - European Conference on Fungal Genetics (ECFG15) CY - Rome, Italy DA - 17.02.2020 KW - fungus KW - melanin KW - pigmentation PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50591 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schumacher, Julia T1 - Genetic manipulation of the microcolonial black fungus Knufia petricola N2 - Microcolonial black fungi, a polyphyletic group of ascomycetes, exhibit constitutive melanin formation, yeast-like growth and high stress tolerances. They dominate – often together with bacteria and algae in sub-aerial biofilms – a range of hostile environments including natural and man-made ones, from salterns to dishwashers, roofs and solar panels. Because of lacking genetic tools and the slow growth of most isolates, the genetic bases for these specific properties are largely unknown. The rock-inhabiting fungus Knufia petricola (Eurotiomycetes, Chaetothyriales) exhibits all characteristics of microcolonial black fungi and was selected as recipient for genetic engineering to study gene functions and genetic interactions. Different variants of green and red fluorescent proteins were successfully expressed indicating that fluorescence microscopy using genetically encoded fluorescent proteins and fluorescent dyes enables various cell biology approaches. Furthermore, genes of biosynthetic pathways (DHN melanin, carotenoids, uracil, adenine) were successfully mutated by applying traditional gene replacement and plasmid-based or ribonucleoprotein (RNP)-based CRISPR/Cas9 or silenced by RNA interference (RNAi). The availability of this advanced and efficient genetic toolbox and the annotated genome sequence of strain A95 makes K. petricola an excellent model for exploring the secrets of microcolonial black fungi. T2 - Departmental colloquium of the Tuscia University CY - Viterbo, Italy DA - 14.02.2020 KW - black fungus KW - genetics KW - Crispr/Cas9 PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50592 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gorbushina, Anna A1 - Knabe, Nicole A1 - Voigt, Oliver A1 - Heeger, Felix A1 - Schumacher, Julia T1 - A genetic toolbox for exploring the life style of the rock-inhabiting black fungus Knufia petricola N2 - After their discovery on rock surfaces in cold and hot deserts, a polyphyletic group of ascomycetous black fungi was found to dominate a range of hostile environments – natural and man-made, from salterns to dishwashers, roofs and solar panels. Together with bacteria and algae they may establish subaerial biofilms and cause weathering of the surfaces they grow on. Their impressive survival abilities as well as their constitutive protective pigmentation and cluster-like microcolony organisation are similar in environmental isolates as well as in heat-tolerant opportunistic pathogens of animals and humans. The exact genetic properties that ensure their survival in extreme environments can be studied if some black fungi were amenable to genetic manipulations. We selected the rock-inhabiting fungus Knufia petricola (class Eurotiomycetes, order Chaetothyriales) that grows moderately in axenic culture and exhibits all the characteristics of microcolonial black fungi such as yeast-like cell growth, absence of reproductive structures and constitutive dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanogenesis (Nai et al. 2013, Fungal Genet Biol). We developed protocols to efficiently generate and transform protoplasts resulting in stable homokaryotic transformants by targeting genes involved in pigment synthesis and expressing fluorescent reporter genes. Hence, endogenous and foreign genes can be expressed from episomal AMA1-containing plasmids and genome-integrated DNA constructs. Moderate rates of homologous recombination allow for both ectopic and targeted integrations. CRISPR-Cas9 was further validated as a strategy for obtaining selection marker-free mutants and silencing via RNA interference as an approach to study essential genes. Availability of this genetic toolbox and an annotated genome sequence of the strain A95 is paving the way for studying interactions of K. petricola with environmental stressors, material surfaces, soil matrices and phototrophic symbionts. T2 - European Conference on Fungal Genetics (ECFG15) CY - Rome, Italy DA - 17.02.2020 KW - black fungi KW - genomics KW - genetics PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50593 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bonse, Jörn A1 - Spaltmann, Dirk T1 - Editorial: Special issue "Laser-induced periodic surface nano- and microstructures for tribological applications" N2 - Laser material processing is an emerging technology that generates surface functionalities on the basis of optical, mechanical, or chemical properties. In the form of laser surface texturing (LST), it has attracted a remarkable amount of research to tailor surface properties towards various tribological applications. The main advantages of this single-step, laser-based technology are the contactless machining, featuring a high flexibility, efficiency, and speed, along with the excellent quality of the processed products. LST can be applied precisely localized to sub-micrometric areas, but, via laser beam scanning, it is also feasible for structuring large surface areas at the square meter size. This Special Issue focuses on the latest developments concerning the tribological performance of laser-generated periodic surface nano- and microstructures and their applications. This includes the laser-based processing of different surface patterns, such as “self-organized” laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS, ripples), grooves, micro-spikes, hierarchical hybrid nano-/micro-structures, microfeatures generated by direct laser interference patterning (DLIP), or even dimples or other topographic geometries shaped by direct laser modification or ablation. The applications of these periodically nano- and micro-patterned surfaces may improve the lubricated or non-lubricated tribological performance of surfaces in conformal and even non-conformal contact through a reduction of wear, a variation of the coefficient of friction, altered load carrying capacity, etc., resulting in energy saving, improved reliability, increased lifetimes as well as durability, leading in turn to extended maintenance intervals/reduced down-time. This can be beneficial in terms of bearings, gears, engines, seals, cutting tools, or other tribological components. Fundamental aspects addressed may involve the investigation of the relevant physical and chemical effects accompanying the laser-generated nano- and microscale topographies, such as alterations of the material structures, the hardness, superficial oxidation, the role of additives contained in lubricants, surface wettability, micro-hydrodynamic effects, etc. For this Special Issue we aim to attract both academic and industrial researchers and would like to provide a bridge between research in the fields of tribology and laser material processing in order to foster the current knowledge and present new ideas for future applications and new technologies. KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) KW - Tribology KW - Applications KW - Wear KW - Friction PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-505948 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants8030034 SN - 2075-4442 VL - 8 IS - 3 SP - 34, 1 EP - 34, 3 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-50594 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Khrapov, D A1 - Koptyug, A. A1 - Manabaev, K. A1 - Léonard, Fabien A1 - Mishurova, Tatiana A1 - Bruno, Giovanni A1 - Cheneler, D. A1 - Loza, K. A1 - Epple, M. A1 - Surmenev, R. A1 - Surmeneva, M. T1 - The impact of post manufacturing treatment of functionally graded Ti6Al4V scaffolds on their surface morphology and mechanical strength N2 - An ultrasonic vibration post-treatment procedure was suggested for additively manufac-tured lattices. The aim of the present research was to investigate mechanical properties andthe differences in mechanical behavior and fracture modes of Ti6Al4V scaffolds treated withtraditional powder recovery system (PRS) and ultrasound vibration (USV). Scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the strut surface and the fracture surface mor-phology. X-ray computed tomography (CT) was employed to evaluate the inner structure,strut dimensions, pore size, as well as the surface morphology of additively manufacturedporous scaffolds. Uniaxial compression tests were conducted to obtain elastic modulus,compressive ultimate strength and yield stress. Finite element analysis was performedfor a body-centered cubic (BCC) element-based model and for CT-based reconstructiondata, as well as for a two-zone scaffold model to evaluate stress distribution during elasticdeformation. The scaffold with PRS post treatment displayed ductile behavior, while USVtreated scaffold displayed fragile behavior. Double barrel formation of PRS treated scaffoldwas observed during deformation. Finite element analysis for the CT-based reconstructionrevealed the strong impact of surface morphology on the stress distribution in comparisonwith BCC cell model because of partially molten metal particles on the surface of struts,which usually remain unstressed. KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Electron beam melting KW - Computed tomography KW - FEM KW - Lattice structures PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-505960 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.12.019 SN - 2238-7854 VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - 1866 EP - 1881 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-50596 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ebell, Gino T1 - Untersuchungen zur Ermittlung von Ccrit an nichtrostenden "ferritischen" Betonstählen in alkalischen und karbonatisierten Mörteln N2 - Es wurden elektrochemische und LIBS Untersuchungen verwendet um den kritischen Korrosion auslösenden Chloridgehalt in alkalischen und karbonatisierten Mörteln zu ermitteln. Ein deutliche Abhängikeit zwischen pH-Wert und Ccrit konnte dabei festgestellt werden. T2 - Sitzung zum Ccrit von TOP 12 CY - Luzern, Switzerland DA - 19.02.2020 KW - Korrosion KW - LIBS KW - Chloridgehalt KW - Beton PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50599 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wurzler, Nina A1 - Schütter, J. D. A1 - Wagner, R. A1 - Dimper, M. A1 - Lützenkirchen-Hecht, D. A1 - Özcan Sandikcioglu, Özlem T1 - Trained to corrode: Cultivation in the presence of Fe(III) increases the electrochemical activity of iron reducing bacteria – An in situ electrochemical XANES study N2 - This paper reports results from in situ electrochemical X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) studies of the corrosion processes on model thin iron films in the presence of iron reducing bacteria Shewanella putrefaciens. Here we investigate the electrochemical activity of two cultures grown in the presence and absence of Fe(III) citrate in the culture medium. The XANES spectra and the OCP data of the Fe sample incubated with the culture grown in absence of Fe(III) did not show any significant changes during twenty hours of monitoring. In the case of the culture grown in Fe(III) containing medium, an accelerated dissolution of the iron film was observed together with the formation of a mixed Fe(II)-Fe(III) hydroxide surface layer. The open circuit potential (OCP) steadily approached the free corrosion potential of iron in neutral chloride containing electrolytes, indicating a continuous dissolution process without passivation. KW - Microbiologically influenced corrosion KW - XANES KW - Electrochemistry KW - Iron reducing bacteria PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-505732 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2020.106673 VL - 112 SP - 106673 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-50573 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Manzoni, Anna Maria A1 - Glatzel, U. ED - Buschow, K.H.J. ED - Flemings, M.C. ED - Kramer, E.J. ED - Veyssière, P. ED - Cahn, R.W. ED - Ilschner, B. ED - Mahajan, S. T1 - High-Entropy Alloys: Balancing Strength and Ductility at Room Temperature N2 - A new race for high performance structural materials has started since the discovery of high entropy alloys at the beginning of the 21st century. The possible combination of several elements in an, until then, unknown composition space opened the ground for discovering new materials. Solid solution strengthening remains the most prominent mechanisms that is active in this family of materials, but it is supported by all other strengthening mechanism on the path to better and better performing materials. Chemical, thermal and mechanical approaches are combined to optimize these alloys. Optimum performances can be reached by using a high number of different strengthening mechanisms, induced both by composition and processing. The most prominent with composition induced mechanism is precipitation hardening, and on the processing side it is cold working such as cold-rolling, torsion or extrusion. The contribution uses tensile test data at room temperature solely for comparison – high temperature and cryogenic data are omitted because it would lead beyond the scope of this manuscript. KW - High entropy alloys KW - Compositionally complex alloys PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803581-8.11774-6 PB - Elsevier Inc. AN - OPUS4-50575 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hahn, Marc Benjamin A1 - Smales, Glen Jacob A1 - Seitz, H. A1 - Solomun, Tihomir A1 - Sturm, Heinz T1 - Ectoine interaction with DNA: Influence on ultraviolet radiation damage N2 - Ectoine is a small zwitterionic osmolyte and compatible solute, which does not interfere with cell metabolism even at molar concentrations. Plasmid DNA (pUC19) was irradiated with ultraviolet radiation (UV-C at 266 nm) under quasi physiological conditions (PBS) and in pure water in the presence and absence of ectoine (THP(B)) and hydroxyectoine (THP(A)). Different types of UV induced DNA damage were analysed: DNA single-strand breaks (SSBs), abasic sites and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs). A complex interplay between these factors was observed with respect to the nature and occurrence of DNA damage with 266 nm photons. In PBS, the cosolutes showed efficient protection against base damage, whilst in pure water, a dramatic shift from SSB damage to base damage was observed when cosolutes were added. To test whether these effects are caused by ectoine binding to DNA, further experiments were conducted: small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), surface-plasmon resonance (SPR) measurements and Raman spectroscopy. The results show, for the first time, a close interaction between ectoine and DNA. This is in stark contrast to the assumption made by preferential exclusion models, which are often used to interpret the behaviour of compatible solutes within cells and with biomolecules. It is tentatively proposed that the alterations of UV damage to DNA are attributed to ectoine influence on nucleobases through the direct interaction between ectoine and DNA. KW - Ectoine KW - DNA KW - Radiation damage KW - Radiation protection KW - SSB KW - DNA damage KW - DNA protection KW - Compatible solute KW - Zwitterion KW - Hydroxyectoine KW - Salt KW - PBS KW - UV absorption KW - DNA strand-break KW - DNA base damage KW - Ectoine UV absorption KW - Ectoine DNA protection KW - Excited states KW - UV irradiation KW - UV-A KW - UV-B KW - UV-C KW - 266nm KW - UV photons KW - Ectoine-DNA binding KW - Raman spectroscopy KW - UV-Vis KW - Radical scavenger KW - OH scavenger KW - Hydroxyl radicals KW - CPD KW - Abasic site KW - Agarose gel electrophorese KW - SYBR gold KW - DNA melting temperature KW - Counterions KW - Preferential exclusion KW - Cancer KW - Therapy KW - UV protection KW - Sunscreen PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-505772 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d0cp00092b SN - 1463-9076 SN - 1463-9084 VL - 22 IS - 13 SP - 6984 EP - 6992 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge AN - OPUS4-50577 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Palkowski, Carsten T1 - Dynamic Test Method - an Update N2 - An update about the dynamic test method for the determination of the seasonal performance of heat pumps given at the CEN/TC 113/WG 7 meeting. T2 - Meeting of CEN/TC 113/WG 7 CY - Courbevoie, France DA - 14.01.2020 KW - Heat pump KW - Dynamic test method KW - Seasonal performance KW - Coefficient of performance PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50579 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Beck, Uwe A1 - Hielscher-Hofinger, Stefan A1 - Kubitzki, Jan A1 - Lerche, D. A1 - Rietz, U. T1 - Zentrifugentechnologie zur statistischen Untersuchung von Stumpfklebungen: Ergebnisse ZENSUS-Ringversuchs N2 - Der Vortrag widmet sich der „Zentrifugentechnologie zur statistischen Untersuchung von Stumpfklebungen“ und beschreibt drei wesentlich verschiedene Realsysteme (Fügefläche 1/Klebstoff/ Fügefläche 2), um die Statistik ZPM (wiederholte Ein-Proben-Prüfung) vs. CAT (Mehr-Proben-Prüfung) zu vergleichen. Dazu wurden drei unterschiedliche Klebstoff-klassen mit typischen Fügeteilmaterialkombinationen ausgewählt und in einem Vorversuch mit jeweils 3 unterschiedlichen Prüfgeschwindigkeiten sowohl im Weg-geregelten als auch Kraft-geregelten Mode beansprucht. Die Ergebnisse ZPM vs. CAT und Kraft- vs. Weg-Regelung des Vorversuches zeigten keinerlei Unterschiede auf. Im Ergebnis wurde ein Ringversuch im Kraft-geregelten Mode (6xZPM vs. 8xCAT) für ein Referenzsystem durchgeführt, der nachwies, dass die CAT-Technologie statistisch relevante Prüfergebnisse zur Klebfestigkeit bereitstellt. Es zeigte sich, dass für zwei ZPM-Teilnehmer im Vertrauensbereich 99% statistisch signifikant etwas kleinere Werte der Klebfestigkeit bestimmt wurden, was auf geringfügige Abweichungen von der axialen Ausrichtung des eingespannten Prüflings bei der Ein-Proben-ZPM-Zugprüfung zurückgeführt wird. T2 - VCI CY - Frankfurt/Main, Germany DA - 10.03.2020 KW - Zentrifugentechnologie KW - Statistischen Untersuchung KW - Normung KW - Prüfgeschwindigkeiten KW - Stumpfklebungen PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50581 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Taparli, Ugur Alp A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas A1 - Cieslik, K. A1 - Mory, D. A1 - Griesche, Axel T1 - In situ chemical composition analysis of a tungsten-inert-gas austenitic stainless steel weld measured by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy N2 - The chemical composition of a weld metal determines the resulting solidification mode of stainless steel and the consequent weld metal quality. In this work tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding of EN grade 1.4435 austenitic stainless steel was monitored using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for the in situ measurement of chemical composition changes. This research aims to prototype a real-time chemical composition analysis system for welding applications and prove the feasibility of such quality control loop. LIBS was used to investigate in situ the monitoring of metal vaporization during TIG welding. We found Mn vapor formation above the weld pool and subsequent condensation of Mn on the weld metal surface using LIBS. Post-weld line scans were conducted by LIBS on various welds produced with different welding currents. Local changes of Ni and Mn were observed at higher welding currents. The results are in good agreement with the literature and proved that LIBS can be used in situ to inspect the TIG welding process. T2 - 10th Euro-Mediterranean Symposium on Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy CY - Brünn, Czechia DA - 08.09.2019 KW - LIBS KW - Welding KW - Austenitic stainless steel KW - Metal vapor KW - In situ measurement PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2020.105826 SN - 0584-8547 VL - 167 SP - 105826 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam, Niederlande AN - OPUS4-50582 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reichelt, Manuel A1 - Cappella, Brunero T1 - Influence of relative humidity on wear of self-mated 100 Cr6 steel N2 - The influence of relative humidity on friction and wear is subject of several studies in the last decades. A comprehensive understanding of physical and chemical phenomena affecting the tribology is hampered by the lack of reproducible experimental results, by the large number of variables, and by several difficulties in the detection of tribochemical processes and products. In the present work, we analyze the wear coefficient and the wear volumes of 686 unlubricated tests performed on different oscillating tribometers with 100Cr6 balls on 100Cr6 planes at different relative humidity. Aim of this work is to assess the repeatability and reproducibility of data, to determine the dependence of the wear coefficient on the relative humidity, to understand the underlying physicochemical phenomena and to build three dimensional maps of the wear coefficient as a function of both humidity and the product of normal force and sliding distance. KW - Wear KW - 100Cr6 KW - Relative humidity PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2020.203239 VL - 450-451 SP - 203239 AN - OPUS4-50583 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bennet, Francesca A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Burr, L. A1 - Schmid, D. T1 - Microprinting and SEM analysis for quantitative evaluation of nanoparticles in solution N2 - Nanoparticle suspensions were microprinted onto TEM grids for subsequent analysis by SEM/TSEM and evaluation of particle numbers using Image J software. Various nanoparticle types, concentrations and printing conditions (temperature, rel. humidity) were evaluated in order to determine the optimal conditions for producing a uniform distribution of particles on the substrate and eliminating the coffee ring effect. T2 - H2020 ACEnano Project Meeting CY - Amsterdam, Netherlands DA - 04.03.2020 KW - Nanoparticle KW - Imaging KW - Microprinting KW - Homogeneous deposition PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50584 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Klewe, Tim A1 - Strangfeld, Christoph A1 - Ritzer, Tobias A1 - Kruschwitz, Sabine ED - Littmann, K. T1 - Zerstörungsfreie Lokalisierung von Flüssigwasser in Fußböden durch Kombination von Radar und Neutronensonde N2 - Das Neutronensondenverfahren wird bereits seit vielen Jahren erfolgreich zur Eingrenzung und Quantifizierung auftretender Feuchteschäden an Fußböden eingesetzt. Hierzu bedarf es jedoch einer Vielzahl zerstörender Sondierungsbohrungen, welche die gewonnenen Messdaten kalibrieren und eine Tiefenzuordnung des Flüssigwassers zulassen. Dadurch entsteht ein zeitlicher und finanzieller Aufwand, der durch den parallelen Einsatz des elektromagnetischen Radarverfahrens vermieden werden könnte. Mit seiner hohen Sensitivität für Wasser bietet diese Messmethode die Möglichkeit der vertikalen Lokalisierung von Feuchte, was zu einer automatisierten Klassifizierung typischer Schadensfälle beitragen soll. In einem laufenden Forschungsvorhaben werden in systematischen Laborstudien gängige Schadensfälle an häufig anzutreffenden Fußbodenaufbauten simuliert und deren Einfluss auf die genannten Verfahren untersucht. Hierbei kommen Zement- und Anhydritestriche, sowie unterschiedliche Dämmmaterialen mit variierenden Schichtdicken zum Einsatz. Wesentlicher Bestandteil der Auswertung ist die Extraktion signifikanter Signalmerkmale des Radarverfahrens, welche Rückschlüsse auf den Schadensfall und ggf. die Wassermenge zulassen. Weiterführend sollen die Kombinationsmöglichkeiten der verschiedenen Signalmerkmale und der Neutronensondendaten durch Methoden der multivariaten Datenauswertung und des maschinellen Lernens geprüft werden. Die Unabhängigkeit gegenüber wechselnden Schichtdicken und Materialien steht hierbei besonders im Fokus und soll anhand der erzielten Ergebnisse evaluiert werden. T2 - 10. Kolloquium Industrieböden - Fachtagung über stark beanspruchte Bodenkonstruktionen CY - Esslingen, Germany DA - 03.03.2020 KW - Radar KW - Feuchte KW - Neutronensonde PY - 2020 SN - ISBN 978-3-8169-8505-1 (ePDF) SN - ISBN 978-3-8169-3505-6 (Print) SP - 179 EP - 185 PB - Expert Verlag CY - Tübingen AN - OPUS4-50589 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lohrer, Christian T1 - Current topics and challenges in the forum of notified bodies N2 - Es werden aktuelle Herausforderungen und Problemfälle im Forum der benannten Stellen für pyrotechnische Gegenstände nach der Richtlinie 2013/29/EU vorgestellt. Diese betrift maßgeblich: Wechsel der benannten Stellen, RRT, Kennzeichnung, Feuerwerksraketen, Transport, Konditionierung, Fehler, Module, Raucheffekte, Losprüfungen. N2 - Current challenges and problems in the forum of notified bodies under the Directive 2013/29/EU are presented. This mainly comprises of: change of notified bodies, labelling, fireworks rockets, transport, conditioning, nonconformities, modules smoke effects and batch testing. T2 - 16th Meeting of the AdCo Pyrotechnic Articles CY - Leuven, Belgium DA - 03.03.2020 KW - Batch testing KW - Pyrotechnics KW - Nonconformities PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50513 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Röhsler, Andreas A1 - Sobol, Oded A1 - Hänninen, H. A1 - Böllinghaus, Thomas T1 - In-situ ToF-SIMS analyses of deuterium re-distribution in austenitic steel AISI 304L under mechanical load N2 - Hydrocarbons fuel our economy. Furthermore, intermediate goods and consumer products are often hydrocarbon-based. Beside all the progress they made possible, hydrogen-containing substances can have severe detrimental effects on materials exposed to them. Hydrogen-assisted failure of iron alloys has been recognised more than a century ago. The present study aims to providing further insight into the degradation of the austenitic stainless steel AISI 304L (EN 1.4307) exposed to hydrogen. To this end, samples were electrochemically charged with the hydrogen isotope deuterium (2H, D) and analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). It was found that deuterium caused a phase transformation from the original γ austenite into ε- and α’-martensite. Despite their low solubility for hydrogen, viz. deuterium, the newly formed phases showed high deuterium concentration which was attributed to the increased density of traps. Information about the behaviour of deuterium in the material subjected to external mechanical load was gathered. A four-point-bending device was developed for this purpose. This allowed to analyse in-situ pre-charged samples in the ToF-SIMS during the application of external mechanical load. The results indicate a movement of deuterium towards the regions of highest stress. KW - ToF-SIMS KW - Hydrogen KW - Deuterium KW - AISI 304L KW - EBSD PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-505142 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60370-2 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 3611 PB - Nature AN - OPUS4-50514 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Baeßler, Matthias A1 - Rackwitz, F. A1 - Lüddecke, F. T1 - Recap: Main Results of the BUMP Study and Relevance for VERBATIM N2 - Zusammenfassung des Forschungsprojekts BUMP hinsichtlich der Relevanz für das Projekt VERBATIM N2 - BUMP had been a theoretical prestudy on open issues for the pile tip buckling of large monopiles. The presentation summarizes the main results and considers the impact for the ongoing VERBATIM project. VERBATIM is set up as a mainly experimental verification project for pile buckling. T2 - Kick-Off Projekt VERBATIM CY - BAM, Berlin, Germany DA - 23.01.2020 KW - Buckling piles circular shells PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50515 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Eckel, S. A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Huthwaite, P. A1 - Paul, N. A1 - Schumm, A. T1 - Radiographic film system classification and noise characterisation by a camera-based digitisation procedure N2 - Extracting statistical characteristics from radiographic films is vital for film system classification and contrast sensitivity evaluation and serves as a basis for film noise simulation. A new method for digitising radiographic films in order to extract these characteristics is presented. The method consists of a camera-based setup and image processing procedure to digitise films. Correct optical density values and granularity can be extracted from the digitised images, which are equal to results obtained by standardised measurement procedures. Specific statistical characteristics of film noise are theoretically derived and subsequently verified by the obtained data, including characteristics such as Gaussianity and spatial spectral characteristics of the optical density fluctuations. It is shown that the presented method correctly measures the granularity of film noise and can therefore replace time-consuming microdensitometer measurements traditionally required for film system classifications. Additionally, the inherent unsharpness of film systems was investigated and compared with literature data. This comparison serves as another validation approach of the presented method. KW - Radiography KW - Image processing KW - Film noise KW - Film system classification KW - Digitisation PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2020.102241 SN - 0963-8695 VL - 111 IS - 4 SP - 102241 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-50517 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Eckel, S. A1 - Huthwaite, P. A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Schumm, A. A1 - Paul, N. T1 - Realistic film noise generation based on experimental noise spectra N2 - Generating 2D noise with local, space-varying spectral characteristics is vital where random noise fields with spatially heterogeneous statistical properties are observed and need to be simulated. A realistic, non-stationary noise generator relying on experimental data is presented. That generator is desired in areas such as photography and radiography. For example, before performing actual X-ray imaging in practice, output images are simulated to assess and improve setups. For that purpose, realistic film noise modelling is crucial because noise downgrades the detectability of visual signals. The presented film noise synthesiser improves the realism and value of radiographic simulations significantly, allowing more realistic assessments of radiographic test setups. The method respects space-varying spectral characteristics and probability distributions, locally simulating noise with realistic granularity and contrast. The benefits of this approach are to respect the correlation between noise and image as well as internal correlation, the fast generation of any number of unique noise samples, the exploitation of real experimental data, and its statistical non-stationarity. The combination of these benefits is not available in existing work. Validation of the new technique was undertaken in the field of industrial radiography. While applied to that field here, the technique is general and can also be utilised in any other field where the generation of 2D noise with local, space-varying statistical properties is necessary. KW - Nondestructive testing KW - Image quality KW - Noise simulation KW - Radiography PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.2019.2955284 SN - 1057-7149 VL - 29 SP - 2987 EP - 2998 PB - IEEE Xplore CY - Washington, D.C. AN - OPUS4-50518 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wosniok, Aleksander ED - Werneck, M.M. ED - da Silva Barros Allil, R.C T1 - POF Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring N2 - The ever more ambitious strategic goals of meeting the requirements in ensuring technical safety and security of civil structures have resulted in flourishing development of innovative structural health monitoring (SHM) technologies for early damage diagnosis and prognosis. At the same time, implementing SHM systems provides tangible economic benefits derived from lower life-cycle costs associated with reduction in the maintenance, repair and insurance expenses. Due to the large size and harsh environmental conditions common to most civil structures, the broad range of favorable physical-mechanical properties of POFs allow for customized monitoring solutions for a wide variety of applications. In addition to common SHM-related advantages of optical fibers including their electromagnetic immunity, small size, lightweight as well as spark-free and non-conductive characteristics, POFs offer better bending and fracture resistance then their glass-counterparts. Particularly, the improved robustness of POFs, their ease of handling, low Young’s Modulus and high elastic limit of 10% compared to 1% in silica glass [1] are relevant to practical applications. Depending on the composition, dopants, drawing process and geometry [2], strain measurement up to 45% [3] or even above 100% [4,5] has been demonstrated with standard POFs. Therefore, the dominant market expected for POF sensors includes monitoring of high-strain-rate deformations in earthwork structures, crack detection in concrete and masonry structures [6] or overstressing in high-rise steel structures exposed to moisture, corrosion, leakage, fatigue, vibration, fire, overflow, earthquake and intentional damage. For fracture monitoring within concrete structures, the sensory usage of POFs becomes especially favorable since the extremely alkaline environment of concrete mixtures is well known to be corrosive to standard silica glass optical fibers (GOFs) [1,7]. Most of advanced distributed sensing techniques are commonly based on Rayleigh backscatter reflectometry using commercially available multimode (MM) POFs. Such typical MM POFs range from a step-index (SI) poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) POF having a core diameter of 1 mm to a low-loss graded-index (GI) perfluorinated (PF) POF based on poly(perfluorobutenyl-vinylether) also known as CYTOP [8] with a 50 µm core diameter. The relatively low optical attenuation value of 30 dB/km at 1.3 µm [9,10] makes PFGI POFs also interesting for distributed Brillouin sensing [11-14]. Compared to GOFs, PFGI POFs offer better potential for temperature measurement and have comparably low theoretical attenuation limit [15]. Therefore, POF-based distributed Brillouin sensing is expected to play an important role in the future of SHM, especially at high-strain ranges. The significance of the Brillouin measurment technique can be also enhanced by further development of the single-mode (SM) POFs which are still subject of research and are used for coherent detection techniques [6]. Furthermore, SM PMMA POFs have been characterized in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer setup for strain values up to 15.8% [16,17]. The current development of SM perfluorinated and microstructured POFs (mPOFs) represents an immense promise for quasi-distributed dynamic measurement at high strain levels based on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) technology. While SM mPOFs with optical losses of about 1 dB/m can be fabricated [6], the SM PF POFs presented by Zhou et al. feature low attenuation of even less than 0.2 dB/m in the wavelength range of 1.41 µm to 1.55 µm [18]. At the same time, the SM PF POFs have the potential for improved thermal stability compared to their PMMA counterparts [19]. This whole chapter provides a comprehensive overview on current POF-based sensing principles and SHM technologies, highlighting their diverse applications in civil engineering structures. In the application-related context, close attention is paid to the development of smart sensor-based geotextiles and geogrids. Such geosynthetics-integrated distributed POF sensors have proven to be a promising solution for two- or even tree-dimensional monitoring of critical high mechanical deformations in both geotechnical and masonry structures. Moreover, geosynthetics in the form of nonwoven geotextiles as well as polymer-based geogrids used as carrier materials for POF sensors enable optimized load transfer from the monitored structure to the measuring fiber without losing their original functionality. In other words, smart geosynthetics provide a cost-efficient dual solution for, on the one hand, well-established increase of structure stability and decrease of erosion effects, on the other hand, early-warning and detection capabilities in the prevention and elimination of potential hazards and lasting damages. KW - Plastic Optical Fiber Sensor KW - OTDR KW - Brillouin Sensing KW - Interferometric Sensor KW - FBG KW - Long Period Grating KW - Smart Geosynthetics PY - 2020 SN - 978-1-13829-853-8 SP - 267 EP - 283 PB - CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group CY - Boca Raton, FL, USA AN - OPUS4-50561 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Widjaja, Martinus Putra T1 - Sample Performance Chart (SPC) for displaying the results from a multiscale model N2 - The stacking sequence of a real scale type IV pressure vessels has been found. Feasibility study of a multiscale model has been carried out by modifying the original stacking sequence. All of the results were displayed in a Sample Performance Chart (SPC), where different burst pressure in terms of mean and scatter had been found. T2 - Consortium Meeting FiBreMoD CY - Valence, France DA - 17.02.2020 KW - Fibre break KW - Multiscale model KW - Reduced volume method KW - Sample performance chart KW - Type IV pressure vessels PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50563 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hahn, Marc Benjamin T1 - Simulaciónes de Montecarlo II: El scoring en las superficies N2 - En esta presentación desarrollaremos un ejemplo de aplicación para la dispersión de partículas utilizando el método de simulación de Monte- Carlo. Se discutirá el caso de las nanopartículas de oro radiactivo y como obtener informacions sobre diferente tipos de particulas pasando las superfices. T2 - Seminar of the bioanalysis group CY - Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellin, Colombia DA - 16.03.2020 KW - Geant4 KW - Geant4-DNA KW - MCS KW - Particle scattering simulation KW - Particle scattering simulations KW - Radioactive decay KW - Radioactive nanoparticle KW - Desintegracion radioactiva KW - Geant4 KW - Monte-Carlo simulations KW - Método de Montecarlo KW - Topas KW - nanoparticula PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50564 LA - spa AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Florian, Camilo A1 - Wonneberger, R. A1 - Undisz, A. A1 - Kirner, Sabrina V. A1 - Wasmuth, Karsten A1 - Spaltmann, Dirk A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Bonse, Jörn T1 - Chemical effects during the formation of various types of femtosecond laser-generated surface structures on titanium alloy N2 - In this contribution, chemical, structural, and mechanical alterations in various types of femtosecond laser-generated surface structures, i.e., laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS, ripples), Grooves, and Spikes on titanium alloy, are characterized by various surface analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction and glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopy. The formation of oxide layers of the different laser-based structures inherently influences the friction and wear performance as demonstrated in oil-lubricated reciprocating sliding tribological tests (RSTTs) along with subsequent elemental mapping by energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. It is revealed that the fs-laser scan processing (790 nm, 30 fs, 1 kHz) of near-wavelength-sized LIPSS leads to the formation of a graded oxide layer extending a few hundreds of nanometers into depth, consisting mainly of amorphous oxides. Other superficial fs-laser-generated structures such as periodic Grooves and irregular Spikes produced at higher fluences and effective number of pulses per unit area present even thicker graded oxide layers that are also suitable for friction reduction and wear resistance. Ultimately, these femtosecond laser-induced nanostructured surface layers efficiently prevent a direct metal-to-metal contact in the RSTT and may act as an anchor layer for specific wear-reducing additives contained in the used engine oil. KW - Laser-induced oxide layer KW - Laser-induced periodic surface strctures (LIPSS) KW - Femtosecond laser processing KW - Tribology KW - Surface processing PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-505660 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-020-3434-7 SN - 0947-8396 SN - 1432-0630 VL - 126 IS - 4 SP - 266 PB - Springer Nature Switzerland AG AN - OPUS4-50566 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Legall, Herbert A1 - Schwanke, Christoph A1 - Bonse, Jörn A1 - Krüger, Jörg T1 - X-ray radiation protection aspects during ultrashort laser processing N2 - Ultrashort pulse laser processing of materials allows for precise machining with high accuracy. By increasing the repetition rate to several 100 kHz, laser machining becomes quick and cost-effective. Ultrafast laser processing at high repetition rates and peak intensities above 10^13 W/cm^2 can cause a potential hazard by generation of unwanted x-ray radiation. Therefore, radiation protection must be considered. For 925 fs pulse duration at a center wavelength of 1030 nm, the x-ray emission in air at a repetition rate of 400 kHz was investigated up to a peak intensity of 2.6 × 10^14 W/cm^2. Based on the presented measurements, the properties of potential shielding materials will be discussed. By extending our previous works, a scaling of the x-ray radiation emission to higher peak intensities up to 10^15 W/cm^2 is described, and emitted x-ray doses are predicted. KW - Laser ablation KW - Ultrashort pulse laser processing KW - Laser-induced x-ray emission KW - Radiation protection PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-505677 DO - https://doi.org/10.2351/1.5134778 VL - 32 IS - 2 SP - 022004 AN - OPUS4-50567 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico A1 - Krentel, Daniel A1 - Kluge, Martin T1 - Druckgasbehälter im Feuer - Auswirkungen im Versagensfall N2 - Es wurden insgesamt 57 Einzelversuche zum Versagen von Druckgasbehältern durchgeführt. Untersucht wurden dabei 11-kg-Propangasflaschen, PKW-Radmuldentanks für LPG sowie CNG-Tanks vom Typ III (Compositetanks mit Aluminiumliner) und Typ IV (Compositetanks mit Polymerliner). Mit 18 hydraulischen Berstversuchen wurde das Versagensverhalten unter kalten Bedingungen charakterisiert. In 39 Unterfeuerungsversuchen mit den gefüllten LPG- und CNG-Tanks, davon 36 mit Tanks ohne Sicherheitseinrichtung, wurde das Behälterversagen durch Brandbeaufschlagung untersucht. Neben verschiedenen Behältermanteltemperaturen und dem Behälterinnendruck wurde auch die Temperatur des gespeicherten Mediums dokumentiert. Dadurch war es möglich, genau zu dokumen-tieren, unter welchen Bedingungen und bei welchem Zustand der Behälter versagt hat. In einem Großteil der Unterfeuerungsversuche mit Behältern ohne Sicherheitseinrichtungen kam es zur Bildung eines Feuerballs, einer massiven Druck- und Temperaturwirkung auf den Nahbereich sowie einer Vielzahl von Fragmenten im Nah- und Fernbereich. In einer Entfernung von l = 7 m wurden Überdrücke von bis zu p = 0,41 bar gemessen. In 30 Unterfeuerungsversuchen kam es zur Fragmentierung des Behälters. Dabei konnten 159 Fragmente mit Wurfweite und Masse dokumentiert werden. Die dabei maximal festgestellte Wurfweite eines Fragments lag bei l = 311 m. T2 - 15. BAM-PTB-Kolloquium zur chemischen und physikalischen Sicherheitstechnik CY - Brunswick, Germany DA - 21.05.2019 KW - Behälterversagen KW - Druckgasbehälter KW - Propan KW - LPG KW - CNG PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.7795/310.20200199 SN - 0030-834X VL - 130 IS - 1 SP - 55 EP - 70 AN - OPUS4-50570 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Radnik, Jörg T1 - Minimale Anforderungen an Referenzdaten anhand von Beispielen aus der Elektronenmikroskopie und Oberflächenanalytik N2 - In dem Vortrag werden, anhand ausgewählten Beispielen aus der Elektronenmikroskopie und Oberflächenanalytik (EDX und XPS), die minimalen Anforderungen an Referenzdaten für zuverlässige und reproduzierbare Ergebnisse (z.B. Partikelgrößenverteilung, Elementzusammensetzung) vorgestellt und diskutiert. T2 - Workshop "Referenzdaten" CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 13.03.2020 KW - Referenzdaten KW - Nanopartikel KW - Elektronenmikroskopie KW - Oberflächenanalytik KW - Standardarbeitsanweisung KW - SOP KW - Standardisierung PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50571 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Benettoni, P. A1 - Stryhanyuk, H. A1 - Wagner, S. A1 - Hachenberger, Y. A1 - Jungnickel, H. A1 - Tentschert, J. T1 - Analytical and Characterisation Excellence in nanomaterial risk assessment: A tiered approach Task2.5 N2 - The final results of Task 2.5 "Optimization of sample preparation for characterization of ENPs using TOF-SIMS under real-life conditions (a.) UfZ: polymer template; b.) BAM: pressing of pellets)" were presented. T2 - ACEnano General Meeting CY - Amsterdam, The Netherlands DA - 05.03.2020 KW - Nanoparticles KW - ToF-SIMS KW - Preparation PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50572 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Heise, Svenja A1 - Babutzka, Martin A1 - Burkert, Andreas T1 - Normentwurf für ein Prüfverfahren zur Bestimmung von Deckschichtwiderständen an Zinküberzügen mittels gelartiger Elektrolyte (WIPANO - GELELEK) N2 - Der Vortrag stellt eine Ergebniszusammenfassung des WIPANO-Vorhabens GELELEK im Hinblick auf eine Normung dar. Dafür wird das Projekt zunächst kurz vorgestellt, um anschließend auf normungsrelevante Parameter einzugehen. Dazu gehören insbesondere die Umgebungs- und Messbedingungen, die Herstellungsparameter der Gelpads, das Messverfahren selbst sowie die messbaren Proben. Ein erster Ausblick auf den Normvorschlag wird gegeben. T2 - 14. Sitzung des NA 062-01-77 AA „Korrosionsprüfverfahren“ CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 26.02.2020 KW - Deckschichtbildung KW - Gelartige Elektrolyte KW - Korrosion KW - Korrosionsprüfung KW - Zinküberzüge KW - Atmosphärische Korrosion PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50536 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Léonard, Fabien A1 - Zhang, Zhen A1 - Krebs, Holger A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Structural and Morphological Quantitative 3D Characterisation of Ammonium Nitrate Prills by X-ray Computed Tomography N2 - The mixture of ammonium nitrate (AN) prills and fuel oil (FO), usually referred to as ANFO, is extensively used in the mining industry as a bulk explosive. One of the major performance predictors of ANFO mixtures is the fuel oil retention, which is itself governed by the complex pore structure of the AN prills. In this study, we present how X-ray computed tomography (XCT), and the associated advanced data processing workflow, can be used to fully characterise the structure and morphology of AN prills. We show that structural parameters such as volume fraction of the different phases and morphological parameters such as specific surface area and shape factor can be reliably extracted from the XCT data, and that there is a good agreement with the measured oil retention values. Importantly, oil retention measurements (qualifying the efficiency of ANFO as explosives) correlate well with the specific surface area determined by XCT. XCT can therefore be employed non-destructively; it can accurately evaluate and characterise porosity in ammonium nitrate prills, and even predict their efficiency. KW - ANFO KW - Explosives KW - Surface area KW - Porosity KW - XCT KW - Data processing PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-505395 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13051230 VL - 13 IS - 5 (Special Issue "Micro Non-Destructive Testing and Evaluation") SP - 1230 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-50539 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Plarre, Rüdiger ED - Trematerra, P. ED - Conti, B. T1 - Uninvited and welcomed guests in museums – biological management of clothes moths and woodworms N2 - In museums and historic houses clothes, moths (Tineola bisselliella, Tinea pellionella) and the furniture beetle (Anobium punctatum) are the most economically important pests on textiles or wooden artifacts, respectively. Their management is essential to protect cultural ethnological heritage and natural history collections for future generations. Pest management strategies have changed over time. Today, intensive knowledge on pest biology and overall material science are key cornerstones in IPM concepts - also for the Museum environment. The important first steps for sustainable pest management are risk assessment, early pest detection and identification of pathways of infestation. These steps are followed by physical and biological means of control, which have lately gained more importance than applying biocides. Several potentially effective biological enemies of clothes moths and woodworm have been known for a long time, but their promotion for pest control in Museums and historic houses is just beginning. This short review summarizes current concepts of pest life cycle interruption by applying good quarantine and very specific biological measures. The lessons learned from recent faunistic surveys, life-history studies as well as behavioral observations of parasitoids and predators of clothes moths and woodworm may supplement the pest management tool box. The need for further research in this field is addressed. T2 - Working Group Meeting "Integrated Protection of Stored Products" CY - Pisa, Italy DA - 03.09.2019 KW - Corynetes caeruleus KW - Biological control KW - Museum pests KW - Tineola bisselliella KW - Anobium punctatum KW - Apanteles carpatus KW - Baryscapus tineivorus PY - 2020 SN - 978-92-9067-333-0 VL - 148 SP - 266 EP - 273 AN - OPUS4-50543 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Popiela, Bartosz A1 - Ghafafian, Carineh A1 - Trappe, Volker T1 - FEM-Analyse der Reparaturstellen an FKV-Sandwichplatten N2 - Untersuchung des Einflusses des Reparaturpatches auf das Verhalten der reparierten GFK-Sandwichproben unter Zug-, Druck- und Schubbeanspruchung. T2 - 25. Nationales SAMPE-Symposium CY - Kassel, Germany DA - 18.02.2020 KW - Rotorblätter KW - Glasfaserverstärkter Kunststoff KW - Sandwichstruktur PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50544 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schönhals, Andreas A1 - Zorn, R. A1 - Böhning, Martin T1 - Inelastic neutron scattering as a tool to investigate  polymers of intrinsic microporosity for green membrane processes and electronic applications N2 - Polymers with intrinsic microporosity are promising candidates for the active separation layer in green gas separation membranes and as active materials for electronic applicatons. Here, by means of inelastic neutron scattering, the vibrational density of states (VDOS) and the molecular mobility were investigated for PIM-1, the prototypical polymer with intrinsic microporosity. The results are compared to data measured for a more conventional high-performance polyimide used in gas separation membranes (Matrimid). The measured data show the characteristic low frequency excess contribution to the VDOS above the Debye sound wave level, generally known as the Boson peak in glass-forming materials. In comparison to the Boson peak of Matrimid, that of PIM-1 is shifted to lower frequencies. This shift is discussed considering the microporous, sponge-like structure of PIM-1 as providing a higher compressibility at the molecular scale than for conventional polymers. Elastic fixed window scans were measured on a neutron backscattering spectrometer to have an overview about the molecular dynamics at a time scale of ca. 1 ns. The temperature dependence of the estimated mean squared displacement shows a step-like increase in the temperature range from 100 K to 250 K indicating the onset of some molecular mobility. The nature of this motional process was analysed in detail by quasielastic neutron scattering combining Time-of-Flight and backscattering where the data are discussed with regard to both the q- and the temperature dependence. T2 - Symposium on Large Scale Facilities CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 09.03.2020 KW - Polymer membranen PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50546 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Griesche, Axel A1 - Pfretzschner, Beate A1 - Schaupp, Thomas A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas A1 - Schillinger, B. A1 - Schulz, M. A1 - Kardjilov, N. A1 - Manke, I. T1 - Measurement of Hydrogen Distributions in Metals by Neutron Radiography and Tomography N2 - Neutron imaging is a valuable tool for measuring hydrogen distributions qualitatively and quantitatively in metals. Time-resolved neutron radiography allows to measure hydrogen mass flow inside cm thick steel samples with ~10 s temporal resolution. Hydrogen accumulations around cracks in embrittled iron samples can be visualized three-dimensionally by neutron tomography. This quality of information allows new insights for the analysis of damage mechanisms on a micrometer scale, e.g. of hydrogen blistering. Even the gas pressure of molecular hydrogen in crack cavities has been measured from tomographic reconstructions to be in the range of 5 MPa to 15 MPa for technical iron. Further, this method is non-destructive and provides local information in situ and in all three dimensions with a spatial resolution of 20 - 30 µm. The combination with other methods gives a new quality of information, e.g. of the hydrogen allocation on fractured surfaces. T2 - Symposium on large scale facilities CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 09.03.2020 KW - Hydrogen embrittlement KW - Neutron imaging KW - Hydrogen diffusion KW - Neutron radiography KW - Neutron tomography PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50548 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Faßbender, Sebastian A1 - Rodiouchkina, K. A1 - Vanhaecke, F. A1 - Meermann, Björn T1 - On-line hyphenation of CE with multicollector-ICP-MS for species-specific isotopic analysis of sulfur N2 - In many scientific fields, isotopic analysis can offer valuable information, e.g., for tracing the origin of food products, environmental contaminants, forensic and archaeological samples (provenance determination), for age determination of minerals (geochronological dating) or for elucidating chemical processes. Up to date, typically bulk analysis is aimed at measuring the isotopic composition of the entire elemental content of the sample. However, the analyte element is usually present under the form of different species. Thus, separating species of interest from one another and from matrix components prior to isotope ratio measurements can provide species-specific isotopic information, which could be used for tracing the origin of environmental pollutants and elucidation of (environmental) speciation. Using on-line hyphenations of separation techniques with multicollector-ICP-MS (MC-ICP-MS) can save time and effort and enables the analysis of different species during a single measurement. In this work, we developed an on-line hyphenation of CE with multicollector-ICP-MS (CE/MC-ICP-MS) for isotopic analysis of sulfur species. With this method, the isotopic composition of sulfur in sulfate originating from river water could be analyzed without sample preparation. The results were compared with data from off-line analysis of the same samples to ensure accuracy. The precision of the results of the on-line measurements was high enough to distinguish the rivers from one another by the isotopic signature of the river water sulfate. Next to environmental applications, a future field could be species-specific isotopic analysis of biomolecules, as sulfur is the only covalently bound constituent of proteins which can be analyzed by MC-ICP-MS. T2 - DGMS 2020 CY - Münster, Germany DA - 01.03.2020 KW - Capillary electrophoresis KW - Hyphenated techniques KW - Isotopic analysis KW - Multicollector-ICP-MS KW - Speciation analysis PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50501 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - von der Au, Marcus A1 - Metzger, M. A1 - Meermann, Björn T1 - HR-CS-GF-MAS as a new screening method for emerging pollutants - per- and polyfluorinated substances in the environment N2 - The introduction of fluorine in organic molecules leads to new chemical/physical properties. Especially in the field of pharmaceuticals, fluorinated organic molecules are becoming more and more popular and at present amount up to 25% of market share, with an upward trend. The main benefits of fluorinated pharmaceuticals are: (i) enhanced fat solubility; (ii) enhanced interaction of catalytic-center of enzymes with fluorine-drugs; (iii) a delayed metabolism within the human body. Highly fluorinated organic substances are also used in technical applications (e.g. coatings, fire-extinguishing agents). Due to the broad variety of fluorinated substances and increasing production volumes numerous and up to date unknown fluorine-species are most likely to be present in the (aquatic) environment. Analytical methods to assess the degree of contamination of surface waters with organically bound fluorine are highly needed and up to now only combustion ion chromatography based method is available, which is relatively laborious. Since a few years’ high resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometers (HR-CS-GFAAS) are commercially available from Analytik Jena. By means of this technique, the detection of high resolution molecular absorption spectra (MAS) is enabled. Thus, fluoride is detectable upon the addition of a modifier and the formation of a diatomic molecule (e.g. GaF). Just recently, we applied this technique for total fluorine (mainly dissolved fluoride) analysis in river water samples. In the present work a HR-CS-GFMAS method for extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF) analysis in surface water samples was developed by us. The method is based on SPE extraction of organically bound fluorine even in the presence of high fluoride concentrations followed by HR-CS-GFMAS analysis upon elution. Due to high enrichment factors, LODs in the low ng/L range were achieved. We successfully applied our SPE HR-CS-GFMAS method to Rhine water samples and EOF in the range of about 50-300 ng/L was detectable. T2 - DGMS 2020 CY - Münster, Germany DA - 01.03.2020 KW - SPE HR-CS GF MAS PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50503 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - von der Au, Marcus A1 - Metzger, M. A1 - Gehrenkemper, Lennart A1 - Meermann, Björn T1 - HR-CS-GF-MAS as a new screening method for emerging pollutants - per- and polyfluorinated substances in the environment N2 - The introduction of fluorine in organic molecules leads to new chemical/physical properties. Especially in the field of pharmaceuticals, fluorinated organic molecules are becoming more and more popular and at present amount up to 25% of market share, with an upward trend. The main benefits of fluorinated pharmaceuticals are: (i) enhanced fat solubility; (ii) enhanced interaction of catalytic-center of enzymes with fluorine-drugs; (iii) a delayed metabolism within the human body. Highly fluorinated organic substances are also used in technical applications (e.g. coatings, fire-extinguishing agents). Due to the broad variety of fluorinated substances and increasing production volumes numerous and up to date unknown fluorine-species are most likely to be present in the (aquatic) environment. Analytical methods to assess the degree of contamination of surface waters with organically bound fluorine are highly needed and up to now only combustion ion chromatography based method is available, which is relatively laborious. Since a few years’ high resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometers (HR-CS-GFAAS) are commercially available from Analytik Jena. By means of this technique, the detection of high resolution molecular absorption spectra (MAS) is enabled. Thus, fluoride is detectable upon the addition of a modifier and the formation of a diatomic molecule (e.g. GaF). Just recently, we applied this technique for total fluorine (mainly dissolved fluoride) analysis in river water samples. In the present work a HR-CS-GFMAS method for extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF) analysis in surface water samples was developed by us. The method is based on SPE extraction of organically bound fluorine even in the presence of high fluoride concentrations followed by HR-CS-GFMAS analysis upon elution. Due to high enrichment factors, LODs in the low ng/L range were achieved. We successfully applied our SPE HR-CS-GFMAS method to Rhine water samples and EOF in the range of about 50-300 ng/L was detectable. T2 - DGMS 2020 CY - Münster, Germany DA - 01.03.2020 KW - SPE HR-CS GF MAS PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50504 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schaupp, Thomas A1 - Yahyaoui, Hamza A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas T1 - Zur Bewertung der Kaltrissempfindlichkeit moderner hochfester Feinkornbaustähle mit dem Implant-Test N2 - Der Implant-Test nach ISO 17642-3 gehört zur Gruppe der fremdbeanspruchten Kaltrisstests, bei dem eine äußere Beanspruchung auf einen zylindrischen Stab (Implant-Probe) definiert aufgebracht wird. Mit dieser Kaltrissprüfung wurden vergleichende Analysen zur Kaltrissempfindlichkeit der modernen hochfesten Feinkornbaustähle S960MC und S960QL durchgeführt. Zudem kamen sowohl Massiv- als auch Metallpulverfülldraht zur Variation der Wasserstoffkonzentration zum Einsatz. Der Einsatz des modernen modifizierten Sprühlichtbogens ermöglichte außerdem die Untersuchung des Einbrandprofils auf die Kaltrissbildung. T2 - Sitzung des NA 092-00-05 GA „Gemeinschaftsarbeitsausschuss NAS/NMP: Zerstörende Prüfung von Schweißverbindungen (DVS AG Q 4/Q 4.1)“ CY - Hamm, Germany DA - 04.03.2020 KW - Hochfester Feinkornbaustahl KW - MAG-Schweißen KW - Wasserstoff KW - Kaltriss KW - Implant-Test PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50506 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wöhlecke, Andreas T1 - Aktuelle Themen aus der Arbeit des Fachbeirats der BAM N2 - Es wird über aktuelle Arbeitsthemen und Entwicklungen im Fachbeirat berichtet. So wurde in einer Sondersitzung des Fachbeirats über die Entlassung aus der Nachsorgephase beim Einsatz von Geokunststoffprodukten in Böschungen diskutiert. Die Unterarbeitsgruppe Fremdüberwachung in der Produktion hat getagt. Darüber hinaus werden Änderungen in den Zulassungsrichtlinien für Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen, Kunststoff-Dränelemente und für die Fremdüberwachung kurz vorgestellt. T2 - 16. Leipziger Deponiefachtagung CY - Leipzig, Germany DA - 03.03.2020 KW - Deponie KW - Geogitter KW - Kunststoffdichtungsbahn PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-943443-49-3 VL - 16 SP - 35 EP - 43 PB - HTWK Leipzig CY - Leipzig AN - OPUS4-50507 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wöhlecke, Andreas T1 - Aktuelle Themen aus der Arbeit des Fachbeirats der BAM N2 - Es wird über aktuelle Arbeitsthemen und Entwicklungen im Fachbeirat berichtet. So wurde in einer Sondersitzung des Fachbeirats über die Entlassung aus der Nachsorgephase beim Einsatz von Geokunststoffprodukten in Böschungen diskutiert. Die Unterarbeitsgruppe Fremdüberwachung in der Produktion hat getagt. Darüber hinaus werden Änderungen in den Zulassungsrichtlinien für Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen, Kunststoff-Dränelemente und für die Fremdüberwachung kurz vorgestellt. T2 - 16. Leipziger Deponiefachtagung CY - Leipzig, Germany DA - 03.03.2020 KW - Deponie KW - Geogitter KW - Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50509 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lemke, Nora A1 - El-Khatib, Ahmed A1 - Theuring, F. A1 - Jakubowski, Norbert A1 - Vogl, Jochen T1 - Sulfur isotope dilution ICP MS for traceable protein quantification N2 - Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a powerful method for the matrix-independent quantitative analysis of target elements. Developed for the use in inorganic trace analysis, ICP-MS is nowadays a valuable tool for bioanalytical questions. Especially the use of ICP-MS for quantitative proteomics by measuring heteroatoms has gained recognition in the last decade, considering that established quantification methods like organic mass spectrometry depend on labelling of the target protein or the existence of matched protein and peptide standards. The need for reliable quantification of proteins is continuously growing, but only a limited number of well-characterized and quantified protein standards are available so far. Accurately quantified, traceable protein standards are necessary to ensure comparability of measurements between laboratories, not only in basic research but also in a clinical context. One example of this is the Alzheimer’s disease biomarker tau protein. However, existing tau standards lack comparability, emphasizing the need for a well-quantified protein standard. Therefore, we developed a method for the quantification of pure proteins via sulfur isotope dilution ICP-MS (IDMS). As sulfur is present in two amino acids, cysteine and methionine, it exists in nearly all proteins and can be used for the quantification of proteins of known stoichiometry. We employed simple offline strategies for the separation of non-protein bound sulfur species. Quantification of these contaminations by IDMS allows for correction of the protein content and enables reliable protein quantification. We report the protein mass fractions of a standard reference material and commercially available proteins determined by sulfur IDMS, including the expanded uncertainties. The developed method can be applied for the reliable and traceable quantification of pure proteins for use as in-house standards. Here, we successfully used this method for the quantification of the tau protein. T2 - 53rd annual conference of the DGMS including 27th ICP-MS User's Meeting CY - Münster, Germany DA - 01.03.2020 KW - ICP-MS KW - Isotope dilution KW - Protein KW - Quantification KW - Tau protein PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50510 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Hoffmann, Katrin T1 - Optical-Spectroscopic Studies of Soot Particles N2 - Aiming at the development of a non-destructive optical measurement methods for the characterization of nano-sized airborne particulate pollutants we performed fluorescence spectroscopic investigations of their relevant emission properties. Here, we present first results from studies of soot particles from synthetic aerosols deposited on PTFE membranes. T2 - EMPIR 18HLT02 AeroTox M9 meeting CY - London, UK DA - 29.01.2020 KW - Aaerosol particles KW - Airborne particulate pollutants KW - Fluorescence spectroscopy PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50511 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Scheuerlein, C. A1 - Andrieux, J. A1 - Michels, M. A1 - Lackner, F. A1 - Chiriac, R. A1 - Hagner, M. A1 - Di Michiel, M. A1 - Meyer, Christian A1 - Toche, F. ED - Foley, C. P. T1 - Effect of the fabrication route on the phase and volume changes during the reaction heat treatment of Nb3Sn superconducting wires N2 - Accelerator magnets that can reach magnetic fields well beyond the Nb-Ti performance limits are presently being built and developed, using Nb3Sn superconductors. This technology requires reaction heat treatment (RHT) of the magnet coils, during which Nb3Sn is formed from its ductile precursor materials (a “wind and react” approach). The Nb3Sn microstructure and microchemistry are strongly influenced by the conductor fabrication route, and by the Phase changes during RHT. By combining in situ differential scanning calorimetry, high Energy synchrotron x-ray diffraction, and micro-tomography experiments, we have acquired a unique data set that describes in great detail the phase and microstructure changes that take place during the processing of restacked rod process (RRP), powder-in-tube (PIT), and internal tin (IT) Nb3Sn wires. At temperatures below 450 ° the phase evolutions in the three wire types are similar, with respectively solid state interdiffusion of Cu and Sn, Cu6Sn5 formation, and Cu6Sn5 peritectic transformation. Distinct differences in phase evolutions in the wires are found when temperatures exceed 450 °C. The volume changes of the conductor during RHT are a difficulty in the production of Nb3Sn accelerator magnets. We compare the wire diameter changes measured in situ by dilatometry with the phase and void volume evolution of the three types of Nb3Sn wire. Unlike the Nb3Sn wire length changes, the wire diameter evolution is characteristic for each Nb3Sn wire type. The strongest volume increase, of about 5%, is observed in the RRP wire, where the main diameter increase occurs above 600 °C upon Nb3Sn formation. KW - Nb3Sn KW - Microstructure KW - Phase transformations KW - Volume changes KW - X-ray diffraction KW - Differential scanning calorimetry KW - Synchrotron micro-tomography PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-505128 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6668/ab627c VL - 33 IS - 3 SP - 034004 PB - IOP Publishing CY - Bristol (UK) AN - OPUS4-50512 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ebell, Gino T1 - Ermittlung kritischer Chloridgehalte in Beton mittels LIBS N2 - Es wurden elektrochemische und LIBS Untersuchungen verwendet um den kritischen Korrosion auslösenden Chloridgehalt in alkalischen und karbonatisierten Mörteln zu ermitteln. Ein deutliche Abhängikeit zwischen pH-Wert und Ccrit konnte dabei festgestellt werden. T2 - AK Prüf- und Untersuchungsverfahren CY - Online meeting DA - 18.06.2020 KW - Korrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Ccrit KW - LIBS PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50911 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vollert, F. A1 - Thomas, Maximilian A1 - Kromm, Arne A1 - Gibmeier, J. T1 - Solidification Cracking Assessment of LTT Filler Materials by Means of Varestraint Testing and μCT N2 - Investigations of the weldability of metals often deal with hot cracking, as one of the most dreaded imperfections during weld fabrication. The hot cracking investigations presented in this paper were carried out as part of a study on the development of low transformation temperature (LTT) weld filler materials. These alloys allow to mitigate tensile residual stresses that usually arise during welding using conventional weld filler materials. By this means, higher fatigue strength and higher lifetimes of the weld can be achieved. However, LTT weld filler materials are for example, high-alloyed Cr/Ni steels that are susceptible to the formation of hot cracks. To assess hot cracking, we applied the standardized modified varestraint transvarestraint hot cracking test (MVT), which is well appropriate to evaluate different base or filler materials with regard to their hot cracking susceptibility. In order to consider the complete material volume for the assessment of hot cracking, we additionally applied microfocus X-ray computer tomography (μCT). It is shown that by a suitable selection of welding and MVT parameter the analysis of the complete 3D hot crack network can provide additional information with regard to the hot cracking model following Prokhorov. It is now possible to determine easy accessible substitute values (e.g., maximum crack depth) for the extent of the Brittleness Temperature Range (BTR) and the minimum critical strain Pmin. KW - LTT weld filler materials KW - μCT-analysis KW - Hot cracking KW - Varestraint test PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509126 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13122726 VL - 13 IS - 12 SP - 2726 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-50912 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Erdmann, Maren A1 - Niebergall, Ute A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Böhning, Martin T1 - Evaluation of UV-induced embrittlement of PE-HD by Charpy impact test N2 - The impact fracture behavior of two common high-density polyethylene grades for container applications were intensively studied by the instrumented Charpy impact test after well-defined exposure to UV-irradiation. Individual stages of the impact event, such as crack initiation and crack propagation energy as well as maximum impact load, were investigated from the recorded load–deflection curves. UV-induced material property changes were further investigated by infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and dynamic-mechanical analysis as well as density measurements. Based on the results of the Charpy impact test, three indicators were identified to describe the extend of photooxidation on high-density polyethylene: (a) a reduced Charpy impact strength—at least to half of its initial value for a distinctly brittle impact fracture, (b) a marked decrease in the crack propagation contribution to the impact strength, and (c) an increase of the brittle features of the fracture surface. KW - Degradation KW - Mechanical properties KW - Packaging KW - Polyolefins KW - Polyethylene PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509130 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/APP.49069 SN - 0021-8995 VL - 137 IS - 36 SP - 49069 PB - Wiley AN - OPUS4-50913 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR ED - Bonse, Jörn ED - Spaltmann, Dirk T1 - Special issue: Laser-induced periodic surface nano- and microstructures for tribological applications N2 - Laser material processing is an emerging technology that generates surface functionalities on the basis of optical, mechanical, or chemical properties. In the form of laser surface texturing (LST), it has attracted a remarkable amount of research to tailor surface properties towards various tribological applications. The main advantages of this single-step, laser-based technology are the contactless machining, featuring a high flexibility, efficiency, and speed, along with the excellent quality of the processed products. LST can be applied precisely localized to sub-micrometric areas, but, via laser beam scanning, it is also feasible for structuring large surface areas at the square meter size. This Special Issue focuses on the latest developments concerning the tribological performance of laser-generated periodic surface nano- and microstructures and their applications. This includes the laser-based processing of different surface patterns, such as “self-organized” laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS, ripples), grooves, micro-spikes, hierarchical hybrid nano-/micro-structures, microfeatures generated by direct laser interference patterning (DLIP), or even dimples or other topographic geometries shaped by direct laser modification or ablation. The applications of these periodically nano- and micro-patterned surfaces may improve the lubricated or non-lubricated tribological performance of surfaces in conformal and even non-conformal contact through a reduction of wear, a variation of the coefficient of friction, altered load carrying capacity, etc., resulting in energy saving, improved reliability, increased lifetimes as well as durability, leading in turn to extended maintenance intervals/reduced down-time. This can be beneficial in terms of bearings, gears, engines, seals, cutting tools, or other tribological components. Fundamental aspects addressed may involve the investigation of the relevant physical and chemical effects accompanying the laser-generated nano- and microscale topographies, such as alterations of the material structures, the hardness, superficial oxidation, the role of additives contained in lubricants, surface wettability, micro-hydrodynamic effects, etc. For this Special Issue we aim to attract both academic and industrial researchers and would like to provide a bridge between research in the fields of tribology and laser material processing in order to foster the current knowledge and present new ideas for future applications and new technologies. KW - Applications KW - Friction KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) KW - Tribology KW - Wear PY - 2020 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/journal/lubricants/special_issues/laser_periodic SN - 2075-4442 VL - 8 IS - 3 SP - Article 1 EP - Article 10 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-50914 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Haas, Marko ED - Hirsch, B ED - Weber, J ED - Schäfer, F ED - Schmid, J T1 - Das Risikomanagementsystem in der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) N2 - Im Rahmen des Bandes Management von Risiken in Behörden beschreibt der Praxisbeitrag das Risikomanagementsystem der BAM. KW - Risiko KW - Risikomanagement KW - Controlling KW - Management KW - Steuerung PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-503-19150-5 SP - 90 EP - 100 PB - Erich Schmidt Verlag CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-50915 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Neumann, Patrick P. A1 - Hüllmann, Dino A1 - Winkler, Nicolas P. A1 - Kohlhoff, Harald A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias A1 - Hirschberger, Paul A1 - Bennetts, V.H. A1 - Lilienthal, A.J. T1 - Aerial Robot Olfaction - A Summary and Survey from BAM Perspective N2 - This presentation gives an introduction to the gas-sensitive aerial robots developed at BAM, including various application examples in the field of mobile robot olfaction: gas source localization and gas distribution mapping. T2 - Harvard University School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS)/Earth and Planetary Sciences (EPS) - Martin Group Seminar CY - Online meeting DA - 11.06.2020 KW - Mobile Robot Olfaction KW - Localization of gas sources KW - UAV KW - Tomographic reconstruction of gas plumes KW - Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS) PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50916 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Besselink, R. A1 - Stawski, Tomasz A1 - Freeman, H. M. A1 - Hovelmann, J. A1 - Tobler, D. J. A1 - Benning, L. G. T1 - Mechanism of Saponite Crystallization from a Rapidly Formed Amorphous Intermediate N2 - Clays are crucial mineral phases in Earth’s weathering engine, but we do not know how they form in surface environments under (near-)ambient pressures and temperatures. Most synthesis routes, attempting to give insights into the plausible mechanisms, rely on hydrothermal conditions, yet many geological studies showed that clays may actually form at moderate temperatures (<100 °C) in most terrestrial settings. Here, we combined high-energy X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy to derive the mechanistic pathways of the low-temperature (25–95 °C) crystallization of a synthetic Mg-clay, saponite. Our results reveal that saponite crystallizes via a two stage process: (1) a rapid (several minutes) coprecipitation where ∼20% of the available magnesium becomes incorporated into an aluminosilicate network, followed by (2) a much slower crystallization mechanism (several hours to days) where the remaining magnesium becomes gradually incorporated into the growing saponite sheet structure. KW - Saponite KW - FTIR KW - PDF KW - Diffraction PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.0c00151 VL - 20 IS - 5 SP - 3365 EP - 3373 PB - American Chemical Society AN - OPUS4-50917 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mirtsch, Mona A1 - Pohlisch, Jakob A1 - Blind, K. T1 - International Diffusion of the Information Security Management System Standard ISO/IEC 27001: Exploring the Role of Culture N2 - In the wake of digitalization, organizations are increasingly exposed to risks associated with security breaches and must take measures to preserve the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information, and to ensure business continuity. The international standard ISO/IEC 27001 assists organizations in setting up, maintaining and continuously improving their information security management systems. However, despite high growth rates, its international diffusion rates are quite heterogeneous. This paper explores why the diffusion of the international management system standard ISO/IEC 27001 differs across countries. We classify the adoption of ISO/IEC 27001 as a ‘preventive organizational innovation’ and draw from diffusion studies of other management system standards and information security research to develop a set of hypotheses. These relate to the impact of cultural dimensions and national ICT development. We use a negative binomial regression model with panel data covering 57 countries over a 12-year period from 2006 to 2017 to test our hypotheses. We find that the cultural dimensions future orientation, power distance, and institutional collectivism as well as high ICT development are driving factors for the diffusion of ISO/IEC 27001. We derive policy recommendations and avenues for future research. T2 - Twenty-Eighth European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS2020) – A Virtual AIS Conference CY - Online meeting DA - 15.06.2020 KW - Information security KW - International diffusion KW - Standards KW - Management system standards KW - ISO/IEC 27001 KW - Preventive innovations KW - Culture KW - GLOBE KW - ICT development index PY - 2020 SP - RP 88 AN - OPUS4-50919 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mirtsch, Mona A1 - Pohlisch, Jakob A1 - Blind, K. T1 - International Diffusion of the Information Security Management System Standard ISO/IEC 27001: Exploring the role of culture N2 - In the wake of digitalization, organizations are increasingly exposed to risks associated with security breaches and must take measures to preserve the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information, and to ensure business continuity. The international standard ISO/IEC 27001 assists organizations in setting up, maintaining and continuously improving their information security management systems. However, despite high growth rates, its international diffusion rates are quite heterogeneous. This paper explores why the diffusion of the international management system standard ISO/IEC 27001 differs across countries. We classify the adoption of ISO/IEC 27001 as a ‘preventive organizational innovation’ and draw from diffusion studies of other management system standards and information security research to develop a set of hypotheses. These relate to the impact of cultural dimensions and national ICT development. We use a negative binomial regression model with panel data covering 57 countries over a 12-year period from 2006 to 2017 to test our hypotheses. We find that the cultural dimensions future orientation, power distance, and institutional collectivism as well as high ICT development are driving factors for the diffusion of ISO/IEC 27001. We derive policy recommendations and avenues for future research. T2 - Twenty-Eighth European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS2020) – A Virtual AIS Conference CY - Online meeting DA - 15.06.2020 KW - Information security KW - International diffusion KW - Standards KW - Management system standards KW - ISO/IEC 27001 KW - Preventive innovations KW - Culture KW - GLOBE KW - ICT development index PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50921 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Faßbender, Sebastian A1 - Rodiouchkina, K. A1 - Vanhaecke, F. A1 - Meermann, Björn T1 - On-line species-specific isotopic analysis of sulfur by hyphenation of capillary electrophoresis with MC-ICP-MS N2 - In many scientific fields, isotopic analysis can offer valuable information. Up to date, typically bulk analysis is aimed at measuring the isotopic composition of the entire elemental content of the sample. However, the analyte element is usually present under the form of different species. Thus, separating species of interest from one another and from matrix components prior to isotope ratio measurements can provide species-specific isotopic information, which could be used for tracing the origin of environmental pollutants and elucidation of (environmental) speciation. Using on-line hyphenations of separation techniques with multicollector-ICP-MS (MC-ICP-MS) can save time and effort and enables the analysis of different species during a single measurement. Whereas some works hyphenating GC and IC with MC-ICP-MS have already been reported, LC and CE hyphenations are still inadequately represented based on the capabilities of these separation techniques. In this work, we developed an on-line hyphenation of CE with multicollector-ICP-MS (CE/MC-ICP-MS) for isotopic analysis of sulfur species using a multiple-injection approach for instrumental mass bias correction by standard-sample bracketing. With this method, the isotopic composition of sulfur in sulfate originating from river water could be analyzed without sample preparation. The results were compared to data from off-line analysis of the same samples to ensure accuracy. The precision of the results of the on-line measurements was promising regarding the differentiation of the river systems by the isotopic signature of river water sulfate. The great potential of this method is based on the versatility of the applied separation technique, not only in the environmental field but also for, e.g., biomolecules, as sulfur is the only covalently bound constituent of proteins that can be analyzed by MC-ICP-MS. T2 - Virtual Goldschmidt 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 21.06.2020 KW - Isotopic analysis KW - Hyphenated techniques KW - Capillary electrophoresis KW - Multicollector-ICP-MS KW - Speciation analysis PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50922 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk A1 - Hamm, C. A1 - Röser, T. A1 - Michels, H. T1 - Vom Kokillenguss bis zur Fräsbearbeitung - Bauteile aus innovativen Eisen- und Titanaluminiden wirtschaftlich herstellen N2 - Der Beitrag gibt einen kurzen Einblick in das gerade bewilligte ZIM-Vorhaben „Technologie und Werkzeuge für ultraschallunterstütztes Fräsen von Eisen- und Titan-Aluminid-Bauteilen (TeWuFeAl)“. In dem Vorhaben wird durch 2 KMU aus dem Bereichen der Werkzeugentwicklung (Wolf GmbH) und der Anwendung (AWB GmbH) sowie durch 2 Forschungsinstitute, Access e. V. und Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), die Herstellbarkeit sicherheitsrelevanter Leichtbauteile aus FeAl und TiAl durch das besonders wirtschaftliche Kokillengussverfahren und die anschließende ultraschallunterstützte Zerspanung untersucht. KW - Eisenaluminid KW - Titanaluminid KW - Kokillenguss KW - Fräsbearbeitung KW - Ultraschallunterstütztes Fräsen KW - Oberflächenintegrität PY - 2020 SP - 12 PB - Manufacturing Innovation Network e. V. CY - Varel, Germany AN - OPUS4-51593 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Seifert, Lando A1 - Müller, Thoralf A1 - Ebell, Gino T1 - Committee Meeting to WIPANO Research Project "Safety of Prestressing Steel" N2 - This WIPANO research project, "safety of prestressing steel," is about applying the test methods for assessing the susceptibility of prestressing steels to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) according to DIN EN ISO 15630-3. The talk gives an overview of the project's current status to the international committee that accompanies the project. T2 - Committee Meeting to WIPANO Research Project "Safety of Prestressing Steel" CY - Online meeting DA - 12.11.2020 KW - Prestressing Steel KW - Stress corrosion cracking KW - SCC KW - DIN EN ISO 15630-3 KW - Test Methods PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51594 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Meyer, Klas A1 - Kern, Simon A1 - Guhl, Svetlana A1 - Bornemann-Pfeiffer, Martin A1 - Wander, Lukas A1 - Maiwald, Michael T1 - Compact NMR Spectroscopy: A Versatile Tool for Automated Continuous-Flow Production of Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals N2 - Chemical companies must find new paths to successfully survive in a changing environment. The potential of digital technologies belongs to these. Flexible and modular chemical plants can produce various high-quality products using multi-purpose equipment with short downtimes between campaigns and reduce time to market for new products. Intensified continuous production plants allow for difficult to produce compounds. Therefore, fully automated “chemical” process control along with real-time quality control are prerequisites to such concepts and thus should be based on “chemical” information. The advances of a fully automated NMR sensor were exploited, using a given pharmaceutical lithiation reaction as an example process within a modular pilot plant. A commercially available benchtop NMR spectrometer was integrated to the full requirements of an automated chemical production environment such as, e.g., explosion safety, field communication, and robust evaluation of sensor data. It was thereof used for direct loop advanced process control and real-time optimization of the process. NMR appeared as preeminent online analytical tool and allowed using a modular data analysis tool, which even served as reliable reference method for further PAT applications. In future, such fully integrated and intelligently interconnecting “smart” systems and processes can speed up the high-quality production of specialty chemicals and pharmaceuticals. T2 - USP qNMR Emerging Technologies Workshop & Roundtable CY - Online meeting DA - 17.11.2020 KW - Quantitative NMR spectroscopy KW - Benchtop-NMR KW - Process Analytical Technology PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51595 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bresch, Sophie A1 - Mieller, Björn A1 - Schönauer-Kamin, D. A1 - Moos, R. A1 - Reimann, T. A1 - Giovannelli, F. A1 - Rabe, Torsten T1 - Influence of pressure and dwell time on pressure‐assisted sintering of calcium cobaltite N2 - Calcium cobaltite Ca3Co4O9, abbreviated Co349, is a promising thermoelectric material for high‐temperature applications in air. Its anisotropic properties can be assigned to polycrystalline parts by texturing. Tape casting and pressure‐assisted sintering (PAS) are a possible future way for a cost‐effective mass‐production of thermoelectric generators. This study examines the influence of pressure and dwell time during PAS at 900°C of tape‐cast Co349 on texture and thermoelectric properties. Tape casting aligns lentoid Co349. PAS results in a textured Co349 microstructure with the thermoelectrically favorable ab‐direction perpendicular to the pressing direction. By pressure variation during sintering, the microstructure of Co349 can be tailored either toward a maximum figure of merit as required for energy harvesting or toward a maximum power factor as required for energy harvesting. Moderate pressure of 2.5 MPa results in 25% porosity and a textured microstructure with a figure of merit of 0.13 at 700°C, two times higher than the dry‐pressed, pressureless‐sintered reference. A pressure of 7.5 MPa leads to 94% density and a high power factor of 326 µW/mK2 at 800°C, which is 11 times higher than the dry‐pressed reference (30 MPa) from the same powder. KW - Hot pressing KW - Texture KW - Thermoelectric properties PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-515973 DO - https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.17541 SN - 0002-7820 VL - 104 IS - 2 SP - 917 EP - 927 PB - Wiley Periodicals LLC AN - OPUS4-51597 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Saleh, Maysoon I. A1 - Rühle, Bastian A1 - Wang, Shu A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - You, Yi A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute T1 - Assessing the protective effects of different surface coatings on NaYF4:YB3+, Er3+, upconverting nanoparticles in buffer and DMEM N2 - We studied the dissolution behavior of β NaYF4:Yb(20%), Er(2%) UCNP of two different sizes in biologically relevant media i.e., water (neutral pH), phosphate buffered saline (PBS), and Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM) at different temperatures and particle concentrations. Special emphasis was dedicated to assess the influence of different surface functionalizations, particularly the potential of mesoporous and microporous silica shells of different thicknesses for UCNP stabilization and protection. Dissolution was quantified electrochemically using a fluoride ion selective electrode (ISE) and by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). In addition, dissolution was monitored fluorometrically. These experiments revealed that a thick microporous silica shell drastically decreased dissolution. Our results also underline the critical influence of the chemical composition of the aqueous environment on UCNP dissolution. In DMEM, we observed the formation of a layer of adsorbed molecules on the UCNP surface that protected the UCNP from dissolution and enhanced their fluorescence. Examination of this layer by X ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and mass spectrometry (MS) suggested that mainly phenylalanine, lysine, and glucose are adsorbed from DMEM. These findings should be considered in the future for cellular toxicity studies with UCNP and other nanoparticles and the design of new biocompatible surface coatings. KW - Fluorescence KW - Lifetime KW - Method KW - Quantification KW - Stability KW - Coating KW - Surface chemistry KW - Lanthanide KW - Fluoride KW - Electrochemistry KW - ICP-OES KW - Upconversion KW - Nano KW - Particle KW - Aging KW - Quality assurance KW - Mass spectrometry KW - XPS PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-515984 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-76116-z SN - 2045-2322 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 19318-1 EP - 19318-11 PB - Springer Nature CY - London AN - OPUS4-51598 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reichel, V. E. A1 - Matuszak, J. A1 - Bente, Klaas A1 - Heil, T. A1 - Kraupner, A. A1 - Dutz, S. A1 - Cicha, I. A1 - Faivre, D. T1 - Magnetite-Arginine Nanoparticles as a Multifunctional Biomedical Tool N2 - Iron oxide nanoparticles are a promising platform for biomedical applications, both in terms of diagnostics and therapeutics. In addition, arginine-rich polypeptides are known to penetrate across cell membranes. Here, we thus introduce a system based on magnetite nanoparticles and the polypeptide poly-l-arginine (polyR-Fe3O4). We show that the hybrid nanoparticles exhibit a low cytotoxicity that is comparable to Resovist®, a commercially available drug. PolyR-Fe3O4 particles perform very well in diagnostic applications, such as magnetic particle imaging (1.7 and 1.35 higher signal respectively for the 3rd and 11th harmonic when compared to Resovist®), or as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (R2/R1 ratio of 17 as compared to 11 at 0.94 T for Resovist®). Moreover, these novel particles can also be used for therapeutic purposes such as hyperthermia, achieving a specific heating power ratio of 208 W/g as compared to 83 W/g for Feridex®, another commercially available product. Therefore, we envision such materials to play a role in the future theranostic applications, where the arginine ability to deliver cargo into the cell can be coupled to the magnetite imaging properties and cancer fighting activity. KW - Iron oxide KW - Nanoparticle KW - Theranostics KW - MRI KW - Hyperthermia PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-515993 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10102014 VL - 10 IS - 10 SP - 2014 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-51599 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kage, Daniel A1 - Hoffmann, Katrin A1 - Borcherding, H. A1 - Schedler, U. A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute T1 - Lifetime encoding in flow cytometry for bead‑based sensing of biomolecular interaction N2 - To demonstrate the potential of time-resolved flow cytometry (FCM) for bioanalysis, clinical diagnostics, and optically encoded bead-based assays, we performed a proof-of-principle study to detect biomolecular interactions utilizing fluorescence lifetime (LT)-encoded micron-sized polymer beads bearing target-specific bioligands and a recently developed prototype lifetime flow cytometer (LT-FCM setup). This instrument is equipped with a single excitation light source and different fluorescence detectors, one operated in the photon-counting mode for time-resolved measurements of fluorescence decays and three detectors for conventional intensity measurements in different spectral windows. First, discrimination of bead-bound biomolecules was demonstrated in the time domain exemplarily for two targets, Streptavidin (SAv) and the tumor marker human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). In a second step, the determination of biomolecule concentration levels was addressed representatively for the inflammation-related biomarker tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) utilizing fluorescence intensity measurements in a second channel of the LT-FCM instrument. Our results underline the applicability of LT-FCM in the time domain for measurements of biomolecular interactions in suspension assays. In the future, the combination of spectral and LT encoding and multiplexing and the expansion of the time scale from the lower nanosecond range to the longer nanosecond and the microsecond region is expected to provide many distinguishable codes. This enables an increasing degree of multiplexing which could be attractive for high throughput screening applications. KW - Fluorescence KW - Sensor KW - Assay KW - Protein KW - Multiplexing KW - Flow cytometry KW - Barcoding KW - Lifetime KW - Dye KW - Bead KW - Bead-based assay KW - Method KW - Quantification PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-516007 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-76150-x VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 19477 PB - Nature AN - OPUS4-51600 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Werner, Tiago A1 - Madia, Mauro A1 - Zerbst, Uwe T1 - Kurzrisswachstum in additiv gefertigtem austenitischem Edelstahl 316L N2 - Diese Untersuchung beschäftigt sich mit der Charakterisierung von Kurzrisswachstum in mittels Laser-Pulverbett-Verschmelzen (LPBF - Laser Powder Bed Fusion) hergestelltem rostfreien austenitischen Stahl. Spezifischer wird die Ermittlung zyklischer R-Kurven untersucht. Diese beschreiben den Aufbau des Widerstands gegen Ermüdungsrisswachstum - d.h. des Schwellenwertes - aufgrund von Rissschließeffekten bei physikalisch kurzen Rissen. Mit Hilfe der zyklischen R-Kurven kann die Fähigkeit eines Bauteils, physikalisch kurze Risse zu arretieren, charakterisiert werden. Wir verfügen damit über eine Schnittstelle zwischen klassischer Ermüdung und Bruchmechanik. Das ist gerade auch für additiv gefertigte (AM – Additive Manufacturing) Materialien von Interesse. Diese weisen prozessintrinsische Defekte auf, die als Initiierungsstellen kurzer Ermüdungsrisse agieren. Im Rahmen der experimentellen Untersuchungen wurden zyklische R-Kurven für konventionellen und LPBF AISI-316L-Stahl ermittelt. Insbesondere wurde der Einfluss verschiedener Wärmebehandlungen (WB1: 450°C, WB2: 800°C und WB3: 900°C) auf das Wachstumsverhalten physikalisch kurzer Risse im LPBF-Material untersucht. Aufgrund hoher Eigenspannungen war die Ermittlung des Kurzrisswachstumsverhaltens bei WB1 nicht möglich. Für WB2 und WB3 ergaben sich sehr unterschiedliche zyklische R-Kurven. Untersuchungen der Eigenspannungen, der Bruchfläche (insbesondere der Rauheit) und der Mikrostruktur sollen die Ursachen für das unterschiedliche Verhalten erklären. Die Ergebnisse werden mit den Verhältnissen in konventionellem Material verglichen. T2 - 41. Werkstoffmechanikseminar TU Darmstadt CY - Online meeting DA - 26.10.2020 KW - AM KW - Additiv KW - Zyklische R-Kurve KW - 316L KW - Ermüdung KW - Ermüdungsrisswachstum KW - Risswachstum PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51603 LA - mul AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Duarte, Larissa A1 - Madia, Mauro A1 - Zerbst, Uwe T1 - Ermittlung des intrinsischen Schwellenwerts und dessen Validierung als Werkstoffparameter N2 - Die schadenstolerante Bewertung von zyklisch beanspruchten Bauteilen auf bruchmechanischer Grundlage ist von großer praktischer Bedeutung, insbesondere für die Spezifizierung von Inspektionsintervallen. Eine Schwachstelle der gegenwärtigen Vorgehensweise bildet der nur ungenügend verstandene Schwellenwertbereich der da/dN-ΔK -Kurve. Relevant ist das deshalb, weil viele Bauteile bei Lasten betrieben werden, die in eben diesen Bereich fallen. Der Vortrag beschäftigt sich mit Unsicherheiten bei der Ermittlung des Schwellenwertes, mit Einflussparametern, die dabei zu berücksichtigen sind, und mit einem Vorschlag zur konservativen Einbeziehung des Schwellenwertbereichs in die Bauteilauslegung. Der Schwellenwert gegen Ermüdungsrissausbreitung ist als der zyklische Spannungsintensitätsfaktor definiert, unterhalb dessen kein Risswachstum mehr stattfindet. Dabei ist zu beachten, dass der Wert in der konventionellen da/dN-ΔK -Kurve auf Langrisswachstum beschränkt ist und, strenggenommen, auch das nur dann, wenn das Rissschließphänomen voll ausgebildet ist. Unter Rissschließen versteht man das Schließen des zyklisch beanspruchten Risses in der Regel oberhalb des Nulldurchgangs der Last. Wichtige Rissschließmechanismen sind das plastizitäts-, das rauheits- und das oxid-induzierte Schließen wobei die beiden letztgenannten im Schwellenwertbereich dominierend sind. Der Schwellenwert selbst besteht aus zwei Anteilen, einem intrinsischen, der von den elastischen Konstanten und vom Gittertyp abhängt und einem extrinsischen, der mit dem Aufbau der Rissschließeffekte zusammenhängt und von Parametern wie der Mikrostruktur, dem Spannungsverhältnis aus Unter- und Oberlast und der Risstiefe beeinflusst wird. In Fällen, bei denen oxid-induziertes Rissschließen eine Rolle spielt, hängt der erhaltene Wert des Schwellenwerts vom experimentellen Verfahren ab, wobei die konventionelle Lastabsenkung nach Standard nicht-konservative Werte ergeben kann. Der Vortrag thematisiert die unterschiedlichen Optionen der experimentellen Ermittlung mit besonderem Fokus auf dem intrinsischen Schwellenwert und, davon ausgehend, die Anbindung an den rissschließkorrigierten Paris-Bereich der da/dN-ΔK -Kurve. T2 - Werkstoffmechanikseminar 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 26.10.2020 KW - Intrinsischer Schwellenwert gegen Ermüdungsrissausbreitung KW - Schadenstolerante Bauteilauslegung KW - Restlebensdauer PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51604 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Blasenbauer, D. A1 - Huber, F. A1 - Lederer, J. A1 - Quina, M. A1 - Blanc-Biscarat, D. A1 - Bogush, A. A1 - Bontempi, E. A1 - Blondeau, J. A1 - Chimenos, J. A1 - Dahlbo, H. A1 - Fagerqvist, J. A1 - Giro-Paloma, J. A1 - Hjelmar, O. A1 - Hyks, J. A1 - Keaney, J. A1 - Lupsea-Toader, M. A1 - O’Caollai, C. A1 - Orupõld, K. A1 - Pajak, T. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Svecova, L. A1 - Syc, M. A1 - Uvang, R. A1 - Vaajasaari, K. A1 - van Caneghem, J. A1 - van Zomeren, A. A1 - Vasarevičius, S. A1 - Wégner, K. A1 - Fellner, J. T1 - Legal situation and current practice of waste incineration bottom ash utilisation in Europe N2 - Almost 500 municipal solid waste incineration plants in the EU, Norway and Switzerland generate about 17.6 Mt/a of incinerator bottom ash (IBA). IBA contains minerals and metals. Metals are mostly separated and sold to the scrap market and minerals are either disposed of in landfills or utilised in the construction sector. Since there is no uniform regulation for IBA utilisation at EU level, countries developed own rules with varying requirements for utilisation. As a result from a cooperation network between European experts an up-to-date overview of documents regulating IBA utilisation is presented. Furthermore, this work highlights the different requirements that have to be considered. Overall, 51 different parameters for the total content and 36 different parameters for the emission by leaching are defined. An analysis of the defined parameter reveals that leaching parameters are significantly more to be considered compared to total content parameters. In order to assess the leaching behaviour nine different leaching tests, including batch tests, up-flow percolation tests and one diffusion test (monolithic materials) are in place. A further discussion of leaching parameters showed that certain countries took over limit values initially defined for landfills for inert waste and adopted them for IBA utilisation. The overall utilisation rate of IBA in construction works is approximately 54 wt%. It is revealed that the rate of utilisation does not necessarily depend on how well regulated IBA utilisation is, but rather seems to be a result of political commitment for IBA recycling and economically interesting circumstances. KW - Bottom ash KW - Leaching tests KW - Utilisation PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-500161 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.11.031 SN - 0956-053X VL - 102 SP - 868 EP - 883 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-50016 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yusenko, Kirill A1 - Spektor, K. A1 - Khandarkhaeva, S. A1 - Fedotenko, T. A1 - Pakhomova, A. A1 - Kupenko, I. A1 - Rohrbach, A. A1 - Klemme, S. A1 - Crichton, W. A. A1 - Dyachkova, T. V. A1 - Tyutyunnik, A. P. A1 - Zainulin, Y. G. A1 - Gramilov, S. A. A1 - Dubrovinsky, L. S. T1 - Decomposition of single-source precursors under high-temperature highpressure to access osmium–platinum refractory alloys N2 - Thermal decomposition of (NH4)2[OsxPt1-xCl6] as single-source precursors for Os-Pt binary alloys has been investigated under ambient and high pressure up to 40 GPa. Thermal decomposition of mixed-metal (NH4)2[OsxPt1-xCl6] precursor in hydrogen atmosphere (reductive environment) under ambient pressure results in formation of β-trans[Pt(NH3)2Cl2] and α-trans-[Pt(NH3)2Cl2] crystalline intermediates as well as single and twophase Os—Pt binary alloys. For the first time, direct thermal decomposition of coordination compound under pressure has been investigated. A formation of pure metallic alloys from single-source precursors under pressure has been shown. Miscibility between fcc- and hcpstructured alloys has been probed up to 50 GPa by in situ high-pressure X-ray diffraction. Miscibility gap between fcc- and hcp-structured alloys does not change its positions with pressure up to at least 50 GPa. KW - High-pressure high-temperature KW - Osmium KW - Platinum KW - Phase diagrams KW - Alloys KW - Single-source precursors PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.152121 VL - 813 SP - 152121 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-50019 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -