TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Phosphorus recovery in Germany – recent developments N2 - The recent developments of phosphorus recovery in Germany were presented. The funding program RePhoR was introduced with focus on the demonstration project R-Rhenania that is coordinated by BAM. T2 - Green Deal 2020 conference CY - Online-Meeting DA - 14.12.2020 KW - Phopshorus recovery KW - Waste water treatment KW - Recycling fertiliser PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51837 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Herzel, Hannes T1 - Modifiziertes Rhenania Phosphat auf Klärschlammasche für Bayern N2 - Es wurde das Projekt R-Rhenania MODIFIZIERTES RHENANIA PHOSPHAT AUS KLÄRSCHLAMMASCHE FÜR BAYERN mit seinen Inhalten und der Projektstruktur vorgestellt. T2 - 6. P-Rück-Kongress: Phosphor - ein kritischer Rohstoff mit Zukunft CY - Online meeting DA - 25.11.2020 KW - Phosphorrückgewinnung KW - Klärschlammasche PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51667 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wöhlecke, Andreas T1 - The role of junction strength in the performance of geogrids N2 - Designing the performance of geogrids in reinforce soil constructions usually does not consider long-term behavior and possible failure modes of junctions between longitudinal and transverse ribs. How could behavior of junctions be included? To which extend is it necessary? On the conference Geo-Chicago 2016, Swan and Yuan presented an ultimate limit state equation for the short-term material resistance of junctions. We discuss limitations and suggest improvements to include long-term behavior of junctions. Nevertheless, the approach applies only to a specific mode of shear-tensile failure of junctions and only to strictly rigid geogrids. A new design concept presented in the same year by Jacobs on the conference GeoAmerica for the special case of the anchorage of geogrids, which reinforce capping system on long and steep slopes of landfills, tried to overcome these drawbacks. We discuss the aspects of this concept related to the long-term behavior of junctions and the interplay between the load applied to junctions and the flexibility of longitudinal ribs. This interplay and the long-term junction strength determine the long-term behavior of geogrids. T2 - GeoAmericas 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 26.10.2020 KW - Geogitter KW - Geokunststoffe KW - Deponie PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51485 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Sekine, R. A1 - Huang, J. A1 - Steckenmesser, D. A1 - Steffens, D. A1 - Huthwelker, T. A1 - Borca, C. A1 - Pradas del Real, A. A1 - Castillo-Michel, H. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Effects of a nitrification inhibitor on nitrogen species in the soil and the yield and phosphorus uptake of maize N2 - Phosphorus (P) resource availability is declining and the efficiency of applied nutrients in agricultural soils is becoming increasingly important. This is especially true for P fertilizers from recycled materials, which often have low plant availability. Specific co-fertilization with ammoniumcan enhance P plant availability in soils amended with these P fertilizers, and thus the yield of plants. To investigate this effect, we performed a pot experiment with maize in slightly acidic soil (pH 6.9) with one water-soluble (triple superphosphate [TSP]) and two water-insoluble (sewage sludge-based and hyperphosphate [Hyp]) P fertilizers and anammoniumsulfate nitrate with or without a nitrification inhibitor (NI). The dry matter yield of maize was significantly increased by the NI with the Hyp (from 14.7 to 21.5 g/pot) and TSP (from 40.0 to 45.4 g/pot) treatments. Furthermore, P uptake was slightly increased in all three P treatments with the NI, but not significantly. Olsen-P extraction and P K-edge micro-X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy showed that apatite-P of the water insoluble P fertilizers mobilized during the plant growth period. In addition, novel nitrogen (N) K-edge micro-XANES spectroscopy and the Mogilevkina method showed that the application of an NI increased the fixation of ammonium in detectable hot spots in the soil. Thus, the delay in the nitrification process by the NI and the possible slow-release of temporarily fixed ammoniumin the soil resulted in a high amount of plant available Ammonium in the soil solution. This development probably decreases the rhizosphere pH due to release of H+ by plants during ammoniumuptake, whichmobilizes phosphorus in the amended soil and increases the dry matter yield of maize. This is especially important for water-insoluble apatite-based P fertilizers (conventional and recycled), which tend to have poor plant availability. KW - Fertilzer KW - Phosphorus recovery KW - Ammonium KW - Nitrification inhibitor KW - XANES spectroscopy KW - Diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136895 SN - 1879-1026 VL - 715 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-50477 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Weltschev, Margit T1 - Bewertung der Beständigkeit von metallenen und polymeren Werkstoffen in Mitteldestillatanwendungen mit Zusatz von Biodiesel N2 - Für Bauteile (Komponenten) von Versorgungsanlagen für flüssige Brenn- und Kraftstoffe muss die Beständigkeit der metallenen Werkstoffe und Polymere nachgewiesen werden. Im Anwendungsfall von Heizöl mit 20 % biogenen Anteilen in Form von Rapsölfettsäuremethylester (FAME, Biodiesel) ist es für eine konservative Beurteilung des Korrosionssystems Werkstoff/Medium/Umgebung wichtig, die Alterungseffekte des Mediums einzubeziehen. Entwicklung eines Prüfverfahrens für die Untersuchung der Beständigkeit von metallenen Werkstoffen und Polymeren in Heizöl und Heizöl-Biodiesel-Blends, das für eine Vorauswahl der Werkstoffe und zum Nachweis der Beständigkeit im Hinblick auf die bauaufsichtlichen Zulassungsverfahren geeignet ist. Ein Schwerpunkt wird bei den metallenen Werkstoffen auf der Erprobung von Messmethoden liegen, mit denen sich in kurzer Versuchszeit ein Korrosionsangriff detektieren lässt. T2 - Seminar: Ausgewählte Kapitel der Werkstofftechnik an der Bergischen Universität Wuppertal CY - Wuppertal, Germany DA - 24.01.2020 KW - Heizöl-20% Biodiesel-Blend KW - Beständigkeitsuntersuchungen KW - Metallene Werkstoffe KW - Polymerwerkstoffe PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50298 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wetzel, Annica T1 - Local corrosion properties of high/medium entropy alloys in aqueous environments N2 - High and medium entropy alloys gained increasing academic and industrial interest as novel materials for engineering applications. This project is aiming to clarify and compare the general and local corrosion properties of high entropy alloy CrMnFeCoNi and medium entropy alloy CrCoNi in different aqueous environments. The focus lies on the local corrosion processes that result either from microstructural imperfections (inclusions, defects at grain boundaries etc.) in the base material or processing related changes in the microstructure and/or local composition. The corrosion behavior of the alloys was monitored via potentiodynamic polarization experiments and the local corrosion characteristics were further investigated by means of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). Their passivation behavior was analyzed in three different electrolyte systems (NaCl, H2SO4 and NaClO4; c = 0.1M). The characterization of the surface morphology and composition of the passive film was performed by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) and X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. Considering long term corrosion effects, electrochemical work was supported with immersion tests and the analysis of corrosion products by SEM/EDX and XPS depth-profiling. Our results indicate that the medium entropy alloy CrCoNi has a significantly higher corrosion resistance in comparison to the high entropy alloy CrMnFeCoNi. The presentation will summarize some of our results on the mechanistical aspects of the observed high corrosion resistance. T2 - EUROCORR 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 07.09.2020 KW - High Entropy Alloys KW - Corrosion KW - Medium Entropy Alloys KW - Atomic Forc Microscopy KW - Scanning Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy KW - Potentiodynamic Polarization PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-53787 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Hoffmann, Marie A1 - Taube, Mareike A1 - Krüger, O. A1 - Baran, R. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Uranium and thorium species in phosphate rock and sewage sludge ash based phosphorus fertilizers N2 - Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for all forms of life and is thus often applied as phosphate rock-based P-fertilizers in agriculture to enable continuous farming. However, these P-fertilizers contain also hazardous uranium (U) and thorium (Th), up to 660 and 220 mg/kg, respectively. On the contrary, novel P-fertilizers made from sewage sludge (ash) contain only low mass fractions of U and Th. In addition to the total amount of U and Th in P-fertilizers, their mobility and bioavailability is important, which depends to a large extent on their chemical state, especially oxidation state and chemical bonding. Thus, we analyzed their chemical state in various P-fertilizers by U and Th L3-edge HERFD-XANES spectroscopy. Phosphate rocks and sewage sludge-based P-fertilizers contain mainly U(IV) compounds which have only a low bioavailability. In contrast, acidic treatment of phosphate rock to produce super phosphates lead to an oxidation to U(VI) compounds (including formation of uranium phosphates) with a strongly increased bioavailability. On the contrary, all analyzed P-fertilizers contain Th in form of strongly insoluble phosphates and oxides with a low bioavailability. Additionally performed water extractions and Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films (DGT) experiments support these findings. KW - Phosphorus fertilizer KW - Sewage sludge KW - X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy KW - Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films (DGT) KW - Extraction PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121100 SN - 0304-3894 VL - 382 SP - 121100, 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-48872 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Review: Electrochemical Energy Storage ‐ Physics and Chemistry of Batteries N2 - Currently, storage of electric energy is becoming more and more interesting in terms of applicability and efficiency. One way is the electrochemical storage by already well‐developed battery‐systems. This textbook provides an introduction into physical and chemical processes necessary for battery application. This book fulfills its intension to serve graduate students of electrical engineering as an introduction into the field of batteries. Even students and interested readers of other faculties might find an introduction in physical and chemical background of batteries. KW - Batteries PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070124 SN - 1521-4176 SN - 0947-5117 VL - 71 IS - 12 SP - 2084 EP - 2085 PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-51780 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Review: Science, Technology and Applications of Metals in Additive Manufacturing N2 - Often 3D‐printing and additive manufacturing are mentioned as the 3rd industrial revolution. In this conjunction this book provides a brief overview on additively manufactured metal pieces. This book fulfills its intension to serve as an educational guide, providing a holistic picture encompassing science, technology and applications for the real‐life use of Metal Additive Manufacturing. KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Corrosion KW - Material properties PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070114 SN - 1521-4176 SN - 0947-5117 VL - 71 IS - 11 SP - 1929 EP - 1930 PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-51514 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Weltschev, Margit T1 - Compatibility of polymers with aged heating oil containing 10 % and 20 % biodiesel under static conditions N2 - Biodiesel is viewed as a major source of energy. In areas such as the European Un-ion, where 80 % of the oil-based fuel is imported, there is also the desire to reduce dependence on external oil supplies. Materials compatibility is a major concern whenever the fuel composition is changed. The question arises of whether polymeric materials are resistant to heating oil with 20 % biodiesel (B20) in comparison to pure heating oil. The polarity of biodiesel increases its solvency and facilitates permeation and extrac-tion. Solvation, swelling and/or extraction lead to changes in the physical properties. Extraction alters the fuel chemistry. These chemical changes could also accelerate the degradation (hydrolysis and oxidation) of the polymeric material with the loss of additives and stabilizers. Exposure tests to determine the resistance of polymers frequently used for compo-nents in middle distillate facilities, such as ACM, FKM, HNBR, PA, PE, POM, PUR and PVC in heating oil and a blend of heating oil and 20 % biodiesel (B20) were al-ready performed. The objective of this research was to determine the resistance of these polymers in 8-year aged heating oil blend B10 and 1-year aged blend B20 at 40 °C. Mass, tensile strength, breaking elongation and Shore hardness A (D) of the test specimens were determined before and after exposure for 84 (42) days in the test fuels under static conditions. There is not determined a threshold for the reduction in tensile properties and Shore hardness in the international standards. Therefore, a threshold of 15 % was deter-mined for the evaluation of the compatibility. A significant reduction in Shore hardness was determined after exposure of ACM and PUR test specimens in 1-year aged B20. The tensile strength of PUR test specimens in 1-year aged B20 was reduced by more than 50 %, and the breaking elongation by more than 30 %. A decrease in breaking elongation was measured for POM test specimens after ex-posure to 1-year aged B20 by 25 % (limited resistance). 8-year aged B10 had a stronger effect than 1-year aged B20 on the polymers. ACM test specimens were softened by B10 resulting in a drop of Shore hardness by over 20 %. B10 reduced tensile strength and breaking elongation of PUR test specimens by over 50 %. In contrast, the breaking elongation of POM was increased by over 270 %. It can be concluded that the polymers HNBR, FKM, PA6, PE and PVC are resistant in 1-year aged B20 whereas ACM and POM are limited resistant. PUR is not re-sistant. HNBR, FKM, PA6, PE and PVC are resistant in 8-year aged B10, whereas PUR and POM are not resistant, and ACM just limited resistant. T2 - EUROCORR 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 07.09.2020 KW - Aged heating oil with 10% and 20% biodiesel KW - Resistance of polymers KW - Tensile properties KW - Shore hardness PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51240 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Rezension: Analytik - Daten, Formeln, Übungsaufgaben N2 - Seit seiner erstmaligen Veröffentlichung im Jahre 1894 als „Logarithmische Rechentafeln für Chemiker“ und ab 1982 als „Rechentafeln für die chemische Analyse“ begleitet der „Küster‐Thiel“ Generationen nicht nur von Laborantinnen und Laboranten sowie Studierende hilfreich bei der analytischen Arbeit. Mit der 108. Auflage änderte sich 2016 der Titel dieses in der „Studium“‐Reihe des De Gruyter Verlages herausgegebenen Standardwerkes ein weiteres Mal. Die 109. Auflage des Klassikers der chemischen Analytik‐Literatur setzt die Tradition fort, mit zahlreichen anschaulichen Erklärungen, Beispiele und Rechnungen Chemikern, Physikern und Ingenieurswissenschaftlern an Universitäten und Fachhochschulen; Auszubildenden und Laboranten ein übersichtliches und aktuelles Arbeitsmittel für den analytischen Alltag zur Verfügung zu stellen. Nutzern früherer Ausgaben wird der Umstieg auf die neue Ausgabe empfohlen, damit auch sie auf dem neuesten Stand arbeiten können. KW - Analyse KW - Labor KW - Formeln KW - Laborarbeit PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070106 SN - 1521-4176 SN - 0947-5117 VL - 71 IS - 10 SP - 2 EP - 3 PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-51415 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Rezension: Materialkunde der Nichteisenmetalle und ‐legierungen N2 - Die Werkstoffklasse der Nichteisenmetalle gewinnt wegen ihrer unzähligen Anwendungsmöglichkeiten nicht nur im Maschinen‐ und Anlagenbau eine immer größere technische und wirtschaftliche Bedeutung, sodass es unabdingbar ist, insbesondere Studierenden der Material‐ und Werkstoffwissenschaften und des Maschinenbaus, den aktuellen Wissensstand auf diesem Gebiet zu vermitteln. Mit dieser Neuerscheinung veröffentlicht der Wiley‐VCH‐Verlag ein solches Lehrbuch. Kompakt und übersichtlich machen die beiden Autoren den Leser in 10 Kapiteln auf verständliche Art mit dieser Thematik vertraut. Dabei kommt ihnen ihre durch langjährige Lehrtätigkeit erworbene didaktische Erfahrung sehr zugute. Alles in allem bietet dieses Lehrbuch durch seinen von den Natur‐, über Material‐ zu Ingenieurwissenschaften weitgespannten Bogen einen interessanten und übersichtlichen Einstieg in die Welt der am häufigsten verwendeten Nichteisenmetalle, wobei es keinen Anspruch auf Vollständigkeit erhebt. KW - Werkstoffprüfung KW - Legierung KW - Korrosion PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070086 SN - 1521-4176 VL - 71 IS - 8 SP - 4 PB - Wiley‐VCH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-51073 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Deposition of Brine Components on Materials in Geothermal Conditions T1 - ОСАЖДЕНИЕ КОМПОНЕНТОВ ГЕОТЕРМИЧЕСКИХ ВОД НА МАТЕРИАЛЫ В ГЕОТЕРМАЛЬНЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ N2 - Since geothermal wells are a feasible energy source to replace fossil fuel supply, many technologies have been developed to take advantage of geothermal energy. Nevertheless, service conditions in geothermal facilities are in many cases extreme in terms of corrosion due to the chemical composition of hydrothermal fluids and temperatures. Therefore, materials selection based on preliminary material qualification is essential to guarantee a secure and reliable operation of the facilities. During operation of a geothermal research facility in Groß Schönebeck copper and lead effects have been found downhole. Occurring mechanisms and measures to prevent precipitation or scaling needed to be investigated as well as potential influences of such precipitates on corrosion resistance of metallic materials used for equipment. This contribution deals with the evaluation of the corrosion behavior of carbon steel and corrosion resistant alloys in copper and/or lead containing artificial geothermal water, simulating the conditions in the Northern German Basin. The behavior of these materials in an artificial geothermal water obtained by electrochemical measurements and exposure tests are presented. While carbon steel exhibits precipitation and deposition, higher alloyed material shows different response to such species and a higher resistance in saline geothermal water. Basing on these results the suitability of the investigated corrosion resistant alloy is given for use in such conditions, whereas carbon steel creates difficulties due to its susceptibility to Cu- and Pb-precipitation. N2 - Поскольку геотермальные скважины являются реальным источником энергии для замены поставок ископаемого топлива, было разработано множество технологий для использования преимуществ геотермальной энергии. Тем не менее, условия эксплуатации на геотермальных установках во многих случаях являются экстремальными с точки зрения коррозии из-за химического состава гидротермальных жидкостей и температур. Таким образом, выбор материалов на основе предварительной квалификации имеет важное значение для обеспечения безопасной и надежной работы геотермальных объектов. Во время работы исследовательской установки в Грос Шёнебек (Groß Schönebeck) в скважине было обнаружено воздействие меди и свинца. Необходимо изучить возникшие механизмы и меры для предотвращения депозиции или образования коррозии, а также потенциальное влияние таких осаждений на коррозионную стойкость металлов, используемых для оборудования. Этот доклад посвящен оценке коррозионного поведения углеродистой стали и коррозионно-стойких сплавов в геотермальной воде, содержащей медь и / или свинец, моделирующей условия в Северогерманском бассейне (North German basin). Представлено поведение этих металлических материалов в геотермальной воде, полученной путем электрохимических измерений и испытаний на воздействие. В то время как углеродистая сталь демонстрирует коррозию и отложения, высоколегированный материал демонстрирует более высокую стойкость в соленой геотермальной воде. На основании этих результатов пригодность исследуемого коррозионно-стойкого сплава дана для использования в данных условиях, тогда как углеродистая сталь создает трудности из-за ее восприимчивости к депозиции солей меди и свинца. T2 - ХV International Conference Problems of Corrosion and Corrosion Protection of Materials “CORROSION-2020” CY - Online meeting DA - 15.10.2020 KW - Copper KW - Lead KW - Corrosion KW - Steel KW - Geothermal PY - 2020 UR - http://www.ipm.lviv.ua/corrosion2020/ AN - OPUS4-51438 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Dombinov, V. A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Willbold, S. A1 - Levandowski, G. V. A1 - Meiller, M. A1 - Müller, F. A1 - Zang, J. W. A1 - da Fonseca-Zang, W. A. A1 - Jablonowski, N. D. A1 - Schrey, S. D. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Soybean Fertilized by P-Phases from Bagasse-Based Materials: P-Extraction Procedures, Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films (DGT), and X-ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD) N2 - The Brazilian sugarcane industry produced around 173 million tons (Mt) of bagasse in 2018. Bagasse is a by-product of juice extraction for ethanol and sugar production and is combusted in order to generate power, producing up to 10 Mt of ash per year. This ash contains various concentrations of plant nutrients, which allow the ash to be used as a crop fertilizer. However, the concentration and extractability of phosphorus (P), an essential plant nutrient, are low in bagasse ash. To increase the P content, we co-gasified and co-combusted bagasse with P-rich chicken manure. The resulting ash was thermochemically post-treated with alkali additives (Na2SO4 and K2SO4) to increase the availability of P to plants. We aimed to: (i) investigate the effect of thermochemical post-treatment of co-gasification residue and co-combustion ash on P availability to soybeans, (ii) explore the potential of chemical extraction methods (citric acid, neutral ammonium citrate, formic acid, and Mehlich-I) and diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) to predict the availability of P to soybeans, and (iii) identify the responsible P-phases using X-ray diffraction . We evaluated P availability to soybeans growing in Brazilian Oxisol soil in two independent greenhouse pot experiments. The positive effect of thermochemical treatment on P availability from gasification residue was confirmed through the observation of increased P uptake and biomass in soybean plants. These findings were confirmed by chemical extraction methods and DGT. The gasification residue contained whitlockite as its main P-bearing phase. Thermochemical post-treatment converted whitlockite into highly soluble CaNaPO4. In contrast, co-combustion ash already contained highly soluble Ca(Na,K)PO4 as its main P-bearing phase, making thermochemical post-treatment unnecessary for increasing P availability. In conclusion, increased extractability and availability of P for soybeans were closely connected to the formation of calcium alkali phosphate. Our findings indicate that this combined methodology allows for the prediction of P-fertilization effects of ash. KW - Sugar cane bagasse KW - Chicken manure ash KW - Thermochemical treatment KW - Nutrient KW - Plant availability PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509735 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060895 VL - 10 SP - 895 EP - 6 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-50973 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Review: Magnesium and its Alloys – Technology and Applications N2 - The first edition of this book, published within the series “Materials Science – Metals and Alloys”, provides broad knowledge of this interesting and widely applied metal from manufacturing and production to finishing and application in 13 chapters, written by 29 contributors. Each chapter is separately concluded and ends with references used. This book fulfills its intention of conveying comprehensive and cutting‐edge knowledge of magnesium alloys. It is useful for practicing engineers, researchers and students searching for an instructional and reference source. KW - Magnesium KW - Magnesium Alloy PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070074 SN - 1521-4176 SN - 0947-5117 VL - 71 IS - 7 SP - 1229 EP - 1230 PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-50960 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Review: Corrosion Atlas Case Studies - 2019 Edition N2 - This edition, published as first issue within the series “Corrosion Atlas”, provides 181 corrosion case studies, collected from 29 contributors. These Corrosion Atlas Case Studies provide a helpful tool required for engineers in their daily life to quickly determine and solve their equipment's corrosion problems by compact theoretical background and vivid examples. It fulfills the intension of the editors to be “the first centralized collection of case studies containing challenges paired directly with solutions together in one location”. KW - Corrosion KW - Failure KW - Water-bearing PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070054 SN - 1521-4176 SN - 0947-5117 VL - 71 IS - 5 SP - 859 PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-50757 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Campbell, C. G. A1 - Jordon Astorga, D. A1 - Dümichen, Erik A1 - Celina, M. T1 - Thermoset materials characterization by thermal desorption or pyrolysis based gas chromatography-mass spectrometry methods N2 - Thermoset materials characterization is often limited to solid state analytical techniques such as IR, NMR, DSC, TGA and mechanical testing. Alternatively, their off-gassing behavior can also be evaluated using GC based techniques such as TD-GC-MS, allowing this method to be applied to thermoset materials analyses such as identification, aging characterization, and formulation optimization. As an overview, common thermoset materials were evaluated by analyzing their gaseous degradation products via TGA-based pyrolysis and subsequent TD-GC-MS for the identification of representative volatile signatures. It is thereby possible to distinguish different classes of phenolic materials or cured epoxy resins, as well as their amine or anhydride curatives. Additionally, this method enabled quantification of a volatile fragment (bisphenol A, BPA) which is associated with oxidation of epoxy/amine thermoset materials. The amount of evolved BPA increased linearly with aging time and this trend exhibits linear Arrhenius behavior over the temperature range (80–125 °C) studied, in agreement with oxidation sensitivies based on oxygen consumption data. Further, TD-GC-MS was used to explore how off-gassing of residual anhydride curative from an epoxy/anhydride material depends on formulation stoichiometry. Even in formulations that theoretically contained enough epoxy to consume all anhydride (1:1 stoichiometry), an imperfect final cure state resulted in residual anhydride which could evolve from the material. For such materials, a slightly epoxy-rich formulation is required to ensure that the material contains no residual unreacted anhydride. Analysis of volatiles generated by thermal exposure is an attractive characterization approach enabling compositional analysis as well as complementary diagnostics for materials degradation. KW - Polymer analysis/characterization KW - Thermal desorption mass spectrometry KW - Thermoset composition KW - Volatiles from thermosets KW - Degradation signatures PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.109032 VL - 174 SP - 109032 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50435 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Wiesler, F. A1 - Hund-Rinke, K. A1 - George, E. A1 - Greef, J.-M. A1 - Holz, F. A1 - Hölze, L.E. A1 - Hülsbergen, K.-J. A1 - Martin, S. A1 - Severin, K. A1 - Spielvogel, S. A1 - Geiger, P. A1 - Nawotke, C. A1 - Kehlenbeck, H. A1 - Schenkel, H. A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Bloem, E. A1 - Frank, D. A1 - Goldbach, H.E. A1 - Heene, M. A1 - Kratz, S. A1 - Kruse, A. A1 - Möller, K. A1 - Pinnekamp, J. A1 - Schoumans, O.F. A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Wulf, S. T1 - Recyclingphosphate in der Düngung – Nutzen und Grenzen N2 - Weltweit werden etwa 80–85 % aller abgebauten Rohphosphate für die Produktion von Düngemitteln verwendet. Bei noch steigendem Bedarf an Phosphor (P) geht man derzeit davon aus, dass die weltweiten P-Reserven noch über 200 Jahre ausreichen. Um den P-Vorrat langfristig abzusichern, sollte der in Reststoffen enthaltene Phosphor möglichst umfänglich genutzt werden. Dieser Forderung trägt das von der Bundesregierung 2012 erstmals beschlossene Deutsche Ressourceneffizienzprogramm ProgRess Rechnung. Rohphosphat wird auch seitens der Europäischen Kommission aufgrundseiner ökonomischen Bedeutung und des unsicheren Angebots als „kritischer Rohstoff“ eingestuft. Vor diesem Hintergrund hat die Bundesregierung in der Verordnung zur Neuordnung der Klärschlammverwertung vom 27. September 2017 in Deutschland eine verpflichtende technische Rückgewinnung von Phosphor für Abwasserbehandlungsanlagen ab einer Ausbaugröße von 100.000 Einwohnerwerten (12 Jahre nach Inkrafttreten der Verordnung) bzw. ab einer Ausbaugröße von über 50.000 Einwohnerwerten (15 Jahre nach Inkrafttreten der Verordnung) vorgeschrieben. Die Verordnung enthält keine Vorgaben hinsichtlich der anzuwendenden Technologie bei der Phosphorrückgewinnung. Ausgenommen von der Rückgewinnungspflicht sind Klärschlämme mit niedrigen Phosphorgehalten (weniger als 20 Gramm Phosphor je Kilogramm Klärschlamm-Trockenmasse). Auch die im Jahre 2017 verabschiedeten neuen Rechtsvorschriften für die Düngung verlangen zukünftig einen nachhaltigen und ressourceneffizienten Umgang mit Nährstoffen bei der landwirtschaftlichen Erzeugung und schränken die P-Zufuhr insbesondere auf hoch versorgten Böden ein (Düngeverordnung vom 26. Mai 2017). Dies wird zu einem mehr am Pflanzenbedarf orientierten und ggf. vermehrt überbetrieblichen Einsatz von wirtschaftseigenen Düngern führen. Um den politischen und gesetzlichen Anforderungen gerecht zu werden, müssen einerseits wirksame und kosteneffiziente technische Verfahren zum P-Recycling (weiter)entwickelt werden. Andererseits müssen die Recyclingprodukte die Anforderungen für eine direkte Verwendung in der Landwirtschaft oder als Rohstoff für die Herstellung von Düngemitteln erfüllen. In dem vorliegenden Standpunkt wird zunächst der potenzielle Beitrag von Reststoffen zur Deckung des P-Bedarfs in der deutschen Pflanzenproduktion geschätzt. Für die wichtigsten Reststoffe werden technische Verfahren zur P-Rückgewinnung bzw. Aufarbeitung skizziert. Auf Basis der Anforderungen der Landwirtschaft bzw. der Düngemittelindustrie an die P-Recyclingprodukte werden deren Herstellungsverfahren bewertet. Schließlich wird der Regelungs- und Forschungsbedarf formuliert. KW - Phosphor KW - Düngemittel KW - Diffusive Gradients in thin films (DGT) PY - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 19 PB - Bundesministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft (BMEL) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-51011 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Smol, M. A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Krüger, O. T1 - Use of nutrients from wastewater for the fertilizer industry - approaches towards the implementation of the circular economy (CE) N2 - More sustainable waste management practices are an important element in the Transformation towards a circular economy (CE). Activities in this area should be dedicated to all groups of waste, including those generated in the water and sewage sector. This paper presents the characteristics of sewage sludge ash (SSA) coming from Polish municipal waste incineration plants. Due to the high content of nutrients such as phosphorus (8.01% P2O5), calcium (5.11% CaO) and magnesium (2.75% MgO), the analyzed SSA may constitute a valuable source of raw materials for the fertilizer industry. Despite the good fertilizing properties of the SSA, in some cases the presence of heavy metals such as cadmium (0.74–1.4 mg/kg dry matter), lead (49.8–99 mg/kg dry matter), mercury (3.93 mg/kg dry matter) and arsenic (4.23–4.43 mg/kg dry matter) and poor bioavailability of P from SSA disqualifies this waste from direct use as a fertilizer. Therefore, it is necessary to look for methods that will allow the municipal SSA to be processed, for example, technologies for the extraction of phosphorus and the production of phosphate fertilizer. This way of SSA management is in the line with the CE assumptions, in which waste becomes a valuable source of secondary raw materials. Fertilizer produced from waste meeting quality, safety and labelling requirements and limits of organic, microbiological and physical contaminants will be able to be traded freely within the European Union (EU) and receive the CE marking. The idea of use of SSA for fertilizer purposes is consistent not only with the objectives of the CE but also with the Polish National Waste Management Plan 2022 and the Municipal Sewage Sludge Strategy 2019–2022, which emphasizes the necessity to maximize the use of biogenic substances contained in wastewater. Therefore, sustainable management of SSA, in particular its storage in a way enabling the recovery of phosphorus, should be promoted. KW - Wastewater KW - Circular economy KW - Fertilizer KW - Sewage sludge KW - Phosphorus PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2020.25113 VL - 1 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Desalination Publications CY - Hopkinton, MA 01748, USA AN - OPUS4-50646 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wöhlecke, Andreas T1 - Aktuelle Themen aus der Arbeit des Fachbeirats der BAM N2 - Es wird über aktuelle Arbeitsthemen und Entwicklungen im Fachbeirat berichtet. So wurde in einer Sondersitzung des Fachbeirats über die Entlassung aus der Nachsorgephase beim Einsatz von Geokunststoffprodukten in Böschungen diskutiert. Die Unterarbeitsgruppe Fremdüberwachung in der Produktion hat getagt. Darüber hinaus werden Änderungen in den Zulassungsrichtlinien für Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen, Kunststoff-Dränelemente und für die Fremdüberwachung kurz vorgestellt. T2 - 16. Leipziger Deponiefachtagung CY - Leipzig, Germany DA - 03.03.2020 KW - Deponie KW - Geogitter KW - Kunststoffdichtungsbahn PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-943443-49-3 VL - 16 SP - 35 EP - 43 PB - HTWK Leipzig CY - Leipzig AN - OPUS4-50507 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Schraut, Katharina A1 - Weingart, Eric A1 - Hamann, C. T1 - Technische Möglichkeiten der Abfallvermeidung in der Stahlproduktion N2 - Bei der Stahlproduktion fallen verfahrensbedingt große Mengen an Nebenprodukten und Abfällen wie Stahlwerksschlacken, Filterstäube und Gichtgasschlämme an. Hohe Anteile dieser Stoffströme werden aufgrund ihrer Zusammensetzung immer noch deponiert, obwohl sie ein hohes Wertstoffpotential aufweisen. An der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) werden Verfahren untersucht und entwickelt, welche eine Verwertung und Kreislaufführung dieser Materialströme ermöglichen. Aus sogenannten Linz-Donawitz-(LD)-Schlacken können durch carbothermische Nachbehandlung Roheisen und ein dem Portlandzementklinker (PZK) ähnliches Bindemittel erzeugt werden. Aus Elektroofenstäuben und Gichtgasschlämmen kann Zink gewonnen und die Anteile an Eisen und Kohlenstoff in den Stahlproduktionsprozess zurückgeführt werden. Durch diese technischen Maßnahmen kann es gelingen die Deponierung von Abfällen der Stahlproduktion zukünftig deutlich zu reduzieren. T2 - Recy&Depotech 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 18.11.2020 KW - Stahlwerksschlacke KW - Filterstaub KW - Gichtgasschlamm PY - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Montanuniversität Leoben CY - 8700 Leoben, Österreich AN - OPUS4-51605 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Technische Möglichkeiten der Abfallvermeidung in der Stahlproduktion N2 - Bei der Stahlproduktion fallen verfahrensbedingt große Mengen an Nebenprodukten und Abfällen wie Stahlwerksschlacken, Filterstäube und Gichtgasschlämme an. Hohe Anteile dieser Stoffströme werden aufgrund ihrer Zusammensetzung immer noch deponiert, obwohl sie ein hohes Wertstoffpotential aufweisen. An der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) werden Verfahren untersucht und entwickelt, welche eine Verwertung und Kreislaufführung dieser Materialströme ermöglichen. Aus sogenannten Linz-Donawitz-(LD)-Schlacken können durch carbothermische Nachbehandlung Roheisen und ein dem Portlandzementklinker (PZK) ähnliches Bindemittel erzeugt werden. Aus Elektroofenstäuben und Gichtgasschlämmen kann Zink gewonnen und die Anteile an Eisen und Kohlenstoff in den Stahlproduktionsprozess zurückgeführt werden. Durch diese technischen Maßnahmen kann es gelingen die Deponierung von Abfällen der Stahlproduktion zukünftig deutlich zu reduzieren. T2 - Recy&Depotech 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 18.11.2020 KW - Stalwerksschlacke KW - Gichtgasschlamm KW - Filterstaub PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51607 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wöhlecke, Andreas T1 - Aktuelle Themen aus der Arbeit des Fachbeirats der BAM N2 - Es wird über aktuelle Arbeitsthemen und Entwicklungen im Fachbeirat berichtet. So wurde in einer Sondersitzung des Fachbeirats über die Entlassung aus der Nachsorgephase beim Einsatz von Geokunststoffprodukten in Böschungen diskutiert. Die Unterarbeitsgruppe Fremdüberwachung in der Produktion hat getagt. Darüber hinaus werden Änderungen in den Zulassungsrichtlinien für Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen, Kunststoff-Dränelemente und für die Fremdüberwachung kurz vorgestellt. T2 - 16. Leipziger Deponiefachtagung CY - Leipzig, Germany DA - 03.03.2020 KW - Deponie KW - Geogitter KW - Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50509 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Cano Murillo, Natalia A1 - Ghasem Zadeh Khorasani, Media A1 - Silbernagl, Dorothee A1 - Hahn, Marc Benjamin A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Sturm, Heinz T1 - Cover image for the article "Nanomechanical study of polycarbonate/boehmite nanoparticles/epoxy ternary composite and their interphases" N2 - The image designed by Natalia Cano Murillo and colleagues shows the cross section of a ternary composite (boehmite/polycarbonate/epoxy, 80μm x 80μm). The surface was measured by AFM kelvin probe microscopy, yielding the surface potential which is shown as 3D‐surface and contour lines. The sample was further subjected to AFM force spectroscopy with a lateral resolution of 1μm², yielding the local Young's modulus, projected in false colors on the 3D surface. The ternary system, containing boehmite nanoparticles, shows a broad distribution of modulus, desirable for optimized macroscopic mechanical properties, such as high stiffness as well as toughness. KW - Boehmite KW - Epoxy KW - Polycarbonate KW - AFM KW - BNP PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/app.50400 SN - 0021-8995 SN - 1097-4628 VL - 138 IS - 12 SP - 1 PB - Wiley CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-51831 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Taube, Mareike Carolin A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Beckmann, T. A1 - Reuter, M. A1 - Stelter, M. ED - Reiser, B. T1 - Recycling von metallurgischen Rückständen - Schmelzversuche zeigen, wie die Tantalrückgewinnung aus Zinnschlacken und weiteren Reststoffen optimiert werden kann N2 - Since the recycling of tantalum bearing post-consumer waste is practically not existent, metallurgical residues are the most important feed for the tantalum recycling. Most tin ores naturally contain significant quantities of refractory metals. During the smelting process in primary tin production these elements are enriched in the slag phase. This slag is a highly valuable raw material for tantalum production due to its considerable concentration of tantalum and its functioning as an additional slag former in further pyrometallurgical treatment. In this paper the first process stage of an existing pyrometallurgical process for tantalum recovery, mainly from low grade pyrometallurgical residues, is discussed. Smelting trials were carried out in a pilot-scale electric arc furnace to analyse the effect of feeding on the activity of carbon as a reducing agent. Therefore, blowing petroleum coke through an iron lance and the manual adding of coke into the melting bath were tested. During the pyrometallurgical treatment elements with a high affinity to carbon were reduced to their carbide form and enriched in the molten iron-based metal phase. The objective of the process was to reduce the oxidic tantalum completely and to enrich it into the metal phase. Furthermore, the transfer of unwanted elements such as titanium into the metal phase was aimed to be avoided. Spoon test specimens were taken from the liquid mineral melt to follow the evolution of the reduction process. The cooled down solidified melting bath was investigated by using the XRD and EDX method to characterise the slag system and to identify relevant mineral phases. N2 - Da das Recycling von tantalhaltigen Post-Consumer-Abfällen praktisch nicht existiert, stellen metallurgische Reststoffe eine äußerst wichtige Rohstoffquelle für das Tantalrecycling dar. Die meisten Zinnerze enthalten von Natur aus erhebliche Mengen an Refraktärmetallen. Diese Elemente werden in den Schlacken der pyrometallurgischen Primärzinngewinnung angereichert. Aufgrund ihrer vergleichsweise hohen Wertstoffkonzentration und ihrer Funktion als zusätzlicher Schlackenbildner stellen diese Schlacken einen wertvollen Rohstoff für die Verhüttung tantalhaltiger Reststoffe dar. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein existierendes Verfahren zur Tantalrückgewinnung diskutiert, dem hauptsächlich pyrometallurgische Rückstände geringer Wertstoffkonzentration als Einsatzstoff dienen. Mit Hilfe des Verfahrens sollte dasoxidisch vorliegende Tantal vollständig reduziert und in der Metallphase angereichert werden. Weiterhin sollte vermieden werden, dass unerwünschte Elemente wie Titan in die Metallphase überführt werden. Ziel der Untersuchung war es, die ablaufenden Reduktionsprozesse besser zu verstehen, um so Ansätze für die Prozessoptimierung identifizieren zu können. KW - Lichtbogenofen KW - Pyrometallurgie KW - Recycling KW - Tantal KW - Zinnschlacke PY - 2020 SN - 0934-3482 VL - 33 SP - 10 EP - 17 PB - Rhombos-Verlag CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-50656 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Taube, Mareike Carolin A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Feldmann, Ines A1 - Ostermann, Markus A1 - Reuter, M. A1 - Stelter, M. T1 - Tantalrecycling aus pyrometallurgischen Rückständen N2 - Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist die Untersuchung eines bestehenden pyrometallurgischen Prozesses zur Rückgewinnung von Tantal und Niob aus metallurgischen Reststoffen mit vorwiegend niedriger Wertstoffkonzentration. Zur näheren Erforschung der im vorliegenden Stoffsystem ablaufenden Reduktionsprozesse wurden in einem Elektrolichtbogenofen Schmelzversuche im Pilotmaßstab durchgeführt. Als Reduktionsmittel diente Koks, welcher mithilfe einer Argon-gespülten Eisenlanze in die flüssige mineralische Schmelze eingebracht wurde. Während der Reduktionsbehandlung werden Refraktärmetalle wie Tantal und Niob in ihre Carbide überführt und anschließend in der erschmolzenen eisenbasierten Metallphase am Boden des Reaktors angereichert. Neben Tantal und Niob gelangt auch ein Teil des im Einsatzmaterial enthaltenen Titans als unerwünschtes Begleitelement in die Metallphase. Sein Großteil verbleibt jedoch als Oxid in der Schlacke und wird dort hauptsächlich im Mineral Perowskit (CaTiO3) gebunden. Die erstarrten Schlackeproben wurden mit verschiedenen Methoden wie Röntgenfluoreszensanalyse, Röntgenbeugung und Rasterelektronenmikroskopie mit gekoppelter energiedispersiver Röntgenanalyse untersucht, um die Bildung tantalhaltiger Mineralphasen zu verschiedenen Stadien des Reduktionsprozesses zu verfolgen. Die hier gewonnenen Erkenntnisse zeigen, dass weniger die durch das Einblasen von Koks verursachte Reduktionsreaktion, sondern das Absinken der tantalreichen Eisentröpfchen in der flüssigen mineralischen Schmelze, gefolgt von ihrer Anreicherung in die Metallphase, für die Kinetik ausschlaggebend ist. N2 - An existing pyrometallurgical process for tantalum and niobium recovery, mainly from low grade pyrometallurgical residues, was investigated. Melting experiments were carried out in a pilot-scale electric arc furnace to study the material system during the reduction process caused by blowing coke into the liquid mineral melt. During the pyrometallurgical treatment refractory metals such as tantalum and niobium are converted into their carbides and enriched in the molten iron-based metal phase. Titanium is also enriched in the metal phase as an unwanted accompanying element, but most of it remains in oxidic form in the slag and is mainly bound in the mineral perovskite. Cooled down slag samples were analysed using XRF, XRD, SEM and EDX to investigate the formation of mineral phases rich in tantalum during various stages of the reduction process. The results show that the settling of the tantalum-rich iron droplets in the molten slag into the metal phase May play a greater role for the kinetics than the actual reduction reaction caused by blowing in coke. KW - Tantal KW - Recycling KW - Reduktionsprozess KW - Perowskit KW - Elektrolichtbogenofen PY - 2020 SN - 1613-2394 VL - 73 IS - 4 SP - 196 EP - 205 PB - GDMB Verlag GmbH CY - Clausthal-Zellerfeld AN - OPUS4-51064 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Weimann, Karin T1 - Gypsum plasterboard recycling - a sustainable approach N2 - Gypsum (calcium sulfate dihydrate) has excellent building material properties and has been widely used in constructions in the last decades in many countries. Accordingly, an increase of waste gypsum in C&D waste is expected in the upcoming years. On one hand, sulfates are unwanted in other secondary building materials (particularly in recycled concrete aggregates) and should be minimized for quality reasons. On the other hand, used gypsum from CDW can also be used in gypsum production if the high quality requirements for the recycled gypsum – especially regarding the sorting accuracy - are met. A large percentage of the gypsum from buildings was installed as gypsum plasterboards in interior fittings so far. Gypsum plasterboards are comparatively simple to remove and to separate during selective dismantling. Therefore, a high sorting purity can be achieved. In addition, techniques for the recycling of gypsum plasterboards already exist and high quality standards can be achieved. Also, the reuse in gypsum production has been improved in the last decade. Furthermore, an environmental evaluation of the whole process of gypsum plasterboard recycling and reuse showed that this approach can be environmentally advantageous. Therefore, a closed-loop recycling of gypsum plasterboards is feasible. This poster will show the development of gypsum consumption in different countries as well as a prognosis for the upcoming of gypsum in CDW in the future decades in Germany. Furthermore, a simplified scheme of the recycling process and selected results from an environmental evaluation will be presented. T2 - Conference on Mining the European Anthroposphere: Poster session CY - Bologna, Italy DA - 20.02.2020 KW - LCA KW - Gypsum recycling PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51435 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Stephan, Ina A1 - Boenke, Viola A1 - Drecker, Sigrid T1 - Weiterentwicklung und Verbesserung des Konzeptes zur Begrenzung von Konservierungsmitteln für Produkte mit dem Blauen Engel N2 - Im Rahmen des Forschungsvorhabens wurde die biologische Prüfmethode der Checkliste zur stoffli-chen Bewertung im Rahmen des Aufnahmeverfahrens für weitere Topfkonservierungsmittel in den Anhang 1 zur Vergabegrundlage RAL-UZ102 „Emissionsarme Innenwandfarben“ überarbeitet. Der Test für den Einsatz von Konservierungsmitteln in seiner jetzigen Fassung besteht seit nahezu 20 Jah-ren und erfolgt ausschließlich an weißer Dispersionsfarbe für den Innenraum. Die hierbei ermittelten Höchstmengen für den Einsatz von Topfkonservierern werden z.Zt. auch auf andere Innenraumbau-produkte übertragen. Ziel war es zu klären, ob die Anforderungen an die Topfkonservierung bei Far-ben tatsächlich für andere Innenraumbauprodukte übernommen werden können. Die im Vorhaben durchgeführten Versuche deuten darauf hin, dass dies nicht ohne weiteres möglich ist. Nach Rückspra-che mit Vertretern aus der Industrie wurde das Keimspektrum für die Prüfung zudem um Hefe- und Schimmelpilze erweitert. Des Weiteren wurde eine künstliche Alterung eingeführt und überprüft, ob dies einen Einfluss auf den Gehalt an Isothiazolinonen hat. Die Konzentration von Isothialzolinonen wurde mittels Ultra-Hochleistungsflüssigkeitschromatographie kontrolliert und hinsichtlich einer Kor-relation mit dem Wachstum von Mikroorganismen ausgewertet. Da die in den Innenraumbauproduk-ten zugesetzten Isothiazolinone als Kontaktallergene bekannt sind, ist es ein Ziel des „Blauen Engel“-Umweltzeichens, die geringste erforderliche Menge an Konservierungsmittel in den Produkten zu ver-wenden, ohne die positive Auswirkung der Topfkonservierung zu gefährden. Daher sind die Optimie-rung der Leistungsstärke von Konservierungsmitteln und die Kontrolle der Hygiene im Herstellungs-prozess von zunehmender Bedeutung. Um Einblicke in den Herstellungsprozess von Farben zu gewin-nen, wurden im Rahmen des Vorhabens vier Farbwerke besichtigt, in denen weiße Innenraumfarben produziert werden, die mit dem Umweltzeichen „Blauer Engel“ ausgezeichnet sind. Gemeinsam mit den Fachleuten vor Ort wurde diskutiert, welche Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung der Werkshygiene er-griffen werden können, um den Einsatz von Topfkonservierern möglichst gering zu halten. Des Weite-ren wurde in dem Forschungsvorhaben untersucht, ob eine schnellere Bestimmung der Keimzahl in den Rohstoffen mittels quantitativer Polymerasekettenreaktion bereits im Farbwerk realisierbar ist. KW - Methode KW - Isothiazolinone KW - Gebindekonservierung KW - Bakterien KW - Schimmel KW - Wirksamkeit KW - Biozide PY - 2020 SN - 1862-4804 VL - 54 SP - 4 EP - 149 PB - Umweltbundesamt CY - Dessau AN - OPUS4-50972 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stephan, Ina A1 - Dimke, Thomas A1 - Guterman, R. A1 - Smith, C. A. A1 - Cataldo, V. A. T1 - Antibacterial and degradable thioimidazolium poly(ionic liquid) N2 - New antibacterial agents are urgently required to fight the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. We recently synthesized the first thioimidazolium ionene, which has antibacterial properties and can degrade in various media. This dual functionality is crucial in order to limit the environmental impact of these biocides. We have found that our polymer is stronger than benzalkonium chloride (BAC) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and also readily degrades in the presence of base, while remaining stable in acidic environments. These results highlight a new emerging class of antibacterial degradable polymers. KW - Ionic liquid KW - Antibacterial polymer KW - Amphiphilic polymer KW - Thioimidazolium KW - Degradable polymer KW - Polyioinic liquid PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c02666 VL - 8 IS - 22 SP - 8419 EP - 8424 PB - ACS Publications AN - OPUS4-50982 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Smol, M. A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Kugler, Stefan T1 - Analiza możliwości wykorzystania w Polsce popiołów ze spalania komunalnych osadów ściekowych na cele nawozowe T1 - Use of municipal sewage sludge ash for fertilizing purposes. An analysis of possibilities in Poland N2 - Popioły pochodzące z instalacji do spalania komunalnych osadów ściekowych, znajdującej się na terytorium Polski, poddano procesom termochemicznego przekształcania, dzięki czemu otrzymano produkty nawozowe spełniające kryteria dopuszczające je do obrotu jako nawozy mineralne. Ponadto dokonano analizy możliwości wykorzystania popiołów na cele nawozowe zgodnie z obecnie przyjętymi dokumentami strategicznymi i planistycznymi dotyczącymi gospodarki odpadami na poziomie krajowym i europejskim. N2 - Ashes from thermal transformation of municipal sewage sludge were thermochem. modified at 1000°C in the presence of NaHCO3 and sewage sludge to obtain CaNaPO4 and reduce the content of heavy metals in the produced fertilizer. Its bioavailability was more than 99% higher than that of raw ashes (50%). The nutrient content was 13.56 % Ca, 6.33% P, 4.36% K and 5.0% Fe. The content of heavy metals in fertilizer products met the std. requirements and was exceeded only in the case of Pb (278.3 mg/kg d.m.). KW - Ashes KW - Waste KW - Phosphorus KW - Recovery KW - Fertilizer PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.15199/62.2020.8.14 VL - 99 IS - 8 SP - 1186 EP - 1191 AN - OPUS4-51267 LA - pol AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, Werner A1 - Wöhlecke, Andreas T1 - The role of junction strength in the performance of geogrids N2 - Designing the performance of geogrids in reinforce soil constructions usually does not consider long-term behavior and possible failure modes of junctions between longitudinal and transverse ribs. How could behavior of junctions be included? To which extend is it necessary? On the conference Geo-Chicago 2016, Swan and Yuan presented an ultimate limit state equation for the short-term material resistance of junctions. We discuss limitations and suggest improvements to include long-term behavior of junctions. Nevertheless, the approach applies only to a specific mode of shear-tensile failure of junctions and only to strictly rigid geogrids. A new design concept presented in the same year by Jacobs on the conference GeoAmerica for the special case of the anchorage of geogrids, which reinforce capping system on long and steep slopes of landfills, tried to overcome these drawbacks. We discuss the aspects of this concept related to the long-term behavior of junctions and the interplay between the load applied to junctions and the flexibility of longitudinal ribs. This interplay and the long-term junction strength determine the long-term behavior of geogrids. T2 - GeoAmericas 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 26.10.2020 KW - Geogitter KW - Geokunststoffe KW - Deponie PY - 2020 VL - 4 SP - 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-51484 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gentzmann, Marie T1 - Investigation and comparison of Scandium species in different European bauxite residues by combination of novel analytocall tools N2 - In recent times, as the need for new high-tech materials is growing steadily to fulfil future sustainability goals, more and more looks turn towards industrial waste streams as potential sources of valuable metals. Bauxite residue (BR), accumulating during alumina production, is one of the major waste streams in the metal industry. Suitable re-use possibilities for BR are intensively investigated including approaches for the recovery of scandium (Sc). This transition metal, even though rarely recognized by the broader audience yet, has recently gained the interest of e.g. aerospace industries and SOFC-producers since its use is strongly improving the performance and durability of the respective materials. Even though many sources classify Sc as one of the REE, there are many aspects, such as its ionic radius, which significantly differentiate Sc from the REE and cause its behaviour to be distinct as well. The large ionic potential (radius/charge) causes Sc to be incompatible in most rock forming minerals, which results in generally low concentrations in the earth’s crust and rare occurrences of natural Sc-deposits. The general occurrence of enriched concentrations of Sc in some BRs compared to the earth’s crust is known for some time now and has especially been investigated for Greek materials. However, the (geo)chemical and mineralogical behaviour, the Sc speciation, the association and the variation of Sc occurrences in BRs of different origin is still not fully understood. This study aims to gain better knowledge on the different kinds of Sc-occurrences and their possible impact on future recovery schemes. We therefore apply a diverse set of analytical methods including novel measurement techniques such as X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy as well as standard techniques such as electron microprobe analyses, and Raman spectroscopy on BRs from Germany, Hungary and Greece. Information on the local distribution of Sc is determined by high-resolution laser ablation – inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) mappings. Sc in Greek BR seems to have an affinity towards Fe-Phases such as Goethite and Hematite. However, whereas some of these phases show distinct enrichment of Sc, others are particularly barren, which might be a result of the different input materials. By means of XANES measurements it was possible to show that Sc in the Greek samples occurs adsorbed on the surface of those Fe-Phases, likely in the form of amorphous Sc-hydroxide or -oxyhydroxide or can be incorporated into the crystal lattice as well. The general affinity of Sc to those kinds of phases has been reported for natural rocks such as laterites before, where similar investigations were made using the XANES method [8]. Likewise, the Fe-association has been observed for Greek BR by Vind et al. [7]. Hungarian BRs show similar results as the Greek samples and LA-ICP-MS mappings show distinct Sc enrichment rims surrounding mineral particles. In German BR, Fe as well as Ti-phases occur to be partially enriched in Sc. Depending on the original primary bauxite, the source rock of the bauxite and the bauxite processing route, it is likely that many different parameters influence the occurrence and species of Sc in the BR. Theoretically, it either can therefore remain within its original carrier or can be partially or fully redistributed within the BR. Since the processing of the bauxite involves elevated temperatures, pressure and dissolving reagents, it is however very likely that some of the Sc will be redistributed and adsorb on mineral surfaces of smaller and larger particles, making beneficiation steps rather ineffective. The study shows that there is no general rule defining how Sc is associated mineralogically or chemically within BRs. Therefore, the effective development of a recovery method needs a case specific background knowledge on the Sc-species present in the BR of interest. This research has received funding from the European Community’s Horizon 2020 Programme SCALE (H2020/2014-2020) under grant agreement n° 730105. T2 - 3rd European Rare Earth Resources Conference (ERES) 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 06.10.2020 KW - Red Mud KW - Scandium KW - Bauxite Residue PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51570 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Phosphatdüngemittel aus Klärschlammaschen N2 - Das Element Phosphor ist für alle Lebewesen essenziell und wird beispielsweise von Pflanzen in Form von Phosphaten aufgenommen. In der landwirtschaftlichen Produktion werden dem Boden die Phosphate durch Wachstum und Ernte der Pflanzen entzogen und müssen ihm in Form von Phosphatdüngemitteln wieder zugeführt werden, um die Nahrungsmittelproduktion zu sichern. Rohphosphat stellt die Grundlage unserer derzeitigen Phosphatdüngemittel dar, ist aber gleichzeitig ein endlicher Rohstoff. Des Weiteren sind insbesondere sedimentäre Rohphosphate oftmals mit erheblichen Konzentrationen toxischer Schadstoffe wie Cadmium, Uran und Thorium belastet. Eine Kreislaufführung des Phosphats sollte erfolgen, um natürliche Rohstoffvorkommen zu schonen und den Eintrag von Schadstoffen auf unsere Böden zu unterbinden. KW - Phosphat KW - Recyclingdüngemittel PY - 2020 SN - 1610-6563 IS - 3 SP - 14 EP - 15 PB - MuP Verlag GmbH CY - München AN - OPUS4-50792 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - R-Rhenania - Modifiziertes Rhenania Phosphat aus Klärschlammasche für Bayern N2 - In Bayern wird Klärschlamm aus der kommunalen Abwasserreinigung weitgehend verbrannt. Monoverbrennungsanlagen - ausschließlich für kommunalen Klärschlamm - gibt es in Altenstadt, München, Gendorf, Straubing, Neu-Ulm und zukünftig auch in Augsburg. Die Anlage in Altenstadt verbrennt jährlich ca. 55.000 t Klärschlamm-Trockensubstanz und produziert dabei rund 15.000 t phosphatreiche Aschen. Die Asche aus Altenstadt wird zurzeit überwiegend direkt landwirtschaftlich genutzt. Aufgrund der niedrigen Schadstoffgehalte ist diese Nutzung nach den düngemittelrechtlichen Regelungen gesetzlich zulässig. Um der Intention der neuen Düngeverordnung (26. Mai 2017) nach hocheffizienten, d.h. gut pflanzenverfügbaren Düngemitteln zu entsprechen, ist eine Aufbereitung der Klärschlammasche geplant. Im Rahmen des R-Rhenania Projektes errichten der Betreiber der Klärschlammverbrennungsanlage Altenstadt in Bayern Emter GmbH - und der Düngemittelhersteller sePura GmbH gemeinsam eine AshDec®-Demonstrationsanlage, die im Jahr 2023 den Betrieb aufnehmen soll. Das angewandte AshDec®-Verfahren schließt die Phosphate in der Klärschlammasche thermisch im Drehrohrofen auf und macht diese für Pflanzen vollständig verfügbar. Gleichzeitig werden Schadstoffe wie Arsen, Blei und Cadmium entfernt. Den thermischen Aufschluss kennt man bereits vom erfolgreichen, aber nicht mehr produzierten Düngemittel „Rhenania-Phosphat“, das auf der Basis von Rohphosphaten hergestellt wurde. Die geplante Anlage wird neben den Aschen aus Altenstadt zusätzlich die Aschen aus weiteren bayerischen Verbrennungsanlagen verwerten und für eine Kapazität von 30.000 Jahrestonnen Asche ausgelegt sein. Der Projektpartner sePura plant den produzierten Dünger vollständig in Bayern zu verwerten. Dies verringert die Umweltbelastung durch lange Transportwege und fördert die Regionalität des Vorhabens. T2 - RePhoR Auftaktveranstaltung CY - Online meeting DA - 03.11.2020 KW - Klärschlammasche PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51608 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Altmann, Korinna T1 - Realitätsnahe Referenzmaterialien für die Mikroplastik-Analytik und Vergleichsuntersuchungen N2 - Zur Validierung und Harmonisierung von verschiedenen Methoden in der Mikroplastik-Analytik werden polymere Referenzmaterialien benötigt. In diesem Vortrag wird dargestellt, was bisher an der BAM zu Referenzmaterialien für die Mikroplastik-Analytik entwickelt wurde, wo es hingehen soll und ein Überblick über bisher gelaufene Vergleichsuntersuchungen gebracht. T2 - Kick-off Meeting "Mikroplastik in Lebensmitteln" CY - Online meeting DA - 03.12.2020 KW - Mikroplastik KW - Referenzmaterial KW - Vergleichsuntersuchungen KW - Ringversuche PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51743 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fortini, Renata A1 - Meyer-Plath, A. A1 - Kehren, D. A1 - Gernert, U. A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo A1 - Sturm, Heinz T1 - Measurement of flexural rigidity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes by Dynamic Scanning Electron Microscopy N2 - In this work the flexural rigidity of individual large diameter multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was investigated. The bending modulus were obtained by detecting the resonance frequencies of mechanically excited cantilevered carbon nanotubes using the so-called dynamic scanning electron microscopy technique, and applying the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory. For the nanotubes studied, we determined a modulus of up to 160 GPa. This agrees with values reported by other authors for MWCNTs produced by catalytic chemical vapor deposition, however, it is 6-8 times smaller than values reported for single and multi-walled carbon nanotubes produced by arc-discharge synthesis. Toxicological studies with carbon nanotubes have been showing that inhaled airborne nanofibers that reach the deep airways of the respiratory system may lead to serious, asbestos-like lung diseases. These studies suggested that their toxicity critically depends on the fiber flexural rigidity, with high rigidity causing cell lesions. To complement the correlation between observed toxicological effects and fiber rigidities, reliable and routinely applicable measurement techniques for the flexural rigidity of nanofibers are required. KW - Flexural rigidity KW - Bending modulus KW - Resonance frequency KW - Carbon nanotubes KW - Fiber toxicology PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-514190 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/fib8050031 SN - 2079-6439 VL - 8 IS - 5 SP - 31 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-51419 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Smol, M. A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Kugler, Stefan T1 - Thermochemical Treatment of Sewage Sludge Ash (SSA)—Potential and Perspective in Poland N2 - Phosphorus (P) recovery from sewage sludge ash (SSA) is one of the most promising approaches of phosphate rock substitution in mineral fertilizers and might be a sustainable way to secure supply of this raw material in the future. In the current investigation, the process of thermochemical treatment of SSA was applied to SSA coming from selected mono-incineration plants of municipal sewage sludge in Poland (Cracow, Gdansk, Gdynia, Lodz, Kielce and Szczecin). The Polish SSA was thermochemically converted in the presence of sodium (Na) additives and a reducing agent (dried sewage sludge) to obtain secondary raw materials for the production of marketable P fertilizers. The process had a positive impact on the bioavailability of phosphorus and reduced the content of heavy metals in the obtained products. The P solubility in neutral Ammonium citrate, an indicator of its bioavailability, was significantly raised from 19.7–45.7% in the raw ashes and 76.5–100% in the thermochemically treated SSA. The content of nutrients in the recyclates was in the range of 15.7–19.2% P2O5, 10.8–14.2% CaO, 3.5–5.4% Na2O, 2.6–3.6% MgO and 0.9–1.3% K2O. The produced fertilizer raw materials meet the Polish norms for trace elements covered by the legislation: the content of lead was in the range 10.2–73.1 mg/kg, arsenic 4.8–22.7 mg/kg, Cadmium 0.9–2.8 mg/kg and mercury <0.05 mg/kg. Thus, these products could be potentially directly used for fertilizer production. This work also includes an analysis of the possibilities of using ashes for fertilizer purposes in Poland, based on the assumptions indicated in the adopted strategic and planning documents regarding waste management and fertilizer production. KW - Sewage Sludge Ashes KW - Critical raw materials KW - Phosphorus KW - Fertilizer KW - Sewage Sludge PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-514468 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/en13205461 VL - 13 IS - 20 SP - 5461 AN - OPUS4-51446 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sänger, Johanna Christiane A1 - Pauw, Brian Richard A1 - Sturm, Heinz A1 - Günster, Jens T1 - First time additively manufactured advanced ceramics by using two-photon polymerization for powder processing N2 - Methods and materials are presented here, which enable the manufacturing of fine structures using a 3D-printing method known as two-photon polymerization (2PP). As traditional photolithography methods for structuring ceramic slurries do not function with 2PP, due to light scattering on ceramic particles, a novel water-based photoresist with high ceramic loading of extremely well dispersed ceramic nano particles was developed. This photoresist is basically a ceramic slurry containing a photocurable agent and a photoinitiator to be crosslinkable with the 780 nm wavelength femtosecond laser light source of the 2PP machine. It is demonstrated that it is possible to gain a highly transparent and low viscous slurry suitable for 2PP processing. This work shows the development of the slurry, first printing results and the post-printing processes required to form three dimensional ceramic microstructures consisting of alumina toughened zirconia (ATZ). KW - 3D-printing KW - Two-photon polymerization KW - 2PP KW - Ceramic nano particles KW - Slurry KW - Alumina toughened zirconia KW - ATZ KW - Additive manufacturing KW - SchwarzP cells KW - Nano-ceramic-additive-manufacturing photoresin KW - NanoCAM PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-517441 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceram.2020.100040 VL - 4 SP - 100040 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-51744 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Hoffmann, Marie A1 - Krüger, O. A1 - Murzin, V. A1 - Caliebe, W. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Chromium (VI) in phosphorus fertilizers determined with the diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) technique N2 - Phosphorus (P) fertilizers from secondary resources became increasingly important in the last years. However, these novel P-fertilizers can also contain toxic pollutants such as chromium in its hexavalent state (Cr(VI)). This hazardous form of chromium is therefore regulated with low limit values for agricultural products even though the correct determination of Cr(VI) in these fertilizers may be hampered by redox processes, leading to false results. Thus, we applied the novel diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) technique for Cr(VI) in fertilizers and compared the results with the standard wet chemical extraction method (German norm DIN EN 15192) and Cr K-edge X-ray Absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. We determined an overall good correlation between the wet chemical extraction and the DGT method. DGT was very sensitive and for most tested materials selective for the analysis of Cr(VI) in P-fertilizers. However, hardly soluble Cr(VI) compounds cannot be detected with the DGT method since only mobile Cr(VI) is analyzed. Furthermore, Cr K-edge XANES spectroscopy showed that the DGT binding layer also adsorbs small amounts of mobile Cr(III) so that Cr(VI) values are overestimated. Since certain types of the P fertilizers contain mobile Cr(III) or partly immobile Cr(VI), it is necessary to optimize the DGT binding layers to avoid aforementioned over- or underestimation. Furthermore, our investigations showed that the Cr K-edge XANES spectroscopy technique is unsuitable to determine small amounts of Cr(VI) in fertilizers (below approx. 1% of Cr(VI) in relation to total Cr). KW - Phosphorus fertilizer KW - Sewage sludge ash KW - Diffusive Gradients in thin films (DGT) KW - Chemical extraction KW - XANES spectroscopy PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509578 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08761-w SN - 0944-1344 VL - 27 SP - 24320 EP - 24328 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-50957 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wurzler, Nina A1 - Schutter, Jan David A1 - Wagner, R. A1 - Dimper, Matthias A1 - Lützenkirchen-Hecht, D. A1 - Özcan Sandikcioglu, Özlem T1 - Abundance of Fe(III) during cultivation affects the microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) behaviour of iron reducing bacteria Shewanella putrefaciens N2 - The effect of the presence of Fe(III) during the cultivation on the electrochemical activity and corrosion behaviour of dissimilatory iron reducing bacteria Shewanella putrefaciens was studied by means of ex situ and in situ X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES). Stainless steel AISI 304 and thin iron films were studied as substrates. XANES analysis indicated an accelerated iron dissolution and growth of an oxide/hydroxide film for the culture grown with Fe(III) in comparison to the culture grown in absence of Fe(III). Electrochemical Analysis indicated that the biofilm resulted in acceleration of the general corrosion but provides protection against local corrosion. KW - Stainless Steel KW - XANES KW - Iron KW - Cyclic Voltammetry KW - Microbiological Corrosion PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-513788 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2020.108855 VL - 174 SP - 108855 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-51378 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Review: What Went Wrong? Case Histories of Process Plant Disasters and How They Could Have Been Avoided N2 - Plant and process safety are very important within the daily business not only in industry. Within its 6th edition complete analysis of design, operational, and management causes of process plant accidents and disasters are collected by Paul Amyotte basing on Trevor Kletz's legacy. Examples shall help readers in understanding what went wrong, why it went wrong and how to avoid similar tragedies without having to experience the loss incurred by others and themselves. Each main part ends with an opportunity for reflection to recall the lessons learned from the examples shown. This collection of, unfortunately, spectacular failure cases fulfills its intension of being the ultimate resource of experienced‐based analysis and guidance for safety and loss prevention professionals. Everyone who is dealing with process and/or plant safety shall have taken at least a look into this book. KW - Failure KW - Damage cases PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070124_2 SN - 1521-4176 SN - 0947-5117 VL - 71 IS - 12 SP - 2084 EP - 2085 PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-51781 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zocca, Andrea A1 - Fateri, M. A1 - Al-Sabbagh, Dominik A1 - Günster, Jens T1 - Investigation of the sintering and melting of JSC-2A lunar regolith simulant N2 - Future lunar exploration can benefit greatly from In-Situ Resource Utilization. Accordingly, the in-Situ Resource Utilization approach highlights the need for detailed analysis of lunar regolith. In this study, JSC-2A Simulant was studied regarding its sintering and melting behaviour using Differential Thermal Analysis under ambient and inert conditions. The minerals at the crystalline peaks were determined using X-Ray Diffraction analysis. Moreover, melting droplet shape and wetting behaviour of pressed regolith samples of different particle size distributions were studied by Hot Stage Microscopy technique. Hot Stage Microscopy experiments were performed at different heating rates under ambient conditions. Bloating effects within the solidified samples were then qualitatively examined by X-ray tomography. Lastly, the optimization of processing strategies for the Additive Manufacturing of lunar regolith is discussed. KW - Lunar regolith KW - Sintering KW - Melting KW - Hot stage microscopy PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.02.212 VL - 46 IS - 9 SP - 14097 EP - 14104 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50869 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Review: Biofuels: Alternative Feedstocks and Conversion Processes for the Production of Liquid and Gaseous Biofuels N2 - his fully updated examination of sustainable processes for gaseous and liquid biofuels production, published for the second time within the series “Biomass, Biofuels, Biochemicals”, provides 33 contributions made by 120 authors. They present a holistic view of biofuels in research, operation, scale‐up and application. Comparing to the first edition, all chapters have been updated and new chapters covering topics of current interest, including sustainability and biohydrogen have been added. By its wide overview on existing technologies, this book provides state‐of‐the‐art information and knowledge to the desired readership, like post‐graduates, researchers in the area of biofuels, wastewater treatment, alternate energy sources, renewable energy from biomass, chemical and biochemical engineers, microbiologists, biotechnologists working in academic and research institutes as well as in industry and governmental agencies. KW - Biofuel PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070074 SN - 1521-4176 SN - 0947-5117 VL - 71 IS - 7 SP - 1230 EP - 1231 PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-50961 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Metallic Materials for Geothermal Applications N2 - The aim of the work presented was the evaluation of corrosion resistance of various materials in geothermal Waters as a base to create a catalogue of suitable materials for applications in (not only) German geothermal power plants. Users shall be enabled to have a basis for designing such facilities. High alloyed corrosion resistant alloys are suitable and do not cause copper or lead deposition. They shall be chosen for future design of the piping system, either in massive or in cladded form, if crevices formation with non-metallic materials can be prevented! T2 - IFPEN-Workshop: Corrosion in Low-Carbon Energies CY - Online meeting DA - 03.11.2020 KW - Geothermal KW - Corrosion KW - Saline brine PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51511 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Review: Nanopatterned and Nanoparticle‐Modified Electrodes N2 - Since nanoscience has a tremendous impact on the development of electrochemistry, Wiley‐VCH paid attention to that by publishing thisbook as volume 17 within the series “Advances in Electrochemical Science and Engineering”. This collection of “nanoaspects”on electrodes provides a helpful overview on principles and current findings to readers interested in such applications. It fulfills its intention of being “a valuable resource for researchers working in such fields as electrochemistry, materials science, spectroscopy, analytical and medicinal chemistry”. KW - Electrochemistry KW - Nanoparticle PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070014 SN - 1521-4176 SN - 0947-5117 VL - 71 IS - 1 SP - 179 EP - 180 PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-50205 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - You, Zengchao T1 - Separation of polysterene nanoparticles with different coatings using 2D off-line coupling of asymmetrical flow field flow fractionation and capillary electrophoresis N2 - The successful off-line coupling of asymmetrical flow field flow fractionation (AF4) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) for Separation of nanoparticles (NPs) with different surface coatings was shown. Two mixtures of polystyrene nanoparticles (PS-NPs) with comparable core sizes (20 nm and 50 nm) but different coatings (no coating/carboxyl-coated) were studied. Separation in either method resulted in non-baseline resolved or non-separated peaks. In contrast, two-dimensional off-line coupling of AF4 and CE resulted in clearly separated regions in their 2 D plots and can obviouly improve separation resolution. T2 - FFF 2020 CY - Wien, Austria DA - 23.02.2020 KW - Capillary electrophoresis KW - Nanoparticle PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50487 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schumacher, Julia A1 - Gorbushina, Anna T1 - Light sensing in plant- and rock-associated black fungi N2 - Fungi that share light-flooded habitats with phototrophs may profit from their excess photosynthetic products. But to cope with sunlight-associated stresses [e.g. high temperatures, UV radiation with associated DNA damage, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), desiccation and osmotic stresses] it is important for fungi to accurately sense and respond to changes in light. To test the hypothesis that light is an environmental cue that Ascomycota use to coordinate growth, stress responses as well as to establish pathogenic or symbiotic relationships, the photoreceptor (PR) distribution in species from different ecological niches was analysed. The genomes of black [dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin-containing] fungi from phyllosphere and exposed solid surfaces contain multiple photoreceptors (PRs). The plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea (Leotiomycetes) has a highly sophisticated photosensory and signalling system that helps to avoid light and to locate susceptible hosts. Rock-inhabiting Dothideomycetes and Eurotiomycetes including Knufia petricola possess equal numbers ofPRs along with the same set of protective pigments. This similarity between black fungi from plant and rock surfaces suggests that photoperception and -regulation are important for fungi that receive nutrients through cooperation with phototrophs. Genetic tools for manipulating K. petricola exist and will be used to test this idea. KW - Botrytis cinerea KW - DHN melanin KW - Knufia petricola KW - Phyllosphere KW - Rock biofilm PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2020.01.004 VL - 124 IS - 5 SP - 407 EP - 417 AN - OPUS4-50786 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schumacher, Julia T1 - Genetic manipulation of the microcolonial black fungus Knufia petricola N2 - Microcolonial black fungi, a polyphyletic group of ascomycetes, exhibit constitutive melanin formation, yeast-like growth and high stress tolerances. They dominate – often together with bacteria and algae in sub-aerial biofilms – a range of hostile environments including natural and man-made ones, from salterns to dishwashers, roofs and solar panels. Because of lacking genetic tools and the slow growth of most isolates, the genetic bases for these specific properties are largely unknown. The rock-inhabiting fungus Knufia petricola (Eurotiomycetes, Chaetothyriales) exhibits all characteristics of microcolonial black fungi and was selected as recipient for genetic engineering to study gene functions and genetic interactions. Different variants of green and red fluorescent proteins were successfully expressed indicating that fluorescence microscopy using genetically encoded fluorescent proteins and fluorescent dyes enables various cell biology approaches. Furthermore, genes of biosynthetic pathways (DHN melanin, carotenoids, uracil, adenine) were successfully mutated by applying traditional gene replacement and plasmid-based or ribonucleoprotein (RNP)-based CRISPR/Cas9 or silenced by RNA interference (RNAi). The availability of this advanced and efficient genetic toolbox and the annotated genome sequence of strain A95 makes K. petricola an excellent model for exploring the secrets of microcolonial black fungi. T2 - Departmental colloquium of the Tuscia University CY - Viterbo, Italy DA - 14.02.2020 KW - black fungus KW - genetics KW - Crispr/Cas9 PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50592 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Corrosive CO2-stream components, challenging for materials to be used in CC(U)S applications N2 - This contribution provides current findings regarding materials susceptibility for CCUS applications. Basing on results gathered in 2 German long-term projects (COORAL and CLUSTER) suitable materials are introduced as well as dominating impurities of the CO2 stream and corrosion mechanisms. Investigations cover the whole CCUS process chain and provide the following recommendations for certain parts. Commercially available carbon steels are suitable for compression and pipelines as long as moisture content and impurities are limited (water 50 to 100 ppmv, SO2 and NO2 ca. 100 ppmv). Corrosion rates increase with increasing water content (0.2 – 20 mm/a). Condensation of acids and therefore droplet formation is always possible, even at low water contents. A low SO2 content within the CO2-stream might be more important than a low water content. Cr13-steels showed a general susceptibility to shallow pitting and pitting. So, they seem to be not suitable for CCUS applications. Low alloyed steels showed better corrosion behavior (predictable uniform corrosion). For direct contact with saline aquifer fluids only high alloyed steels shall be used. T2 - WCO Webinar on the occasion of Corrosion Awareness Day - Corrosion and Low-Carbon Energies CY - Frankfurt, Germany DA - 24.04.2020 KW - CO2-corrosion KW - CCUS KW - Pipeline KW - Carbon Capture PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50699 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Rezension: Halliday Physik für natur‐ und ingenieurwissenschaftliche Studiengänge – Lehr‐ und Übungsbuch N2 - Die von Stephan W. Koch herausgegebene Übersetzung der erweiterten zehnten Auflage von ,,Fundamentals of Physics“ liefert ein Schwergewicht geballten Physikwissens und Übungsmaterial. Die Bücher bieten nicht nur Studierenden hilfreiches Lernmaterial, sondern sind auch für allgemein Physik‐Interessierte ein wertvolles Nachschlagewerk. Wer sich bereits mit dem umfassenderen „großen Bruder“ vertraut gemacht hat und diesen nutzt, findet im Lehrbuch nichts Neues. Jedoch liefert das Übungsbuch im Vergleich zum Arbeitsbuch von 2018 neue und übersichtlichere Übungsbeispiele. Die neue Auflage wurde didaktisch komplett neu strukturiert und einige Kapitel vollständig überarbeitet. Ein Novum stellt dabei die modulare Organisation dar, bei der jeder Abschnitt mit Lernzielen und Schlüsselideen beginnt. Kontrollfragen im Text tragen entscheidend zum Rekapitulieren des Gelesenen bei. Jedes Kapitel endet mit einer Zusammenfassung und Fragen zum vermittelten Stoff. Als Ergänzung dient das ausführliche Übungsbuch mit Aufgaben und Lösungen zu den jeweiligen Kapiteln des Lehrbuches. Die 37 Kapitel machen verständlich mit den einzelnen Gebieten der Physik vertraut. KW - Physik KW - Thermodynamik PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070066 SN - 1521-4176 SN - 0947-5117 VL - 71 IS - 6 SP - 3 EP - 4 PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-50839 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -