TY - JOUR A1 - Spilker, A. A1 - Stelzner, Ludwig A1 - Weise, Frank A1 - Wieland, M. T1 - Analyse der thermischen Dehnung von Fahrbahndeckenbetonen aus dem BAB-Netz N2 - Die Kenntnis von Materialeigenschaften spielt bei der Entwicklung oder Optimierung von Betonen und Bauweisen für den Straßenbau sowie der Qualitätssicherung eine bedeutende Rolle. Gleichermaßen bilden physikalische Materialkennwerte die Grundlage für die rechnerische Dimensionierung und die Restsubstanzbewertung von Betonfahrbahndecken. Eine relevante Kenngröße bei der Untersuchung thermisch induzierter Spannungs- und Verformungszustände stellt der thermische Ausdehnungskoeffizient dar. Im Zuge der systematischen Weiterentwicklung der rechnerischen Dimensionierung, aber auch im Zusammenhang mit der gezielten Verbesserung der Gebrauchseigenschaften von Betonfahrbahndecken gilt es zu hinterfragen, ob lastunabhängige Formänderungseigenschaften der verwendeten Betone aktuell ausreichend Beachtung finden, ob allgemeine Literaturwerte für die heutigen Fahrbandeckenbetone stets Gültigkeit besitzen und ob deren Implementierung in numerische Modelle zu realitätsnahen Vorhersagen führt. Für eine empirische Herangehensweise ist die Verfügbarkeit adäquater Prüfverfahren von entscheidender Bedeutung. In Deutschland existiert aktuell jedoch kein standardisiertes oder genormtes Verfahren für die prüftechnische Bestimmung des thermischen Ausdehnungskoeffizienten von Beton. Daher wurden unter Beachtung straßenbauspezifischer Gesichtspunkte zwei Prüfansätze entwickelt, die in diesem Beitrag vorgestellt sowie hinsichtlich möglicher Messunsicherheiten und Messungenauigkeiten diskutiert werden. Außerdem werden ausgewählte Ergebnisse aus Analysen an Bestandsbetonen aus dem BAB-Netz dargestellt. Im Ergebnis sollen die Untersuchungen einen Beitrag zur Schaffung der prüftechnischen Voraussetzungen für eine abgesicherte Quantifzierung der thermischen Dehnung von Fahrbahndeckenbetonen leisten. KW - Betonfahrbahndecken KW - Materialkennwerte KW - Thermischer Ausdehnungkoeffizient KW - Prüfverfahren PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/best.202000044 VL - 116 IS - 1 SP - 26 EP - 34 PB - John Wiley & Sons AN - OPUS4-54967 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Scharf-Wildenhain, R. A1 - Hälsig, A. A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk A1 - Wandtke, Karsten A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas T1 - Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) mit hochfesten Feinkornbaustählen N2 - Die additive Verarbeitung hochfester Feinkornbaustähle mittels Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) ist ein komplexes, aber zugleich auch effizientes Verfahren, bei dem Werkstoff, Bauteilgeometrie und Schweißprozess gezielt aufeinander abgestimmt sein müssen. Ziel dieser Studie war es, einen Zusammenhang zwischen den Prozessparametern und der generierten Schichtgeometrie zu ermitteln. Dazu wurden definierte Referenzkörper mit einem robotergestützten Schweißsystem additiv gefertigt und hinsichtlich Schichthöhe, Wandstärke und Mikrostruktur analysiert. Fokus der Untersuchung waren sowohl konventionelle als auch für die WAAM-Fertigung speziell entwickelte hochfeste Schweißzusatzwerkstoffe. Die geometrischen Eigenschaften additiv gefertigter Bauteile lassen sich insbesondere durch die Faktoren Drahtvorschubgeschwindigkeit und Schweißgeschwindigkeit gezielt einstellen. Jedoch können diese Parameter nicht beliebig variiert werden, auch aufgrund der rheologischen Eigenschaften der Zusatzwerkstoffe. Zu hohe Streckenenergien führen zu lokalen Überhitzungen und Fehlstellen in der generierten Schicht. Undefinierte Fließ- und Erstarrungsvorgänge im überhitzten Bereich erschweren die maßhaltige Fertigung. Deshalb wird bei speziellen WAAM-Schweißdrähten das Fließverhalten gezielt modifiziert, sodass es über einen größeren Temperaturbereich hinweg konstant ist. Erst die Kenntnis über die komplexen Zusammenhänge zwischen den Prozessparametern und der Bauteilgeometrie ermöglicht die Erzeugung exakter Schichtmodelle für die additive Fertigung. Dies bildet die Grundlage für die Bearbeitung weiterer Fragestellungen auf dem Gebiet der additiven Fertigung mit hochfesten Zusatzwerkstoffen und insbesondere deren Anwendung in modernen hochfesten Bauteilen. T2 - 41. Assistentenseminar Fügetechnik CY - Magdeburg, Germany DA - 03.09.2020 KW - Additiver Fertigung KW - MSG-Schweißen KW - Eigenspannungen KW - Hochfester Stahl KW - Kaltrisssicherheit PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-56690 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - van Beek, F. A1 - Kuijper, P. A1 - Voskuilen, J. A1 - Hean, S. A1 - Recknagel, Christoph A1 - Mookhoek, S. D. A1 - van Vliet, D. T1 - Guidlines for flexible joint transition systems RTD 1007-4:2020 N2 - Flexible joint transition systems in the form of bituminous joint transitions, type 4.1a according to RTD1007-1, have been used in the Netherlands with varying success. The lifespan in practice was found to vary greatly: between 1 and 5 years. This is too short a lifespan in relation to the lifespan of the layers of asphalt pavement. Ideally, the replacement of these bituminous joint transitions should take place simultaneously as the maintenance of the asphalt layers. In the meantime, research has been carried out nationally and internationally into improving the life span of bituminous joint transitions. In Germany and Switzerland, the regulations have been shown to lead to a life span of more than 10 years. On this basis, ETAG032-3 was established in the context of EOTA in 2013. In a competition "Silent sustainable joint transitions" held by the Dutch Directorate-General for Public Works and Water Management in the period 2007-2012, three flexible bituminous joint transitions have already been tested, two of which were ultimately found to be suitable. These have been included in the multi-choice matrix (RTD 1007-1) as concept 4.1b (anchored bituminous joint transition) and 4.1c (unanchored bituminous joint transition with stretch-spreading inlay and poured asphalt edge beams). Monitoring these joint transitions in practice over the past 8 years has shown that the desired life span is achievable with these improved joint transitions. It is expected that the improvement in life span achieved abroad can also be realised in the Netherlands if several aspects specific to the Netherlands are taken into account:  For large parts of the Dutch main road network, the traffic intensity of 500,000 heavy vehicles per year assumed in the ETAG032-3 is insufficient. This is a factor 4 to 5 higher on the busiest main roads in the Netherlands.  On 90% of the Dutch main road network, in contrast to countries such as Germany and Switzerland, an open layer (ZOAB (zeer open asfaltbeton [very open asphalt concrete])) is used.  In the Netherlands, in contrast to countries such as Germany and Switzerland, bridges and viaducts are made on a large scale of prefabricated beams and 'floating' support systems that consist entirely of rubber supports that can be deformed all-round. Such constructions have a less favourable, high-frequency deformation behaviour under traffic load.  In Germany and Switzerland, a minimum joint mass temperature of -20 °C is assumed to test bituminous joint transitions. For the Netherlands, -15 °C is assumed, which has a favourable effect. The present second version of RTD 1007-4 is a guideline for the development and realisation of a new generation of more durable flexible joint transitions with a minimum design life of 10-15 years and is a guideline for contractors to demonstrate that a flexible joint transition system meets the requirements as set out in the Directorate-General for Public Works and Water Management guideline RTD 1007-2. KW - Technical rule KW - Approval requirements KW - Extension joints KW - Highway pavements PY - 2020 VL - Version 2.0 SP - 1 EP - 77 CY - Rijkswaterstaat AN - OPUS4-54599 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Denkler, Tilman T1 - Comparison of the Operation of Accreditation Bodies in Europe - Final Report 2nd Round N2 - In 2019 the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) conducted a benchmarking to compare the operations of European accreditation bodies and to identify best practices, with the aim of improving key processes in accreditation. Ten European accreditation bodies attended the comparison, four of which had already taken part in the pilot phase of the benchmarking project, which was conducted in 2017 by the German accreditation body Deutsche Akkreditierungsstelle GmbH (DAkkS) and BAM. The study, designed to examine and compare the operation of accreditation bodies in Europe, used a management tool called Process Maturity Benchmarking Tool, which was especially elaborated and validated for this purpose in the pilot phase, in order to determine the values of indicators, thus enabling a comparison of the accreditation bodies despite different operational processes and organizational forms. The management tool is based on the analysis of selected processes with high relevance for the operation of accreditation bodies. The processes are derived from a process map designed for accreditation bodies in a universally applicable way. The indicators used to characterize the processes come from two sources: The first source relates to data already available from internal databases, reports, financial audits, and others. The second source is derived from the self-evaluation of process maturity performed by the accreditation bodies. The criteria for evaluating process maturities were designed by applying the criteria of the EFQM excellence model 2013 of the European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM) to the processes identified in the process map. The results of the analysis were presented to and discussed with representatives of the ten accreditation bodies at a Results-Workshop that took place at BAM on 21/22 January 2020. KW - Akkreditierung KW - Accreditation KW - Benchmarking KW - EFQM Excellence Modell KW - Quality Infrastructure KW - Total Quality Management PY - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 70 AN - OPUS4-54712 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR ED - Stawski, Tomasz ED - Van Driessche, A. E. S. T1 - Special issue "Formation of sulfate minerals in natural and industrial environments" N2 - Sulfate is abundant in the environment and, as a result, sulfate-containing minerals constitute a large and important focus of research. These minerals play an important role in many geochemical and industrial processes, including the sulfur cycle, the construction industry (e.g., plaster of Paris), fault tectonics, acid mine drainage, and even rare biominerals. Important to note are the abundant amounts of sulfate (minerals) located on the surface of Mars, and in meteorites, extending the relevance of this mineral group beyond the realm of our planet. In geological systems, sulfate minerals such as barite are also important for indicating certain sedimentation environments. In this regard, sulfate deposits can be used to evaluate the redox state of ancient oceans during early Earth time periods. KW - Calcium sulfate KW - Sulfates PY - 2020 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/journal/minerals/special_issues/FSMNIE SN - 2075-163X VL - 10(9)-12(3) SP - 10-812-1 EP - 12-299-3 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-54700 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Steger, Simon A1 - Stege, H. A1 - Bretz, S. A1 - Hahn, Oliver ED - Tomasin, P. T1 - Disclosing glittering and sparkling effects in 20th-century reverse glass paintings: a study of metallic pigments and metal foils by means of in situ XRF and DRIFTS analysis N2 - This work presents a spectroscopic study of metallic pigments and metal foils used in reverse glass paintings that were created between 1912 and 1954. Metallic pigments induce a notable sparkling effect by means of the lateral incidence of light, whereas metal foils enhance the gloss and create a glittering effect when the painting is viewed in reflected light. Both effects were desired features especially in modern reverse paintings on glass and applied by artists in manifold creative manner. The paper gives an overview on the composition of the metalfoils and metal pigments in 14 works as determined in situ by X-ray spectrometry. Metal foils made of tin, brass, aluminium and silver were found in nine paintings. Gold imitating Cu-Zn pigments in different hues and with various Cu/Zn net intensity ratios were recorded for six paintings. Silvery pigments were identified mainly as Al pigments, but also as Cu-Zn-Ni alloy in one case. Other uncommon metallic pigments were detected in Arlequin vindicatif (c. 1925) by Floris Jespers, who used not only Cu-Zn and Al pigments, but also brownish Cu and Cu-Zn-Sn pigments. Non-invasive diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier-transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) was used to classify the binding media of the metallic pigments. Drying oil and natural resin probably mixed with oil were the most common binding media. A polysaccharide-based binder was found in the silvery Cu-Zn-Ni pigment of Ohne Titel (1954) by Marianne Uhlenhuth. KW - Archaeometry KW - Non-invasive analysis KW - Reverse paintings on glass PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2020.11.008 SN - 1296-2074 VL - 48 SP - 196 EP - 204 PB - Elsevier Masson SAS CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-54428 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zancajo, V. M. R. A1 - Lindtner, T. A1 - Eisele, M. A1 - Huber, A. J. A1 - Elbaum, R. A1 - Kneipp, Janina T1 - FTIR Nanospectroscopy Shows Molecular Structures of Plant Biominerals and Cell Walls N2 - Plant tissues are complex composite structures of organic and inorganic components whose function relies on molecular heterogeneity at the nanometer scale. Scattering-type near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) in the mid-infrared (IR) region is used here to collect IR nanospectra from both fixed and native plant samples. We compared structures of chemically extracted silica bodies (phytoliths) to silicified and nonsilicified cell walls prepared as a flat block of epoxy-embedded awns of wheat (Triticum turgidum), thin sections of native epidermis cells from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) comprising silica phytoliths, and isolated cells from awns of oats (Avena sterilis). The correlation of the scanning-probe IR images and the mechanical phase image enables a combined probing of mechanical material properties together with the chemical composition and structure of both the cell walls and the phytolith structures. The data reveal a structural heterogeneity of the different silica bodies in situ, as well as different compositions and crystallinities of cell wall components. In conclusion, IR nanospectroscopy is suggested as an ideal tool for studies of native plant materials of varied origins and preparations and could be applied to other inorganic–organic hybrid materials. KW - Cells KW - Plants KW - Organic polymers KW - Silica KW - Infrared light PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00271 SN - 0003-2700 VL - 92 IS - 20 SP - 13694 EP - 13701 PB - ACS Publications AN - OPUS4-54445 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Baer, Wolfram T1 - Detection and understanding of the chunky graphite degeneration in ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron materials with respect to fatigue N2 - CHG is very different compared to other graphite degenerations or defects; Filigree, multi-branched string-like, 3d interconnected structure; Morphology and volumetric amount of CHG cannot be accessed by stereological interpretation of 2d section data; Field-tested, technically established method to quantify CHG in components not available; Fatigue: CHG causes substantial reduction in fatigue limit and significant increase in crack growth rate; Therefore: Avoid or exclude CHG! T2 - 4th International Symposium on Fatigue Design and Material Defects CY - Online meeting DA - 26.05.2020 KW - Ductile cast iron KW - Chunky graphite degeneration KW - Fatigue KW - Correlation microstructure to properties PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-54409 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Liehr, Sascha T1 - ANNforPAT - Artificial Neural Networks for Process Analytical Technology N2 - This code accompanies the paper "Artificial neural networks for quantitative online NMR spectroscopy" published in Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (2020). KW - Artificial neural networks KW - Automation KW - Online NMR spectroscopy KW - Process industry KW - Real-time process monitoring PY - 2020 UR - https://github.com/BAMresearch/ANNforPAT PB - GitHub CY - San Francisco AN - OPUS4-54481 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Yusenko, Kirill T1 - Single-source precursors strategy to access refractory high-entropy alloys for electrocatalytic applications N2 - High-entropy alloys containing up to 6 platinum group metals can be prepared by thermal decomposition of single-source precursors non requiring high temperature. We prepare the first example of a single-phase hexagonal high-entropy alloy. Heat treat- ment up to 1500 K and compression up to 45 GPa do not result in phase changes, a record temperature and pres- sure stability for a single-phase high-entropy alloy. The alloys show pronounced electrocatalytic activity in methanol oxidation, which opens a route for the use of high-entropy alloys as materials for sustainable energy conversion. T2 - HEA2020: first international virtual workshop on high-entropy alloy and complex solid solution nanoparticles for electrocatalysis CY - Online meeting DA - 06.10.2020 KW - High-entropy alloys KW - Single-source precursors PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-54013 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Gruskovà, J. A1 - Martin, G. A1 - Kresten, O. A1 - Mitthoff, F. A1 - Kaska, K. A1 - Hofmann, C. A1 - Kreuzer, W. A1 - Phelps, M. A1 - Boydston, K. A1 - Easton Jr., R. L. A1 - Knox, K. T. A1 - Kelbe, D. A1 - Kasotakis, D. A1 - Christens-Barry, W. A. A1 - Stewart, D. A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Glaser, L. A1 - Garrevoet, J. A1 - Shevchuk, I. A1 - Klumpp, S. A1 - Deckers, D. A1 - Buck, J. ED - Cronier, M. ED - Mondrain, B. T1 - Insights-into-the-Digital-Recovery-of-the-Scythica-Vindobonesia N2 - The Scythica Vindobonensia, the new fragments on Gothic incursions into Roman provinces in the Balkans in the middle of the third century AD that were revealed some years ago in a Greek palimpsest at the Austrian National Library in Vienna (ÖNB), are commonly considered as one of the most important additions of the last decades to the corpus of texts from classical Antiquity. Tere is a high degree of confdence among scholars in supposing that the fragments come from the lost work Scythica written in Greek by the third-century historian P. Herennius Dexippus (Δέξιππος) of Athens. The new fragments have hence also been called Dexippus Vindobonensis. In his Scythica, Dexippus recorded wars of the Romans with the Goths (and other tribes) whom he called Scythians. The work had been hitherto known only from excerpts and quotes by later authors. Eight pages of a Byzantine manuscript copy of the ancient text have survived hidden underneath the visible surface of the last four parchment folios of the Vienna manuscript Historicus graecus 73, f. 192r -195v4. The copy is written in a Greek calligraphic minuscule which has been estimated by palaeographers to be of the middle or the second half of the eleventh century. In the thirteenth century, the text (on each of the eight pages arranged in one column, with 30 lines per page) was washed of the parchment and the valuable material made from animal skin was re-used for Christian texts. The new writing largely covered the faded remnants of the original text. It thus became hidden from the human eye for more than seven hundred years. Its discovery by Jana Grusková, a classical philologist specialized in the transmission of Greek texts, resulted from a systematic review of all Greek palimpsests kept at the Austrian National Library in Vienna at the beginning of the twenty-first century and a detailed examination of the four folios in 2007-20097. KW - Scythica Vindobonensia, KW - Gothic incursions KW - A Greek palimpsest KW - Antiquity KW - Byzantine manuscript KW - Vienna manuscript PY - 2020 SN - 978-2-916716-81-7 SN - 0577-1471 VL - 2020 IS - 24/1 SP - 945 EP - 967 PB - Association des Amis du Centre d’Histoire et Civilisation de Byzance CY - Paris ET - 1 AN - OPUS4-53843 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank ED - Zobory, I. T1 - Conceptual design of an active centre plate N2 - The efficiency and safety of railway transportation depend both on numerous factors linked to the vehicle, the infrastructure, the operator and the environment. Curved tracks are subjected to demanding situations due to elevated stress levels, as a function of the operating conditions and vehicle/infrastructure design. In such segments, steering forces are superimposed to lateral load transfers. The steering forces depend on the condition and the design of the centre plate and bogies’ suspensions design. While the friction at the centre plate provides the needed damping to mitigate the hunting vibration of the bogie in straight track segments, such yaw resistance originates high steering forces and rail damage on curved tracks. A centre plate with low friction at turns and high friction at straight track segments would thus be highly advantageous. In this paper, a centre plate design is proposed which provides a yaw-rotation resistance torque that depends on the bogie-car relative position. Two different designs are considered for that purpose, one that combines a spring-acted centring mechanism with a lower pair kinematics, while the other one involves higher kinematic pairs which should incorporate lateral damping elements. As a result of using an engineering design approach, the higher kinematic pairs-based design is recommended however, the validation of such operational principles, including the introduction of the needed damping, should be configured on the basis of experimental models. T2 - 11th International Conference on Railway Bogies and Running Gears CY - Budapest, Hungary DA - 09.09.2019 KW - Steering torques KW - Railway transportation KW - Bogie design KW - Conceptual design KW - Engineering design KW - Transport externalities PY - 2020 SN - 978-963-9058-42-2 SP - 77 EP - 86 PB - Scientific Society of Mechanical Engineers (SSME/GTE) CY - Budapest AN - OPUS4-54086 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Krause, U. A1 - Gabel, D. A1 - Abbas, Z. A1 - Dufaud, O. T1 - Quasi-static dispersion of dusts for the determination of lower explosion limits of hybrid mixtures N2 - Knowledge of explosion limiting concentration of explosible materials is necessary for the design of explosion protection measures. Currently employed methods of testing MEC of a dust cloud or LEL of a hybrid mixture are based on arbitrary assumptions and possess technical limitations that often lead to values of MEC/LEL, which are unrealistically low or poorly reproducible. This contribution presents an improved method for experimental determination of MEC of a combustible dust cloud or LEL of a flammable gas or hybrid mixture. The new set-up operates under laminar conditions and allows a uniform suspension of dust particles in an open top acrylic glass tube. Dust concentration is measured with the help of infrared sensors installed a few centimeters above and below the ignition source. In order to evaluate the dependence of MEC on flow front velocity, MEC of lycopodium was determined at four flow velocities. The results show that the flow field intensity does not significantly influence the MEC of lycopodium for the flow ranges tested in this work. Moreover, LEL of hybrid mixtures of lycopodium and methane was also tested at flow velocities of 4.7 cm/s, 5.8 cm/s, 7 cm/s and 11 cm/s and compared with the values obtained from other sources. The results suggest that the requirement of high energy pyrotechnical igniter may be relinquished, provided that a truly homogeneous suspension of dust particles could be achieved. Moreover, the effect of relative amount of dust and gas, on the course of ignition and flame propagation in hybrid mixtures at their LEL, was studied by the help of high speed videos. For hybrid mixtures of carbonaceous dusts (like lycopodium) at their LEL, ignition occurs in the gas phase, however, flame propagation is only possible through a two-way interaction of dust and gas during the course of combustion. T2 - 13th Symposium International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions (ISHPMIE) CY - Online meeting DA - 27.07.2020 KW - Dust explosions KW - Gas explosions KW - Lower explosion limit KW - Hybrid mixtures PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-540955 DO - https://doi.org/10.7795/810.20200724 SP - 750 EP - 764 PB - Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt AN - OPUS4-54095 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - He, S. A1 - Johnston, P. R. A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter ED - Sandrelli, F. ED - Tettamanti, G. T1 - Analyzing Immunity in Non-model insects Using De Novo Transcriptomics N2 - With the advent of widely accessible and cost-effective next-generation sequencing technologies, it has become increasingly feasible to study insect immunity on a deep genomic or transcriptomic level. Here we introduce a protocol that is aimed at exploiting transcriptomic data to study immunity in non-model insect organisms. We provide instructions for an entire workflow, starting with successfiil extraction of insect RNA through to bioinformatic guidelines for the effective analysis of mRNA sequencing data. The RNA extraction procedure is based on TRIzol Reagent and a spin-column clean-up Step. The bioinformatic pipeline is intended to help users identify immune genes from de novo transcriptome data and includes guidelines for conducting differential gene expression analyses on transcriptomic data. The immune gene prediction method is based on inferring protein homologs with HMMERand Blastp and talces Advantage ofthe ImmunoDB database, which is a valuable resource for research on insect immune-related genes and gene families. The differential gene expression analysis procedure utilizes the DESeq2 package as imple� mented in R. We hope this protocol will serve as a usefi.il resource for researchers aiming to study immunity in non-model insect species. KW - RNA extraction KW - mRNA-seq KW - ImmunoDB KW - Immune gene prediction KW - Differential gene expression analysis KW - De novo assembly PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0259-1_2 VL - 2020 SP - 35 EP - 49 PB - Springer Science+Business Media CY - Luxemburg AN - OPUS4-53888 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wetzel, Annica A1 - Özcan Sandikcioglu, Özlem A1 - Witt, Julia A1 - Rhode, Michael T1 - Local corrosion properties of high/medium entropy alloys in aqueous environments N2 - High and medium entropy alloys gained increasing academic and industrial interest as novel materials for engineering applications. This project is aiming to clarify and compare the general and local corrosion properties of high entropy alloy CrMnFeCoNi and medium entropy alloy CrCoNi in different aqueous environments. The focus lies on the local corrosion processes that result either from microstructural imperfections (inclusions, defects at grain boundaries etc.) in the base material or processing related changes in the microstructure and/or local composition. The corrosion behavior of the alloys was monitored via potentiodynamic polarization experiments and the local corrosion characteristics were further investigated by means of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). Their passivation behavior was analyzed in three different electrolyte systems (NaCl, H2SO4 and NaClO4; c = 0.1M). The characterization of the surface morphology and composition of the passive film was performed by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) and X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. Considering long term corrosion effects, electrochemical work was supported with immersion tests and the analysis of corrosion products by SEM/EDX and XPS depth-profiling. Our results indicate that the medium entropy alloy CrCoNi has a significantly higher corrosion resistance in comparison to the high entropy alloy CrMnFeCoNi. The presentation will summarize some of our results on the mechanistical aspects of the observed high corrosion resistance. T2 - EUROCORR 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 07.09.2020 KW - High Entropy Alloys KW - Corrosion KW - Medium Entropy Alloys KW - Atomic Forc Microscopy KW - Scanning Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy KW - Potentiodynamic Polarization PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-53787 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Herold, Christian A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa A1 - Völzke, Holger A1 - Wolff, Dietmar T1 - Nationaler und Internationaler Stand zu bereits existierenden Anforderungen und Konzepten für Endlagerbehälter und Zusammenstellung sicherheitsrelevanter Behältereigenschaften; Bericht zum Arbeitspaket 1 des FuE-Verbundvorhabens KoBrA N2 - Im hier vorliegenden Bericht wurde im Rahmen einer umfassenden Literaturrecherche der nationale und internationale Stand von Wissenschaft und Technik hinsichtlich Behälterkonzepten und Behälteranforderungen erfasst. Dabei wurde eine umfangreiche Dokumentensammlung zusammengestellt und sortiert, die als Quellenbasis für alle weiteren Arbeiten zur Verfügung steht. Die Auswertung der gesammelten Informationen resultiert in einem Überblick über internationale Behälterentwicklungen sowie einer detaillierten Übersicht über die Behälterkonzepte und die ihnen zugrundeliegenden Anforderungskataloge aus elf fortgeschrittenen Endlagerprogrammen. KW - Endlager KW - Behälter KW - Sicherheitsanforderungen KW - Hochradioaktive Abfälle PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.2314/KXP:1759195804 N1 - Auftraggeber: Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie (BMWi), Förderkennzeichen: 02E11537. SP - 1 EP - 284 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-53117 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Herold, Christian A1 - Völzke, Holger A1 - Wolff, Dietmar A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa A1 - Bollingerfehr, W. A1 - Wunderlich, A. A1 - Prignitz, S. T1 - Herleitung und Zusammenstellung der Anforderungen an Endlagerbehälter für ein HAW-Endlager in den drei potenziellen Wirtsgesteinen Steinsalz, Tonstein und Kristallingestein; Bericht zum Arbeitspaket 3 des FuE Verbundvorhabens KoBrA N2 - Der Bericht zum Arbeitspaket 3 baut auf den Ergebnissen der internationalen Recherche (AP1) sowie der Zusammenstellung der Randbedingungen und Beanspruchungsgrößen für die Endlagerbehälter (AP2) auf. Die Anforderungen an die Behälter – regulatorische, betriebliche sowie solche aus der Standortgeologie und den Einwirkungen und Prozessen, denen die Behälter ausgesetzt sind – werden hergeleitet und systematisch dargestellt. Die für das Endlagersystem zu betrachtenden Nutzungsphasen werden aus den regulatorischen Anforderungen hergeleitet und charakterisiert. Die Einwirkungen auf die Behälter in den drei potenziellen Wirtsgesteinen sowie die sich für die Erfüllung der Sicherheitsfunktionen des Behälters als Teil des Endlagersystems ergebenden Behälterfunktionen werden ebenfalls wirtsgesteins- und zeitphasenabhängig betrachtet. Schließlich werden aus den Einwirkungen auf die Behälter und den Anforderungen an die Behälterfunktionen auch quantifizierbare Behälterfunktionen für alle drei potenziellen Wirtsgesteine abgeleitet. KW - Endlager KW - Behälter KW - Sicherheitsanforderungen KW - Hochradioaktive Abfälle PY - 2020 UR - https://www.bge-technology.de/fileadmin/user_upload/MEDIATHEK/f_e_berichte/KoBrA/2020-KoBrA_Bericht_AP3.pdf N1 - Auftraggeber: Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie (BMWi), Förderkennzeichen: 02E11527 und 02E11537. SP - 1 EP - 254 PB - BGE Technology CY - Peine AN - OPUS4-53119 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhang, W.-H. A1 - Qin, J. A1 - Lu, D.-G. A1 - Thöns, Sebastian A1 - Havbro Faber, M. T1 - Vol-informed decision-making for SHM system arrangement N2 - Structural health monitoring systems have been widely implemented to provide real-time continuous data support and to ensure structural safety in the context of structural integrity management. However, the quantification of the potential benefits of structural health monitoring systems has not yet attracted widespread attention. At the same time, there is an urgent need to develop strategies, such as optimizing the monitoring period, monitoring variables, and other factors, to maximize the potential benefits of structural health monitoring systems. Considering the continuity of structural health monitoring information, a framework is developed in this article to support decision-making for structural Health monitoring systems arrangement in the context of structural integrity management, which integrates the concepts of value of information and risk-based inspection planning based on an approach which utilizes a conjugate prior probability distribution for updating of the probabilistic models of structural performances based on structural health Monitoring information. An example considering fatigue degradation of steel structures is investigated to illustrate the application of the proposed framework. The considered example shows that the choice of monitoring variables, the Monitoring period, and the monitoring quality may be consistently optimized by the application of the proposed framework and approach. Finally, discussions and conclusions are provided to clarify the potential benefits of the proposed Framework with a special view to practical applications of structural health monitoring systems. KW - Value of information KW - Structural health monitoring systems arrangement strategy KW - Structural integrity management KW - Rskbased inspection KW - Structural health monitoring information model PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1177/1475921720962736 SN - 1475-9217 VL - 21 IS - 1 SP - 37 EP - 58 PB - SAGE Journals CY - USA AN - OPUS4-53064 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Winterkorn, R. A1 - Pittner, Andreas A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing von einer neuartigen, höherfesten Al-Mg-Si Legierungen N2 - Der Einsatz von Aluminiumlegierungen als Konstruktionswerkstoff hat in den letzten Jahrzehnten aufgrund seines überlegenen Festigkeits-/ Gewichtsverhältnisses zugenommen. Dabei spielen höherfeste aushärtbare Al-Mg-Si-Legierungen eine wichtige Rolle. Dieser Beitrag konzentriert sich auf die additive Fertigung von Prinzipbauteilen aus einer Al-Mg-Si-Aluminiumlegierung mittels Wire + Arc Additive Manufacturing. Werkstoffe dieses Legierungssystems weisen eine ausgeprägte Heißrissanfälligkeit auf, weshalb das artgleiche Fügen dieser Materialien, mittels Metallschutzgasschweißen, heutzutage immer noch eine Herausforderung darstellt. Kommerzielle Al-Mg-Si-Schweißdrähte sind am Markt nicht verfügbar. In dieser Arbeit wird die Anwendbarkeit eines neuartigen Al-Mg-Si-Schweißdrahtes mit zusätzlichen kornfeinenden Elementen für die additive Fertigung mittels MSG-Verfahren gezeigt. Dazu wird der Zusammenhang von verwendeten Prozessparametern und der resultierenden Bauteilqualität untersucht, wobei die Größe und Verteilung von Poren sowie die Kornmorphologie analysiert werden. Darüber hinaus wird der Einfluss einer T6 Wärmenachbehandlung auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften des Werkstoffes untersucht und ein Vergleich zum entsprechenden Referenzmaterial (Knetlegierung) gezogen. T2 - 40. Assistentenseminar Fügetechnik CY - Braulage, Germany DA - 25.09.2019 KW - WAAM KW - Al-Mg-Si PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-96144-071-9 VL - 357 SP - 68 EP - 77 PB - DVS Media GmbH CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-52901 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gordon, N. A1 - Bonnerot, Olivier A1 - Rabin, Ira ED - Friedrich, M. ED - Quenzer, J. T1 - Inks Used to Write the Divine Name in a Thirteenth-Century Ashkenazic Torah Scroll: Erfurt 7 (Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Ms. or. fol. 1216) N2 - The scribe of ‘Erfurt 7’, a thirteenth-century Torah scroll now kept in Berlin, initially left blank spaces for the divine appellations Elohim ( אלהים ) and YHWH Elohim ( ,(יהוה אלהים which were filled in during a second stage of writing. The appearance of the ink employed to write the appellations was significantly darker than that of the surrounding ink. X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) has shown that the light and dark brown inks had similar elemental compositions, but contained different ratios of iron to potassium, which could be explained by the use of different batches of ink. According to some medieval sources, the divine appellations were sometimes filled in during a second stage of writing in the presence of ten men from the Jewish community. In Erfurt 7, the two-stage procedure was only performed in the first 1.5 columns of the original sheets, suggesting it may have been part of a public ceremony inaugurating the writing of the divine names in the scroll. Erfurt 7 emerges from this study not only as a ritual object used for liturgy, but as a rallying point for the Jews of Erfurt to come together as a community to express their reverence for the written form of God’s name. The divine name YHWH ( יהוה ) was written in a smaller script than the surrounding text on three replacement sheets using the same two-stage procedure. The ink used on the replacement sheets contained zinc, which is characteristic of other Erfurt manuscripts as well. This suggests that Erfurt was the place where the scroll was used, cherished and eventually repaired. KW - Torah KW - Ink KW - Erfurt KW - 13th century PY - 2020 SN - 1867–9617 VL - 15 SP - 163 EP - 184 AN - OPUS4-52965 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tauber, J. P. A1 - Einspanier, R. A1 - Evans, J. D. A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter T1 - Co-incubation of dsRNA reduces proportion of viable spores of Ascosphaera apis , a honey bee fungal pathogen N2 - There are viral, fungal, bacterial and trypanosomal pathogens that negatively impact the individual and superorganismal health of the western honey bee. One fungal pathogen, Ascosphaera apis , affects larvae and causes the disease chalkbrood. A previous genome analysis of As. apis revealed that its genome encodes for RNA interference genes, similar to other fungi and eukaryotes. Here, we examined whether As. apis -targeting double-stranded RNA species could disrupt the germination of As. apis. We observed that when spores were co-incubated with As. apis -targeting dsRNA, fewer spores were activated for germination, suggesting an uptake of exogenous genetic material at the very onset of germination and consequent damage to essential transcripts needed for germination. Overall, these results indicate that the causative agent of chalkbrood disease, As. apis , can be successfully targeted using an RNAi-based strategy. KW - DsRNA KW - Honey bee KW - Pathogen KW - Ascosphaera apis KW - RNAi KW - Control PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2020.1754090 VL - 59 IS - 5 SP - 791 EP - 799 AN - OPUS4-52881 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schork, B. A1 - Zerbst, Uwe A1 - Kiyak, Yusuf A1 - Kaffenberger, M. A1 - Madia, Mauro A1 - Oechsner, M. T1 - Effect of the parameters of weld toe geometry on the FAT class as obtained by means of fracture mechanics-based simulations N2 - The fracture mechanics-based IBESS approach is applied to the determination of FAT classes of butt welds with crack Initiation along the weld toe. The aim is an investigation of the effect of the geometrical parameters toe radius, flank angle, reinforcement and secondary notches such as roughness or undercuts. The influence of these parameters is discussed both individually and in combination; however, excluding statistical distributions of them and the material data. The results, when compared with conventional FAT classes for butt welds, are encouraging with respect to a potential contribution of IBESS to the discussion of more advanced quality criteria for welds. To that purpose, demands for further research are proposed. KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Weld toe geometry KW - Fatigue crack initiation KW - FAT class approach PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-020-00874-7 IS - 64 SP - 925 EP - 936 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-53079 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Buchheim, Janine A1 - Recknagel, Christoph A1 - Wolter, Patrick A1 - Kittler-Packmor, Kai T1 - A new approach towards scientific evaluation and performance-related design of bituminous joint sealing materials and constructions N2 - While there is a permanent improvement of concrete pavement mixtures and pavement construction types over the last decades, the state-of-the-art joint sealing materials and joint constructions seem to stagnate on an antiquated empirical level. This status has been reaffirmed in the latest European standard. The consequences in the motorway network due to unsatisfying capability and durabilty of joint sealing systems are unacceptable. In addition, inadequate traffic performance (noise emissions, roll-over comfort) and traffic safety losses in the joint area of concrete pavements are existing challenges. These deficits and weaknesses reflect a demand for joint sealing materials and constructions whose approval requirements take functional aspects into account. Furthermore a sufficient analysis of decisive loads and a practice-oriented method to evaluate the requirements towards performance and durability is still missed. In this contribution decisive loads to German highways are analyzed. The design of test specimen for representative functional testing of joint sealing systems is discussed. The focus is on the geometry of the test specimens and the used concrete mixture. Finally, a new approach for a function-orientated test concept that considers representative load functions is presented. The potential of this approach to validate the durability and capability of various joint sealing systems is also presented using an example. T2 - RILEM International Symposium on Bituminous Materials CY - Online meeting DA - 08.06.2020 KW - Joint sealing KW - Expansion joint KW - Performance testing KW - Capability KW - Durability PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-030-46454-7 VL - 27 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - Springer Nature AN - OPUS4-53488 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ziesche, R. F. A1 - Robinson, J. B. A1 - Markötter, Henning A1 - Bradbury, R. A1 - Tengattini, A. A1 - Lenoir, N. A1 - Helfen, L. A1 - Kockelmann, W. A1 - Kardjilov, N. A1 - Manke, I. A1 - Brett, D. J. L. A1 - Shearing, P. R. T1 - Editors’ Choice—4D Neutron and X-ray Tomography Studies of High Energy Density Primary Batteries: Part II. Multi-Modal Microscopy of LiSOCl2 Cells N2 - The ability to track electrode degradation, both spatially and temporally, is fundamental to understand performance loss during operation of lithium batteries. X-ray computed tomography can be used to follow structural and morphological changes in electrodes; however, the direct detection of electrochemical processes related to metallic lithium is difficult due to the low sensitivity to the element. In this work, 4-dimensional neutron computed tomography, which shows high contrast for lithium, is used to directly quantify the lithium diffusion process in spirally wound Li/SOCl2 primary cells. The neutron dataset enables the quantification of the lithium transport from the anode and the accumulation inside the SOCl2 cathode to be locally resolved. Complementarity between the collected neutron and X-ray computed tomographies is shown and by applying both methods in concert we have observed lithium diffusion blocking by the LiCl protection layer and identified all cell components which are difficult to distinguish using one of the methods alone. KW - Lithium-ion battery KW - Room-temperature KW - Thermal runaway KW - Gas evolution KW - Cells PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-520890 DO - https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abbfd9 VL - 167 SP - 140509 PB - IOP Science AN - OPUS4-52089 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bulling, Jannis T1 - Numerical methods (part II) Finite element method (FEM), Spectral element method (SEM) and Scaled Boundary FEM (SBFEM) N2 - A general presentation on numerical methods. In particular, the Finite Element Method, the Spectral Element Method, and the Scaled Boundary Finite Element Method. T2 - ITN-Trainingsevent CY - Online meeting DA - 22.11.2020 KW - FEM KW - SBFEM KW - SEM PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-52271 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Melzer, Michael T1 - Seminar about the expression of uncertainty in measurement N2 - The evaluation of measurement uncertainty is essential for testing and calibration laboratories. This paper provides a general process description for the determination of the measurement uncertainty of quantitative data and its application to the conformity assessment with examples, and how to deal with the uncertainty of qualitative (Boolean) results, e. g. when "Alarm" or "No alarm" occours in an instrument display. T2 - GW4SHM - 1st Training Event CY - Online meeting DA - 23.11.2020 KW - Uncertainty KW - Conformity assessment KW - Boolean results PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-52040 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krebber, Katerina A1 - Weege, S. A1 - Großwig, S. A1 - Obermöller, M. A1 - Perk, M. A1 - Lu, Xin A1 - Schukar, Marcus A1 - Weber, U. A1 - Pfeiffer, T. A1 - Rembe, M. T1 - Kombinierte faseroptische Messungen in Bohrlöchern helfen bei der Detektion von Kleinstleckagen N2 - Seit November 2019 läuft ein breit angelegtes und vom BMWi gefördertes ZIM-Kooperationsprojekt zwischen der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), der IAB'Weimar gGmbH, der GKSO GmbH & Co. Projekt KG, der DEEP.KBB GmbH sowie der Rembe Consulting PartG mbB. Ziel des Forschungsvorhabens sind sowohl die Lokalisierung als auch die Quantifizierung insbesondere sehr kleiner Leckagen in einer Bohrlochverrohrung durch die Nutzung faseroptischer Messtechnik. Durch Messdatenkopplung und den Wegfall bewegungsbedingter Nachteile einer Messsonde werden wesentlich präzisere Ergebnisse zur Bewertung der Bohrlochintegrität als üblich erwartet. T2 - DGMK/ÖGEW-Frühjahrstagung 2020 CY - Meeting was canceled DA - 15.04.2020 KW - Wasserstoffspeicher KW - Kavernenspeicher KW - Verteilte faseroptische akustische Sensorik PY - 2020 VL - 6 SP - 43 EP - 43 PB - DVV Media Group CY - Hamburg AN - OPUS4-52233 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Werner, Jan A1 - Kutz, P. W. A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Testing of Small Scale Tank Prototypes under Cryogenic Conditions N2 - Climate change, CO2 reduction, resource efficiency are only 3 current keywords that describe the current industrial-economic situation. In order to influence climate change effectively, the conversion of supply systems with technically usable forms of energy must succeed in the next decade. The international network founded in Baku in 2015 bundles research activities in the broad field of energy supply and energy efficiency. Discuss current research approaches and results with scientists and experts from renowned universities and follow Azerbaijan's efforts to implement the energy revolution. T2 - Neseff 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 28.09.2020 KW - Mud pumps KW - Mud circulation system KW - Pistons KW - Hydrostatic pressure KW - Friction wear KW - Ceramic liners KW - Tribology PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-940471-59-8 SP - 4 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-52149 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Habib, Abdel Karim T1 - Hazard Assessment and reality – or - The difference between theory and practice is greater in practice than in theory. N2 - For hazard Assessment purposes we need models to predict what would happen in case of an accident. The challenge in hazard assessment consists not only in choosing the right model, but beforehand to define the correct scenario .If models can be found for the physical effect to be simulated, the validation of these models is the next challenge. Even if experimental data can be found it should always be checked, if these data are correct, even if in general experimental data are considered as “failsafe” or “the absolute truth”. T2 - EPSC Webinar CY - Online Meeting DA - 27.11.2020 KW - Hasard assessment KW - Gas dispersion KW - Modeling KW - Release PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-52676 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Boaretto, E. A1 - Newman, H. A1 - Shevchuk, I. A1 - Breterniz, S. A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Date, Materiality and Historical Significance of P.Köln Inv. 5941 N2 - The paper presents the results of the radiocarbon dating and ink analysis of a leather fragment bearing an important liturgical text in Hebrew from the early centuries of the common era. The work initiated by the scholarly interest in the text stresses the importance of the date and materiality of the manuscripts and closes with an appeal to the curators of manuscript collections. KW - Mixed ink KW - Radiocarbon KW - Leather PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-528063 DO - https://doi.org/10.25592/uhhfdm.8471 VL - 6/2 SP - 173 EP - 186 AN - OPUS4-52806 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wiehle, Philipp A1 - Brinkmann, M. T1 - Tragfähigkeit von Lehmmauerwerk - Experimentelle und numerische Analyse T1 - Load-bearing capacity of earth masonry – An experimental and numerical analysis N2 - Die Bemessung von tragendem Lehmmauerwerk erfolgt in Deutschland auf Basis der Lehmbau Regeln. Das dort verankerte Nachweisverfahren beruht auf einem globalen Sicherheitskonzept, welches aus zuverlässigkeitstheoretischer Sicht nicht mehr dem Stand der Technik entspricht. Auf Grund dessen wird das Bemessungskonzept für Lehmmauerwerk vom Deutschen Institut für Bautechnik (DIBt) voraussichtlich 2023 außer Kraft gesetzt. Ein statischer Nachweis von tragenden Lehmbauten wäre in Deutschland dann ausschließlich mit einer Zustimmung im Einzelfall (ZiE) oder vorhabenbezogener Bauartgenehmigung (vBg) möglich. Beides ist mit erheblichem Mehraufwand und höheren Kosten verbunden, was für den Lehmmauerwerksbau einen entscheidenden Nachteil im Vergleich zum konventionellen Mauerwerksbau darstellt. Um eine unkomplizierte Praxisanwendung von Lehmmauerwerk zu ermöglichen, werden innerhalb eines Forschungsvorhabens, welches von der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), dem Institut für Massivbau der Technischen Universität Darmstadt sowie dem Ingenieurbüro ZRS durchgeführt wird, auf Basis der Produktnormen für Lehmsteine und Lehmmauermörtel Grundlagen für ein aktualisiertes Bemessungskonzept entwickelt. Im Rahmen des Projekts wird ebenfalls untersucht, inwiefern die Bemessungsregeln nach den vereinfachten Berechnungsmethoden für unbewehrtes Mauerwerk gemäß DIN EN 1996-3 / NA auf den Lehmmauerwerksbau übertragbar sind. Falls eine Anwendung des normativen Nachweisverfahrens bei Lehmmauerwerk möglich ist, wäre zukünftig eine Aufnahme von Lehmsteinen und Lehmmauermörtel in den nationalen Anhang des Eurocode 6 denkbar, was eine bedeutsame Erweiterung des Anwendungsbereichs von Lehmmauerwerk zur Folge hätte. Diverse wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen konnten zeigen, dass bemessungsrelevante Festigkeits- und Verformungseigenschaften von Lehmmauerwerksbaustoffen stark von der vorherrschenden Materialfeuchte abhängen, welche im hygroskopischen Wassergehaltsbereich im Wesentlichen von der relativen Luftfeuchte (RLF) bestimmt wird. Auch die Zwischenergebnisse des laufenden Forschungsvorhabens zur Entwicklung eines Bemessungskonzepts für Lehmmauerwerk ergaben eine deutlich erkennbare Abhängigkeit zwischen der Materialfeuchte und den relevanten Festigkeits- und Verformungseigenschaften. Eine detaillierte Kenntnis des feuchteabhängigen Materialverhaltens von Lehmsteinen, -mörtel und -mauerwerk ist zwingend erforderlich, um ein konsistentes und zuverlässiges Bemessungskonzept für Lehmmauerwerk zu entwickeln. Im Rahmen des laufenden Forschungsprojektes werden deshalb umfangreiche Versuche zum Drucktragverhalten von Lehmsteinen und -mörtel sowie Lehmmauerwerk nach Konditionierung bei unterschiedlichen RLF durchgeführt und analysiert. Weiterhin werden auf Basis der experimentellen Ergebnisse numerische Modelle kalibriert, welche die detaillierte Analyse der Biegedrucktragfähigkeit von Lehmmauerwerk ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden zunächst die bisherigen Zwischenergebnisse bezüglich der experimentell ermittelten feuchteabhängigen Materialkennwerte von Lehmsteinen, -mörtel und -mauerwerk dargelegt. Darauf aufbauend werden numerische Untersuchungen zur Bestimmung der Systemtragfähigkeit von Lehmmauerwerk unter Feuchteeinflusses durchgeführt und erläutert. N2 - The structural design of load-bearing earthen masonry in Germany is based on the Lehmbau Regeln. The verification procedure outlined in these regulations is based on a global safety concept that no longer corresponds to the state of the art from a reliability theory perspective. As a result, the structural design concept for earthen masonry will most likely be discontinued by the German Institute for Building Technology (DIBt) in 2023. A structural verification of load-bearing earthen buildings would then only be possible in Germany with an approval for individual cases (ZiE) or a project-related permit type (vBg). Both methods are associated with considerable additional work and higher costs, which is a decisive disadvantage for earthen masonry construction compared to conventional masonry construction. In order to enable a straightforward practical application of earthen masonry, the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), the Institute for Solid Construction of the Technical University of Darmstadt and ZRS Engineers are laying the groundwork for an updated structural design concept based on the product standards for earth blocks and earthen masonry mortar. The project will also investigate the extent to which the design rules based on the simplified calculation methods for unreinforced masonry according to DIN EN 1996-3 / NA can be transferred to earthen masonry construction. If the normative verification procedure can be applied to earthen masonry, it would be conceivable to include earth blocks and earthen masonry mortar in the national appendix of Eurocode 6 in the future, which would result in a significant expansion of the field of application of earthen masonry. Various scientific studies have shown that the strength and deformation properties of earthen masonry building materials relevant to structural design are strongly dependent on the prevailing material moisture level, which is essentially determined by the relative humidity (RH) in the hygroscopic water content range. The interim results of the current research project for the development of a structural design concept for earthen masonry also showed a clearly recognisable dependency between the material moisture level and the relevant strength and deformation properties. Detailed knowledge of the moisture-dependent material behaviour of earth blocks, earthen mortar and masonry is absolutely essential to developing a consistent and reliable structural design concept for earthen masonry. Within the framework of the current research project, extensive tests on the pressure load bearing capacity of earth blocks and earthen mortar as well as earthen masonry after conditioning at different RH levels are therefore being carried out and analysed. Furthermore, numerical models are being calibrated on the basis of the experiment results, which facilitate a detailed analysis of the bending pressure bearing capacity of earthen masonry. This paper presents, firstly, the interim results obtained so far concerning the experimentally determined moisture-dependent material characteristics of earth blocks, earthen mortar and masonry. Based on this material, numerical investigations for determining the system bearing capacity of earthen masonry under the influence of moisture are carried out and explained. T2 - LEHM 2020 CY - Weimar, Germany DA - 30.10.2020 KW - Lehm KW - Earth KW - Tragfähigkeit KW - Mauerwerk KW - Feuchte KW - Load-bearing KW - Moisture KW - Strength PY - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Dachverband Lehm CY - Weimar AN - OPUS4-53231 LA - mul AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg T1 - Salvage pressure receptacles - Technical background N2 - The presentation reflects the questions that have been raised by member states and NGOs. As background information details on the question how to choose a suitable salvage pressure receptacle (SPR) are provided. This leads to the need for deleting the volume limitation for SPRs and to the discussions in 2014 and 2016 on this issue. As an adequate substitution for deleting the volume limit for SPRs it is proposed to limit the pressure receptacles to be stored in by a maximum pressure-volume-value of 1.5 Mio bar-litres. After some explanations to standardisation projects currently also tackling this pV-limit, some risk-based safety criteria for a limitation are mentioned with the focus of the consequence level and the general avoidance of catastrophic worst case scenarios. T2 - 57th session of TDG Sub-Committee CY - Online meeting DA - 30.11.2020 KW - Salvage pressure receptacle KW - Consequence KW - Catastrophe KW - Compressed gas PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-53161 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg A1 - Thomas, Sebastian T1 - Consequences of the reduced minimum burst pressure on the production surveillance N2 - First the acceptance rates resulting from the analysis of different minimum burst ratios and standards are displayed and explained. Especially the problems resulting from a further reduction if the minimum burst ratio are shown. For a better understanding of these results the process of analysing the acceptance rate is explained in detail. This contains the alleged contradiction between safety of samples due to its scatter while the rejected sample provides a higher mean strength. Then the importance of batch testing is explained and leads to the recommendation to have a strong interaction between provided mean strength and requested maximum of production scatter. T2 - 8 th WG on rev GTR 13 CY - Online meeting DA - 02.03.2020 KW - Minimum burst ratio KW - Production scatter KW - Mean burst pressure KW - Batch testing KW - Acceptance rate PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-53147 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Abram, Sarah-Luise A1 - Mrkwitschka, Paul A1 - Prinz, Carsten A1 - Rühle, Bastian A1 - Kuchenbecker, Petra A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute T1 - Monodisperse iron oxide nanoparticles as reference material candidate for particle size measurements N2 - In order to utilize and rationally design materials at the nanoscale the reliable characterization of their physico-chemical properties is highly important, especially with respect to the assessment of their environmental or biological impact. Furthermore, the European Commission’s REACH Regulations require the registration of nanomaterials traded in quantities of at least 1 ton. Powders or dispersions where 50% (number distribution) of the constituent particles have sizes ≤ 100 nm in at least one dimension are defined as nanomaterials. This creates a need for industrial manufacturers and research or analytical service facilities to reliably characterize potential nanomaterials. Currently, BAM is developing reference nanoparticles, which shall expand the scarce list of worldwide available nano reference materials certified for particle size distribution and will also target other key parameters like shape, structure, porosity or functional properties. In this respect, materials like iron oxide or titanium dioxide are considered as candidates to complement the already available silica, Au, Ag, and polystyrene reference nanoparticles. The thermal decomposition of iron oleate precursors in high boiling organic solvents can provide large quantities of iron oxide nanoparticles that can be varied in size and shape.[1, 2] The presence of oleic acid or other hydrophobic ligands as capping agents ensures stable dispersion in nonpolar solvents. Such monodisperse, spherical particles were synthesized at BAM and pre-characterized by electron microscopy (TEM, SEM including the transmission mode STEM-in-SEM) and dynamic light scattering comparing cumulants analysis and frequency power spectrum. 1. REACH regulations and nanosafety concerns create a strong need for nano reference materials with diverse properties. 2. Iron oxide nanoparticles are under development as new candidate reference material at BAM. 3. Narrow particle size distribution confirmed by light scattering and electron microscopy. T2 - Nanosafety 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 05.10.2020 KW - Iron oxide nanoparticles KW - Reference material KW - Particle size KW - Electron microscopy KW - Nanoplattform PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-52774 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Duarte, Larissa A1 - Zerbst, Uwe A1 - Madia, Mauro T1 - Der Schwellenwert der da/dN-∆K-Kurve als Auslegungskriterium für die Bauteilbewertung N2 - Für die Bestimmung der Restlebensdauer zyklisch beanspruchter Bauteile kommt dem Schwellenwert für Ermüdungsrissausbreitung ∆Kth und dem sich anschließenden Schwellenwertbereich der da/dN-∆K-Kurve große Bedeutung zu. Dem stehen Unsicherheiten bei der Bestimmung und Analyse gegenüber. Der Aufsatz befasst sich mit der Ermittlung des sogenannten intrinsischen Schwellenwerts, der als robuster Eingangsparameter für eine „rissschließfreie“ Analyse der Restlebensdauer von entscheidender Bedeutung ist. T2 - Tagung Werkstoffprüfung 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 03.12.2020 KW - Schadenstolerante Bauteilauslegung, KW - Intrinsischer Schwellenwert gegen Ermüdungsrissausbreitung KW - Restlebensdauer PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.48447/WP-2020-025 SP - 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-52788 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Heuser, Lina A1 - Sobek, P. A1 - Körner, S. A1 - Müller, Ralf T1 - Silver - alkali borate glass pastes N2 - Network modifier ions can decisively influence properties and structure of low melting alkali-zinc-borate glasses and thus cause complex effects on the liquid phase sintering of silver-glass metallization pastes. This effect was studied for X2O-ZnO-B2O3 (X = Li, Na, Rb) glasses for silver-glass metallization pastes. Viscosity and the glass transition temperature, Tg, were measured with rotational viscometry and dilatometry. Dried model pastes with 30 vol% LZB, NZB or RZB glass were prepared for sintering studies by means of heating microscopy measuring the silhouette area shrinkage of uniaxially pressed powder compacts during heating at 5 K/min. For comparison, the silhouette area shrinkage of pure glass and silver powder compacts were determined. Glass-silver wetting was investigated during heating of bulk glass cylinders placed on silver substrates. Glass RZB turned out to have the lowest viscosity among the glasses under study. Its glass transformation temperature, Tg, was found at 444 °C and it caused the lowest sintering onset for its glass and paste powder compacts. Slightly increased values of Tg were found for NZB and LZB (468 °C and 466 °C, respectively) and a slightly retarded sintering was found for both paste powder compacts. These results indicate that liquid phase sintering of silver-glass pastes under air atmosphere is mainly influenced by glass viscosity. T2 - GLASS MEETING 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 07.12.2020 KW - Silver-glass metallization paste KW - Sintering KW - Alkali ions KW - Viscosity KW - Silver precipitates PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-52871 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt, Band 50, Heft 4 T3 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt der BAM - 4/2020 KW - Gefahrgutregeln KW - Anerkennungen KW - Zulassungen KW - Richtlinien KW - Festlegungen PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-527351 SN - 0340-7551 VL - 50 IS - 4 SP - 451 EP - 474 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-52735 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jauregui-Correa, J. C. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Hurtado-Hurtado, G. A1 - Romero-Navarrete, J. A. T1 - Experimental test rig for simulating dynamic loads on subway systems N2 - Scaled-down experimental facility: Can reproduce actual failures; can produce simulated data for identifying cracks in the substructure or other defects. The acceleration data can be converted into an equivalent deformation. The experimental facility can analyse dynamic loads. Equivalent force data: Facilitates the application to a health monitoring system; simplifies the development of predictive maintenance. These data is helpful in validating analytical or simulation models. T2 - Fifth International Conference on Railway Technology CY - Montpellier, France DA - 22.08.2022 KW - Test rig KW - Dynamic loads KW - Subway system PY - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-55566 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Neuhold, S. A1 - Algermissen, D. A1 - Drissen, P. A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Presoly, P. A1 - Sedlazeck, K. P. A1 - Schenk, J. A1 - Raith, J. G. A1 - Pomberger, R. A1 - Vollprecht, D. T1 - Tailoring the FeO/SiO2 Ratio in Electric Arc Furnace Slags to Minimize the Leaching of Vanadium and Chromium N2 - Based on recently published research on leaching control mechanisms in electric arc furnace (EAF) slags, it is assumed that a FeO/SiO2 ratio of around one leads to low leached V and Cr concentrations. This ratio influences the mineral phase composition of the slag toward higher amounts of spinel and a lower solubility of calcium silicate phases by suppressing the formation of magnesiowuestite and highly soluble calcium silicate phases. To evaluate this hypothesis, laboratory and scaled up tests in an EAF pilot plant were performed on slag samples characterized by elevated V and Cr leaching and a high FeO/SiO2 ratio. Prior to the melting experiments, the optimum FeO/SiO2 ratio was calculated via FactSageTM. In the melting experiments, the ratio was adjusted by adding quartz sand, which also decreased the basicity (CaO/SiO2) of the slag. As a reference, remelting experiments without quartz sand addition were conducted and additionally, the influence of the cooling rate of the slag was examined. The remelted (without quartz sand) and the remelted modified slags (with quartz sand) were analyzed chemically and mineralogically and the leaching behavior was investigated. The modification of the slags yielded a minimized release of V and Cr, supporting the hypothesis that the FeO/SiO2 ratio influences the mineralogy and the leaching behavior. KW - Electric arc furnace (EAF) slags KW - FactSageTM calculations KW - Leaching control mechanisms KW - Melting experiments PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-571517 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/app10072549 VL - 10 IS - 7 SP - 1 EP - 18 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-57151 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Taketa, I. A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard A1 - Gorbatikh, L. A1 - Lomov, S. A1 - Verpoest, I. T1 - Influence of cooling rate on the properties of carbon fiber unidirectional composites with polypropylene, polyamide 6, and polyphenylene sulfide matrices N2 - The longitudinal and transverse strength of three unidirectional thermoplastic prepreg systems: carbon fiber/polypropylene (CF/PP), polyamide 6 (CF/PA6), and polyphenylene sulfide (CF/PPS) are studied and analytical formulas are proposed for the estimation of matrix and fiber/matrix interface properties from composites properties. Since the matrices are semi-crystalline thermoplastics, the influence of cooling rate on the strength is statistically evaluated. While the 0° tensile strength is found to be independent of the cooling rate, the 90° tensile strength is strongly influenced by the matrix type and cooling rate. The matrix modulus increases as the cooling rate is decreased; the degree of crystallinity also increases. The matrix residual stress, interfacial shear strength, and mode II interlaminar fracture toughness are also found to depend on the cooling rate, with the trends different for different matrices. KW - Matrix residual stress KW - Thermoplastic prepreg KW - Unidirectional composites KW - Cooling rate KW - Interfacial strength PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/09243046.2019.1651083 SN - 0924-3046 SN - 1568-5519 N1 - Die originale japanische Version des Artikels erschien in: Journal of the Japan Society for Composite Materials, Jg. 44, Nr. 4 (2018), S. 123-128. - The original Japanese version of the article was published in: Journal of the Japan Society for Composite Materials, vol. 44, no. 4 (2018), pp. 123-128. VL - 29 IS - 1 SP - 101 EP - 113 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - London AN - OPUS4-45433 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sachse, René T1 - Towards hydrogen economy: correlative ex-situ ellipsometric analysis and operando investigation during oxygen evolution reaction of mesoporous iridium oxides films N2 - In the face of rising energy demand and the impending climate change the development of a sustainable, fossil-free fuel and chemical production is of global importance. One possible goal is the development of electrochemical conversion processes using catalysts. Porous materials play an important role in such energy applications. The key to the development of improved catalysts is a better understanding of the relations between their performance, stability and physico-chemical properties. However, the complex morphology of such catalysts constitutes a challenge even for modern analytical techniques. Spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) is a versatile method for studying material properties by using appropriate models (e.g. film thickness, optical and electronic properties). The fact that the material properties cannot be taken directly from the measured spectra, the developed models have to be validated. In a first step, the model for the ellipsometric fit studies of a calcination series of mesoporous iridium oxide films (300 – 600 °C) was investigated and validated with respect to their material properties. Moreover, the electronic structures of the catalysts reveal a direct correlation with electrochemical activities. The development of an environmental cell offers the possibility of investigations under real conditions. This will allow changes in the optical and electronic properties during the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction. T2 - Colloquium Department Seminar 6. CY - BAM, Berlin, Germany DA - 03.03.2020 KW - Hydrogen economy KW - Correlative ex-situ ellipsometric analysis KW - Ellipsometric operando investigation KW - Oxygen evolution reaction KW - Mesoporous iridium oxides films PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51215 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas A1 - Kromm, Arne A1 - Dixneit, Jonny A1 - Dilger, K. A1 - Nitschke-Pagel, T. A1 - Hensel, J. A1 - Eslami, H. T1 - Schwingfestigkeitsverbesserung hochfester Schweißverbindungen mit Hilfe neuartiger LTT-Zusatzwerkstoffe N2 - Die Verwendung von LTT-Zusatzwerkstoffen stellt einen alternativen Ansatz zu den sonst üblichen Verfahren der Schweißnahtnachbehandlung zur Schwingfestigkeitserhöhung geschweißter Stahlkonstruktionen dar. Der wesentliche Wirkmechanismus beruht auf der Beeinflussung des Eigenspannungszustands durch die niedrige Martensitstarttemperatur bereits während des Schweißens. Dadurch werden die Druckeigenspannungen aus der behinderten Volumenausdehnung infolge Phasenumwandlung voll wirksam. Weiter weist die Schweißnaht eine hohe Härte auf, die die Schwingrissbildung verzögern kann, allerdings auch zu einer niedrigen Kerbschlagarbeit führt. Im vorliegenden Forschungsvorhaben wurden grundlegende Untersuchungen zur schweißtechnischen Verarbeitung eines LTT-Zusatzwerkstoffes durchgeführt. Dies beinhaltet die Sicherstellung der Schweißbarkeit sowie die Charakterisierung der Verbindungseigenschaften. Untersuchungen zur Schweißeignung machten deutlich, dass ein sicherer Einsatz in dem für hochfeste Stähle zur Verfügung stehenden Arbeitsfenster möglich ist. Der verwendete LTT-Zusatz auf Cr-Ni-Basis lässt sich mit hoher Nahtgüte fügen. Auch die mechanischen Eigenschaften erlauben den Einsatz im Bereich hochfester Stähle mit einer Streckgrenze von 960 MPa. Entwicklungspotential gibt es hinsichtlich der Zähigkeit. Die in dieser Arbeit erreichten Kerbschlagwerte liegen deutlich unter denen kommerziell verfügbarer konventioneller Schweißgüter. Die Untersuchungen belegen, dass der Effekt der martensitischen Phasenumwandlung im gesamten Schweißgut zum Tragen kommt. Die angestrebten hohen Druckeigenspannungen finden sich vornehmlich im Schweißgutinnern. Im weiteren Vorgehen wurden Schwingfestigkeitsuntersuchungen an den Stählen S355J2 und S960Q unter Verwendung konventioneller Zusatzwerkstoffe im Vergleich zum LTT-Zusatz durchgeführt. Die verwendeten Konstruktionsdetails sind ein Stumpfstoß unter Variation der Schweißnahtausführung (DY-Naht und V-Naht), ein Kreuzstoß mit HV-Naht sowie ein Überlappstoß mit einseitig und beidseitig geschweißter Kehlnaht. Weitergehend wurde eine bauteilähnliche Probe (die Längssteife) untersucht, bei der der LTT-Zusatzwerkstoff als zusätzliche Schweißlage aufgebracht wurde. Neben der Schwingfestigkeit wurden die Schweißnähte hinsichtlich der Eigenspannungen, der Eigenspannungsstabilität im Schwingversuch sowie metallografisch charakterisiert. Eine generell positive Wirkung des LTT-Zusatzwerkstoffes im Hinblick auf die Schwingfestigkeitssteigerung kann nicht bestätigt werden. Teilweise ist eine Steigerung der Schwingfestigkeit bei Substitution konventioneller Zusatzwerkstoffe zu beobachten, teilweise zeigt sich kein Effekt. Ursächlich hierfür ist die bei manchen Stoßformen mangelnde Steifigkeit quer zur Schweißnaht, die zur Ausbildung hoher Druckeigenspannungen infolge Phasenumwandlung notwendig wäre. Die bauteilähnliche Längssteife bestätigt allerdings das grundlegende Potential der LTT-Zusatzwerkstoffe bei Vorliegen hinreichender Steifigkeit. KW - Schweißen KW - Eigenspannungen KW - Schwingfestigkeit KW - Hochfester Stahl KW - LTT PY - 2020 UR - https://matplus.shop/produkt/p-1060-schwingfestigkeitsverbesserung-hochfester-schweissverbindungen-mit-hilfe-neuartiger-ltt-zusatzwerkstoffe SN - 978-3-946885-75-7 VL - P 1060 SP - 1 EP - 123 PB - Verlag und Vertriebsgesellschaft CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-51216 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Oesch, Tyler A1 - Weise, Frank A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Detection and Quantification of Cracking in Concrete Aggregate through Virtual Data Fusion of X-ray Computed Tomography Images N2 - In this work, which is part of a larger research program, a framework called “virtual data fusion“ was developed to provide an automated and consistent crack detection method that allows for the cross-comparison of results from large quantities of X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) data. A partial implementation of this method in a custom program was developed for use in research focused on crack quantification in Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR)-sensitive concrete aggregates. During the CT image processing, a series of image analyses tailored for detecting specific, individual crack-like characteristics were completed. The results of these analyses were then “fused” in order to identify crack-like objects within the images with much higher accuracy than that yielded by any individual image analysis procedure. The results of this strategy demonstrated the success of the program in effectively identifying crack-like structures and quantifying characteristics, such as surface area and volume. The results demonstrated that the source of aggregate has a very significant impact on the amount of internal cracking, even when the mineralogical characteristics remain very similar. River gravels, for instance, were found to contain significantly higher levels of internal cracking than quarried stone aggregates of the same mineralogical type. KW - X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) KW - Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) KW - Crack Detection KW - Damage Quantification KW - ASR-Sensitive Aggregate PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-512170 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13183921 VL - 13 IS - 18 SP - Paper 3921 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Switzerland AN - OPUS4-51217 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ebell, Gino A1 - Burkert, Andreas ED - Isecke, B. ED - Krieger, J. T1 - Detektion korrosionsaktiver Bereiche an Brückenbauwerken aus Stahlbeton mittels Potentialfeldmessung N2 - Durch das alkalische Porenwassermilieu wird Stahl im Beton durch Ausbildung einer Deckschicht vor Korrosion geschützt. Unter ungünstigen Umgebungsbedingungen (Karbonatisierung, Chlorideintrag) kann die passive Deckschicht auf der Stahloberfläche zerstört werden. Im weiteren Verlauf können sich durch Volumenexpansion der Korrosionsprodukte korrosionsbedingte Folgeschäden, wie Risse und Abplatzungen am Bauwerk ergeben. Um notwendige Sanierungsmaß-nahmen sind frühzeitige und weitgehend zerstörungsfrei ermittelte Informationen über das aktuelle Korrosionsverhalten der Stahlbewehrung von großer Bedeutung. Die Potentialfeldmessung ist ein etabliertes und weit verbreitetes Verfahren zur Beurteilung des Korrosionszustandes der Bewehrung in Stahlbetonbauwerken. Mit Hilfe dieses Verfahrens können Bereiche aktiv korrodierender Bewehrung zerstörungsfrei lokalisiert werden. In der Regel kommt diese Messmethode bei der Detektion chloridinduzierter Korrosion zum Einsatz. T2 - 4. Brückenkolloquium CY - Online meeting DA - 08.09.2020 KW - Korrosion KW - Potentialfeldmessung KW - Corrosion PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-8169-3518-6 SN - 978-3-8169-8518-1 SP - 583 EP - 588 PB - expert CY - Tübingen AN - OPUS4-51218 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ebell, Gino A1 - Burkert, Andreas T1 - Detektion korrosionsaktiver Bereiche an Brückenbauwerken aus Stahlbeton mittels Potentialfeldmessung N2 - Durch das alkalische Porenwassermilieu wird Stahl im Beton durch Ausbildung einer Deckschicht vor Korrosion geschützt. Unter ungünstigen Umgebungsbedingungen (Karbonatisierung, Chlorideintrag) kann die passive Deckschicht auf der Stahloberfläche zerstört werden. Im weiteren Verlauf können sich durch Volumenexpansion der Korrosionsprodukte korrosionsbedingte Folgeschäden, wie Risse und Abplatzungen am Bauwerk ergeben. Um notwendige Sanierungsmaß-nahmen sind frühzeitige und weitgehend zerstörungsfrei ermittelte Informationen über das aktuelle Korrosionsverhalten der Stahlbewehrung von großer Bedeutung. Die Potentialfeldmessung ist ein etabliertes und weit verbreitetes Verfahren zur Beurteilung des Korrosionszustandes der Bewehrung in Stahlbetonbauwerken. Mit Hilfe dieses Verfahrens können Bereiche aktiv korrodierender Bewehrung zerstörungsfrei lokalisiert werden. In der Regel kommt diese Messmethode bei der Detektion chloridinduzierter Korrosion zum Einsatz. T2 - 4. Brückenkolloquium CY - Online meeting DA - 08.09.2020 KW - Korrosion KW - Potentialfeldmessung KW - Corrosion PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51219 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - Rethmeier, Michael A1 - Üstündag, Ömer A1 - Bakir, Nasim A1 - Gook, Sergej T1 - New developments in high power laser and hybrid welding of thick plates for application in modern ship building N2 - High power laser beam welding has been already introduced in ship building industry since last two decades and is characterized by higher performance as conventional arc welding technologies through its higher welding speed, penetration depth and therefore higher productivity. Moreover, high quality weld joints are achievable thanks to a stronger automatization degree and better repeatability of the process. A further advantage of the laser beam welding is a manufacturing of parts with very low distortion according to much lower heat input, so that rework amount can be reduced significantly. Nevertheless, there are still some unresolved problems limiting the range of application of the technology in part manufacturing within ship building industry, restricted by development and application of new materials or new design of ship vessels. The present contribution deals with some novel aspects of laser beam welding technology allowing to widen this range significantly. One of the possibilities is to increase the weld seam thickness for single pass laser or laser-hybrid welding is to apply contactless EM-support system based on generation of the Lorentz force counteracting the liquid metal drop out. Also, application of laser-hybrid welding technology for welding novel materials like cold resistant steel X8Ni9 used for construction of LNG tanks brings technological and design advantages comparing to conventional welding technologies by using of a similar alloyed filler wire instead of expensive Ni-based filler material. Finally, it is shown how the application of computational techniques can be used to helps to improve the quality of laser welded joints and avoid the critical weld failure by optimization of the welding process parameters. T2 - SHY Virtual Laserforum 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 01.09.2020 KW - Ship building KW - Laser beam welding KW - Hybrid laser arc welding PY - 2020 UR - https://laserforum.mobieforum.fi/ AN - OPUS4-51221 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Melzer, Michael A1 - Fischer, Michael A1 - Thomas, Marcus A1 - Subaric-Leitis, Andreas A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias T1 - Calibration Service as a Gateway to Sustainable Research and Development N2 - Over decades, the German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) has established a sophisticated calibration laboratory for force, temperature and electrical quantities. Since more than 15 years it is accredited, currently by the national accreditation body (DAkkS), and offers its service also to external entities on a global scale. As a public provider, we are furthermore committed to research and development activities that demand measurements with highest quality and low level of uncertainties. Two R&D examples are highlighted within this contribution. T2 - SMSI 2020 CY - Meeting was canceled DA - 22.06.2020 KW - Calibration of force KW - Calibration of temperature KW - Calibration of electrical quantities KW - Measurement uncertainty KW - New sensor principles PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-9819376-2-6 DO - https://doi.org/10.5162/SMSI2020/E3.3 SP - 374 EP - 375 AN - OPUS4-51222 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kupsch, Andreas A1 - Trappe, Volker A1 - Müller, Bernd R. A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Evolution of CFRP stress cracks observed by in situ X-ray refractive imaging N2 - Modern air-liners and rotor blades of wind turbines are basically made of fiber reinforced plastics (FRP). Their failure heavily impairs the serviceability and the operational safety. Consequently, knowledge of the failure behavior under static and cyclic loads is of great interest to estimate the operational strength and to compare the performance of different materials. Ideally, the damage evolution under operational load is determined with in-situ non-destructive testing techniques. Here, we report on in-situ synchrotron X-ray imaging of tensile stress induced cracks in carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) due to inter fiber failure. An in-house designed compact-tensile testing machine with a load range up to 15 kN was integrated into the beam path. Since conventional radiographs do not reveal sufficient contrast to distinct cracks due to inter fiber failure and micro cracking from fiber bundles, the Diffraction Enhanced Imaging technique (DEI) is applied in order to separate primary and scattered (refracted) radiation by means of an analyzer crystal. In the laboratory, scanning X-ray refraction topography of CFRP has been applied long before but it comes along with several disadvantages: the long total measuring time hampers real time (in-situ) measurements and the required small beam size hinders end-to-end imaging. The introduced technique overcomes both drawbacks. Imaging and tensile test rig are run unsynchronized at the greatest possible frame rate (0.7 s-1 at 28.8 µm pixel size) and smallest possible strain rate (5.5∙10-4 s-1). For 0°/90° non-crimped fabrics (ncf) the first inter fiber cracks occurred at 380 MPa (strain 0.7 %). Prior to failure at about 760 MPa (strain 2.0 %) we observe the evolution of a nearly equidistant 1 mm grid of cracks running across the entire sample in the fully damaged state before total failure. T2 - 41st Risø International Symposium on Materials Science - Materials and Design for Next Generation Wind Turbine Blades CY - Online meeting DA - 07.09.2020 KW - X-ray refraction KW - Diffraction Enhanced Imaging KW - Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics KW - In situ tensile test KW - Crack evolution PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51223 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yusenko, Kirill A1 - Zvereva, V. A1 - Martynova, S. A1 - Asanov, I. A1 - La Fontaine, C. A1 - Roudenko, O. A1 - Gubanov, A. A1 - Plyusnin, P. A1 - Korenev, S. A1 - Asanova, T. T1 - Insight of the thermal decomposition of ammonium hexahalogenoiridates(IV) and hexachloroiridate(III) N2 - Thermal decomposition of (NH4)3[IrCl6]·H2O, (NH4)2[IrCl6] and (NH4)2[IrBr6] in reductive and inert atmospheres has been investigated in situ using quick-EXAFS and temperature-resolved powder X-ray diffraction. For the first time, (NH4)2[Ir(NH3)Cl5] and (NH4)2[Ir(NH3)Br5] have been proven as intermediates of thermal decomposition of (NH4)3[IrCl6]·H2O, (NH4)2[IrCl6] and (NH4)2[IrBr6]. Thermal degradation of (NH4)2[IrCl6] and (NH4)2[IrBr6] is a more complex process as suggested previously and includes simultaneous formation of (NH4)2[Ir(NH3)Cl5] and (NH4)2[Ir(NH3)Br5] intermediates mixed with metallic iridium. In the inert atmosphere, complexes (NH4)[Ir(NH3)2Cl4] and (NH4)[Ir(NH3)2Br4] as well as [Ir(NH3)3Br3] were proposed as possible intermediates before formation of metallic iridium particles KW - Thermal decomposition KW - Iridium compounds KW - EXAFS KW - In situ PXRD PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D0CP02743J VL - 22 IS - 40 SP - 22923 EP - 22934 AN - OPUS4-51224 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Song, L. A1 - You, Yi A1 - Perdomo, R. A1 - Evans-Nguyen, T. T1 - Inexpensive Ultrasonic Nebulization Coupled with Direct Current Corona Discharge Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Liquid Samples and Its Fundamental Investigations N2 - The concept of direct mass-spectrometric analysis, especially exploited by ambient desorption/ionization (ADI) methods, provides numerous means for convenient sample analysis. While many simple and versatile ionization sources have been developed, challenges lay in achieving efficient sample introduction. In previous work, a sample introduction method employing direct current corona discharge (CD) coupled to a surface acoustic wave nebulization (SAWN) device enhanced sampling performance for both polar and nonpolar analytes by up to 4 orders of magnitude. In fact, the SAWN-CD method generated a multiply charged peptide ion signal comparable to that of conventional ESI. Unfortunately, the high cost of the SAWN devices themselves limits their accessibility. Herein, we report on an analogous implementation of CD with an inexpensive ultrasonic nebulizer (USN) on the basis of a commercial room humidifier demonstrating equivalent exemplary performance. We subsequently compare the two methods of SAWN-CD and USN-CD in a screening application of milk for the detection of two antibiotic drugs, ciprofloxacin and ampicillin. Finally, we further investigate the relative softness of these CD-coupled acoustic nebulization methods in comparison to that of ESI using a survival yield study of the thermometer ion nitrobenzylpyridinium. KW - Rapid Analysis KW - Ultrasonic Nebulization KW - Corona Discharge PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00524 VL - 92 IS - 16 SP - 11072 PB - ACS Publication AN - OPUS4-51225 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gook, S. A1 - Krieger, S. A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - El-Batahgy, A. M. A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Notch impact toughness of laser beam welded thick sheets of cryogenic nickel alloyed steel X8Ni9 N2 - The paper deals with the investigations of the impact toughness of laser beam welded 14.5 mm thick sheets made of cryogenic steel X8Ni9 as a function of preheating. This 9% nickel alloyed steel is widely used in the liquefied natural gas (LNG) industry. An application of highly efficient welding processes such as high-power laser beam welding (LBW) in LNG sector requires an understanding of the interactions between the LBW process parameters and weld properties, in particular the impact toughness. The results show that the original fine-grained martensitic microstructure of the base metal (BM) is significantly changed by melting and crystallization during the LBW, what can lead to a decrease in the impact toughness of the weld metal (WM) below the required level. An optimal preheating temperature range leads to the favorable thermal welding cycle and is of remarkable importance for maintaining the notch impact toughness of laser beam welded joints of these thick steel sheets. A parameter window was identified in which V-notch impact toughness comparable to that of the BM at -196 °C was achieved. KW - Cryogenic steel KW - Laser beam welding KW - Preheating KW - Welding thermal cycle KW - Microstructure KW - Hardness KW - V-notch impact toughness PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-513250 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2020.09.095 VL - 94 SP - 627 EP - 631 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-51325 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Üstündag, Ömer A1 - Gook, S. A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Hybrid laser-arc welding of thick-walled pipe segments with optimization of the end crater N2 - The study deals with the application of the high-power hybrid-laser arc welding process on up to 15 mm thick pipe segments with the intention to avoid end crater imperfections during closing of the circumferential welds, where the pipes were turned during welding in 1G- and 2Gpositions. Different techniques such as laser power ramp-down, abrupt switch-off of the laser power and change of the magnification of the laser spot diameter and defocusing of the laser beam relative to the workpiece were tested to remove the laser energy from the process. It could be shown that a high defocusing of the optic system above 40 mm with a resulting beam diameter > 2.9 mm in a short overlap length of approx. 20 mm leads to the formation of a cup-shaped weld seam, which is preferred for avoidance of cracks and pores in the end crater. A laser optics with motor-driven lens system was used for the welding experiments to defocuse the laser beam without changing the position of the arc. KW - Hybrid laser-arc welding KW - Circumferential weld KW - Thick-walled steel KW - Single-pass welding KW - End crater PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-513260 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2020.09.106 VL - 94 SP - 676 EP - 679 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-51326 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meng, Xiangmeng A1 - Artinov, Antoni A1 - Bachmann, Marcel A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Numerical study of additional element transport in wire feed laser beam welding N2 - The transport phenomena in the wire feed laser beam welding are investigated numerically. A three-dimensional transient heat transfer and fluid flow model coupled with free surface tracing and element transport is developed. A ray-tracing method with local grid refinement algorithm is used to calculate the multiple reflections and Fresnel absorption on the keyhole wall. The filler material flows backward along the lateral side of the weld pool, and subsequently flows forward along the longitudinal plane. The occurrence of the bulging phenomenon may further prevent the downward transfer of the additional elements to the root of the weld pool. KW - Laser beam welding KW - Element transport KW - Filler wire KW - Numerical modelling PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-513271 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2020.09.129 VL - 94 SP - 722 EP - 725 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-51327 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mirtsch, Mona A1 - Kinne, J. A1 - Blind, K. T1 - Exploring the Adoption of the International Information Security Management System Standard ISO/IEC 27001: A Web Mining-Based Analysis N2 - In the light of digitalization and recent EU policy initiatives, information is an important asset that organizations of all sizes and from all sectors should secure. However, in order to provide common requirements for the implementation of an information security management system, the internationally well-accepted ISO/IEC 27001 standard has not shown the expected growth rate since its publication more than a decade ago.In this article, we apply web mining to explore the adoption of ISO/IEC 27001 through a series of 2664 out of more than 900 000 German firms from the Mannheim Enterprise Panel dataset that refers to this standard on their websites. As a result, we present a “landscape” of ISO/IEC 27001 in Germany, which shows that firms not only seek certifications themselves but often refer on their websites to partners who are certified instead. Consequently, we estimate a probit model and find that larger and more innovative firms are more likely to be certified to ISO/IEC 27001 and that almost half of all certified firms belong to the information and communications technology (ICT) service sector. Based on our findings, we derive implications for policymakers and management and critically assess the suitability of web mining to explore the adoption of management system standards. KW - Adoption KW - Information security KW - Management system standards KW - Standards KW - Web mining PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-513284 DO - https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2020.2977815 VL - 68 IS - 1 SP - 87 EP - 100 AN - OPUS4-51328 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Koch, Claudia A1 - Blind, K. T1 - Towards Agile Standardization: Testbeds in Support of Standardization for the IIoT N2 - The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) poses multiple challenges to traditional standardization, due to the complexity, dynamics, and accelerating speed of technological progress. The need for a timely availability of standards calls for new approaches and tools to enhance standardization processes for smart manufacturing. Industry and standards development organizations worldwide are seeking new solutions. Testbeds have been acknowledged in innovation policy as a powerful tool for knowledge transfer and the further development of emerging technologies. Lately, they have also attracted increasing attention from the standardization perspective as a promising tool for a more agile standards development process. Proponents of such testbeds expect them to support standardization by providing validated solutions and accelerating the processes to meet the growing demands for faster standardization without any detriment to quality. In an explorative, qualitative approach this article is the first to investigate the operation and impact of testbeds in standardization processes based on a multiple case study on testbeds implemented worldwide in the context of the IIoT. KW - Testumgebung KW - Reallabor KW - Normung KW - Standards KW - Standardization KW - Industrie 4.0 KW - Smart manufacturing KW - Industrial internet of things KW - Agility KW - Agile PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-513300 DO - https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2020.2979697 VL - 68 IS - 1 SP - 59 EP - 74 AN - OPUS4-51330 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Van den Bossche, T. A1 - Verschaffelt, P. A1 - Schallert, K. A1 - Barsnes, H. A1 - Dawyndt, P. A1 - Benndorf, D. A1 - Renard, B. Y. A1 - Mesuere, B. A1 - Martens, L. A1 - Muth, Thilo T1 - Connecting MetaProteomeAnalyzer and PeptideShaker to Unipept for Seamless End-to-End Metaproteomics Data Analysis N2 - Although metaproteomics, the study of the collective proteome of microbial communities, has become increasingly powerful and popular over the past few years, the field has lagged behind on the availability of user-friendly, end-to-end pipelines for data analysis. We therefore describe the Connection from two commonly used metaproteomics data processing tools in the field, MetaProteomeAnalyzer and PeptideShaker, to Unipept for downstream analysis. Through these connections, direct end-to-end pipelines are built from database searching to taxonomic and functional annotation. KW - Metaproteomics KW - Bioinformatics KW - Software KW - Pipelines PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00136 VL - 19 IS - 8 SP - 3562 EP - 3566 PB - ACS Publications AN - OPUS4-51331 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Bonse, Jörn A1 - Kirner, Sabrina V. A1 - Krüger, Jörg ED - Sugioka, K. T1 - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) N2 - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) are a universal phenomenon and can be generated on almost any material by irradiation with linearly polarized radiation. This chapter reviews the current state in the field of LIPSS, which are formed in a “self-ordered” way and are often accompanying materials processing applications. LIPSS can be produced in a single-stage process and enable surface nanostructuring and, in turn, adaption of optical, mechanical, and chemical surface properties. Typically, they feature a structural size ranging from several micrometers down to less than 100 nm and show a clear correlation with the polarization direction of the light used for their generation. Various types of LIPSS are classified, relevant control parameters are identified, and their material-specific formation mechanisms are analyzed for different types of inorganic solids, i.e., metals, semiconductors, and dielectrics. Finally, technological applications featuring surface functionalization in the fields of optics, fluidics, medicine, and tribology are discussed. KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) KW - Laser ablation KW - Femtosecond laser KW - Nanostructures KW - Microstructures PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-319-69537-2 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69537-2_17-1 SP - 1 EP - 59 PB - Springer Nature CY - Cham, Switzerland ET - 1 AN - OPUS4-51332 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Simple and fast prediction of train-induced track forces, ground and building vibrations N2 - A simple and fast prediction scheme is presented for train induced ground and building vibrations. Simple models such as (1-dimensional) transfer matrices are used for the vehicle-track-soil interaction and for the building-soil interaction. The wave propagation through layered soils is approximated by a frequency-dependent homogeneous half-space. The prediction is divided into the parts “emission” (excitation by railway traffic), “transmission” (wave propagation through the soil) and “immission” (transfer into a building). The link between the modules is made by the excitation force between emission and transmission, and by the free-field vibration between transmission and immission. All formula for the simple vehicle-track, soil and building models are given in this article. The behaviour of the models is demonstrated by typical examples, that is the mitigation of train vibrations by elastic track elements, the low- and high-frequency cut-offs characteristic for layered soils, and the interacting soil, wall and floor resonances of multi-storey buildings. It is shown that the results of the simple prediction models can well represent the behaviour of the more time-consuming detailed models, the finite-element boundary-element models of the track, the wavenumber integrals for the soil, and the three-dimensional finite-element models of the building. In addition, measurement examples are given for each part of the prediction confirming that the methods provide reasonable results. As the prediction models are fast in calculation, many predictions can be done, for example to assess the environmental effect along a new railway line. The simple models have the additional advantage that the user needs to know only a minimum of parameters. So, the prediction is fast and user-friendly, but also theoretically and experimentally well-founded. KW - Railway induced vibration KW - Ground vibration KW - Layered soil KW - Building response KW - Excitation forces KW - Track and vehicle irregularities PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-513340 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40534-020-00218-7 SN - 2662-4745 VL - 28 IS - 3 SP - 232 EP - 250 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-51334 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schiebenhoefer, H. A1 - Schallert, K. A1 - Renard, B. Y. A1 - Trappe, K. A1 - Schmid, E. A1 - Benndorf, D. A1 - Riedel, K. A1 - Muth, Thilo A1 - Fuchs, S. T1 - A complete and flexible workflow for metaproteomics data analysis based on MetaProteomeAnalyzer and Prophane N2 - Metaproteomics, the study of the collective protein composition of multi-organism systems, provides deep insights into the biodiversity of microbial communities and the complex functional interplay between microbes and their hosts or environment. Thus, metaproteomics has become an indispensable tool in various fields such as microbiology and related medical applications. The computational challenges in the analysis of corresponding datasets differ from those of pure-culture proteomics, e.g., due to the higher complexity of the samples and the larger reference databases demanding specific computing pipelines. Corresponding data analyses usually consist of numerous manual steps that must be closely synchronized. With MetaProteomeAnalyzer and Prophane, we have established two open-source software solutions specifically developed and optimized for metaproteomics. Among other features, peptide-spectrum matching is improved by combining different search engines and, compared to similar tools, metaproteome annotation benefits from the most comprehensive set of available databases (such as NCBI, UniProt, EggNOG, PFAM, and CAZy). The workflow described in this protocol combines both tools and leads the user through the entire data analysis process, including protein database creation, database search, protein grouping and annotation, and results visualization. To the best of our knowledge, this protocol presents the most comprehensive, detailed and flexible guide to metaproteomics data analysis to date. While beginners are provided with robust, easy-to-use, state-of-the-art data analysis in a reasonable time (a few hours, depending on, among other factors, the protein database size and the number of identified peptides and inferred proteins), advanced users benefit from the flexibility and adaptability of the workflow. KW - Bioinformatics KW - Protocol KW - Microbial proteomics KW - Software KW - Mass spectrometry KW - Metaproteomics PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-020-0368-7 SN - 1750-2799 VL - 15 IS - 10 SP - 3212 EP - 3239 PB - Nature Publishing Group AN - OPUS4-51335 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pellegrino, F. A1 - Sordello, F. A1 - Mino, L. A1 - Prozzi, M. A1 - Mansfeld, Ulrich A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Minero, C. T1 - Polyethylene Glycol as Shape and Size Controller for the Hydrothermal Synthesis of SrTiO3 Cubes and Polyhedra N2 - Understanding the correlation between the morphological and functional properties of particulate materials is crucial across all fields of physical and natural sciences. This manuscript reports on the investigation of the effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) employed as a capping Agent in the synthesis of SrTiO3 crystals. The crucial influence of PEG on both the shape and size of the strontium titanate particles is revealed, highlighting the effect on the photocurrents measured under UV–Vis irradiation. KW - Polyethylene glycol KW - Strontium titanate KW - Controlled morphology KW - Photoelectrochemistry KW - Electron microscopy KW - EDS PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-512892 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10091892 VL - 10 IS - 9 SP - 1892 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, CH AN - OPUS4-51289 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Medeiros, V.L. A1 - Goulart de Araujo, L. A1 - Ratero, D.R. A1 - Paula, A.S. A1 - Ferreira Molina, E. A1 - Jaeger, Christian A1 - Takehiro Marumo, J. T1 - Synthesis and physicochemical characterization of a novel adsorbent based on yttrium silicate: A potential material for removal of lead and cadmium from aqueous media N2 - A new metallosilicate based on yttrium was synthesized and characterized by XRD, FT-IR, 29Si MAS-NMR, and 89Y MAS-NMR. The mixed framework of the material was confirmed by the detection of distinct chemical shift groups using 29Si MAS-NMR (at -82 to -87 ppm, -91 to -94 ppm, -96 to -102 ppm, and -105 to -108 ppm), as well as four distinct chemical shifts in the 89Y MAS-NMR spectrum (at -89, -142, -160, and -220 ppm). Adsorption and kinetic analyses indicated the potential of the new material for the removal of lead and cadmium from aqueous media. The adsorption results for lead indicated that dynamic equilibrium was reached after five hours, with total lead removal of around 94 %, while for cadmium it was reached in the first hour, with total Cadmium removal of around 74 %. The adsorptions of lead and cadmium were modeled using pseudo-first order (PFO) and pseudo-second order (PSO) kinetic models. Although both models provided high R2 values (0.9903 and 0.9980, respectively), the PSO model presented a much lower χ2 red value (4.41×10−4), compared to the PFO model (2.12×10−3), which indicated that the rate-limiting step was probably due to the chemisorption of lead from the solution onto the yttrium-based metallosilicate. KW - Yttrium silicates KW - 29Si KW - 89Y MAS-NMR KW - Adsorption KW - Chemisorption KW - Cadmium and lead remediation PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.103922 VL - 8 SP - 103922 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-51292 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zaghdoudi, Maha A1 - Kömmling, Anja A1 - Jaunich, Matthias A1 - Wolff, Dietmar T1 - Erroneous or Arrhenius: A Degradation Rate-Based Model for EPDM during Homogeneous Ageing N2 - To improve the predictive capability of long-term stress relaxation of elastomers during thermo-oxidative ageing, a method to separate reversible and irreversible processes was adopted. The separation is performed through the analysis of compression set after tempering. On the Basis of this separation, a numerical model for long-term stress relaxation during homogeneous ageing is proposed. The model consists of an additive contribution of physical and chemical relaxation. Computer simulations of compression stress relaxation were performed for long ageing times and the results were validated with the Arrhenius treatment, the kinetic study and the time-temperature superposition technique based on experimental data. For chemical relaxation, two decay functions are introduced each with an activation energy and a degradative process. The first process with the lower activation energy dominates at lower ageing times, while the second one with the higher activation energy at longer ageing times. A degradation-rate based model for the evolution of each process and ist contribution to the total system during homogeneous ageing is proposed. The main advantage of the model is the possibility to quickly validate the interpolation at lower temperatures within the range of slower chemical processes without forcing a straight-line extrapolation. KW - Kinetic study KW - Arrhenius KW - TTS KW - Modeling KW - Chemical processes KW - Stress relaxation PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-512931 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12092152 SN - 2073-4360 VL - 12 IS - 9 SP - 1 EP - 21 AN - OPUS4-51293 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Richter, Tim A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk A1 - Rhode, Michael A1 - Börner, Andreas T1 - Influence of modern machining processes on the surface integrity of high-entropy alloys N2 - High Entropy Alloys (HEAs) are a recent class of materials. In contrast to conventional alloys, HEAs consist of five alloying elements in equiatomic equilibrium. The high entropy effect is due, among other things, to the increased configuration entropy, which promotes solid solution formation. Many HEAs have enormous application potential due to excellent structural property combinations from very low to high temperatures. For the introduction of HEAs in real components, however, the question of the applicability of machining production technologies for component manufacture is of central importance. This has so far received Little attention in global materials research. Reliable and safe processing is essential for the demand of economical component production for potential areas of application, e.g. in power plant technology. For metals, milling is the standard machining process. This article presents the results of machining analyses. It focuses on the surface integrity resulting from the milling process on a Co20Cr20Fe20Mn20Ni20-HEA. For this purpose, investigations were carried out using ball nose end milling tools for conventional milling process in comparison to an innovative hybrid process available at BAM Berlin, Ultrasonic-Assisted Milling (USAM). USAM promises a lower Degradation of the surface properties due to lower loads on the workpiece surface during machining. For this purpose, basic milling parameters (cutting speed and tooth feed) were systematically varied and cutting forces were measured during the milling experiments. The subsequent Analysis of these forces allows an understanding of the mechanical loads acting on the tool and component surface. These loads cause topographical, mechanical and microstructural influences on the surface and consequently on the surface integrity. For their characterization, light and scanning electron microscopy were used, and the roughness and residual stresses via X-ray diffraction were measured. The results indicate significant advantages using USAM, especially due to reduced cutting forces compared to the conventional milling process. This causes lower mechanical loads on the tool and surface, combined with lower tensile residual stresses on and below the surface, and ultimately results in a significantly enhanced surface integrity. T2 - Symposium on Materials and Joining Magdeburg 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 07.09.2020 KW - High entropy alloy KW - Machining KW - Ultrasonic machining PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-512958 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/882/1/012016 VL - 882 IS - 012016 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Institute of Physics CY - London AN - OPUS4-51295 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Artinov, Antoni A1 - Bachmann, Marcel A1 - Meng, Xiangmeng A1 - Karkhin, V. A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - On the relationship between the bulge effect and the hot cracking formation during deep penetration laser beam welding N2 - Recent studies have confirmed the widening of the weld pool interface, known as a bulge effect, during deep penetration high power laser beam welding. The link between such geometric particularities of the weld pool shape and the hot cracking phenomena is significant. The present work seeks to extend the level of understanding by investigating their relationship. A coupled multiphysics, multiscale numerical framework is developed, comprising a series of subsequent analyses. The study examines the influences of the bulge on the three most dominant effects causing hot cracking, namely the thermal cycles, the mechanical loading, and the local microstructure. The bulge in the weld pool shape forms approximately in the middle of the plate, thus correlating with the location of hot cracking. It increases the hot cracking susceptibility by enhancing the three dominant effects. The numerical results are backed up by experimental data. T2 - 11th CIRP Conference on Photonic Technologies [LANE 2020] KW - Hot cracking KW - Bulge effect KW - Numerical modelling KW - Laser beam welding KW - Deep penetration PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-512783 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2020.09.002 SN - 2212-8271 VL - 94 SP - 5 EP - 10 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam [u.a.] AN - OPUS4-51278 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Straße, Anne A1 - Üstündag, Ömer A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - Rethmeier, Michael ED - Schmidt, M. ED - Vollertsen, F. ED - Govekar, E. T1 - LMD coatings as filler material for laser beam welded 30 mm thick plates N2 - The development of high energy laser sources enables single-pass welds of thick plates up to 30 mm, but often additional materials are needed to influence the properties of the weld seams. However, the homogenous distribution of filler materials in form of e.g. electrodes is only possible up to 7 mm while the elements are only traceable up to a depth of 14 mm. To overcome this problem a two-step process is used where first the edges of the weld partners are coated with the filler material by laser metal deposition (LMD) and afterwards are welded by laser beam. Single-pass welds with electromagnetic weld pool support of 30 mm thick S355 J2+N-plates with austenitic AISI 316L-coatings were investigated as well as the influence of the coatings to the penetration depth of the laser beam without electromagnetic weld pool support in double-sided joints. The weld seams were tested by X-ray inspection and cross sections. T2 - 11th CIRP Conference on Photonic Technologies [LANE 2020] CY - Online meeting DA - 07.09.2020 KW - Penetration depth KW - Laser metal deposition (LMD) KW - Laser beam welding KW - Filler material distribution PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-512790 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2020.09.055 SN - 2212-8271 VL - 94 SP - 293 EP - 297 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-51279 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schiffmann, J. A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Martins, Ines A1 - Van Wüllen, L. T1 - In-situ reaction monitoring of a mechanochemical ball mill reaction with solid state NMR N2 - We present an approach towards the in situ solid state NMR monitoring of mechanochemical reactions in a ball mill. A miniaturized vibration ball mill is integrated into the measuring coil of a home-built solid state NMR probe, allowing for static solid state NMR measurements during the mechanochemical reaction within the vessel. The setup allows to quantitatively follow the product evolution of a prototypical mechanochemical reaction, the formation of zinc phenylphosphonate from zinc acetate and phenylphosphonic acid. MAS NMR investigations on the final reaction mixture confirmed a reaction yield of 89% in a typical example. Thus, NMR spectroscopy may in the future provide complementary information about reaction mechanisms of mechanochemical reactions and team up with other analytical methods which have been employed to follow reactions in situ, such as Raman spectroscopy or X-ray diffraction. KW - Mechanochemistry KW - Solid state NMR KW - NMR probe Development PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssnmr.2020.101687 VL - 109 SP - 101687 PB - Elsevier Inc. AN - OPUS4-51283 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Erdt, René A1 - Gödde, M. A1 - Salg, St. A1 - Ittemann, L. T1 - Selbstentzündungsverhalten von Feststoffen: Validierung der Extrapolation von Labortests mithilfe halbtechnischer Versuche bis 1 m3 N2 - Vorgestellt wird ein 2018 gestartetes Projekt zur Überprüfung der Extrapolation von im Labormaßstab ermittelten Selbstentzündungstemperaturen auf technisch relevante Volumina. Für die Ermittlung reaktionskinetischer Daten von Feststoffschüttungen stehen eine Reihe von Untersuchungsmethoden zur Verfügung. Dies sind thermische Analysen wie z. B. die differential scanning calorimetry DSC sowie Mikrokalorimetrie zur hochgenauen Messung von Wärmeströmen, bei denen sehr geringe Probenmengen zum Einsatz kommen. In der Regel wird das Selbstentzündungsverhalten jedoch mithilfe von isoperibolen oder adiabaten Warmlagerungsversuchen beurteilt, hier liegen die Probenvolumina üblicherweise im Bereich von ca. 100 cm3 bis zu einigen Litern. Die Extrapolation über mehrere Größenordnungen auf technische Volumina birgt Unsicherheiten, da mit Zunahme des Lagervolumens veränderte Start- und Randbedingungen vorliegen können. Zudem besteht die Möglichkeit, dass bei in technischen Lagern vorherrschenden niedrigen Temperaturen Reaktionen ablaufen, die in Standard- Laborversuchen nicht erfasst werden, aber einen wesentlichen Einfluss auf das Selbstentzündungsverhalten aufweisen können. Hauptziel des Projektes ist es daher, die im Labormaßstab vorhandenen Prüfeinrichtungen durch einen Versuchsstand zur Untersuchung von Probengrößen von bis zu 1000 dm3 zu erweitern, die Eignung (oder Nichteignung) der etablierten Methoden nachzuweisen und im Labormaßstab nicht erfassbare Einflussgrößen zu ermitteln. Zudem sollen anhand der kleinskaligen Tests Entscheidungskriterien abgeleitet werden, ob eine Extrapolation nach den derzeit üblichen Methoden zulässig ist. T2 - 15. BAM-PTB-Kolloquium zur chemischen und physikalischen Sicherheitstechnik CY - Brunswick, Germany DA - 21.05.2019 KW - Selbstentzündung KW - Formalkinetische Daten KW - Halbtechnische Versuche KW - Thermoanalytische Methoden PY - 2020 SN - 0030-834X VL - 130 IS - 1 SP - 9 EP - 18 AN - OPUS4-51285 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Czichos, Horst A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit ED - Hennecke, Manfred ED - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Anforderungen, Eigenschaften und Verhalten von Werkstoffen N2 - Die Eigenschaften verschiedener Werkstoffe werden behandelt und typische Werkstoffkennwerte angegeben. Es werden Arten der Beanspruchung von Bauteilen und Werkstoffen vorgestellt, die diese in technischen Anwendungen unterworfen sind. Im Betrieb von Bauteilen kann Materialschädigung und unter Umständen auch Versagen eintreten. Mögliche Mechanismen und Ursachen werden erläutert und Einblicke in die Methodik der Schadensanalyse gegeben. KW - Beanspruchung KW - Werkstoffkennwerte KW - Mechanische Eigenschaften KW - Thermophysikalische Eigenschaften KW - Schadenskunde KW - Alterung KW - Bruch KW - Korrosion KW - Tribologie KW - Werkstoffauswahl PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-57492-8_29-1 SP - 1 EP - 45 PB - Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland AN - OPUS4-51286 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schröder, Volkmar T1 - Wasserstoff - Ein gefährlicher Stoff? N2 - Im Beitrag werden die sicherheitstechnischen Eigenschaften von Wasserstoff diskutiert. Sowohl die Herstellung durch Wasserelektrolyse als auch die Einspeisung von Wasserstoff ins Erdgasnetz werden im Hinblick auf mögliche Gefahren durch die Veränderung von sicherheitstechnischen Kenngrößen unter Prozessbedingungen betrachtet. T2 - Fachgespräch Wasserstoff und Anlagensicherheit CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 10.09.2020 KW - Wasserstoff KW - Explosionsschutz KW - Sicherheitstechnische Eigenschaften PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51287 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schröder, Volkmar T1 - Sicherheitstechnische Eigenschaften von Erdgas-Wasserstoff-Gemischen - Auswirkungen auf den Explosionsschutz N2 - Im Beitrag werden die sicherheitstechnischen Eigenschaften von Wasserstoff diskutiert. Die Einspeisung von Wasserstoff ins Erdgasnetz wird im Hinblick auf mögliche Gefahren im Explosionsschutz durch die Veränderung von sicherheitstechnischen Kenngrößen unter Prozessbedingungen betrachtet. T2 - DVGW-Seminar "Gasinfrastruktur für Erdgas-H2-Gemische" CY - Bremen, Germany DA - 03.09.2020 KW - Wasserstoff KW - Explosionsschutz KW - Sicherheitstechnische Eigenschaften KW - Erdgasinfrastruktur PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51288 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Scheffler, F. A1 - Tielemann, Christopher A1 - Busch, R. A1 - Kober, M. A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Brauer, D. S. T1 - Crystallization of glasses studied with PEEM N2 - A heat treated glass that formed crystals under controlled conditions can be a glass ceramic. A proper understanding of crystallization in glassy melts is needed yet still lacking. Involved processes include the mobility of Elements within the glass during heat treatment and the reorganization of atomic bonds during crystallization. This change in coordination number of certain elements is easily observable in bulk glass samples during heat treatment with XAS. Our plan was to monitor these reorganization processes in situ at the immediate surface during heat treatment with PEEM to get time and spatial resolved data. T2 - Joint Meeting of the Polish Synchrotron Radiation Society and SOLARIS Users CY - Online meeting DA - 09.09.2020 KW - Glass KW - Surface KW - Peem KW - Synchrotron PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51336 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Busch, Richard A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Patzig, Christian A1 - Höche, Thomas A1 - Reinsch, Stefan A1 - Tielemann, Christopher T1 - Surface Initiated Structure Formation in Glass Ceramics N2 - A summery of previous research regarding surface crystallization is given as well as results regarding thecurrent DFG project are presented. T2 - XRM Workshop CY - Halle, Germany DA - 03.03.2020 KW - Glass KW - Surface KW - XRM PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51337 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Aris, Stephan A1 - Szypkowski, Marko T1 - LPG-Gasflaschenventile: Aktuelles zur Normung N2 - Im Artikel wird über die Änderungen der überarbeiteten Normen für LPG-Gasflaschenventile und -Sicherheitsventile sowie deren Auswirkungen auf deren verbindliche Anwendung im Rahmen der Konformitätsbewertung nach TPED/ADR informiert. KW - LPG KW - Gasflaschenventile KW - Sicherheitsventile KW - Normung KW - TPED KW - ADR PY - 2020 SN - 0721-5894 IS - 5 SP - 14 EP - 16 PB - Strobel Verlag GmbH & Co. KG CY - Arnsberg AN - OPUS4-51344 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Auersch, Lutz A1 - Said, Samir T1 - Slab track behaviour under train passage and hammer impact – Measurements at different sites and calculated track interaction with continuous soils N2 - This contribution intends to give an overview on the vibration behaviour of slab tracks in comparison of measurements and calculations and also by comparison of different track types at more than ten different measuring sites. In theory, tracks on continuous soil are calculated by the frequency-wavenumber domain method. In experiment, geophone measurements are transformed to displacement results. Two aspects of track behaviour are considered, the frequency-dependant compliance of the track, measured by hammer impact, and the deflection under a passing axle load. In theory, the response to a single axle can be calculated, whereas in experiment, only the passage of the whole train can be measured. For comparison of theory and experiment, the calculated deflection under a single axle is superposed to get the response of the whole train. As a result, the slab track characteristics are completely different from the ballast track characteristics where each axle can be seen in the time histories. The slab track has a more global behaviour where only a whole bogie can be found in the track response and moreover, the two neighbouring bogies are not completely separated. The measurement of the different track elements (rail, sleeper, track plate, base layer) and the frequency-dependant compliances with possible resonances yield further information About the properties of the track elements. The calculations show that the soil has the dominant influence on the amplitudes and the width of the track-plate displacements. In the measurement results, the following parameters are analysed: slab track vs. ballast track, different types of slab tracks, damaged slab tracks, different trains, switches at different measuring points, voided sleepers, an elastic layer, the mortar layer, and different soils at different places. Finally, a good agreement between measured and calculated results is found for the normal and some special (damaged, floating) slab tracks. KW - Slab track KW - Train passage KW - Hammer impact KW - Compliance function KW - Track deflection PY - 2020 UR - https://iiav.org/ijav/index.php?va=viewpage&vaid=177&id_number=95 DO - https://doi.org/10.20855/ijav.2020.25.31622 SN - 1027-5851 VL - 25 IS - 3 SP - 341 EP - 354 PB - International Institute of Acoustics and Vibration CY - Gliwice AN - OPUS4-51346 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bruno, Giovanni A1 - Mishurova, Tatiana A1 - Serrano Munoz, Itziar A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander A1 - Fritsch, Tobias A1 - Sprengel, Maximilian A1 - Evans, Alexander A1 - Kromm, Arne A1 - Madia, Mauro ED - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - A Critical Discussion on the Diffraction-Based Experimental Determination of Residual Stress in AM Parts N2 - As opposed to reviewing results on experimental determination of residual stress by diffraction, this paper discusses the open issues when dealing with residual stress determination in additive manufactured parts, in particular those manufactured with laser powder bed fusion techniques. Three points are addressed in detail: (a) the proper determination of the strain-free reference d0, (b) the problem of the determination of the principal axes, and (c) the use of the correct diffraction elastic constants. It is shown that all methods to determine the strain-free reference d0 suffer from caveats, and care must be taken in evaluating the most suitable for the problem being tackled. In addition, it is shown that, in some systems, the principal axes do correspond to the geometrical axes of the specimen, but this needs to be systematically checked, especially in the case of uni- or bidirectional hatching strategies. Finally, the need to experimentally determine the proper diffraction elastic constants is underlined, especially in the case of strongly textured specimens, which again depends on the deposition strategy. T2 - ASTM ICAM 2020 – ASTM International Conference on Additive Manufacturing CY - Online meeting DA - 16.11.2020 KW - Additive Manufacturing KW - Diffraction KW - Residual Stress PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1520/STP163120190148 VL - STP1631 SP - 122 EP - 138 PB - ASTM International CY - USA AN - OPUS4-51347 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Grunewald, Thomas T1 - Nichtelektrischer Explosionsschutz: Zündgefahren durch Funken - Grundlagen und Maßnahmen zum Explosionsschutz N2 - Bei Geräten und Maschinen zur bestimmungsgemäßen Verwendung in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen muss in der europäischen Union eine Zündgefahrenbewertung durchgeführt werden. Dabei müssen unter anderem die Gefahren von nichtelektrischen Zündquellen betrachtet werden, zu denen auch die mechanischen Schlagvorgänge gehören. Bei Schlagvorgängen kommt es infolge des Zusammenstoßes zweier Werkstücke zu einer Umwandlung der kinetischen Energie. Dabei erhöht sich die Temperatur der Werkstoffe an der Kontaktstelle und es kommt unter Umständen zu einem Abtrennvorgang kleiner Partikel erhöhter Temperatur. Sowohl die heißen Kontaktstellen als auch die abgetrennten Partikel können eine wirksame Zündquelle für ein explosionsfähiges Gasgemisch darstellen. Zur Festlegung von Grenzwerten wurden in der Norm EN 13463-1:2009 die Gasgemische anhand ihrer Explosionsgruppe klassifiziert und zu jeder Gruppe die maximale Energie des Schlagvorgangs festgelegt, unter derer die Entstehung einer wirksamen Zündquelle als unwahrscheinlich angenommen werden kann. T2 - Ausbildung zum Explosionsschutzbeauftragten CY - Essen - Haus der Technik DA - 23.06.2020 KW - Funken KW - Schlagfunken KW - Mechanisch erzeugte Funken KW - Nichtelektrische Funken KW - Nichtelektrischer Explosionsschutz PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51348 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Grunewald, Thomas T1 - Nichtelektrischer Explosionsschutz: Zündgefahren durch Funken - Grundlagen und Maßnahmen zum Explosionsschutz N2 - Bei Geräten und Maschinen zur bestimmungsgemäßen Verwendung in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen muss in der europäischen Union eine Zündgefahrenbewertung durchgeführt werden. Dabei müssen unter anderem die Gefahren von nichtelektrischen Zündquellen betrachtet werden, zu denen auch die mechanischen Schlagvorgänge gehören. Bei Schlagvorgängen kommt es infolge des Zusammenstoßes zweier Werkstücke zu einer Umwandlung der kinetischen Energie. Dabei erhöht sich die Temperatur der Werkstoffe an der Kontaktstelle und es kommt unter Umständen zu einem Abtrennvorgang kleiner Partikel erhöhter Temperatur. Sowohl die heißen Kontaktstellen als auch die abgetrennten Partikel können eine wirksame Zündquelle für ein explosionsfähiges Gasgemisch darstellen. Zur Festlegung von Grenzwerten wurden in der Norm EN 13463-1:2009 die Gasgemische anhand ihrer Explosionsgruppe klassifiziert und zu jeder Gruppe die maximale Energie des Schlagvorgangs festgelegt, unter derer die Entstehung einer wirksamen Zündquelle als unwahrscheinlich angenommen werden kann. T2 - Ausbildung zum Explosionsschutzbeauftragten CY - Maritim Strandhotel, Travemünde, Germany (Haus der Technik) DA - 18.08.2020 KW - Funken KW - Schlagfunken KW - Mechanisch erzeugte Funken KW - Nichtelektrischer Explosionsschutz KW - Nichtelektrische Funken PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51349 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan T1 - Gold nanocubes with monodispersed size distribution (SEM SE) N2 - Gold nanocubes with a monodispersed size distribution (edge = 55 nm) deposited on a silicon wafer. These tiny uniform cubes were produced as reference nanoparticles in the frame of the European project nPSize - Improved traceability chain of nanoparticle size measurements. SEM Image acquired at 10 kV with an in-lens secondary electron detector. Image colored in ImageJ using LUT “Orange hot.” Published in Microscopy and Microanalysis 25(S2) (2019) 2328. KW - Nanoparticles KW - Nanocubes KW - Electron microscopy KW - Reference materials PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1551929520001157 VL - 28 IS - 4 SP - 12 EP - 12 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - Cambridge, UK AN - OPUS4-51352 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bonse, Jörn T1 - Quo vadis LIPSS? - Recent and future trends on laser-induced periodic surface structures N2 - Nanotechnology and lasers are among the most successful and active fields of research and technology that have boomed during the past two decades. Many improvements are based on the controlled manufacturing of nanostructures that enable tailored material functionalization for a wide range of industrial applications, electronics, medicine, etc., and have already found entry into our daily life. One appealing approach for manufacturing such nanostructures in a flexible, robust, rapid, and contactless one-step process is based on the generation of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS). This Perspectives article analyzes the footprint of the research area of LIPSS on the basis of a detailed literature search, provides a brief overview on its current trends, describes the European funding strategies within the Horizon 2020 programme, and outlines promising future directions. KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) KW - Direct laser interference patterning (DLIP) KW - Surface functionalization KW - Literature survey KW - European funding strategies PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-513530 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10101950 SN - 2079-4991 VL - 10 IS - 10 SP - 1950-1 EP - 1950-19 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-51353 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wilbig, Janka A1 - Borges de Oliveira, F. A1 - Obaton, A.-F. A1 - Schwentenwein, M. A1 - Rübner, Katrin A1 - Günster, Jens T1 - Defect detection in additively manufactured lattices N2 - This paper investigates fast and inexpensive measurement methods for defect detection in parts produced by Additive Manufacturing (AM) with special focus on lattice parts made of ceramics. By Lithography-based Ceramic Manufacturing, parts were built both without defects and with typical defects intentionally introduced. These defects were investigated and confirmed by industrial X-ray Computed Tomography. Alternative inexpensive methods were applied afterwards on the parts such as weighing, volume determination by Archimedes method and gas permeability measurement. The results showed, that defects resulting in around 20% of change in volume and mass could be separated from parts free of defects by determination of mass or volume. Minor defects were not detectable as they were in the range of process-related fluctuations. Permeability measurement did not allow to safely identify parts with defects. The measurement methods investigated can be easily integrated in AM process chains to support quality control. KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Quality assurance KW - Defect detection KW - Lattices KW - Ceramics PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-513547 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceram.2020.100020 VL - 3 SP - 100020 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-51354 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weber, A. A1 - von Randow, M. A1 - Voigt, A.-L. A1 - von der Au, Marcus A1 - Fischer, E. A1 - Meermann, Björn A1 - Wagner, M. T1 - Ingestion and toxicity of microplastics in the freshwater gastropodLymnaea stagnalis: No microplastic-induced effects alone or incombination with copper N2 - The interaction of microplastics with freshwater biota and their interaction with other stressors is still not very well understood. Therefore, we investigated the ingestion, excretion and toxicity of microplastics in the freshwater gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis. MP ingestion was analyzed as tissues levels in L. stagnalis after 6–96 h of exposure to 5–90 μm spherical polystyrene (PS) microplastics. To understand the excretion, tissue levels were determined after 24 h of exposure followed by a 12 h–7 d depuration period. To assess the toxicity, snails were exposed for 28 d to irregular PS microplastics (<63 μm, 6.4–100,000 particles mL−1), both alone and in combination with copper as additional stressor. To compare the toxicity of natural and synthetic particles, we also included diatomite particles. Microplastics ingestion and excretion significantly depended on the particle size and the exposure/depuration duration. An exposure to irregular PS had no effect on survival, reproduction, energy reserves and oxidative stress. However, we observed slight effects on immune cell phagocytosis. Exposure to microplastics did not exacerbate the reproductive toxicity of copper. In addition, there was no pronounced difference between the effects of microplastics and diatomite. The tolerance towards microplastics may originate from an adaptation of L. stagnalis to particle-rich environments or a general stress resilience. In conclusion, despite high uptake rates, PS fragments do not appear to be a relevant stressor for stress tolerant freshwater gastropods considering current environmental levels of microplastics. KW - Lymnaea stagnalis KW - Microplastic-induced effects KW - Mixture toxicity PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-513551 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128040 VL - 263 SP - 128040 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-51355 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan T1 - 2020 Microscopy Today Micrograph Awards N2 - Gold nanocubes with a monodispersed size distribution (edge = 55 nm) deposited on a silicon wafer. These tiny uniform cubes were produced as reference nanoparticles within the EMPIR project nPSize - Improved traceability chain of nanoparticle size measurements. SEM image acquired at 10 kV with an in-lens secondary electron detector. Image colored in ImageJ using LUT “Orange hot.” Published in Microscopy and Microanalysis 25(S2) (2019) 2328. KW - Nanoparticles KW - Au-nanocubes KW - Reference materials KW - Electron microscopy PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1551929520001339 VL - 28 IS - 5 SP - 14 EP - 15 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - Cambridge, UK AN - OPUS4-51357 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan T1 - Quantitative Microstructural Analaysis under VAMAS/TWA 37 N2 - The progress in activities on Microbeam Analysis under VAMAS/TWA 37 is reviewed. Particularly the liaison with the new projects within the ISO technical committee TC 202 is presented and discussed with respect to the possibility of identifying and launching related VAMAS projects. Need of more promotion for the engagement of more participants from industry and academia at national, European and international level is highlighted. Also, the competition with the other technical working areas (on 'nano' or materials-related) is critically discussed. T2 - Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards (VAMAS) 45th Steering Committee Meeting CY - Online meeting DA - 30.09.2020 KW - VAMAS KW - Microbeam analysis KW - Inter-laboratory comparison KW - EBSD KW - FIB PY - 2020 UR - http://www.vamas.org/ AN - OPUS4-51360 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Weise, Matthias A1 - Hertwig, Andreas A1 - Beck, Uwe T1 - Characterization of Surface Topometry and Determination of Layer Thickness by Scanning White Light Interference Microscopy N2 - 3D coherence scanning interferometry (CSI) is an optical, non-contact and rapide measurement technique using a defined bandwidth of white light at normal incidence. Based on this operational principle, white light interference microscopy (WLIM) provides three-dimensional surface topometry data up to a resolution of 0.4 μm lateral and 0.1 nm vertical. Three operating modi, i.e. surface, films and advanced films, enable measurements of step heights, roughness, wear volume, cone angle, surface pattern and layer thickness of transparent coatings. The determination of layer thickness by WLIM requires the knowledge of optical constants, i.e.the refractive index n and the extinction coefficient k. For technical surfaces, data base values - if available at all - have to be determined or validated by spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). From this oblique incidence technique both optical constants and layer thickness can be derived based on a model for at least semi-transparent coatings. For different layer thicknesses, a comparison is made between WLIM and SE. Measurement uncertainty is discussed for both topometric features and layer thickness for different use cases. Traceability to SI system is ensured by certified standards (PTB/NIST) within a DAkkS DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025:2018 accredited lab. T2 - 17th International Conference on Plasma Surface Engineering (PSE) CY - Erfurt, Germany DA - 07.09.2020 KW - Rroughness and step heights KW - Lateral surface pattern KW - Layer thickness of transparent coatings KW - Scanning white light interferometry KW - Spectroscopic ellipsometry PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51301 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hicke, Konstantin T1 - Infrastruktur- und Anlagenmonitoring mit verteilter faseroptischer akustischer Sensorik N2 - Anwendungsfelder von verteilter faseroptischer akustischer Sensorik (DAS) werden anhand von früheren, gegenwärtigen und zukünftigen Projekten an der BAM vorgestellt und die Leistungsfähigkeit von DAS demonstriert. Die dargestellten Anwendungen sind Monitoring von Rohrleitungen, von Unterseekabeln, von Zügen und Gleisen, von Brücken, von Strassen und Verkehr, von Erdbebenauswirkungen in urbanen Gebieten, von Bohrlöchern im Kontext Erdgasspeicher und für Exploration und Monitoring von Untergründen für Geothermie-Anwendungen. T2 - Sitzung des VDI/VDE-GMA FA 2.17 CY - Online meeting DA - 24.09.2020 KW - Verteilte faseroptische Sensorik KW - Verteilte faseroptische akustische Sensorik KW - DAS KW - Infrastrukturmonitoring KW - Zustandsüberwachung PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51304 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaunich, Matthias T1 - Low temperature properties of rubber seals N2 - Understanding the failure mechanisms that lead to leakage of rubber seals at low temperatures is important. Rubber properties are highly temperature dependent. Changes in behaviour at low temperatures can result from the rubber-glass transition and for some rubbers by partial crystallisation. Experimental results on the low temperature behaviour of different rubber seals were discussed to help understand seal failure processes. T2 - Rubber in Engineering Group (RIEG) webinar an Elastomers at Low Temperatures CY - Online meeting DA - 11.09.2020 KW - Low temperature KW - Rubber seal KW - Compression set KW - Glass transition PY - 2020 UR - https://www.iom3.org/rubber-engineering-group/event/elastomers-low-temperatures AN - OPUS4-51306 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bakir, Nasim A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - Pavlov, V. A1 - Volvenko, S. A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - In situ determination of the critical straining condition for solidification cracking during laser beam welding N2 - A self-restraint hot cracking test (free edge test) was used in combination with a novel optical measurement technique to determine the critical straining conditions for solidification cracking for the stainless steel grade 1.4828 (AISI 309). The Lucas-Kanade algorithm for the optical flow (OF) calculation was implemented to obtain the full-field displacement and then the full-field strain. The use of external laser illumination with appropriate filters allows to obtain good image quality with good contrast. The critical straining conditions required for solidification cracking can be obtained by means the proposed technique in the immediate vicinity of the solidification front. A very good repeatability was demonstrated for the used measurement technique. The critical straining conditions for solidification cracking for the tested steel und under this welding conditions has been detected KW - Laser beam welding KW - Solidification cracking KW - Critical strain KW - Critical strain rate KW - Optical flow PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-513070 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2020.09.104 SN - 2212-8271 VL - 94 SP - 666 EP - 670 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-51307 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kiefer, P. A1 - Maiwald, M. A1 - Deubener, J. A1 - Balzer, R. A1 - Behrens, H. A1 - Waurischk, Tina A1 - Reinsch, Stefan A1 - Müller, Ralf T1 - Automated Analysis of Slow Crack Growth in Hydrous Soda-Lime Silicate Glasses N2 - To explore the impact of ambient and structural water on static fatigue, the initiation and growth of 3279 Vickers induced median radial cracks were automatically recorded and analyzed. We find that humidity is more efficient in initiating cracks and promoting their growth than water, which is dissolved in the glass structure. In particular for slow crack growth (< 3x10-6 m s-1), tests in dry nitrogen showed a considerable decrease in the crack growth exponent with increasing water content of the glasses. On the other hand, if tests were performed in humid air, the crack growth exponent was independent of the water content of the hydrous glasses, while stress intensity decreased slightly. These observations indicate that water promotes the processes at the crack-tip regardless of its origin. However, ambient water is more efficient. KW - Indentation fracture toughness KW - Slow crack growth KW - Automated analysis KW - Hydrous glass KW - Vickers indentation PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-513085 DO - https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2020.00268 VL - 7 SP - 268 AN - OPUS4-51308 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ebell, Gino A1 - Müller, Thoralf T1 - Risiko der Wasserstoffentwicklung an martensitischen Schraubankern unter baupraktischen Bedingungen N2 - Die vorliegende Untersuchung beschäftigt sich mit der Fragestellung ob unter praxisrelevanten Bedingungen die Entstehung von Wasserstoff an vollmartensitischen Schraubankern möglich ist. Im Gegensatz zu austenitischen Werkstoffen besteht bei martensitischen Werkstoffen bei Gegenwart von Wasserstoff stets die Möglichkeit einer wasser-stoffinduzierten Versprödung des Materials. Hierfür wurde ein in der Praxis häufig anzutreffendes Szenario gewählt, das ein galvanisches Element, bestehend aus nichtrostenden Schraubankern (in diesem Fall martensitischen) und einer verzinkten Ankerplatte an einem Betonkörper, umfasst. Zum Nachweis einer Wasserstoffentwicklung wird der Elementstrom zwischen den Bauteilen sowie das Korrosionspotential erfasst. Die Ergebnisse der Versuche zeigen, dass über eine zeitlich begrenzte Dauer eine starke kathodische Polarisation der martensitischen Schraubanker durch die korrosive Auflösung des Zinks erfolgt. Als Folge kommt es zur Wasserzersetzung im Phasengrenzbereich der Schraubanker und zur Entstehung von atomarem Wasserstoff. Das berechnete Gasvolumen des entstandenen Wasserstoffs an den Stahlankern wurde bestimmt und lag im Mittel bei 11,14 ± 1,94 ml. Eine Diffusion des an der Stahloberfläche adsorbierten Wasserstoffs in den martensitischen Werkstoff ist somit theoretisch möglich und impliziert eine mögliche Gefährdung durch wasserstoffinduzierte Rissbildung und spontanem Versagen unter Belastung. T2 - Arbeitskreis Korrosionsschutz im konstruktiven Ingenieurbau CY - Online meeting DA - 24.09.2020 KW - Korrosion KW - Wasserstoff PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51309 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Maaß, Robert T1 - Beyond Serrated Flow in Bulk Metallic Glasses: What Comes Next? N2 - This manuscript is based on an oral contribution to the TMS 2020 annual meeting and is dedicated to Prof. Peter Liaw, who for decades has shown great interest in serrated plastic flow. Here we will focus on the case of bulk metallic glasses, and begin with briefly summarizing some aspects of serrated and non-serrated inhomogeneous flow—a phenomenon that has perplexed materials scientists for decades. Four directions of research are identified that emerged out of the desire to fundamentally understand the intermittent inhomogeneous flow response. These research directions gear away from the phenomenological stress–strain behavior but put the underlying shear defect into focus. Unsolved problems and future research topics are discussed. KW - Non-serrated inhomogeneous flow PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-513106 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-020-05985-w SN - 1073-5623 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Springer Nature AN - OPUS4-51310 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Das, A. A1 - Dufresne, E.M. A1 - Maaß, Robert T1 - Structural dynamics and rejuvenation during cryogenic cycling in a Zr-based metallic glass N2 - Subjecting metallic glasses repeatedly to liquid nitrogen temperature has become a popular method to homogeneously rejuvenate the material. Here we reveal the atomic-scale structural dynamics using in- situ x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) during and after cryogenic cycling of a Zr-based metallic glass in two structural states (plate and ribbon). Heterogeneous structural dynamics is observed at 300 K that changes to monotonic aging at 78 K. It is found that cryogenic cycling homogenizes the relaxation time distribution. This effect is much more pronounced in the ribbon, which is the only structural state that rejuvenates upon cycling. We furthermore reveal how fast atomic-scale dynamics is correlated with longtime structural relaxation times irrespective of the structural state, and that the ribbon exhibits unexpected additional fast atomic-scale relaxation in comparison to the plate material. A structural picture emerges that points towards heterogeneities in the fictive temperature as a requirement for cryogenic energy storage. KW - Structural dynamics KW - Metallic glass KW - Relaxation KW - Rejuvenation KW - Cryogenic cycling PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2020.06.063 SN - 1359-6454 VL - 196 SP - 723 EP - 732 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-51311 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hobmeier, K. A1 - Goëss, M. C. A1 - Sehr, C. A1 - Schwaminger, S. A1 - Berensmeier, S. A1 - Kremling, A. A1 - Kunte, Hans-Jörg A1 - Pflüger-Grau, K. A1 - Marin-Sanguino, A. T1 - Anaplerotic Pathways in Halomonas elongata: The Role of the Sodium Gradient N2 - Salt tolerance in the γ-proteobacterium Halomonas elongata is linked to its ability to produce the compatible solute ectoine. The metabolism of ectoine production is of great interest since it can shed light on the biochemical basis of halotolerance as well as pave the way for the improvement of the biotechnological production of such compatible solute. Ectoine belongs to the biosynthetic family of aspartate-derived amino-acids. Aspartate is formed from oxaloacetate, thereby connecting ectoine production to the anaplerotic reactions that refill carbon into the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle). This places a high demand on these reactions and creates the need to regulate them not only in response to growth but also in response to extracellular salt concentration. In this work, we combine modeling and experiments to analyze how these different needs shape the anaplerotic reactions in H. elongata. First, the stoichiometric and thermodynamic factors that condition the flux distributions are analyzed, then the optimal patterns of operation for oxaloacetate production are calculated. Finally, the phenotype of two deletion mutants lacking potentially relevant anaplerotic enzymes: phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (Ppc) and oxaloacetate decarboxylase (Oad) are experimentally characterized. The results show that the anaplerotic reactions in H. elongata are indeed subject to evolutionary pressures that differ from those faced by other gram-negative bacteria. Ectoine producing halophiles must meet a higher metabolic demand for oxaloacetate and the reliance of many marine bacteria on the Entner-Doudoroff pathway compromises the anaplerotic efficiency of Ppc, which is usually one of the main enzymes fulfilling this role. The anaplerotic flux in H. elongata is contributed not only by Ppc but also by Oad, an enzyme that has not yet been shown to play this role in vivo. Ppc is necessary for H. elongata to grow normally at low salt concentrations but it is not required to achieve near maximal growth rates as long as there is a steep sodium gradient. On the other hand, the lack of Oad presents serious difficulties to grow at high salt concentrations. This points to a shared role of these two enzymes in guaranteeing the supply of oxaloacetate for biosynthetic reactions. KW - Metabolic flux analysis KW - Halophilic bacteria KW - Halomonas elongata KW - Metabolic modeling PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-513124 DO - https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.561800 VL - 11 SP - 561800 AN - OPUS4-51312 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Baensch, Franziska T1 - Wenn es im Holz knackt. Über die Herausforderung, kritische Versagensvorgänge in Holzstrukturen mittels Schallemissionsanalyse zu identifizieren N2 - Um die Versagensabläufe über die verschiedenen Skalen im Holzwerkstoff verfolgen zu können, werden Zugversuche an Lagenhölzern mittels Schallemissionsmessung überwacht. Synchron erfolgen In-situ-Messungen mit Digitaler Bildkorrelation bzw. Synchrotron-Mikro-Computertomographie. Die Kombination aller Ergebnisse wie auch die Anwendung der frequenzbasierten Mustererkennung und die Simulation ausgewählter Versuche zielen auf die Identifizierung zugrunde liegender Mechanismen hin. Abschließend werden Ansätze für ein Monitoring von Holzstrukturen diskutiert. T2 - 419. Sitzung AK Berlin der DGZFP CY - Online meeting DA - 15.09.2020 KW - Acoustic Emission (AE) KW - Holzwerkstoffe KW - Mustererkennung KW - Monitoring Konzept PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51361 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schade, U. A1 - Dawei, C. A1 - Puskar, L. A1 - Ritter, E. A1 - Beckmann, Jörg T1 - Removal of Etalon Features in the Far-Infrared–Terahertz Transmittance Spectra of Thin Polymer Films N2 - Etalon features in infrared spectra of stratified samples, their influence on the interpretation and methods to circumvent their presence in infrared spectra have been in discussion for decades. This paper focuses on the application of a method originally developed to remove interference fringes in the mid-infrared spectra for far-infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy on thin polymer films. We show that the total transmittance-reflectance technique, commonly used for mid-infrared, also works successfully in the far infrared spectral range where other approaches fail. Experimental spectra obtained by such technique are supported by model calculations and reveal the possibility and limits to obtain almost undisturbed far-infrared spectra which are suitable to determine low energy vibrations of ionomer salts under certain sample conditions. KW - Far-infrared spectroscopy KW - Absorption KW - Etalon feature KW - Total transmittance reflectance PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1177/0003702820922295 VL - 74 IS - 12 SP - 1530 EP - 1539 PB - Sage journals AN - OPUS4-51367 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jenning, M. A1 - Marklein, B. A1 - Ytterberg, J. A1 - Zubarev, R. A. A1 - Joshua, V. A1 - van Schaardenburg, D. A1 - van de Stadt, L. A1 - Catrina, A. I. A1 - Nonhoff, U. A1 - Häupl, T. A1 - Konthur, Zoltán A1 - Burmester, G. R. A1 - Skriner, K. T1 - Bacterial citrullinated epitopes generated by Porphyromonas gingivalis infection—a missing link for ACPA production N2 - Objectives: Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g.) is discussed to be involved in triggering self-reactive immune responses. The aim of this study was to investigate the autocitrullinated prokaryotic peptidylarginine deiminase (PPAD) from P.g. CH2007 (RACH2007-PPAD) from a rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patient and a synthetic citrullinated PPAD peptide (CPP) containing the main autocitrullination site as potential targets for antibody reactivity in RA and to analyse the possibility of citrullinating native human proteins by PPAD in the context of RA. Methods: Recombinant RACH2007-PPAD was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Purified RACH2007-PPAD and its enzymatic activity was analysed using two-dimensional electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, immunoblot and ELISA. Autoantibody response to different modified proteins and peptides was recorded and bioinformatically evaluated. Results: RACH2007-PPAD was capable to citrullinate major RA autoantigens, such as fibrinogen, vimentin, hnRNP-A2/B1, histone H1 and multiple peptides, which identify a common RG/RGG consensus motif. 33% of RA patients (n=30) revealed increased reactivity for α-cit-RACH2007-PPAD before RA onset. 77% of RA patients (n=99) presented α-cit-specific signals to CPP amino acids 57-71 which were positively correlated to α-CCP2 antibody levels. Interestingly, 48% of the α-CPP-positives were rheumatoidfactor IgM/anti-citrullinated peptide/protein antibodies (ACPA)-negative. Anti-CPP and α-RACH2007-PPAD antibody levels increase with age. Protein macroarrays that were citrullinated by RACH2007-PPAD and screened with RA patient sera (n=6) and controls (n=4) uncovered 16 RACH2007-PPAD citrullinated RA autoantigens and 9 autoantigens associated with lung diseases. We showed that the α-CPP response could be an important determinant in parenchymal changes in the lung at the time of RA diagnosis (n=106; p=0.018). Conclusions: RACH2007-PPAD induced internal citrullination of major RA autoantigens. Anti-RACH2007-PPAD correlates with ACPA levels and interstitial lung disease autoantigen reactivity, supporting an infection-based concept for induction of ACPAs via enzymatic mimicry. KW - Zitrullin KW - Rheumatoide Arthritis KW - Proteinmodifikation KW - Autoantikörper PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-216919 VL - 79 IS - 9 SP - 1194 EP - 1202 PB - BMJ Publishing Group Ltd AN - OPUS4-51372 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yildirim, Arda A1 - Kolmangadi, Mohamed Aejaz A1 - Bühlmeyer, A. A1 - Huber, P. A1 - Laschat, S. A1 - Schönhals, Andreas T1 - Electrical conductivity and multiple glassy dynamics of crow-ether based columnar liquid crystals N2 - The phase behavior of two unsymmetrical triphenylene crown ether-based columnar liquid crystals (CLCs) bearing different lengths of alkyl chains, KAL465 and KAL468, was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). A plastic crystalline (Cry), columnar liquid crystalline (Colh) and an isotropic phase were observed along with two glass transitions in the Cry phase. The molecular mobility of the KAL compounds was further studied by a combination of broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) and advanced calorimetric techniques. By the BDS investigations, three dielectric active relaxation processes were observed for both samples. At low temperatures, a γ-process in the Cry state was detected and is assigned to the localized fluctuations taking place in the alkyl chains. An α2-process takes place at higher temperatures in the Cry phase. An α3 process was found in the Colh mesophase. The advanced calorimetric techniques consist of fast scanning calorimetry (FSC) and specific heat spectroscopy (SHS) employing temperature modulated DSC and FSC (TMDSC and TMFSC). The advanced calorimetric investigations revealed that besides the α2 process in agreement with BDS, a second dynamic glass transition (α1-process) is present which is not observed by dielectric spectroscopy. The results are in good agreement with the glass transitions detected by DSC for this process. The temperature dependences of the relaxation rates of the α1 , α2 and α3 processes are all different. Therefore, different molecular assignments for the relaxation processes are proposed. In addition to the relaxation processes, a conductivity contribution was explored by BDS for both KAL compounds. The conductivity contribution appears in both Cry and Colh phases, where the conductivity increases by ca. one order of magnitude at phase transition from the crystalline to the hexagonal phase. KW - Columnar Liquid Crystal PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c06854 VL - 124 IS - 39 SP - 8728 EP - 8739 PB - ACS AN - OPUS4-51374 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Riedel, Soraya T1 - An ELISA-inspired electrochemical detection system for the quantification of ochratoxin A N2 - Toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi (aka mycotoxins) are often identified as contaminants in cereals or other food and pose a severe health risk, since they can be carcinogenic, neurotoxic, mutagenic or harmful in other respect. The highly nephrotoxic ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the most important and widespread mycotoxins found in grains such as rye, wheat or oats. Thus, the fast and cost-effective detection of OTA is of great importance, to ensure that the toxin concentration is below the legal limits. Currently, the mycotoxin detection in mill operations is typically performed by means of the antibody-based ELISA method, which requires extensive laboratory equipment and specialized personnel. It was the aim of this study to develop an ELISA-inspired sensor method enabling the on-site quantification of OTA. Based on a classical competitive ELISA, an electrochemical detection system was developed. Anti-OTA-antibodies were captured on magnetic beads on which the competitive affinity reaction between OTA and an OTA- horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracer was performed. Here the OTA concentration is inversely proportional to the amount of the bound OTA-HRP tracer, which was electrochemically quantified. For this purpose, oxidized tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), which is enzymatically produced by the reduction of H2O2 by the OTA-HRP tracer, is quantified by amperometry with screen-printed electrodes in a flow system. With this method a detection limit of 250 ng L-1 could be achieved which meets the current requirements for the detection of OTA in food and feed. T2 - Interdisziplinäres Doktorandenseminar des AK Prozessanalytik CY - Online meeting DA - 21.09.2020 KW - Ochratoxin A KW - Cyclic voltammetry KW - Amperometry KW - ELISA KW - Magnetic beads PY - 2020 N1 - Geburtsname von Riedel, Soraya: Höfs, S. - Birth name of Riedel, Soraya: Höfs, S. AN - OPUS4-51375 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Selina A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Antimicrobial resistance in soil microbes mediated by resistance evolution and horizontal gene transfer (HGT) N2 - Biocides are in contact with soils through direct application and passive leaching from protected materials. Consequently, soil microorganisms are exposed to biocides even though they are not their primary targets. Soil is a large reservoir of microbial diversity and has been hypothesized to be a crucial factor for the evolution and spread of antimicrobial resistance. Currently, there is little knowledge on how biocides used to protect materials affect the evolution and spread of resistance. Thus, our aim is to investigate the risk for the evolution of biocide resistance and cross-resistance to antibiotics. In addition, we aim to elucidate the affect of biocides on the spread of resistance via horizontal gene transfer (HGT). In adaptive laboratory evolution experiments we cultured selected model soil microorganism with representative biocides under selection regimes with increasing and stable biocide concentrations followed by antibiotic and biocide cross-resistance determination. Moreover, we investigate if the selected biocides affect the rates of de novo mutations and HGT of plasmids that carry resistance genes among soil microorganism. Our results show only small increases of biocide resistance during serial transfers under increasing biocide concentrations. One reason for this might be the narrow selective window for biocide resistance due to steep dose-response relationships. Furthermore, our results indicate that a stable low-level biocide regime did not select for high level cross-resistance to antibiotics and other biocides. Moreover, material preservatives affected the rates of HGT via conjugation and the mutation rates at sub-inhibitory concentrations. The results will enable future risk assessment regarding resistance evolution for biocides used as material preservatives. T2 - 4th Evo Eco PhD Meeting CY - Lutherstadt Wittenberg DA - 04.03.2020 KW - Microbiology KW - Biocides KW - Horizontal gene transfer HGT KW - Resistance evolution KW - Antimicrobial resistance PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51313 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - El-Sari, B. A1 - Biegler, M. A1 - Graf, B. A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Distortion-based validation of the heat treatment simulation of Directed Energy Deposition additive manufactured parts N2 - Directed energy deposition additive manufactured parts have steep stress gradients and an anisotropic microstructure caused by the rapid thermo-cycles and the layer-upon-layer manufacturing, hence heat treatment can be used to reduce the residual stresses and to restore the microstructure. The numerical simulation is a suitable tool to determine the parameters of the heat treatment process and to reduce the necessary application efforts. The heat treatment simulation calculates the distortion and residual stresses during the process. Validation experiments are necessary to verify the simulation results. This paper presents a 3D coupled thermo-mechanical model of the heat treatment of additive components. A distortion-based validation is conducted to verify the simulation results, using a C-ring shaped specimen geometry. Therefore, the C-ring samples were 3D scanned using a structured light 3D scanner to compare the distortion of the samples with different post-processing histories. KW - Directed Energy Deposition KW - Additive Manufacturing KW - Heat Treatment KW - Numerical Simulation KW - Finite Element Method PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-513153 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2020.09.146 VL - 94 SP - 362 EP - 366 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-51315 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - El-Sari, B. A1 - Biegler, M. A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Investigation of the Application of a C-ring Geometry to validate the Stress Relief Heat Treatment Simulation of Additive Manufactured Austenitic Stainless Steel Parts via Displacement N2 - Directed energy deposition is a metal additive manufacturing process that builds parts by joining material in a layer-by-layer fashion on a substrate. Those parts are exposed to rapid thermo-cycles which cause steep stress gradients and the layer-upon-layer manufacturing fosters an anisotropic microstructure, therefore stress relief heat treatment is necessary. The numerical simulation can be used to find suitable parameters for the heat treatment and to reduce the necessary efforts to perform an effective stress relieving. Suitable validation Experiments are necessary to verify the results of the numerical simulation. In this paper, a 3D coupled thermo-mechanical model is used to simulate the heat treatment of an additive manufactured component to investigate the application of a C-ring geometry for the distortion-based validation of the numerical simulation. Therefore, the C-ring samples were 3D scanned using a structured light 3D scanner to quantify the distortion after each process step. KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Directed energy deposition KW - Laser KW - Heat treatment KW - Numerical simulation PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.3139/105.110417 VL - 75 IS - 4 SP - 248 EP - 259 PB - Carl Hanser Verlag AN - OPUS4-51318 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Raute, J. A1 - Jokisch, T. A1 - Marko, A. A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Untersuchung zum Elektronenstrahlschweißen heißrissgefährdeter Nickelbasis-Superlegierungen mittels statistischer Versuchsplanung N2 - Nickelbasis-Superlegierungen sind seit vielen Jahren in unterschiedlichen Industrieanwendungen im Einsatz. Aufgrund der großen Heißrissneigung ist das Schweißen dieser Werkstoffe jedoch bei einer Vielzahl von Legierungen problematisch. Neue Arbeiten auf dem Gebiet zeigen, dass entgegen den gängigen Theorien auch reduzierte Schweißgeschwindigkeiten eine Tendenz zur Verringerung der Rissneigung aufweisen. Bisher existieren jedoch kaum Erkenntnisse zum Prozessverhalten in diesem Parameterbereich. In dieser Arbeit wird daher der Einfluss der relevanten Prozessparameter beim Elektronenstrahlschweißen (EBW) auf die Nahtgestalt im Bereich geringer Vorschubgeschwindigkeiten untersucht. Auf Grundlage der gewonnenen Erkenntnisse soll ein Ansatz zum rissfreien Fügen von komplexen Nickelbasis-Superlegierung gebildet werden. Die praktische Umsetzbarkeit wird abschließend anhand einiger Probeschweißungen an einem besonders heißrissgefährdeten Werkstoff demonstriert. Um fehlerfreie Verbindungen zu ermöglichen, wurden zunächst die relevanten Parameter für die Einstellung von Nahtbreite, Einschweißtiefe, Aspektverhältnis und Nahtfläche anhand einer Versuchsreihe mit 17 Blindschweißungen auf einer 12 mm dicken Platte aus Inconel 718 bestimmt. Die genaue Beschreibung des Einflusses der als signifikant identifizierten Faktoren erfolgte über die Anwendung einer Regressions- und Varianzanalyse. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Einschweißtiefe, die Nahtbreite, das Aspektverhältnis sowie die Nahtfläche vorrangig über den Strahlstrom, die Fokuslage sowie den Vorschub beeinflusst werden können. Auf Basis der gebildeten statistischen Modelle erfolgte die Vorhersage geeigneter Parameter für eine finale Versuchsreihe. Die abschließenden Demonstratorschweißungen wurden exemplarisch an einer Nickelbasis-Gusslegierung mit besonders hohem Ausscheidungsphasenanteil durchgeführt. Hierfür wurden Schweißungen im I- Stoß an 6,5 mm und 10 mm dicken Blechen ausgeführt. Trotz der mangelnden Schweißeignung und dem hohen Anteil an Ausscheidungsphase des Werkstoffes, zeigten sich nach Optimierung der Prozessparameter keine Heißrisse mehr. T2 - DVS Congress 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 14.09.2020 KW - Heißrisse KW - Nickelbasis-Superlegierungen KW - Elektonenstrahlschweißen KW - Alloy 247 PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-96144-098-6 VL - 365 SP - 17 EP - 22 PB - DVS Media GmbH CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-51320 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brunner-Schwer, C. A1 - Graf, B. A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Entwicklung des hybriden Auftragschweißens als leistungsfähigen Bechichtungsprozess für Korrosions- und Verschleißschutzschichten N2 - Dieser Beitrag stellt Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen zum Auftragschweißen als Plasma-Laserstrahl-Hybrid-Prozess dar. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass ein Laserstrahl, der in einer gemeinsamen Prozesszone mit einem Plasma-Pulver-Auftragschweißprozess vorlaufend angeordnet ist, diesem Prozess eine erhebliche Geschwindigkeitssteigerung sowie eine Verbesserung der Stabilität ermöglicht. Der Hybrid-Prozess konnte mit Verschleißschutzwerkstoffen sowie dem Korrosionsschutzwerkstoff Inconel 625 bei Vorschubgeschwindigkeiten von bis zu 10 m/min erfolgreich validiert werden. Im Hinblick auf die aktuellen Entwicklungen zu Hochgeschwindiglceits-Laserstrahlauftragschweißen kann der Plasma-Laserstrahl-Hybrid-Prozess zwischen diesen und den konventionellen Verfahren eingeordnet werden. KW - Auftragschweißen KW - Hybridschweißen KW - Laserstrahlschweißen KW - Schutzgasschweißen PY - 2020 SN - 0036-7184 VL - 72 IS - 8 SP - 474 EP - 475 AN - OPUS4-51321 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gook, S. A1 - Üstündag, Ömer A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Verfahren zum fehlerfreien Laserstrahl-Hybridschweißen von gechlossenen Rundnähten N2 - In diesem Beitrag werden Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen eines Verfahrens zum fehlerfreien Laserstrahl Hybridschweißen von geschlossenen Rundnähten vorgestellt. Das Verfahren zielt auf die Vermeidung von Schweißimperfektionen im Überlappbereich einer laserstrahlhybridgeschweißten Rundnaht. Eine Strategie der Prozessführung beim Schließen der Rundnaht wurde entwickelt, mit der ein fehlerfreier Überlappbereich durch die Kontrolle der Erstarrungsbedingungen am Schweißnahtende erreicht wird. Die kontrollierte Wärmeführung wird durch eine Anpassung der Parameter von beiden beteiligten Schweißprozessen, dem Laserstrahl- sowie MSG­ Schweißprozess realisiert. Experimentelle Untersuchungen wurden an 12 mm bis 15 mm dicken Rohrabschnitten durchgeführt. Der Einfluss von Prozessparametern wie der Laserleistungsrampe und Rampenzeit, der Veränderung des Abbildungsmaßstabes und der Defokussierung des Laserstrahls auf die Erstarrungsbedingungen am Ende der Rundnaht wurde untersucht, um eine optimale Strategie zum Herausführen der Prozessenergie zu finden. Im Rahmen der experimentellen Untersuchungen konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine Defokussierung des Laserstrahls im Bereich zwischen 60 mm und 100 mm über einen kurzen Auslaufbereich der Naht von ca. 15 mm zu einer deutlich besseren Nahtausbildung im Überlappbereich führte. Es konnte eine günstige kelchförmige Schweißnahtform ohne eine Tendenz zur Rissbildung erzielt werden. Die Laseroptik mit motorisch angesteuertem Linsensystem ermöglichte dabei eine Vergrößerung des Laserstrahldurchmessers ohne eine Veränderung der Position des MSG-Lichtbogens relativ zur Bauteiloberfläche. T2 - DVS Congress 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 14.09.2020 KW - Defokussierung KW - Endkrater KW - Laser-Hybridschweißen KW - Rundnaht KW - Überlappbereich PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-96144-098-6 VL - 365 SP - 855 EP - 860 PB - DVS Media GmbH CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-51324 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Askar, Enis T1 - Wasserstoffsicherheitsfragen - Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen von Wasserstoff und Gemischen von Wasserstoff mit Erdgas N2 - Wasserstoff unterscheidet sich hinsichtlich der sicherheitstechnischen Eigenschaften von anderen brennbaren Gassen, v.a. durch die sehr niedrige Mindestzündenergie und die sehr hohe Flammengeschwindigkeit. Durch Beimischung von Wasserstoff zum Erdgas ändern sich die sicherheitstechnischen Eigenschaften zum Teil in kritischer Richtung. Bis zu einem Wasserstoffanteil von 10 Mol-% im Erdgas ist aber keine wesentliche Anpassung der Maßnahmen für den Explosionsschutz erforderlich. Synthesgas ist ein weiteres Wasserstoffgemisch das in Zukunft vermutlich zunehmend relevant sein wird. Die beiden Komponenten Wasserstoff und Kohlenmonoxid haben zwar in mancher Hinsicht ähnliche sicherheitstechnische Eigenschaften unterscheiden sich aber auch sehr stark bzgl. der Mindestzündenergie und der Flammengeschwindigkeit. T2 - 9. HYPOS-Dialog: Grüner Wasserstoff, aber sicher! - Sicherheitsaspekte im Umgang mit Wasserstoff CY - Magdeburg, Germany DA - 11.09.2020 KW - Explosionsschutz KW - Zündenergie KW - Explosionsgrenzen KW - Zündquellen KW - Synthesegas PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51264 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Noureen, N. A1 - Shah, F. A. A1 - Lisec, Jan A1 - Usman, H. A1 - Khalid, M. A1 - Munir, R. A1 - Zaidi, N. T1 - Revisiting the association between human leukocyte antigen and end-stage renal disease N2 - Multiple works have studied possible associations between human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles and end stage renal disease (ESRD) showing, however, contradictory and inconsistent results. Here, we revisit the association between ESRD and HLA antigens, comparing HLA polymorphism (at HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1, -DQB1 and DQA1 loci) in ESRD patients (n = 497) and controls (n = 672). Our data identified several HLA alleles that displayed a significant positive or negative association with ESRD. We also determined whether heterozygosity or homozygosity of the ESRD-associated HLA alleles at different loci could modify the prevalence of the disease. Few HLA allele combinations displayed significant associations with ESRD, among which A*3_26 combination showed the highest strength of association (OR = 4.488, P≤ 0.05) with ESRD. Interestingly, the age of ESRD onset was not affected by HLA allele combinations at different loci. We also performed an extensive literature analysis to determine whether the association of HLA to ESRD can be similar across different ethnic groups. Our analysis showed that at least certain HLA alleles, HLA-A*11, HLA-DRB1*11, and HLA-DRB1*4, display a significant association with ESRD in different ethnic groups. The findings of our study will help in determining possible protective or susceptible roles of various HLA alleles in ESRD. KW - Cancer KW - Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) KW - Renal disease PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-512651 DO - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238878 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 15 IS - 9 SP - e0238878 AN - OPUS4-51265 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Smol, M. A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Kugler, Stefan T1 - Analiza możliwości wykorzystania w Polsce popiołów ze spalania komunalnych osadów ściekowych na cele nawozowe T1 - Use of municipal sewage sludge ash for fertilizing purposes. An analysis of possibilities in Poland N2 - Popioły pochodzące z instalacji do spalania komunalnych osadów ściekowych, znajdującej się na terytorium Polski, poddano procesom termochemicznego przekształcania, dzięki czemu otrzymano produkty nawozowe spełniające kryteria dopuszczające je do obrotu jako nawozy mineralne. Ponadto dokonano analizy możliwości wykorzystania popiołów na cele nawozowe zgodnie z obecnie przyjętymi dokumentami strategicznymi i planistycznymi dotyczącymi gospodarki odpadami na poziomie krajowym i europejskim. N2 - Ashes from thermal transformation of municipal sewage sludge were thermochem. modified at 1000°C in the presence of NaHCO3 and sewage sludge to obtain CaNaPO4 and reduce the content of heavy metals in the produced fertilizer. Its bioavailability was more than 99% higher than that of raw ashes (50%). The nutrient content was 13.56 % Ca, 6.33% P, 4.36% K and 5.0% Fe. The content of heavy metals in fertilizer products met the std. requirements and was exceeded only in the case of Pb (278.3 mg/kg d.m.). KW - Ashes KW - Waste KW - Phosphorus KW - Recovery KW - Fertilizer PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.15199/62.2020.8.14 VL - 99 IS - 8 SP - 1186 EP - 1191 AN - OPUS4-51267 LA - pol AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lumpe, H. A1 - Menke, Annika A1 - Haisch, C. A1 - Mayer, P. A1 - Kabelitz, Anke A1 - Yusenko, Kirill A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana A1 - Block, T. A1 - Pöttgen, R. A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Daumann, L. T1 - The Earlier the Better: Structural Analysis and Separation of Lanthanides with Pyrroloquinoline Quinone N2 - Lanthanides (Ln) are critical raw materials, however, their mining and purification have a considerable negative environmental impact and sustainable recycling and separation strategies for these elements are needed. In this study, the precipitation and solubility behavior of Ln complexes with pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), the cofactor of recently discovered lanthanide (Ln) dependent methanol dehydrogenase (MDH) enzymes, is presented. In this context, the molecular structure of a biorelevant europium PQQ complex was for the first time elucidated outside a protein environment. The complex crystallizes as an inversion symmetric dimer, Eu2PQQ2, with binding of Eu in the biologically relevant pocket of PQQ. LnPQQ and Ln1Ln2PQQ complexes were characterized by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, 151Eu‐Mössbauer spectroscopy, X‐ray total scattering, and extended X‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). It is shown that a natural enzymatic cofactor is capable to achieve separation by precipitation of the notoriously similar, and thus difficult to separate, lanthanides to some extent. KW - PQQ KW - Lanthanoide KW - Coordination chemistry KW - Rare earth elements separations PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-512707 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202002653 VL - 26 IS - 44 SP - 10133 EP - 10139 AN - OPUS4-51270 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lüth, Peter A1 - Malow, Marcus T1 - CEQAT-DGHS Interlaboratory tests for chemical safety – A new gravimetric procedure for the gas flow measurement for flammable and toxic gases N2 - Testing of hazardous materials and evaluating their hazardous properties concerning transport, handling or use is essential for the prevention of incidents. For this purpose, test methods have been developed and published that are used worldwide today (European Union, 2008, United Nations, 2019). For the evaluation of test results their correct measurement is of importance. On basis of the interlaboratory tests carried out by BAM and PTB within the framework of the CEQAT-DGHS in the last years, it is shown that there is a need for improvement in all the test methods examined so far. In addition to the interlaboratory tests further quality measures are mandatory (ISO, 2017). For example, methods for verifying the test equipment used in the laboratories should be developed. The development of a verification method is demonstrated using the test method UN Test N.5 as an example. This test method is used to evaluate substances which in contact with water emit flammable gases. The basic principle of the verification method is demonstrated by Lüth et al. (2019). Requirements and difficulties during this development are discussed. This test procedure UN Test N.5 has now been modified at BAM so that it is possible to measure very small or large amounts of both flammable and/or toxic gases over a long period of time in a validated and verified test apparatus, utilizing the principle of a gas collector. This allows us to determine slow as well as fast gas evolution rates. The determination of the evolution rates (e.g. total gas amount or flow rate) of toxic gases is of special interest because of the ongoing discussion how to evaluate and quantify toxic gases which are formed from a substance due to contact with water. Up today no validated test procedure for the measurement of evolution rates for toxic gases is described. It is shown that the newly modified test method could help to solve this problem. T2 - 13th International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention, and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions CY - Online meeting DA - 27.07.2020 KW - Hazardous materials KW - Transport regulations KW - Flammable gases KW - Toxic gases PY - 2020 SP - Paper 1002 AN - OPUS4-51271 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Léonard, Fabien A1 - Zhang, Zhen A1 - Malow, Marcus A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - 3D characterisation of ammonium nitrate powders by X-ray computed tomography N2 - The mixture of ammonium nitrate (AN) prills and fuel oil (FO), usually called ANFO, is extensively used in the mining industry as a bulk industrial explosive. One of the major performance predictors of ANFO mixtures is the fuel oil retention, which is itself governed by the porosity of the AN prills. Standardised tests routinely used to assess oil retention face several important limitations; the first being the difficulty to cover the wide range of porosity contents and morphologies from different types of ammonium nitrate prills; the second being the inability to evaluate the closed porosity, which is an important factor regarding the sensitivity of the explosive to detonation. In this study, we present how X-ray computed tomography (XCT), and the associated advanced data processing workflow, can be used to fully characterise the structure and morphology of AN prills. We show that structural parameters such as volume fraction of the different phases and morphological parameters such as specific surface area and shape factor can be reliably extracted from the XCT data, and that there is a good agreement with the measured oil retention values. XCT can therefore be employed to non-destructively and accurately evaluate and characterise porosity in ammonium nitrate prills. T2 - 23rd Seminar on New Trends in Research of Energetic Materials CY - Meeting was canceled DA - 01.04.2020 KW - Ammonium nitrate KW - Prill KW - Non-destructive characterisation KW - Porosity KW - Specific surface area PY - 2020 SP - 163 EP - 171 AN - OPUS4-51272 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Straße, Anne A1 - Üstündag, Ömer A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - LMD coatings as filler material for laser beam welded 30 mm thick plates N2 - The development of high energy laser sources enables single-pass welds of thick plates up to 30 mm, but often additional materials are needed to influence the properties of the weld seams. However, the homogenous distribution of filler materials in form of e.g. electrodes is only possible up to 7 mm while the elements are only traceable up to a depth of 14 mm. To overcome this problem a two-step process is used where first the edges of the weld partners are coated with the filler material by laser metal deposition (LMD) and afterwards are welded by laser beam. Single-pass welds with electromagnetic weld pool support of 30 mm thick S355 J2+N-plates with austenitic AISI 316L-coatings were investigated as well as the influence of the coatings to the penetration depth of the laser beam without electromagnetic weld pool support in double-sided joints. The weld seams were tested by X-ray inspection and cross sections. T2 - 11th CIRP Conference on Photonic Technologies [LANE 2020] CY - Online meeting DA - 07.09.2020 KW - Penetration depth KW - Laser metal deposition (LMD) KW - Laser beam welding KW - Filler material distribution PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51276 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Artinov, Antoni A1 - Bachmann, Marcel A1 - Meng, Xiangmeng A1 - Karkhin, Victor A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - On the relationship between the bulge effect and the hot cracking formation during deep penetration laser beam welding N2 - Recent studies have confirmed the widening of the weld pool interface, known as a bulge effect, during deep penetration high power laser beam welding. The link between such geometric particularities of the weld pool shape and the hot cracking phenomena is significant. The present work seeks to extend the level of understanding by investigating their relationship. A coupled multiphysics, multiscale numerical framework is developed, comprising a series of subsequent analyses. The study examines the influences of the bulge on the three most dominant effects causing hot cracking, namely the thermal cycles, the mechanical loading, and the local microstructure. The bulge in the weld pool shape forms approximately in the middle of the plate, thus correlating with the location of hot cracking. It increases the hot cracking susceptibility by enhancing the three dominant effects. The numerical results are backed up by experimental data. T2 - 11th CIRP Conference on Photonic Technologies [LANE 2020] CY - Online meeting DA - 07.09.2020 KW - Hot cracking KW - Bulge effect KW - Numerical modelling KW - Laser beam welding KW - Deep penetration PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51277 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mirtsch, Mona A1 - Pohlisch, Jakob A1 - Blind, K. T1 - International Diffusion of the Information Security Management System Standard ISO/IEC 27001: Exploring the Role of Culture N2 - In the wake of digitalization, organizations are increasingly exposed to risks associated with security breaches and must take measures to preserve the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information, and to ensure business continuity. The international standard ISO/IEC 27001 assists organizations in setting up, maintaining and continuously improving their information security management systems. However, despite high growth rates, its international diffusion rates are quite heterogeneous. This paper explores why the diffusion of the international management system standard ISO/IEC 27001 differs across countries. We classify the adoption of ISO/IEC 27001 as a ‘preventive organizational innovation’ and draw from diffusion studies of other management system standards and information security research to develop a set of hypotheses. These relate to the impact of cultural dimensions and national ICT development. We use a negative binomial regression model with panel data covering 57 countries over a 12-year period from 2006 to 2017 to test our hypotheses. We find that the cultural dimensions future orientation, power distance, and institutional collectivism as well as high ICT development are driving factors for the diffusion of ISO/IEC 27001. We derive policy recommendations and avenues for future research. T2 - Twenty-Eighth European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS2020) – A Virtual AIS Conference CY - Online meeting DA - 15.06.2020 KW - Information security KW - International diffusion KW - Standards KW - Management system standards KW - ISO/IEC 27001 KW - Preventive innovations KW - Culture KW - GLOBE KW - ICT development index PY - 2020 SP - RP 88 AN - OPUS4-50919 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mirtsch, Mona A1 - Pohlisch, Jakob A1 - Blind, K. T1 - International Diffusion of the Information Security Management System Standard ISO/IEC 27001: Exploring the role of culture N2 - In the wake of digitalization, organizations are increasingly exposed to risks associated with security breaches and must take measures to preserve the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information, and to ensure business continuity. The international standard ISO/IEC 27001 assists organizations in setting up, maintaining and continuously improving their information security management systems. However, despite high growth rates, its international diffusion rates are quite heterogeneous. This paper explores why the diffusion of the international management system standard ISO/IEC 27001 differs across countries. We classify the adoption of ISO/IEC 27001 as a ‘preventive organizational innovation’ and draw from diffusion studies of other management system standards and information security research to develop a set of hypotheses. These relate to the impact of cultural dimensions and national ICT development. We use a negative binomial regression model with panel data covering 57 countries over a 12-year period from 2006 to 2017 to test our hypotheses. We find that the cultural dimensions future orientation, power distance, and institutional collectivism as well as high ICT development are driving factors for the diffusion of ISO/IEC 27001. We derive policy recommendations and avenues for future research. T2 - Twenty-Eighth European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS2020) – A Virtual AIS Conference CY - Online meeting DA - 15.06.2020 KW - Information security KW - International diffusion KW - Standards KW - Management system standards KW - ISO/IEC 27001 KW - Preventive innovations KW - Culture KW - GLOBE KW - ICT development index PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50921 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Faßbender, Sebastian A1 - Rodiouchkina, K. A1 - Vanhaecke, F. A1 - Meermann, Björn T1 - On-line species-specific isotopic analysis of sulfur by hyphenation of capillary electrophoresis with MC-ICP-MS N2 - In many scientific fields, isotopic analysis can offer valuable information. Up to date, typically bulk analysis is aimed at measuring the isotopic composition of the entire elemental content of the sample. However, the analyte element is usually present under the form of different species. Thus, separating species of interest from one another and from matrix components prior to isotope ratio measurements can provide species-specific isotopic information, which could be used for tracing the origin of environmental pollutants and elucidation of (environmental) speciation. Using on-line hyphenations of separation techniques with multicollector-ICP-MS (MC-ICP-MS) can save time and effort and enables the analysis of different species during a single measurement. Whereas some works hyphenating GC and IC with MC-ICP-MS have already been reported, LC and CE hyphenations are still inadequately represented based on the capabilities of these separation techniques. In this work, we developed an on-line hyphenation of CE with multicollector-ICP-MS (CE/MC-ICP-MS) for isotopic analysis of sulfur species using a multiple-injection approach for instrumental mass bias correction by standard-sample bracketing. With this method, the isotopic composition of sulfur in sulfate originating from river water could be analyzed without sample preparation. The results were compared to data from off-line analysis of the same samples to ensure accuracy. The precision of the results of the on-line measurements was promising regarding the differentiation of the river systems by the isotopic signature of river water sulfate. The great potential of this method is based on the versatility of the applied separation technique, not only in the environmental field but also for, e.g., biomolecules, as sulfur is the only covalently bound constituent of proteins that can be analyzed by MC-ICP-MS. T2 - Virtual Goldschmidt 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 21.06.2020 KW - Isotopic analysis KW - Hyphenated techniques KW - Capillary electrophoresis KW - Multicollector-ICP-MS KW - Speciation analysis PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50922 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Terborg, R. A1 - Boehm, S. A1 - Kim, K. J. T1 - Analysis of elemental composition of Fe1-xNix and Si1-xGex alloy thin films by electron probe microanalysis and micro-focus X-ray fluorescence N2 - The present study reports on results of analysis of the elemental composition of thin films by electron probe microanalysis with energy dispersive (ED-EPMA) X-ray spectrometry in conjunction with the dedicated thin-film analysis software package Stratagem and by X-ray fluorescence in its version with a micro-focus X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) source attached to a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Two thin-film systems have been analyzed: Fe1-xNix on silicon wafer and Si1-xGex on Al2O3 substrate, in both cases the layers being grown to a thickness of about 200 nm by ion beam sputter deposition. Samples of five different atomic fractions have been produced and analyzed for each thin-film system. Moreover, reference samples with certified elemental composition and thickness have been also available. This study is part of an interlaboratory comparison organized in the frame of standardization technical committee ISO/TC 201 “Surface chemical analysis.” Two laboratories have been analyzed by ED-EPMA (one laboratory standardless and one laboratory using both standardless and with standards variants) and one laboratory by μ-XRF (standardless and with standards). All the elemental compositions obtained with different methods are in very good agreement for the complete two sets of five samples each. KW - Thin films KW - Elemental composition KW - FeNi KW - SiGe KW - Electron probe microanalysis KW - X-ray Fluorescence PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509262 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.6834 SN - 0142-2421 VL - 52 IS - 12 SP - 929 EP - 932 PB - John Wiley & Sons Ltd AN - OPUS4-50926 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stratakis, E. A1 - Bonse, Jörn A1 - Heitz, J. A1 - Siegel, J. A1 - Tsibidis, G.D. A1 - Skoulas, E. A1 - Papadopoulos, A. A1 - Mimidis, A. A1 - Joel, A.-C. A1 - Comanns, P. A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Florian, C. A1 - Fuentes-Edfuf, Y. A1 - Solis, J. A1 - Baumgartner, W. T1 - Laser engineering of biomimetic surfaces N2 - The exciting properties of micro- and nano-patterned surfaces found in natural species hide a virtually endless potential of technological ideas, opening new opportunities for innovation and exploitation in materials science and engineering. Due to the diversity of biomimetic surface functionalities, inspirations from natural surfaces are interesting for a broad range of applications in engineering, including phenomena of adhesion, friction, wear, lubrication, wetting phenomena, self-cleaning, antifouling, antibacterial phenomena, thermoregulation and optics. Lasers are increasingly proving to be promising tools for the precise and controlled structuring of materials at micro- and nano-scales. When ultrashort-pulsed lasers are used, the optimal interplay between laser and material parameters enables structuring down to the nanometer scale. Besides this, a unique aspect of laser processing technology is the possibility for material modifications at multiple (hierarchical) length scales, leading to the complex biomimetic micro- and nano-scale patterns, while adding a new dimension to structure optimization. This article reviews the current state of the art of laser processing methodologies, which are being used for the fabrication of bioinspired artificial surfaces to realize extraordinary wetting, optical, mechanical, and biological-active properties for numerous applications. The innovative aspect of laser functionalized biomimetic surfaces for a wide variety of current and future applications is particularly demonstrated and discussed. The article concludes with illustrating the wealth of arising possibilities and the number of new laser micro/nano fabrication approaches for obtaining complex high-resolution features, which prescribe a future where control of structures and subsequent functionalities are beyond our current imagination. KW - Biomimetic surfaces KW - Laser processing KW - Surface functionalization KW - Bioinspiration KW - Bionic materials PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2020.100562 SN - 0927-796X VL - 141 SP - 100562-1 EP - 100562-47 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-50927 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hüsken, Götz A1 - Wagner, L.-C. A1 - Gluth, Gregor A1 - Pirskawetz, Stephan A1 - Kühne, Hans-Carsten T1 - Application of Steel Fibres in Alkali-Activated Mortars N2 - Alkali-activated materials are ideal for the repair of concrete structures in harsh environmental conditions due to their high durability in chemically aggressive environments. However, slag-based mortars, in particular, are prone to shrinkage and associated cracks. In this respect, the application of steel fibres is one solution to reduce the formation of shrinkage induced cracks and to improve post cracking behaviour of these mortars. This study investigated the influence of two different types of steel fibres on the tensile properties of two alkali-activated mortars. Direct tensile tests and single fibre pull-outs were performed to analyse the determining failure modes both on macro and micro scale. Mechanical testing was accompanied by non-destructive testing methods such as digital image correlation and acoustic emission for a detailed analysis of the fracture process. T2 - Local Mechanical Properties - LMP 2019 CY - Prague, Czech Republic DA - 06.11.2019 KW - Alkali-activated materials KW - Fibre pull-out KW - Steel fibres KW - Tensile strength PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509291 UR - https://ojs.cvut.cz/ojs/index.php/APP/article/view/6695 DO - https://doi.org/10.14311/APP.2020.27.0090 VL - 27 SP - 90 EP - 95 CY - Prague, Czech Republic AN - OPUS4-50929 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lumpe, H. A1 - Menke, A. A1 - Haisch, C. A1 - Mayer, P. A1 - Kabelitz, Anke A1 - Yusenko, Kirill A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana A1 - Block, T. A1 - Pöttgen, R. A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Daumann, L. J. T1 - The Earlier the Better: Structural Analysis and Separation of Lanthanides with Pyrroloquinoline Quinone N2 - Lanthanides (Ln) are critical raw materials, however, their mining and purification have a considerable negative environmental impact and sustainable recycling and separation strategies for these elements are needed. In this study, the precipitation and solubility behavior of Ln complexes with pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), the cofactor of recently discovered lanthanide (Ln) dependent methanol Dehydrogenase (MDH) enzymes, is presented. In this context, the molecular structure of a biorelevant europium PQQ complex was for the first time elucidated outside a protein environment. The complex crystallizes as an inversion symmetric dimer, Eu2PQQ2, with binding of Eu in the biologically relevant pocket of PQQ. LnPQQ and Ln1Ln2PQQ complexes were characterized by using inductively coupled Plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, 151Eu-Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray total scattering, and Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). It is shown that a natural enzymatic cofactor is capable to achieve Separation by precipitation of the notoriously similar, and thus difficult to separate, lanthanides to some extent. KW - Lanthanides KW - Structural Analysis KW - Separation PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-510821 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202002653 SN - 0947-6539 VL - 26 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & co. KGaA AN - OPUS4-51082 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Mirtsch, Mona A1 - Koch, Claudia A1 - Dudek, Gabriele A1 - Blind, K. T1 - Die Nutzung und Wirkung genormter Managementsysteme N2 - Das Ziel der Initiative QI-FoKuS ist es, eine Datenbasis für neue wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse zu Einflussfaktoren und Effekten in der Konformitätsbewertung und Akkreditierung zu schaffen. Ende 2019 wurden in einer ersten Online-Erhebung Unternehmen verschiedener Branchen und Größenklassen in Deutschland zur Nutzung von Managementsystemen und ihren Wirkungen befragt. Diese umfasste weit verbreitete genormte Managementsysteme wie ISO 9001 und ISO 14001 genauso wie bisher wenig untersuchte Systeme wie die ISO 50001 oder ISO/IEC 27001. Es konnten 180 Fragebögen für die vorliegende Studie ausgewertet werden. KW - QI-FoKuS KW - Managementsysteme KW - ISO 9001 KW - ISO/IEC 27001 KW - ISO 50001 KW - ISO 14001 KW - Zertifizierung KW - Konformitätsbewertung KW - Akkreditierung PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-510831 SN - 978-3-9818564-3-9 DO - https://doi.org/10.26272/opus4-51083 VL - 1 SP - 1 EP - 44 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-51083 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, Axel A1 - Vogler, M. A1 - Grathwohl, P. A1 - Kocher, B. A1 - Braun, Ulrike T1 - Analysis of tire wear particles in soil samples from roadside using TED-GC/MS N2 - Tire wear particles (TW) are generated by the abrasions of tires on the road surface through traffic. These particles can be transported by air and surface runoff and might also infiltrate the soil and consequently affect terrestrial ecosystems. The estimated tire wear (TW) emissions are immense, with 1.33 106 t a-1 in Europe. Despite this, only little is known about the environmental contents or the fate of TW. One reason for this knowledge gap is the challenging analysis of TW in environmental samples. Detection of TW with spectroscopic methods is problematic due to high fluorescence interferences caused by contained black carbon. One analytical approach is to use zinc (Zn), a typical additive in tires, as a specific marker for the quantification of tire wear. However, any Zn originating from the sample matrix must be separated beforehand and requires elaborate sample preparation. Car tires consist partly of synthetic rubbers, such as styrene-butadiene-rubber (SBR). This SBR could be identified and quantified via Thermal-Extraction-Desorption-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (TED-GC-MS). This newly developed and fast screening method allows the simultaneous detection of microplastics and TW mass contents and requires minimal to no sample preparation. Firstly the sample is thermally extracted in a thermobalance under a nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting specific decomposition products are sorbed on a solid phase adsorber, which is then transferred to a GC-MS via an autosampler, where the products are desorbed, separated and identified. Cyclohexenylbenzene is used as a specific marker for SBR. Here we investigated top layer soil samples, collected at the roadside of highly frequented German highways. Samples were analyzed without sample preparation, and SBR was detected in all investigated samples in mass contents ranging from 67.2 to 2230 mg kg-1. A correlation between SBR and Zn content in the soil was confirmed, while the correlation between SBR and Corg was hardly pronounced. We successfully demonstrated the application of TED-GC-MS as a screening method for tire wear in soil samples. The present study will discuss these analytical results in detail as well as sampling parameters like sampling depth and distance to the roadside, and the effect of the particle size on the particle transport by water runoff and air. T2 - SETAC 2020 SciCon CY - Online meeting DA - 03.05.2020 KW - Microplastic KW - Analysis KW - Tire wear KW - Soil PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51086 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - THES A1 - Knieschewski, Arno T1 - Energy efficiency rating of cooking fume extractors based on captured and filtered oil mist N2 - The energy efficiency rating on the European Union energy label for cooking fume extractors is based on measurements of the flow rate and static pressure difference within the duct behind the cooking fume extractor according to standard EN 61591:1997/A12:2015 and regulation (EU) No 65/2014. These measurements do not enable a definite conclusion about the cooking fume extractor’s air purification performance.Measurements which evaluate the air purification performance directly would be more valuable for consumers. In this thesis, a test method was developed that enables the energy efficiency rating of cooking fume extractors based on a direct measurement of the air purification by measuring the captured and filtered oil mist. The test method also enables the rating of cooking fume extractors that operate in recirculation mode, which is not possible using the current standard EN 61591:1997/A12:2015. The performance rating based on removed oil mist requires a reproducible generation of oil mist. Furthermore, the generated oil mist should resemble the oil mist from common cooking scenarios to give meaningful performance ratings. The oil mist from the grease absorption test according to standard EN 61591:1997/A12:2015 was taken as a reference oil mist for common cooking scenarios. A round robin test revealed that the oil mist generation with the grease absorption test from the standard is not reproducible enough for performance tests. The oil mist generation with atomizer nozzles was found more suitable for the reproducible generation of an oil mist. Two different atomizers were analyzed by measuring the properties of generated oil mist and by applying them in performance tests on cooking fume extractors. One “mantled atomizer” was bought from the market and one “open atomizer” was developed specifically for the test of cooking fume extractors. It was found that an oil mist with similar properties compared to the reference oil mist can be generated with the design of the open atomizer. The proposed test method using the open atomizer led to a better repeatability compared to the grease absorption tests according to the current standard and has the potential to improve the reproducibility. The results suggest that the proposed test method could be used for standardized testing which would enable more meaningful energy efficiency ratings and the rating of cooking fume extractors that operate in recirculation mode. N2 - Die Energieverbrauchskennzeichnung der Europäischen Union von Dunstabzugshauben basiert auf den Messungen des Volumenstroms und der statischen Druckdifferenz im Abluftrohr hinter der Dunstabzugshaube gemäß der Norm EN 61591:1997/A12:2015 und Verordnung (EU) No 65/2014. Diese Messungen erlauben keine eindeutigen Rückschlüsse auf die Luftreinigungsfunktion der Dunstabzugshaube. Eine Energieeffizienzbewertung, welche auf Messungen beruht, die die Luftreinigungsfunktion direkt messen, hätte einen größeren Nutzen für die Verbraucher. In dieser Arbeit wird eine Prüfmethode vorgestellt, welche die Energieeffizienzbewertung von Dunstabzugshauben durch eine direkte Messung der Luftreinigungsfunktion ermöglicht, indem die Masse eines eingefangenen und gefilterten Ölnebels ausgewertet wird. The Prüfmethode erlaubt außerdem die Bewertung von Umlufthauben, was mit der jetzigen Prüfnorm EN 61591:1997/A12:2015 nicht möglich ist. Die Leistungsbewertung bezogen auf entfernte Öltropfen benötigt eine reproduzierbare Ölnebelproduktion. Des Weiteren soll der produzierte Ölnebel dem Ölnebel von typischen Kochvorgängen ähneln, um eine aussagekräftige Energieverbrauchskennzeichnung zu ermöglichen. Der Ölnebel vom Fettabscheidegradtest der Norm EN 61591:1997/A12:2015 wurde als Referenz für typische Kochvorgänge genommen. Ein Ringversuch hat ergeben, dass die Ölnebelproduktion vom Fettabscheidegradtest nicht reproduzierbar genug ist, um die Leistung von Dunstabzugshauben zu bewerten. Eine zuverlässigere Ölnebelproduktion konnte mit Zerstäuberdüsen erreicht werden. Zwei verschiedene Zerstäuber wurden analysiert, indem der produzierte Ölnebel vermessen wurde und die Zerstäuber in Leistungsprüfungen von Dunstabzugshauben eingesetzt wurden. Ein „verhüllter Zerstäuber“ wurde gekauft und ein „offener Zerstäuber“ wurde speziell für den Test von Dunstabzugshauben entwickelt. Der offene Zerstäuber konnte einen Ölnebel erzeugen, welcher ähnliche Eigenschaften hatte wie der Referenzölnebel. Die vorgeschlagene Prüfmethode zeigte mit dem offenen Zerstäuber eine bessere Wiederholbarkeit als der Fettabscheidegradtest der derzeitigen Prüfnorm. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die vorgeschlagene Prüfmethode als Prüfnorm genutzt werden könnte, um die Aussagekraft der Energieverbrauchskennzeichnung zu erhöhen und die Bewertung von Umlufthauben zu ermöglichen. KW - Energy label KW - Cooking fume extractor KW - Range hood KW - Oil mist KW - Removal efficiency PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-8440-7498-7 SP - 1 EP - 132 PB - Shaker Verlag CY - Düren, Deutschland AN - OPUS4-51087 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mech, A. A1 - Wohlleben, W. A1 - Ghanem, A. A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Weigel, S. A1 - Babick, F. A1 - Brüngel, R. A1 - Friedrich, C. M. A1 - Rasmussen, K. A1 - Rauscher, H. T1 - Nano or Not Nano? A Structured Approach for Identifying Nanomaterials According to the European Commission’s Definition N2 - Identifying nanomaterials (NMs) according to European Union Legislation is challenging, as there is an enormous variety of materials, with different physico-chemical properties. The NanoDefiner Framework and its Decision Support Flow Scheme (DSFS) allow choosing the optimal method to measure the particle size distribution by matching the material properties and the performance of the particular measurement techniques. The DSFS leads to a reliable and economic decision whether a material is an NM or not based on scientific criteria and respecting regulatory requirements. The DSFS starts beyond regulatory requirements by identifying non-NMs by a proxy Approach based on their volume-specific surface area. In a second step, it identifies NMs. The DSFS is tested on real-world materials and is implemented in an e-tool. The DSFS is compared with a decision flowchart of the European Commission’s (EC) Joint Research Centre (JRC), which rigorously follows the explicit criteria of the EC NM definition with the focus on identifying NMs, and non-NMs are identified by exclusion. The two approaches build on the same scientific basis and measurement methods, but start from opposite ends: the JRC Flowchart starts by identifying NMs, whereas the NanoDefiner Framework first identifies non-NMs. KW - Classification KW - Definition KW - Identification KW - Nanomaterials KW - Particle size KW - Regulation PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-510917 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202002228 SN - 1613-6829 SP - 2002228-1 EP - 2002228-16 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-51091 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pietsch, Franziska A1 - O'Neill, A. J. A1 - Ivask, A. A1 - Jenssen, H. A1 - Inkinen, J. A1 - Kahru, A. A1 - Ahonen, M. A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Selection of resistance by antimicrobial coatings in the healthcare setting N2 - Antimicrobial touch surfaces have been introduced in healthcare settings with the aim of supporting existing hygiene procedures, and to help combat the increasing threat of antimicrobial resistance. However, concerns have been raised over the potential selection pressure exerted by such surfaces, which may drive the evolution and spread of antimicrobial resistance. This review highlights studies that indicate risks associated with resistance on antimicrobial surfaces by different processes, including evolution by de-novo mutation and horizontal gene transfer, and species sorting of inherently resistant bacteria dispersed on to antimicrobial surfaces. The review focuses on antimicrobial surfaces made of copper, silver and antimicrobial peptides because of the practical application of copper and silver, and the promising characteristics of antimicrobial peptides. The available data point to a potential for resistance selection and a subsequent increase in resistant strains via cross-resistance and co-resistance conferred by metal and antibiotic resistance traits. However, translational studies describing the development of resistance to antimicrobial touch surfaces in healthcare-related environments are rare, and will be needed to assess whether and how antimicrobial surfaces lead to resistance selection in These settings. Such studies will need to consider numerous variables, including the antimicrobial concentrations present in coatings, the occurrence of biofilms on surfaces, and the humidity relevant to dry-surface environments. On-site tests on the efficacy of antimicrobial Coatings should routinely evaluate the risk of selection associated with their use. KW - Antimicrobial resistance KW - Antimicrobial coating KW - Touch surfaces KW - Healthcare KW - Infections KW - COST action CA15114 AMICI PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-510926 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2020.06.006 SN - 0195-6701 VL - 106 IS - 1 SP - 115 EP - 125 PB - Elsevier Ltd AN - OPUS4-51092 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Schatten, René T1 - Monitoringprogramm zur Verwertung von Bodenmaterial gemäß §§ 6-8 Novelle BBodSchV N2 - Dem Fachbeirat Bodenuntersuchungen des BMBF/UBA wurden die abschließenden Ergebnisse zum UFOPLAN-Forschungsvorhaben „Monitoring zur Verwertung von Bodenmaterial“ vorgestellt. Die potentielle Auswirkung der neuen Regularien in der geplanten Novelle der BBodSchV (4. Referentenentwurf der Mantelverordnung) auf die Erweiterung der Verwertungsmöglichkeiten von Bodenmaterialien wurden aufgezeigt. T2 - 41. Sitzung des Fachbeirates für Bodenuntersuchungen CY - Online meeting DA - 16.06.2020 KW - Bodenmaterial KW - Verwertung KW - Elutionsverhalten KW - BBodSchV PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50932 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Denißen, M. A1 - Hannen, R. A1 - Itskalov, D. A1 - Biesen, L. A1 - Nirmalananthan-Budau, Nithiya A1 - Hoffmann, Katrin A1 - Reiss, G. J. A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Müller, T. J. J. T1 - One-pot synthesis of a white-light emissive bichromophore operated by aggregation-induced dual emission (AIDE) and partial energy transfer N2 - Merocyanine–triarylamine bichromophores are readily synthesized by sequentially Pd-catalyzed insertion alkynylation–Michael–Suzuki four-component reactions. White-light emissive systems form upon aggregation in 1 : 99 and 0.1 : 99.9 vol% CH2Cl2–cyclohexane mixtures, ascribed to aggregation-induced dual emission (AIDE) in combination with partial energy transfer between both chromophore units as supported by spectroscopic studies. KW - Energy transfer KW - Nano KW - Nanoparticle KW - Photoluminescence KW - Fluorescence KW - Quantum yield KW - Photophysics KW - Lifetime KW - Sensor KW - Dye KW - Enhancement KW - Particle KW - Polarity KW - AIE KW - Aggregation KW - Aggregation-induced emission KW - Solid state emission KW - Merocyanine PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d0cc03451g VL - 56 IS - 54 SP - 7407 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry AN - OPUS4-50936 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, Jan Peter A1 - Dell'Avvocato, G. A1 - Krankenhagen, Rainer T1 - Assessing overload-induced delaminations in glass fiber reinforced polymers by its geometry and thermal resistance N2 - The one-dimensional thermal quadrupole method is used to evaluate a pulsed thermography measurement at delaminations in a glass-fiber reinforced plastic plate quantitatively. The large-scale delaminations have been induced by tension overload and are air-filled and are usually located at the same depth as the notch bottom of a notch on the rear side. While classical evaluation methods like pulsed phase thermography and thermal Signal reconstruction are focused on the delamination depth only, the thermal quadrupole method determines spatially resolved two parameters for delaminations, delamination depth and local thermal resistance. Interestingly, lateral heat flows do not disturb this kind of depth evaluation. KW - Pulsed thermography KW - Delamination KW - Debond KW - Composite materials PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2020.102309 VL - 116 SP - 102309 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50937 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Werner, Tiago A1 - Zerbst, Uwe A1 - Madia, Mauro T1 - Damage tolerant design of metallic AM parts N2 - Additive Manufacturing (AM) opens new possibilities in the design of metallic components, including very complex geometries (e.g. structures optimized for certain loads), optimization of materials (e.g. gradient materials) and cost-effective manufacturing of spare parts. In the recent years, it has been used for the first safety-relevant parts, but the consideration of cyclic mechanical behavior in AM is still at the very beginning. The reason for this is the complexity of mechanical material properties, i.e. inhomogeneity, anisotropy and a large number of defects frequently textured and characterized by large scattering in size. Additionally, high surface roughness and residual stresses with complex distributions are typical of AM. Due to these reasons, the transferability of experimentally determined properties from specimens to components is a challenge. This presentation provides an overview of the questions concerning the application of AM to safety-relevant components. Possible strategies for the fatigue design of such components are presented. Besides the Kitagawa-Takahashi-diagram method and the cyclic R-curve analysis as approaches for damage-tolerant design, the identification of critical locations, the problem of representative material properties and the handling of residual stresses are addressed. T2 - 4th international symposium on Fatigue Design and Material Defects CY - Online meeting DA - 26.05.2020 KW - Additive Manufacturing KW - Cyclic R-Curve KW - Component assessment PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50938 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - THES A1 - Schilling, Markus T1 - Environmental Stress Cracking (ESC) and Slow Crack Growth (SCG) of PE-HD induced by external fluids N2 - High-density polyethylene (PE-HD) is widely used as a packaging material. Typical applications are pipes and containers for storage and transport of dangerous goods. For these applications, the understanding of the craze-crack damage mechanisms slow crack growth (SCG) and environmental stress cracking (ESC) is of importance. Since these mechanisms are considered to be the major causes of failure, their understanding is essential for inspection and release of those materials. A well-established test method for the assessment of these damage mechanisms is the full-notch creep test (FNCT). It is used in this study for a detailed investigation of crack propagation phenomena in PE-HD container materials under the influence of different fluids such as air, water and aqueous detergent solutions (Arkopal N 100) as well as biodiesel and diesel. Based on the results of the FNCT, a classification scheme of different fluids is proposed, which allows for an assignment of the respective damage mechanisms. Hereby, it is differentiated between (i) inert, (ii) purely surface-active and (iii) additionally sorptive, bulk-active fluids with respect to SCG. If the test fluid changes the intrinsic properties (at the surface or in the bulk), the damage mechanism is addressed to ESC behavior. In FNCT investigations, stress, temperature and specimen geometry were varied systematically. In addition to the time to failure as common measure for the resistance of a PE-HD type against crack propagation, specimen elongation was considered in detail. Several imaging techniques were applied for fracture surface analysis of specimens tested in FNCT to gain novel information on SCG and ESC behavior. From height profiles obtained by laser scanning microscopy (LSM) and information on surface structures from scanning electron microscopy (SEM), indicators for the differentiation of the crack propagation mechanisms could be derived. Based on the LSM data, an algorithm for the distinction between ductile shear deformation and brittle crack growth as dominating failure mechanism was developed. Imaging techniques were also used for determination of crack propagation rates, which were related to time-resolved FNCT elongation data. From the time-resolved determination of crack lengths of partly damaged FNCT specimens, an increasing length of craze zone with a progressively propagating crack was revealed for the first time. This relation of crack and craze zones was specified by fracture mechanical considerations. N2 - Polyethylen hoher Dichte (PE-HD) wird als Werkstoff für Rohre und Behälter für den Transport und zur Lagerung von Gefahrgütern verwendet. Für die Beurteilung und technische Freigabe dieser Materialien ist das Verständnis der beiden Schädigungsmechanismen „langsames Risswachstum“ (engl.: „slow crack growth“, SCG) und „umgebungsbedingter Spannungsriss“ (engl.: „environmental stress cracking“, ESC) essentiell. Eine etablierte Prüfmethode zur Bewertung dieser Schädigungsmechanismen ist der Full-Notch Creep Test (FNCT), der in dieser Arbeit zur systematischen Untersuchung des Risswachstums in PE-HD Behältermaterialien unter Einwirkung von Luft, Wasser und wässrigen Netzmittellösungen (Arkopal N 100) sowie Biodiesel und Diesel verwendet wird. Aus den Ergebnissen des FNCT wird ein Klassifikationsschema für Fluide vorgeschlagen, welches ebenfalls eine Zuordnung zu den Schädigungsmechanismen erlaubt. Hierbei wird in (i) inerte, (ii) rein oberflächen-aktive und (iii) zusätzliche sorptive, volumen-aktive Fluide hinsichtlich des langsamen Risswachstums (SCG) unterschieden. Wenn ein Fluid lokal die intrinsischen Materialeigenschaften des Polymers verändert, wird der Schädigungsmechanismus dem umgebungsbedingten Spannungsriss (ESC) zugeordnet. Bei den FNCT-Untersuchungen wurden die mechanische Spannung, die Temperatur und die Prüfkörpergeometrie systematisch variiert. Zusätzlich zur Standzeit wurde die Prüfkörperdehnung zeitabhängig erfasst. Aus einer erweiterten Bruchflächenanalyse konnten neuartige Informationen über SCG und ESC erhalten werden. Hierzu wurden verschiedene Bildgebungsverfahren verwendet. Insbesondere wurden mit Laserscanningmikroskopie (LSM) Höhenprofile und mit Rasterelektronenmikroskopie (REM) Oberflächeninformationen zur Charakterisierung der Rissfortschrittsmechanismen erhalten. Auf Basis der LSM wurde unter Zuhilfenahme von Höhenprofildaten ein Algorithmus zur Unterscheidung zwischen duktiler Scherverformung und sprödem Risswachstum als dominierende Schädigungsmechanismen entwickelt. Die aus den bildgebenden Verfahren ermittelten Rissfortschrittsraten konnten mit den Daten der während des FNCT erfassten Dehnung der Prüfkörper in Beziehung gesetzt werden. Weiterhin wurde mithilfe von zeitaufgelösten Risslängendaten erstmals eine direkte Korrelation der Risslänge zu vorgeschädigten, fibrillierten Bereichen (Crazes) im PE-HD Prüfkörper während des FNCT nachgewiesen. Demnach vergrößert sich die Craze-Länge linear mit zunehmender Risslänge. Dieser Zusammenhang zwischen Riss- und Craze-Längen wurde auf mathematisch, bruchmechanischer Grundlage bestätigt. KW - High-density polyethylene (PE-HD) KW - Full-Notch Creep Test (FNCT) KW - Slow crack growth (SCG) KW - Environmental Stress Cracking (ESC) KW - Biodiesel KW - Diesel KW - Crack propagation analysis KW - Fracture Surface Analysis KW - Test Improvement KW - Imaging PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:tuda-tuprints-115443 DO - https://doi.org/10.25534/tuprints-00011544 SP - 1 EP - 212 CY - Darmstadt AN - OPUS4-50941 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kuhring, M. A1 - Doellinger, J. A1 - Nitsche, A. A1 - Muth, Thilo A1 - Renard, B. Y. T1 - TaxIt: An Iterative Computational Pipeline for Untargeted Strain-Level Identification Using MS/MS Spectra from Pathogenic Single-Organism Samples N2 - Untargeted accurate strain-level classification of a priori unidentified organisms using tandem mass spectrometry is a challenging task. Reference databases often lack taxonomic depth, limiting peptide assignments to the species level. However, the extension with detailed strain information increases runtime and decreases statistical power. In addition, larger databases contain a higher number of similar proteomes. We present TaxIt, an iterative workflow to address the increasing search space required for MS/MS-based strain-level classification of samples with unknown taxonomic origin. TaxIt first applies reference sequence data for initial identification of species candidates, followed by automated acquisition of relevant strain sequences for low level classification. Furthermore, proteome similarities resulting in ambiguous taxonomic assignments are addressed with an abundance weighting strategy to increase the confidence in candidate taxa. For benchmarking the performance of our method, we apply our iterative workflow on several samples of bacterial and viral origin. In comparison to noniterative approaches using unique peptides or advanced abundance correction, TaxIt identifies microbial strains correctly in all examples presented (with one tie), thereby demonstrating the potential for untargeted and deeper taxonomic classification. TaxIt makes extensive use of public, unrestricted, and continuously growing sequence resources such as the NCBI databases and is available under open-source BSD license at https://gitlab.com/rki_bioinformatics/TaxIt. KW - Bioinformatics KW - Mass spectrometry KW - Microbial proteomics KW - Strain identification KW - MS/MS PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00714 VL - 19 IS - 6 SP - 2501 EP - 2510 PB - ACS AN - OPUS4-50942 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bühling, Benjamin T1 - Entwicklung eines luftgekoppelten Ultraschall-Echo-Prüfverfahrens mittels fluidischer Anregung N2 - In vielen technischen Bereichen werden Ultraschallverfahren zur zerstörungsfreien Werkstoffprüfung (ZfP) eingesetzt um auf Basis der Signalstärke und der Laufzeit Einbauteile und Beschädigungen zu orten. Luftgekoppelter Ultraschall spielt bisher in kommerziellen Anwendungen vor Allem im Bauwesen eine untergeordnete Rolle, da die Differenz der akustischen Impedanzen von Luft und Festkörpern immense Verluste beim Übergang des Schallsignals hervorruft. Im Rahmen des Promotionsvorhabens soll die Eignung eines neuartigen Anregungsprinzip untersucht werden, mit dem ein Großteil dieser Verluste vermieden werden soll. Anstelle eines Festkörpers soll mit Hilfe einer fluidischen Düse Druckluft zur Signalerzeugung eingesetzt werden. Die Impedanzverluste zwischen Aktuatormembran und Umgebungsluft entfallen daher. Die gezielte Schallerzeugung durch einen pulsierenden Freistrahl ist weitgehend unerforscht. Es ist daher notwendig, den so erzeugten Schallpuls in der Interaktion mit dem transienten Strömungsfeld zu untersuchen. Das kompressible Medium Luft und die geringen räumlichen Dimensionen einer hochfrequenten Pulsdüse werfen darüber hinaus einige Herausforderungen hinsichtlich der eingesetzten Messtechnik auf. Hier sollen geeignete Verfahren weiterentwickelt und validiert werden, um die Eignung des fluidisch erzeugten Pulses zu überprüfen. In diesem Vortrag werden erste Messungen an einem fluidischen Schalter mit denen an einem kommerziellen Luftultraschallprüfkopf verglichen. T2 - Doktorandenseminar BAM Abt. 8 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 17.02.2020 KW - ZfP KW - Ultraschall KW - NDT KW - Ultrasound KW - Air-coupled KW - Non-Contact KW - Luftgekoppelt KW - Kontaktlos PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51120 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Richter, Anja A1 - Possling, A. A1 - Malysheva, N. A1 - Yousef, K. P. A1 - Herbst, S. A1 - von Kleist, M. A1 - Hengge, R. T1 - Local c-di-GMP signaling in the control of synthesis of the E. coli biofilm exopolysaccharide pEtN-cellulose N2 - In many bacteria, the biofilm-promoting second messenger c-di-GMP is produced and degraded by multiple diguanylate cyclases (DGC) and phosphodiesterases (PDE), respectively. High target specificity of some of these enzymes has led to theoretical concepts of "local" c-di-GMP signaling. In Escherichia coli K-12, which has 12 DGCs and 13 PDEs, a single DGC, DgcC, is specifically required for the biosynthesis of the biofilm exopolysaccharide pEtN-cellulose without affecting the cellular c-di-GMP pool, but the mechanistic basis of this target specificity has remained obscure. DGC activity of membrane-associated DgcC, which is demonstrated in vitro in nanodiscs, is shown to be necessary and sufficient to specifically activate cellulose biosynthesis in vivo. DgcC and a particular PDE, PdeK (encoded right next to the cellulose operon), directly interact with cellulose synthase subunit BcsB and with each other, thus establishing physical proximity between cellulose synthase and a local source and sink of c-di-GMP. This arrangement provides a localized, yet open source of c-di-GMP right next to cellulose synthase subunit BcsA, which needs allosteric activation by c-di-GMP. Through mathematical modeling and simulation, we demonstrate that BcsA binding from the low cytosolic c-di-GMP pool in E. coli is negligible, whereas a single c-di-GMP molecule that is produced and released in direct proximity to cellulose synthase increases the probability of c-di-GMP binding to BcsA several hundred-fold. This local c-di-GMP signaling could provide a blueprint for target-specific second messenger signaling also in other bacteria where multiple second messenger producing and degrading enzymes exist. KW - Biofilm KW - Cellulose synthase KW - Bacterial second messenger KW - C-di-GMP PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-511214 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2020.06.006 SN - 0022-2836 VL - 432 IS - 16 SP - 4576 EP - 4595 PB - Elsevir Ltd. AN - OPUS4-51121 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - A testing facility to assess railway car infrastructure damage N2 - Wheel forces generate stresses in the rail as a function of several vehicle and infrastructure characteristics and operating conditions. The different components of the wheel forces develop strains in the rail which contain an elastic and hysteretic (irreversible) components. The irreversible deformations of the rail would be associated with locomotive energy losses. In this paper, a testing facility is proposed to indirectly characterize the level of stresses in the rail, in terms of the energy that is lost during tuming maneuvers. Different potentially influential factors are considered, including the friction at the Center plate, the wheelbase length, the distance between bogies and the radius of the curved track. The change in the potential energy during a U-turn displacement is measured. In this respect, an experimental model under this operating principle, aimed at validating such a principle of Operation, reveals a significant effect of the friction at the center plate on the energy lost during turning maneuvers, and consequently, on the level of stresses in the rail. T2 - COMPRAIL 2020 - 17th International Conference on Railway Engineering Design & Operation 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 01.07.2020 KW - Energy losses in transportation KW - Experimental methods KW - Friction energy KW - Rail damage KW - Turning forces KW - Wheel forces PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.2495/TDI-V4-N2-142-151 SN - 2058-8305 VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - 142 EP - 151 PB - WitPress AN - OPUS4-51125 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - A testing facility to assess railway car infrastructure damage N2 - A testing device and respective procedure have been proposed to assess the railway damage potentials of the railway cars The operational principles of the device consist of simple physical phenomena. Outputs from a preliminary test suggest that the device could have a good sensitivity. T2 - COMPRAIL 2020 - 17th International Conference on Railway Engineering Design & Operation 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 01.07.2020 KW - Wheel rail forces KW - Friction PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51127 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kricheldorf, H. R. A1 - Weidner, Steffen T1 - High molar mass cyclic poly(L-lactide)s by means of neat tin (II) 2-ethylhexanoate N2 - L-lactide was polymerized in bulk at 120, 140, 160 and 180°C with neat tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate (SnOct2) as catalyst. At 180°C the Lac/Cat ratio was varied from 25/1 up to 8 000/1 and at 160°C from 25/1 up to 6 000/1. The vast majority of the resulting polylactides consist of cycles in combination with a small fraction of linear chains having one octanoate and one COOH end group. The linear chains almost vanished at high Lac/Cat ratios, as evidenced by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and measurements of intrinsic viscosities and dn/dc values. At Lac/Cat ratios <1000/1 the number average molar masses (Mn) are far higher than expected for stoichiometic initiation, and above 400/1 the molar masses vary relatively little with the Lac/Cat ratio. At 180° slight discoloration even at short times and degradation of the molar masses were observed, but at 160°C or below colorless products with weight average molar masses (Mw) up to 310 000 g mol-1 were obtained. The formation of high molar mass cyclic polylactides is explained by a ROPPOC (Ring-Opening Polymerizatiom with simultaneous Polycondensation) mechanism with intermediate formation of linear chains having one Sn-O-CH end group and one mixed anhydride end group. Additional experiments with tin(II)acetate as catalyst confirm this interpretation. These findings together with the detection of several transesterification mechanisms confirm previous critique of the Jacobson-Stockmayer theory. KW - Polylactide KW - MALDI-TOF MS KW - Cyclization PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d0py00811g VL - 11 IS - 32 SP - 5249 EP - 5260 PB - Royal Society for Chemistry AN - OPUS4-51130 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, Anja A1 - Sparnacci, K. A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Tougaard, S. T1 - Determining nonuniformities of core-shell nanoparticle coatings by analysis of the inelastic background of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy survey spectra N2 - Most real core-shell nanoparticle (CSNP) samples deviate from an ideal core-shell structure potentially having significant impact on the particle properties. An ideal structure displays a spherical core fully encapsulated by a shell of homogeneous thickness, and all particles in the sample exhibit the same shell thickness. Therefore, analytical techniques are required that can identify and characterize such deviations. This study demonstrates that by analysis of the inelastic background in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) survey spectra, the following types of deviations can be identified and quantified: the nonuniformity of the shell thickness within a nanoparticle sample and the incomplete encapsulation of the cores by the shell material. Furthermore, CSNP shell thicknesses and relative coverages can be obtained. These results allow for a quick and straightforward comparison between several batches of a specific CSNP, different coating approaches, and so forth. The presented XPS methodology requires a submonolayer distribution of CSNPs on a substrate. Poly(tetrafluoroethylene)-poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(tetrafluoroethylene)-polystyrene polymer CSNPs serve as model systems to demonstrate the applicability of the approach. KW - Core-shell KW - Nanoparticles KW - Inelastic background KW - Polymers KW - QUASES KW - XPS PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-511315 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.6865 SN - 0142-2421 SN - 1096-9918 VL - 52 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Wiley CY - Chichester AN - OPUS4-51131 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lorenzoni, R. A1 - Curosu, I. A1 - Léonard, Fabien A1 - Paciornik, S. A1 - Mechtcherine, V. A1 - Silva, F. A. A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Combined mechanical and 3D-microstructural analysis of strain-hardening cement-based composites (SHCC) by in-situ X-ray microtomography N2 - The paper presents the results of a series of combined mechanical and in-situ morphological investigations on highstrength strain-hardening cement-based Composites (SHCC). Tension and compression experiments were performed in a CT scanner employing a dedicated mechanical testing rig. The in-situ microtomographic scans enabled correlating the measured specimen response with relevant microstructural features and fracture processes. The microstructural segmentation of SHCC was performed in the framework of Deep Learning and it targeted an accurate segmentation of pores, fibers and aggregates. Besides their accurate volumetric representation, these phases were quantified in terms of content, size and orientation. The fracture processes were monitored at different loading stages and Digital Volume Correlation (DVC) was employed to spatially map the strains and cracks in the specimens loaded in compression. The DVC analysis highlighted the effect of loading conditions, specimen geometry and material heterogeneity at the mesolevel on the strain distribution and fracture localization. KW - Digital Volume Correlation KW - High Strength Concrete KW - In-situ Computed Tomography KW - composites PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.106139 VL - 136 SP - 106139 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-51054 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fernández, R. A1 - Bokuchava, G. A1 - Toda-Caraballo, I. A1 - Bruno, Giovanni A1 - Turchenko, V. A1 - Gorshkova, Y. A1 - González-Doncel, G. T1 - Analysis of the Combined Strengthening Effect of Solute Atoms and Precipitates on Creep of Aluminum Alloys N2 - The creep strengthening mechanisms in (age-hardenable) aluminum alloys are analyzed on the basis of a new microstructural study of powder samples, an analysis of a comprehensive revision of creep data from the literature, and a new modeling approach. A strategy based on the strength difference (SD) method to separate the contributions of solid solution atoms and precipitates to creep strengthening is proposed. The new methodology considers the combination of the two contributions avoiding the need of a threshold stress term in the creep equation. The contribution of both precipitates and solid solution is taken into account by means of the analysis of the lattice parameter variation with aging time. For this study, powders of two commercial AA2xxx alloys have been analyzed using diffraction methods. The experimental results are modeled using Lubarda’s approach combined with the SD method. KW - Composites KW - Aluminum alloys KW - Creep models KW - Neutron Diffraction KW - Stress exponent PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201901355 VL - 22 IS - 4 SP - 1901355 PB - WILEY-VCH Verlag AN - OPUS4-51055 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo T1 - Deep foundations for offshore wind turbines. Lecture 1: Axial behaviour T1 - Cimentaciones profundas para aerogeneradores marinos - Parte 1: Comportamiento axial N2 - This presentation deals with the phenomenology and design of pile foundations for offshore wind turbines, and is divided into two lectures. The first lecture presents a brief introduction to the context and peculiarities of such foundations, and then focuses on the particular case of axially loaded piles. This part is most relevant for the relatively slender piles of the multi-pile substructures (i.e. jackets and tripods). A clear distinction between physical phenomenology and practical design is drawn here. T2 - Masters course on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. Geotechnical Laboratory of CEDEX CY - Online meeting DA - 21.04.2020 KW - Pile foundations KW - Offshore wind turbines KW - Physical phenomenology KW - Design methods PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51057 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Artzt, K. A1 - Mishurova, Tatiana A1 - Bauer, P.-P. A1 - Gussone, J. A1 - Barriobero-Vila, P. A1 - Evsevleev, Sergei A1 - Bruno, Giovanni A1 - Requena, G. A1 - Haubrich, J. T1 - Pandora’s Box–Influence of Contour Parameters on Roughness and Subsurface Residual Stresses in Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Ti-6Al-4V N2 - The contour scan strategies in laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) of Ti-6Al-4V were studied at the coupon level. These scan strategies determined the surface qualities and subsurface residual stresses. The correlations to these properties were identified for an optimization of the LPBF processing. The surface roughness and the residual stresses in build direction were linked: combining high laser power and high scan velocities with at least two contour lines substantially reduced the surface roughness, expressed by the arithmetic mean height, from values as high as 30 μm to 13 μm, while the residual stresses rose from ~340 to about 800 MPa. At this stress level, manufactured rocket fuel injector components evidenced macroscopic cracking. A scan strategy completing the contour region at 100 W and 1050 mm/s is recommended as a compromise between residual stresses (625 MPa) and surface quality (14.2 μm). The LPBF builds were monitored with an in-line twin-photodiode-based melt pool monitoring (MPM) system, which revealed a correlation between the intensity quotient I2/I1, the surface roughness, and the residual stresses. Thus, this MPM system can provide a predictive estimate of the surface quality of the samples and resulting residual stresses in the material generated during LPBF. KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Ti-6Al-4V KW - Contour scan strategy KW - Surface roughness KW - Melt pool monitoring KW - Residual stress KW - Synchrotron X-ray diffraction PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-510585 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13153348 VL - 13 IS - 15 SP - 3348 AN - OPUS4-51058 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo T1 - Deep foundations for offshore wind turbines. Lecture 2: lateral behaviour and advanced topics T1 - Cimentaciones profundas para aerogeneradores marinos - Parte 2: Comportamiento lateral y tematica avanzada N2 - This presentation deals with the phenomenology and design of pile foundations for offshore wind turbines, and is divided into two lectures. The second lecture continues with the case of lateraly loaded offshore piles, which bears most relevance for the case of the monopile foundations. Here again, a clear separation between physical reality and design methods is intended. Finally, the last part of the second lecture introduces several advanced topics which lie outside the classical design approaches, namely the hydromechanical coupling effects (i.e. the excess pore-pressure generation around the monopiles), the cyclic pile fatigue and the so-called pile setup (i.e. the time effects on the axial pile capacity). The relevance of the latter two topics is illustrated with experimental results from a field testing campaign on real large-scale piles. T2 - Masters course on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. Geotechnical Laboratory of CEDEX CY - Online meeting DA - 21.04.2020 KW - Pile foundations KW - Offshore wind turbines KW - Physical phenomenology KW - Design methods PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51059 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kömmling, Anja A1 - Jaunich, Matthias A1 - Goral, Milan A1 - Wolff, Dietmar T1 - Insights for lifetime predictions of O-ring seals from five-year long-term aging tests N2 - O-rings made of HNBR, EPDM and FKM were aged in the compressed and uncompressed state at 150 °C, 125 °C, 100 °C, 75 °C, 60 °C and 23 °C for aging times of up to five years. Hardness was measured and increased with aging time and temperature for HNBR and EPDM, but it remained practically constant for FKM. Indenter modulus measurements were performed on the lateral O-ring surface (that was free of DLO effects) to assess an influence of the compression during aging, but none was detected. The equilibrium compression set (CS) exhibited faster and stronger degradation than hardness and was used for lifetime predictions using the time-temperature superposition (TTS) principle. With an end-of-lifetime criterion of 70 % CS, lifetimes of 4.5 years, 50 years and 526 years at 75 °C were estimated for HNBR, EPDM and FKM, respectively. The activation energies derived from an Arrhenius plot of the shift factors from the TTS were 85 kJ/mol, 99 kJ/mol and 78 kJ/mol for HNBR, EPDM and FKM, respectively, revealing that a higher activation energy does not necessarily mean that the material has a higher lifetime at lower temperatures. Furthermore, the measured lifetime of EPDM O-rings at 100 °C (5 years) was compared to that predicted on the basis of the lifetime at 150 °C as well as 125 °C using the corresponding shift factors. The error of the prediction was only ± 4 %. However, this precise prediction could only be achieved using the five-year long-term aging data. When using only data from aging times up to 0.5 years and 2 years, the lifetime of EPDM O-rings at 100 °C was underestimated by 31 % and 22 %, respectively. KW - HNBR KW - EPDM KW - FKM KW - DLO KW - Hardness KW - Compression set KW - Rubber KW - Elastomer KW - Degradation PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109278 VL - 179 SP - 109278 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-51060 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Taube, Mareike Carolin A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Feldmann, Ines A1 - Ostermann, Markus A1 - Reuter, M. A1 - Stelter, M. T1 - Tantalrecycling aus pyrometallurgischen Rückständen N2 - Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist die Untersuchung eines bestehenden pyrometallurgischen Prozesses zur Rückgewinnung von Tantal und Niob aus metallurgischen Reststoffen mit vorwiegend niedriger Wertstoffkonzentration. Zur näheren Erforschung der im vorliegenden Stoffsystem ablaufenden Reduktionsprozesse wurden in einem Elektrolichtbogenofen Schmelzversuche im Pilotmaßstab durchgeführt. Als Reduktionsmittel diente Koks, welcher mithilfe einer Argon-gespülten Eisenlanze in die flüssige mineralische Schmelze eingebracht wurde. Während der Reduktionsbehandlung werden Refraktärmetalle wie Tantal und Niob in ihre Carbide überführt und anschließend in der erschmolzenen eisenbasierten Metallphase am Boden des Reaktors angereichert. Neben Tantal und Niob gelangt auch ein Teil des im Einsatzmaterial enthaltenen Titans als unerwünschtes Begleitelement in die Metallphase. Sein Großteil verbleibt jedoch als Oxid in der Schlacke und wird dort hauptsächlich im Mineral Perowskit (CaTiO3) gebunden. Die erstarrten Schlackeproben wurden mit verschiedenen Methoden wie Röntgenfluoreszensanalyse, Röntgenbeugung und Rasterelektronenmikroskopie mit gekoppelter energiedispersiver Röntgenanalyse untersucht, um die Bildung tantalhaltiger Mineralphasen zu verschiedenen Stadien des Reduktionsprozesses zu verfolgen. Die hier gewonnenen Erkenntnisse zeigen, dass weniger die durch das Einblasen von Koks verursachte Reduktionsreaktion, sondern das Absinken der tantalreichen Eisentröpfchen in der flüssigen mineralischen Schmelze, gefolgt von ihrer Anreicherung in die Metallphase, für die Kinetik ausschlaggebend ist. N2 - An existing pyrometallurgical process for tantalum and niobium recovery, mainly from low grade pyrometallurgical residues, was investigated. Melting experiments were carried out in a pilot-scale electric arc furnace to study the material system during the reduction process caused by blowing coke into the liquid mineral melt. During the pyrometallurgical treatment refractory metals such as tantalum and niobium are converted into their carbides and enriched in the molten iron-based metal phase. Titanium is also enriched in the metal phase as an unwanted accompanying element, but most of it remains in oxidic form in the slag and is mainly bound in the mineral perovskite. Cooled down slag samples were analysed using XRF, XRD, SEM and EDX to investigate the formation of mineral phases rich in tantalum during various stages of the reduction process. The results show that the settling of the tantalum-rich iron droplets in the molten slag into the metal phase May play a greater role for the kinetics than the actual reduction reaction caused by blowing in coke. KW - Tantal KW - Recycling KW - Reduktionsprozess KW - Perowskit KW - Elektrolichtbogenofen PY - 2020 SN - 1613-2394 VL - 73 IS - 4 SP - 196 EP - 205 PB - GDMB Verlag GmbH CY - Clausthal-Zellerfeld AN - OPUS4-51064 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Smol, M. A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Kugler, Stefan T1 - Inventory of Polish municipal sewage sludge ash (SSA) – Mass flows, chemical composition, and phosphorus recovery potential N2 - This paper presents an inventory of sewage sludge ashes (SSA) generated in the mono-incineration plants for municipal sewage sludge in Poland. This research focused on the detailed study of mass flows, chemical composition, and phosphorus recovery potential. There are currently 11 sludge mono-incineration plants operated with a total capacity of 160,300 Mg dry weight (d.w.) of sludge annually. Recently, a significant increase in the amount of SSA generated in these plants has been observed, reaching 26,756 Mg in 2018. Chemical composition of SSA showed significant amounts of the main nutrients: calcium (~14%), phosphorus (~13%), magnesium (~3%), and potassium (~1%). Additional main elements were iron (~14.5%), silicon (~13%), and aluminium (~6%). The main trace elements in the SSA were zinc (~3750 mg/kg) and copper (~899 mg/kg). Pollutants, according to fertilizer regulations of different countries, present in Polish SSA were chromium(~703 mg/kg), nickel (~260 mg/kg), lead (~94 mg/kg), and Cadmium (~9 mg/kg). The radionuclides, uranium, and thorium often present in higher amounts in commercial phosphate rock-based fertilizers, were only detected in SSA t low levels of 4–9 mg/kg and 2–3 mg/kg, respectively. Theoretical phosphorus recovery potential from the SSA (from plants in Cracow, Lodz, Gdansk, Gdynia, Szczecin, and Kielce) was estimated at 1613.8 Mg, of which 33.9% is bioavailable. Currently, in Poland, the recommended approach is the production of fertilizers as a result of the extraction of phosphorus from the SSA with its use in the production of secondary mineral fertilizers. Further research in this area is required considering Polish conditions and legislation. KW - Municipal sewage sludge KW - Sewage sludge ash (SSA) KW - Phosphorus KW - Recovery potential PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.07.042 VL - 116 SP - 31 EP - 39 PB - Elsevier Ltd AN - OPUS4-51093 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Böhne, Chr. A1 - Meschut, G. A1 - Biegler, M. A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Avoidance of liquid metal embrittlement during resistance spot welding by heat input dependent hold time adaption N2 - Liquid metal embrittlement (LME) cracking can occur during resistance spot welding (RSW) in zinc-coated advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) for automotive production. In this study, a methodological variation of hold time is performed to investigate the process-related crack influence factors. A combination of numerical and experimental investigations confirms, that the extent of heat dissipation and re-heating of the sheet surface can be influenced and thus the degree of crack formation can be controlled in a targeted manner by the parameterisation of the hold time. The temperature and stress history of crack-free and crack-afflicted spot welds are analysed and a conclusion on the borders defining the LME active region is derived. KW - Liquid metal embrittlement KW - Crack KW - Advanced high-strength steels KW - Resistance spot welding KW - Hold time KW - Heat input KW - Simulation PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2020.1795585 SN - 1362-1718 VL - 25 IS - 7 SP - 617 EP - 624 PB - Taylor Francis Online AN - OPUS4-51096 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Biegler, M. A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Numerische Simulation im 3D-Druck N2 - Die numerische Simulation hilft, Probleme bei additiven Bauprozessen früh zu erkennen und Optimierungspotentiale auszuschöpfen. Ziel ist, im additiven Auftragschweißen (DED) die Zahl der nötigen Versuche durch Vorhersagen zu verringern und Prozessgrößen zu visualisieren. Eine besondere Anwendung der Simulation ist die Generierung verzugskompensierter Geometrien: Durch die Berechnung des Bauteilverzugs kann die Geometrie vor dem Bauen so verändert werden, dass sie mit Verzug die gewünschte Toleranz erreicht. So kann Zerspanvolumen und Aufmaß reduziert werden. KW - Schweißsimulation KW - FEM KW - Auftragschweißen KW - Additive Fertigung KW - Verzug PY - 2020 IS - 4 SP - 45 EP - 48 AN - OPUS4-51097 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Risse, S. A1 - Juhl, A. A1 - Mascotto, S. A1 - Arlt, T. A1 - Markötter, Henning A1 - Hilger, A. A1 - Manke, I. A1 - Fröba, M. T1 - Detailed and Direct Observation of Sulfur Crystal Evolution During Operando Analysis of a Li-S Cell with Synchrotron Imaging N2 - Herein, we present a detailed investigation of the electrochemically triggered formation and dissolution processes of α- and β-sulfur crystals on a monolithic carbon cathode using operando high-resolution synchrotron radiography (438 nm/pixel). The combination of visual monitoring with the electrical current response during cyclic voltammetry provides valuable insights into the sulfur formation and dissolution mechanism. Our observations show that the crystal growth process is mainly dictated by a rapid equilibrium between long-chain polysulfides on one side and solid sulfur/short-chain polysulfides on the other side, which is consistent with previous studies in this field. The high temporal and spatial resolution of synchrotron imaging enables the observation of different regimes during the sulfur formation and dissolution process. The appearance of short-chain polysulfides after the first anodic CV peak initiates a rapid dissolution process of α-sulfur crystals on the cathode. The increase in the long-chain lithium polysulfide concentration at the cathode surface during charge results in an increased crystal growth rate, which in turn produces imperfections in α- and β-sulfur crystals. There are strong indications that these defects are fluid inclusions, which may trap dissolved polysulfides and therefore reduce the electrochemical cell capacity. KW - LiS battery KW - Radiography KW - Synchrotron Imaging PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01284 VL - 11 IS - 14 SP - 5674 EP - 5679 AN - OPUS4-51100 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Komann, Steffen A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor A1 - Quercetti, Thomas A1 - Scheidemann, Robert A1 - Wille, Frank T1 - Mechanical and thermal assessment by BAM of a new package design for the transport of SNF from a german research reactor N2 - For disposal of the research reactor of the Technical University Munich FRM II a new transport and storage cask design was under approval assessment by the German authorities on the basis of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) requirements. The cask body is made of ductile cast iron and closed by two bolted lid systems with metal seals. The material of the lids is stainless steel. On each end of the cask the wood-filled impact limiters are installed to reduce impact loads to the cask under drop test conditions. In the cavity of the cask a basket for five spent fuel elements is arranged. This design has been assessed by the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) in view to the mechanical and thermal safety analyses, the activity release approaches, and subjects of quality assurance and surveillance for manufacturing and operation of the package. For the mechanical safety analyses of the package a combination of experimental testing and analytical/numerical calculations were applied. In total, four drop tests were carried out at the BAM large drop test facility. Two tests were carried out as a full IAEA drop test sequence consisting of a 9m drop test onto an unyielding target and a 1m puncture bar drop test. The other two drop tests were performed as single 9m drop tests and completed by additional analyses for considering the effects of an IAEA drop test sequence. The main objectives of the drop tests were the investigation of the integrity of the package and its safety against release of radioactive material as well as the test of the fastening system of the impact limiters. Furthermore, the acceleration and strain signals measured during the tests were used for the verification of finite-element (FE) models applied in the safety analysis of the package design. T2 - Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 03.08.2020 KW - Mechanik KW - radioaktives Material KW - Transportbehälter KW - Antragsverfahren KW - Zulassungen KW - Typ-B Versandstück KW - Thermik PY - 2020 VL - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - ASME CY - New York AN - OPUS4-51103 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Komann, Steffen A1 - Neumann, Martin A1 - Wille, Frank T1 - Transportbehälter für Klasse 7 - Ein Überblick N2 - Die Präsentation gibt einen Überblick über die Tranportbehälter der Klasse 7. Behandelt werden neben der Versandstückklassifikation auch die Anforderungen an diese Verpackungen gemäß der gefahrgutrechtlichen Vorschriften. T2 - 30. Münchner Gefahrguttage CY - Online meeting DA - 20.07.2020 KW - Gefahrgutrecht KW - Transportbehälter KW - Radioaktives Material KW - Zulassungspflichtige Versandstücke PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51104 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva A1 - Neitsch, Marcel A1 - Goedecke, Thomas T1 - Industrial leak testing of dangerous goods packagings N2 - The Dangerous Goods Regulations currently do not include limit leakage rates or sensitivity requirements for industrial leak testing procedures that are equivalent to the bubble test, which is the prescribed test method for design type testing of dangerous goods packagings. During series production of such packagings, various methods are used which often do not reach the sensitivity of the bubble test. Based on a suitable pragmatic approach, its sensitivity under industrial conditions can be considered 10-4 Pa m³/s (SLR). For the selection of a suitable industrial leak testing method, however, factors other than the sensitivity are also important, for example flow direction, pressure level and automatability. The following methods are in principal suitable and equally effective as the bubble test: pressure rise test (vacuum chamber), ultrasonic bubble leak detection and gas detection methods (pressure technique by accumulation and vacuum chamber technique). To ensure a uniform test level during design type testing and production line leak testing and therefore a comparable safety level as required by the Dangerous Goods Regulations, it is necessary to include a more precise specification in these regulations. On the one hand, this requires an information about the sensitivity of the bubble test, on the other hand, the inclusion of a list of suitable, equally effective industrial test methods with their specific boundary conditions T2 - 22nd IAPRI World Packaging Online Conference CY - Online meeting DA - 15.06.2020 KW - Bubble test KW - Dangerous goods packagings KW - Industrial leak testing KW - Leakproofness test KW - Series production PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51132 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Bayat, Mehmet E. A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias T1 - Unsicherheit bei der Probenahme von Sprengstoffspuren und Detektion durch Ionenmobilitätsspektrometrie N2 - IMS trägt zur Luftfrachtsicherheit bei Geltende Luftsicherheitsgesetze verpflichten Luftsicherheitsbehörden, Flughafenbetreiber und Fluggesellschaften umfassende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen auf den Flughäfen zu ergreifen, um die Gefahr möglicher terroristischer Bedrohungen zu erkennen und zu verhindern. Wenn ein verdächtiges Objekt durch Röntgenstrahlen identifiziert wurde, kann die IMS als schnelles Analyseverfahren vor Ort orthogonal zur Radiologie eingesetzt werden, um chemische Informationen über Gefahrstoffe wie Sprengstoffe oder Drogen vor dem Abflug zu erhalten. Vor der Detektion von Sprengstoffen beginnt die Untersuchung eines verdächtigen Objekts mit der Probenahme mittels Wischprobensammlern. Eine Luftsicherheitskontrollkraft wischt dabei Oberflächen des Objekts mit einem Probensammler ab, um Partikel von Gefahrstoffen zu sammeln. Der beladene Probensammler wird anschließend in einen Probeneinlass eingeführt. Nach thermischer Desorption der gesammelten Stoffe erhält der Bediener (z. B. Luftsicherheitskontrollkraft) ein boolesches Ergebnis - "Alarm" oder "Kein Alarm". Verfahren und Ergebnisse In dieser Studie wurden drei Verfahren mit vier ECAC-zertifizierten ETD-Geräten zur Entwicklung eines Unsicherheitskonzeptes bezüglich der Probenahme (PN) angewandt: I) direkte Probenaufnahme durch lösemittelbasierten Auftrag einer bekannten Sprengstoffmenge auf einem Probensammler, II) Auftragung einer bekannten Menge eines gelösten Sprengstoffs auf einem 10 cm × 10 cm Substrat (Aluminium, Papier, Eisen und Polyvinylchlorid) und manuelle PN nach Lösemittelverdampfung, III) lösemittelbasierter Sprengstoffauftrag auf eine PTFE- oder PTFE-beschichtete Glasfaseroberfläche, nach Lösemittelverdunstung trockene Übertragung auf das zu beprobende Substrat zur PN. Nach dem binären Regressionsverfahren wurde die funktionale Abhängigkeit der Detektionswahrscheinlichkeit von einer bekannten Sprengstoffmasse mit einer Logit-Funktion beschrieben: POD=1/(1+e^(-A·(m-B))). Dabei ist POD die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Detektion für eine bekannte Sprengstoff-Masse, die Parameter A (logistische Wachstumsrate der Kurve) und B (m-Wert des Mittelpunktes des Sigmoids) sind geschätzte Parameter nach der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate, und m ist die Sprengstoffmasse. Das entwickelte Messunsicherheitsmodell kombiniert quantitative Ergebnisse aus Wägen, Lösen und Pipettieren sowie qualitative Ergebnisse - "Alarm" oder "Kein Alarm" und die Unsicherheit der PN. Identifizierte Unsicherheitsursachen sind die Durchführung der Wischprobenahme, Staub, Lösemitteleffekte und die Unsicherheit bei der Herstellung von Testlösungen. T2 - 8. IMS-Anwendertreffen CY - Potsdam, Germany DA - Veranstaltung wurde abgesagt - Meeting was cancelled KW - IMS KW - Ionenmobilitätsspektrometrie KW - Wischprobenahme KW - binäres Regressionsverfahren KW - ETD KW - Sprengstoffspurendetektion PY - 2020 VL - 2020 SP - 9 EP - 9 PB - Universität Potsdam CY - Potsdam AN - OPUS4-51136 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bradley, Ian A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Scarponi, G. E. A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. ED - Ao, S.-I. ED - Kim, H. K. ED - Amouzegar, M. A. T1 - Boiling and thermohydraulics within pressure vessels N2 - Exposure of pressure vessels to fire can result in catastrophic explosion and escalation of accidents. The safe transportation of cargo in pressure vessels therefore requires knowledge of what will happen to the cargo in the event of a vehicle derailment or rollover resulting in fire exposure. The chapter presents an overview of selected testing and modelling work undertaken to understand the thermohydraulic processes within a vessel that drive pressurization during fire. A series of experiments highlighting the importance of adequate design and selection of protection systems are summarized. It is concluded that pressure relief alone is typically insufficient to prevent vessel rupture, but the combination of relief and thermal coatings can be effective. KW - BLEVE KW - Explosion KW - LPG KW - PIV KW - Pressure vessel KW - Thermohydraulics PY - 2020 SN - 978-981-15-6847-3 SN - 978-981-15-6848-0 DO - https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6848-0_13 SP - 158 EP - 172 PB - Springer Nature CY - Singapore AN - OPUS4-51138 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF ED - Otremba, Frank T1 - Proceedings of the third international conference on materials engineering and applications (ICMEA 2020) N2 - The Third International Conference on Materials Engineering and Applications (ICMEA 2020) was held from 6 to 8 January 2020 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The conference provided a wide platform for the participants to communicate with each other and to share their research achievements. The distinguished keynote speakers, on the other hand, created a motivational academic atmosphere through the presentation of their outstanding research outputs. So, on behalf of the organizing committee, we are pleased to present this volume, containing selected contributions to this conference, of authors based in the industry, research institutes and universities. You will find that a variety of subjects around materials is being covered in these proceedings, including material's science, processing and properties, as well as measuring methods and applications. The selection of papers for this volume, we must recognize, was indeed a challenging endeavor for the about fifty specialized researchers that voluntarily took their time for the reviewing process for this IOP Conference proceedings volume. While we appreciate the efforts of all the author that submitted papers for this conference as well as the key role of the reviewers, we express our gratitude to all the members of the supporting staff, for their enduring effort to make the conference process a smooth one, and to the proceedings editing team, whose time and talent created the present volume from scratches. T2 - Third International Conference on Materials Engineering and Applications (ICMEA 2020) CY - Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam DA - 06.01.2020 KW - Functional materials KW - Composite materials KW - Nanomaterials KW - Polymer materials KW - Manufacturing and processing KW - Material characterization PY - 2020 UR - https://iopscience.iop.org/issue/1757-899X/894/1 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/894/1/011001 SN - 1757-899X SN - 1757-8981 VL - 894 PB - IOP CY - Bristol AN - OPUS4-51140 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hofmann, Michael A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Jann, Oliver T1 - Robustness validation of a test procedure for the determination of the radon-222 exhalation rate from construction products in VOC emission test chambers N2 - This study investigated the adaptation of the state-of-the-art test procedure for the determination of emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from materials into indoor air to test for the radon exhalation from stony construction products. A complete robustness validation including all relevant parameters showed that the procedure can be well applied by testing institutes already holding available the required VOC testing infrastructure that solely needs to be complemented by calibrated commercial radon measurement instrumentation. When measurements of the radon exhalation from construction materials become mandatory by law, test capacity can easily be applied. This work can serve as a recommendation for the European standardisation that still is on hold in this point. KW - Radon exhalation KW - Construction products KW - Emission test chamber KW - Robustness validation KW - Standardisation PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2020.109372 SN - 0969-8043 VL - 166 IS - 109372 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-51145 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarz, Silke A1 - Kurth, Lutz T1 - Wege zur richtigen Beurteilung von Gefährdungen - Unfalluntersuchung eines schwarzpulverähnlichen Reinigungspulvers N2 - Bei der Explosion in einer Herstellungsstätte für ein Pulver zur Reinigung industrieller Feuerungsanlagen ist eine Person tödlich verunglückt. Die BAM wurde gebeten, beschlagnahmte Muster des Reinigungspulvers zu bewerten. Dafür wurden verschiedene Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Diese sollten klären, ob die stoffliche Einstufung des Reinigungspulvers in die Klasse 5.1 für die sichergestellten Pulverproben zutreffend ist. Es konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die untersuchten Pulverproben explosionsgefährliche Eigenschaften aufweisen und der Klasse 1 zuzuordnen sind. Die weiterführende Gefährdungsbeurteilung erfolgte anhand neu eingeführter sicherheitstechnischer Kenndaten Kriterien und der daraus abgeleiteten Gefahrgruppe. KW - Gefährdung KW - Kenndaten KW - Gefahrgruppen PY - 2020 SN - 0941-4584 IS - 2 SP - 15 EP - 21 PB - Deutscher Sprengverband CY - Siegen AN - OPUS4-51146 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zorn, R. A1 - Lohstroh, W. A1 - Zamponi, M. A1 - Harrison, W. A1 - Budd, P. A1 - Böhning, Martin A1 - Schönhals, Andreas T1 - Molecular mobility of a polymer of intrinsic microporosity revealed by quasielastic neutron scattering N2 - Quasielastic neutron scattering by employing a combination of time-of-flight and backscattering techniques is carried out to explore the molecular mobility of a polymer of intrinsic microporosity (PIM-1) at microscopic time scales in comparison with a high-performance polyimide. Molecular fluctuations can change the structure of the temporary network of micropores and open or close pathways for gas molecules. Therefore, the investigation might help to understand the selectivity of PIMs in gas separation processes. The performed neutron scattering experiments provide evidence for a low-temperature relaxation process, which was assigned to methyl group rotation. This methyl group rotation was analyzed in terms of jump diffusion in a three-fold potential. The analysis results in a fraction of methyl groups which are immobilized. For PIM-1 it was found that the fraction of immobilized methyl groups decreases with increasing temperature up to 350 K. At higher temperatures the number of immobilized methyl group increases gain due to an underlying relaxation process. This motional process on a somewhat larger length scale might lead to a reversible structural rearrangement which partially hinders the strongly localized methyl group rotation. In addition, it was found that the activation energy for the methyl group rotation for PIM-1 and the polyimide is significantly higher than for conventional polymers. KW - Polymer of intrinsic microporosity KW - Quasielastic neutron scattering PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00963 SN - 0024-9297 SN - 1520-5835 VL - 53 IS - 15 SP - 6731 EP - 6739 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-51147 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - A method to assess the gravity response efficiency of a truck N2 - In spite that transport activities do not represent the biggest contributor of pollutants emissions, their reduction has been a priority as some other externalities are associated to such emissions and to the transport itself. A crucial element to characterize the behavior of the vehicles against the environment are the losses that such vehicles exhibit in a passive way, that is, without any involvement of power conditions. The energy loses due to the rolling, the drag and to the friction in mechanical components, have been assessed so far in terms of the stopping acceleration when the vehicle idles on a ramp. However, such a testing procedure produces some uncertainties due to the dynamic conditions that are considered. To avoid such critical limitations, in this paper a testing procedure and facility are proposed, which are based on static conditions of the vehicle at the initiation and at the ending of the test, which are assumed to provide a better reliability to the testing. Some preliminary theoretical analysis should be made in order to validate the operational principles proposed herein for such testing facility. KW - Road tankers KW - Energy efficiency KW - Environmental assessment KW - Gravity response KW - Transportation energy KW - Rolling resistance KW - Drag resistance PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-511530 UR - https://www.iaras.org/iaras/home/caijes/a-method-to-assess-the-gravity-response-efficiency-of-a-truck SN - 2367-8941 VL - 5 SP - 213 EP - 219 PB - IARAS CY - Sofia AN - OPUS4-51153 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Lozano Guzman, A. A. T1 - Estimation of the effect of the driving style on pollutants emission by heavy trucks N2 - Different approaches have been attempted so far to reduce fuel consumption and linked pollutants, including vehicle equipment and design, with rational driving style being recognized as a potential source of fuel savings. However, no specific methodology had been suggested so far to assess fuel economy of driving other than the fuel consumed itself. In this paper, the Standard deviation of driving acceleration has been found to be directly associated to fuel consumption, so that the less dispersion of the driving acceleration, produces the lower fuel consumptions and emissions. Such metric could be thus used to assess driving style. KW - Driving style KW - Fuel consumption KW - Stored energy KW - GPS data KW - Simulation KW - Particle emissions PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-511540 UR - https://www.iaras.org/iaras/home/caijes/estimation-of-the-effect-of-the-driving-style-on-pollutants-emission-by-heavy-trucks SN - 2367-8941 VL - 5 SP - 220 EP - 226 PB - IARAS CY - Sofia AN - OPUS4-51154 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Juritsch, Elevtheria A1 - Jann, Oliver T1 - Determination of recovery rates of adsorbents for sampling very volatile organic compounds (C1-C6) in dry and humid air in the sub-ppb range by use of thermal desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry N2 - The reliable measurement of very volatile organic compounds (VVOC) in indoor air by use of thermal desorption gas chromatography (TD-GC) in order to include them into evaluation schemes for building products even nowadays is a great challenge. For capturing these small molecules with carbon numbers ranging from C 1 –C 6 , strong adsorbents are needed. In the present study, recovery rates of nine suitable adsorbents of the groups of porous polymers, graphitised carbon blacks (GCB) and carbon molecular sieves (CMS) are tested against a complex test gas standard containing 29 VVOC. By consideration of the recovery and the relative humidity (50% RH), combinations of the GCB Carbograph 5TD, the two CMS Carboxen 1003 and Carbosieve SII as well as the porous polymer Tenax® GR were identified to be potentially suitable for sampling the majority of the VVOC out of the gas mix. The results reveal a better performance of the adsorbents in combination than being used alone, particularly under humid sampling conditions. The recovery rates of the chosen compounds on each adsorbent should be in the range of 80–120%. KW - VVOC KW - Indoor Air: Adsorbent performance KW - Recovery rate KW - Thermal desorption KW - Gas chromatography PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461389 VL - 1626 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-51106 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Winkler, Nicolas P. A1 - Neumann, Patrick P. A1 - Säämänen, A. A1 - Schaffernicht, E. A1 - Lilienthal, A. J. ED - Zemčík, R. ED - Krystek, J. T1 - High-quality meets low-cost: Approaches for hybrid-mobility sensor networks N2 - Air pollution within industrial scenarios is a major risk for workers, which is why detailed knowledge about the dispersion of dusts and gases is necessary. This paper introduces a system combining stationary low-cost and high-quality sensors, carried by ground robots and unmanned aerial vehicles. Based on these dense sampling capabilities, detailed distribution maps of dusts and gases will be created. This system enables various research opportunities, especially on the fields of distribution mapping and sensor planning. Standard approaches for distribution mapping can be enhanced with knowledge about the environment’s characteristics, while the effectiveness of new approaches, utilizing neural networks, can be further investigated. The influence of different sensor network setups on the predictive quality of distribution algorithms will be researched and metrics for the quantification of a sensor network’s quality will be investigated. T2 - 36th Danubia-Adria Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics CY - Pilsen, Czech Republic DA - 24.09.2019 KW - Mobile robot olfaction KW - Air quality monitoring KW - Wireless sensor network KW - Gas distribution mapping KW - Occupational health PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.05.799 VL - 32 SP - 250 EP - 253 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-51108 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wagner, Adrian A1 - Ebell, Gino A1 - Burkert, Andreas T1 - Ergebnisse der 2. Probenentnahme im Rahmen des Forschungsprojekt es zur Auslagerung von Edel und Duplexstählen in Straßentunneln N2 - Aufgrund der stark korrosiven Atmosphäre in Tunnelbauwerken kommt es aufgrund von Reinigungs- und Sanierungsmaßnahmen an Ein- und Anbauteilen aus nichtrostendem Stahl häufig zu wartungsbedingten Verkehrsbeeinflussungen und Tunnelsperrungen. Bislang ist nur eine kleine Gruppe rostfreier Edelstähle für die Verwendung in Tunnelbauwerken zugelassen. Im Sinne einer mittel- bis langfristigen Reduktion von Wartungsarbeiten besteht jedoch großes Interesse, die Einsatzmöglichkeiten alternativer nichtrostender Stähle zu erhöhen. Ziel ist die Qualifizierung ferritischer-austenitischer Stähle. Erste Untersuchungen nach 2 Jahren Auslagerung zeigten bisher vielversprechende Ergebnisse. T2 - Vorstellung der Ergebnisse bei VDEh in Düsseldorf CY - Online meeting DA - 11.08.2020 KW - Duplex KW - Tunnelbauwerke KW - Korrosion PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51109 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Hörenz, Christoph A1 - Durande, B. A1 - Taché, O. A1 - Bartczak, D. A1 - Cuello-Nuñez, S. A1 - Ábad-Alvaro, I. A1 - Goenaga-Infante, H. T1 - Analysis of Particle Size Distribution for Bimodal Model Nanoparticles by Scanning Electron Microscopy N2 - The present study addresses the capability of measurement of relative particle number concentration by scanning electron microscopy for model bimodal silica and gold samples prepared in the frame of the European research project “nPSize - Improved traceability chain of nanoparticle size measurements” as candidate reference nanoparticles. T2 - Microscopy and Microanalysis 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 03.08.2020 KW - Nanoparticles KW - Silica KW - Gold KW - Electron microscopy KW - Particle size distribution PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51112 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Cios, G. A1 - Tokarski, T. A1 - Mansfeld, Ulrich A1 - Ortel, Erik A1 - Mielke, Johannes A1 - Pellegrino, F. A1 - Maurino, V. T1 - Towards 3D understanding of non spherical nanoparticles by Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction (TKD) for improved particle size distribution by electron microscopy N2 - In this paper one refined approach is applied to determine the exact orientation of bipyramidal TiO2 nanoparticles prepared with good dispersion as almost isolated particles on a carbon TEM grid. The advantages of the recently developed high-throughput Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction (TKD) are used to identify quickly and reliably the geometrical orientation of the crystalline TiO2 nanoparticle bipyramids (anatase) on a statistically relevant number of particles. T2 - Microscopy and Microanalysis 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 03.08.2020 KW - Nanoparticles KW - Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction (TKD) KW - TiO2 KW - 3D KW - Electron microscopy PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51113 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Rühle, Bastian T1 - Towards automated electron microscopy image segmentation for nanoparticles of complex shape by convolutional neural networks N2 - In this contribution different ways are explored with the aim to generate suitable training data for ‘non-ideal’ samples using various approaches, e.g., computer-generated images or unsupervised learning algorithms such as generative adversarial networks (GANs). We used these data to train simple CNNs to produce segmentation masks of SEM images and tested the trained networks on real SEM images of complex nanoparticle samples. The novel use of CNN for the automated analysis of the size of nanoparticles of complex shape and with a high degree of agglomeration has proved to be a promising tool for the evaluation of particle size distribution on a large number of constituent particles. Further development and validation of the preliminary model, respectively larger training and validation data sets are necessary. T2 - Microscopy and Microanalysis 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 03.08.2020 KW - Nanoparticles KW - Automatisation KW - Image segmentation KW - Convolutional neural networks KW - Electron microscopy PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51114 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hildebrandt, L. A1 - von der Au, Marcus A1 - Zimmermann, T. A1 - Reese, A. A1 - Ludwig, J. A1 - Pröfrock, D. T1 - A metrologically traceable protocol for the quantification of trace metals in different types of microplastic N2 - The presence of microplastic (MP) particles in aquatic environments raised concern About possible enrichment of organic and inorganic pollutants due to their specific surface and chemical properties. In particular the role of metals within this context is still poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this work was to develop a fully validated acid digestion protocol for metal analysis in different polymers, which is a prerequisite to study such interactions. The proposed digestion protocol was validated using six different certified reference materials in the microplastic size range consisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polyvinyl chloride. As ICP-MS/MS enabled time-efficient, sensitive and robust analysis of 56 metals in one measurement, the method was suitable to provide mass fractions for a multitude of other elements beside the certified ones (As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, Sb, Sn and Zn). Three different microwaves, different acid mixtures as well as different temperatures in combination with different hold times were tested for optimization purposes. With the exception of Cr in acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, recovery rates obtained using the optimized protocol for all six certified reference materials fell within a range from 95.9% ± 2.7% to 112% ± 7%. Subsequent optimization further enhanced both precision and recoveries ranging from 103% ± 5% to 107 ± 4% (U; k = 2 (n = 3)) for all certified metals (incl. Cr) in acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. The results clearly show the analytical challenges that come along with metal analysis in chemically resistant plastics. Addressing specific analysis Tools for different sorption scenarios and processes as well as the underlying kinetics was beyond this study’s scope. However, the future application of the two recommended thoroughly validated total acid digestion protocols as a first step in the direction of harmonization of metal analysis in/on MP will enhance the significance and comparability of the generated data. It will contribute to a better understanding of the role of MP as vector for trace metals in the environment. KW - Microplatic KW - Digestion KW - Analytical Chemistry PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-510727 DO - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236120 VL - 15 IS - 7 SP - e0236120 AN - OPUS4-51072 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - THES A1 - Schreier, Andy T1 - Distributed Brillouin sensor in polymer optical fibers utilizing BOFDA N2 - In this thesis, a distributed Brillouin sensor in perfluorinated polymer optical fibers utilizing BOFDA is presented. These commercially available polymer fibers offer beneficial characteristics for sensing applications such as higher break down strain up to 100 %, minimal bending radii below 2 mm, higher sensitivity to temperature and lower sensitivity to strain compared to their silica equivalent. The chosen wavelength of operation at 1319 nm corresponds to lower fiber propagation loss (< 37 dB/km) compared to other approaches at 1550 nm (150 - 250 dB/km). A 86 m PFGI-POF was successfully measured by BOFDA with spatial resolution of 3.4 m. The findings related to humidity influences can serve as a basis for future distributed humidity sensors not only limited to stimulated Brillouin backscattering. KW - BOFDA KW - Polymer optical fiber KW - POF KW - Brillouin sensor KW - Distributed sensor PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-7369-7146-2 SP - 1 EP - 116 PB - Cuvillier Verlag Göttingen CY - Göttingen AN - OPUS4-51041 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Longobucco, M. A1 - Stajanca, Pavol A1 - Curilla, L. A1 - Buczynski, R. A1 - Bugar, I. T1 - Applicable ultrafast all-optical switching by soliton self-trapping in high index contrast dual-core fibre N2 - The improvement potential of ultrafast all-optical switching by soliton self-trapping, using all-solid dual-core fibres with high index contrast, was analyzed numerically. The study of the femtosecond nonlinear propagation was performed based on coupled generalised nonlinear Schrödinger equations considering three fibre architectures: homogeneous cladding all-solid, photonic crystal air-glass, and photonic crystal all-solid. The structural geometries of all three architectures were optimised in order to support high-contrast switching performance in the C-band, considering pulse widths at the 100 fs level. Comparing the three structural alternatives, the lowest switching energies at common excitation parameters (1700 nm and 70 fs pulses) were predicted for the homogeneous cladding dual-core structure. Further optimization of the excitation wavelength and pulse width resulted in lower switching energies and simultaneous improvement of the switching contrasts at the combination of 1500 nm, 75 fs pulses and a fibre length of 43 mm. The spectral aspect in this optimised case expresses a broadband and uniform switching character with a span of over 200 nm and a contrast exceeding 30 dB at more frequency channels. KW - Ultrafast nonlinear propagation KW - All-optical switching KW - Dispersion tailoring of optical fibres KW - Generalised nonlinear Schrödinger equation KW - Dual-core optical fibres KW - Nonlinear directional coupler KW - Soft-glass optical fibres PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1612-202X/ab63d8 VL - 17 IS - 2 SP - 025102 PB - Astro Ltd. AN - OPUS4-51042 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Biegler, M. A1 - Wang, J. A1 - Kaiser, L. A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Automated Tool-Path Generation for Rapid Manufacturing of Additive Manufacturing Directed Energy Deposition Geometries N2 - In additive manufacturing (AM) directed energy deposition (DED), parts are built by welding layers of powder or wire feedstock onto a substrate with applications for steel powders in the fields of forging tools, spare parts, and structural components for various industries. For large and bulky parts, the choice of toolpaths influences the build rate, the mechanical performance, and the distortions in a highly geometry-dependent manner. With weld-path lengths in the range of hundreds of meters, a reliable, automated tool-path generation is essential for the usability of DED processes. This contribution presents automated tool-path generation approaches and discusses the results for arbitrary geometries. Socalled “zig-zag” and “contour-parallel” processing strategies are investigated and the tool-paths are automatically formatted into machine-readable g-code for experimental validation to build sample geometries. The results are discussed in regard to volume-fill, microstructure, and porosity in dependence of the path planning according to photographs and metallographic cross-sections. KW - Porosity KW - Path planning KW - Mechanical properties KW - Laser metal deposition KW - Additive manufacturing PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-510454 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202000017 VL - 91 IS - 11 SP - 2000017 PB - WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-51045 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hörenz, Christoph T1 - Preparation of Nanoparticulate Samples for Electron Microscopy N2 - This presentation addresses the importance of proper sample preparation to obtain suitable samples for electron microscopic measurements. The objective as well as the requirements are discussed. Further, different sample deposition methods for various types of nanoparticulate samples are shown. T2 - nPSize Web Conference CY - Online meeting DA - 23.07.2020 KW - Nanoparticles KW - Electron microscopy KW - Sample preparation KW - Particle size distribution KW - Particle number concentration PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51047 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, T. A1 - von der Au, Marcus A1 - Reese, A. A1 - Klein, O. A1 - Hildebrandt, L. A1 - Pröfrock, D. T1 - Substituting HF by HBF4 – an optimized digestion method for multi-elemental sediment analysis via ICP-MS/MS N2 - Determination of elemental mass fractions in sediments plays a major role in evaluating the environmental status of aquatic ecosystems. Herewith, the optimization of a new total digestion protocol and the subsequent analysis of 48 elements in different sediment reference materials (NIST SRM 2702, GBW 07313, GBW 07311 and JMC-2) based on ICP-MS/MS detection is presented. The developed method applies microwave acid digestion and utilizes HBF4 as fluoride source for silicate decomposition. Similar to established protocols based on HF, HBF4 ensures the dissolution of the silicate matrix, as well as other refractory oxides. As HBF4 is not acutely toxic; no special precautions have to be made and digests can be directly measured via ICP-MS without specific sample inlet systems, evaporation steps or the addition of e.g. H3BO3, in order to mask excess HF. Different acid mixtures with and without HBF4 were evaluated in terms of digestion efficiency based on the trace metal recovery. The optimized protocol (5 mL HNO3, 2 mL HCL, 1 mL HBF4) allows a complete dissolution of the analyzed reference materials, as well as quantitative recoveries for a wide variety of certified analytes. Low recoveries for e.g. Sr, Ba and rare earth elements due to fluoride precipitation of HF-based digestions protocols, can be avoided by the usage of HBF4 instead. Based on the usage of high purity HBF4 all relevant trace, as well as matrix elements can be analyzed with sufficiently low LOQs (0.002 μg L−1 for U up to 6.7 μg L−1 for Al). In total, 34 elements were within a recovery range of 80%–120% for all three analyzed reference materials GBW 07313, GBW 07311 and JMC-2. 14 elements were outside a recovery range of 80%–120% for at least one of the analyzed reference materials. KW - Reference Materials KW - Sediment KW - HF free Digestion PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-510480 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D0AY01049A SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry AN - OPUS4-51048 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yusenko, Kirill A1 - Khandarkhaeva, S. A1 - Bykov, M. A1 - Fedotenko, T. A1 - Hanfland, M. A1 - Sukhikh, A. A1 - Gromilov, S. A1 - Dubrovinsky, L. T1 - Face-centered cubic refractory alloys prepared from single-source precursors N2 - Three binary fcc-structured alloys (fcc–Ir0.50Pt0.50, fcc Rh0.66Pt0.33 and fcc–Rh0.50Pd0.50) were 14 prepared from [Ir(NH3)5Cl][PtCl6], [Ir(NH3)5Cl][PtBr6], [Rh(NH3)5Cl]2[PtCl6]Cl2 and 15 [Rh(NH3)5Cl][PdCl4]·H2O, respectively, as single-source precursors. All alloys were prepared by 16 thermal decomposition in gaseous hydrogen flow below 800 °C. Fcc–Ir0.50Pt0.50 and fcc–Rh0.50Pd0.50 17 correspond to miscibility gaps on binary metallic phase diagrams and can be considered as 18 metastable alloys. Detailed comparison of [Ir(NH3)5Cl][PtCl6] and [Ir(NH3)5Cl][PtBr6] crystal 19 structures suggests that two isoformular salts are not isostructural. In [Ir(NH3)5Cl][PtBr6], specific 20 Br…Br interactions are responsible for crystal structure arrangement. Room temperature 21 compressibility of fcc–Ir0.50Pt0.50, fcc–Rh0.66Pt0.33 and fcc–Rh0.50Pd0.50 has been investigated up to 50 GPa 22 in diamond anvil cells. All investigated fcc-structured binary alloys are stable under compression. 23 Atomic volumes and bulk moduli show good agreement with ideal solutions model. For fcc–24 Ir0.50Pt0.50, V0/Z = 14.597(6) Å3·atom-1, B0 = 321(6) GPa, B0' = 6(1); for fcc–Rh0.66Pt0.33, V0/Z = 14.211(3) 25 Å3·atom-1, B0 =259(1) GPa, B0' = 6.66(9); for fcc–Rh0.50Pd0.50, V0/Z = 14.18(2) Å3·atom-1, B0 =223(4) GPa, 26 B0' = 5.0(3). KW - High-pressure KW - Refractory alloys KW - Platinum group metals KW - Single-source precursors PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-508176 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13061418 VL - 13 IS - 6 SP - 1418 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-50817 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yusenko, Kirill A1 - Domonov, D. A1 - Pechenyuk, S. A1 - Belyevskii, A. T1 - Formation of Nanostructured Carbon from [Ni(NH3)6]3[Fe(CN)6]2 N2 - The products of thermal decomposition in an argon atmosphere of [Ni(NH3)6]3[Fe(CN)6]2 as a precursor has been studied. Decomposition products were studied up to 800◦C. Above 600◦C, all coordination bonds in the residues are broken with a formation of Ni3Fe, Fe, and free carbon with a small admixture of nitrogen. Elementary carbon can be easily separated from metals by treatment with a water solution of hydrochloric acid. Only carbon is responsible for the specific surface of the composite products. The released carbon has a high degree of graphitization and begins to oxidize in air above 500°C and is completely oxidized above 700°C. KW - Carbon materials KW - Double complex compound KW - Thermal decomposition PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-508188 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10020389 VL - 10 IS - 2 SP - 389 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-50818 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yusenko, Kirill A1 - Sukhikh, A. A1 - Kraus, Werner A1 - Gromilov, S. T1 - Synthesis and Crystal Chemistry of Octahedral Rhodium(III) Chloroamines N2 - Rhodium(III) octahedral complexes with amine and chloride ligands are the most common starting compounds for preparing catalytically active rhodium(I) and rhodium(III) species. Despite intensive study during the last 100 years, synthesis and crystal structures of rhodium(III) complexes were described only briefly. Some [RhClx(NH3)6-x] compounds are still unknown. In this study, available information about synthetic protocols and the crystal structures of possible [RhClx(NH3)6−x] octahedral species are summarized and critically analyzed. Unknown crystal structuresof(NH4)2[Rh(NH3)Cl5],trans–[Rh(NH3)4Cl2]Cl·H2O,andcis–[Rh(NH3)4Cl2]Clarereported based on high quality single crystal X-ray diffraction data. The crystal structure of [Rh(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 was redetermined. All available crystal structures with octahedral complexes [RhClx(NH3)6-x] were analyzed in terms of their packings and pseudo-translational sublattices. Pseudo-translation lattices suggest face-centered cubic and hexagonal closed-packed sub-cells, where Rh atoms occupy nearly ideal lattices. KW - Pseudo-translationalsublattices KW - Rhodiumcomplexes KW - Ligandsubstitution KW - Crystalstructure PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-508194 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25040768 VL - 25 IS - 4 SP - 768 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-50819 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yusenko, Kirill A1 - Petrushina, M. A1 - Dedova, E. A1 - Portnaygin, A. A1 - Papynov, E. A1 - Filatov, E. A1 - Korenev, S. A1 - Gubanov, A. T1 - Effect of temperature and pressure on mixed oxide solid solutions N2 - A hydrothermal synthesis of ZrW2-xMoxO8 (0 ≤ x ≤ 2) from the corresponding precursors is reported in this paper. High-temperature and high-pressure data are presented for the sample with x = 1.6. An increase in temperature initiates the phase transition from tetragonal precursor to orthorhombic-ZrW2-xMoxO8 (x = 1.6) with the subsequent formation of cubic and trigonal phases. The thermolysis parameter of the disordered cubic ZrW2-xMoxO8 (x = 1.6) phase is 803 K, and the coefficient of thermal expansion is α = -4.6∙10–6 K−1. Data on ZrW2-xMoxO8 (x = 1.6) structure as a function of pressure are obtained for the first time. Pressureinduced changes from cubic to orthorhombic ZrW2-xMoxO8 (x = 1.6) phase at 1.38 GPa are observed. The sample amorphization is irreversible during decompression. KW - Phase transition KW - High-pressure KW - Complex oxides PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2020.107965 VL - 117 SP - 107965 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-50821 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yusenko, Kirill A1 - Petrushina, M. A1 - Dedova, E. A1 - Portnaygin, A. A1 - Papynov, E. A1 - Filatov, E. A1 - Gubanov, A. T1 - Pressure induced change in the ZrWMoO8 N2 - In this paper we report high-pressure synchrotron x-ray powder diffraction data for the cubic ZrWMoO8. For the first time, extensive structural study of ZrWMoO8 solid solution as a function of pressure was performed. This study shows that disordered cubic-ZrWMoO8 (space group Pa) transforms to ordered cubic-ZrWMoO8 (space group P) at low pressure. A further high-pressure influence leads followed by amorphization of the sample at 2.2 GPa. All transformations are irreversible. Our work will have high impact in the design of new composite materials with well-defined thermal expansion, especially for applications under extreme conditions and high mechanic stress. KW - Phase transition KW - High-pressure KW - Complex oxides PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.141 VL - 25 IS - 3 SP - 428 EP - 430 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50822 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt, Band 49, Heft 4 & Band 50, Heft 1 T3 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt der BAM - 4/2019 & 1/2020 KW - Anerkennungen KW - Zulassungen KW - Richtlinien KW - Festlegungen PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-508230 SN - 0340-7551 VL - 49 & 50 IS - 4/2019 & 1/2020 SP - 1 EP - 298 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-50823 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mishurova, Tatiana A1 - Sydow, B. A1 - Thiede, Tobias A1 - Sizova, I. A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander A1 - Bambach, M. A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Residual Stress and Microstructure of a Ti-6Al-4V Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Hybrid Demonstrator N2 - Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) features high deposition rates and, thus, allows production of large components that are relevant for aerospace applications. However, a lot of aerospace parts are currently produced by forging or machining alone to ensure fast production and to obtain good mechanical properties; the use of these conventional process routes causes high tooling and material costs. A hybrid approach (a combination of forging and WAAM) allows making production more efficient. In this fashion, further structural or functional features can be built in any direction without using additional tools for every part. By using a combination of forging basic geometries with one tool set and adding the functional features by means of WAAM, the tool costs and material waste can be reduced compared to either completely forged or machined parts. One of the factors influencing the structural integrity of additively manufactured parts are (high) residual stresses, generated during the build process. In this study, the triaxial residual stress profiles in a hybrid WAAM part are reported, as determined by neutron diffraction. The analysis is complemented by microstructural investigations, showing a gradient of microstructure (shape and size of grains) along the part height. The highest residual stresses were found in the transition Zone (between WAAM and forged part). The total stress range showed to be lower than expected for WAAM components. This could be explained by the thermal history of the component. KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Neutron diffraction KW - Residual stress KW - Hybrid manufacturing KW - WAAM KW - Ti-6Al-4V PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-508245 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/met10060701 VL - 10 IS - 6 SP - 701 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-50824 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Saleta Reig, D. A1 - Grauel, Bettina A1 - Konyushkin, V. A. A1 - Nakladov, A. N. A1 - Federov, P. P. A1 - Busko, D. A1 - Howard, I. A. A1 - Richards, B. S. A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Kuznetsov, S. V. A1 - Turshatov, A. A1 - Würth, Christian T1 - Upconversion properties of SrF2:Yb3+,Er3+ single N2 - Synthesis of new upconversion (UC) materials that can convert near-infrared excitation light into visible emission light with high efficiency has crucial importance for energy and bio-applications. Herein, SrF2 single crystals with a doping concentration of 2 mol% Er3+ and 2–8 mol% Yb3+ were synthesized and the optical properties were studied. The absorption cross-section of the different doping ions was calculated. To identify the most efficient and brightest material absolute excitation power dependent UC photoluminescence quantum yields (ϕUC) and brightness values were determined. In addition, excitation characteristics and luminescence lifetimes were analysed to understand the changes in population pathways and possible quenching mechanisms. A dominant two-photon population behaviour of the red and green emission bands was observed for all investigated doping concentrations of Yb3+ and Er3+. The ϕUC value of 6.5% measured using 230 W cm−2 of 976 nm excitation for SrF2 crystal co-doped with 2 mol% Er3+ and 3 mol% Yb3+. These findings broaden the scope of efficient UC materials apart from the record UC material β-NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+ and provide benchmark values for cubic-phase and especially SrF2- nano and micrometer sized materials. KW - Luorescence KW - Upconversion KW - Crystal KW - Lanthanide KW - Quantum yield KW - Absolute KW - Lifetime KW - Er(III) KW - Quality assurance KW - Fluorescence standard KW - SrF2 PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/c9tc06591a VL - 8 IS - 12 SP - 4093 EP - 4101 PB - Journal of Materials Chemistry C AN - OPUS4-50825 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Voigt, Marieke A1 - von Werder, Julia A1 - Meng, Birgit T1 - Investigation of the zonation of thermally treated ultra high performance concrete N2 - Ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) is characterised by its high compressive strength of more than 120 MPa and its high durability. With thermal treatment at 90°C, hydration is accelerated and a strength comparable to the 28-day strength can be achieved immediately after the treatment. In applying Optimum process conditions, the strength can be even further increased by up to 30%. Previous Research showed that thermal treatment can lead to inhomogeneities in form of a visible zonation within the cross-section, if the UHPC is not protected sufficiently from desiccation. This led to the question, to what extent the related changes in mechanical properties, microstructure and phase composition are of relevance for the performance of the UHPC. First investigations of small specimens thermally treated without protection exhibited a decrease of compressive strength, indicating that the zonation aspect requires further research. In this study the zonation of UHPC treated thermally at 90°C is investigated after applying four different procedures of treatment and curing in comparison. The samples are characterized with respect to their chemistry, mineral composition and microstructure to allow an assessment on durability and strength development, with focus on potential depth dependent changes associated with the zonation. The measurements reveal the formation of a visible zonation in case of unprotected treatment, if followed by immersion in water. The compressive strength is not significantly impaired, but a decrease in bending strength gives reason for concern. Further results allow clear correlation with changes in pore structure, whereas the interpretation of relationships with phase distribution, degree of hydration, microchemistry is more complex and therefore, provides only partial clarification. KW - UHPC KW - Thermal treatment KW - Zonation KW - Desiccation KW - Microstructure KW - Durability PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119187 VL - 254 SP - 119187 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50828 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Völker, Tobias A1 - Millar, Steven A1 - Strangfeld, Christoph A1 - Wilsch, Gerd T1 - Identification of type of cement through laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy N2 - The composition of concrete determines its resistance to various degradation mechanisms such as ingress of ions, carbonation or reinforcement corrosion. Knowledge of the composition of the hardened concrete is therefore helpful to assess the remaining service life of an existing structure or evaluate the damage observed during inspections. For example, for most existing concrete structures the type of cement originally used is not known and must therefore be determined afterwards. This paper presents a preliminary study on the application of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) to identify the type of cement. For this purpose, ten different types of cement were investigated. For every type, three cement paste prisms were produced: (i) prisms dried, ground and pressed into tablets, (ii) prisms dried and (iii) prisms untreated. LIBS measurements were performed with a diode-pumped low energy laser (1064 nm, 3 mJ, 1.5 ns, 100 Hz) in combination with two compact spectrometers which cover the UV and NIR spectral range. A reduced subset of spectral features was used to build a classification model based on linear discriminant analysis. The results show that the classification of homogenized pressed cement powder samples provides a high accuracy, however, factors such as a different sample matrix and moisture content can affect the accuracy of the classification. The study demonstrates that LIBS is a promising tool to identify the type of cement. KW - Spectroscopy KW - LIBS KW - Cement KW - Classification KW - Identification PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120345 VL - 258 SP - 120345 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-51157 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Taparli, Ugur Alp A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas A1 - Griesche, Axel T1 - Tungsten inert gas bead-on-plate weld chemical composition analysis by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy N2 - Chemical compositions of a weld can be varying locally as a result of the welding process. These local variations can be due to the vaporization of individual alloying elements. In this work, tungsten inert gas (TIG) bead-on-plate stainless steel welds of EN grade 1.4404 and 1.4435 were investigated using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) on the completed welds. This study aims to reveal the welding parameters’ influence on the resulting local chemical compositions of the stainless steel welds. We demonstrated Mn vaporize before Cr due to its lower latent enthalpy of vaporization. Hence, Mn accumulates on the heat-affected zone (HAZ) both sides across the weld bead by being swept away through the circulation flow of the welding plasma. Additionally, increasing the heat input tends to enhance the accumulated Mn content on the HAZ as well as increasing the shielding gas flow rate. The results are in good agreement with the literature and proved that LIBS is an effective method to inspect completed welds. T2 - Symposium on Materials and Joining Technology CY - Magdeburg, Germany DA - 07.09.2020 KW - LIBS TIG welding KW - Austenitic stainless steels KW - Chemical composition KW - In situ measurement PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-511595 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/882/1/012023 SN - 1757-8981 SN - 1757-899X VL - 882 IS - 012023 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - IOP Publishing CY - Bristol AN - OPUS4-51159 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - THES A1 - Steger, Simon T1 - Non-invasive spectroscopic investigation of cultural artefacts: shedding light on modern reverse glass paintings N2 - This thesis addresses the development of a methodological approach for the non-invasive identification of colourants and for the classification of binding media in reverse glass paintings from the early 20th century. For this purpose, mobile and miniaturized devices were used to measure the paintings in situ. The methodology includes X-ray fluorescence (XRF), VIS spectroscopy (VIS), Raman spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). In a first step the capabilities of DRIFTS for binding media classification and pigment identification were tested. DRIFTS enables, besides Raman spectroscopy, the collection of molecular information of a substance that can be used as characteristic fingerprint spectrum. However, the simultaneous collection of both specular (surface) and diffuse (volume) reflection leads to complicated mixed DRIFT spectra, that can vary strongly for one substance depending on the dominant fraction of reflected light. Specular reflection causes several spectral distortions like inverted bands, band shifts and derivative-like features whereas pure diffuse reflections leads to an intensity enhancement of combination bands and overtones. Both specular and diffuse reflection cannot be optically separated, and their proportion depends on material properties like the absorption coefficient and the refractive index as well as on Parameters like surface roughness, porosity, grain size and angle of incidence and detection. A direct comparison of DRIFT spectra with IR spectra of other methods (e.g. transmission, ATR) is not possible, hence the creation of DRIFTS databases was needed. The next step was the complimentary utilization of Raman spectroscopy and DRIFTS for the dentification of synthetic organic colourants. Such colourants are in the further chapters called synthetic organic pigments (SOP) even when it’s not always entirely clear if they are soluble dyes or pigments that are practically insoluble in the medium in which they are incorporated. Raman spectroscopy is generally the method of choice when dealing with SOP, but fluorescence can hamper the Raman spectrum severely, inhibiting the proper identification of the pigment. DRIFTS was successfully applied and several SOP like synthetic alizarin (PR83), the yellow azo pigments (e.g. PY1) or the red and orange β-naphthol pigments (e.g. PR3) could be identified in the paintings solely by means of DRIFTS. The holistic methodological sequence was defined after the successful establishment of DRIFTS as serious analytical alternative. As the time is always the most limiting factor for in situ measurement campaigns in museums, the 9 sequence needs to be time saving but also efficient. The methodology starts with quick measurements by XRF and VIS to get a first idea of the pigment composition, followed by the validation of the results with the vibrational spectroscopies for selected points. Measurements of reverse glass paintings by Carlo Mense and Wassily Kandinsky were conducted to test the entire procedure. A high number of pigments could be identified, including several rare ones like strontium white (SrSO4), PR60 and PB52. The binding media were classified using the previously recorded references. The results were set in the art historian context and were discussed in a multidisciplinary way. The influence of Asian art, especially of Chinese reverse glass paintings as source of inspiration for artists of the “Blauer Reiter” collective (e.g. Wassily Kandinsky, Gabriele Münter, Franz Marc und Heinrich Campendonk) is shown. Non-invasive measurements of two Chinese reverse glass paintings from the late 19th and early 20th century were conducted, enabling a comparison of the palettes of Chinese and European painters. The Chinese palette includes heavy use of red lead and orpiment, pigments that were hardly sed in Europe anymore. More modern pigments like zinc white, cadmium yellow, viridian, chromates, cobalt blues or SOP were not found at all in the Chinese paintings. KW - Reverse glass painting KW - Raman spectroscopy KW - DRIFTS KW - Non invasive analysis PY - 2020 SP - 12 EP - 104 CY - Hamburg AN - OPUS4-51160 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zaghdoudi, Maha A1 - Kömmling, Anja A1 - Jaunich, Matthias A1 - Wolff, Dietmar T1 - Overview of ongoing long-term ageing investigations on elastomer seals N2 - At the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) in Division 3.4 Safety of Storage Containers, one of our tasks is to evaluate the safety of containers designed for disposal of low and intermediate radioactive waste. As such containers might be transported before and stored until disposal, safe enclosure of the radioactive inventory is important for this time span. Elastomer O-rings are widely used as barrier seals in these containers. Thus, as for many other applications, an understanding of the practical effects of ageing degradation on elastomer seals during long-term exposure is mandatory for predicting the lifetime of such components. According to a long-term test programme on three kinds of rubbers (EPDM and FKM (relevant for application), HNBR (for comparison)), over several years we have studied the degradation and the change of mechanical properties (e.g. hardness, strain at break) at four different ageing temperatures (75 °C, 100 °C, 125 °C and 150 °C) as well as the change of sealing properties. Continuous and intermittent compression stress relaxation (CSR) measurements were performed in order to investigate the respective contribution of crosslinking and chain scission to the observed degradation effects. Thus, the degradation kinetics and mechanisms could be resolved more clearly. For assessing the seal performance, compression set (CS) and leakage rate measurements were conducted. The experimental results showed that the O-rings remained leak-tight under purely static conditions even when CSR, CS and mechanical properties already indicated far advanced degradation. For this reason, a modified leakage test involving a small and rapid partial decompression of the seal was developed that enabled determining an end-of-lifetime criterion for O-rings with a safety margin for thermal shrinkage and vibrations. KW - Seal KW - O-Ring KW - Ageing KW - Component tests PY - 2020 SN - 1863-7116 VL - 15 IS - 3 SP - 146 EP - 151 PB - Gupta CY - Ratingen AN - OPUS4-51161 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - A testing facility to assess railway car infrastructure damage. A conceptual design N2 - A testing device and respective procedure have been proposed to assess the railway damage potentials of the railway cars The operational principles of the device consist of simple physical phenomena. Outputs from a preliminary test suggest that the device could have a good sensitivity T2 - COMPRAIL 2020 - 17th International Conference on Railway Engineering Design & Operation 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 01.07.2020 KW - Railway KW - Infrastrucute KW - Demage PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51166 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vilcinskas, A. A1 - Schwabe, M. A1 - Brinkrolf, K. A1 - Plarre, Rüdiger A1 - Wielsch, N. A1 - Vogel, H. T1 - Larvae of the clothing moth Tineola bisselliella maintain gut bacteria that secrete enzyme cocktails to facilitate the digestion of keratin N2 - The evolutionary success of insects is promoted by their association with beneficial microbes that enable the utilization of unusual diets. The synanthropic clothing moth Tineola bisselliella provides an intriguing example of this phenomenon. The caterpillars of this species have adapted to feed on keratin-rich diets such as feathers and wool, which cannot be digested by most other animals and are resistant to common digestive enzymes. Inspired by the hypothesis that this ability may be conferred by symbiotic microbes, we utilized a simple assay to detect keratinase activity and a method to screen gut bacteria for candidate enzymes, which were isolated from feather-fed larvae. The isolation of DNA from keratin-degrading bacterial strains followed by de novo genome sequencing resulted in the identification of a novel bacterial strain related to Bacillus sp. FDAARGOS_235. Genome Annotation identified 20 genes with keratinase domains. Proteomic analysis of the culture supernatant from this gut bacterium grown in non-nutrient buffer supplemented with feathers revealed several candidate enzymes potentially responsible for keratin degradation, including a thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase and multiple proteases. Our results suggest that the unusual diet of T. bisselliella larvae promotes their association with keratinolytic microorganisms and that the ability of larvae to feed on keratin can at least partially be attributed to bacteria that produce a cocktail of keratin-degrading enzymes. KW - Keratin KW - Insect biotechnology KW - Beneficial microbes KW - Symbiosis KW - Dietary adaptation KW - Tineola bisselliella PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-512309 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8091415 VL - 8 IS - 9 SP - 1415 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-51230 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Beck, Uwe A1 - Hielscher-Hofinger, Stefan A1 - Hidde, Gundula A1 - Lange, Thorid A1 - Weise, Matthias A1 - Lerche, D. A1 - Rietz, U. T1 - Adhesion of Coatings vs. Strength of Composite Materials – A Review of Applications Evaluated by Centrifugal Adhesion Testing (CAT) N2 - Sufficient adhesion/tensile strength are basic requirements for any coating/composite material. For coatings, adhesive strength in N/mm2 is of Major interest for various applications such as decorative and water-repellent coatings on wood (paints and varnishes), optical coatings on glass and polymers (reflectors and filters), electrical coatings on semiconductors, glass and polymers (conducting and bondable layers), mechanical coatings on metals and polymers (wear-reduction, scratch-resistance) and adhesion-promoting layers. For composite materials, tensile strength in N/mm2 is also a key quantity for carbon fiber reinforced composites (CFC), laminates and adhesive-bonded joints. Centrifugal adhesion testing (CAT) transfers the single-sample tensile test from a tensile or universal testing machine into an analytical centrifuge as multiple-sample test of up to eight test pieces. The one-sided sample support instead of a two-sided sample clamping and the absence of mounting- and testing-correlated shear forces provides fast and reliable results both for adhesive strength and bonding strength by means of bonded test stamps. For bonding strength, the evaluation of failure pattern from microscopic inspection is required in order to determine the failure pattern according to ISO 10365 such as adhesive failure (AF), delamination failure (DF) and cohesive failure (CF). Hence, one test run by CAT-technology provides either statistics or ranking of up to eight samples at once. For adhesive strength of coatings, a variety of examples is discussed such as ALD-Al203 layers as adhesion promoters, evaporated Ag-layers on N-BK7 glass, sputtered Cr- and Al-layers on Borofloat 33 glass, evaporated Au-films on N-BK7 glass and sputtered SiO2 -layers on CR39 Polymer. Provided adhesive or bonding strength are high enough, the substrate or the joining part may also fail. T2 - Special PSE 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 07.09.2020 KW - Centrifugal adhesion testing (CAT) KW - Adhesive strength KW - Pull-off test KW - Failure pattern KW - Compound strength PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51231 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Aris, Stephan T1 - Neue Informationen und Erfahrungsaustausch zu in Feuerlöschern verwendeten ortsbeweglichen Druckgeräten N2 - Im Vortrag werden die aktuellen Anforderungen an die Beförderung von Feuerlöschern UN 1044 und an in tragbaren/fahrbaren Feuerlöschern verwendete Treibgasflaschen vorgestellt. Es wird auf die damit verbundenen praktischen Probleme sowie aktuelle Lösungsansätze eingegangen. T2 - Fortbildung GRIF CY - Online meeting DA - 08.09.2020 KW - ADR KW - Ortsbewegliche Druckgeräte KW - TPED KW - Tragbare Feuerlöscher KW - Treibgasflaschen PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51232 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mezera, Marek A1 - Richter, Anja A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Bonse, Jörn A1 - Schwibbert, Karin T1 - Bacterial adhesion on femtosecond laser-induced periodic surface structures N2 - Biofilm formation in industrial or medical settings is usually unwanted and leads to serious health problems and high costs. Inhibition of initial bacterial adhesion prevents biofilm formation and is, therefore, a major mechanism of antimicrobial action of surfaces. Surface topography largely influences the interaction between bacteria and surfaces which makes topography an ideal base for antifouling strategies and eco-friendly alternatives to chemical surface modifications. Femtosecond laser-processing was used to fabricate sub-micrometric surface structures on silicon and stainless steel for the development of antifouling topographies on technical materials. T2 - Future Tech Week 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 21.09.2020 KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) KW - Bacterial adhesion KW - Biofilm growth KW - Structural color KW - Femtosecond laser processing PY - 2020 UR - http://futuretechweek.fetfx.eu/wp-content/uploads/gravity_forms/2-5432af7ecff9e0243d7383ab3f931ed3/2020/09/BioCombs4Nanofibers_Poster-for-Future_Tech_Week_2020_08-09-2020_with_Reprint-permission_for_upload.pdf AN - OPUS4-51233 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt, Band 50, Heft 2 & 3 T3 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt der BAM - 2/2020 & 3/2020 KW - Anerkennungen KW - Zulassungen KW - Gefahrgutregeln KW - Festlegungen KW - Richtlinien PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-512342 SN - 0340-7551 VL - 50 IS - 2 & 3 SP - 1 EP - 151 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-51234 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Erning, Johann Wilhelm A1 - Burkert, Annette A1 - Bohlmann, Tatjana T1 - Corrosion Problems with 1.4521 steel pipes in drinking water N2 - In several cases crevice corrosion with 1.4521 stainless steel pipes was observed. The presentation shows the investigations that lead to the solution of the failure cases T2 - Eurocorr 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 07.09.2020 KW - Crevice corrosion KW - Drinking water KW - Stainless steel KW - Failure analysis PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51235 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zaghdoudi, Maha A1 - Kömmling, Anja A1 - Jaunich, Matthias A1 - Wolff, Dietmar T1 - Übersicht über laufende Untersuchungen zur Langzeitalterung von Elastomerdichtungen N2 - Eine Aufgabe des Fachbereichs 3.4 Sicherheit von Lagerbehältern der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) ist es, die Sicherheit von Behältern zur Lagerung von radioaktivem Abfall mit vernachlässigbarer Wärmeentwicklung zu bewerten. Da solche Behälter vor der Entsorgung transportiert und gelagert werden, ist während dieser Zeit ein sicherer Einschluss des radioaktiven Inhalts von größter Bedeutung. Zur Abdichtung dieser Behälter sind Elastomer-O-Ringe weit verbreitet. Um für solche, wie auch für viele andere Anwendungen, eine Voraussage über die Lebensdauer dieser Komponenten treffen zu können, ist es unerlässlich zu verstehen, welchen Einfluss der durch Alterung hervorgerufene Abbau auf Dauer auf die Elastomerdichtungen hat. In einem Langzeittest wurden drei Kautschukarten (EPDM und FKM, die für die Anwendung relevant sind, und HNBR als Vergleich) über mehrere Jahre untersucht. Dabei wurden die Veränderungen der mechanischen Eigenschaften (z. B. Härte und Bruchdehnung) bei vier verschiedenen Alterungstemperaturen (75 °C, 100 °C, 125 °C und 150 °C) sowie das Dichtungsverhalten betrachtet. Um den Einfluss von Vernetzung und Kettenspaltung auf die beobachteten Alterungseffekte zu bestimmen, wurden Messungen zur kontinuierlichen und intermittierenden Druckspannungsrelaxation durchgeführt. Dadurch konnten Erkenntnisse über Kinetik und Mechanismus der Abbaureaktionen gewonnen werden. Zur Einschätzung des Dichtungsverhaltens wurden Durckverformungsrest und Leckagerate gemessen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die O-Ringe unter statischen Bedingungen auch dann dicht halten, wenn die Werte für Druckverformungsrest, Druckspannungsrelaxation und mechanische Eigenschaften schon auf einen fortgeschrittenen Alterungsabbau hindeuten. Aus diesem Grund wurde ein modifizierter Dichtigkeitsversuch mit einer geringen und schnellen teilweisen Entlastung der Dichtung entwickelt, mit dessen Hilfe sich ein Lebensdauerkriterium bestimmen lässt, das eine Sicherheitsspanne für thermische Schrumpfung und Vibrationen beinhaltet. KW - Alterung KW - O-ring KW - Elastomer Dichtung PY - 2020 SN - 0176-1625 VL - 73 IS - 07-08 SP - 326 EP - 332 PB - Gupta CY - Ratingen AN - OPUS4-51207 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - de Oliveira, P. F. M. A1 - Torresi, R. A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Carmago, P. T1 - Challenges and opportunities in the bottom-up mechanochemical synthesis of noble metal nanoparticles N2 - Mechanochemistry is a promising alternative to solution-based protocols across the chemical sciences, enabling different types of chemistries in solvent-free and environmentally benign conditions. The use of mechanical energy to promote physical and chemical transformations has reached a high level of refinement, allowing for the design of sophisticated molecules and nanostructured materials. Among them, the synthesis of noble metal nanoparticles deserves special attention due to their catalytic applications. In this review, we discuss the recent progress on the development of mechanochemical strategies for the controlled synthesis of noble metal nanostructures. We start by covering the fundamentals of different preparation routes, namely top-down and bottom-up approaches. Next, we focus on the key examples of the mechanochemical synthesis of non-supported and supported metal nanoparticles as well as hybrid nanomaterials containing noble metals. In these examples, in addition to the principles and synthesis mechanisms, their performances in catalysis are discussed. Finally, a perspective of the field is given, where we discuss the opportunities for future work and the challenges of mechanochemical synthesis to produce well-defined noble metal nanoparticles. KW - Mechanochemistry KW - Nanoparticles PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-512080 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TA05183G VL - 8 IS - 32 SP - 16114 AN - OPUS4-51208 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - A mid-frequency component of train-induced ground vibration due to scattered axle impulses and the irregularities of the soil and ballast N2 - The passage of the train is dominated by the impulses of the static axle loads. The response of the regular homogeneous and irregular soils has been calculated by the finite-element method in frequency domain. The superposition of the impulse responses yields the quasi-static component of the ground vibration which is restricted to very low frequencies and to the close near-field of the track. In case of an irregular soil or ballast of which the stiffness varies randomly in space, a mid-frequency ground vibration component is generated by the scattering of the axle impulses. Measurements will be shown which prove the existence of the mid-frequency ground vibration component and the unique explanation by the scattered axle impulses: many international measurements with a raised mid-frequency component, axle-box measurements with a too low mid-frequency dynamic load, amplitude-speed dependencies which are incompatible with irregularity-induced dynamic loads, and ground vibration reductions due to stiff track elements. T2 - International Conference on Noise and Vibration Engineering (ISMA/USD) CY - Online meeting DA - 07.09.2020 KW - Ground vibration KW - Railway KW - Irregular soil KW - Irregular ballast KW - Axle impulses PY - 2020 SP - 2611 EP - 2625 PB - KULeuven CY - Leuven AN - OPUS4-51210 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz A1 - Said, Samir A1 - Rohrmann, R. T1 - Natural frequencies and modes of poles, beams, floors, road and rail bridges N2 - In the last three decades, the vibrations of many floors and bridges have been measured. The contribution shows some evaluation methods, experimental results and some modelling and theoretical results. Simple evaluation methods have been developed for single and coupled floors. Two coupled beams have been measured in good agreement with the theory. A more complex coupling model has been found for a large wooden floor in a castle consisting of six floor bays which correlates well with the measurements. Damaged and intact poles have been tested by their natural frequencies and damping values, and a fair correlation between the degree of damage and the shift of the frequency. Road bridges have been analysed in detail and some examples are presented. Railway bridges and trains are studied for resonant excitation. The risk of resonance can be estimated in frequency domain by using axle-sequence spectra of the train and the natural frequencies of the bridge. A measurement example shows the amplification, but even stronger the cancellation of the subsequent axle responses. Several high-speed trains and freight trains have been analysed for their potential resonance amplification. T2 - International Conference on Noise and Vibration Engineering (ISMA/USD 2020) CY - Online meeting DA - 07.09.2020 KW - Modalanalyse KW - Bauwerke KW - Bauteile KW - Brücken KW - Achsfolgespektren PY - 2020 SP - 1573 EP - 1585 PB - KULeuven CY - Leuven AN - OPUS4-51211 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - A mid-frequency component of train-induced ground vibration due to scattered axle impulses and the irregularities of the soil and ballast N2 - The passage of the train is dominated by the impulses of the static axle loads. The response of the regular homogeneous and irregular soils has been calculated by the finite-element method in frequency domain. The superposition of the impulse responses yields the quasi-static component of the ground vibration which is restricted to very low frequencies and to the close near-field of the track. In case of an irregular soil or ballast of which the stiffness varies randomly in space, a mid-frequency ground vibration component is generated by the scattering of the axle impulses. Measurements will be shown which prove the existence of the mid-frequency ground vibration component and the unique explanation by the scattered axle impulses: many international measurements with a raised mid-frequency component, axle-box measurements with a too low mid-frequency dynamic load, amplitude-speed dependencies which are incompatible with irregularity-induced dynamic loads, and ground vibration reductions due to stiff track elements. T2 - International Conference on Noise and Vibration Engineering (ISMA/USD 2020) CY - Online meeting DA - 07.09.2020 KW - Ground vibration KW - Railway KW - Irregular soil KW - Irregular ballast KW - Axle impulses PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51212 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz A1 - Said, Samir A1 - Rohrmann, R. T1 - Natural frequencies and modes of poles, beams, floors, road and rail bridges N2 - In the last three decades, the vibrations of many floors and bridges have been measured. The contribution shows some evaluation methods, experimental results and some modelling and theoretical results. Simple evaluation methods have been developed for single and coupled floors. Two coupled beams have been measured in good agreement with the theory. A more complex coupling model has been found for a large wooden floor in a castle consisting of six floor bays which correlates well with the measurements. Damaged and intact poles have been tested by their natural frequencies and damping values, and a fair correlation between the degree of damage and the shift of the frequency. Road bridges have been analysed in detail and some examples are presented. Railway bridges and trains are studied for resonant excitation. The risk of resonance can be estimated in frequency domain by using axle-sequence spectra of the train and the natural frequencies of the bridge. A measurement example shows the amplification, but even stronger the cancellation of the subsequent axle responses. Several high-speed trains and freight trains have been analysed for their potential resonance amplification. T2 - International Conference on Noise and Vibration Engineering (ISMA/USD 2020) CY - Online meeting DA - 07.09.2020 KW - Modalanalyse KW - Bauwerke KW - Bauteile KW - Brücken KW - Achsfolgespektren PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51213 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Moskovchenko, A. I. A1 - Vavilov, V. P. A1 - Bernegger, Raphael A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane A1 - Chulkov, A. O. T1 - Detecting Delaminations in Semitransparent Glass Fiber Composite by Using Pulsed Infrared Thermography N2 - Thanks to its good strength/mass ratio, a glass fibre reinforced plastic (GFRP) composite is a common material widely used in aviation, power production, automotive and other industries. In its turn, active infrared (IR) nondestructive testing (NDT) is a common inspection technique for detecting and characterizing structural defects in GFRP. Materials to be tested are typically subjected to optical heating which is supposed to occur on the material surface. However, GFRP composite is semitransparent for optical radiation of both visual and IR spectral bands. Correspondingly, the inspection process represents a certain combination of both optical and thermal phenomena. Therefore, the known characterization algorithms based on pure heat diffusion cannot be applied to semi-transparent materials. In this study, the phenomenon of GFRP semi-transparency has been investigated numerically and experimentally in application to thermal NDT. Both Xenon flash tubes and a laser have been used for thermal stimulation of opaque and semi-transparent test objects. It has been shown that the Penetration of optical heating radiation into composite reduces detectability of shallower defects, and the signal-to-noise ratio can be enhanced by applying the technique of thermographic signal reconstruction (TSR). In the inspection of the semi-transparent GFRP composite, the most efficient has been the laser heating followed by the TSR data processing. The perspectives of defect characterization of semi-transparent materials by using laser heating are discussed. A neural network has been used as a candidate tool for evaluating defect depth in composite materials, but its training should be performed in identical with testing conditions. KW - Infrared thermography KW - Thermal testing KW - GFRP KW - Semi-transparent composite KW - Laser heating PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-020-00717-x VL - 39 SP - 69 PB - Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020 AN - OPUS4-51179 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hensel, J. A1 - Kromm, Arne A1 - Nitschke-Pagel, T. A1 - Dixneit, Jonny A1 - Dilger, K. T1 - Capability of martensitic low transformation temperature welding consumables for increasing the fatigue strength of high strength steel joints N2 - The use of low transformation temperature (LTT) filler materials represents a smart approach for increasing the fatigue strength of welded high strength steel structures apart from the usual procedures of post weld treatment. The main mechanism is based on the effect of the low start temperature of martensite formation on the stress already present during welding. Thus, compressive residual stress formed due to constrained volume expansion in connection with phase transformation become highly effective. Furthermore, the weld metal has a high hardness that can delay the formation of fatigue cracks but also leads to low toughness. Fundamental investigations on the weldability of an LTT filler material are presented in this work, including the characterization of the weld microstructure, its hardness, phase transformation temperature and mechanical properties. Special attention was applied to avoid imperfections in order to ensure a high weld quality for subsequent fatigue testing. Fatigue tests were conducted on the welded joints of the base materials S355J2 and S960QL using conventional filler materials as a comparison to the LTT filler. Butt joints were used with a variation in the weld type (DY-weld and V-weld). In addition, a component-like specimen (longitudinal stiffener) was investigated where the LTT filler material was applied as an additional layer. The joints were characterized with respect to residual stress, its stability during cyclic loading and microstructure. The results show that the application of LTT consumables leads to a significant increase in fatigue strength when basic design guidelines are followed. This enables a benefit from the lightweight design potential of high-strength steel grades. KW - Low transformation temperature KW - Welding KW - Fatigue strength KW - Residual stress PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.3139/120.111562 VL - 62 IS - 9 SP - 891 EP - 899 PB - Carl Hanser Verlag AN - OPUS4-51180 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wittmar, J. A1 - Meyer, Susann A1 - Sieling, T. A1 - Kunte, Hans-Jörg A1 - Smiatek, Jens A1 - Brand, Izabella T1 - What Does Ectoine Do to DNA? A Molecular-Scale Picture of Compatible Solute−Biopolymer Interactions N2 - Compatible solutes are accumulated in the cytoplasm of halophilic microorganisms. These molecules enable their survival in a high salinity environment. Ectoine is such a compatible solute. It is a zwitterionic molecule which strongly interacts with surrounding water molecules and changes the dynamics of the local hydration shell. Ectoine interacts with biomolecules such as lipids, proteins and DNA. The molecular interaction between ectoine and biomolecules in particular the interaction between ectoine and DNA is far from being understood. In this paper we describe molecular aspects of the interaction between ectoine and double stranded DNA(dsDNA). Two 20 base pairs long dsDNA fragments were immobilized on a Gold surface via a thiol-tether. The interaction between the dsDNA monolayers with diluted and concentrated ectoine solutions was examined by means of X-ray photoelectron and polarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopies (PM IRRAS). Experimental results indicate that the ability of ectoine to bind water reduces the strength of hydrogen bonds formed to the ribose-phosphate backbone in the dsDNA. In diluted (0.1 M) ectoine solution, DNA interacts predominantly with water molecules. The sugar-phosphate backbone is involved in the formation of strong hydrogen bonds to water, which with elapsing time leads to a reorientation of the planes of nucleic acid bases. This reorientation destabilizes the hydrogen bonds strength between the bases and leads to a partial dehybridizaiton of the dsDNA. In concentrated ectoine solution (2.5 M), almost all water molecules interact with ectoine. Under this condition ectoine is able to interact directly with DNA. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrate that the direct interaction involves the nitrogen atoms in ectoine and phosphate groups in the DNA molecule. The results of the quantum chemical calculations Show that rearrangements in the ribose-phosphate backbone, caused by a direct interaction with ectoine, facilitates contacts between O atom in the phosphate group and H atoms in a nucleic acid base. In the PM IRRA spectra, an increase in the number of the IR absorption modes in the base pair frequency region proves that the hydrogen bonds between bases become weaker. Thus, a sequence of reorientations caused by interaction with ectoine leads to a breakdown of hydrogen bonds between bases in the double helix. KW - Compatible solute KW - Ectoine KW - DNA KW - Self-assembled monolayer KW - IR spectroscopy KW - XPS PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c05273 VL - 124 IS - 37 SP - 7999 EP - 8011 PB - ACS Publicatios AN - OPUS4-51182 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rhode, Michael A1 - Wetzel, Annica A1 - Özcan Sandikcioglu, Özlem A1 - Nietzke, Jonathan A1 - Richter, Tim A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk T1 - Wasserstoffdiffusion und lokale Volta-Potentiale in Hoch- und Mittelentropie-Legierungen N2 - Hochentropie-Legierungen (HEAs) zeichnen sich durch einen Mischkristall-System aus mindestens fünf und Mittelentropie-Legierungen (MEAs) durch mindestens drei Hauptlegierungselemente aus, in äquiatomarer Zusammensetzung. Sie zeigen außergewöhnliche Anwendungseigenschaften, wie z.B. hohe Festigkeit, Duktilität oder Korrosionsbeständigkeit. Zukünftige HEA/MEA-Komponenten aufgrund ihrer Eigenschaften für wasserstoffhaltige Umgebungen (wie Behälter für kryogene oder Hochdruckspeicherung) von Interesse. Daher ist die Bewertung der Wasserstoffabsorption und die Diffusion in diesen Materialien von großer Bedeutung. Dazu wurden in unserer Studie eine CoCrFeMnNi-HEA und eine CoCrNi-MEA untersucht. Die Proben wurden elektrochemisch mit Wasserstoff beladen. Für die Ermittlung des Wasserstoffdiffusionsverhaltens wurde die thermische Desorptionsanalyse (TDA) mit unterschiedlichen Heizraten bis zu 0,250 K/s angewandt. Die nachfolgende Peakentfaltung der Signale führte zu Hochtemperatur-Desorptionsspitzen und Wasserstofftrapping auch über 280°C. Eine resultierende Gesamtwasserstoffkonzentration > 40 ppm wurde für den MEA ermittelt und > 100 ppm für den HEA. Dies deutet auf zwei wichtige Effekte hin: (1) verzögerte Wasserstoffdiffusion und (2) eine beträchtliche Menge an getrapptem Wasserstoff auch bei hoher Temperatur. Beide Effekte können hinsichtlich einer wasserstoffunterstützten Rissbildung kritisch werden, dies erfordert jedoch weitere Untersuchungen. Zusätzlich erfolgte die Bestimmung des lokalen Volta-Potentials mittels hochauflösender Kelvin-Sonden-Kraft-Mikroskopie (SKPFM). Die ermittelten Scans zeigen einen bestimmten Einfluss der Wasserstoffbeladung auf die Potentiale. T2 - Symposium on Materials and Joining Technology CY - Online meeting DA - 07.09.2020 KW - Wasserstoff KW - High-entropy alloy KW - Diffusion KW - Scanning kelvin probe force microscopy KW - Thermal desorption analysis PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51187 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Neumann, Patrick P. A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias A1 - Krentel, Daniel T1 - Aktivitätsfeld Security an der BAM N2 - Vortrag über das Aktivitätsfeld Security an der BAM und der beiden, im Foresight-Prozess identifizierten Schwerpunktthemen "Auswirkungsbetrachtung" und "Analytik, Detektion, Messung, Identifikation". T2 - Workshop / Informationsveranstaltung Sicherheitsforschung TGZ PM CY - Online meeting DA - 09.09.2020 KW - Aktivitätsfeld Security KW - Auswirkungsbetrachtung KW - Identifikation KW - Analytik KW - Detektion KW - Messung PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51188 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Griesche, Axel A1 - Pfretzschner, Beate A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas T1 - Martensitumwandlung in situ analysiert mit Röntgenstrahlung N2 - Die dehnungsinduzierte Martensitbildung wurde mittels Röntgen-Diffraktion und -Radiographie mit dem EDDI-Instrument am BESSY II in supermartensitischem Stahl mit Anlassaustenit untersucht. Die Bildung wird durch Wasserstoff im Gefüge unterdrückt. Die Duktilität von wasserstofffreiem SMSS korreliert mit dem Anteil an dehnungs-induziertem Martensit T2 - Symposium on Materials and Joining Technology CY - Online meeting DA - 07.09.2020 KW - Wasserstoff KW - Materialschädigung KW - Materialschaedigung KW - Synchrotron PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51190 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Taparli, Ugur Alp A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas A1 - Griesche, Axel T1 - Online weld analysis by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) N2 - Principles of online weld inspection using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, inspection of stationary and bead-on-plate welds containing solidification cracks. T2 - Symposium on Materials and Joining Technology CY - Online meeting DA - 07.09.2020 KW - Welding KW - LIBS KW - Austenitic stainless steel KW - Metal vapor KW - Hot cracking PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51191 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Feldkamp, Martin A1 - Quercetti, Thomas A1 - Wille, Frank T1 - Outcomes of three large scale fire reference tests conducted in BAM fire test facility N2 - Packages for the transport of high-level radioactive material are designed to withstand severe accidents. Hypothetical severe accident conditions are defined in the IAEA Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Materials. One of these accident conditions is the thermal test, mainly consisting of a 30 minute fully engulfing 800°C pool fire or an equally severe fire test. The heat fluxes into the package depend substantially on the fire characteristics and the Surface temperature of the package. Fire tests can be performed at BAM on a propane gas fire test facility. In order to investigate the heat fluxes over a wide range of surface temperatures in this test facility a fire reference package was designed for multiple use. The package represented the outer geometry of a specific transport cask for radioactive waste. The fire reference package is a closed steel sheet cylinder with a wall thickness of 10 mm, a length of 1500 mm and a diameter of 1050 mm. The package was instrumented with thermocouples and filled with heat resistant insulation material. Three open-air fire tests were performed in the BAM propane gas fire test facility. The flames exposure time period varied slightly for the fire tests. The wind direction as well as the wind Speed were measured and changed between and during the tests. Test stand parameters such as wind shield location and propane gas volume flow were chosen constant for the three tests. The locally measured fire reference package steel sheet temperatures were used for the calculation of heat fluxes as function of time and surface temperature. The measured temperatures allowed further calculations. In a first approach effective fire characteristics of the propane gas fire, including the flame temperature, the fire convection coefficient and a Radiation exchange coefficient mathematically describing the determined average heat flux over the surface temperature were calculated. T2 - Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 03.08.2020 KW - Fire KW - Testing KW - Large scale testing KW - Calorimeter KW - Heat flux PY - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - ASME CY - New York AN - OPUS4-51192 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bonnerot, Olivier A1 - Del Mastro, G. A1 - Hammerstaedt, J. A1 - Mocella, V. A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - XRF ink Analysis of some Herculaneum papyri N2 - Recent research has suggested that some of the inks used in Herculaneum papyri do not consist of pure carbon. Starting from this finding, in June 2018 a preliminary campaign of analysis by means of X-Ray fluorescence (XRF) of external portions removed mechanically from their original rolls in the eighteenth century (the so-called scorze) took place at the Biblioteca Nazionale at Naples. Also in this case, the aim of the survey was to investigate the ink composition in order to detect possible traces of metal. This article sums up the results of this survey. KW - Herculaneum papyri KW - Ink KW - XRF PY - 2020 SP - 50 EP - 52 AN - OPUS4-51193 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Feldkamp, Martin A1 - Quercetti, Thomas A1 - Wille, Frank T1 - Outcomes of three large scale fire reference tests conducted in BAM fire test facility N2 - Packages for the transport of high-level radioactive material are designed to withstand severe accidents. Hypothetical severe accident conditions are defined in the IAEA Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Materials. One of these accident conditions is the thermal test, mainly consisting of a 30 minute fully engulfing 800°C pool fire or an equally severe fire test. The heat fluxes into the package depend substantially on the fire characteristics and the Surface temperature of the package. Fire tests can be performed at BAM on a propane gas fire test facility. In order to investigate the heat fluxes over a wide range of surface temperatures in this test facility a fire reference package was designed for multiple use. The package represented the outer geometry of a specific transport cask for radioactive waste. The fire reference package is a closed steel sheet cylinder with a wall thickness of 10 mm, a length of 1500 mm and a diameter of 1050 mm. The package was instrumented with thermocouples and filled with heat resistant insulation material. Three open-air fire tests were performed in the BAM propane gas fire test facility. The flames exposure time period varied slightly for the fire tests. The wind direction as well as the wind Speed were measured and changed between and during the tests. Test stand parameters such as wind shield location and propane gas volume flow were chosen constant for the three tests. The locally measured fire reference package steel sheet temperatures were used for the calculation of heat fluxes as function of time and surface temperature. The measured temperatures allowed further calculations. In a first approach effective fire characteristics of the propane gas fire, including the flame temperature, the fire convection coefficient and a Radiation exchange coefficient mathematically describing the determined average heat flux over the surface temperature were calculated. T2 - Pressure Vessels & Piping Virtual Conference 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 03.08.2020 KW - Fire KW - Testing KW - Convection coefficient KW - Large scale fire testing KW - Propane gas fire test facility PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51194 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gluth, Gregor A1 - Ke, X. T1 - RILEM TC 281-CCC WG6 - Carbonation of alkali-activated concrete: preliminary results N2 - Preliminary results of RILEM TC 281-CCC Working Group 6 'Carbonation of alkali-activated concrete' are presented. T2 - 74th RILEM Annual Week & 40th Cement and Concrete Science Conference CY - Online meeting DA - 31.08.2020 KW - Alkali-activated materials KW - Carbonation PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51199 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lugovtsova, Yevgeniya A1 - Bulletti, A. A1 - Giannelli, P. A1 - Capineri, L. A1 - Prager, Jens T1 - Characterization of a Flexible Piezopolymer-based Interdigital Transducer for Selective Excitation of Ultrasonic Guided Waves N2 - Structural health monitoring (SHM) is a term that groups together techniques adopted to evaluate in a continued fashion the structural integrity and degradation of technical appliances. SHM is particularly attractive for components that are difficult to access or expensive to take off-line. Among many other techniques, SHM can be performed using ultrasonic guided waves (UGW) which have an advantage of traveling over Long distances. Various guided wave modes exist along with many methods for their generation and sensing, e.g by means of interdigital transducers (IDT). This contribution is dedicated to the design and characterization of a flexible piezopolymerbased IDT which allows for the selective excitation of UGW, resulting in more straightforward data analysis. The designed IDT was characterized using a 3D Laser Doppler Vibrometer (3D LDV) in the air to identify and analyze the IDT’s Vibration modes. Then the transducer was mounted on an aluminum plate, and the generated wavefield was measured with the 3D LDV. According to this investigation, we demonstrate that it is possible to selectively excite desired guided wave mode, namely the A0 mode, suppressing the excitation of the S0 mode. Moreover, the measured wavefield allows for analysis of the directivity of the designed IDT. All in all the results show good correlation between theoretical predictions and measured values, thus allowing to use the current design in terms of selective excitation as it is. T2 - IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium CY - Online meeting DA - 06.09.2020 KW - Lamb waves KW - Non-Destructive Testing KW - Structural Health Monitoring KW - Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51202 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Faghani, A. A1 - Gholami, M. F. A1 - Trunk, M. A1 - Müller, J. A1 - Pachfule, P. A1 - Vogl, S. A1 - Donskyi, Ievgen A1 - Li, M. A1 - Nickl, Philip A1 - Shao, J. A1 - Huang, M. R. S. A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Arenal, R. A1 - Koch, C. T. A1 - Paulus, B. A1 - Rabe, J. P. A1 - Thomas, A. A1 - Haag, R. A1 - Adeli, M. T1 - Metal-Assisted and Solvent-Mediated Synthesis of Two-Dimensional Triazine Structures on Gram Scale N2 - Covalent triazine frameworks are an emerging material class that have shown promising performance for a range of applications. In this work, we report on a metal-assisted and solvent-mediated reaction between calcium carbide and cyanuric chloride, as cheap and commercially available precursors, to synthesize two-dimensional triazine structures (2DTSs). The reaction between the solvent, dimethylformamide, and cyanuric chloride was promoted by calcium carbide and resulted in dimethylamino-s-triazine intermediates, which in turn undergo nucleophilic substitutions. This reaction was directed into two dimensions by calcium ions derived from calcium carbide and induced the formation of 2DTSs. The role of calcium ions to direct the two-dimensionality of the final structure was simulated using DFT and further proven by synthesizing molecular intermediates. The water content of the reaction medium was found to be a crucial factor that affected the structure of the products dramatically. While 2DTSs were obtained under anhydrous conditions, a mixture of graphitic material/2DTSs or only graphitic material (GM) was obtained in aqueous solutions. Due to the straightforward and gram-scale synthesis of 2DTSs, as well as their photothermal and photodynamic properties, they are promising materials for a wide range of future applications, including bacteria and virus incapacitation. KW - XPS KW - Triazine KW - 2D PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.0c02399 VL - 142 IS - 30 SP - 12976 EP - 12986 PB - ACS American Chemical Society AN - OPUS4-51203 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Czuban, M. A1 - Kulka, M. W. A1 - Wang, L. A1 - Koliszak, A. A1 - Achazi, K. A1 - Schlaich, C. A1 - Donskyi, Ievgen A1 - Di Luca, M. A1 - Mejia Oneto, J. M. A1 - Royzen, M. A1 - Haag, R. A1 - Trampuz, A. T1 - Titanium coating with mussel inspired polymer and bio-orthogonal chemistry enhances antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus N2 - Implant-associated infections present severe and difficult-to-treat complications after surgery, related to implant biofilm colonization. Systemic administration of antibiotics cannot reach sufficient concentrations at the infected site and may be toxic. Here we describe how mussel-inspired dendritic material coated on a titanium surface can locally activate a prodrug of daptomycin (pro-dapto) to treat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The mechanism of the prodrug activation is based on bio-orthogonal click chemistry between a tetrazine (Tz) and trans-cyclooctene (TCO). The former is attached to the dendritic polymer, while the later converts daptomycin into a prodrug. Characterization of the material's properties revealed that it is hydrophobic, non-toxic, and stable for a prolonged period of time. We envision that the titanium coated dendritic material will be able to improve the treatment of implant-associated infections by concentrating systemically administered antibiotic prodrugs, thus converting them into active localized medicines. KW - Bio-orthogonal chemistry KW - Antimicrobial titanium coating KW - Prodrug antibiotic KW - Antibiotic delivery KW - Antibiotic release KW - XPS PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.111109 VL - 116 SP - 111109 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-51204 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rhode, Michael A1 - Wetzel, Annica A1 - Oczan, Ozlem A1 - Nietzke, Jonathan A1 - Richter, Tim A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk T1 - Hydrogen diffusion and local Volta potential in high- and medium-entropy alloys N2 - High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are characterized by a solid solution of minimum five and medium-entropy alloys (MEAs) of minimum three principal alloying elements in equiatomic proportions. They show exceptional application properties, such as high-strength and ductility or corrosion resistance. Future HEA/MEA-components could be exposed to hydrogen containing environments like vessels for cryogenic or high-pressure storage where the hydrogen absorption and diffusion in these materials is of interest. In our study, we investigated the HEA Co20Cr20Fe20Mn20Ni20 and the MEA Co33.3Cr33.3Ni33.3. For hydrogen ingress, cathodic charging was applied and diffusion kinetic was measured by high-resolution thermal desorption spectros-copy using different heating rates up to 0.250 K/s. Peak deconvolution resulted in high-temperature desorption peaks and hydrogen trapping above 280 °C. A total hydrogen concentration > 40 ppm was identified for the MEA and > 100 ppm for HEA. This indicates two important effects: (1) delayed hydrogen diffusion and (2) considerable amount of trapped hydrogen that must be anticipated for hydrogen assisted cracking phenomenon. Local electrochemical Volta potential maps had been measured for the hydrogen free condition by means of high-resolution Scanning Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (SKPFM). T2 - Symposium on Materials and Joining Technology CY - Online meeting DA - 07.09.2020 KW - Hydrogen KW - High-entropy alloy KW - Diffusion KW - Scanning kelvin probe force microscopy KW - Corrosion PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-511684 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/882/1/012015 VL - 882 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - IOP Publishing CY - Bristol AN - OPUS4-51168 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ghafafian, Carineh A1 - Popiela, Bartosz A1 - Trappe, Volker T1 - Damage Mechanisms of Scarf Joint Repairs for Wind Turbine Rotor Blade Shell Applications N2 - Wind turbine rotor blades, made of fiber reinforced polymers (FRP), often fail before their projected 20-year lifespan, largely due to defects that originate during manufacturing and are propagated by operational fatigue and environmental conditions. The cost-intensive replacement outcomes lead to a high loss of earnings, and are one of the inhibitors of wind turbine production [1]. A potential repair alternative is to locally patch these areas of the blades with adhesively bonded structural repairs. However, the effects of such repair methods of the outer shell region on the structural integrity of the rotor blades are still largely unknown, and are thus investigated in this project. The shell components of rotor blades are made of FRP composite material sandwiching a lightweight core, often a rigid foam or Balsa wood. The repair methods involve replacing the lost load path with a new material that is joined to the parent structure [2]. Repairs in this project focus on the scarf method, which allow for a smoother load distribution across the joint, aiming to study the damage mechanism of glass FRP scarf repairs for wind turbine blade shell applications. Namely, the source and path of the damage initiation and propagation, role of the interface between parent and patch material, and the role of the fiber orientation mismatch at this interface are examined. Biaxial ±45° and 0/90° FRP specimens are produced with the vacuum-assisted resin infusion (VARI) process using E-glass non-crimp fabric. The patch layers are then joined using VARI with a scarf ratio of 1:50, using glass FRP fabric with half the areal weight of the parent side to allow for better drapability. The methods and practices in specimen production are based on common industry practice in rotor blade shell manufacturing and repairs. The specimens are tested under uniaxial tensile load, during which they are periodically monitored for damage onset. A comparison of the ±45° and 0/90° specimens allows for an understanding of the role of a highly mismatching fiber orientation in the transition zone between parent and patch material on the failure mechanism of the scarf joint. Although failure in both orientations begins as delamination at the joint edge, the difference in the mechanisms at play in the two different specimen types leads ultimately to different fracture paths. Namely, in the inter fiber failure mechanism of the ±45° specimens, the higher interlaminar strength compared to the intralaminar strength of the laminate leads to intralaminar failure of the ±45° scarf joint specimens. Alternatively, the competition in the 0/90° specimens lies between the interlaminar strength and fiber failure strength, and here we experience failure primarily across the scarf joint length. The scarf joint in the 0/90° specimens disrupts the continuity of the load-carrying 0° layers, directing the failure path to remain primarily along the scarf joint. Experimental results are compared to finite element analyses of scarf patch repairs on glass FRP sandwich specimens with the same respective layup orientations, where the damage initiation regions are identified and correlated to fiber orientation, serving as a bridge to future work which will experimentally examine the scarf repair patches on sandwich shell specimens. T2 - Joint Event: ICCS23 - 23rd International Conference on Composite Structures & MECHCOMP6 - 6th International Conference on Mechanics of Composites CY - Online meeting DA - 01.09.2020 KW - Wind turbine blade shells KW - Glass fiber reinforced polymers KW - Scarf repairs PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51175 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hielscher-Bofinger, Stefan A1 - Beck, Uwe A1 - Lerche, D. A1 - Rietz, U. T1 - Multiple-sample Testing: Adhesive Strength of Coatings and Bonding Strength of Adhesives evaluated by Centrifugal Adhesion Testing (CAT) N2 - The quantitative determination of adhesion and cohesion properties is a key requirement for adhesive-bonded joints and coated components in both R&D and Quality assurance. Because of the huge variety of layer/substrate Systems in terms of materials and large thickness range, adhesion tests display the same diversity as layer/substrate systems. There are only two tensile testing procedures available, that determine adhesive strength in terms of force per area (N/mm²), the single-sample pull-off test in a tensile testing machine and the multiple-sample-test using the Centrifugal Adhesion Testing (CAT) Technology. The CAT Technology is a testing method which uses centrifugal force as tensile testing force in a multiple-sample arrangement within a drum rotor of a Desktop centrifuge. Hence, the adhesive/bonding strength A/B can be determined on a statistical basis under identical testing conditions for up to eight samples. A variety of examples for bonding strength of adhesives, adhesive strength of coatings and compound strength of composite materials is discussed such as metalto-metal and glass-to-metal bonding, sputtered SiO2-layers on CR39 Polymer and carbon fiber reinforced polymer. T2 - Colloquium Department 6. CY - Berlin, BAM, Germany DA - 03.09.2020 KW - Centrifugal Adhesion Testing (CAT) KW - Adhesive strength KW - Bonding strength KW - Composite strength KW - Interlaboratory comparision PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51178 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva A1 - Neitsch, Marcel T1 - Vergleichende Fallversuche zur Bewertung von Fallfundamenten - Ausblick auf Untersuchungen der BAM N2 - Oft verfügen Produktionsstätten über bereits verbaute Fallfundamente, die nicht das geforderte Massenverhältnis von 1:50 aufweisen. Gemäß ADR ist jedoch auf dem Niveau der Musterprüfung zu prüfen. Es ist daher fraglich, ob die Prüfungen im Rahmen der Eigenüberwachung und die Baumusterprüfungen vergleichbare Ergebnisse liefern, wenn die Fallfundamente unterschiedlich beschaffen sind. Ziel der Untersuchungen ist daher die Entwicklung eines Untersuchungs- und Prüfkonzepts für bereits verbaute Fallfundamente für Gefahrgutverpackungen im Rahmen einer ingenieurwissenschaftlichen Promotionsarbeit. T2 - 33. Sitzung des BAM AK Prüfstellen CY - Online meeting DA - 16.09.2020 KW - Gefahrgutverpackungen KW - Fallfundamente PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51250 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Denkler, Tilman T1 - EA-HHC - Analysis of the operation of accreditation bodies - Results of the 2nd round N2 - In 2019 the German federal institute Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) conducted a benchmarking to compare the operations of European accreditation bodies and to identify best practices, with the aim of improving key processes in accreditation. Ten European accreditation bodies attended the comparison, four of which had already taken part in the pilot phase of the benchmarking project, which was conducted in 2017 by the German accreditation body Deutsche Akkreditierungsstelle GmbH (DAkkS) and the BAM. The study, designed to examine and compare the operation of accreditation bodies in Europe, used a management tool called Process Maturity Benchmarking Tool, which was especially elaborated and validated for this purpose in the pilot phase, in order to determine the values of indicators, thus enabling a comparison of the accreditation bodies despite different operational processes and organizational forms. The management tool is based on the analysis of selected processes with high relevance for the operation of accreditation bodies. The processes are derived from a process map designed for accreditation bodies in a universally applicable way. The indicators used to characterize the processes come from two sources: The first source relates to data already available from internal databases, reports, financial audits, and others. The second source is derived from the self-evaluation of process maturity performed by the accreditation bodies. The criteria for evaluating process maturities were designed by applying the criteria of the EFQM excellence model 2013 of the European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM) to the processes identified in the process map. The results of the analysis were presented to and discussed with representatives of the ten accreditation bodies at a Results-Workshop that took place at BAM on 21/22 January 2020. In this presentation a wrap-up of the results was given to the HHC of EA T2 - Tagung des HHC (horizontal harmonization committee) der EA (European co-operation for accreditation) (virtuelles Meeting per MS-Teams, ca. 55 Teilnehmer) CY - Online meeting DA - 15.09.2020 KW - Accreditation KW - Benchmarking PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51251 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klöckner, P. A1 - Seiwert, B. A1 - Eisentraut, Paul A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Reemtsma, T. A1 - Wagner, S. T1 - Characterization of tire and road wear particles from road runoffindicates highly dynamic particle properties N2 - Tire and road wear particles (TRWPs) are heteroagglomerates of tire rubber and other particles deposited on the road surface and one of the main contributors to non-exhaust emissions of automobile traffic. In this study, samples from road environments were analyzed for their TRWP contents and concentra- tions of eight organic tire constituents. TRWP concentrations were determined by quantifying Zn in the density fraction < 1.9 g/cm ³and by thermal extraction desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TED-GC/MS) and the concentrations ranged from 3.7 to 480 mg TRWP/g. Strong and statistically signif- icant correlations with TRWPs were found for 2-hydroxybenzothiazole and 2-aminobenzothiazole, indi- cating that these substances may be suitable markers of TRWPs. The mass distribution of TRWPs in road dust suggests that the main mass fraction formed on roads consists of coarse particles ( > 100 μm). Data for a sedimentation basin indicate that the fine fraction ( < 50 μm) is preferentially transported by road runoffinto receiving waters. The size distribution and density data of TRWP gathered by three different quantitation approaches also suggest that aging of TRWPs leads to changes in their particle density. An improved understanding of the dynamics of TRWP properties is essential to assess the distribution and dissipation of this contaminant of emerging concern in the environment. KW - Tire Wear KW - Density separation KW - Microplastic KW - Urban PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.116262 VL - 185 SP - 116262 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-51256 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Vehicle-Track-Soil Interaction of Isolated, Un-isolated and Damaged Railway Tracks N2 - This article deals with two topics of vehicle-track-soil interaction, the mitigation of railway induced ground vibration by soft track elements, and the identification of track damage. Theoretical results have been achieved by a combined finite-element boundary-element method (FEBEM). The theoretical results are confronted with measurements at four sites. Improved mitigation effects have been found for soft rail pads under heavy sleepers. The insertion loss, however, can be too optimistic if a strong vehicle track resonance occurs for the un-isolated reference track. Two measurement sites show this strong vehicle-track resonance at about 80 Hz, which has been approximated by using the results of a wide parameter study including the rail pad, ballast, and soil stiffness, as well as the ballast model and the soil layering. – The detection of slab track damage is mainly based on the differences of the receptance or compliance functions. Theoretical results have been confirmed by measurements at one site where a loss of contact between track plate and base layer was visible. Measurements at a second site with a hidden damage have been compared with the theoretical results of a loose sleeper. The differences between intact (or repaired) and damaged tracks are strong enough to encourage the further development of this method for the identification of track damages. KW - Railway track KW - Track-soil interaction KW - Ground vibration KW - Mitigation KW - Under-sleeper pads KW - Track damage monitoring PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.4203/ijrt.6.3.2 SN - 2049-5358 VL - 2 IS - 20 SP - 21 EP - 49 PB - Saxe-Coburg Publications CY - London AN - OPUS4-51257 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schaupp, Thomas A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk A1 - Schröder, Nina A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas T1 - Einfluss von Konstruktion und Wasserstoff auf die Kaltrissbildung hochfester Feinkornbaustähle N2 - Der konstruktive Leichtbau erfordert den zunehmenden Einsatz hochfester Feinkornbaustähle mit Streckgrenzen ≥ 690 MPa. Neben den durch die Wandstärkenreduzierung erreichbaren Einsparungen an Ressourcen und Fertigungszeit lässt sich eine weitere Minimierung der Schweißzeit und -kosten mittels abgesenkter Schweißnahtvolumina erreichen. Hierzu wurden moderne Lichtbogenprozesse, wie bspw. der modifizierte Sprühlichtbogen (Mod.SLB), mit erhöhter Abschmelzleistung entwickelt, mit denen auch enge Nahtspalte bzw. Nahtöffnungswinkel geschweißt werden können. Hochfeste Verbindungen unterliegen zunehmend erhöhten Anforderungen in Bezug auf die schweißtechnische Verarbeitung und der resultierenden Bauteilperformance und sicherheit. Dies gilt insbesondere beim Bauteil-schweißen mittels solcher Hochleistungsverfahren in Verbindung mit engen Nahtspalten. In der vorliegenden Arbeit soll dieser Herausforderung durch Klärung der Einflüsse auf die Kaltrissbildung bei einem hochfesten Feinkornbaustahl S960QL Rechnung getragen werden. Für die Kaltrissprüfung werden entsprechende adaptierte Proben analog dem selbstbeanspruchenden TEKKEN-Test verwendet und hinsichtlich Rissbildung, Gefüge, Gehalt an diffusiblem Wasserstoff und Eigenspannungen analysiert. Die Variation der Nahtöffnungswinkel der Prüfnähte erfolgt zwischen 30° und 60°. Zur Vermeidung wasserstoffunterstützter Kaltrissbildung wird die Wirksamkeit einer Nachwärmprozedur aus der Schweißwärme heraus untersucht. Als Ergebnis zeigen die Schweißgüter, die an reduziertem Nahtöffnungs-winkel erzeugt wurden, im Mittel etwas höhere Wasserstoffkonzentrationen. Zudem ist an diesen Schweißgütern eine vermehrte Mikro- als auch Makrorissbildung festzustellen. An allen Proben, die nicht nachgewärmt wurden, treten Kerbrisse aufgrund von Kaltrissbildung auf, deren Vermeidung sich durch ein Nachwärmen unmittelbar nach dem Schweißen als besonders effektiv darstellte. T2 - DVS Congress - Große Schweißtechnische Tagung CY - Online meeting DA - 14.09.2020 KW - Hochfester Feinkornbaustahl KW - MAG-Schweißen KW - Kaltriss KW - TEKKEN PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51258 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schaupp, Thomas A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk A1 - Schröder, Nina A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas T1 - Einfluss von Konstruktion und Wasserstoff auf die Kaltrissbildung hochfester Feinkornbaustähle N2 - Der konstruktive Leichtbau erfordert den zunehmenden Einsatz hochfester Feinkornbaustähle mit Streckgrenzen ≥ 690 MPa. Neben den durch die Wandstärkenreduzierung erreichbaren Einsparungen an Ressourcen und Fertigungszeit lässt sich eine weitere Minimierung der Schweißzeit und -kosten mittels abgesenkter Schweißnahtvolumina erreichen. Hierzu wurden moderne Lichtbogenprozesse, wie bspw. der modifizierte Sprühlichtbogen (Mod.SLB), mit erhöhter Abschmelzleistung entwickelt, mit denen auch enge Nahtspalte bzw. Nahtöffnungswinkel geschweißt werden können. Hochfeste Verbindungen unterliegen zunehmend erhöhten Anforderungen in Bezug auf die schweißtechnische Verarbeitung und der resultierenden Bauteilperformance und sicherheit. Dies gilt insbesondere beim Bauteilschweißen mittels solcher Hochleistungsverfahren in Verbindung mit engen Nahtspalten. In der vorliegenden Arbeit soll dieser Herausforderung durch Klärung der Einflüsse auf die Kaltrissbildung bei einem hochfesten Feinkornbau-stahl S960QL Rechnung getragen werden. Für die Kaltrissprüfung werden entsprechende adaptierte Proben analog dem selbstbeanspruchenden TEKKEN-Test verwendet und hinsichtlich Rissbildung, Gefüge, Gehalt an diffusiblem Wasserstoff und Eigenspannungen analysiert. Die Variation der Nahtöffnungswinkel der Prüfnähte erfolgt zwischen 30° und 60°. Zur Vermeidung wasserstoffunterstützter Kaltrissbildung wird die Wirksamkeit einer Nachwärmprozedur aus der Schweißwärme heraus untersucht. Als Ergebnis zeigen die Schweißgüter, die an reduziertem Nahtöffnungswinkel erzeugt wurden, im Mittel etwas höhere Wasserstoffkonzentrationen. Zudem ist an diesen Schweißgütern eine vermehrte Mikro- als auch Makrorissbildung festzustellen. An allen Proben, die nicht nachgewärmt wurden, treten Kerbrisse aufgrund von Kaltrissbildung auf, deren Vermeidung sich durch ein Nachwärmen unmittelbar nach dem Schweißen als besonders effektiv darstellte. T2 - DVS Congress 2020 - Große Schweißtechnische Tagung CY - Online meeting DA - 14.09.2020 KW - Hochfester Feinkornbaustahl KW - MAG-Schweißen KW - Kaltriss KW - Wasserstoff KW - TEKKEN PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-96144-098-6 VL - 365 SP - 564 EP - 570 PB - DVS Media GmbH CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-51259 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kalmbach, J. A1 - Wang, Cui A1 - You, Yi A1 - Förster, C. A1 - Schubert, H. A1 - Heinze, K. A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Seitz, M. T1 - Near-IR to near-IR upconversion luminescence in molecular chromium ytterbium salts N2 - Upconversion photoluminescence in hetero-oligonuclear metal complex architectures featuring organic ligands is an interesting but still rarely observed phenomenon, despite its great potential from a basic research and application perspective. In this context, a new photonic material consisting of molecular chromium(III) and ytterbium(III) complex Ions was developed that exhibits excitation-power density-dependent cooperative sensitization of the chromium-centered 2E/2T1 phosphorescence at approximately 775 nm after excitation of the ytterbium band 2F7/2!2F5/2 at approximately 980 nm in the solid state at ambient temperature. The upconversion process is insensitive to atmospheric oxygen and can be observed in the presence of water molecules in the crystal lattice. KW - Upconversion KW - Lanthanide KW - Photoluminescence KW - Quantum yield KW - Photophysics KW - Lifetime KW - Sensor KW - NIR KW - Cr(III) KW - Yb(III) complex KW - Crystal KW - Triplet-triplet annihilation KW - Sensitization KW - Light harvesting PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-512619 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202007200 SN - 1433-7851 SN - 1521-3773 VL - 59 IS - 42 SP - 18804 EP - 18808 PB - Wiley CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-51261 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhao, J. A1 - Hu, Y. A1 - wei Lin, S. A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Zhang, R. A1 - Wen, J. A1 - Kong, X. A1 - Qin, A. A1 - Ou, J. T1 - Enhanced luminescence intensity of near-infraredsensitized sensitized upconversion nanoparticles via Ca²+ doping for a nitric oxide release platform N2 - Light-induced NO release based on exogenous NO donors has attracted substantial attention in clinical applications; the induction light source usually converts near-infrared light to blue or ultraviolet light. However, the low efficiency of near-infrared light-assisted chemical light energy conversion remains a challenge, especially for NaYF4:Yb3+/Tm3+ photoconverting near-infrared light to ultraviolet (UV) and blue light. In this paper, a luminescence-enhanced strategy is reported by doping Ca2+ into NaYF4:Yb3+/Tm3+ and coating it with NaGdF4 through a two-step solvothermal method. Then, UCNPs modified with methyl-b-cyclodextrin (M-b-CD) are loaded on a ruthenium nitrosyl complex [(3)Ru(NO)(Cl)] as nitric oxide release-molecules (NORMs). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) data demonstrated that Ca2+ was successfully doped into NaYF4:Yb3+/Tm3+ nanoparticles as the core, and a pure hexagonal phase, NaYF4, was obtained from the doping of Ca2+. TEM revealed that the crystallinity was significantly improved after Ca2+ doping, and the core–shell structure was successfully synthesized, with NaGdF4 directionally grown on the NaYF4:Ca/Yb/Tm core. Fluorescence tests showed that, especially in the ultraviolet and blue light excitation wavelength regions, the UC emission intensity of the Ca-doped NaYF4:Yb3+/Tm3+@NaGdF4 core–shell UCNPs increased by 302.95 times vs. NaYF4:Yb3+/Tm3+ UCNPs. Finally, the release of NO was tested by the Griess method. Under 980 nm irradiation, the cell viability distinctly decreased with increasing UCNPs@M-b-CD-NORMs concentration. This study Shows that NORM release of NO is triggered by enhanced up-converted UV and blue light, which can be used for the development of UV photo-sensitive drugs. KW - Nano KW - Nanomaterial KW - Upconversion nanoparticle KW - Lanthanide KW - Photoluminescence KW - Quantum yield KW - Photophysics KW - Lifetime KW - Sensor KW - Surface chemistry KW - Single particle KW - Brightness KW - NIR KW - PDT PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d0tb00088d VL - 8 IS - 30 SP - 6481 EP - 6489 PB - Journal of Materials Chemistry B AN - OPUS4-51262 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Erning, Johann Wilhelm A1 - Bobzien, M. T1 - Corrosion behaviour of printed 1.4404 in drinking water systems N2 - The regulations for materials in contact with drinking water require tests to evaluate the hygienic properties of the materials. A printed 1.4404 was tested according to EN 16056 and the suitability for the use in drinking water was proven. T2 - Eurocorr 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 07.09.2020 KW - Passivity KW - Drinking water KW - Stainless steel KW - Additive manufacturing PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51237 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Hurtado-Hurtado, G. ED - Romero-Navarrete, José A. T1 - A Conceptual Design of a Self-Centering Centre Plate N2 - Turning maneuvers originate higher forces exerted on the rail and the loss of locomotive energy, at a rate that is function of several parameters that influence the magnitude of the developed horizontal wheel-rail forces, including the friction at the centre plate and the bogie´s yaw stiffness. However, such a friction at the contact surfaces of the centre plate is needed to mitigate the Hunting phenomenon when the train moves on straight track segments. In this paper, a self-centering centre plate is proposed, consisting of a lubricated centre plate, equipped with a spring- and damper-based self-centering mechanism. Simulation results of the proposed mechanism suggest that the energy performance in turns of a train car equipped with such self-centering centre plate is comparatively better, as the peak friction forces linked to the dry friction at the contact surfaces of current centre plate designs, are avoided. The assessment of the hunting performance of the proposed device in straight track segments is proposed as the continuation of this work. KW - Bogie´s yaw stiffness KW - Bogie´s yaw friction KW - Centre plate KW - Self-centering mechanism KW - Turning PY - 2020 UR - https://publications.waset.org/aerospace-and-mechanical-engineering SN - 1307-6892 VL - 14 IS - 9 SP - 376 EP - 382 AN - OPUS4-51241 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Häßler, Dustin A1 - Häßler, M. A1 - Hothan, Sascha A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Reaktive Brandschutzsysteme auf Stahlbauteilen mit doppelt gekrümmter Oberfläche N2 - Reaktive Brandschutzsysteme können die Feuerwiderstandsdauer von Stahlbauteilen signifikant erhöhen. Im Brandfall schäumt das reaktive Brandschutzsystem auf und bildet um das Stahlbauteil eine thermische Schutzschicht aus. Dadurch wird die Erwärmung des Stahls verlangsamt und der temperaturbedingte Festigkeitsverlust verzögert. Reaktive Brandschutzsysteme werden überwiegend in drei Bereichen angewendet: Hochbau, Offshore bzw. maritimer Sektor sowie Tank- bzw. Behälterbau. Insbesondere bei Stahltanks und -behältern sind häufig einfach oder auch doppelt gekrümmte Bauteiloberflächen anzutreffen. Aufgrund des meist begrenzten seitlichen Expansionsvermögens von reaktiven Brandschutzsystemen kann es bei Bauteilen mit konvexer Oberflächenkrümmung zu einer Intensivierung der Rissbildung im Schaum kommen, wodurch sich häufig die thermische Schutzwirkung verschlechtert. Da zum Thema des Einflusses der Oberflächenkrümmung auf die Leistungsfähigkeit reaktiver Brandschutzsysteme bisher kaum Untersuchungen vorliegen, wurden exemplarisch zwei Tankböden mit zwei verschiedenen Trockenschichtdicken eines reaktiven Brandschutzsystems einer Brandprüfung unterzogen. Bei gleicher Trockenschichtdicke des reaktiven Brandschutzsystems zeigten die Tankböden eine wesentlich schnellere Erwärmung als ebene Stahlplatten mit vergleichbarem Profilfaktor. Die Brandprüfungen und die Ergebnisse zum Einfluss der Oberflächenkrümmung werden im Beitrag ausführlich vorgestellt und diskutiert. KW - Brandschutz KW - Stahl KW - Reaktive Brandschutzsysteme KW - Behälter KW - Intumeszierende Beschichtung PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/stab.201900095 VL - 89 IS - 9 SP - 794 EP - 800 PB - Ernst & Sohn Verlag CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-51242 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Heuser, Lina A1 - Sobek, P. A1 - Körner, S. A1 - Müller, Ralf T1 - Sintering of silver-alkali zinc borate glass composites N2 - High conductive silver-glass-metallization-pastes are key components in photovoltaics and advanced microelectronics. However, the underlying mechanisms of liquid phase sintering as silver dissolution, diffusion and reprecipitation are poorly understood so far. In the current work, the influence of different network modifier in alkali-zinc-borate paste-glasses on liquid phase sintering of silver-glass-composites was studied. Therefore, silver-glass-composites containing 30 vol% glass were prepared, using low melting X2O-ZnO-B2O3 glasses with X = Na, Li, and Rb (NZB, LZB, and RZB). Glass transition temperature, viscosity, glass-silver wetting, crystallization and sintering behavior was studied by means of thermal analysis, dilatometry, heating microscopy and microscopy. Similar glass transition temperatures of 450 °C (RZB), 460 °C (LZB) and 465 °C (NZB) were found by means of thermal analysis for glasses under study. Also, all glasses have a similar crystallization onset at about 550 °C, even though exhibiting with a different degree of crystallization. Despite these similarities, however, the sintering behavior, measured in terms of area shrinkage, significantly differs for the composites. This finding indicates a different degree of silver dissolution. Assuming that dissolved silver reduces the viscosity, this effect could explain why glass crystallization starts at lower temperature in the composites. For example, the crystallization peak of LZB at 629 °C measured for pure glass powder compacts was decreased to 586 °C for the composite. Confirmatively, microstructure analyses indicate different degrees of silver dissolution, as e.g. revealed by different amount of silver precipitates within the residual glass phase, and reprecipitation. Best silver dissolution appeared for the RZB glass. Nevertheless, the final densification of RZB was retarded probably due to swelling and crystallization. T2 - XRM Workshop CY - Halle, Germany DA - 03.03.2020 KW - Silver-glass-metallization-paste KW - Sintering KW - Alkali ions PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51243 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva A1 - Bethke, John T1 - Vergleichende Schüttwinkelmessungen - Ausblick auf Untersuchungen der BAM N2 - Es ist bislang noch keine einheitliche Vorgehensweise und kein bestimmtes Prüfverfahren für die Schüttwinkelmessung festgelegt. Bei den Prüffüllgütern handelt es sich nicht nur um gefährliche Ersatzfüllgüter, sondern zum Teil auch um gefährliche Originalfüllgüter. Es liegen noch keine systematische Untersuchungen darüber vor, welche der in den Prüfstellen gängigen Methoden sich prinzipiell für die Anwendung bei bestimmten Extremfällen von Füllgütern eignen. Ziel der Untersuchungen ist daher ein systematischer Vergleich bei der Anwendung verschiedener in den Prüfstellen gängiger Schüttwinkelmessmethoden. T2 - 33. Sitzung des BAM AK Prüfstellen CY - Online meeting DA - 16.09.2020 KW - Gefahrgutverpackungen KW - Schüttwinkel PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51248 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hicke, Konstantin T1 - Faseroptische akustische Sensorik zur Infrastrukturüberwachung N2 - Die Eigenschaften von optischen Fasern und faseroptischen Sensoren werden beschrieben und die Funktionsweise von verteilter faseroptischer akustischer Sensorik (DAS) erklärt. Die Verwendung von DAS für Zustandsmonitoring vor allem von Infrastruktur und Anlagen wird motiviert. Im Folgenden wird die Einsetzbarkeit von DAS für verschiedenste Anwendungen anhand einiger Beispiele (vergangene und gegenwärtige Projekte der BAM zum Thema DAS für Infrastrukturmonitoring) gezeigt. Diese betreffen das Monitoring von Rohrleitungen/Pipelines, von Energiekabeln, von Gleisanlagen und Zügen, von Brücken und von Strassen und Strassenverkehr. T2 - 419. Sitzung des AK Berlin der DGZfP CY - Online meeting DA - 15.09.2020 KW - Verteilte faseroptische Sensorik KW - DAS KW - Verteilte akustische Sensorik KW - Infrastrukturmonitoring KW - Zustandsüberwachung PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51249 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nirmalananthan-Budau, Nithiya A1 - Budau, J. H. A1 - Moldenhauer, Daniel A1 - Hermann, G. A1 - Kraus, Werner A1 - Hoffmann, Katrin A1 - Paulus, Beate A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute T1 - Substitution pattern controlled aggregation-induced emission in donor-acceptor-donor dyes with one and two propeller-like triphenylamine donors N2 - We present a comparative study of the spectroscopic properties of the donor–acceptor–donor substituted dyes triphenylamine-allylidenemalononitrile-julolidine (TMJ) and triphenylamine-allylidenemalononitriletriphenylamine (TMT), bearing one and two propeller-like triphenylamine donor moieties, in solvents of varying polarity and viscosity and in the aggregated and solid state. Our results reveal control of the aggregation-induced spectroscopic changes and the packing motifs of the dye molecules in the solid state by the chemical nature and structure of the second nitrogen-containing donor, i.e., a planar and a rigid julolidine or a twisted triphenyl group. Assuming that the TMT and TMJ aggregates show a comparable arrangement of the molecules to the respective crystals, these different molecular interactions in the solid state are responsible for aggregation induced emission (AIE) in the case of TMT and its absence for TMJ. Moreover, a versatile strategy for the fluorescence enhancement of only weakly emissive AIE dyes is shown, turning these dyes into bright nanoscale fluorescent reporters by using them as stains for preformed polymer particles. KW - Nano KW - Nanoparticle KW - Photoluminescence KW - Fluorescence KW - Quantum yield KW - Photophysics KW - Lifetime KW - Sensor KW - Dye KW - Enhancement KW - Particle KW - Polarity KW - AIE KW - Aggregation KW - Aggregation-induced emission KW - Solid state emission PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d0cp00413h VL - 22 IS - 25 SP - 14142 EP - 14154 AN - OPUS4-50967 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rolle, Annette A1 - Komann, Steffen A1 - Wille, Frank ED - Baraldi, P. ED - Di Maio, F. ED - Zio, E. T1 - Ageing aspect in the safety evaluation of special form radioactive material N2 - In accordance with the IAEA transport regulations Special Form Radioactive Material (SFRM) is either an indispersible solid radioactive material or a sealed capsule containing radioactive material. The design of special form radioactive material has to resist a severe transport accident without undue loss or dispersal of radioactive material. The safety assessment for design approval shall include besides the required test program (impact, percussion, bending and heat test) also the evaluation of the management system for design, manufacture, testing, documentation, use, maintenance and inspection. The specified quality assurance measures have to assure, that every specimen of the approved design is produced in the same verified quality and every specimen must be able to survive the severe mechanical and thermal tests at any time of its working life. Due to the long-term use of SFRM the consideration of ageing is an important aspect in the approval procedure by BAM, the competent authority for SFRM approval in Germany. Different fields of application imply a wide range of environmental conditions, from clean room atmosphere to highly aggressive industrial conditions. So, besides of radioactive content, corrosion is a main factor for possible design degradation. This paper will describe major influencing factors to be taken into account to assess the ageing behavior of a SFRM design and will emphasize that there is a need for a regulatory specification of a SFRM-working life as basis for the aging evaluations. T2 - 30th European Safety and Reliability Conference and 15th Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management Conference (ESREL2020 PSAM15) CY - Online meeting DA - 01.11.2020 KW - Special form radioactive material KW - Transport KW - Ageing KW - Material KW - Safety assessment KW - Management system PY - 2020 UR - https://www.rpsonline.com.sg/proceedings/esrel2020/html/3659.xml SN - 987-981-14-8593-0 SP - Paper 3659,1 EP - 5 PB - Research Publishing CY - Singapore AN - OPUS4-50969 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kruschwitz, Sabine A1 - Völker, Christoph T1 - Challenges in Intelligent Computing for Non destructive testing in civil engineering – today and tomorrow N2 - A large amount of data and information is collected in the field of non-destructive testing (NDT) in civil engineering. The weakly structured data are usually evaluated with regard to specific testing tasks (e.g. geometry determination, damage localization, quality assurance). While the data offers great economic potential, i.e. to support construction planning, monitoring and maintenance processes, the evaluation is manual and case-by-case and therefore too inefficient for broader applications. We present recent visions and approaches how these large amounts of data need to be handled in the future and how we aim to make the acquired knowledge accessible to our stakeholders. Building on initiatives in materials research, we stress the importance of further research in the field of semantic data integration particularly motivate why an ontology is needed for the area of NDT in civil engineering. T2 - EG-ICE 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 01.07.2020 KW - Data analysis KW - Non destructive testing KW - Computational engineering KW - AI PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50971 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kruschwitz, Sabine A1 - Halisch, M. A1 - Dlugosch, R. A1 - Prinz, Carsten T1 - Toward a better understanding of low-frequency electrical relaxation - An enhanced pore space characterization N2 - Relaxation phenomena observed in the electrical low-frequency range (approximately 1 mHz-10 kHz) of natural porous media like sandstones is often assumed to be directly related to the dominant (modal) pore throat sizes measured, for instance, with mercury intrusion porosimetry. Attempts to establish a universally valid relationship between pore size and peak Spectral Induced Polarization (SIP) relaxation time have failed, considering sandstones from very different origins and featuring great variations in textural and chemical compositions as well as in geometrical pore space properties. In addition working with characteristic relaxation times determined in Cole-Cole or Debye decomposition fits to build the relationship have not been successful. In particular, samples with narrow pore throats are often characterized by long SIP relaxation times corresponding to long “characteristic length scales” in these media, assuming that the diffusion coefficients along the electrical double layer were constant. Based on these observations, three different types of SIP relaxation can be distinguished. We present a new way of assessing complex pore spaces of very different sandstones in a multi-methodical approach to combine the benefits of mercury intrusion porosimetry, micro-computed tomography, and nuclear magnetic resonance. In this way, we achieve much deeper insight into the pore space due to the different resolutions and sensitivities of the applied methods to both pore constrictions (throats) and wide pores (pore bodies). We experimentally quantify pore aspect ratios and volume distributions within the two pore regions. We clearly observe systematic differences between three SIP relaxation types identified previously and can attribute the SIP peak relaxation times to measured characteristic length scales within our materials. We highlight selected results for a total of nine sandstones. It seems that SIP relaxation behavior depends on the size difference of the narrow pore throats to the wide pore bodies, which increases from SIP Type 1 to Type 3. KW - µ-CT KW - Spectral induced polarization KW - Nuclear magnetic resonance KW - Pore space PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509763 DO - https://doi.org/10.1190/GEO2019-0074.1 SN - 0016-8033 VL - 85 IS - 4 SP - MR257 EP - MR270 PB - Society of Exploration Geophysicists AN - OPUS4-50976 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Donskyi, Ievgen A1 - Chen, Y. A1 - Nickl, Philip A1 - Guday, G. A1 - Qiao, H. A1 - Achasi, K. A1 - Lippitz, Andreas A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Böttcher, C. A1 - Chen, W. A1 - Adeli, M. A1 - Haag, R. T1 - Self-degrading graphene sheets for tumor therapy N2 - Low biodegradability of graphene derivatives and related health risks are the main limiting factors for their in vivo biomedical applications. Here, we present the synthesis of enzyme-functionalized graphene sheets with self-degrading properties under physiological conditions and their applications in Tumor therapy. The synergistic enzyme cascade glucose oxidase and myeloperoxidase are covalently conjugated to the surface of graphene sheets and two-dimensional (2D) platforms are obtained that can produce sodium hypochlorite from glucose. The enzyme-functionalized graphene sheets with up to 289 nm average size are degraded into small pieces (≤40 nm) by incubation under physiological conditions for 24 h. Biodegradable graphene sheets are further loaded with doxorubicin and their ability for Tumor therapy is evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The laser-triggered release of doxorubicin in combination with the enzymatic activity of the functionalized graphene sheets results in a synergistic antitumor activity. Taking advantage of their neutrophil-like activity, fast biodegradability, high photo- and chemotherapeutic effects, the novel two-dimensional nanoplatforms can be used for tumor therapeutic applications. KW - Graphene KW - Self-degrading KW - Thumor therapy KW - XPS KW - NEXAFS PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d0nr02159h SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - The Royal Society of Chemistry AN - OPUS4-50978 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stawski, Tomasz T1 - Scattering is a powerful tool to follow nucleation and growth of minerals from solutions N2 - In recent years, we have come to appreciate the astounding intricacy of the processes leading to the formation of minerals from ions in aqueous solutions. The original, and rather naive, ‘textbook’ image of these phenomena, stemming from the adaptation of classical nucleation and growth theories, has increased in complexity due to the discovery of a variety of precursor and intermediate species. These include solute clusters (e.g. prenucleation clusters, PNCs), liquid(-like) phases, as well as amorphous and nanocrystalline solids etc.. Does it, however, mean that all the minerals grow through intermediate phases, following a non-classical pathway? In general, the precursor or intermediate species constitute different, often short-lived, points along the pathway from dissolved ions to the final solids (typically crystals in this context). In this regard synchrotron-based scattering (SAXS/WAXS/total scattering) appears to be the perfect tool to follow in situ and in a time-resolved manner the crystallization pathway because of the temporal and spatial length scales that can be directly accessed with these techniques. In this presentation we show how we used scattering to probe the crystallisation mechanisms of calcium sulfate, This system contains minerals that are widespread in diverse natural environments, but they are also important in various industrial settings. Our data demonstrate that calcium sulfate precipitation involves formation and aggregation of sub-3 nm anisotropic primary species. The actual crystallisation and formation of imperfect single crystals of calcium sulfate phases, takes place from the inside of the in itial aggregates. Hence, calcium sulfate follows a non-classical pathway. T2 - X-ray Powder Diffraction at DESY - new opportunities for research and industry CY - Online meeting DA - 22.06.2020 KW - Nucleation KW - Calcium sulfate KW - Diffraction KW - Scattering KW - Synchrotron KW - SAXS/WAXS PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50943 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Santandrea, A. A1 - Vignes, A. A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Brunello, D. A1 - Perrin, L. A1 - Laurent, A. A1 - Dufaud, O. T1 - Evaluating the explosion severity of nanopowders: International standards versus reality N2 - The maximum explosion overpressure and the maximum rate of pressure rise, which characterize thedust explosion severity, are commonly measured in apparatuses and under specific conditions defined byinternational standards. However, those standards conditions, designed for micropowders, may not befully adapted to nanoparticles. Investigations were conducted on different nanopowders (nanocellulose,carbon black, aluminum) to illustrate their specific behaviors and highlight the potential inadequacyof the standards. The influence of the sample preparation was explored. Various testing procedureswere compared, focusing on the dust cloud turbulence and homogeneity. Dust dispersion experimentsevidenced the importance of the characterization of the dust cloud after dispersion, due to the frag-mentation of agglomerates, using metrics relevant with nanoparticles reactivity (e.g. surface diameterinstead of volume diameter). Moreover, the overdriving phenomenon (when the experimental resultsbecome dependent of the ignition energy), already identified for micropowders, can be exacerbated fornanoparticles due to their low minimum ignition energy and to the high energy used under standardconditions. It was evidenced that for highly sensitive nanopowders, pre-ignition phenomenon can occur.Finally, during severe explosions and due to a too long opening delay of the ‘fast acting valve’, the flamecan go back to the dust container. KW - Dust explosions KW - Gas explosions KW - Minimum ignition temperature KW - Hybrid mixtures PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2020.04.011 VL - 138 SP - 279 EP - 291 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-50944 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Askar, Enis A1 - Aksam, A. A1 - Brandes, E. A1 - Markus, D. A1 - Stolz, T. T1 - Berechnung der Explosionsbereiche von Alkoholen, Ketonen und halogenierten Kohlenwasserstoffen im Gemisch mit Inertgasen N2 - Die Explosionsbereiche für Dreistoffsysteme aus Brennstoff Inertgas und Luft wurden nach dem Modell der konstanten adiabatischen Flammentemperaturprofile berechnet. Für die Parametrisierung des halbempirischen Modells muss der Explosionsbereich für ein bestimmtes Dreistoffsystem aus Brennstoff, Inertgas und Luft bekannt sein. Dann lassen sich Explosionsbereiche desselben Brennstoffs mit einem beliebigen Inertgas und bei einer beliebigen Temperatur berechnen. Ergänzend zu früheren Arbeiten, in denen die Explosionsbereiche für Brenngase aus der homologen Reihe der Alkane und Alkene berechnet worden sind, wurden nun die Berechnungen für 1-Propanol, Aceton und Difluormethan durchgeführt. Als Inertgase wurden neben Stickstoff und Kohlendioxid auch die Edelgase Argon und Helium berücksichtigt. Für die Berechnung der Explosionsbereiche in Systemen mit Helium, ist das Modell erweitert worden, so dass auch die Transporteigenschaften (d.h. Wärmeleitfähigkeit, Diffusionskoeffizient) der Komponenten berücksichtigt werden. Weiterhin ist eine Möglichkeit zur praxisnahen Berechnung der Spitze des Explosionsbereichs implementiert worden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen insgesamt, dass die Berechnung der Explosionsbereiche für Alkohole, Ketone und halogenierte Kohlenwasserstoffe mit ähnlicher Genauigkeit wie für Alkane und Alkene möglich ist. Die vorgenommenen Modifikationen sind geeignet, um auch eine Berechnung für Gasgemische mit Helium durchzuführen, dessen starke inertisierende Wirkung im Vergleich zu den Inertgasen Argon oder Stickstoff vor allem auf den stark unterschiedlichen Transporteigenschaften beruht. KW - Explosionsgrenzen KW - Inertisierung KW - Modell der konstanten Flammentemperaturen KW - Explosionsschutz PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.7795/310.20200199 SN - 0030-834X VL - 130 IS - 1 SP - 25 EP - 29 AN - OPUS4-50945 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Askar, Enis A1 - Kauffeld, M. A1 - Maurath, T. A1 - Germanus, J. T1 - N2O/CO2-mixtures as refrigerants for temperatures below -50 °C N2 - The EU F-Gas Regulation grants exceptions from the GWP-related placing on the market prohibition for stationary refrigeration equipment for applications below -50 °C. Nonetheless, non-flammable refrigerants, which can be used for that temperature range, become increasingly expensive and rare inside the EU due to the phase down of HFCs under the regulation. Flammable alternatives based on methane, ethane and ethylene are available, but are not viable for all applications due to their flammability. Carbon dioxide cannot be used for applications below -50 °C due to CO 2 ’s triple point at -56 °C. Nitrous oxide with a triple point at -92 °C seems to be an alternative. However, possible exothermal decomposition of N 2 O calls for additional measures in order to be able to operate such systems safely. Two low-temperature systems have been developed, built and successfully operated at evaporation temperatures down to - 80 °C with mixtures of N 2 O and CO 2 and different lubricants at ILK and Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences. The units achieved similar energy efficiency as the standard HFC-equipment used for freeze drying. Possible decomposition of N 2 O could successfully be supressed by various measures. KW - Carbon dioxide KW - Freeze-dryer KW - Low temperature KW - Nitrous oxide KW - Safety measures PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.04.026 SN - 0140-7007 VL - 117 SP - 316 EP - 327 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50946 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rus, J. A1 - Gustschin, A. A1 - Mooshofer, H. A1 - Grager, J.-C. A1 - Bente, Klaas A1 - Gaal, Mate A1 - Pfeiffer, F. A1 - Grosse, C. U. T1 - Qualitative comparison of non-destructive methods for inspection of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer laminates N2 - In the rapidly expanding composite industry, novel inspection methods have been developed in recent years. Particularly promising for air-coupled testing are cellular polypropylene transducers which offer better impedance matching to air than piezoelectric transducers. Furthermore, broadband transmitters (laser-induced ultrasound and thermoacoustic emitters) and receivers (optical microphones) have opened a completely new chapter for advanced contact-free ultra-sound inspection. X-ray dark-field radiography offers a different approach to detect porosity and microcracks, employing small angle X-ray scattering. These innovative ultrasonic and radiographic alternatives were evaluated in comparison with well-established inspection techniques. We applied thirteen different non-destructive methods to inspect the same specimen (a carbon fiber-reinforced polymer laminate with induced impact damage): air-coupled ultrasound testing (using piezoelectric transducers, broadband optical microphones, cellular polypropylene transducers, and a thermoa- coustic emitter), laser-induced ultrasound testing, ultrasonic immersion testing, phased array ultrasonic testing, optically excited lock-in thermography, and X-ray radiography (projectional absorption and dark-field, tomosynthesis, and micro-computed tomography). The inspection methods were qualitatively characterized by comparing the scan results. The conclusions are advantageous for a decision on the optimal method for certain testing constraints. KW - Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer KW - Air-coupled ultrasound KW - Optically excited lock-in thermography KW - X-ray micro-computed tomography KW - X-ray dark-field radiography PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509473 DO - https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998320931162 SN - 0021-9983 VL - 54 IS - 27 SP - 4325 EP - 4337 PB - SAGE AN - OPUS4-50947 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Li, Q. A1 - Shinde, S. A1 - Grasso, G. A1 - Caroli, A. A1 - Abouhany, R. A1 - Lanzillotta, M. A1 - Pan, G. A1 - Wan, Wei A1 - Rurack, Knut A1 - Sellergren, B. T1 - Selective detection of phospholipids using molecularly imprinted fluorescent sensory core-shell particles N2 - Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingo-lipid with a broad range of activities coupled to its role in G-protein coupled receptor signalling. Monitoring of both intra and extra cellular levels of this lipid is challenging due to its low abundance and lack of robust affinity assays or sensors. We here report on fluorescent sensory core-shell molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) particles responsive to near physiologically relevant levels of S1P and the S1P receptor modulator fingolimod phosphate (FP) in spiked human serum samples. Imprinting was achieved using the tetrabutylammonium (TBA) salt of FP or phosphatidic acid (DPPA·Na) as templates in combination with a polymerizable nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD)-urea monomer with the dual role of capturing the phospho-anion and signalling its presence. The monomers were grafted from ca 300 nm RAFT-modified silica core particles using ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as crosslinker resulting in 10–20 nm thick shells displaying selective fluorescence response to the targeted lipids S1P and DPPA in aqueous buffered media. Potential use of the sensory particles for monitoring S1P in serum was demonstrated on spiked serum samples, proving a linear range of 18–60 μM and a detection limit of 5.6 μM, a value in the same range as the plasma concentration of the biomarker. KW - Molecularly imprinted polymers KW - Phospholipids KW - Fluorescence KW - Dye monomers PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509485 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-66802-3 SN - 2045-2322 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 9924 PB - Nature Research CY - London AN - OPUS4-50948 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Balzer, R. A1 - Behrens, H. A1 - Waurischk, Tina A1 - Reinsch, Stefan A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Kiefer, P. A1 - Deubener, J. A1 - Fechtelkord, M. T1 - Water in Alkali Aluminosilicate Glasses N2 - To understand the influence of water and alkalis on aluminosilicate glasses, three polymerized glasses with varying ratios of Na/K were synthesized [(22. 5-x)Na2O-xK2O-22.5 Al2O3-55 SiO2 with x = 0, 7.5, and 11.25]. Subsequently, these glasses were hydrated (up to 8 wt% H2O) in an internally heated gas pressure vessel. The density of hydrous glasses linearly decreased with water content above 1 wt%, consistent with the partial molar volume of H2O of 12 cm3/mol. Near-infrared spectroscopy revealed that hydroxyl groups are the dominant species at water content of <4 wt%, and molecular water becomes dominating at water content of >5 wt%. The fraction of OH is particularly high in the pure Na-bearing glass compared to the mixed alkali glasses. 27Al magic angle spinning-NMR spectroscopy shows that aluminum is exclusively fourfold coordinated with some variations in the local geometry. It appears that the local structure around Al becomes more ordered with increasing K/Na ratio. The incorporation of H2O reinforces this effect. The differential thermal analysis of hydrous glasses shows a significant mass loss in the range of glass transition already during the first upscan, implying the high mobility of water in the glasses. This observation can be explained by the open structure of the aluminosilicate network and by the low dissociation enthalpy of H2O in the glasses (≈ 8 kJ/mol). The effect of the dissolved H2O on the glass transition temperature is less pronounced than for other aluminosilicate glasses, probably because of the large fraction of Al in the glasses. KW - NMR spectroscopy KW - Alkali aluminosilicate glasses KW - Water speciation KW - Glass transition KW - Infrared spectroscopy PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509497 DO - https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2020.00085 VL - 7 SP - 85 AN - OPUS4-50949 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tiitta, M. A1 - Tiitta, V. A1 - Gaal, Mate A1 - Heikkinen, J. A1 - Lappalainen, R. A1 - Tomppo, L. T1 - Air-coupled ultrasound detection of natural defects in wood using ferroelectret and piezoelectric sensors N2 - Air-coupled ultrasound was used for assessing natural defects in wood boards by through-transmission scanning measurements. Gas matrix piezoelectric (GMP) and ferroelectret (FE) transducers were studied. The study also included tests with additional bias voltage with the ferroelectret receivers. Signal analyses, analyses of the measurement dynamics and statistical analyses of the signal parameters were conducted. After the measurement series, the samples were cut from the measurement regions and the defects were analyzed visually from the cross sections. The ultrasound responses were compared with the results of the visual examination of the cross sections. With the additional bias voltage, the ferroelectret measurement showed increased signal-to-noise ratio, which is especially important for air-coupled measurement of high-attenuation materials like wood. When comparing the defect response of GMP and FE sensors, it was found that FE sensors had more sensitive dynamic range, resulting from better s/n ratio and short response pulse. Classification test was made to test the possibility of detecting defects in sound wood. Machine learning methods including decision trees, k-nearest neighbor and support vector machine were used. The classification accuracy varied between 72 and 77% in the tests. All the tested machine learning methods could be used efficiently for the classification. KW - Air-coupled transducers KW - Wood KW - Ultrasound KW - Ultrasonic imaging KW - Ferroelectret KW - Machine learning PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509503 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-020-01189-y SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-50950 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Alder-Rangel, A. A1 - Idnurm, A. A1 - Brand, A. A1 - Brown, A. A1 - Gorbushina, Anna A1 - Kelliher, C. A1 - Campos, C. A1 - Levin, D. A1 - Bell-Pedersen, D. A1 - Dadachova, E. A1 - Bauer, F. A1 - Gadd, G. A1 - Braus, G. A1 - Braga, G. A1 - Brancini, G. A1 - Walker, G. A1 - Druzhinina, I. A1 - Pocsi, I. A1 - Dijksterhuis, J. A1 - Aguirre, J. A1 - Hallsworth, J. A1 - Schumacher, Julia A1 - Ho Wong, K. A1 - Selbmann, L. A1 - Corrochano, L. A1 - Kupiec, M. A1 - Momany, M. A1 - Molin, M. A1 - Requena, N. A1 - Yarden, O. A1 - Cordero, R. A1 - Fischer, R. A1 - Pascon, R. A1 - Mancinelli, R. A1 - Emri, T. A1 - Basso, T. A1 - Rangel, D. T1 - The Third International Symposium on Fungal Stress - ISFUS N2 - Stress is a normal part of life for fungi, which can survive in environments considered inhospitable or hostile for other organisms. Due to the ability of fungi to respond to, survive in, and transform the environment, even under severe stresses, many researchers are exploring the mechanisms that enable fungi to adapt to stress. The International Symposium on Fungal Stress (ISFUS) brings together leading scientists from around the world who research fungal stress. This article discusses presentations given at the third ISFUS, held in Sao Jose dos Campos, Sao Paulo, Brazil in 2019, thereby summarizing the state-of-the-art knowledge on fungal stress, a field that includes microbiology, agriculture, ecology, biotechnology, medicine, and astrobiology. T2 - International Symposium on Fungal Stress (ISFUS) CY - Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil DA - 20.05.2019 KW - Agricultural mycology KW - Fungal stress mechanisms and responses KW - Industrial mycology KW - Medical mycology PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2020.02.007 VL - 124 IS - 5 SP - 235 EP - 252 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50953 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wilrich, Cordula T1 - Lagerung von Desinfektionsmitteln N2 - Alkoholische Desinfektionsmittel sind entzündbare Flüssigkeiten und daher nach CLP-Verordnung entsprechend eingestuft und gekennzeichnet. Damit handelt es sich um Gefahrstoffe, für die die Arbeitsschutzvorschriften der Gefahrstoffverordnung (GefStoffV) zu beachten sind. Die Anforderungen der GefStoffV an die Lagerung von Gefahrstoffen in ortsbeweglichen Behältern sind in der TRGS 510 untersetzt und detailliert. Die TRGS 510 beschreibt konkrete Schutzmaßnahmen zur Erfüllung der Schutzziele der GefStoffV, die (fast) wie eine Checkliste abgearbeitet werden können. KW - Arbeitsschutz KW - Desinfektionsmittel KW - Entzündbare Flüssigkeiten KW - Gefahrstoffe KW - Gefahrstoffverordnung KW - Lagerung KW - Schutzmaßnahmen KW - TRGS 510 PY - 2020 UR - https://www.sifa-sibe.de/sicherheitsingenieur/lagerung-von-desinfektionsmitteln/ VL - 51 IS - 6 SP - 22 EP - 23 PB - Dr. Curt Haefner-Verlag GmbH CY - Leinfelden-Echterdingen AN - OPUS4-51027 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Strangfeld, Christoph T1 - Determination of the diffusion coefficient and the hydraulic conductivity of porous media based on embedded humidity sensors N2 - Reinforced concrete and several other building materials deteriorate during their service life. Almost all deterioration processes are related to moisture. For understanding those processes, knowing the exact amount of the moisture content and the moisture transport characteristics is crucial. In fact, the moisture transport in porous materials is a two-phase flow; consisting of the vapour and the liquid phase. The two corresponding parameters are the diffusion coefficient and the hydraulic conductivity. By means of an inverse approach, these two coefficients are experimentally determined. The moisture transport of eight different screed types during hydration and evaporation is monitored based on embedded humidity sensors. The measured humidity profiles are converted into a pore saturation by adapting the approach of Hillerborg to the measured pore volume distribution. The summation of all pore saturations yields the total moisture content including the ink-bottle effect during desorption. The pore volume distribution was determined by mercury intrusion porosimetry as well as by gas adsorption. The measurement of the humidity and the pore saturation in the entire sample enables to invert the mass balance in order to extract the diffusion coefficient and the hydraulic conductivity. The determined diffusion coefficients of the eight investigated screeds are between m2s-1 and m2s-1. KW - Material moisture KW - Moisture transport KW - Embedded sensors KW - Diffusion coefficient KW - Partially saturated pores PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120092 VL - 263 SP - 120092 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-51029 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schaupp, Thomas A1 - Ernst, W. A1 - Spindler, H. A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas T1 - Hydrogen-assisted cracking of GMA welded 960 MPa grade high-strength steels N2 - High-strength steels with yield strength of 960 MPa are susceptible to hydrogen-assisted cracking (HAC) during welding processing. In the present paper, the implant test is used to study HAC in a quenched and tempered steel S960QL and a high-strength steel produced by thermo-mechanical controlled process S960MC. Welding is performed using the gas metal arc welding process. Furthermore, diffusible hydrogen concentration (HD) in arc weld metal is determined. Based on the implant test results, lower critical stress (LCS) for complete fracture, critical implant stress for crack initiation, and embrittlement index (EI) are determined. At HD of 1.66 ml/100 g, LCS is 605 MPa and 817 MPa for S960QL and S960MC, respectively. EI is 0.30 and 0.46 for S960QL and S960MC, respectively. Fracture surfaces of S960QL show higher degradation with reduced deformation. Both, higher EI of S960MC and fractography show better resistance to HAC in the HAZ of S960MC compared to S960QL. KW - High-strength steel KW - Welding KW - Diffusible hydrogen KW - Hydrogen-assisted cracking KW - Heat-affected zone KW - Implant test PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-510307 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.05.077 SN - 0360-3199 VL - 45 IS - 38 SP - 20080 EP - 20093 PB - Elsevier Ltd CY - Amsterdam, NL AN - OPUS4-51030 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schaupp, Thomas A1 - Schroepfer, Dirk A1 - Schroeder, Nina A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas T1 - Modified TEKKEN test for studying hydrogen-assisted cracking in high-strength structural steels N2 - In the present work, the complex interactions of the influences of material, welding process and seam configuration and the restraint of shrinkage on the residual stresses and the influence of diffusible hydrogen on hydrogen-assisted cracking (HAC) in the high-strength steel S960QL were investigated. For this purpose, self-restraint specimens were selected using the TEKKEN test with correspondingly adapted seam opening angles and a restraint intensity of approx. RFy = 17 kN/(mm·mm). The variation of the seam opening angle of the test seams was between 30° and 60°. Due to the comparatively high restraint of shrinkage in the transverse direction of the weld, high tensile residual stresses in the weld metal were expected for both weld seam configurations. In addition, a dehydrogenation heat treatment (DHT) for HAC prevention under restraint of shrinkage was verified. In order to keep distortion and heat input as low as possible, the seam geometries were manufactured from the solid material by means of electric discharge machining (EDM). Both, solid wire and metal cored wire were used. In addition, hydrogen was added to the shielding gas in solid wire welding to increase diffusible hydrogen concentration. Moreover, welding residual stresses at the weld seam surface, which were measured by using mobile X-ray diffraction, were taken into account to evaluate the HAC behavior. DHT was carried out at 250 °C for 4 h in an external furnace. T2 - 73rd IIW Annual Assembly: Commission II-A CY - Online meeting DA - 15.07.2020 KW - High-strength steel KW - Gas metal arc welding KW - Hydrogen-assisted cracking KW - TEKKEN test KW - Residual stresses KW - Dehydrogenation heat treatment PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51035 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller-Vahl, H. F. A1 - Strangfeld, Christoph A1 - Nayeri, C. N. A1 - Paschereit, C. O. A1 - Greenblatt, D. T1 - Dynamic Stall Under Combined Pitching and Surging N2 - Dynamic stall often occurs under conditions of simultaneous unsteady pitching and surging (e.g., rotorcraft and wind turbines), butmanymodels employ a dimensionless time base that implicitly assumes that surging is superimposed, in a quasi-steady manner, on dynamic pitching. An unsteady wind tunnel was used to examine this assumption, where a technique was developed to quantify the unsteady effects of surging on a pitching NACA 0018 airfoil. The technique involved performing multiple harmonic pitching experiments under nominally steady freestream conditions that bracketed a corresponding 50% surging amplitude (1.25 ⋅ 105 ≤ Re ≤ 3.75 ⋅ 105). By interpolating these data, unsteady-pitching/quasi-steady-surging data sets were constructed and compared with de facto synchronous pitch and surging experiments, thereby isolating the unsteady effects of surging on a pitching airfoil. Both large and small poststall maximum angles of attack (αs + 5° and αs + 15°) were considered at multiple pitch-surge phase differences. During deep dynamic stall (αs � 15°), with large-scale separation, surging was seen to have a secondary effect on the unsteady aerodynamics. However, at small poststall maximum angles of attack (αs + 5°), either light or deep dynamic stall behavior was observed depending upon the pitch-surge phase difference. This was attributed to Reynolds number history effects, exemplified by boundary-layer transition, and thus it can be referred to as “transitional” dynamic stall. KW - Dynamic stall KW - Angle of attack oscillations KW - Free stream velocity osciallations PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.2514/1.J059153 VL - 58 IS - 12 SP - 5134 EP - 5145 PB - American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics AN - OPUS4-51037 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Climent Terol, Estela T1 - Design and synthesis of lateral flow tests containing antibody-gated materials N2 - Methods for the rapid and sensitive detection of target analytes are gaining importance in medical diagnostics and environmental monitoring, in the security, occupational health and safety as well as food sectors. Among all the methods employed for rapid tests, lateral flow assays (LFAs) are the most commonly used. However, some drawbacks are that most of these tests either indicate the analyte only indirectly, and in other cases the sensitivity is not high enough. Keeping in mind these limitations, the use of stimuli-responsive materials for small-molecule sensing relying on chemical signal amplification and utilizing specific interactions between biomolecules such as antibodies and the corresponding analytes are particularly attractive. Such materials can also be incorporated on paper strips for lateral-flow assays in a straightforward manner. These sensing materials comprise mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with indicator molecules and containing certain hapten derivative molecules covalently grafted at the surface, which bind to the respective antibody and inhibit the release of a dye as reporter (Scheme 1). In presence of the designated analyte, a displacement of the antibody from the material is observed, allowing the release of dye. Because a large number of indicator molecules can be released when a single analyte molecule binds to an antibody cap, a strong signal amplification is observed. Considering the modularity, high sensitivity and selectivity of these antibody-gated indicator delivery systems, the presentation discusses general aspects of system design as well as analytical performance and highlights the integration into a lateral-flow assay, showing as an example the determination of the explosives TATP, TNT and PETN with a fluorescence readout, in single-substance and multiplexing modes. T2 - International Webinar on Biosensors and Bioelectronics CY - Online meeting DA - 20.07.2020 KW - Multiplexing detection KW - Rapid testing methods KW - Gated hybrid materials KW - Lateral flow tests KW - Explosives detection PY - 2020 UR - https://europeanmeetings.net/conferences/biosensor-bioelectronics AN - OPUS4-51038 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaunich, Matthias T1 - Overview of metal seal tests performed at BAM and implications for extended interim storage N2 - The investigation of the long-term performance of sealing systems employed in containers for radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel is one research focus area for division 3.4 “Safety of Storage Containers” at the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung. The behaviour of metallic seals, which are employed in interim storage casks for used fuel and high active waste, over time is of high importance for ensuring safe enclosure. Therefore, investigations on these systems were started at BAM to get a general understanding of the relevant processes. Our investigations comprise investigations on different parameters which influence the seal performance and the main part is focussed on the time and temperature dependent behaviour. In this contribution an overview of the performed tests and their respective results will be given. A focus will lie on a comparison between seals with large torus diameter in comparison to small diameters. Our aim is to understand the long-term behaviour of the sealing systems for evaluation of their performance during possible extended interim storage and subsequent transportation. T2 - 4th Workshop on Safety of Extended Dry Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel CY - Online meeting DA - 03.06.2020 KW - Seal performance KW - Metal seal KW - Leakage rate PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50843 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lüders, C. A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard A1 - Li, Wei A1 - Sinapius, M. A1 - Wille, T. T1 - Experimental and numerical multiscale approach to thermally cycled FRP N2 - Due to the different thermal expansion of the constituent materials, cyclic thermal loading of FRP induces alternating stresses in the material at two scales: at the micro scale (level of fibre–matrix-interaction) and at the macro scale (level of the multidirectional laminate). Especially the micro scale effect is not comprehensively investigated yet. Additionally, computational investigations mostly neglect this effect due to the homogenous modelling of the composite material. As this effect is assumed to significantly contribute to the fatigue of FRP at thermal loads, the present paper suggests an experimental and numerical multiscale approach including Experiments at the different involved material scales to separately observe the effects acting at these scales. The approach also includes numerical modelling for each scale to complement the knowledge gained from the Experiments and to create a basis for the consideration of the micro effect even in macroscopic fatigue models treating homogeneous modelled composites. The main focus of the contribution is to bring the overall Approach up for discussion, rather than to present the multiscale modelling details. KW - Fatigue KW - Thermal cycling KW - Fibre reinforced plastic KW - Cryogenic KW - Carbon Fibre KW - Epoxy Resin PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112303 SN - 0263-8223 VL - 244 SP - 112303 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Niederlande AN - OPUS4-50844 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stawski, Tomasz A1 - Besselink, R. A1 - Chatzipanagis, K. A1 - Hövelmann, J. A1 - Benning, L. G. A1 - Van Driessche, E. S. T1 - Nucleation Pathway of Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate (Bassanite) from Solution: Implications for Calcium Sulfates on Mars N2 - CaSO4 minerals (i.e., gypsum, anhydrite, and bassanite) are widespread in natural and industrial environments. During the last several years, a number of studies have revealed that nucleation in the CaSO4–H2O system is nonclassical, where the formation of crystalline phases involves several steps. Based on these recent insights, we have formulated a tentative general model for calcium sulfate precipitation from solution. This model involves primary species that are formed through the assembly of multiple Ca2+ and SO42– ions into nanoclusters. These nanoclusters assemble into poorly ordered (i.e., amorphous) hydrated aggregates, which in turn undergo ordering into coherent crystalline units. The thermodynamic (meta)stability of any of the three CaSO4 phases is regulated by temperature, pressure, and ionic strength, with gypsum being the stable form at low temperatures and low-to-medium ionic strengths and anhydrite being the stable phase at high temperatures and at lower temperature for high salinities. Bassanite is metastable across the entire phase diagram but readily forms as the primary phase at high ionic strengths across a wide range of temperatures and can persist up to several months. Although the physicochemical conditions leading to bassanite formation in aqueous systems are relatively well established, nanoscale insights into the nucleation mechanisms and pathways are still lacking. To fill this gap and to further improve our general model for calcium sulfate precipitation, we conducted in situ scattering measurements at small-angle X-ray scattering and wide-angle X-ray scattering and complemented these with in situ Raman spectroscopic characterization. Based on these experiments, we show that the process of formation of bassanite from aqueous solutions is very similar to the formation of gypsum: it involves the aggregation of small primary species into larger disordered aggregates, only from which the crystalline phase develops. These data thus confirm our general model of CaSO4 nucleation and provide clues to explain the abundant occurrence of bassanite on the surface of Mars (and not on the surface of Earth). KW - Gypsum' SAXS KW - Calcium sulfate KW - Bassanite KW - Nucleation PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c01041 VL - 124 IS - 15 SP - 8411 EP - 8422 PB - American Chemical Society AN - OPUS4-50849 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kricheldorf, H. R. A1 - Weidner, Steffen T1 - The Ring-Opening Polymerisation-Polycondensation (ROPPOC) Approach to cyclic Polymers N2 - A new concept called “Ring-Opening Polymerization (ROP) combined with simultaneous POlyCondensation” (ROPPOC) is presented and discussed. This synthetic strategy is based on the intermediate formation of chains having two end groups that can react with each other. The ROPPOC syntheses are subdivided into three groups according to the nature of the chain ends: two ionic end groups, one ionic and one covalent chain end and a combination of two reactive covalent end groups may be involved, depending on the catalyst. The usefulness for the preparation of cyclic polymers is discussed with a review of numerous previously published examples. These examples concern to following classes of cyclic polymers: polypeptides, polyamides, polyesters, including polycarbonates, and cyclic polysiloxanes. It is demonstrated, that the results of certain ROPPOC syntheses are in contradiction to the Jacobson-Stockmayer theory. Finally, the usefulness of ROPPOCs for the detection of polydisperse catenanes is discussed. KW - Ring-opening Polymerisation KW - MALDI-TOF MS KW - ROPPOC KW - Cyclic PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-508509 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.202000152 SP - 2000152 PB - Wiley AN - OPUS4-50850 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Weidner, Steffen A1 - Kricheldorf, H. R. T1 - Differences in MALDI Ionization of neat linear and cyclic poly(L-lactide)s N2 - In addition to molar mass distribution (MMD) synthetic polymers often exhibit an additional chemical heterogeneity distribution, expressed by different end groups and other structural variations (e.g. tacticity, copolymer composition etc.). Ionization in MALDI MS is always strongly affected by such chemical properties. For example, the abundance of cyclics in MALDI TOF mass spectra is frequently reported to greatly exceed that of linears. Thus, the MALDI ionization behavior of various neat end-capped linear poly(L-lactide)s and one cyclic poly(L-lactide) was investigated and compared with that of blends of both structures. Moreover, the influence of the cationizing salt was investigated too. Neat compounds and various blends of cyclic and linear species were prepared and studied using two MALDI TOF mass spectrometers under identical conditions with regard to sample preparation and instrumental conditions, except for the laser power and the salt used for cationization. Polymer samples were additionally characterized by NMR and SEC. The steady increase of the laser intensity caused an exponential increase of the peak intensities of both linear and cyclic polylactides.The response of linear polylactides (in the investigated molecular mass range), whether as neat polymer or in blends with other linear polylactides was almost similar. This clearly supports our assumption that ionization in MALDI is probably unaffected by the end group structure.The variation of the laser power shows only little effect on the intensity ratio of linear-to linear and cyclic-to-linear polylactides in blends. Whereas neat linear polylactides at all laser intensities have a significantly higher abundance than neat cyclics, in mixtures of both an overestimation of cyclic species in MALDI TOF mass spectra of polylactides was found. However, this is far less distinct than frequently reported for other polymers.Concluding, peak suppression of linear polymers in mixtures of both architectures can be excluded, which also means, that polylactides showing only peaks of cyclic compounds in their MALDI - TOF mass spectra do not contain a significant fraction of linear analogues. Our study is the first systematic comparison of the MALDI ionization of neat and blended cyclic and linear polylactides. T2 - ASMS 2020 Reboot CY - Online meeting DA - 01.06.2020 KW - MALDI KW - Ionization KW - Linear KW - Cyclic KW - Polylactide PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50852 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Waurischk, Tina A1 - Thieme, C. A1 - Rüssel, C. T1 - Crystal growth velocities of a highly anisotropic phase obtained via surface and volume crystallization of barium–strontium–zinc silicate glasses N2 - In the past few years, a new phase, Ba0.5Sr0.5Zn2Si2O7 with negative thermal expansion has been described in the literature. Some excess of SiO2 is necessary to produce glasses from which the Ba0.5Sr0.5Zn2Si2O7 phase can be crystallized. Unfortunately, in such glasses usually surface crystallization occurs; however, the addition of nucleating agents such as trace quantities of platinum or relatively high quantities of ZrO2 is necessary to achieve bulk nucleation. These additional components also affect the crystal growth velocity, which furthermore is different for crystal growth from the surface and in the bulk. In this paper, three different chemical compositions containing different ZrO2 concentrations, where one composition additionally contains 100 ppm platinum, are studied with respect to their crystallization behaviour. Although the compositions do not differ much, the crystallization behaviour and also the Crystal growth velocities are surprisingly different. KW - Glass ceramic KW - Crystal growth velocity KW - Low expansion PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-04773-6 SN - 0022-2461 VL - 55 SP - 10364 EP - 10374 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-50853 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reifschneider, O. A1 - Vennemann, A. A1 - Buzanich, Günter A1 - Radtke, Martin A1 - Reinholz, Uwe A1 - Riesemeier, Heinrich A1 - Hogeback, J A1 - Köppen, C. A1 - Großgarten, M. A1 - Sperling, M. A1 - Wiemann, M. A1 - Karst, U. T1 - Revealing Silver Nanoparticle Uptake by Macrophages Using SR-μXRF and LA-ICP-MS N2 - To better study the impact of nanoparticles on both in vitro and in vivo models, tissue distribution and cellular doses need to be described more closely. Here silver nanoparticles were visualized in alveolar macrophages by means of synchrotron radiation micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (SR-μXRF) with high spatial resolution of 3 × 3 μm2. For the spatial allocation of silver signals to cells and tissue structures, additional elemental labeling was carried out by staining with eosin, which binds to protein and can be detected as bromine signal with SR-μXRF. The method was compatible with immunostaining of macrophage antigens. We found that the silver distribution obtained with SR-μXRF was largely congruent with distribution maps from a subsequent laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) of the same tissue sites. The study shows a predominant, though not exclusive uptake of silver into alveolar macrophages in the rat lung, which can be modeled by a similar uptake in cultured alveolar macrophages. Advantages and limitations of the different strategies for measuring nanoparticle uptake at the single cell level are discussed. KW - Synchrotron KW - BAMline KW - XRF KW - Nanoparticle KW - Macrophagen PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00507 VL - 33 IS - 5 SP - 1250 EP - 1255 PB - American Chemical Society AN - OPUS4-50855 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wu, Dejian A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Tan, X. A1 - Zhao, P. A1 - Huang, W. A1 - Qian, X. T1 - Minimum ignition temperature of carbonaceous dust clouds in air with CH4/H-2/CO below the gas lower explosion limit N2 - Godbert-Greenwald furnace was used to investigate the minimum ignition temperature of dust clouds (MITC) in air with the presence of flammable gas which is lower than its lower explosion limit (LEL). Three flammable gases (CH4, H2 and CO) and three carbonaceous dusts (anthracite coal, bituminous coal and sweet potato starch) were tested. Results showed that all flammable gases have distinct effects on the MITC of the dust samples and volatile matter content of dust plays an important role during the ignition process. Specifically, the MITC of anthracite coal dust decreased from 610 °C to 560 °C, 580 °C and 570 °C with 3% CH4, 3% CO and 2.5% H2, respectively. Moreover, a heterogeneous ignition mechanism model was proposed to verify the equally global ignition characteristic between hybrid anthracite coal-CxHy mixture and bituminous coal. All three gases had an ignorable effect on the MITC of starch dust considering the experimental error. The presence of CO and H2 slightly promoted the ignition of bituminous coal dust, but the addition of CH4 showed a distinct concentration effect on the MITC of bituminous coal: the MITC decreased with 1% CH4 while increased with 2% and 3% CH4. This negative-effect of flammable gases at such low concentrations on ignition temperature of bituminous coal dusts was found for the first time. Furthermore, the presence of the 2nd flammable gas had a smaller effect on the MITC of dust samples with a higher volatile content, resulted from the competition of heterogeneous and homogeneous ignition mechanisms. KW - Dust explosions KW - Gas explosions KW - Minimum ignition temperature KW - Hybrid mixtures PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116811 SN - 0016-2361 VL - 264 SP - 116811 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50856 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Moll, J. A1 - Wang, Cui A1 - Päpcke, A. A1 - Förster, C. A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Lochbrunner, S. A1 - Heinze, K. T1 - Green Light Activation of Push-Pull Ruthenium(II) Complexes N2 - Synthesis, characterization, electrochemistry, and photophysics of novel homo- and heteroleptic ruthenium(II) complexes [Ru(cpmp)2] 2+ (22+) and [Ru(cpmp)(ddpd)]2+ (32+) bearing the tridentate ligands 6,2’’-carboxypyridyl-2,2’-methylamine-pyridylpyridine (cpmp) and N,N’-dimethyl-N,N’-dipyridin-2-ylpyridine-2,6-diamine (ddpd) are reported. The complexes possess one (32+) or two (22+) electron-deficient dipyridyl ketone fragments as electron accepting sites enabling intraligand charge transfer (ILCT), ligand-toligand charge transfer (LL’CT) and low-energy metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) absorptions. The latter peak around 544 nm (green light). 22+ shows 3MLCT phosphorescence in the red to near-infrared spectral region at room temperature in deaerated acetonitrile solution with an emission quantum yield of 1.3 % and a 3MLCT lifetime of 477 ns, while 3 2+ is much less luminescent. This different behaviour is ascribed to the energy gap law and the shape of the parasitic excited 3MC state potential energy surface. This study highlights the importance of the excited state energies and geometries for the actual excited state dynamics. Aromatic and aliphatic amines reductively quench the excited state of 22+ paving the way to photocatalytic applications using low-energy green light as exemplified with the green-light sensitized thiol-ene click reaction. KW - Green light excitation KW - Ruthenium(II) complexes KW - Phosphorescence KW - MLCT KW - Photoinduced electron transfer PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506759 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202000871 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - Wiley-VCH Verlag AN - OPUS4-50675 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Babutzka, Martin A1 - Müller, Thoralf A1 - Mietz, Jürgen A1 - Burkert, Andreas T1 - Investigation of the influence of iron‐containing abrasives on the corrosion behaviour of the aluminium alloy AlSi1.2Mg0.4 N2 - The corrosion resistance of aluminium surfaces is closely linked to the surfacecstate after a grinding process. For years, iron‐containing abrasive materials were suspected to lead to increased corrosion susceptibility after processing of aluminium surfaces. To prove a possible correlation between the iron content of an abrasive and the corrosion behaviour of aluminium components, scientific investigations and experimentally practical corrosion tests are necessary. For the current investigation, specimens of a technical Al‐Si alloy from the same batch were used. The test specimens were mechanically ground with various resin‐bonded model abrasives containing different iron contents. The performed corrosion tests did not reveal a negative influence of the different iron‐containing abrasives on the corrosion behaviour of the Al–Si alloy. However, the most sensitive measuring method (electrochemical noise) showed differences in the surface activity depending on the type of abrasive. KW - Aluminium KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion testing KW - Grinding PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506762 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202011657 SN - 0947-5117 SN - 1521-4176 VL - 71 IS - 10 SP - 1667 EP - 1679 PB - Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-50676 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Waurischk, Tina A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Reinsch, Stefan A1 - Kiefer, P. A1 - Deubener, J. A1 - Balzer, R. A1 - Behrens, H. T1 - Crack Growth in Hydrous Soda-Lime Silicate Glass N2 - Stable crack growth was measured for nominal dry and water-bearing (6 wt%) soda-lime silicate glasses in double cantilever beam geometry and combined with DMA studies on the effects of dissolved water on internal friction and glass transition, respectively. In vacuum, a decreased slope of logarithmic crack growth velocity versus stress intensity factor is evident for the hydrous glass in line with an increase of b-relaxation intensity indicating more energy Dissipation during fracture. Further, inert crack growth in hydrous glass is found to be divided into sections of different slope, which indicates different water related crack propagation mechanism. In ambient air, a largely extended region II is observed for the hydrous glass, which indicates that crack growth is more sensitive to ambient water. KW - Internal friction KW - Soda-lime silicate glass KW - Water content KW - Stable crack growth KW - DCB geometry KW - Stress intensity factor PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506829 DO - https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2020.00066 VL - 7 SP - Articel 66 AN - OPUS4-50682 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hu, W.-H. A1 - Xu, Z.-M. A1 - Liu, M.-Y. A1 - Tang, D.-H. A1 - Lu, W. A1 - Li, Z.-H. A1 - Teng, J. A1 - Han, X.-H. A1 - Said, Samir A1 - Rohrmann, R. G. T1 - Estimation of the Lateral Dynamic Displacement of High-Rise Buildings underWind Load Based on Fusion of a Remote Sensing Vibrometer and an Inclinometer N2 - This paper proposes a novel method to estimate the lateral displacement of high-rise structures under wind loads. The coefficient β(x) is firstly derived, reflecting the relation between the structural lateral dynamic displacement and the inclination angle at the height x of a structure. If the angle is small, it is the ratio between the structural fundamental mode shape and its first-order derivative without influence of external loads. Several dynamic experiments of structures are performed based on a laser remote sensing vibrometer and an inclinometer, which shows that the fundamental mode is dominated in the structural displacement response under different types of excitations. Once the coefficient β(x) is curve-fitted by measuring both the structural lateral dynamic displacement and the inclination angle synchronously, the real-time structural lateral displacement under operational conditions is estimated by multiplying the coefficient β(x) with the inclination angle. The advantage of the proposed method is that the coefficient β(x) can be identified by lateral dynamic displacement measured in high resolution by the remote sensing vibrometer, which is useful to reconstruct the displacement accurately by the inclination angle under operational conditions KW - Inclination angle KW - High-rise building KW - Lateral dynamic displacement KW - Remote sensing vibrometer PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506833 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12071120 VL - 12 IS - 7 SP - 1120 PB - MDPI CY - 4052 Basel, Schweiz AN - OPUS4-50683 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Söftje, M. A1 - Acker, S. A1 - Plarre, Rüdiger A1 - Namyslo, J. C. A1 - Kaufmann, D. E. T1 - Novel nicotinoid structures for covalent modification of wood: an environmentally friendly way for its protection against insects N2 - Timber is constantly exposed to environmental influences under outdoor conditions which limits its Lifetime and usability. In order to counteract the damaging processes caused by insects, we have developed a novel and more environmentally friendly method to protect wood materials via covalent modification by organic insecticides. Starting with an important class of synthetic insecticides which are derived from the natural insecticide nicotine, various new carboxylic acid derivatives of imidacloprid were made accessible. These activated neonicotinoids were utilized for the chemical modification of wood hydroxy groups. In contrast to conventional wood preservation methods in which biocides are only physically bound to the surface for a limited time, the covalent fixation of the preservative guarantees a permanent effect against wood pests, demonstrated in standardized biological tests. Additionally, the environmental interaction caused by non-bound neonicotinoids is significantly reduced, since both, a smaller application rate is required and leaching of the active ingredient is prevented. By minimizing the pest infestation, the lifetime of the material increases while preserving the natural appearance of the material. KW - Environment KW - Wood Protection KW - Efficacy KW - Insecticide PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506856 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ra02071k VL - 10 SP - 15726 EP - 15733 AN - OPUS4-50685 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sachse, René A1 - Bernsmeier, D. A1 - Schmack, R. A1 - Häusler, I. A1 - Hertwig, Andreas A1 - Kraffert, K. A1 - Nissen, J. A1 - Kraehnert, R. T1 - Colloidal bimetallic platinum–ruthenium nanoparticles in ordered mesoporous carbon films as highly active electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction N2 - Hydrogen features a very high specific energy density and is therefore a promising candidate for clean fuel from renewable resources. Water electrolysis can convert electrical energy into storable and transportable hydrogen gas. Under acidic conditions, platinum is the most active and stable monometallic catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Yet, platinum is rare and needs to be used efficiently. Here, we report a synthesis concept for colloidal bimetallic platinum–ruthenium and rhodium–ruthenium nanoparticles (PtRuNP, RhRuNP) and their incorporation into ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC) films. The films exhibit high surface area, good electrical conductivity and well-dispersed nanoparticles inside the mesopores. The nanoparticles retain their size, crystallinity and composition during carbonization. In the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), PtRuNP/OMC catalyst films show up to five times higher activity per Pt than Pt/C/Nafion® and PtRu/C/Nafion® reference catalysts. KW - Ordered mesoporous carbon KW - Bimetallic noble metal nanoparticles KW - Platinum-ruthenium colloid KW - Electrolysis KW - Hydrogen evolution reaction PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506868 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/C9CY02285F SN - 2044-4753 VL - 10 IS - 7 SP - 2057 EP - 2068 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry AN - OPUS4-50686 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Ghigo, Tea A1 - Torallas, S. T1 - Between Literary and Documentary Practices: The Montserrat Codex Miscellaneus (Inv. Nos. 126‐178, 292, 338) and the Material Investigation of Its Inks N2 - The Montserrat Codex Miscellaneus (TM 59453/LDAB 552) has been the subject of numerous studies since the publication of ist first text by its owner, father Ramon Roca-Puig. Scholars have dealt with the content of its texts, as well as interrogated its origin and materiality. It is a fourth-century papyrus single quire codex, which contains texts in both Latin and Greek. It has been argued that it belonged to the Bodmer library, connected to a Pachomian library in the Thebaid. In this paper we want to contribute to the material study of the codex by presenting the first results of an archaeometric analysis performed upon the inks. The Analysis was carried out within the framework of the ‘PAThs’ project based at Sapienza University of Rome, and executed with the close cooperation of DVCTVS, a team of scholars who curate the Roca-Puig collection. The results obtained have not only cast light on the history of production of the codex, but also, and perhaps most importantly, point out that a meaningful interpretation of the analytical data is only possible through an interdisciplinary collaboration between the humanities and the natural sciences. KW - Interdisciplinary approach KW - Codex Miscellaneus KW - Palaeography KW - Book production KW - Archaeometry KW - Ink analysis PY - 2020 SP - 101 EP - 114 AN - OPUS4-51004 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Niemz, P. A1 - Baensch, Franziska A1 - Brunner, A. J. ED - Pavalache-Ilie, M. ED - Curtu, A. L. T1 - Acoustic Emission Analysis And Synchrotron-based Microtomography of glued shear strength samples from spruce wood N2 - To better understanding the failure of adhesive joints tensile tests were carried out on miniature test specimens from Norway spruce in the synchrotron. Urea-formaldehyde resin was used as adhesive. e. For comparison purposes, tensile tests were carried out on solid wood and on bonded miniature tensile shear samples with acoustic emission. The acoustic emission signals of all the experiments occurred with classified pattern recognition. This resulted in two classes of signals for each two frequency peaks. One class consisted of the low-frequency and the other of the higher-frequency peak of higher intensity, but this was essentially independent from the structure (solid wood or plywood) and size scale of the test specimens. The influence of the adhesive layers was determined on wood test specimens on laboratory scale and on miniature test specimens with an adhesive layer and selected fiber orientations. This gave evidence that the sound emission signals from the failure of the adhesive layer presumably of the class with low frequency signals peak in the range of services can be assigned. KW - Wood KW - Bondline KW - In-situ test KW - Acoustic emission KW - Synchrotron tomography PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.31926/but.fwiafe.2020.13.62.1.7 VL - 13 IS - 62 Part 1 SP - 81 EP - 88 PB - Transilvania University Press, Brasov, Romania CY - Brasov AN - OPUS4-51010 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rai, Alena A1 - Stelzner, Ludwig A1 - Weise, Frank A1 - Wieland, M. T1 - 3D-Analyse von Betonfahrbahnoberflächen mit Grinding- und Groovingtextur mittels Streifenlichtprojektion N2 - Die Oberflächentexturierung der Betonfahrbahndecken mittels Grinding- und Grooving steht seit einigen Jahren im Mittelpunkt der Forschung und Entwicklung des Betonstraßenbaus in Deutschland. In den vergangenen Jahren wurden die vorteilhaften Oberflächenperformances derartiger Texturen wie z.B. Griffigkeit, Ebenheit, Lärmminderung in zahlreichen Forschungsprojekten umfassend untersucht und daraus die Technologie „Texturgrinding“ entwickelt. Im Kontext des gegenwärtig verfolgten ganzheitlichen performanceorientierten Ansatzes liegt der Fokus nun verstärkt auf der Analyse und Charakterisierung der Oberflächentopografie von Grinding- bzw. Groovingtexturen. Insbesondere gilt ein Hauptaugenmerk hierbei der zeitlichen Entwicklung der Oberflächentexturen in Abhängigkeit von äußeren Einwirkungen durch Klima und Verkehr. Dieser Beitrag zeigt, dass durch den Einsatz eines auf Streifenlichtprojektion basierenden Messsystems, eine hochaufgelöste dreidimensionale Erfassung der Oberflächentopografie verschiedenartiger Grinding- und Groovingtexturen möglich ist. Darauf aufbauend wurden messtechnische Voraussetzungen zur Gewährleistung reproduzierbarer Messungen geschaffen, die eine Dokumentation der zeitlichen Texturveränderungen infolge klimatischer Beanspruchung ermöglichen. Anschließend wurden Auswerteroutinen zur quantitativen und statistischen Charakterisierung der Oberflächentextur entwickelt und angewandt, um exemplarisch die Veränderungen der Oberflächentopografie infolge klimatischer Beanspruchung quantitativ abzubilden. KW - Betonfahrbahndecken KW - Grinding KW - Grooving KW - Oberflächentexturierung KW - Streifenlichtprojektion PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/best.202000015 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn Verlag für Architektur und technische Wissenschaften GmbH & Co. KG CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-51012 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chinellato, Fabio A1 - Wilbig, Janka A1 - Al-Sabbagh, Dominik A1 - Colombo, P. A1 - Günster, Jens T1 - Gas flow assisted powder deposition for enhanced flowability of fine powders: 3D printing of alpha-tricalcium phosphate N2 - The possibility of creating patient-specific individual implants makes Additive Manufacturing technologies of special interest for the medical sector. For substitution of bone defects, powder based Additive Manufacturing by Binder Jetting is a suitable method to produce complex scaffold-like structures made of bioceramics with easily adapted geometries and controlled porosity. The process inherent residual porosity in the printed part, even though desired as it supports bone ingrowth, also leads to limited mechanical strength. Currently, bioceramic scaffolds made by Binder Jetting feature suitable biocompatible and biodegradable properties, while a sufficient mechanical stability is rather challenging. The purpose of this work is to apply the gas flow assisted powder deposition introduced in 2014 by Zocca et al., to the powder bed during printing of bioceramic tablets and scaffolds using α-TCP powder as feedstock. This enables exploiting the advantages of an increased powder bed density, thereby improving the mechanical properties of the printed parts. KW - Additive Manufacturing KW - Binder Jetting KW - Gas flow assisted powder deposition KW - Alpha-tricalcium phosphate KW - Scaffold PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-510138 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceram.2020.100003 SN - 2666-5395 VL - 1 SP - 100003 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-51013 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Quercetti, Thomas A1 - Wille, Frank A1 - Neumann, Martin A1 - Linnemann, Konrad ED - Baraldi, P. ED - Di Maio, F. ED - Zio, E. T1 - Safety Evaluation of a Package for Radioactive Waste by Full-Scale Drop Testing N2 - As part of the evaluation of a package for the safe transport of radioactive waste the regulations of the IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency shall be fulfilled. The regulations define requirements for the package and specify mechanical and thermal test conditions. Different methods are allowed for the test performance to demonstrate compliance with the regulations. Next to calculational approaches and the use of models of an appropriate scale, the performance of full-scale testing with prototype packages respectively full-scale models is applied. The use of full-scale models has several advantages within the complete safety assessment procedure for a transport package approval. Scaling and corresponding similarity questions don’t have to be considered, additional material investigations can be limited and analyses to transfer test results to the original package design are reduced in number and complexity. Additionally, experience for future serial design procedures can be built up during manufacturing and assembling of the test model. BAM operates different drop and fire test facilities south of Berlin, Germany. BAM has started to perform a drop test campaign with a full-scale model of 120 metric tons weight for a transport package approval procedure. The paper describes experience with test preparation, drop performance and additional analyses. The measurement concept is explained and test goals regarding the package safety assessment and evaluation of safety margins are introduced. T2 - 30th European Safety and Reliability Conference and 15th Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management Conference (ESREL2020 PSAM15) CY - Online meeting DA - 01.11.2020 KW - Slap-down KW - Transport safety KW - Package KW - Drop test KW - Similarity KW - FEA KW - Radioactive waste PY - 2020 UR - https://www.rpsonline.com.sg/proceedings/esrel2020/html/3809.xml SN - 987-981-14-8593-0 SP - Paper 3809,1 EP - 8 PB - Research Publishing Services CY - Singapore AN - OPUS4-50981 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laquai, René A1 - Müller, Bernd R. A1 - Schneider, J. A1 - Kupsch, Andreas A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Using SXRR to Probe the Nature of Discontinuities in SLM Additive Manufactured Inconel 718 Specimens N2 - The utilization of additive manufacturing (AM) to fabricate robust structural components relies on understanding the nature of internal anomalies or discontinuities, which can compromise the structural integrity. While some discontinuities in AM microstructures stem from similar mechanisms as observed in more traditional processes such as casting, others are unique to the AM process. Discontinuities in AM are challenging to detect, due to their submicron size and orientation dependency. Toward the goal of improving structural integrity, minimizing discontinuities in an AM build requires an understanding of the mechanisms of formation to mitigate their occurrence. This study utilizes various techniques to evaluate the shape, size, nature and distribution of discontinuities in AM Inconel 718, in a non-hot isostatic pressed (HIPed) as-built, non-HIPed and direct age, and HIPed with two step age samples. Non-destructive synchrotron radiation refraction and transmission radiography (SXRR) provides additional information beyond that obtained with destructive optical microscopy. SXRR was able to distinguish between voids, cracks and lack of melt in, due to its sensitivity to the orientation of the discontinuity. KW - Additive manufacturing KW - X-ray refraction radiography KW - INCONEL 718 KW - Selective laser melting PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509836 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-020-05847-5 SN - 1543-1940 VL - 51 IS - 8 SP - 4146 EP - 4157 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-50983 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Boschmann Käthler, C. A1 - Angst, U. A1 - Ebell, Gino A1 - Elsener, B. T1 - Chloride-induced reinforcement corrosion in cracked concrete: the influence of time of wetness on corrosion propagation N2 - Literature data on the influence of concrete cracks on corrosion propagation of reinforcing steel are contradictory. This might be due to very different exposure and test conditions but also to a lack of time-resolved data in cyclic wetting–drying exposure. Here, the influence of the environmental conditions on the corrosion rates in cracked concrete is studied experimentally. The results show that the corrosion rate in cracked concrete depends on the duration of wetting and drying phases and the relative humidity (RH) during the drying phase. The lower the ambient RH in the drying phase, the faster the cracks dry, which depresses the corrosion rate in the periods between the wetting events. A model is proposed to estimate corrosion rates in cracked concrete cyclic wetting/drying exposure. KW - Korrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Concrete PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/1478422X.2020.1789371 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Taylor Francis Online CY - London AN - OPUS4-50986 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wille, Frank T1 - Retaining Competence for Safe Transports of Radioactive Material N2 - The nuclear phase out in Germany will lead to a challenge finding skilled staff for all areas in nuclear business. Transport of spent fuel and high-level nuclear waste is an ongoing task over the next decades during the decommissioning of nuclear power plants and after the interim storage. The international regulations were adapted and address the issue of transports after storage now. The topic of aging and assessment of the development of the state-of-art technology are in focus. German research funds are supporting the investigations of future challenges of transport and storage of the nuclear heritage. BAM is involved and works on several topics related to the aging issue of packages. The behaviour of spent fuel claddings, long-term behaviour of metal and elastomeric gaskets and sensor/monitoring techniques of waste disposal are examples of research fields. T2 - 7th Nuclear Decommissioning & Waste Management Summit 2020 CY - London, UK DA - 12.02.2020 KW - Aging management KW - Transport KW - Spent fuel behaviour KW - Disposal PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50987 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fahrbach, M. A1 - Friedrich, Sebastian A1 - Cappella, Brunero A1 - Peiner, Erwin T1 - Calibrating a high-speed contact-resonance profilometer N2 - A European EMPIR project, which aims to use large-scale piezoresistive microprobes for contact resonance applications, a well-established measurement mode of atomic force microscopes (AFMs), is being funded. As the probes used in this project are much larger in size than typical AFM probes some of the simplifications and assumptions made for AFM probes are not applicable. This study presents a guide on how to systematically create a model that replicates the dynamic behavior of microprobes, including air damping, nonlinear sensitivities, and frequency dependencies. The model is then verified by analyzing a series of measurements. KW - Piezoresistive cantilever KW - AFM KW - contact resonance PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509899 DO - https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-179-2020 VL - 9 SP - 179 EP - 187 PB - Copernicus Publications AN - OPUS4-50989 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zerbst, Uwe A1 - Hensel, Jonas T1 - Application of fracture mechanics to weld fatigue N2 - The application of fracture mechanics to the determination of the fatigue behavior of weldments is discussed with the focus on classic fatigue, i.e., the overall fatigue life and the fatigue strength in terms of an S-N curve and the endurance limit. The following issues are addressed: specific features of short fatigue crack propagation, an adequate initial crack size, multiple crack propagation and its statistical treatment as well as welding residual stresses. As an example, an approach of the authors is applied to the determination of FAT classes for a butt weld with varying weld toe geometry. KW - Weld fatigue KW - Weld toe geometry KW - Short crack propagation KW - FAT class concept PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2020.105801 SN - 0142-1123 VL - 139 SP - 105801 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50991 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schoknecht, Ute T1 - Gelungene Zusammenarbeit im Projekt "Beregnete Fassaden" N2 - Im Artikel wird dargestellt, mit welchen Zielstellungen die Projektgruppe "Beregnete Fassaden" zur Thematik der Freisetzung von Bioziden aus Fassaden zusammenarbeitet, wie die Arbeit der Gruppe organisiert ist und welche positiven Erfahrungen bzw. Grenzen es dabei gibt. KW - Fassaden KW - Biozide KW - Freisetzung PY - 2020 UR - https://www.wirsindfarbe.de/service-publikationen/wir-sind-farbe-das-magazin/wir-sind-farbe-ausgabe-9 IS - 9 SP - 30 EP - 31 PB - Verband der deutschen Lack- und Druckfarbenindustrie e.V. CY - Frankfurt am Main AN - OPUS4-50992 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mishurova, Tatiana A1 - Bruno, Giovanni A1 - Evsevleev, Sergei A1 - Sevostianov, I. T1 - Determination of macroscopic stress from diffraction experiments: A critical discussion N2 - The paper is motivated by some inconsistencies and contradictions present in the literature on the calculation of the so-called diffraction elastic constants. In an attempt at unifying the views that the two communities of Materials Science and Mechanics of Materials have on the subject, we revisit and define the terminology used in the field. We also clarify the limitations of the commonly used approaches and Show that a unified methodology is also applicable to textured materials with a nearly arbitrary grain shape. We finally compare the predictions based on this methodology with experimental data obtained by in situ synchrotron radiation diffraction on additively manufactured Ti-6Al4V alloy. We show that (a) the transverse isotropy of the material yields good agreement between the best-fit isotropy approximation (equivalent to the classic Kröner’s model) and the experimental data and (b) the use of a general framework allows the calculation of all components of the tensor of diffraction elastic constants, which are not easily measurable by diffraction methods. This allows us to extend the current state-of-the-art with a predictive tool. KW - Additive manufacturing KW - X-ray diffraction KW - Elastic constants KW - Stress concentration tensor PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0009101 VL - 128 IS - 2 SP - 025103 PB - AIP Publishing AN - OPUS4-50993 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lasagni, A. F. A1 - Bonse, Jörn T1 - Editorial: Laser micro- and nano-material processing – Part 2 N2 - This special issue of Advanced Optical Technologies (AOT) is dedicated to the field of laser-based micro- and nanostructuring methods. KW - Applications KW - Laser processing KW - Microstructures KW - Nanostructures PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1515/aot-2020-0025 SN - 2193-8576 SN - 2193-8584 VL - 9 IS - 3 SP - 111 EP - 112 PB - De Gruyter CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-50995 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fosodeder, P. A1 - Baumgartner, W. A1 - Steinwender, C. A1 - Hassel, A. W. A1 - Florian, Camilo A1 - Bonse, Jörn A1 - Heitz, J. T1 - Repellent rings at titanium cylinders against overgrowth by fibroblasts N2 - The invention of new miniaturized and smart medical implants continues in all medical fields, including miniaturized heart pacemakers. These implants often come with a titanium (Ti) casing, which may have to be removed after several months or years and shall therefore not be completely overgrown by cells or scar tissue after implantation. Scar tissue is mainly formed by fibroblast cells and extracellular matrix proteins like collagen produced by them. Suppression of fibroblast growth at Ti surfaces could be achieved by 800 nm femtosecond laser-ablation creating self-organized sharp spikes with dimensions in the 10 μm-range which are superposed by fine sub-μm parallel ripples. On flat Ti control samples, the best results regarding suppression of cell growth were obtained on spike-structures which were additionally electrochemically anodized under acidic conditions. When Ti cylinders with a diameter of 8 mm (similar as the pacemakers) were placed upright in a culture of murine fibroblasts, a multi-layer cell growth up to a height of at least 1.5 mm occurred within 19–22 days. We have demonstrated that a laser-structured and anodized ring around the Ti cylinder surface is an effective way to create a barrier that murine fibroblasts were not able to overgrow within this time. KW - Cell-repellent surfaces KW - Femtosecond laser-processing KW - Electrochemical treatment KW - Laser-induced micro- and nanostructures KW - Medical implants PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509966 DO - https://doi.org/10.1515/aot-2019-0070 SN - 2193-8576 SN - 2193-8584 VL - 9 IS - 3 (Topical issue: Laser micro- and nano-material processing - Part 2) SP - 113 EP - 120 PB - De Gruyter CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-50996 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR ED - Pfeffer, M. ED - Bonse, Jörn ED - Lasagni, A. F. T1 - Topical issue: Laser micro- and nano-material processing - Part 2 N2 - This special issue of Advanced Optical Technologies (AOT) is dedicated to the field of laser-based micro- and nanostructuring methods. KW - Applications KW - Laser processing KW - Microstructures KW - Nanostructures PY - 2020 UR - https://www.degruyter.com/view/journals/aot/9/3/aot.9.issue-3.xml SN - 2193-8576 SN - 2193-8584 VL - 9 IS - 3 SP - 111 EP - 153 PB - De Gruyter CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-50997 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Erdmann, Maren A1 - Kleinbub, Sherin A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Schütter, Jan David A1 - Niebergall, Ute A1 - Böhning, Martin A1 - Koerdt, Andrea T1 - Photo-oxidation of PE-HD affecting polymer/fuel interaction and bacterial attachment N2 - In the present study, a simple approach was used to investigate the effect of UV-exposure on two high density Polyethylene materials (PE-HD), commonly used for storage tanks, on fuel sorption behavior and colonization by microorganisms. The aim was to investigate whether the sorption behavior of the fuels (diesel/biodiesel) and the colonization by microorganisms, frequently occurring in the fuel, is affected and may lead to undesirable or safety-relevant material changes. We showed that the UV-irradiation leads to significant changes of the sorption behavior due to chemi-crystallization and crosslinking. The fuel Sorption is affected by the UV-induced formation of polar carbonyl and hydroxyl groups predominantly occurring at the surface. With respect to microbial colonization behavior for Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, isolated from a contaminated diesel sample, differences of the initial adhesion could be shown depending on the initial type of polyethylene as well as on the degree of UV-induced degradation. KW - High density polyethylene KW - Bacterial attachment KW - UV-irradiation KW - Fuel sorption PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-510001 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-020-0122-1 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - Article number: 18 PB - Nature Partner Journals AN - OPUS4-51000 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - de Melo Bernardino, Raphael A1 - Valentino, S. A1 - Franchin, G. A1 - Günster, Jens A1 - Zocca, Andrea T1 - Manufacturing of ceramic components with internal channels by a novel additive/subtractive hybridizazion process N2 - A new approach for fabrication of ceramic components with inner channels is proposed, as a result of the combination of two additive and one subtractive manufacturing processes. In this project, porcelain parts are manufactured by the Layerwise Slurry Deposition (LSD) process, meanwhile end milling and Direct Ink Writing (DIW) are applied to create channels on the surface of the deposited ceramic. Unique to the LSD process is the Formation of a freestanding powder bed with a mechanical strength comparable to conventional slip casted ceramic green bodies. Combining these three processes allows the manufacturing of ceramic objects containing an internal path of ink, which in this case was a graphite-based ink that can be further eliminated by heat treatment to obtain a porcelain object embedded with channels. The results show the capabilities of this method and its potential to fabricate not only parts with inner channels, but also multi-material and multi-functional components (such as integrated electronic circuits). KW - Additive Manufacturing KW - Layerwise Slurry Deposition KW - Hybrid Manufacturing PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-510012 UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666539520300109?via%3Dihub DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceram.2020.100010 VL - 2 SP - 100010 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-51001 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Ghigo, Tea A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Gaining Perspective into the Materiality of Manuscripts: The Contribution of Archaeometry to the Study of the Inks of the White Monastery Codices N2 - An interdisciplinary approach to the study of manuscript traditions is here applied to the analysis of the leaves from the White Monastery, one of the greatest centres of literary production in Late Antique Egypt. In the framework of the ‘PAThs’ project, archaeometric analyses complement the information pieced together by a range of disciplines in the field of humanities. The use of different complementary analytical techniques provides information on the type of ink used and its elemental composition, unveiling interesting details regarding the materials and methodology of manufacturing of writing media. Moreover, this contribution takes a step forward and discusses the possible existence of a regional arrangement in the elemental composition revealed in the inks studied. KW - Manuscript making KW - Archaeometry KW - Ink analysis KW - Interdisciplinary approach KW - Coptic studies PY - 2020 SP - 273 EP - 282 AN - OPUS4-51003 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Acosta-Zepeda, C. A1 - Saavedra, S. A1 - Bonse, Jörn A1 - Haro-Poniatowski, E. T1 - Modelling of single UV nanosecond pulsed laser surface modifications of silicon N2 - Irradiation with a single spatially Gaussian-shaped nanosecond laser pulse in the melting regime can result in a characteristic annular change in the surface morphology of crystalline silicon. This has been verified experimentally in a variety of situations, where dimple-shaped surface topographies are produced. In a recent work we have investigated the induced changes in the surface topography upon exposure to wavelengths in the visible and near infrared spectral region. Irradiation in the UV requires a more detailed analysis due to the enhanced absorption of the material. In the present analysis, we determine under which conditions our previous model can be used and the corresponding results are presented. KW - Laser KW - Silicon KW - Surface modification PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1555-6611/ab9b2c SN - 1555-6611 SN - 1054-660X VL - 30 IS - 8 SP - 086003-1 EP - 086003-4 PB - IOP Publishing / Astro Ltd CY - Bristol, United Kingdom AN - OPUS4-51022 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rautenberg, Max A1 - Bhattacharya, Biswajit A1 - Akhmetova, Irinia A1 - Emmerling, Franziska T1 - Mechanochemical and solution syntheses of two novel cocrystals of orcinol with two N,N0-Dipyridines: Structural diversity with varying ligand flexibility N2 - We studied the influence of coformers flexibility on the supramolecular assembly of 5-substituted resorcinol. Two cocrystals of orcinol (ORL) with two dipyridine molecules, i.e. 1,2-di(4-pyridyl)ethane (ORLeBPE) and 1,2-di(4-pyridyl)ethylene (ORLeBPY), were prepared by mechanochemical synthesis and slow evaporation of solvent. The new crystalline solids were thoroughly characterized by single crystal Xray diffraction (SCXRD), powder X-ray diffraction analysis (PXRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Structural determination reveals that in both cocrystals, the phenolepyridine, i.e. OeH/N(py) heterosynthon takes the main role in the formation of cocrystals. In ORLeBPE, the components form infinite 1D zig-zag chains, which are extended to 2D layer structure by inter-chain CeH/O interactions between BPE hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl oxygen atoms of ORL. In ORLeBPY, the components form a 0D fourcomponent complex. Formation of the discrete assemblies is attributed to the comparative rigid nature of BPY, which restricts the formation of an extended network. KW - Cocrystal KW - Single crystal KW - X-ray diffraction KW - Mechanochemistry PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128303 SN - 0022-2860 VL - 1217 SP - 128303 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-51023 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sattari, S. A1 - Beyranvand, S. A1 - Soleimani, K. A1 - Rassoli, K. A1 - Salahi, P. A1 - Donskyi, Ievgen A1 - Shams, A. A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Yari, A. A1 - Farjanikish, G. A1 - Nayebzadeh, H. A1 - Adeli, M. T1 - Boronic Acid-Functionalized Two-Dimensional MoS2 at Biointerfaces N2 - While noncovalent interactions at two-dimensional nanobiointerfaces are extensively investigated, less knowledge about covalent interactions at this interface is available. In this work, boronic acid-functionalized 2D MoS2 was synthesized and its covalent multivalent interactions with bacteria and nematodes were investigated. Polymerization of glycidol by freshly exfoliated MoS2 and condensation of 2,5-thiophenediylbisboronic acid on the produced platform resulted in boronic acid-functionalized 2D MoS2. The destructive interactions between 2D MoS2 and bacteria as well as nematodes were significantly amplified by boronic acid functional groups. Because of the high antibacterial and antinematodal activities of boronic acid-functionalized 2D MoS2, its therapeutic efficacy for diabetic wound healing was investigated. The infected diabetic wounds were completely healed 10 days after treatment with boronic acid-functionalized 2D MoS2, and a normal structure for recovered tissues including different layers of skin, collagen, and blood vessels was detected. KW - XPS KW - Boronic acid-functionalized 2D MoS2 KW - Covalent interactions KW - Bacteria KW - Nanobiointerfaces PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00776 VL - 36 IS - 24 SP - 6706 EP - 6715 PB - ACS American Chemical Society AN - OPUS4-51024 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lone, S. A. A1 - Muck, M. A1 - Fosodeder, P. A1 - Mardare, C.C. A1 - Florian, Camilo A1 - Weth, A. A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Steinwender, C. A1 - Baumgartner, W. A1 - Bonse, Jörn A1 - Heitz, J. A1 - Hassel, A.W. T1 - Impact of Femtosecond Laser Treatment Accompanied with Anodization of Titanium Alloy on Fibroblast Cell Growth N2 - Herein, Ti6Al4V alloy is surface modified by femtosecond laser ablation. The microstructure image obtained by secondary electron microscopy reveals a combination of micrometer spikes or cones superimposed by nanoripples (laser‐induced periodic surface structures). To make the surface hydrophilic, anodization is performed resulting in further smoothness of microstructure and a final thickness of 35 ± 4 nm is estimated for oxide produced after anodization at 10 V (scan rate = 0.1 V s−1) versus standard hydrogen electrode. The obtained electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) is approximately 8 times larger compared with flat mirror polished Ti6Al4V surface. Combined chemical analysis by Pourbaix diagram and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses reveal that titanium and aluminum are passivating into TiO2 and Al2O3, but the dissolution of aluminum in the form of solvated ion is inevitable. Finally, cell seeding experiments on anodized and laser‐treated titanium alloy samples show that the growth of murine fibroblast cells is significantly suppressed due to unique surface texture of the laser‐treated and anodized titanium alloy sample. KW - Anodization KW - Femtosecond laser ablation KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures, LIPSS KW - Ti6Al4V alloys KW - X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-510263 DO - https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.201900838 SN - 1862-6300 SN - 1862-6319 VL - 217 IS - 13 SP - 1900838-1 EP - 1900838-9 PB - WILEY-VCH Verlag CY - Weinheim, Germany AN - OPUS4-51026 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Faßbender, Sebastian A1 - Rodiouchkina, K. A1 - Vanhaecke, F. A1 - Meermann, Björn T1 - Method development for on-line species-specific sulfur isotopic analysis by means of capillary electrophoresis/multicollector ICP-mass spectrometry N2 - In this work, a method for species-specific isotopic analysis of sulfur via capillary electrophoresis hyphenated on-line with multicollector ICP-MS (CE/MC-ICP-MS) was developed. Correction for the mass bias caused by instrumental mass discrimination was realized via external correction with multiple-injection sample-standard bracketing. By comparing the isotope ratio measurement results obtained using the newly developed on-line CE/MC-ICP-MS method with those obtained via traditional MC-ICP-MS measurement after analyte/matrix separation by anion exchange chromatography for isotopic reference materials and an in-house bracketing standard, the most suitable data evaluation method could be identified. The repeatability for the sulfate-δ34S value (calculated from 18 measurements of a standard conducted over seven measurement sessions) was 0.57‰ (2SD) and thereby only twice that obtained with off-line measurements (0.30‰, n = 68). As a proof of concept for analysis of samples with a real matrix, the determination of the sulfur isotopic composition of naturally present sulfate was performed for different river systems. The CE/MC-ICP-MS results thus obtained agreed with the corresponding off-line MC-ICP-MS results within the 2SD ranges, and the repeatability of consecutive δ34S measurements (n = 3) was between 0.3‰ and 1.3‰ (2SD). Finally, the isotopic analysis of two different S-species in a river water sample spiked with 2-pyridinesulfonic acid (PSA) was also accomplished. KW - River water sulfate KW - Environmental speciation KW - Sulfur isotopes KW - On-line CE/MC-ICP-MS KW - Multiple-injection sample-standard bracketing PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509549 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-020-02781-8 SN - 1618-2642 VL - 412 IS - 23 SP - 5637 EP - 5646 PB - Springer CY - Berlin, Heidelberg AN - OPUS4-50954 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. T1 - A lowering friction treatment for railway materials N2 - A facility is proposed in this paper to apply a selective carburizing process to the lateral faces of a railways´ head, aiming to increase its carbon content and to decrease the friction coefficient in case that the flange of the railway car wheel gets in contact with the rail during turning. Such a treatment would reduce the energy that is lost during the turning maneuvers performed by the vehicle, further improving the energy efficiency of the railway car. The facility consists of a furnace, which should be set next to the rails´ hot-rolling facility, in order to use the available enthalpy. The proposed furnace is equipped with what is necessary to avoid the decarbonization of the remaining rail material, based upon batteries of oxy-acetylene burners that are installed at the bottom of the furnace, on the opposite side to the carburizing surface. An experimental facility is necessary to validate the operational principles for the equipment proposed in this paper. On the other hand, a study should also be carried out to assess the effect of any rail welding process on the carburized surfaces. KW - Transport efficiency KW - Dry friction KW - Carburizing KW - Selective carburizing KW - Decarbonization KW - Furnace design PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.5185/amlett.2020.041498 VL - 11 IS - 4 SP - 2004198 PB - IAAM - VRBI Press AN - OPUS4-50958 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Palis, Stephan A1 - Sträubig, Felix A1 - Voigt, Sascha A1 - Knaust, Christian T1 - Experimental investigation of the impact of water mist on high-speed non-premixed horizontal methane jet fires N2 - In this paper, the influence of a fixed water mist firefighting system on a high-speed non-premixed horizontal methane jet fire is investigated with focus on its effect on temperatures and heat load of the jet fire and on ist surroundings. Six tests are performed in which gas is released out of an orifice with a diameter of 1 mm and a release pressure of up to 186 bar. In addition to temperature and radiation measurements, the release pressure, gas mass flow rate and exhaust gas concentrations are detected to determine the heat release. Video and IRanalysis are used to evaluate the interactions between jet fire and water mist. The experiments show, that water mist reduces the temperatures inside the jet fire flow field and its radiative heat flux. It can lower the Risk of ignition of adjacent surfaces and materials, as temperatures fall below autoignition temperatures of common materials like plastics. Although water mist does not extinguish the fire, it has an impact on the energy release by reducing combustion efficiency due to heat exchange with the water mist and oxygen displacement. KW - Fixed firefighting system KW - Jet fire KW - Water mist KW - Fire test KW - Methane KW - Supersonic flow PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.103005 VL - 114 SP - 103005 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50963 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Voigt, Sascha A1 - Sträubig, Felix A1 - Palis, Stephan A1 - Kwade, A. A1 - Knaust, Christian T1 - CFD-analysis of Sensible Enthalpy Rise Approach to determine the heat release rate of electric-vehicle-scale lithium-ion batteries N2 - This paper analyses the suitability of the Sensible Enthalpy Rise Approach for measuring the heat release rate of electric-vehicle-scale lithium-ion batteries. An apparatus is designed that meets the conditions of an electric-vehicle-scale lithium-ion battery fire by using cement board as wall material. Modifications of the Sensible Enthalpy Rise Methodology are presented due to the high emissivity and inhomogeneous temperature distribution of the apparatus wall material: a power 4 approach for the heat flow from the walls to the ambient air and an alternative determination methodology for the wall temperature. A one factor at a time parameter study is performed with Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations, investigating a new calibration method based on a fit approach compared to common methods, the wall temperature determination, the approach for the ambient heat flow, the calibration power and the volume flow at the outlet. The simulations show, that suitable estimations of the heat release rate are obtained by using the modifications for wall temperature determination and the power 4 approach for the ambient heat flow. The three calibration methods provide suitable constants, if the calibration power in the same order of magnitude as the mean of the heat release rate profile of the test object. KW - Lithium-ion batteries KW - Heat Release Rate KW - Calorimetry KW - Sensible Enthalpy Rise Approach KW - Computational Fluid Dynamics PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.102989 VL - 114 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50964 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ahmed, R. A1 - Vaishampayan, A. A1 - Cuellar-Camacho, J. L. A1 - Wight, D. J. A1 - Donskyi, Ievgen A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Grohmann, E. A1 - Haag, R. A1 - Wagner, O. T1 - Multivalent Bacteria Binding by Flexible Polycationic Microsheets Matching Their Surface Charge Density N2 - Aiming at the overall negative surface charge of bacteria, a new strategy of antibacterial agents based on large polymer-modified graphene oxide (GO) sheets is assessed. The presented flexible, polycationic Sheets match the size and charge density of the Escherichia coli surface charge density (2 × 1014 cm−2). These matching parameters create an unspecific but very strong bacteria adsorber by multivalent, electrostatic attraction. Their interaction with bacteria is visualized via atomic force and confocal microscopy and shows that they effectively bind and wrap around E. coli cells, and thereby immobilize them. The incubation of Gram-negative and -positive bacteria (E. coli and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA) with these polycationic sheets leads to the inhibition of proliferation and a reduction of the colony forming bacteria over time. This new type of antibacterial agent acts in a different mode of Action than classical biocides and could potentially be employed in medicinal, technical, or agriculture applications. The presented microsheets and their unspecific binding of cell interfaces could further be employed as adsorber material for bacterial filtration or immobilization for imaging, analysis, or sensor technologies. KW - Surface charge KW - Bacteria KW - Graphene oxide KW - Escherichia coli KW - XPS PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509651 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.201902066 VL - 7 IS - 15 SP - 1902066 PB - WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-50965 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Florian, Camilo A1 - Kirner, Sabrina V. A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Bonse, Jörn T1 - Surface functionalization by laser-induced periodic surface structures N2 - In recent years, the improved understanding of the formation of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) has led to an emerging variety of applications that modify the optical, mechanical, and chemical properties of many materials. Such structures strongly depend on the laser beam polarization and are formed usually after irradiation with ultrashort linearly polarized laser pulses. The most accepted explanation for the origin of the structures is based on the interference of the incident laser radiation with electromagnetic surface waves that propagate or scatter at the surface of the irradiated materials. This leads to an intensity modulation that is finally responsible for the selective ablation in the form of parallel structures with periods ranging from hundreds of nanometers up to some micrometers. The versatility when forming such structures is based on the high reproducibility with different wavelengths, pulse durations and repetition rate laser sources, customized micro- and nanometric spatial resolutions, and compatibility with industrially relevant processing speeds when combined with fast scanning devices. In this contribution, we review the latest applications in the rapidly emerging field of surface functionalization through LIPSS, including biomimetic functionalities on fluid transport, control of the wetting properties, specific optical responses in technical materials, improvement of tribological performance on metallic surfaces, and bacterial and cell growth for medical devices, among many others. KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) KW - Laser processing KW - Surface functionalization KW - Applications PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.2351/7.0000103 SN - 1938-1387 VL - 32 IS - 2 SP - 022063 PB - Laser Institute of America AN - OPUS4-50780 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Perk, M. A1 - Großwig, S. A1 - Pfeiffer, T. A1 - Rembe, M. A1 - den Hartogh, M. A1 - Weege, S. A1 - Krebber, Katerina A1 - Dijk, H. L. T1 - Faseroptische Leckage-Ortung zum Nachweis von Undichtheiten in Bohrlochkomplettierungen N2 - Im Rahmen der Integritätsbe­wertung einer zementierten 13 3/8" Rohrtour einer Sole-Produktionsbohrung wurden erstmals 2018 zeitgleich faserop­tische Temperaturmessungen (DTS) und faseroptische Akustikmessungen (DAS) durchgeführt und ausgewertet. Dazu wurde die Bohrung zeitweise mit Stick­stoff bespannt und wieder entlastet. T2 - DGMK/ÖGEW-Frühjahrstagung 2020 CY - Celle, Germany DA - 15.​04.​2020 KW - Kavernenspeicher KW - Verteilte faseroptische akustische Sensorik KW - Wasserstoffspeicher PY - 2020 N1 - Die DGMK/ÖGEW Frühjahrstagung 2020 wurde abgesagt, der Tagungsband aber trotzdem veröffentlicht. - The DGMK/ÖGEW Frühjahrstagung 2020 was cancelled, the proceedings were published nevertheless. VL - 136 IS - 4 SP - 25 EP - 26 PB - DVV Media Group CY - Hamburg AN - OPUS4-50783 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schumacher, Julia A1 - Gorbushina, Anna T1 - Light sensing in plant- and rock-associated black fungi N2 - Fungi that share light-flooded habitats with phototrophs may profit from their excess photosynthetic products. But to cope with sunlight-associated stresses [e.g. high temperatures, UV radiation with associated DNA damage, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), desiccation and osmotic stresses] it is important for fungi to accurately sense and respond to changes in light. To test the hypothesis that light is an environmental cue that Ascomycota use to coordinate growth, stress responses as well as to establish pathogenic or symbiotic relationships, the photoreceptor (PR) distribution in species from different ecological niches was analysed. The genomes of black [dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin-containing] fungi from phyllosphere and exposed solid surfaces contain multiple photoreceptors (PRs). The plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea (Leotiomycetes) has a highly sophisticated photosensory and signalling system that helps to avoid light and to locate susceptible hosts. Rock-inhabiting Dothideomycetes and Eurotiomycetes including Knufia petricola possess equal numbers ofPRs along with the same set of protective pigments. This similarity between black fungi from plant and rock surfaces suggests that photoperception and -regulation are important for fungi that receive nutrients through cooperation with phototrophs. Genetic tools for manipulating K. petricola exist and will be used to test this idea. KW - Botrytis cinerea KW - DHN melanin KW - Knufia petricola KW - Phyllosphere KW - Rock biofilm PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2020.01.004 VL - 124 IS - 5 SP - 407 EP - 417 AN - OPUS4-50786 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Marques, T. S. A1 - Schürmann, Robin A1 - Ebel, Kenny A1 - Heck, C. A1 - Smialek, M. A1 - Eden, Sam A1 - Mason, N. A1 - Bald, Ilko T1 - Kinetics of molecular decomposition under irradiation of gold nanoparticles with nanosecond laser pulses-A 5-Bromouracil case study N2 - Laser illuminated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) efficiently absorb light and heat up the surrounding medium, leading to versatile applications ranging from plasmonic catalysis to cancer photothermal therapy. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of the thermal, optical, and electron induced reaction pathways is required. Here, the electrophilic DNA nucleobase analog 5-Bromouracil (BrU) has been used as a model compound to study its decomposition in the vicinity of AuNPs illuminated with intense ns laser pulses under various conditions. The plasmonic response of the AuNPs and the concentration of BrU and resulting photoproducts have been tracked by ultraviolet and visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy as a function of the irradiation time. A kinetic model has been developed to determine the reaction rates of two parallel fragmentation pathways of BrU, and their dependency on laser fluence and adsorption on the AuNP have been evaluated. In addition, the size and the electric field enhancement of the decomposed AuNPs have been determined by atomic force microscopy and finite domain time difference calculations, respectively. A minor influence of the direct photoreaction and a strong effect of the heating of the AuNPs have been revealed. However, due to the size reduction of the irradiated AuNPs, a trade-off between laser fluence and plasmonic response of the AuNPs has been observed. Hence, the decomposition of the AuNPs might be limiting the achievable temperatures under irradiation with several laser pulses. These findings need to be considered for an efficient design of catalytic plasmonic systems. KW - Kinetics KW - Gold nanoparticles KW - 5-Bromouracil PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5137898 VL - 152 IS - 12 SP - 24712 EP - 24712 PB - AIP Publishing AN - OPUS4-50787 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zänker, Steffen A1 - Scholz, G. A1 - Heise, M. A1 - Kemnitz, E. A1 - Emmerling, Franziska T1 - New 2D layered structures with direct fluorine-metal bonds: MF(CH3COO) (M: Sr, Ba, Pb) N2 - New coordination polymers with 2D network structures with fluorine directly coordinated to the metal ion were prepared both via mechanochemical synthesis and fluorolytic sol–gel synthesis. Depending on the synthesis route, the samples show different particle sizes, according to SEM imaging. The crystal structures of barium acetate fluoride, strontium acetate fluoride, and lead acetate fluoride (BaFIJCH3COO), SrFIJCH3COO) and PbFIJCH3COO)) were solved from X-ray powder diffraction data. The structure solution is backed by the results from 19F MAS NMR, FT IR data, and thermal analysis. The calculated chemical shifts of the 19F MAS NMR spectra coincide well with the measured ones. It turns out that the grinding conditions have a remarkable influence on the mechanochemical synthesis and its products. Our systematic study also indicates a strong influence of the atomic radii of Ca, Sr, Ba, and Pb on the success of the syntheses. KW - Mechanochemistry KW - Coordination polymers PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ce00287a VL - 22 IS - 16 SP - 2772 EP - 2780 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry AN - OPUS4-50789 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tantardini, C. A1 - Michalchuk, Adam A1 - Samtsevich, A. A1 - Rota, C. A1 - Kvashnin, A. G. T1 - The Volumetric Source Function: Looking Inside van der Waals Interactions N2 - The study of van der Waals interactions plays a central role in the understanding of bonding across a range of biological, chemical and physical phenomena. The presence of van der Waals interactions can be identified through analysis of the reduced density gradient, a fundamental parameter at the core of Density Functional Theory. An extension of Bader’s Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules is developed here through combination with the analysis of the reduced density gradient. Through this development, a new quantum chemical topological tool is presented: the volumetric source function. This technique allows insight into the atomic composition of van der Waals interactions, offering the first route towards applying the highly successful source function to these disperse interactions. A new algorithm has been implemented in the open-source code, CRITIC2, and tested on acetone, adipic and maleic acids molecular crystals, each stabilized by van der Waals interactions. This novel technique for studying van der Waals interactions at an atomic level offers unprecedented opportunities in the fundamental study of intermolecular interactions and molecular design for crystal engineering, drug design and bio-macromolecular processes. KW - Noncovalent interactions PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-507911 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64261-4 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 7816 AN - OPUS4-50791 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Phosphatdüngemittel aus Klärschlammaschen N2 - Das Element Phosphor ist für alle Lebewesen essenziell und wird beispielsweise von Pflanzen in Form von Phosphaten aufgenommen. In der landwirtschaftlichen Produktion werden dem Boden die Phosphate durch Wachstum und Ernte der Pflanzen entzogen und müssen ihm in Form von Phosphatdüngemitteln wieder zugeführt werden, um die Nahrungsmittelproduktion zu sichern. Rohphosphat stellt die Grundlage unserer derzeitigen Phosphatdüngemittel dar, ist aber gleichzeitig ein endlicher Rohstoff. Des Weiteren sind insbesondere sedimentäre Rohphosphate oftmals mit erheblichen Konzentrationen toxischer Schadstoffe wie Cadmium, Uran und Thorium belastet. Eine Kreislaufführung des Phosphats sollte erfolgen, um natürliche Rohstoffvorkommen zu schonen und den Eintrag von Schadstoffen auf unsere Böden zu unterbinden. KW - Phosphat KW - Recyclingdüngemittel PY - 2020 SN - 1610-6563 IS - 3 SP - 14 EP - 15 PB - MuP Verlag GmbH CY - München AN - OPUS4-50792 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Rades, Steffi A1 - Borghetti, P. A1 - Ortel, Erik A1 - Wirth, Thomas A1 - Garcia, S. A1 - Gómez, E. A1 - Blanco, M. A1 - Alberto, G. A1 - Martra, G. T1 - Organic surface modification and analysis of titania nanoparticles for self‐assembly in multiple layers N2 - The characteristics of TiO2 coatings can greatly influence their final performance in large‐scale applications. In the present study, self‐assembly of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) in multiple layers was selected as a deposition procedure on various substrates. For this, the main prerequisite constitutes the surface modification of both NPs and substrate with, for example, silane coupling agents. A set of functionalized TiO2 NPs has been produced by reaction with either (3‐aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) or (3‐aminopropyl)phosphonic acid (APPA) to functionalize the NP surface with free amino‐groups. Then, the complementary functionalized NP set can be obtained from an aliquot of the first one, through the conversion of free surface amino groups to aldehydes by reaction with glutaraldehyde (GA). Several types of TiO2 NPs differing in size, shape, and specific surface area have been functionalized. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), SEM/ energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), XPS, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and Time‐of‐Flight (ToF)‐SIMS analyses have been carried out to evaluate the degree of functionalization, all the analytical methods employed demonstrating successful functionalization of TiO2 NP surface with APTES or APPA and GA. KW - TiO2 KW - Nanoparticles KW - Surface functionalization KW - Layer-by-layer deposition KW - Surface chemical analysis PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-508601 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.6842 SN - 1096-9918 VL - 52 IS - 12 SP - 829 EP - 834 PB - John Wiley & Sons Ltd AN - OPUS4-50860 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Munsch, Sarah Mandy A1 - Strangfeld, Christoph A1 - Kruschwitz, Sabine T1 - Ermittlung des Flüssigwasseranteils an voll- und teilgesättigten Sandsteinen mittels 1H-NMR und Hygrometrie N2 - Da Feuchte insbesondere in Form von Flüssigwasser ein hohes Schadenspotential für Baustoffe und Konstruktionen darstellt, finden zerstörungsfreie Verfahren wie die Kernspinresonanz (NMR) zunehmend Einsatz im Bauwesen. Auch wenn zur qualitativen Lokalisierung möglicher Schad- und Risikostellen bereits zahlreiche zerstörungsfreie Verfahren in der Praxis Anwendung finden, so besteht beispielweise bei der Porenraumcharakterisierung und dem Verständnis von Feuchtetransportmechanismen weiterhin Forschungsbedarf. Eine besondere Herausforderung stellt in diesem Zusammenhang die (ortsaufgelöste) Erfassung und Quantifizierung von Feuchteverteilungen bei Teilsättigung dar. Mittels 1H-NMR lassen sich der Wassergehalt sowie die Relaxationszeiten der Wasserstoffprotonen in Abhängigkeit von ihrer Bindungsart und der Porenumgebung messen. In vollgesättigten porösen Baustoffen kann somit das NMR-Signal als Porengrößenverteilung interpretiert werden. Da aber in der Praxis nur selten bis nie vollgesättigte Zustände vorliegen, befasst sich eine laufende Forschungsarbeit mit dem Verständnis der NMR-Signale teilgesättigter Porensysteme, die teilweise multimodale Porengrößenverteilungen aufweisen. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit werden insgesamt 19 Sandsteine aus Deutschland, Tschechien und Italien sowohl im voll- als auch im teilgesättigten Zustand mit NMR untersucht. Definierte teilgesättigte Zustände werden durch Aufsättigen der Proben in Exsikkatoren mit verschiedenen relativen Luftfeuchten (z. B. 33 %, 75 %, 96%) erzeugt. Die Regulierung der Luftfeuchten erfolgt mit Hilfe von gesättigten Salzlösungen. Als Ergebnis wird die Veränderung der Signalamplitude und der T2-Relaxationszeitenverteilungen in Abhängigkeit von dem Feuchtezustand näher betrachtet. Des Weiteren erfolgt die Berechnung des Flüssigwasseranteils bzw. der adsorbierten Wasserfilmdicke einzelner Poren aus der mit Quecksilberporosimetrie bestimmten Porengrößenverteilung und der Annahme einer Porengeometrie (z.B. Schlitz-, Zylinderpore, etc.). Am Ende dieser Arbeit soll der Zusammenhang des NMR-Signals (Amplitude und Relaxationszeiten) mit dem Porensättigungsgrad in einem Porensystem mit multimodaler Porengrößenverteilung bei Teilsättigung aufgezeigt werden. T2 - Jahrestagung der Deutschen Geophysikalischen Gesellschaft CY - Online meeting DA - 18.05.2020 KW - NMR KW - Sandstein KW - Flüssigwasser KW - Teilsättigung KW - Hygrometrie PY - 2020 N1 - Geburtsname von Munsch, Sarah Mandy: Nagel, S. M. - Birth name of Munsch, Sarah Mandy: Nagel, S. M. AN - OPUS4-50861 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Klewe, Tim A1 - Strangfeld, Christoph A1 - Ritzer, Tobias A1 - Kruschwitz, Sabine T1 - Multivariate Auswertung von Radarsignalen zur Bestimmung typischer Feuchteschäden in Fußböden N2 - Leitungswasserschäden nahmen im Jahr 2018 mit rund 2,9 Milliarden Euro den größten Posten bei Gebäudeversicherungen ein und verursachten damit mehr Kosten, als Elementar-, Feuer, Sturm- und Hagelschäden zusammen. Neutronensonden helfen hier bereits bei der horizontalen Eingrenzung eines Feuchteschadens, wobei die vertikale Unterscheidung betroffener Schichten nur durch die zerstörende Entnahme von Bohrkernen vorgenommen werden kann. Der parallele Einsatz des Radarverfahrens soll hier mit seiner hohen Sensitivität für Wasser künftig zu einem erhöhten Informationsgehalt beitragen und eine kostengünstigere Schadensdiagnose und Planung der Reparaturmaßnahmen ermöglichen. In einem laufenden Forschungsvorhaben werden in systematischen Laborstudien gängige Schadensfälle an häufig anzutreffenden Fußbodenaufbauten simuliert und deren Einfluss auf das Radarverfahren untersucht. Die Bewertung der Schadensträchtigkeit zugeführter Wassermengen erfolgt mithilfe von Luftfeuchtesensoren, welche in der Dämmebene platziert sind. Beim Aufbau der Fußbodenstrukturen kommen Zement- und Anhydritestriche, sowie die Dämmmaterialen Styropor, Styrodur, Glaswolle und Perlite-Schüttung mit variierenden Schichtdicken zum Einsatz. Die Robustheit der zu entwickelnden Messmethode gegenüber derartig verschiedenen und in der Praxis häufig unbekannten Schichtstrukturen stellt eine besondere Herausforderung dar und soll durch den Einsatz multivariater Datenauswertung erhöht werden. Diesbezüglich empfehlen bisherige Ergebnisse die Betrachtung der örtlichen Verteilungen qualitativer Signalmerkmale wie Amplituden, Laufzeiten und Frequenzen im Radargramm (B-Scan). Deren Eignung für reale Schadensfälle außerhalb der Laborumgebung wird hierbei stets kritisch hinterfragt und soll weiterführend an Praxiseinsätzen validiert werden. T2 - 80. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Geophysikalischen Gesellschaft CY - Online Meeting DA - 18.05.2020 KW - Radar KW - Feuchte KW - Fußboden KW - Multivariate Datenauswertung PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50862 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahl, T. A1 - Beer, F. A1 - Relling, A. A1 - Gawlitza, Kornelia A1 - Rurack, Knut A1 - Kemnitz, E. T1 - Toward Luminescent Composites by Phase Transfer of SrF2 :Eu3+ Nanoparticles Capped with Hydrophobic Antenna Ligands N2 - Transparent dispersions of hydrophobic SrF2 :Eu3+ nanoparticles in cyclohexane with up to 20% europium were obtained by fluorolytic sol-gel synthesis followed by Phase transfer into cyclohexane through capping with sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS). The particles were characterized by TEM, XRD and DLS as spherical objects with a diameter between 6 and 11 nm in dry state. 1H-13CP MAS NMR experiments revealed the binding of the anionic sulfonate head group to the particle surface. The particles show bright red luminescence upon excitation of the aromatic capping agents, acting as antennas for an Energy transfer from the benzenesulfonate unit to the Eu3+ centers in the particles. This synthesis method overcomes the current obstacle of the fluorolytic sol-gel synthesis that transparent dispersions can be obtained directly only in hydrophilic solvents. To demonstrate the potential of such hydrophobized alkaline-earth fluoride particles, transparent luminescent organic-inorganic composites with 10% SrF2 :Eu3+ embedded into polyTEGDMA, polyBMA, poly-BDDMA and polyD3MA, respectively, were prepared, endowing the polymers with the luminescence features of the nanoparticles. KW - Nanoparticles KW - Fluorides KW - Sol-gel process KW - Organic-inorganic hybrid composites PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-508668 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/cnma.202000058 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Wiley AN - OPUS4-50866 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gawlitza, Kornelia A1 - Johann, Sergej A1 - Mansurova, M. A1 - Kohlhoff, Harald A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Bell, Jérémy A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias A1 - Rurack, Knut T1 - Semi-automatic Measurement Device for Long-Term Monitoring of Ammonia in Gas Phase N2 - The present paper describes the development of a sensor material that changes its fluorescence in the presence of gaseous ammonia in a relevant concentration range. The implementation into a semi-automatic gas measurement device enables low-cost, precise, simple and fast monitoring of low con-centrations of harmful gases, like ammonia, and hence can help to improve the climate monitoring in livestock housing, barns or stables. T2 - SMSI 2020 CY - Meeting was canceled KW - Spectroscopy KW - Emmbedded sensor KW - Environment KW - Air quality PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.5162/SMSI2020/B5.4 SP - 133 EP - 134 AN - OPUS4-50867 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zocca, Andrea A1 - Fateri, M. A1 - Al-Sabbagh, Dominik A1 - Günster, Jens T1 - Investigation of the sintering and melting of JSC-2A lunar regolith simulant N2 - Future lunar exploration can benefit greatly from In-Situ Resource Utilization. Accordingly, the in-Situ Resource Utilization approach highlights the need for detailed analysis of lunar regolith. In this study, JSC-2A Simulant was studied regarding its sintering and melting behaviour using Differential Thermal Analysis under ambient and inert conditions. The minerals at the crystalline peaks were determined using X-Ray Diffraction analysis. Moreover, melting droplet shape and wetting behaviour of pressed regolith samples of different particle size distributions were studied by Hot Stage Microscopy technique. Hot Stage Microscopy experiments were performed at different heating rates under ambient conditions. Bloating effects within the solidified samples were then qualitatively examined by X-ray tomography. Lastly, the optimization of processing strategies for the Additive Manufacturing of lunar regolith is discussed. KW - Lunar regolith KW - Sintering KW - Melting KW - Hot stage microscopy PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.02.212 VL - 46 IS - 9 SP - 14097 EP - 14104 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50869 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Karl, D. A1 - Duminy, T. A1 - Lima, P. A1 - Kamutzki, F. A1 - Gili, A. A1 - Zocca, Andrea A1 - Günster, Jens A1 - Gurlo, A. T1 - Clay in situ resource utilization with Mars global simulant slurries for additive manufacturing and traditional shaping of unfired green bodies N2 - The wet processing of regolith simulant for clay in situ resource utilization (ISRU) on Mars is presented. The two raw materials from the Mars global simulant family, one without clay (MGS-1) and one with clay - sodium montmorillonite smectite - (MGS-1C) were milled and mixed to produce a simulant with small particle size and reduced clay content (MGS-1C/8). All three simulants and the pure clay raw material were extensively characterized using XRF, synchrotron XRD, gas adsorption and gas pycnometry methods. In a straightforward processing approach, MGS-1C/8 was mixed with water and different dispersant approaches were investigated, all of which gave stable slurries. Particle size distribution, rheology, ion concentration, pH and electrical conductivity of these slurries were characterized. The slurry systems can easily be adapted to fit all typical ceramic shaping routes and here parts of varying complexity from slip casting, throwing on a potter's wheel and additive manufacturing, including material extrusion (robocasting) and binder jetting (powder bed 3D printing) were produced. The unique properties of the sodium montmorillonite clay, which is readily accessible in conjunction with magnesium sulfate on the Martian surface, acted as a natural nanosized binder and produced high strength green bodies (unfired ceramic body) with compressive strength from 3.3 to 7.5 MPa. The most elaborate additive manufacturing technique layerwise slurry deposition (LSD) produced water-resistant green bodies with a compressive strength of 30.8 ± 2.5 MPa by employing a polymeric binder, which is similar or higher than the strength of standard concrete. The unfired green bodies show sufficient strength to be used for remote Habitat building on Mars using additive manufacturing without humans being present. KW - Mars KW - Smectite KW - Clay ISRU KW - MGS-1 regolith simulant KW - 3D printing KW - Additive manufacturing PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2020.04.064 VL - 174 SP - 241 EP - 253 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50870 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meng, Xiangmeng A1 - Artinov, Antoni A1 - Bachmann, Marcel A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Theoretical study of influence of electromagnetic stirring on transport phenomena in wire feed laser beam welding N2 - The additional element from the filler wire in the laser beam welding is usually distributed inhomogeneously in the final weld due to the high solidification rate of weld pool. It has been found that the electromagnetic stirring produced by an external oscillating magnetic field can enhance the material mixing in the weld pool to achieve a more uniform element distribution. However, the magnetic field has a highly nonlinear and multicoupled interaction with the weld pool behavior, which makes the quantitative explanation of the physical mechanism difficult. In this study, the effect of electromagnetic stirring on the transport phenomena in the wire feed laser beam welding is investigated by a numerical modeling. A 3D transient multiphysical model considering the magnetohydrodynamics, heat transfer, fluid flow, keyhole dynamics, and element transport is developed. The multiple reflections and the Fresnel absorption of the laser on the keyhole wall are calculated using the ray tracing method. The numerical results show that a Lorentz force produced by the oscillating magnetic field and its induced eddy current gives significant influence on the transport phenomena in the molten pool. The forward and downward flow is enhanced by the electromagnetic stirring, which homogenizes the distribution of the additional elements from a nickel-based filler wire in a steel weld pool. The numerical results show a good agreement with the high-speed images of the molten pool, the fusion line from the optical micrograph, and the element distribution from the energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. This work provides a physical base for the electromagnetic-controlled laser beam welding and some guidance for the selection of electromagnetic parameters. KW - Magnetohydrodynamics KW - Molten pool dynamics KW - Element transport KW - Laser beam welding PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.2351/7.0000069 VL - 32 IS - 2 SP - 022026-1 EP - 022026-9 AN - OPUS4-50874 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - von der Au, Marcus A1 - Borovinskaya, O. A1 - Flamigni, L. A1 - Kuhlmeier, K. A1 - Büchel, C. A1 - Meermann, Björn T1 - Single cell-inductively coupled plasma-time of flight-mass spectrometry approach for ecotoxicological testing N2 - Diatoms play a key role in assessing the eco-toxicology of metals and are already part of several national and international guidelines and regulations. Data on metal uptake and its correlation with a natural metal composition of the diatoms are mostly lacking on a cellular basis - mainly due to the lack of a suitable method on both the preparation and detection side. Therefore, within this work a fully automated approach based on the on-line coupling of a high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) and an inductively coupled plasma-time of flight-mass spectrometer (ICP-ToF-MS) was applied to analyze single cells of the alga Cyclotella meneghiniana multi-elementally in order to provide a deeper insight into the metal composition and its response to environmental stress. Multi-elemental analysis in single diatoms also enables assessment of combined toxicity of a set of metals. A set of four fingerprint elements, characteristically for diatoms (Mg, P, Si, Fe), were identified and hence the investigation of environmental stress onto the cells was enabled by performing incubation experiments with environmentally relevant toxic elements. It could be shown at moderate environmental stress caused by increasing the metal concentration in the medium (zinc) that the fingerprint element concentrations remained stable and thus the suitability of the selected elements for algae tracing was demonstrated. With regard to further ecotoxicological assessments, a multivariate approach was successfully applied allowing for cell classification upon different incubation concentration levels. This multivariate approach also facilitated an effective identification of three different diatom species (Cyclotella meneghiniana, Thalassiosira weissflogii and Thalassiosira pseudonana). KW - ICP-TOF-MS KW - Ecotoxicological Testing KW - Diatoms PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2020.101964 VL - 49 SP - 101964 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-50875 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Biegler, M. A1 - Elsner, B. A1 - Graf, B. A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Geometric distortion-compensation via transient numerical simulation for directed energy deposition additive manufacturing N2 - Components distort during directed energy deposition (DED) additive manufacturing (AM) due to the repeated localised heating. Changing the geometry in such a way that distortion causes it to assume the desired shape – a technique called distortion-compensation – is a promising method to reach geometrically accurate parts. Transient numerical simulation can be used to generate the compensated geometries and severely reduce the amount of necessary experimental trials. This publication demonstrates the simulation-based generation of a distortioncompensated DED build for an industrial-scale component. A transient thermo-mechanical approach is extended for large parts and the accuracy is demonstrated against 3d-scans. The calculated distortions are inverted to derive the compensated geometry and the distortions after a single compensation iteration are reduced by over 65%. KW - DED KW - Welding simulation KW - Dimensional accuracy KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Laser metal deposition KW - LMD PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2020.1743927 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Taylor & Francis AN - OPUS4-50877 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Johann, Sergej A1 - Lapalus, Antoin A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias T1 - Design and Implementation of Smart Multisensor Monitoring System for Safe Workplaces with LoRaWAN N2 - This project addresses the application of safe workplaces in offices and chemical laboratories where indoor air quality plays an important role. The LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network) is used as a communication interface to make important sensor data globally accessible. The goal of the development is to create a sensor node and an online and offline solution that collects the data from the sensor nodes and stores it on a local server or in a cloud. In cooperation with the companies WISTA GmbH and IONOS, a test sensor network is going to be established in the Berlin-Adlershof area. T2 - SMSI 2020 CY - Meeting was canceled DA - 22.06.2020 KW - Smart sensors KW - Air quality monitoring KW - LoRaWAN KW - VOC KW - Multisensor system PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.5162/SMSI2020/E5.4 SP - 388 EP - 389 AN - OPUS4-50878 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Philipp, Rosemarie T1 - EURAMET.QM-S14 Measurement capabilities for the quantification of ethanol in water - Summary of results N2 - The presentation summarizes the results of the EURAMET key comparison QM-S14 “Measurement capabilities for the quantification of ethanol in water”. Possible options for the key comparison reference value are discussed. T2 - CCQM Organic Analysis Working Group videoconference CY - Online meeting DA - 05.06.2020 KW - Certified Reference Material KW - EURAMET KW - Key comparison PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50890 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Biesen, L. A1 - Nirmalananthan-Budau, Nithiya A1 - Hoffmann, Katrin A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Müller, T. J. J. T1 - Solid-State Emissive Aroyl-S,N-Ketene Acetals with Tunable N2 - N-Benzyl aroyl-S,N-ketene acetals can be readily synthesized by condensation of aroyl chlorides and N-Benzyl 2-methyl benzothiazolium salts in good to excellent yields, yielding a library of 35 chromophores with bright solid-state emission and aggregation-induced emission characteristics. Varying the substituent from electron-donating to electronwithdrawing enables the tuning of the solid-state emission Color from deep blue to red. KW - Nano KW - Nanoparticle KW - Photoluminescence KW - Fluorescence KW - Quantum yield KW - Photophysics KW - Lifetime KW - Sensor KW - dye KW - Enhancement KW - Particle KW - Polarity KW - AIE KW - Aggregation KW - Aggregation-induced emission KW - Solid state emission PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509072 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201916396 VL - 59 IS - 25 SP - 10037 EP - 10041 PB - Wiley Online Libary AN - OPUS4-50907 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tan, M. A1 - Monks, Melissa-Jane A1 - Huang, D. A1 - Meng, Y. A1 - Chen, X. A1 - Zhou, Y A1 - Lom, S.-F. A1 - Würth, Christian A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Chen, G. T1 - Efficient sub-15 nm cubic-phase core/Shell upconversion nanoparticles as reporters for ensemble and single particle studies† N2 - Single particle imaging of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) has typically been realized using hexagonal (β) phase lanthanide-doped sodium yttrium fluoride (NaYF4) materials, the upconversion luminescence (UCL) of which saturates at power densities (P) of several hundred W cm−2 under 980 nm nearinfrared (NIR) excitation. Cubic (α) phase UCNPs have been mostly neglected because of their commonly observed lower UCL efficiency at comparable P in ensemble level studies. Here, we describe a set of sub-15 nm ytterbium-enriched α-NaYbF4:Er3+@CaF2 core/shell UCNPs doped with varying Er3+ concentrations (5–25%), studied over a wide P range of ∼8–105 W cm−2, which emit intense UCL even at a low P of 10 W cm−2 and also saturate at relatively low P. The highest upconversion quantum yield (ΦUC) and the highest particle brightness were obtained for an Er3+ dopant concentration of 12%, reaching the highest ΦUC of 0.77% at a saturation power density (Psat) of 110 W cm−2. These 12%Er3+-doped core/shell UCNPs were also the brightest UCNPs among this series under microscopic conditions at high P of ∼102–105 W cm−2 as demonstrated by imaging studies at the single particle level. Our results underline the potential applicability of the described sub-15 nm cubic-phase core/shell UCNPs for ensemble- and single particle- level bioimaging. KW - Nano KW - Nanomaterial KW - Upconversion nanoparticle KW - Lanthanide KW - Photoluminescence KW - Quantum yield KW - Photophysics KW - Lifetime KW - Sensor KW - Surface chemistry KW - Single particle KW - Brightness PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d0nr02172e VL - 12 IS - 19 SP - 10592 EP - 10599 PB - Nanoscale AN - OPUS4-50908 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mezera, Marek A1 - Alamri, S. A1 - Hendriks, W. A. P. M. A1 - Hertwig, Andreas A1 - Elert, Anna Maria A1 - Bonse, Jörn A1 - Kunze, T. A1 - Lasagni, A. F. A1 - Römer, G. R. B. E. T1 - Hierarchical micro-/nano-structures on polycarbonate via UV pulsed laser processing N2 - Hierarchical micro/-nanostructures were produced on polycarbonate polymer surfaces by employing a two-step UV-laser processing strategy based on the combination of Direct Laser Interference Patterning (DLIP) of gratings and pillars on the microscale (3 ns, 266 nm, 2 kHz) and subsequently superimposing Laser-induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS; 7–10 ps, 350 nm, 100 kHz) which adds nanoscale surface features. Particular emphasis was laid on the influence of the direction of the laser beam polarization on the morphology of resulting hierarchical surfaces. Scanning electron and atomic force microscopy methods were used for the characterization of the hybrid surface structures. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) calculations of the laser intensity distribution on the DLIP structures allowed to address the specific polarization dependence of the LIPSS formation observed in the second processing step. Complementary chemical analyzes by micro-Raman spectroscopy and attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy provided in-depth information on the chemical and structural material modifications and material degradation imposed by the laser processing. It was found that when the linear laser polarization was set perpendicular to the DLIP ridges, LIPSS could be formed on top of various DLIP structures. FDTD calculations showed enhanced optical intensity at the topographic maxima, which can explain the dependency of the morphology of LIPSS on the polarization with respect to the orientation of the DLIP structures. It was also found that the degradation of the polymer was enhanced for increasing accumulated fluence levels. KW - Direct laser interference patterning KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) KW - Polycarbonate KW - Hierarchical structures KW - Surface functionalization PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509101 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10061184 SN - 2079-4991 VL - 10(6) IS - Special issue "Laser-generated periodic nanostructures" SP - 1184-1 EP - 1184-19 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-50910 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ebell, Gino T1 - Ermittlung kritischer Chloridgehalte in Beton mittels LIBS N2 - Es wurden elektrochemische und LIBS Untersuchungen verwendet um den kritischen Korrosion auslösenden Chloridgehalt in alkalischen und karbonatisierten Mörteln zu ermitteln. Ein deutliche Abhängikeit zwischen pH-Wert und Ccrit konnte dabei festgestellt werden. T2 - AK Prüf- und Untersuchungsverfahren CY - Online meeting DA - 18.06.2020 KW - Korrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Ccrit KW - LIBS PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50911 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vollert, F. A1 - Thomas, Maximilian A1 - Kromm, Arne A1 - Gibmeier, J. T1 - Solidification Cracking Assessment of LTT Filler Materials by Means of Varestraint Testing and μCT N2 - Investigations of the weldability of metals often deal with hot cracking, as one of the most dreaded imperfections during weld fabrication. The hot cracking investigations presented in this paper were carried out as part of a study on the development of low transformation temperature (LTT) weld filler materials. These alloys allow to mitigate tensile residual stresses that usually arise during welding using conventional weld filler materials. By this means, higher fatigue strength and higher lifetimes of the weld can be achieved. However, LTT weld filler materials are for example, high-alloyed Cr/Ni steels that are susceptible to the formation of hot cracks. To assess hot cracking, we applied the standardized modified varestraint transvarestraint hot cracking test (MVT), which is well appropriate to evaluate different base or filler materials with regard to their hot cracking susceptibility. In order to consider the complete material volume for the assessment of hot cracking, we additionally applied microfocus X-ray computer tomography (μCT). It is shown that by a suitable selection of welding and MVT parameter the analysis of the complete 3D hot crack network can provide additional information with regard to the hot cracking model following Prokhorov. It is now possible to determine easy accessible substitute values (e.g., maximum crack depth) for the extent of the Brittleness Temperature Range (BTR) and the minimum critical strain Pmin. KW - LTT weld filler materials KW - μCT-analysis KW - Hot cracking KW - Varestraint test PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509126 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13122726 VL - 13 IS - 12 SP - 2726 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-50912 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Erdmann, Maren A1 - Niebergall, Ute A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Böhning, Martin T1 - Evaluation of UV-induced embrittlement of PE-HD by Charpy impact test N2 - The impact fracture behavior of two common high-density polyethylene grades for container applications were intensively studied by the instrumented Charpy impact test after well-defined exposure to UV-irradiation. Individual stages of the impact event, such as crack initiation and crack propagation energy as well as maximum impact load, were investigated from the recorded load–deflection curves. UV-induced material property changes were further investigated by infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and dynamic-mechanical analysis as well as density measurements. Based on the results of the Charpy impact test, three indicators were identified to describe the extend of photooxidation on high-density polyethylene: (a) a reduced Charpy impact strength—at least to half of its initial value for a distinctly brittle impact fracture, (b) a marked decrease in the crack propagation contribution to the impact strength, and (c) an increase of the brittle features of the fracture surface. KW - Degradation KW - Mechanical properties KW - Packaging KW - Polyolefins KW - Polyethylene PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509130 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/APP.49069 SN - 0021-8995 VL - 137 IS - 36 SP - 49069 PB - Wiley AN - OPUS4-50913 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR ED - Bonse, Jörn ED - Spaltmann, Dirk T1 - Special issue: Laser-induced periodic surface nano- and microstructures for tribological applications N2 - Laser material processing is an emerging technology that generates surface functionalities on the basis of optical, mechanical, or chemical properties. In the form of laser surface texturing (LST), it has attracted a remarkable amount of research to tailor surface properties towards various tribological applications. The main advantages of this single-step, laser-based technology are the contactless machining, featuring a high flexibility, efficiency, and speed, along with the excellent quality of the processed products. LST can be applied precisely localized to sub-micrometric areas, but, via laser beam scanning, it is also feasible for structuring large surface areas at the square meter size. This Special Issue focuses on the latest developments concerning the tribological performance of laser-generated periodic surface nano- and microstructures and their applications. This includes the laser-based processing of different surface patterns, such as “self-organized” laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS, ripples), grooves, micro-spikes, hierarchical hybrid nano-/micro-structures, microfeatures generated by direct laser interference patterning (DLIP), or even dimples or other topographic geometries shaped by direct laser modification or ablation. The applications of these periodically nano- and micro-patterned surfaces may improve the lubricated or non-lubricated tribological performance of surfaces in conformal and even non-conformal contact through a reduction of wear, a variation of the coefficient of friction, altered load carrying capacity, etc., resulting in energy saving, improved reliability, increased lifetimes as well as durability, leading in turn to extended maintenance intervals/reduced down-time. This can be beneficial in terms of bearings, gears, engines, seals, cutting tools, or other tribological components. Fundamental aspects addressed may involve the investigation of the relevant physical and chemical effects accompanying the laser-generated nano- and microscale topographies, such as alterations of the material structures, the hardness, superficial oxidation, the role of additives contained in lubricants, surface wettability, micro-hydrodynamic effects, etc. For this Special Issue we aim to attract both academic and industrial researchers and would like to provide a bridge between research in the fields of tribology and laser material processing in order to foster the current knowledge and present new ideas for future applications and new technologies. KW - Applications KW - Friction KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) KW - Tribology KW - Wear PY - 2020 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/journal/lubricants/special_issues/laser_periodic SN - 2075-4442 VL - 8 IS - 3 SP - Article 1 EP - Article 10 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-50914 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Haas, Marko ED - Hirsch, B ED - Weber, J ED - Schäfer, F ED - Schmid, J T1 - Das Risikomanagementsystem in der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) N2 - Im Rahmen des Bandes Management von Risiken in Behörden beschreibt der Praxisbeitrag das Risikomanagementsystem der BAM. KW - Risiko KW - Risikomanagement KW - Controlling KW - Management KW - Steuerung PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-503-19150-5 SP - 90 EP - 100 PB - Erich Schmidt Verlag CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-50915 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Neumann, Patrick P. A1 - Hüllmann, Dino A1 - Winkler, Nicolas P. A1 - Kohlhoff, Harald A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias A1 - Hirschberger, Paul A1 - Bennetts, V.H. A1 - Lilienthal, A.J. T1 - Aerial Robot Olfaction - A Summary and Survey from BAM Perspective N2 - This presentation gives an introduction to the gas-sensitive aerial robots developed at BAM, including various application examples in the field of mobile robot olfaction: gas source localization and gas distribution mapping. T2 - Harvard University School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS)/Earth and Planetary Sciences (EPS) - Martin Group Seminar CY - Online meeting DA - 11.06.2020 KW - Mobile Robot Olfaction KW - Localization of gas sources KW - UAV KW - Tomographic reconstruction of gas plumes KW - Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS) PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50916 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Besselink, R. A1 - Stawski, Tomasz A1 - Freeman, H. M. A1 - Hovelmann, J. A1 - Tobler, D. J. A1 - Benning, L. G. T1 - Mechanism of Saponite Crystallization from a Rapidly Formed Amorphous Intermediate N2 - Clays are crucial mineral phases in Earth’s weathering engine, but we do not know how they form in surface environments under (near-)ambient pressures and temperatures. Most synthesis routes, attempting to give insights into the plausible mechanisms, rely on hydrothermal conditions, yet many geological studies showed that clays may actually form at moderate temperatures (<100 °C) in most terrestrial settings. Here, we combined high-energy X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy to derive the mechanistic pathways of the low-temperature (25–95 °C) crystallization of a synthetic Mg-clay, saponite. Our results reveal that saponite crystallizes via a two stage process: (1) a rapid (several minutes) coprecipitation where ∼20% of the available magnesium becomes incorporated into an aluminosilicate network, followed by (2) a much slower crystallization mechanism (several hours to days) where the remaining magnesium becomes gradually incorporated into the growing saponite sheet structure. KW - Saponite KW - FTIR KW - PDF KW - Diffraction PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.0c00151 VL - 20 IS - 5 SP - 3365 EP - 3373 PB - American Chemical Society AN - OPUS4-50917 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hoffmann, Katrin A1 - Nirmalananthan-Budau, Nithiya A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute T1 - Fluorescence calibration standards made from broadband emitters encapsulated in polymer beads for fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry N2 - We present here the design and characterization of a set of spectral calibration beads. These calibration beads are intended for the determination and regular control of the spectral characteristics of fluorescence microscopes and other fluorescence measuring devices for the readout of bead-based assays. This set consists of micrometer-sized polymer beads loaded with dyes from the liquid Calibration Kit Spectral Fluorescence Standards developed and certified by BAM for the wavelength-dependent Determination of the spectral responsivity of fluorescencemeasuring devices like spectrofluorometers. To cover the wavelength Region from 400 to 800 nm, two new near-infrared emissive dyes were included, which were spectroscopically characterized in solution and encapsulated in the beads. The resulting set of beads presents the first step towards a new platform of spectral calibration beads for the determination of the spectral characteristics of fluorescence instruments like fluorescence microscopes, FCM setups, and microtiter plate readers, thereby meeting the increasing demand for reliable and comparable fluorescence data especially in strongly regulated areas, e.g., medical diagnostics. This will eventually provide the basis for standardized calibration procedures for imaging systems as an alternative to microchannel slides containing dye solutions previously reported by us. KW - Fluorescence standard KW - Fluorescence KW - Dye KW - Microscopy KW - Bead KW - Particle KW - NIR KW - calibration KW - Quality assurance KW - Traceability PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-508117 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-020-02664-y SN - 1618-2642 VL - 412 IS - 24 SP - 6499 EP - 6507 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-50811 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meyerhofer, F. A1 - Dissinger, F. A1 - Weigert, Florian A1 - Jungclaus, J. A1 - Müller-Caspary, K. A1 - Waldvogel, S. R. A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Voss, T. T1 - Citric Acid Based Carbon Dots with Amine Type Stabilizers: pHSpecific N2 - We report the synthesis and spectroscopic characteristics of two different sets of carbon dots (CDs) formed by hydrothermal reaction between citric acid and polyethylenimine (PEI) or 2,3-diaminopyridine (DAP). Although the formation of amide-based species and the presence of citrazinic acid type derivates assumed to be responsible for a blue emission is confirmed for both CDs by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry, a higher abundance of sp2-hybridized nitrogen is observed for DAP-based CDs, which causes a red-shift of the n-π* absorption band relative to the one of PEI-based CDs. These CD Systems possess high photoluminescence quantum yields (QY) of ∼40% and ∼48% at neutral pH, demonstrating a possible tuning of the optical properties by the amine precursor. pH-Dependent spectroscopic studies revealed a drop in QY to < 9% (pH ∼ 1) and < 21% (pH ∼ 12) for both types of CDs under acidic and basic conditions. In contrast, significant differences in the pHdependency of the n-π* transitions are found for both CD types which are ascribed to different (de)protonation sequences of the CD-specific fluorophores and functional groups using Zeta potential analysis. KW - Fluorescence KW - Particle KW - Nano KW - Surface group analysis KW - Carbon dot KW - C-dot KW - Fluorescent probe KW - Quantum yield KW - Synthesis KW - IR KW - MS KW - Polymer KW - Ligand PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b11732 VL - 124 IS - 16 SP - 8894 EP - 8904 PB - American Chemical Society AN - OPUS4-50813 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schiebel, J. A1 - Noack, J. A1 - Rödiger, S. A1 - Kammel, A. A1 - Menzel, Friederike A1 - Schwibbert, Karin A1 - Weise, Matthias A1 - Weiss, R. A1 - Böhm, A. A1 - Nitschke, J. A1 - Elimport, A. A1 - Roggenbuck, D. A1 - Schierack, P. T1 - Analysis of three-dimensional biofilms on different material surfaces N2 - Biofilms cause complications and high costs in both industry and medicine. Of particular interest are bacterial infections of prosthetic materials, which usually cannot be eliminated due to the high antibiotic resistance known for bacteria forming biofilms. The search for new materials and coatings with lower colonization potential and antibacterial activity is of great importance to reduce biofilm formation. However, there is no standardized procedure to examine the colonization characteristics of bacteria in the Biofilm state in situ. Here, we describe an automated epifluorescence microscopy system for the semi-quantitative analysis of three-dimensional (3D) biofilms on various surfaces. To analyze adherent bacteria, three materials (glass, steel and titanium) were incubated with bacteria in a flow chamber system. After fluorescence staining of the bacteria, automated image capturing, quantification of the bacteria, measurement of the colonized area and determination of the 3D biofilm height were carried out by using novel software. Furthermore, the materials were examined for their surface topography using white light scanning interferometry. Titanium compared to glass showed a significantly higher number of adherent bacteria. We argue that this was due to the higher microroughness of titanium. The colonized area was in accordance with the number of adherent bacteria and was also significantly larger on titanium coupons compared to glass. Maximum 3D biofilm height on glass coupons was significantly lower compared to the ones on steel and titanium. This novel method enables the standardized, automated investigation of the colonization with bacteria on different materials. This approach can considerably support the characterization of new material surfaces and their innovative coatings by analyzing the amount of attached Bacteria and thickness of biofilms in situ and eliminates the need of conventional cultivation. KW - Biofilm KW - Bacterial adhesion KW - Biofilm quantification KW - Automated analysis PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D0BM00455C SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry AN - OPUS4-50815 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Palkowski, Carsten T1 - Test methods for air conditioners N2 - Comparison of test methods for air conditioners that are currently discussed in standardization. The limitations of the current standard are shown and different options for the further development of the standard are presented T2 - Arbeitsgruppensitzung des Fachverbands Gebäude-Klima CY - Online meeting DA - 28.05.2020 KW - air conditioner KW - test method KW - Load-based testing KW - energy label PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50829 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mietz, Jürgen A1 - Burkert, Andreas T1 - Selection and Durability of Stainless Steels for Civil Engineering N2 - Due to the large number of stainless steels with different chemical composition and different microstructure the selection of the suitable material represents a huge challenge. In order to facilitate the appropriate grade selection, in the current European standard EN 1993-1-4 a procedure is defined based on the use of a look-up table considering the key variables that influence the selection of stainless steels. The table uses descriptions that competent designers should be able to readily understand or define without prior knowledge. The output from the look-up table is used to select alloys based on a Corrosion Resistance Class (CRC) from I to V. The advantage of this approach is that the designer simply specifies the relevant CRC and does not need to consider in detail which of the many (very similar) alloys to specify. KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Stainless steel KW - Civil engineering KW - Atmospheric corrosion PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.843 SN - 1662-9795 VL - 843 SP - 125 EP - 131 PB - Trans Tech Publications Ltd, CY - Switzerland AN - OPUS4-50831 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kervarec, M.-C. A1 - Kemnitz, E. A1 - Scholz, G. A1 - Rudic, S. A1 - Jäger, Christian A1 - Braun, T. A1 - Michalchuk, Adam A1 - Emmerling, Franziska T1 - A HF Loaded Lewis-Acidic Aluminium Chlorofluoride for Hydrofluorination Reactions N2 - The very strong Lewis acid aluminium chlorofluo-ride (ACF) was loaded with anhydrous HF. The interactionbetween the surface of the catalyst and HF was investigatedusing a variety of characterization methods, which revealed he formation of polyfluorides. Moreover, the reactivity ofthe HF-loaded ACF towards the hydrofluorination of alkyneswas studied. KW - Aluminium KW - HF KW - Hydrofluorination KW - Metal fluorides PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-508360 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202001627 VL - 26 SP - 1 PB - Wiley Online Libary AN - OPUS4-50836 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Usmani, Shirin M. A1 - Plarre, Rüdiger A1 - Hübert, Thomas A1 - Kemnitz, E. T1 - Termite resistance of pine wood treated with nano metal fluorides N2 - Fluorides are well-known as wood preservatives. One of the limitations of fluoride-based wood preservatives is their high leachability. Alternative to current fluoride salts such as NaF used in wood protection are low water-soluble fluorides. However, impregnation of low water-soluble fluorides into wood poses a challenge. To address this challenge, low water-soluble fluorides like calcium fluoride (CaF2) and magnesium fluoride (MgF2) were synthesized as nanoparticles via the fluorolytic sol−gel synthesis and then impregnated into wood specimens. In this study, the toxicity of nano metal fluorides was assessed by termite mortality, mass loss and visual analysis of treated specimens after eight weeks of exposure to termites, Coptotermes formosanus. Nano metal fluorides with sol concentrations of 0.5 M and higher were found to be effective against termites resulting in 100% termite mortality and significantly inhibited termite feeding. Among the formulations tested, the least damage was found for specimens treated with combinations of CaF2 and MgF2 with an average mass loss less than 1% and visual rating of “1”. These results demonstrate the efficacy of low water-soluble nano metal fluorides to protect Wood from termite attack. KW - Wood Protection KW - Nano Particles KW - Termites PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-508377 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-020-01522-z VL - 78 SP - 493 EP - 499 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-50837 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reichelt, Manuel A1 - Cappella, Brunero T1 - Comparative analysis of error sources in the determination of wear volumes of oscillating ball-on-plane tests N2 - The accurate determination of wear volumes is a prerequisite for the study of numerous tribological phenomena. Wear volumes can be measured with different techniques or else be calculated starting from some quantities measured from the wear scar. Advantages and drawbacks of the measuring techniques are shown by means of wear scars and calottes resulting from ball-on-plane tests with 100Cr6 specimens. When measuring wear volumes, white light interferometry results to be one of the most suitable techniques. When wear volumes are calculated, errors result mainly from two sources: (1) the arbitrary choice of one or few line profiles for the determination of the width and of the planimetric wear, and (2) approximations in the calculation, which are even necessary when values of the wear volumes of the single tribological partners and not only the total volume are of interest. The effect of both error sources on the accuracy in the determination of wear volumes is characterized and elucidated by examples. It is found that errors due to approximations are negligible when compared to errors due to the arbitrary choice of one line profile. KW - Error sources analysis KW - White light interferometry KW - Statistical analysis KW - AFM KW - Wear KW - Oscillating ball-on-disc test PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-508407 DO - https://doi.org/10.3389/fmech.2020.00025 VL - 6 SP - Article 25 AN - OPUS4-50840 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - Virtuelle CT N2 - Das Computerprogramm aRTist ist ein praktisches Simulationswerkzeug zur Erzeugung realistischer Radiographien virtueller Durchstrahlungsaufbauten. Mit Durchstrahlungssimulationen können Bauteile, repräsentiert durch STL-Geometrien, wie in einem Computertomografen gescannt werden. Dabei werden verschiedenste Parameter gezielt und exakt berücksichtigt. Die Virtuelle Computertomografie bietet neue Möglichkeiten der Untersuchung von Parametereinflüssen. Neben der Möglichkeit, physikalische Effekte an- und abzuschalten, z.B. die Streustrahlung, können auch Scanbewegungen getestet werden, bevor diese technisch realisiert werden. Das für die Forschung entwickelte Simulationsprogramm aRTist bietet mit seiner intuitiven grafischen Benutzeroberfläche vielfältige Anwendungsmöglichkeiten auch in Praxis und Entwicklung, beispielsweise zur Parameteroptimierung, für Machbarkeitsstudien oder zur Abschätzung der Unsicherheit dimensioneller Messungen. KW - Vituelle Computertomographie Simulation PY - 2020 SN - 2199-8299 VL - 2020 IS - April SP - 50 EP - 51 PB - TeDo Verlag GmbH CY - Marburg AN - OPUS4-50691 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dittmann, Daniel A1 - Eisentraut, Paul A1 - Goedecke, Caroline A1 - Wiesner, Yosri A1 - Jekel, M A1 - Ruhl, A S A1 - Braun, Ulrike T1 - Specific adsorption sites and conditions derived by thermal decomposition of activated carbons and adsorbed carbamazepine N2 - The adsorption of organic micropollutants onto activated carbon is a favourable solution for the treatment of drinking water and wastewater. However, these adsorption processes are not sufficiently understood to allow for the appropriate prediction of removal processes. In this study, thermogravimetric analysis, alongside evolved gas analysis, is proposed for the characterisation of micropollutants adsorbed on activated carbon. Varying amounts of carbamazepine were adsorbed onto three different activated carbons, which were subsequently dried, and their thermal decomposition mechanisms examined. The discovery of 55 different pyrolysis products allowed differentiations to be made between specific adsorption sites and conditions. However, the same adsorption mechanisms were found for all samples, which were enhanced by inorganic constituents and oxygen containing surface groups. Furthermore, increasing the loadings led to the evolution of more hydrated decomposition products, whilst parts of the carbamazepine molecules were also integrated into the carbon structure. It was also found that the chemical composition, especially the degree of dehydration of the activated carbon, plays an important role in the adsorption of carbamazepine. Hence, it is thought that the adsorption sites may have a higher adsorption energy for specific adsorbates, when the activated carbon can then potentially increase its degree of graphitisation. KW - Aktivkohle KW - TED-GC/MS KW - Adsorption KW - Thermoanalytik PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506946 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-63481-y VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 6695 PB - Nature Publishing Group AN - OPUS4-50694 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Eberwein, Robert A1 - Rogge, Andreas A1 - Behrendt, F. A1 - Knaust, Christian T1 - Dispersion Modeling of LNG-Vapor on Land – A CFD-Model Evaluation Study N2 - Based on methane from renewable resources, LNG is an alternative fuel for heavy and long-distance traffic in land transport. Contrary to its positive properties, the fuel contains risks from an explosion and extremely low temperatures for personal and infrastructure safety. CFD-models are suitable for doing risk analyses for arbitrary scenarios. For examining how to model for risk research the dispersion of LNG-vapor, this paper contains a model variant study, with an evaluation by experiments. This paper describes the use of the CFD-code ANSYS Fluent for simulating experiments of the ‘LNG Safety Program Phase II‘. The content of the well-documented experiments was the research of the vaporization rate of LNG on land and the dispersion of LNG-vapor in the air. Based on the comparison to two experiments, overall 12 CFD-model variants with varying thermal and turbulence parameters were examined how they affect the transient LNG-vapor dispersion in air. The definition of turbulence-boundary-condition at the domain borders had the biggest impact on modeling, followed by the turbulence model. The most accurate model variant had been applied for observing the spreading behavior of LNG-vapor in the air after evaporation on land and analyzing the influence of the LNG-composition to the dispersion. The results show that the mixture of LNG-vapor and the air in the free field is cooler than the ambient air and spreads like a heavy gas on the ground. KW - LNG KW - CFD KW - Heavy gas KW - Model evaluation PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2020.104116 VL - 65 SP - 104116 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50697 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cant, D. J. H. A1 - Minelli, C. A1 - Sparnacci, K. A1 - Müller, Anja A1 - Kalbe, H. A1 - Stoger-Pollach, M. A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Werner, W. S. M. A1 - Shard, A. G. T1 - Surface-Energy Control and Characterization of Nanoparticle Coatings N2 - Accurate and reproducible measurement of the structure and properties of high-value nanoparticles is extremely important for their commercialization. A significant proportion of engineered nanoparticle systems consist of some form of nominally core-shell structure, whether by design or unintentionally. Often, these do not form an ideal core-shell structure, with typical deviations including polydispersity of the core or shell, uneven or incomplete shells, noncentral cores, and others. Such systems may be created with or without intent, and in either case an understanding of the conditions for formation of such particles is desirable. Precise determination of the structure, composition, size, and shell thickness of such particles can prove challenging without the use of a suitable range of characterization techniques. Here, the authors present two such polymer core-shell nanoparticle systems, consisting of polytetrafluoroethylene cores coated with a range of thicknesses of either polymethylmethacrylate or polystyrene. By consideration of surface energy, it is shown that these particles are expected to possess distinctly differing coating structures, with the polystyrene coating being incomplete. A comprehensive characterization of these systems is demonstrated, using a selection of complementary techniques including scanning electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic light scattering, differential centrifugal sedimentation, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. By combining the results provided by these techniques, it is possible to achieve superior characterization and understanding of the particle structure than could be obtained by considering results separately. KW - Nanoparticles KW - Core-shell KW - XPS KW - Size KW - Thickness KW - Damage PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c02161 VL - 124 IS - 20 SP - 11200 EP - 11211 PB - ACS CY - Washington DC AN - OPUS4-50899 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kimani, Martha Wamaitha A1 - Kislenko, Evgeniia A1 - Gawlitza, Kornelia A1 - Rurack, Knut T1 - Design, Synthesis and Characterization of Fluorescent MIP Particles for Labelling of Malignant Cells N2 - Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, and its early detection and resultant treatment contributes significantly to patient recovery and survival. Detection is currently based on magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography, methods that are expensive, while processing of the results is time-consuming1. There is a need for low-cost cancer detection techniques that give conclusive results in the shortest time possible. When equipped with a reporter function, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) targeting tumor markers on cancerous cells may provide a cheaper solution for imaging-based cancer detection. Thin MIP layers immobilized on particle platforms are ideal in this regard, because a fluorescence reporter can be integrated into the particle core and/or MIP shell and such core/shell nanoparticles show faster response times and increased selectivity in comparison to bulk MIPs. Changes in sialylation patterns of cell surface glycans indicate malignancy2. Here, we present the design, synthesis and characterization of MIPs that target sialic acid-terminated glycans (SA MIPs), prepared as a thin layer on a polystyrene core/silica shell nanoparticle platform. The MIP particles contain fluorescent emitters and can be applied in fluorescence imaging of malignant tumors. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are used for structural characterization. Binding capacity of the MIPs to target glycans and competing sugars is also evaluated and compared to that of the corresponding non-imprinted polymer particles (NIP). T2 - Mini MIP Conference CY - Online meeting DA - 16.06.2020 KW - Cancer KW - MIPs KW - Sialic acid PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50901 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ebell, Gino T1 - Potentialfeldmessung in Theorie und Praxis N2 - Durch das alkalische Porenwassermilieu ist Stahl im Beton vor Korrosion geschützt. Unter ungünstigen Umgebungsbedingungen (Karbonatisierung, Chlorideintrag) kann die passive Deckschicht auf der Stahloberfläche zerstört werden. Im weiteren Verlauf können sich korrosionsbedingte Folgeschäden, wie Risse und Abplatzungen am Bauwerk ergeben. Um notwendige Sanierungsmaßnahmen sind frühzeitige und weitgehend zerstörungsfrei ermittelte Informationen über das aktuelle Korrosionsverhalten der Stahlbewehrung von großer Bedeutung. Die Potentialfeldmessung ist ein etabliertes und weit verbreitetes Verfahren zur Beurteilung des Korrosionszustandes der Bewehrung in Stahlbetonbauwerken. Mit Hilfe dieses Verfahrens können Bereiche aktiv korrodierender Bewehrung zerstörungsfrei lokalisiert werden. In der Regel kommt diese Messmethode bei der Detektion chloridinduzierter Korrosion zum Einsatz. T2 - Vorlesung TU Berlin CY - Online meeting DA - 10.06.2020 KW - Korrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Potentialfeldmessung PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50905 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, Axel A1 - Goedecke, Caroline A1 - Eisentraut, Paul A1 - Piechotta, Christian A1 - Braun, Ulrike T1 - Microplastic analysis using chemical extraction followed by LC‑UV analysis: a straightforward approach to determine PET content in environmental samples N2 - Background: The ubiquitous occurrence of microplastic particles in marine and aquatic ecosystems was intensively investigated in the past decade. However, we know less about the presence, fate, and input paths of microplastic in terrestrial ecosystems. A possible entry path for microplastic into terrestrial ecosystems is the agricultural application of sewage sludge and solid bio-waste as fertilizers. Microplastic contained in sewage sludge also includes Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), which could originate as fiber from textile products or as a fragment from packaging products (foils, bottles, etc.). Information about microplastic content in such environmental samples is limited yet, as most of the used analytical methods are very time-consuming, regarding sample preparation and detection, require sophisticated analytical tools and eventually need high user knowledge. Results: Here, we present a simple, specific tool for the analysis of PET microplastic particles based on alkaline extraction of PET from the environmental matrix and subsequent determination of the monomers, terephthalic acid, using liquid chromatography with UV detection (LC-UV). The applicability of the method is shown for different types of PET in several soil-related, terrestrial environmental samples, e.g., soil, sediment, compost, fermentation residues, but also sewage sludge, suspended particles from urban water management systems, and indoor dust. Recoveries for model samples are between 94.5 and 107.1%. Limit of determination and limit of quantification are absolute masses of 0.031 and 0.121 mg PET, respectively. In order to verify the measured mass contents of the environmental samples, a method comparison with thermal extraction-desorption-gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (TED-GC/MS) was conducted. Both methods deliver similar results and corroborated each other. PET mass contents in environmental samples range from values below LOQ in agriculture soil up to 57,000 mg kg−1 in dust samples. Conclusions: We demonstrate the potential of an integral method based on chemical extraction for the Determination of PET mass contents in solid environmental samples. The method was successfully applied to various matrices and may serve as an analytical tool for further investigations of PET-based microplastic in terrestrial ecosystems. KW - Soil KW - Analysis KW - Microplastic KW - PET KW - LC-UV PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509060 DO - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-020-00358-x IS - 32 SP - 85 PB - Springer Open CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-50906 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Aris, Stephan T1 - Aktueller Stand der Normung von Gasflaschenventilen N2 - Im Vortrag wird der aktuelle Stand der Normung von Gasflaschenventilen vorgestellt. Dieser umfasst nationale, europäische und internationale Normen, die größtenteils im Bereich der Gefahrgutbeförderung verbindlich anzuwenden sind. T2 - 27. Jahrestreffen BAM/DIN/DVFG/IGV CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 27.02.2020 KW - ADR KW - Gasflaschenventile KW - Normung PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50701 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - da Silva, D.A. A1 - Greiser, Sebastian A1 - Contro, J. A1 - Medeiros, V.L. A1 - Nery, J.G. A1 - Jäger, Christian T1 - 1H, 29Si and 119Sn double and triple resonance NMR spectroscopy of the small-pore framework sodium stannosilicate Na2SnSi3O9⋅2H2O N2 - The small-pore framework sodium stannosilicate AV-10, chemical composition Na2SnSi3O9⋅2H2O and known crystallographic structure, was synthesized by hydrothermal crystallization. This stannosilicate is built up of a three-dimensional network of corner-shared SiO4 tetrahedra and SnO6 octahedra. The SnO6 sites are linked to six SiO4 tetrahedra (Sn(6Si)) while each of the two crystallographically different SiO4 units are connected to two SnO6 and SiO4 units (Si(2Si,2Sn)). This material was used as model compound for developing a solid-state MAS NMR strategy aimed on the challenges and possibilities for structural studies, particularly considering the short and medium range order to verify the connectivity of SiO4 and SnO6 of such compounds despite the low natural abundances of 4.68% for 29Si and 8.59% for 119Sn nuclei as a real challenge. 29Si{119Sn} and 119Sn{29Si} REDOR (Rotational-Echo Double-Resonance) NMR measurements after 1H cross-polarization (CP) were carried out. The REDOR curves show a significant change after the “normal” quadratic short time evolution from which both (i) the shortest internuclear 29Si – 119Sn distances (and vice versa) and (ii) the number of corner-sharing SiO4 tetrahedra around the SnO6 octahedra (and vice versa) can be obtained. Based on these data, optimized 29Si {119Sn} and 119Sn{29Si} REPT-HMQC (Recoupled Polarization Transfer-Heteronuclear Multiple-Quantum Correlation, again after 1H CP) experiments were implemented, which directly show those heterogroup connectivity as correlation peaks in a 2D spectrum. This information was also obtained using 2D29Si{119Sn}-J-Coupling NMR experiments. Furthermore, 2D29Si INADEQUATE NMR experiments are also feasible, showing the connectivity of SiO4 tetrahedra. The combination of REDOR, REPT-HMQC, J-Coupling and INADEQUATE experiments yielded a complete analysis of the short and medium range structure of this microporous stannosilicate, in agreement with the previously published structure obtained Ab Initio from powder X-Ray diffraction data (XRD). KW - Stannosilicates KW - REDOR KW - REPT-HMQC KW - INADEQUATE PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssnmr.2020.101661 SN - 0926-2040 VL - 107 SP - 101661 PB - Elsevier Inc. AN - OPUS4-50710 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Palkowski, Carsten A1 - Wachau, André A1 - Simo, Anne T1 - Test methods for heat pumps N2 - Comparison of different test methods for the determination of the seasonal performance of heat pumps: 1) The current test standard EN14825, 2) the compensation test method and 3) the dynamic test method. T2 - Impact Assessment / Consultation Space and Water Heaters WG2 Testing CY - Online meeting DA - 02.04.2020 KW - Heat pump KW - Energy label KW - Seasonal performance KW - Compensation method KW - Dynamic method PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50713 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Palkowski, Carsten T1 - Technical Meeting BAM RRT for Heat Pumps N2 - Kickoff meeting for the BAM round robin test for load-based heat pump testing T2 - Kickoff meeting BAM RRT for heat pumps CY - Online meeting DA - 26.03.2020 KW - Heat pump KW - Round robin test KW - Load-based testing KW - Compensation method KW - Energy efficiency PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50715 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Palkowski, Carsten T1 - Technical Meeting BAM RRT for Air Conditioner N2 - Kickoff meeting for the BAM round robin test for load-based air conditioner testing. T2 - Kickoff meeting BAM RRT for air conditioner CY - Online meeting DA - 26.03.2020 KW - Air conditioner KW - Round robin test KW - Load-based testing KW - Compensation method KW - Energy efficiency PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50716 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva A1 - Goedecke, Thomas A1 - Ackermann, M. A1 - Senkel, U. T1 - Staubdichtheit von Gefahrgutsäcken und -FIBC - Überblick über Probleme in der derzeitigen Transportpraxis N2 - Gemäß den internationalen Gefahrgutvorschriften müssen Säcke und flexible Großpackmittel (Flexible Intermediate Bulk Container - FIBC) für feste Gefahrgüter staubdicht sein. In der Praxis der stichpunktartigen Kontrollen von Gefahrguttransporten durch die Autobahnpolizei Münster werden jedoch immer wieder Austritte von pulverförmigen oder körnigen Gefahrgütern aus eigentlich intakten Säcken und FIBC detektiert. Es wird ein Überblick über die im Jahr 2019 festgestellten Gefahrgutaustritte aus diesen Arten von Gefahrgutverpackungen gegeben. Darauf aufbauend wird eine systematische Einordnung hinsichtlich betroffener Bauarten und eine Diskussion möglicher Lösungsansätze vorgenommen. KW - Gefahrgutverpackungen KW - Staubdichtheit KW - Gefahrgutsäcke KW - FIBC KW - Gefahrgutkontrollen PY - 2020 SN - 2191-007 VL - 10 IS - 3 SP - 10 EP - 15 PB - VDI Fachmedien GmbH & Co. KG CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-50717 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Babutzka, Martin A1 - Burkert, Andreas A1 - Langklotz, U. A1 - Schneider, M. T1 - Beschreibung der Deckschichtbildung bei Zink und Zinklegierungen mittels minimalinvasiver Korrosionsuntersuchungen und analytischer Methoden (MINIMAL) N2 - Der Vortrag stellt ein neuartiges Korrosionsprüfverfahren für Zinküberzüge auf Basis gelartiger Elektrolyte vor und führt die Vorteile gegenüber konventionellen Prüfverfahren auf. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen wird die Idee für einen IGF-Projektantrag in Kooperation mit dem Fraunhofer IKTS vorgestellt. T2 - Web-Meeting GAV-Forschungsbeirat CY - Online meeting DA - 29.04.2020 KW - Deckschichtbildung KW - Zink KW - Korrosionsprüfung KW - Gelartige Elektrolyte PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50718 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kanwal, S. A1 - Ali, Naveed Zafar A1 - Hussain, R. A1 - Shah, F.U. A1 - Akhter, Z. T1 - Poly-thiourea formaldehyde based anticorrosion marine coatings on Type 304 stainless steel N2 - In the present study, hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI) encapsulated poly-thiourea formaldehyde (PTF) (10 wt%) coating was developed in an epoxy-polyamine matrix and their anticorrosion studies on Type SS304 stainless steel substrate have been conducted using electrochemistry techniques. The compact and hydrophobic shell wall of PTF proved to be a potent shell wall material for HMDI encapsulation. The effect of temperature and pH values was found to be decisive factor in the synthesis of microcapsules. The PTF microcapsules were synthesized in acidic condition with a pH value of 3. Over 90% of the core fraction is retained in water after 21 days immersion. However, core content decreased with increasing temperature. The capsules were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Electrochemical Impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Scanning electron microscopic analysis depicts the uniform morphology of coating with a particle size in the range of 1.08 µm–22.06 µm. The vibrational band at 2271 cm−1 attributed to NCO signal further endorses the successful encapsulation of HMDI into the PTF capsules. Electrochemical testing on steel specifies the appreciable anticorrosion performance of the synthesized poly thiourea formaldehyde (PTF) coating against artificial sea water. KW - In-situ polymerization KW - Encapsulation KW - Thiourea-formaldehyde KW - Marine corrosion PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-507932 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.12.045 VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - 2146 EP - 2153 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-50793 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Thöns, Sebastian A1 - Stewart, M. G. T1 - On the cost-efficiency, significance and effectiveness of terrorism risk reduction strategies for buildings N2 - We analyse the performance of risk reduction strategies for Terrorist attacks with Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) for large governmental building structures in terms of cost-efficiency, significance and effectiveness Accounting for life safety in conjunction with societal preferences and capabilities. The approach builds upon an extended Bayesian pre-posterior decision analysis and the principles of the marginal lifesaving costs based on the Life Quality Index (LQI). The decision scenario is formulated for a decision maker responsible for the safety of governmental or large commercial buildings and consequently the direct risks, the indirect risks due to fatalities and economical importance of the building beside the expected cost for the individual risk reduction strategies are modelled, aggregated and optimised. The considered risk reduction strategies encompass an explicit consideration and distinction of information and actions such as (i) threat surveillance may trigger the temporary evacuation of the building, (ii) the implementation of protection provisions provided by codes and guidelines, (iii) a detailed progressive collapse assessment and specific protection measures and (iv) the combination of protection and surveillance. All considered strategies are found to contribute to risk reduction and can be costefficient, especially for higher threat probabilities. The risk reduction strategies comply with societal macroeconomic and demographical characteristics and societal preferences according to the LQI. The progressive collapse assessment with targeted protection measures is found to be the most cost-efficient, significant and effective counter-terrorism strategy. This finding points to the necessity for a comprehensive utilisation of scientific methods and sophisticated engineering for progressive collapse assessment to determine targeted protection measures. KW - Significance and effectiveness KW - Risk mitigation strategies KW - Terrorist attacks KW - Value of information KW - Bayesian probability KW - Reliability KW - Risk and decision analysis KW - Decision optimality PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2020.101957 VL - 85 SP - 10195 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50794 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bonse, Jörn A1 - Lasagni, A. F. T1 - Editorial: Laser micro- and nano-material processing – Part 1 N2 - This special issue of Advanced Optical Technologies (AOT) is dedicated to the field of laser-based micro- and nanostructuring methods. KW - Laser processing KW - Microstructures KW - Nanostructures KW - Applications PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1515/aot-2020-0009 SN - 2193-8576 SN - 2193-8584 VL - 9 IS - 1-2 SP - 7 EP - 9 PB - De Gruyter CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-50797 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR ED - Pfeffer, M. ED - Bonse, Jörn ED - Lasagni, A. F. T1 - Topical issue: Laser micro- and nano-material processing - Part 1 N2 - This special issue of Advanced Optical Technologies (AOT) is dedicated to the field of laser-based micro- and nanostructuring methods. KW - Laser processing KW - Microstructures KW - Nanostructures KW - Applications PY - 2020 UR - https://www.degruyter.com/view/journals/aot/9/1-2/aot.9.issue-1-2.xml SN - 2193-8576 SN - 2193-8584 VL - 9 IS - 1-2 SP - 7 EP - 110 PB - De Gruyter CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-50798 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, Thoralf A1 - Ebell, Gino A1 - Burkert, Andreas T1 - Risiko der Wasserstoffentwicklung an martensitischen Schraubankern unter baupraktischen Bedingungen T1 - Risk of hydrogen evolution on martensitic screw anchors under practical construction conditions N2 - Die vorliegende Untersuchung beschäftigt sich mit der Fragestellung, ob unter praxisrelevanten Bedingungen die Entstehung von Wasserstoff an vollmartensitischen Schraubankern möglich ist. Im Gegensatz zu austenitischen Werkstoffen besteht bei martensitischen Werkstoffen bei Gegenwart von Wasserstoff stets die Möglichkeit einer wasserstoffinduzierten Versprödung des Materials. Hierfür wurde ein in der Praxis häufig anzutreffendes Szenario gewählt, das ein galvanisches Element, bestehend aus nichtrostenden Schraubankern (in diesem Fall martensitischen) und einer verzinkten Ankerplatte an einem Betonkörper, umfasst. Zum Nachweis einer Wasserstoffentwicklung werden der Elementstrom zwischen den Bauteilen sowie das Korrosionspotential erfasst. Die Ergebnisse der Versuche zeigen, dass über eine zeitlich begrenzte Dauer eine starke kathodische Polarisation der martensitischen Schraubanker durch die korrosive Auflösung des Zinks erfolgt. Als Folge kommt es zur Wasserzersetzung im Phasengrenzbereich der Schraubanker und zur Entstehung von atomarem Wasserstoff. Das berechnete Gasvolumen des entstandenen Wasserstoffs an den Stahlankern wurde bestimmt und lag im Mittel bei 11,14 ± 1,94 ml. Eine Diffusion des an der Stahloberfläche adsorbierten Wasserstoffs in den martensitischen Werkstoff ist somit theoretisch möglich und impliziert eine mögliche Gefährdung durch wasserstoffinduzierte Rissbildung und spontanes Versagen unter Belastung. N2 - The present investigation deals with the question of whether the formation of hydrogen is possible on fully martensitic screw anchors under practical conditions. In contrast to austenitic materials, martensitic steels always have the possibility of hydrogen-induced embrittlement of the material in the presence of hydrogen. For this purpose, a scenario was chosen which is frequently encountered in practice and which comprises a galvanic element consisting of stainless screw anchors (in this case martensitic) and a galvanized anchor plate on a concrete body. The element current between the components as well as the corrosion potential are recorded to prove hydrogen development. The results of the tests show that a strong cathodic polarization of the martensitic screw anchors occurs over a limited period due to the corrosive dissolution of the zinc. As a result, water decomposition occurs in the phase boundary area of the screw anchors and atomic hydrogen is formed. The calculated gas volume of the resulting hydrogen at the steel anchors was determined and was 11.14 +/- 1.94 ml on average. Diffusion of the hydrogen adsorbed on the steel surface into the martensitic material is thus theoretically possible and implies a possible risk of hydrogen-induced crack formation and spontaneous failure under load. KW - Martensit KW - Wasserstoff KW - Versprödung KW - Beton KW - Korrosion PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/bate.202000017 SN - 0932-8351 SN - 1437-0999 VL - 97 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - Wiley CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-50799 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Weimann, Karin T1 - Baustoffrecycling: Kreislaufwirtschaft und Umweltschutz N2 - Aktuelle Zahlen zum Baustoffrecycling Zielkonflikte im Kontext von Abfallwirtschaft, Boden- und Grundwasserschutz sowie rechtlichen Vorgabe mit den Beispielen rezyklierte Gesteinskörnungen und RC-Gips. T2 - IX. Baustoffseminar CY - Weimar, Germany DA - 11.03.2020 KW - Kreislaufwirtschaft KW - Baustoffrecycling KW - Ressourcenschonung PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51436 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan T1 - EMPIR nPSize - Improved Traceability Chain of Nanoparticle Size Measurement; What nPSize can offer after 2Ys? N2 - The main outcomes of the EMPIR project nPSize are presented and the suitability of the new capabilities (e.g. reference materials, measurement procedures, inter-laboratory comparisons) as pertinent contributions to normative projects within CEN/TC 352 Nanotechnologies are discussed. T2 - 28th Meeting of CEN/TC 352 Nanotechnologies CY - Online meeting DA - 16.10.2020 KW - Nanoparticles KW - CEN/TC 352 Nanotechnologies KW - Particle size distribution KW - Traceability PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51437 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Magkos, Sotirios A1 - Kupsch, Andreas A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Direct iterative reconstruction of computed tomography trajectories: Reconstruction from limited number of projections with DIRECTT N2 - X-ray computed tomography has many applications in materials science and non-destructive testing. While the standard filtered back-projection reconstruction of the radiographic data sets is fast and simple, it typically fails in returning accurate results from missing or inconsistent projections. Among the alternative techniques that have been proposed to handle such data is the Direct Iterative REconstruction of Computed Tomography Trajectories (DIRECTT) algorithm. We describe a new approach to the algorithm, which significantly decreases the computational time, while achieving a better reconstruction quality than that of other established algorithms. KW - Computed tomography KW - DIRECTT KW - Iterative reconstruction KW - Limited data PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-514403 DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0013111 SN - 0034-6748 VL - 91 IS - 10 SP - 103107-1 EP - 103107-8 PB - AIP Publishing CY - Melville, NY, USA AN - OPUS4-51440 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lugovtsova, Yevgeniya A1 - Bulletti, A. A1 - Giannelli, P. A1 - Capineri, L. A1 - Prager, Jens T1 - Characterization of a Flexible Piezopolymer-based Interdigital Transducer for Selective Excitation of Ultrasonic Guided Waves N2 - Structural health monitoring (SHM) is a term that groups together techniques adopted to evaluate in a continued fashion the structural integrity and degradation of technical appliances. SHM is particularly attractive for components that are difficult to access or expensive to take off-line. Among many other techniques, SHM can be performed using ultrasonic guided waves (UGW) which have an advantage of traveling over Long distances. Various guided wave modes exist along with many methods for their generation and sensing, e.g by means of interdigital transducers (IDT). This contribution is dedicated to the design and characterization of a flexible piezopolymerbased IDT which allows for the selective excitation of UGW, resulting in more straightforward data analysis. The designed IDT was characterized using a 3D Laser Doppler Vibrometer (3D LDV) in the air to identify and analyze the IDT’s Vibration modes. Then the transducer was mounted on an aluminum plate, and the generated wavefield was measured with the 3D LDV. According to this investigation, we demonstrate that it is possible to selectively excite desired guided wave mode, namely the A0 mode, suppressing the excitation of the S0 mode. Moreover, the measured wavefield allows for analysis of the directivity of the designed IDT. All in all the results show good correlation between theoretical predictions and measured values, thus allowing to use the current design in terms of selective excitation as it is. T2 - I2020 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS) CY - Online meeting DA - 07.09.2020 KW - Lamb waves KW - Non-Destructive Testing KW - Structural Health Monitoring KW - Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) PY - 2020 SN - 978-1-7281-5448-0 SP - 1261, 45 AN - OPUS4-51441 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Lessovaia, S.N. A1 - Gerrits, Ruben A1 - Gorbushina, Anna A1 - Polekhovsky, Y.S. A1 - Dultz, S. A1 - Kopitsa, G.G. ED - Frank-Kamenetskaya, O.V. ED - Vlasov, D. ED - Panova, E.G. ED - Lessovaia, S.N. T1 - Modeling Biogenic Weathering of Rocks from Soils of Cold Environments N2 - Morphologically simple and microbially dominated ecosystems termed “biofilms” have existed on Earth for a long period of biosphere evolution. A model biofilm combining one heterotroph and one phototroph component was used in a laboratory experiment to simulate biogenic weathering with two different specimens of basic rock samples from the soil profiles. The rocks fragments from the regions of cold environments of Eurasia,where abiotic physical processes, including rock disintegration initiated by freezing–thawing cycles, represent the most probable Scenario of rock weathering, were subjected to biological colonization. The rock Fragments were represented by dolerite and metagabbro amphibolites. Polished sections of the rock samples were inoculated with the model microbiological consortium of the oligotrophic fungus and the phototrophic cyanobacteria (biofilm). After 3 month runtime of the experiment the progress of rock weathering was derived from the growth of the biofilm on the rock surfaces. The model biofilm visualization on the rock surface of polished sections illustrated their stronger development namely on dolerite in comparison with metagabbro amphibolite. The findings confirmed the higher sensitivity of dolerite to biogenic weathering due to (i) mineral association, in which quartz was absent and (ii) porosity providing higher specific surface area for biotic—abiotic interaction influenced by the occurrence of micro-porosity in the rock. KW - Biogenic weathering KW - Rock leaching KW - Fractal structure KW - Biofilm formation KW - Internal pores PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21614-6_27 SP - 501 EP - 515 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-51442 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kirilina, E. A1 - Helbling, S. A1 - Morawski, M. A1 - Pine, K. A1 - Reimann, K. A1 - Jankuhn, S. A1 - Dinse, J. A1 - Deistung, A. A1 - Reichenbach, J. R. A1 - Trampel, R. A1 - Geyer, S. A1 - Müller, Larissa A1 - Jakubowski, Norbert A1 - Arendt, T. A1 - Bazin, P.-L. A1 - Weiskopf, N. T1 - Superficial white matter imaging: Contrast mechanisms and whole-brain in vivo mapping N2 - Superficial white matter (SWM) contains the most cortico-cortical white matter connections in the human brain encompassing the short U-shaped association fibers. Despite its importance for brain connectivity, very little is known about SWM in humans, mainly due to the lack of noninvasive imaging methods. Here, we lay the groundwork for systematic in vivo SWM mapping using ultrahigh resolution 7 T magnetic resonance imaging. Using biophysical modeling informed by quantitative ion beam microscopy on postmortem brain tissue, we demonstrate that MR contrast in SWM is driven by iron and can be linked to the microscopic iron distribution. Higher SWM iron concentrations were observed in U-fiber–rich frontal, temporal, and parietal areas, potentially reflecting high fiber density or late myelination in these areas. Our SWM mapping approach provides the foundation for systematic studies of interindividual differences, plasticity, and pathologies of this crucial structure for cortico-cortical connectivity in humans. KW - Magnetic resonance imaging KW - Laser ablation KW - ICP-MS KW - Brain KW - Imaging PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-514430 DO - https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz9281 SN - 2375-2548 VL - 6 IS - 41 SP - eaaz9281 PB - American Association for the Advancement of Science (Science/AAAS) CY - Washington, DC, USA AN - OPUS4-51443 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bell, Jérémy A1 - Biyikal, Mustafa A1 - Rurack, Knut T1 - Embedded sensor based on tandem smartphone-microfluidic device for the detection of TNT in surface and sea waters N2 - The globe's seas were used as dumping ground after the world wars and those millions of ammunition, most of all containing 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), represent a pressing danger for fishermen, dredging operations, submarine cable installations and tourism. We developed an extremely selective indication method for TNT based on a specific reaction that produces a highly fluorescent compound. The indication system was integrated into a microfluidic PDMS chip for the solid-liquid extraction of TNT from water samples, offering environmental monitoring possibilities. Combining the advantages of a light-up indicator, microfluidics and a smartphone as detector, the embedded sensor allows for the remote and rapid detection of TNT down to ng in surface and sea waters. T2 - µTAS 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 05.10.2020 KW - Smartphone KW - Rapid test KW - TNT KW - Ammunition KW - Schnelltest KW - Munition PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51444 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Smol, M. A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Kugler, Stefan T1 - Thermochemical Treatment of Sewage Sludge Ash (SSA)—Potential and Perspective in Poland N2 - Phosphorus (P) recovery from sewage sludge ash (SSA) is one of the most promising approaches of phosphate rock substitution in mineral fertilizers and might be a sustainable way to secure supply of this raw material in the future. In the current investigation, the process of thermochemical treatment of SSA was applied to SSA coming from selected mono-incineration plants of municipal sewage sludge in Poland (Cracow, Gdansk, Gdynia, Lodz, Kielce and Szczecin). The Polish SSA was thermochemically converted in the presence of sodium (Na) additives and a reducing agent (dried sewage sludge) to obtain secondary raw materials for the production of marketable P fertilizers. The process had a positive impact on the bioavailability of phosphorus and reduced the content of heavy metals in the obtained products. The P solubility in neutral Ammonium citrate, an indicator of its bioavailability, was significantly raised from 19.7–45.7% in the raw ashes and 76.5–100% in the thermochemically treated SSA. The content of nutrients in the recyclates was in the range of 15.7–19.2% P2O5, 10.8–14.2% CaO, 3.5–5.4% Na2O, 2.6–3.6% MgO and 0.9–1.3% K2O. The produced fertilizer raw materials meet the Polish norms for trace elements covered by the legislation: the content of lead was in the range 10.2–73.1 mg/kg, arsenic 4.8–22.7 mg/kg, Cadmium 0.9–2.8 mg/kg and mercury <0.05 mg/kg. Thus, these products could be potentially directly used for fertilizer production. This work also includes an analysis of the possibilities of using ashes for fertilizer purposes in Poland, based on the assumptions indicated in the adopted strategic and planning documents regarding waste management and fertilizer production. KW - Sewage Sludge Ashes KW - Critical raw materials KW - Phosphorus KW - Fertilizer KW - Sewage Sludge PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-514468 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/en13205461 VL - 13 IS - 20 SP - 5461 AN - OPUS4-51446 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kalbe, Ute T1 - Wie steht es um die Zukunft der „neuen“ Elutionsverfahren? N2 - Es wird ein historischer Abriss der Entwicklung von Elutionsverfahren insbesondere im Zusammenhang mit der Erarbeitung der Mantelverordnung gegeben. KW - Elutionsverfahren KW - Mantelverordnung KW - Boden KW - Ersatzbaustoffe KW - Abfälle PY - 2020 SN - 0942-3818 VL - 29 IS - 5 SP - 169 EP - 170 PB - Erich Schmidt Verlag GmbH CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-51447 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Theiner, S. A1 - Löhr, Konrad A1 - Köllensperger, G. A1 - Müller, L. A1 - Jakubowski, Norbert T1 - Single-cell analysis by use of ICP-MS N2 - This tutorial review article is highlighting the fundamentals, instrumentation, and most recent trends of single-cell analysis by use of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). It is shown that metals and hetero-elements being intrinsically present in cells, taken up by cells (for instance engineered metallic nanoparticles) or binding to a cell can be detected qualitatively by existing ICP-MS Technologies on a single cell level. Adding a quantitative dimension to single-cell analysis by (laser ablation-) ICP-MS requires dedicated calibration and validation strategies, which are currently being established and are being critically discussed. In a tutorial part, the ICP-MS instruments, the measurement conditions, and the sample introduction and preparation techniques are introduced. The application section focuses on the state-of-the-art of single-cell analysis in suspension, using laser ablation or (imaging) mass cytometry. Finally, future trends are critically assessed. KW - Cell KW - ICP KW - ICP-MS KW - Laser ablation PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ja00194e SN - 0267-9477 VL - 35 IS - 9 SP - 1784 EP - 1813 PB - The Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge, UK AN - OPUS4-51448 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute T1 - Design and Quantitative Characterization of Functional Molecular Chromophores and Nanomaterials with UV/vis/NIR/IR Emission and Traceable Optical Measurements N2 - Research of division Biophotonics at the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) covers several topics including photophysics of molecular and nanocrystalline emitters, the development of signal enhancement, multiplexing, and barcoding strategies, surface group quantification, the rational design of different types of stimuli-responsive optical probes, and concepts and reference materials for the validation of optical-spectroscopic measurements. In the following representative examples for each of these topics are given. Also, current developments like single particle spectroscopy and flow cytometry with lifetime detection and newly certified fluorescence quantum yield standards are presented. T2 - Kolloquium BfR CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 12.10.2020 KW - Fluorescence KW - Quantitative spectroscopy KW - Single particle spectroscopy KW - Multiplexing KW - Reference materials KW - Optical probes KW - Sensor molecules KW - Assay KW - Dye KW - Quantum yield KW - Method development KW - surface group analysis KW - synthesis KW - fluorescence standards PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51449 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bruno, Giovanni A1 - Fernández, R. A1 - Garcés, G. A1 - Nieto-Luis, H. A1 - Gonzáles-Doncel, G. T1 - Fractional brownian motion of dislocations during creep deformation of metals N2 - The present work offers an explanation on how the long-range interaction of dislocations influences their movement, and therefore the strain, during creep of metals. It is proposed that collective motion of dislocations can be described as a fractional Brownian motion. This explains the noisy appearance of the creep strain signal as a function of time. Such signal is split into a deterministic and a stochastic part. These terms can be related to two kinds of dislocation motions: individual and collective, respectively. The description is consistent with the fractal nature of strain-induced dislocation structures predicated in previous works. Moreover, it encompasses the evolution of the strain rate during all stages of creep, including the tertiary one. Creep data from Al99.8% and Al- 3.85%Mg tested at different temperatures and stresses are used to validate the proposed ideas: it is found that different creep stages present different diffusion characters, and therefore different dislocation motion character. KW - Metals KW - Fractional brownian motion KW - Creep deformation PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.140013 VL - 796 SP - 140013 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Paris AN - OPUS4-51450 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bruno, Giovanni A1 - Chen, C. A1 - Müller, Bernd R. A1 - Kupsch, Andreas A1 - Onel, Yener A1 - Staude, A. A1 - Prinz, Carsten A1 - Stroh, Julia A1 - Feldmann, Ines T1 - Orientation of pore space in diesel particulate filter materials N2 - Porous ceramic diesel particulate filters (DPFs) are extruded products that possess macroscopic anisotropic mechanical and thermal properties. This anisotropy is caused by both morphologic features (mostly the orientation of porosity) and crystallographic texture. We systematically studied those two aspects in a cordierite and two aluminum titanate (AT) ceramic materials of different porosity using mercury porosimetry, gas adsorption, electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray refraction radiography. We found that a lower porosity in AT content implies a larger isotropy of both the crystal texture and the porous space orientation. We also found that, analogous to cordierite, AT crystallites do align with their axis of negative thermal expansion along the extrusion direction. However, unlike what found for cordierite, the aluminium titanate crystallite form is such that a more pronounced (0 0 2) texture along the extrusion direction implies porosity aligned perpendicular to it. T2 - 6th Cellular Materials CellMAT 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 07.10.2020 KW - Microstructure-property relations KW - Preferred orientation KW - X-ray refraction KW - Pore orientation KW - Crystal structure KW - Extrusion PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51451 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Erning, Johann Wilhelm T1 - Wie gehe ich bei einer Schadensuntersuchung vor? N2 - Die Vorgehensweise bei einer Schadensanalyse wird beschrieben. Hinweise zu Methodik, Fehlervermeidung und Verhalten werden gegeben. T2 - Der sichere Einsatz von Werkstoffen aus Kupfer und Kupferlegierungen in der Trinkwasserinstallation CY - Online meeting DA - 21.10.2020 KW - Schadnesanalyse KW - Vorgehensweise KW - Korrosion PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51453 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Erning, Johann Wilhelm T1 - Planung und Betrieb von Trinkwasserinstallationen: Was uns das Regelwerk sagt N2 - Die gesetzlichen und technischen Regeln für Planung, Bau und Betrieb einer Trinkwasserinstallation werden dargestellt. Beispiele für einzelne Punkte werden gegeben. T2 - Der sichere Einsatz von Werkstoffen aus Kupfer und Kupferlegierungen in der Trinkwasserinstallation CY - Online meeting DA - 21.10.2020 KW - Trinkwasser KW - Werkstoffe KW - Korrosion KW - Hygiene PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51454 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Brittle Materials in Mechanical Extremes N2 - The goal of the Special Issue “Brittle Materials in Mechanical Extremes” was to spark a discussion of the analogies and the differences between different brittle materials, such as, for instance, ceramics and concrete. Indeed, the contributions to the Issue spanned from construction materials (asphalt and concrete) to structural ceramics, reaching as far as ice. The data shown in the issue were obtained by advanced microstructural techniques (microscopy, 3D imaging, etc.) and linked to mechanical properties (and their changes as a function of aging, composition, etc.). The description of the mechanical behavior of brittle materials under operational loads, for instance, concrete and ceramics under very high temperatures, offered an unconventional viewpoint on the behavior of brittle materials. This is not at all exhaustive, but a way to pave the road for intriguing and enriching comparisons. KW - Microcracking KW - Ceramics KW - Concrete KW - Asphalt KW - Mechanicalproperties KW - Microstructure KW - Strength PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-514558 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13204610 VL - 13 IS - 20 SP - 4610 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-51455 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - THES A1 - Babutzka, Martin T1 - Neue Erkenntnisse zur Deckschichtbildung von Zink an der Atmosphäre N2 - Die Korrosionsbeständigkeit und die Dauerhaftigkeit von Zink und Zinküberzügen an der Atmosphäre sind direkt mit der Bildungs- und Auflösungskinetik von schützenden Deckschichten aus festhaftenden Korrosionsprodukten verknüpft. Bei einem optimalen Zusammenwirken und einer günstigen Abfolge von atmosphärischen Einflussfaktoren bilden sich gut schützende, bei Feuchtigkeitszutritt nahezu unlösliche Deckschichten aus. Art und Eigenschaften der gebildeten Deckschichten hängen dabei insbesondere von den Luftinhaltsstoffen der Einsatzumgebung sowie von spezifischen Temperatur-Feuchte-Zyklen ab. Dabei besteht das Problem, dass sich die klimatischen Bedingungen und infolge auch die Deckschichtbildungsreaktionen bei Zink an der Atmosphäre im Laufe der letzten Jahrzehnte stark geändert haben. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die systematische Untersuchung und Beschreibung von Korrosions- und Deckschichtbildungsvorgängen bei Reinzink unter den aktuell in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland vorherrschenden klimatischen Bedingungen. Die Untersuchungen zielen in ihrer Gesamtheit auf das Hinterfragen aktueller und die Etablierung neuer Betrachtungsweisen zur Deckschichtbildung bei Reinzink unter atmosphärischen Korrosionsbedingungen ab und sollen damit einen wesentlichen Beitrag für das Verständnis des Korrosionsschutzes durch Zink und Zinküberzüge liefern. Dabei wurde der Fokus insbesondere auf das Anfangsstadium der Deckschichtbildung gelegt. Eine systematische Untersuchung dieses Zeitraums, der von sehr reaktiven Deckschichten geprägt ist, wurde erst durch den gezielten Einsatz gelartiger Elektrolyte ermöglicht. KW - Zink KW - Korrosion KW - Deckschichtbildung KW - Atmosphäre KW - gelartige Elektrolyte PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-8440-7626-4 DO - https://doi.org/10.2370/9783844076264 SN - 0945-1056 SP - 1 EP - 181 PB - Shaker Verlag CY - Düren AN - OPUS4-51458 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nirmalananthan-Budau, Nithiya A1 - Tavernaro, Isabella A1 - Rühle, Bastian A1 - Geißler, Daniel A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute T1 - Synthesis and Optical Quantification of Surface Groups on Organic and Inorganic Particle-Carriers N2 - Differently sized organic and inorganic particles are of great interest in the life and material sciences, as they can be used e.g. as drug carriers, fluorescent sensors, and multimodal labels in bioanalytical assays and imaging applications.1 Particle performance in such applications depends mainly on the sum of their intrinsic physicochemical properties. Here, the surface chemistry, i.e., the total number of surface functional groups (FG) and the number of FG accessible for subsequent modification with ligands and/or biomolecules, is one of the key parameters. Moreover, the surface chemistry of these materials controls the behavior and fate of the particles when released to the environment or taken up by cells. Nevertheless, it is still relatively rare that FG are quantified in particle safety studies. Methods for FG quantification should be simple, robust, reliable, fast, and inexpensive, and allow for the characterization of a broad variety of materials differing in size, chemical composition, and optical properties. Aiming at the development of simple, versatile, and multimodal tools for the quantification of bioanalytically relevant FG such as amine2,3, carboxy2,3, thiol, and aldehyde4 functionalities, we designed a catch-and-release assay utilizing cleavable probes that enable the quantification of the cleaved-off reporters in the supernatant after particle separation, and thus, circumvent interferences resulting from particle light scattering and sample-inherent absorption or emission.2 The potential of our cleavable probes for the quantification of carboxy and amino groups was demonstrated for commercial and custom-made polymer and silica particles of varying FG densities, underlining the benefit of the catch-and-release assays as a versatile method for the FG quantification on all types of transparent, scattering, absorbing and/or fluorescent particles.2,3 In the future, our cleavable probe strategy can be easily adapted to other analytical techniques requiring different reporters, or to different types of linkers that can be cleaved thermally, photochemically, or by pH, utilizing well-established chemistry, e.g. from drug delivery systems. It can contribute to establish multi-method characterization strategies for particles to provide a more detailed picture of the structure-properties relationship and thus can support the design of sustainable and safe(r) materials. T2 - Nanosafety 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 05.10.2020 KW - Optical quantification KW - Surface functional groups KW - Polymer particles KW - Silica particles KW - Cleavable probe PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51418 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Faßbender, Sebastian A1 - Rodiouchkina, K. A1 - Vanhaecke, F. A1 - Meermann, Björn T1 - On-line Species-specific Isotopic Analysis of Sulfur by Hyphenation of Capillary Electrophoresis with Multicollector-ICP-MS N2 - In many scientific fields, isotopic analysis can offer valuable information. Up to date, typically bulk analysis is aimed at measuring the isotopic composition of the entire elemental content of the sample. However, the analyte element is usually present under the form of different species. Thus, separating species of interest from one another and from matrix components prior to isotope ratio measurements can provide species-specific isotopic information, which could be used for tracing the origin of environmental pollutants and elucidation of (environmental) speciation. Using on-line hyphenations of separation techniques with multicollector-ICP-MS (MC-ICP-MS) can save time and effort and enables the analysis of different species during a single measurement. Whereas some works hyphenating GC and IC with MC-ICP-MS have already been reported, LC and CE hyphenations are still inadequately represented based on the capabilities of these separation techniques. In this work, we developed an on-line hyphenation of CE with multicollector-ICP-MS (CE/MC-ICP-MS) for isotopic analysis of sulfur species using a multiple-injection approach for instrumental mass bias correction by standard-sample bracketing. With this method, the isotopic composition of sulfur in sulfate originating from river water could be analyzed without sample preparation. The results were compared to data from off-line analysis of the same samples for validation. The repeatability of the results of the on-line measurements was promising regarding the differentiation of the river systems by the isotopic signature of river water sulfate. The great potential of this method is based on the versatility of the applied separation technique, not only in the environmental field but also for, e.g., biomolecules because sulfur is the only covalently bound constituent of proteins that can be analyzed by MC-ICP-MS. T2 - SciX 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 12.10.2020 KW - Capillary electrophoresis KW - Hyphenated techniques KW - Isotopic analysis KW - Speciation analysis PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51402 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Golle, U. A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Wintermann, C. ED - Brahms, I. T1 - Rötel und Eisengallustinte als Farbeffekte in der Zeichnung N2 - Eine Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Materialien findet für die farbliche Gestaltung von Zeichnungen Verwendung. Einige Pigmente und Farbstoffe, d.h. Tinten, Stifte oder Kreiden, waren nur für den Gebrauch als Zeichenmittel vorgesehen – andere wiederum finden sich auch in der Tafel- oder Fassmalerei. Ausgehend von schwarzen Zeichenmaterialien soll zunächst eine allgemeine Typologie der Farbmittel entwickelt werden, um den Kosmos dieser Vielfältigkeit zu illustrieren. In einem zweiten Teil werden farbige Elemente am Beispiel von Rötel in Zeichnungen hinterfragt, deren Funktion und Bedeutung sich aus der Betrachtung heraus nicht unbedingt sofort erschließt. So diente die Farbe hier weder der naturgetreuen Nachahmung, noch wurde sie für eine nachträgliche Wertsteigerung eingesetzt. Der dritte Teil dieses Exkurses widmet sich schließlich solchen „farbigen“ Elementen, deren Konnotationen sich aus den Zeichnungen nicht ermitteln lassen und die daher zunächst irritieren. Diese vermeintliche Farbigkeit war aber ursprünglich vielleicht gar nicht intendiert, sondern ist vielmehr auf Alterungs- und Korrosionsprozesse zurückzuführen. KW - Zeichenmaterialien KW - Eisengallustinte KW - Rötel KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-7319-0772-5 SP - 152 EP - 159 PB - Michael Imhof Verlag CY - Petersberg AN - OPUS4-51404 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Strangfeld, Christoph A1 - Kruschwitz, Sabine T1 - Determination of readiness for laying based on material moisture, corresponding relative humidity, and water release N2 - The moisture content of the subfloor has to be determined before installation to avoid damages of the floor covering. Only if the readiness for layering is reached, an installation without damages can be expected in all cases. In general, three different approaches exist to measure the residual water content: determination of the moisture content, determination of the water release, or determination of the corresponding relative humidity. All three approaches are tested in laboratory at eight different screed types including two different samples thicknesses in each case. The moisture content and the water release are measured by sample weighing, the corresponding relative humidity is measured by embedded sensors. All three approaches are compared and correlated to each other. The evaluations show only weak correlation and, in several cases, contradicting results. Samples are considered as being ready for layering and not-being ready for layering at the same time, depending on the chosen approach. Due to these contradicting results, a general threshold for the risk of damage cannot be derived based on these measurements. Furthermore, the experiment demonstrates that the measurement of corresponding relative humidity is independent of the considered screed type or screed composition. This makes the humidity measurement to very promising approach for the installation of material moisture monitoring systems in the future. KW - Material moisture KW - Readiness for laying KW - Screed KW - Corresponding relative humidity KW - Partially saturated pores PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.3139/120.111581 VL - 62 IS - 10 SP - 1033 EP - 1040 PB - Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG CY - München AN - OPUS4-51405 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Koch, Claudia A1 - Mirtsch, Mona T1 - Corona-Monitor - Auswirkungen der Corona-Pandemie auf Konformitätsbewertung und Konformitätsbewertungsstellen in Deutschland: Ergebnispräsentation zur Befragung im Juni 2020 N2 - Im Vortrag wurden die Ergebnisse der von BAM gemeinsam mit der TU Berlin und Fraunhofer ISI durchgeführten Befragung zur Lage der Konformitätsbewertungsstellen während der Corona-Pandemie vorgestellt und mit den Teilnehmer*innen diskutiert. Schwerpunkte lagen auf den wirtschaftlichen Auswirkungen (Aufträge, Arbeitsfähigkeit, Existenz), der Resilienz der Branche sowie den Wirkungen auf die Digitalisierung. Mehr Informationen unter www.qi-fokus.de. T2 - QI-FoKuS - Forschung für Konformitätsbewertung und Sicherheit CY - Online meeting DA - 08.10.2020 KW - Konformitätsbewertung KW - Konformitätsbewertungsstellen KW - Corona KW - COVID-19 KW - Prüfung KW - Zertifizierung KW - Resilienz KW - Digitalisierung KW - QI-FoKuS PY - 2020 UR - http://www.qi-fokus.de AN - OPUS4-51407 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bonse, Jörn A1 - Gräf, S. T1 - Maxwell Meets Marangoni — A Review of Theories on Laser‐Induced Periodic Surface Structures N2 - Surface nanostructuring enables the manipulation of many essential surface properties. With the recent rapid advancements in laser technology, a contactless large‐area processing at rates of up to m2 s−1 becomes feasible that allows new industrial applications in medicine, optics, tribology, biology, etc. On the other hand, the last two decades enable extremely successful and intense research in the field of so‐called laser‐induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS, ripples). Different types of these structures featuring periods of hundreds of nanometers only—far beyond the optical diffraction limit—up to several micrometers are easily manufactured in a single‐step process and can be widely controlled by a proper choice of the laser processing conditions. From a theoretical point of view, however, a vivid and very controversial debate emerges, whether LIPSS originate from electromagnetic effects or are caused by matter reorganization. This article aims to close a gap in the available literature on LIPSS by reviewing the currently existent theories of LIPSS along with their numerical implementations and by providing a comparison and critical assessment of these approaches. KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) KW - Electromagnetic theories KW - Matter reorganization theories KW - Surface plasmon polaritons KW - Self-organization PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-514089 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.202000215 SN - 1863-8899 VL - 14 IS - 10 SP - 2000215-1 EP - 2000215-25 PB - Wiley CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-51408 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Long, Lijia A1 - Anh Mai, Q. A1 - Morato, P. G. A1 - Dalsgaard Sorensen, J. A1 - Thöns, Sebastian T1 - Information value-based optimization of structural and environmental monitoring for offshore wind turbines support structures N2 - The use of load and structural performance measurement information is vital for efficient structural integrity management and for the cost of energy production with Offshore Wind Turbines (OWTs). OWTs are dynamically sensitive structures subject to an interaction with a control unit exposed to repeated cyclic wind and wave loads causing deterioration and fatigue. This study focuses on the quantification of the value of structural and environmental information on the integrity management of OWT structures, with the focus on fatigue of welded joints. By utilizing decision analysis, structural reliability methods, measurement data, as well as the cost-benefit models, a Value of Information (VoI) analysis can be performed to quantify the most beneficial measurement strategy. The VoI assessment is demonstrated for the integrity management of a butt welded joint of a monopile support structure for a 3 MW OWT with a hub height of approximately 71m. The conditional value of three-year measured oceanographic information and one-year strain monitoring information is quantified posteriori in conjunction with an inspection and repair planning. This paper provides insights on how much benefits can be achieved through structural and environmental information, with practical relevance on reliability-based maintenance of OWT structures. KW - Structural health monitoring KW - Offshore wind turbine KW - Monopile support structure KW - Value of information KW - Weld fatigue KW - Decision tree KW - Dynamic Bayesian Network PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-514098 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.06.038 VL - 10 IS - 159 SP - 1036 EP - 1046 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-51409 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Klewe, Tim T1 - Signalmerkmale des Radarverfahrens zur Klassifizierung von Feuchteschäden in Fußbodenaufbauten N2 - Zur Eingrenzung und Klassifizierung auftretender Feuchteschäden in geschichteten Fußbodenaufbauten wird bereits seit vielen Jahren das Neutronensondenverfahren eingesetzt. Während eine Eingrenzung des Schadens bereits durch die zerstörungsfrei aufgenommenen Messdaten möglich ist, erfordert die Klassifizierung zeit- und kostenintensive Sondierungsbohrungen. Die somit gewonnenen Tiefeninformationen zur Lage des Flüssigwassers tragen maßgeblich zur Planung der erforderlichen Reparaturarbeiten bei, was die Frage nach einer zerstörungsfreien Alternative zur vertikalen Lokalisierung von Feuchte in Fußböden stellt. Das Radarverfahren ist mit seiner hohen Sensitivität für Wasser besonders geeignet und soll künftig zur automatisierten Klassifizierung typischer Schadensfälle beitragen. In einem laufenden Forschungsvorhaben werden in systematischen Laborstudien gängige Schadensfälle an häufig anzutreffenden Fußbodenaufbauten simuliert und deren Einfluss auf die genannten Verfahren untersucht. Hierbei kommen Zement- und Anhydritestriche, sowie unterschiedliche Dämmmaterialen mit variierenden Schichtdicken zum Einsatz. Wesentlicher Bestandteil der Auswertung ist die Extraktion signifikanter Signalmerkmale des Radarverfahrens, welche Rückschlüsse auf den Schadensfall und ggf. die Wassermenge zulassen. Die Robustheit gegenüber unterschiedlichsten Aufbauten mit wechselnden Schichtdicken und Materialien steht hierbei besonders im Fokus. Erste Ergebnisse empfehlen die Betrachtung der örtlichen Verteilung bestimmter Signalmerkmale im Radargramm (B-Scan), um eine Klassifizierung der Schadensfälle vornehmen zu können. T2 - Fachtagung Bauwerksdiagnose 2020 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 13.02.2020 KW - Radar KW - Feuchte KW - Signalmerkmale KW - Klassifikation PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-504143 AN - OPUS4-50414 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Werner, Jan A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Kutz, Philipp T1 - Composite subjected to low temperatures N2 - To reduce the global emission of CO2, liquified natural gas (LNG) is increasingly used as fuel. As the pipeline network is not developed all around the globe, LNG needs to be transported via ship or truck. Double-walled tanks made of steel with a vacuum insulation are currently used to keep LNG at cryogenic temperatures (-162 °C; 111 K). The double-walled construction makes the tanks heavy and expensive. The vacuum insulation between the two walled structure ensures that the LNG stays liquid over the transportation time (boiling point of LNG: -162 ◦C). This causes a high temperature difference between the transported good and the ambient air. Furthermore, there are some restrictions in carrying out in-service inspection using a double-wall design. Therefore, alternative tank designs, such as single wall glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP), are of growing interest. The material properties of GFRP and tank insulation at cryogenic temperatures are investigated. Liquified nitrogen (-196 °C; 77 K) is used for all experiments at cryogenic temperatures for safety reasons. Thermal conductivity of different layers are investigated and compared. Mechanical properties are analyzed by performing 3-point bending tests on cooled specimen. When cooled, the specimens fail at a higher force, but all layers of the laminate fail at once. Further investigations into the characterization of material properties, such as CT scans are currently in preparation. Evaluation is done by FEM and in approximation via analytical solutions. T2 - ICMEA 2020 CY - Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam DA - 06.01.2020 KW - GFRP KW - Tanks KW - Cryogenic temperatures KW - LNG KW - Composite material KW - Safety PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50415 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ahmadi, Samim A1 - Burgholzer, P. A1 - Mayr, G. A1 - Jung, P. A1 - Caire, G. A1 - Ziegler, Mathias T1 - Photothermal super resolution imaging: A comparison of different thermographic reconstruction techniques N2 - This paper presents different super resolution reconstruction techniques to overcome the spatial resolution limits in thermography. Pseudo-random blind structured illumination from a onedimensional laser array is used as heat source for super resolution thermography. Pulsed thermography measurements using an infrared camera with a high frame rate sampling lead to a huge amount of data. To handle this large data set, thermographic reconstruction techniques are an essential step of the overall reconstruction process. Four different thermographic reconstruction techniques are analyzed based on the Fourier transform amplitude, principal component analysis, virtual wave reconstruction and the maximum thermogram. The application of those methods results in a sparse basis representation of the measured data and serves as input for a compressed sensing based algorithm called iterative joint sparsity (IJOSP). Since the thermographic reconstruction techniques have a high influence on the result of the IJOSP algorithm, this paper Highlights their Advantages and disadvantages. KW - Super resolution KW - Compressed sensing KW - Laser thermography KW - Virtual wave KW - Defect reconstruction PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2020.102228 VL - 111 SP - 2228 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Netherlands AN - OPUS4-50419 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weidner, Steffen A1 - Kricheldorf, H. R. T1 - Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization behavior of neat linear and cyclic poly(L-lactide)s and their blends N2 - Numerous new tin catalysts that enable the synthesis of cyclic polylactides with broad variation in their molecular mass were recently developed. The abundance of cyclics in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectra is, however, frequently reported to greatly exceed that of linears. Thus, the MALDI ionization behavior of various end-capped linear poly(L-lactide)s and one cyclic poly(L-lactide) was investigated and compared. Neat compounds and various blends of cyclic and linear species were prepared and studied under identical conditions with regard to sample preparation and instrumental condition, except for the laser power. For this purpose, two different MALDI-TOF mass spectrometers were applied. Our results reveal that cyclics indeed show a slightly better ionization in MALDI, although their ionization as a neat compound seems to be less effective than that of linear polylactides. The ionization of most linear polylactides investigated does not depend on the end group structure. However, linear polylactides containing 12-bromododecyl end groups reveal an unexpected saturation effect that is not caused by fragmentation of the polymer or the end group, or by electronic saturation of the detector digitizer. Furthermore, polylactides with a 2-bromoethyl end group did not show such a saturation effect. An overestimation of cyclic species in MALDI-TOF mass spectra of poly(L-lactide)s must be considered, but the commonly assumed peak suppression of linear polymers in mixtures of both structures can be excluded. KW - Polylactide KW - MALDI-TOF MS KW - Blends KW - Ionization PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-504216 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.8673 VL - 34 SP - e8673 PB - Wiley Online Libary AN - OPUS4-50421 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mundra, Shishir A1 - Prentice, D. P. A1 - Bernal, S. A. A1 - Provis, J. L. T1 - Modelling chloride transport in alkali-activated slags N2 - The service-life of steel-reinforced concrete structures is primarily determined by the ability of the concrete cover to resist chloride ingress. With limited literature available on the ingress of chloride into alkali-activated slags (AAS) under service conditions, it is critical that this is described by appropriate models. This paper describes an interactive software framework to relate chloride ingress into AAS with the chemistry of the concrete cover, by considering the chloride binding capacity and porosity of the binder as a function of time, based on thermodynamic calculations of the phase assemblage as a function of slag and activator composition. This provides a major step towards developing the ability to predict the ingress of chlorides in alkali-activated concretes from a sound theoretical basis, which is essential in providing confidence in the durability of these materials in essential infrastructure applications. KW - Thermodynamic calculations KW - Alkali activated cement KW - Durability KW - Diffusion KW - Chloride PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.106011 VL - 130 SP - 106011 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50423 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fernández, R. A1 - Bokuchava, G. A1 - Toda-Caraballo, I. A1 - Bruno, Giovanni A1 - Turchenko, V. A1 - Gorshkova, Y. A1 - González-Doncel, G. T1 - Analysis of the Combined Strengthening Effect of Solute Atoms and Precipitates on Creep of Aluminum Alloys N2 - The creep strengthening mechanisms in (age-hardenable) aluminum alloys are analyzed on the basis of a new microstructural study of powder samples, an analysis of a comprehensive revision of creep data from the literature, and a new modeling approach. A strategy based on the strength difference (SD) method to separate the contributions of solid solution atoms and precipitates to creep strengthening is proposed. The new methodology considers the combination of the two contributions avoiding the need of a threshold stress term in the creep equation. The contribution of both precipitates and solid solution is taken into account by means of the analysis of the lattice parameter variation with aging time. For this study, powders of two commercial AA2xxx alloys have been analyzed using diffraction methods. The experimental results are modeled using Lubarda's approach combined with the SD method. KW - Aluminium KW - Creep KW - Diffraction KW - Precipitation KW - Solute atoms PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201901355 SN - 1438-1656 VL - 22 SP - 1901355 EP - 4 PB - Wiley-VCH Verlag AN - OPUS4-50424 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Friedrich, C. M. A1 - Weigel, S. A1 - Marvin, H. A1 - Rauscher, H. A1 - Wohlleben, W. A1 - Babick, F. A1 - Löschner, K. A1 - Mech, A. A1 - Brüngel, R. A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Gilliland, D. A1 - Rasmussen, K. A1 - Ghanem, A. T1 - The NanoDefine Methods Manual N2 - This document is a collection of three JRC Technical Reports that together form the “NanoDefine Methods Manual”, which has been developed within the NanoDefine project ‘Development of an integrated approach based on validated and standardized methods to support the implementation of the EC recommendation for a definition of nanomaterial’, funded by the European Union’s 7th Framework Programme, under grant agreement 604347. The overall goal of the NanoDefine project was to support the implementation of the European Commission Recommendation on the definition of nanomaterial (2011/696/EU). The project has developed an integrated empirical approach, which allows identifying a material as a nano- or not a nanomaterial according to the EC Recommendation. The NanoDefine Methods Manual consists of three parts: Part 1: The NanoDefiner Framework and Tools, which covers the NanoDefiner framework, general information on measurement methods and performance criteria, and tools developed by NanoDefine such as a materials categorisation system, a decision support flow scheme and an e-tool. Part 2: Evaluation of Methods, which discusses the outcome of the evaluation of the nanomaterials characterisation methods for measuring size. Part 3: Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), which presents the 23 Standard Operating Procedures developed within the NanoDefine project. In this combined document, these three parts are included as stand-alone reports, each having its own abstract, table of contents, page, table and figure numbering, and references. KW - Nanomaterial KW - Particle size distribution KW - Nanoparticles KW - NanoDefine KW - Nanomaterial classification PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-504250 SN - 978-92-76-12335-4 DO - https://doi.org/10.2760/79490 VL - JRC117501 SP - 1 EP - 451 PB - Publications Office of the European Union CY - Luxembourg AN - OPUS4-50425 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kanerva, M. A1 - Matrenichev, V. A1 - Layer, R. A1 - Takala, T. M. A1 - Laurikainen, P. A1 - Sarlin, E. A1 - Elert, Anna Maria A1 - Yuding, V. A1 - Seitsonen, J. A1 - Ruokolainen, J. A1 - Saris, P. T1 - Comparison of Rosin and Propolis Antimicrobials in Cellulose Acetate Fibers Against Staphylococcus aureus N2 - The quantitative difference in the antibacterial response was measured for pine rosin and propolis against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 12598. The activity was studied for fibrous networks that form entirely bio-based cellulose-acetate (CA) materials. The analysis considers the effects of bacterial input, additive dosage, solvent type, variation in preparation, as well as the effect of storage time. Based on the results, the electrospun network structure is dependent on the solvent and the concentration of rosin and propolis. Both rosin and propolis improved the cellulose acetate solution processability, yet they formed beads at high concentrations. Rosin and propolis created strong antibacterial properties when these material systems were immersed in the liquid for 24 h at room temperature. The response remained visible for a minimum of two months. The electrospun networks of water and DMAc solvent systems with 1 to 5 wt% rosin content were clearly more efficient (i.e., decrease of 4 to 6 logs in colony forming units per mL) than the propolis networks, even after two months. This efficiency is likely due to the high content of abietic acids present in the rosin, which is based on the Fourier transform infrared spectra. The results of the additional analysis and cell cultivation with dermal fibroblast cells indicated an impairing effect on skin tissue by the rosin at a 1 wt% concentration compared to the pure CA fibers. KW - Electrospinning KW - Rosin KW - Propolis KW - Antibacterial KW - Cellulose acetate PY - 2020 SN - 1930-2126 VL - 15 IS - 2 SP - 3756 EP - 3773 AN - OPUS4-50635 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Neamtu, M. A1 - Nadejde, C. A1 - Brinza, L. A1 - Dragos, O. A1 - Gherghel, D. A1 - Paul, Andrea T1 - Iron phthalocyanine-sensitized magnetic catalysts for BPA photodegradation N2 - The catalytic behavior of iron phthalocyanine (FePc)-sensitized magnetic nanocatalysts was evaluated for their application in the oxidative treatment of Bisphenol A (BPA) under mild environmental conditions. Two types of FePc (Fe(II)Pc and Fe(III)Pc), which are highly photosensitive compounds, were immobilized on the surface of functionalized magnetite. The nanomaterials were characterized by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), X-ray difraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). The generation of singlet Oxygen by nanomaterials was also investigated. In the presence of UVA light exposure (365nm) and 15mM H2O2, the M@Fe(III)Pc photocatalyst gave the best results; for a catalyst concentration of 2.0gL −1, around 60% BPA was removed after 120min of reaction. These experimental conditions were further tested under natural solar light exposure, for which also M@Fe(III)Pc exhibited enhanced oxidative catalytic activity, being able to remove 83% of BPA in solution. The water samples were less cytotoxic after treatment, this being confrmed by the MCF-7 cell viability assay. KW - Photosensitization KW - magnetic nanocatalysts KW - BPA removal PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506368 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61980-6 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 5376 AN - OPUS4-50636 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Radunz, Sebastian A1 - Kraus, Werner A1 - Bischoff, F. A. A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Tschiche, Harald T1 - Temperature- and Structure-Dependent Optical Properties and Photophysics of BODIPY Dyes N2 - We report on the temperature- and structural-dependent optical properties and photophysics of a set of boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) dyes with different substitution patterns of their meso-aryl subunit. Single-crystal Xray diffraction analysis of the compounds enabled a classification of the dyes into a sterically hindered and a unhindered group. The steric hindrance refers to a blocked rotational motion of the aryl subunit around the bond connecting this moiety to the meso-position of the BODIPY core. The energy barriers related to this rotation were simulated by DFT calculations. As follows from the relatively low rotational barrier calculated to about 17 kcal/mol, a free rotation is only possible for sterically unhindered compounds. Rotational barriers of more than 40 kcal/mol determined for the sterically hindered compounds suggest an effective freezing of the rotational motion in These molecules. With the aid of temperature-dependent spectroscopic measurements, we could show that the ability to rotate directly affects the optical properties of our set of BODIPY dyes. This accounts for the strong temperature dependence of the fluorescence of the sterically unhindered compounds which show a drastic decrease in fluorescence quantum yield and a significant shortening in fluorescence lifetime upon heating. The optical properties of the sterically hindered compounds, however, are barely affected by temperature. Our results suggest a nonradiative deactivation of the first excited singlet state of the sterically unhindered compounds caused by a conical intersection of the potential energy surfaces of the Ground and first excited state which is accessible by rotation of the meso-subunit. This is in good agreement with previously reported deactivation mechanisms. In addition, our results suggest the presence of a second nonradiative depopulation pathway of the first excited singlet state which is particularly relevant for the sterically hindered compounds. KW - Fluorescence KW - Sensor KW - Switch KW - pH KW - BODIPY KW - Dye KW - Probe KW - Synthesis KW - Photophysics KW - Mechanism PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.9b11859 SN - 1089-5639 VL - 124 IS - 9 SP - 1787 EP - 1797 PB - American Chemical Society AN - OPUS4-50639 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kricheldorf, H. R. A1 - Weidner, Steffen A1 - Scheliga, F. T1 - Synthesis of cyclic polymers and flaws of the Jacobson–Stockmayer theory N2 - Cyclic poly(L-lactide)s were prepared by ring-opening polymerization combined with simultaneous polycondensation (ROPPOC) in bulk at 160 ° with dibutyltin bis(4-cyanophenoxide) as catalyst. It is demonstrated by MALDI TOF mass spectrometry and 1H NMR end group analyses that cycles are formed by endto-end cyclization in addition to “back-biting” transesterification. Formation of high molar mass cyclic poly L-lactide)s by means of several more reactive ROPPOC catalysts presented previously and in new experiments is discussed. These experimental results, together with theoretical arguments, prove that part of the Jacobson–Stockmayer theory is wrong. The critical monomer concentration, above which end-toend cyclization is seemingly impossible, does not exist and reversible like irreversible polycondensations can theoretically proceed up to 100% conversion, so that finally all reaction products will necessarily adopt a cyclic architecture. KW - Polylactide KW - MALDI-TOF MS KW - Cyclization PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506419 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d0py00226g VL - 11 IS - 14 SP - 2595 EP - 2604 PB - Royal Society for Chemistry AN - OPUS4-50641 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gorbushina, Anna T1 - Life on the rocks and other hard surfaces N2 - After their discovery on rock surfaces in cold and hot deserts, a polyphyletic group of ascomycetous black fungi was found to dominate a range of hostile environments – natural and man-made, from salterns to dishwashers, roofs and solar panels. Together with bacteria and algae they may establish subaerial biofilms and cause weathering of the surfaces they grow on. Their impressive survival abilities as well as their constitutive protective pigmentation and cluster-like microcolony organisation are similar in environmental isolates as well as in heat-tolerant opportunistic pathogens of animals and humans. We selected the rock-inhabiting fungus Knufia petricola (class Eurotiomycetes, order Chaetothyriales) that exhibits all the characteristics of microcolonial black fungi such as yeast-like cell growth, absence of reproductive structures and constitutive dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanogenesis (Nai et al. 2013, Fungal Genet Biol). We developed protocols to efficiently generate and transform protoplasts resulting in stable homokaryotic transformants by targeting genes involved in pigment synthesis. The differences between the wild-type fungus and its melanin-deficient mutants were tested in geomicrobiological experiments and measured are now discussed in detail, with special accent on the possible effects of the mutation on EPS and other exuded substances. T2 - Departmental colloquium of the Tuscia University CY - Viterbo, Italy DA - 14.02.2020 KW - Ascomycetes KW - Fungal biofilms KW - Material surface colonisation KW - Genetics KW - Genomics KW - Extremophilic fungi PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50643 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Meermann, Björn A1 - Von der Au, Marcus A1 - Borovinskaya, O. A1 - Büchel, C. T1 - Metal based pollutant assessment via diatoms - new possibilities via automated single cell-ICP-ToF-MS N2 - Diatoms are located at the bottom of the food chain. Toxicological relevant metals can possibly accumulate within the food web and cause harmful effects. Diatoms are a test system in ecotoxicology. Toxicological effects weaken the growth of algae which is by default investigated by means of fluorescence detection. On basis of the expose concentration as well as obtained fluorescence data potential threshold exceedance in e.g. surface waters is assessed. However, this approach does not allow for the determination of “real” accumulated metal concentration in diatoms. Common approaches are based on bulk analysis via e.g. ICP-MS, ICP-OES or AAS. But, biological variability is completely disregarded. To tackle this problem, alternative approaches are highly needed. Within the last years, sp-ICP-MS for nanoparticle as well as single cell analysis turned out as a powerful technique to analyze metal contents as well as size distributions on broad size range. But, common ICP-MS systems do not allow for multi-element detection within single particle/cell events. Thus, simultaneous MS detection devices are needed - just recently, ICP-ToF-MS experienced a revival. Within our previous work, we developed an automated sample introduction system based on a HPLC system on-line with single particle-ICP-MS, which allowed for ionic background separation and single algae analysis. However, for unambiguous tracing several fingerprint elements and multielement analysis in single algae (diatoms) is needed. Thus, we coupled our previous setup on-line to ICP-ToF-MS. Test diatom species were exposed to test substances (Zn) as well as nanoparticles (FeNPs). The developed setup allowed for a fast, automated and multielement analysis in single diatoms. Furthermore, we combined our approach with multivariate data assessment - multielement detection of characteristic fingerprint elements allowed for an unambiguous diatom tracing. Clustering of diatoms according to metal exposure concentration levels was enabled. Our approach is a new potential tool in ecotoxicological testing. T2 - 53. DGMS & 27th ICP-MS user meeting CY - Münster, Germany DA - 01.03.2020 KW - Single cell-ICP-ToF-MS KW - Diatoms KW - New ecotoxicological testing tools PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50644 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weidner, Steffen A1 - Meyer, A. A1 - Kricheldorf, H. R. T1 - Ring–Ring Equilibration in Solid, Even-Numbered Cyclic Poly(l-lactide)s and their Stereocomplexes N2 - Even-numbered cyclic poly(d-lactide) and poly(l-lactide) are prepared by ringexpansion polymerization. The cyclic pol(l-lactide) is annealed either at 120 or at 160 °C for several days. The progress of transesterification in the solid state is monitored by the formation of odd-numbered cycles via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. The changes of the crystallinity are monitored by differential scanning calorimetry, wideand small-angle x-ray scattering (WAXS and SAXS) measurements. Despite total even-odd equilibration at 160 °C, the crystallinity of poly(l-lactide) is not reduced. Furthermore, the crystallinity of the stereocomplexes of both cyclic polylactides do not decrease or vanish, as expected, when a blocky or random stereosequence is formed by transesterification. This conclusion is confirmed by 13C NMR spectroscopy. These measurements demonstrate that transesterification is a ring–ring equilibration involving the loops on the surfaces of the lamellar crystallites thereby improving crystallinity and 3D packing of crystallites without significant broadening of the molecular weight distribution. KW - Polylactide KW - MALDI-TOF MS KW - Cyclization PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506458 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.202000012 VL - 221 IS - 9 SP - 2000012 PB - Wiley-VCH Verlag AN - OPUS4-50645 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Smol, M. A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Krüger, O. T1 - Use of nutrients from wastewater for the fertilizer industry - approaches towards the implementation of the circular economy (CE) N2 - More sustainable waste management practices are an important element in the Transformation towards a circular economy (CE). Activities in this area should be dedicated to all groups of waste, including those generated in the water and sewage sector. This paper presents the characteristics of sewage sludge ash (SSA) coming from Polish municipal waste incineration plants. Due to the high content of nutrients such as phosphorus (8.01% P2O5), calcium (5.11% CaO) and magnesium (2.75% MgO), the analyzed SSA may constitute a valuable source of raw materials for the fertilizer industry. Despite the good fertilizing properties of the SSA, in some cases the presence of heavy metals such as cadmium (0.74–1.4 mg/kg dry matter), lead (49.8–99 mg/kg dry matter), mercury (3.93 mg/kg dry matter) and arsenic (4.23–4.43 mg/kg dry matter) and poor bioavailability of P from SSA disqualifies this waste from direct use as a fertilizer. Therefore, it is necessary to look for methods that will allow the municipal SSA to be processed, for example, technologies for the extraction of phosphorus and the production of phosphate fertilizer. This way of SSA management is in the line with the CE assumptions, in which waste becomes a valuable source of secondary raw materials. Fertilizer produced from waste meeting quality, safety and labelling requirements and limits of organic, microbiological and physical contaminants will be able to be traded freely within the European Union (EU) and receive the CE marking. The idea of use of SSA for fertilizer purposes is consistent not only with the objectives of the CE but also with the Polish National Waste Management Plan 2022 and the Municipal Sewage Sludge Strategy 2019–2022, which emphasizes the necessity to maximize the use of biogenic substances contained in wastewater. Therefore, sustainable management of SSA, in particular its storage in a way enabling the recovery of phosphorus, should be promoted. KW - Wastewater KW - Circular economy KW - Fertilizer KW - Sewage sludge KW - Phosphorus PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2020.25113 VL - 1 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Desalination Publications CY - Hopkinton, MA 01748, USA AN - OPUS4-50646 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Evsevleev, Sergei A1 - Sevostianov, I. A1 - Mishurova, Tatiana A1 - Hofmann, M. A1 - Garcés, G. A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Explaining Deviatoric Residual Stresses in Aluminum Matrix Composites with Complex Microstructure N2 - The residual stresses in multiphase metal Matrix composites with both random planar-oriented short fibers and particles were studied by neutron diffraction and by a model based on the reformulation of classic Maxwell’s homogenization method. Contrary to common understanding and state-of-the-art models, we experimentally observed that randomly oriented phases possess non-hydrostatic residual stress. The recently developed modeling Approach allows calculating the residual stress in all phases of the composites. It rationalizes the presence of deviatoric stresses Accounting for the interaction of random oriented phases with fibers having preferential orientation. KW - Metal matrix composite KW - Residual stress KW - Deviatoric KW - Micromechanics PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506472 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-020-05697-1 VL - 51 IS - 6 SP - 3104 EP - 3113 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-50647 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Priebe, Nsesheye Susan A1 - Sturm, Patrick A1 - Kühne, Hans-Carsten A1 - Gluth, Gregor ED - Bishnoi, S. T1 - Comparison of brick clays and a kaolinitic clay regarding calcination and performance in blended cement mortars N2 - Two brick clays (rich in 2:1 clay minerals) and a low-grade kaolinitic clay were studied regarding their transformations during calcination and their performance in blended cement mortars. The mortars with calcined clays exhibited decreased workability (slump flow), but this effect could be mitigated by employment of a conventional superplasticizer; however, compressive strength of the hardened mortar was lowered in some cases. While the kaolinitic clay generally yielded the highest strength, the performance of a brick clay could be increased by grinding to higher fineness and by mixing it with the kaolinitic clay. T2 - 3rd International Conference on Calcined Clays for Sustainable Concrete CY - New Delhi, India DA - 15.10.2019 KW - Calcined clays KW - Blended cements KW - Workability KW - Supplementary cementitious materials PY - 2020 SN - 978-981-15-2805-7 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2806-4_10 N1 - Geburtsname von Priebe, Nsesheye Susan: Msinjili, N. S. - Birth name of Priebe, Nsesheye Susan: Msinjili, N. S. VL - 25 SP - 85 EP - 93 PB - Springer CY - Singapore AN - OPUS4-50663 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Marquardt, Julien A1 - Frisch, M. A1 - Kiske, S. A1 - Bernicke, M. A1 - Raza, H. A1 - Pinna, N. A1 - Kraehnert, R. A1 - Emmerling, Franziska T1 - Investigating the morphology of nanostructured mixed metal oxides (Ir/TiOx) and its impact on the electrocatalytic OER-activity N2 - The electrocatalytic conversion of water into molecular hydrogen and oxygen under the utilization of excess renewable energies, such as wind power, photovoltaics and hydroelectric power is one possible pathway to establish a sustainable hydrogen economy. The obtained hydrogen is either stored and used in a fuel cell or consumed on-site in industrial applications. Water electrolysis systems (WES) are based on two half cell reactions, such as oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) which both proceed simultaneously. The OER suffers from slow reaction kinetics and thus limits the overall performance. The most promising compounds in acidic electrolysis are IrO2 and RuO2. Due to their rare abundance and extremely high price a wide use of acidic WES was prevented. Lowering the catalysts noble metal content by mixing iridium with titanium reduces the production costs. Thin films are produced by dip coating a solution of metal oxide precursors alongside with a polymer template dissolved in ethanol. The obtained samples are subsequently calcined to the remove the template and adjust crystallinity. Finally, an additional iridium deposition step was performed on the outer surface plane area. Understanding the influence of structural and morphological aspects on the OER-activity is beneficial to further optimize WES. The current presentation will thus give detailed insights to structural aspects obtained by Raman spectroscopy, small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering which are then combined with electrochemical parameters to deduce structure-activity relationships. T2 - Joint Polish-German Crystallographic Meeting 2020 CY - Wrocław, Poland DA - 24.02.2020 KW - nanostructured KW - electrocatalysis PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50664 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Baláž, M. A1 - Tešinský, M. A1 - Marquardt, Julien A1 - Škrobian, M. A1 - Daneu, N. A1 - Rajňák, M. A1 - Baláž, P. T1 - Synthesis of copper nanoparticles from refractory sulfides using a semi-industrial mechanochemical approach N2 - The large-scale mechanochemical reduction of binary sulfides chalcocite (Cu2S) and covellite (CuS) by elemental iron was investigated in this work. The reduction of Cu2S was almost complete after 360 min of milling, whereas in the case of CuS, a significant amount of non-reacted elemental iron could still be identified after 480 min. Upon application of more effective laboratory-scale planetary ball milling, it was possible to reach almost complete reduction of CuS. Longer milling leads to the formation of ternary sulfides and oxidation product, namely cuprospinel CuFe2O4. The rate constant calculated from the magnetometry measurements using a diffusion model for Cu2S and CuS reduction by iron in a large-scale mill is 0.056 min−0.5 and 0.037 min−0.5, respectively, whereas for the CuS reduction in a laboratory-scale mill, it is 0.1477 min−1. The nanocrystalline character of the samples was confirmed by TEM and XRD, as the produced Cu exhibited sizes up to 16 nm in all cases. The process can be easily scaled up and thus copper can be obtained much easier from refractory minerals than in traditional metallurgical approaches. KW - Mechanochemistry KW - Copper sulfides KW - Copper nanoparticles KW - Magnetometry KW - Oxidation PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2019.11.032 VL - 31 IS - 2 SP - 782 EP - 791 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-50665 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmid, Thomas A1 - Jungnickel, Robert A1 - Dariz, P. T1 - Insights into the CaSO4–H2O System: A Raman-Spectroscopic Study N2 - Even though being the subject of natural scientific research for many decades, the system CaSO4–H2O, consisting of the five crystalline phases gypsum, bassanite, and the anhydrites III, II, and I, has left many open questions for research. Raman spectroscopy was used because of its structural sensitivity and in situ measurement capability to obtain further insight by studying phase transitions in both ex situ and in situ experiments. The findings include significant contributions to the completeness and understanding of Raman spectroscopic data of the system. The dehydration path gypsum–bassanite–anhydrite III was shown to have strong parallels to a physical drying process, which depends on many parameters beyond the burning temperature. Raman band width determination was demonstrated to enable the quantitative discrimination of α-bassanite and β-bassanite as well as the postulated three sub-forms of anhydrite II (AII), which are all based on differences in crystallinity. In the latter case, the observed continuous structural variations over increasing burning temperatures were elucidated as a combination of decreasing surface areas and healing of crystal lattice defects. We propose an only two-fold sub-division of AII into reactive “disordered AII” and much less reactive “crystalline AII” with a transition temperature of 650°C ± 50 K. KW - Gypsum KW - Bassanite KW - Hemihydrate KW - Anhydrite KW - Raman spectroscopy PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506701 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/min10020115 SN - 2075-163X VL - 10 IS - 2 SP - 115, 35 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-50670 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Neumann, Patrick P. A1 - Hirschberger, Paul A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias ED - Zemčík, R. ED - Krystek, J. T1 - Influence of rotor downwash on vertically displaced nanobots in flight N2 - One challenge associated with navigating a nano aerial robot swarm indoors in unstructured environments is, i.a., the limited air space. To avoid an over-regulation of the available indoor air space (e.g., prohibit copters to fly above each other), a safety region around each copter must be defined. In this paper, we investigate the impact of the downwash of a nano-drone on the stability of another nearby nano-drone. In the experiments, we found out that this downwash has a negative influence of a second nano-drone in a distance of around 1 m vertically and 0.2 m horizontally. Based on the obtained data, we developed a model describing the above-mentioned safety region to enable a safe operation of the swarm in these environments with fewer constraints. T2 - 36th Danubia-Adria Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics CY - Pilsen, Czech Republic DA - 24.09.2019 KW - Mobile Robot Olfaction KW - Nano aerial robot KW - Swarm KW - Collision-free navigation KW - Safety region model PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.047 VL - 32 IS - 2 SP - 108 EP - 111 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-50673 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mishurova, Tatiana A1 - Artzt, K. A1 - Haubrich, J. A1 - Evsevleev, Sergei A1 - Evans, Alexander A1 - Meixner, M. A1 - Serrano Munoz, Itziar A1 - Sevostianov, I. A1 - Requena, G. A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Connecting Diffraction-Based Strain with Macroscopic Stresses in Laser Powder Bed Fused Ti-6Al-4V N2 - The laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) production process often results in large residual stress (RS) in the parts. Nondestructive techniques to determine RS are badly needed. However, a reliable quantification of macro-RS (i.e., stress at the component level) by means of diffraction-based techniques is still a great challenge, because the link between diffraction-based strain and macro-RS is not trivial. In this study, we experimentally determine (by means of in-situ synchrotron radiation diffraction) this link for LPBF Ti-6Al-4V. We compare our results with commonly used models to determine the so-called diffraction elastic constants (DECs). We show that LPBF materials possess different DECs than wrought alloys, simply because their microstructural and mechanical properties are different. We also show that the existing models can be used to calculate DECs only if high accuracy of the RS values is not required. If the peculiarities of the microstructure have to be taken into account (as is the case of additively manufactured materials), a radically new approach is desirable. KW - Tiatanium KW - Synchrotron X-ray diffraction KW - Macroscopic stress KW - Laser powder bed fusion KW - Texture KW - Diffraction elastic constants PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506483 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-020-05711-6 VL - 51 IS - 6 SP - 3194 EP - 3204 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-50648 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - von Oertzen, Alexander A1 - Wilrich, Cordula T1 - GHS Einstufung von Explosivstoffen — Quo vadis? N2 - Länderübergreifende und vereinheitlichte Kriterien zur Einstufung von gefährlichen Chemikalien und zu ihrer Gefahrenkommunikation sind ein wichtiges Element für die Sicherheit im Umgang mit Gefahrstoffen. Das globale System zur Einstufung und Kennzeichnung von Chemikalien – das Globally Harmonized System der Vereinten Nationen (UN) – oder kurz GHS – unterstützt dieses Anliegen und hat auch Eingang in die europäischen Rechtsvorschriften gefunden. Die Vereinten Nationen (UN) haben sich nunmehr einiger systematischer Probleme im GHS angenommen und verändern in diesem Zuge auch das Einstufungssystem für Explosivstoffe. Die Fachdiskussionen im Kreis der Experten bei UN sind komplex und nicht leicht zu verfolgen. Es soll daher hier ein Zwischenstand über die bislang vorliegenden Ergebnisse der damit befassten Arbeitsgruppen dargestellt werden. KW - GHS KW - Explosivstoffe PY - 2020 SN - 0941-4584 VL - 2020 IS - 01 SP - 25 EP - 29 AN - OPUS4-50651 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Erning, Johann Wilhelm A1 - Kamaraj, A. T1 - Susceptibility of 304 Stainless Steel to Crevice Corrosion in Electrochemically Active Fluids N2 - The susceptibility of Type 304 stainless steel (SS) to crevice corrosion upon contacting with electrochemically active fluids was investigated using exposure tests and stepwise potentiostatic polarization. Crevice materials made of 304 SS and polyether ether ketone (PEEK) were focused on in this study. The combined influence of oxidant and chloride concentration on crevice corrosion was examined in detail in the two types of crevice combinations (304 SS-to-PEEK and 304 SS-to-304 SS). The 304 SS specimens were strongly susceptible to crevice corrosion when coupled with 304 SS. Even at a low concentration of 5 mg/L free chlorine and 150 mg/L chloride, which is below nominal dilutions in beverage industries, the examined specimens underwent crevice corrosion in both crevices. The effect of water composition on crevice corrosion was also studied, indicating high susceptibility of 304 SS to crevice corrosion in low pH (pH ≤ 5) solutions. The corroded surface morphology was analyzed using scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive x-ray, and confocal. KW - Crevice corrosion KW - Disinfectants KW - Stainless steel PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.5006/3324 SN - 0010-9312 VL - 76 IS - 4 SP - 424 EP - 435 PB - Nace International CY - Houston AN - OPUS4-50652 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brinker, U. A1 - Bērziņš, V. A1 - Ceriņa, A. A1 - Gerhards, G. A1 - Kalniņš, M. A1 - Schmölcke, U. A1 - Meinel, Dietmar A1 - Luebke, H. T1 - Two burials in a unique freshwater shell midden: insights into transformations of Stone Age hunter-fisher daily life in Latvia N2 - The Stone Age site Riņņukalns, Latvia, is the only well-stratified shell midden in the Eastern Baltic. In this paper, we present new interdisciplinary results concerning its dating, stratigraphy, features, and finds to shed light on the daily life of a fisher population prior to the introduction of domesticated animals. The undisturbed part of the midden consists of alternating layers of unburnt mussel shell, burnt mussel shell and fish bone, containing artefacts, some mammal and bird bones, and human burials. Two of them, an adult man and a baby, are discovered recently and date to the calibration plateau between 3350 and 3100 cal BC, and to the later 4th millennium, respectively. Stable isotopes suggest a diet based heavily on freshwater fish, and this is supported not only by ten thousands of identified fish remains, but also by a fish bone concentration nearby the skull of the man, which is interpreted as remain of a grave gift (possible fish soup). Of special interest are the baby’s stable isotope values. It shows that the mother’s diet was atypical (perhaps because she was non-local), and/or that dietary stress during pregnancy increased fractionation between the mother’s diet and her bloodstream KW - Baltic Stone Age KW - Palaeoanthropology PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-020-01049-7 VL - 12 IS - 5 SP - Article number: 97 PB - Springer-Verlag GmbH CY - Germany AN - OPUS4-50653 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Taube, Mareike Carolin A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Beckmann, T. A1 - Reuter, M. A1 - Stelter, M. ED - Reiser, B. T1 - Recycling von metallurgischen Rückständen - Schmelzversuche zeigen, wie die Tantalrückgewinnung aus Zinnschlacken und weiteren Reststoffen optimiert werden kann N2 - Since the recycling of tantalum bearing post-consumer waste is practically not existent, metallurgical residues are the most important feed for the tantalum recycling. Most tin ores naturally contain significant quantities of refractory metals. During the smelting process in primary tin production these elements are enriched in the slag phase. This slag is a highly valuable raw material for tantalum production due to its considerable concentration of tantalum and its functioning as an additional slag former in further pyrometallurgical treatment. In this paper the first process stage of an existing pyrometallurgical process for tantalum recovery, mainly from low grade pyrometallurgical residues, is discussed. Smelting trials were carried out in a pilot-scale electric arc furnace to analyse the effect of feeding on the activity of carbon as a reducing agent. Therefore, blowing petroleum coke through an iron lance and the manual adding of coke into the melting bath were tested. During the pyrometallurgical treatment elements with a high affinity to carbon were reduced to their carbide form and enriched in the molten iron-based metal phase. The objective of the process was to reduce the oxidic tantalum completely and to enrich it into the metal phase. Furthermore, the transfer of unwanted elements such as titanium into the metal phase was aimed to be avoided. Spoon test specimens were taken from the liquid mineral melt to follow the evolution of the reduction process. The cooled down solidified melting bath was investigated by using the XRD and EDX method to characterise the slag system and to identify relevant mineral phases. N2 - Da das Recycling von tantalhaltigen Post-Consumer-Abfällen praktisch nicht existiert, stellen metallurgische Reststoffe eine äußerst wichtige Rohstoffquelle für das Tantalrecycling dar. Die meisten Zinnerze enthalten von Natur aus erhebliche Mengen an Refraktärmetallen. Diese Elemente werden in den Schlacken der pyrometallurgischen Primärzinngewinnung angereichert. Aufgrund ihrer vergleichsweise hohen Wertstoffkonzentration und ihrer Funktion als zusätzlicher Schlackenbildner stellen diese Schlacken einen wertvollen Rohstoff für die Verhüttung tantalhaltiger Reststoffe dar. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein existierendes Verfahren zur Tantalrückgewinnung diskutiert, dem hauptsächlich pyrometallurgische Rückstände geringer Wertstoffkonzentration als Einsatzstoff dienen. Mit Hilfe des Verfahrens sollte dasoxidisch vorliegende Tantal vollständig reduziert und in der Metallphase angereichert werden. Weiterhin sollte vermieden werden, dass unerwünschte Elemente wie Titan in die Metallphase überführt werden. Ziel der Untersuchung war es, die ablaufenden Reduktionsprozesse besser zu verstehen, um so Ansätze für die Prozessoptimierung identifizieren zu können. KW - Lichtbogenofen KW - Pyrometallurgie KW - Recycling KW - Tantal KW - Zinnschlacke PY - 2020 SN - 0934-3482 VL - 33 SP - 10 EP - 17 PB - Rhombos-Verlag CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-50656 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pfretzschner, Beate A1 - Schaupp, Thomas A1 - Hannemann, Andreas A1 - Schultz, Michael A1 - Griesche, Axel T1 - On the Genesis of Artifacts in Neutron Transmission Imaging of Hydrogenous Steel Specimens N2 - Hydrogen-charged supermartensitic steel samples were used to systematically investigate imaging artifacts in neutron radiography. Cadmium stencils were placed around the samples to shield the scintillator from excessive neutron radiation and to investigate the influence of the backlight effect. The contribution of scattered neutrons to the total detected intensity was investigated by additionally varying the sample-detector distance and applying a functional correlation between distance and intensity. Furthermore, the influence of the surface roughness on the edge effect due to refraction was investigated. KW - Refraction KW - Neutron imaging KW - Hydrogen KW - Supermartensitic steel KW - Backlight KW - Scattering PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506587 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging6040022 VL - 6 IS - 22 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Switzerland AN - OPUS4-50658 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ebell, Gino T1 - Untersuchungen zur Ermittlung von Ccrit an nichtrostenden "ferritischen" Betonstählen in alkalischen und karbonatisierten Mörteln N2 - Es wurden elektrochemische und LIBS Untersuchungen verwendet um den kritischen Korrosion auslösenden Chloridgehalt in alkalischen und karbonatisierten Mörteln zu ermitteln. Ein deutliche Abhängikeit zwischen pH-Wert und Ccrit konnte dabei festgestellt werden. T2 - Sitzung zum Ccrit von TOP 12 CY - Luzern, Switzerland DA - 19.02.2020 KW - Korrosion KW - LIBS KW - Chloridgehalt KW - Beton PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50599 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Thomas, Maximilian A1 - Vollert, F. A1 - Weidemann, Jens A1 - Gibmeier, J. A1 - Kromm, Arne A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas T1 - Surface- and volume-based investigation on influences of different Varestraint testing parameters and chemical compositions on solidification cracking in LTT filler metals N2 - The subject of this study is how, and to what extent, Varestraint/Transvarestraint test results are influenced by both testing parameters and characteristics of evaluation methods. Several different high-alloyed martensitic LTT (low Transformation temperature) filler materials, CrNi and CrMn type, were selected for examination due to their rather distinctive solidification cracking behaviour, which aroused interest after previous studies. First, the effects of different process parameter sets on the solidification cracking response were measured using standard approaches. Subsequently, microfocus X-ray computer tomography (μCT) scans were performed on the specimens. The results consistently show sub-surface cracking to significant yet varying extents. Different primary solidification types were found using wavelength dispersive X-ray (WDX) analysis conducted on filler metals with varying Cr/Ni equivalent ratios. This aspect is regarded as the main difference between the CrNiand CrMn-type materials in matters of cracking characteristics. Results show that when it comes to testing of modern highperformance alloys, one set of standard Varestraint testing parameters might not be equally suitable for all materials. Also, to properly accommodate different solidification types, sub-surface cracking has to be taken into account. KW - Solidification cracking KW - Varestraint testing KW - MVT KW - LTT filler metal KW - Microfocus X-ray computer tomography (μCT) PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506039 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-020-00895-2 VL - 64 SP - 913 EP - 923 PB - Springer Nature CY - Heidelberg, New York AN - OPUS4-50603 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - An, Biwen Annie A1 - Kleinbub, Sherin A1 - Özcan Sandikcioglu, Özlem A1 - Koerdt, Andrea T1 - Iron to Gas: Versatile Multiport Flow-Column Revealed Extremely High Corrosion Potential by Methanogen-Induced Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (Mi-MIC) N2 - Currently, sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) is regarded as the main culprit of microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC), mainly due to the low reported corrosion rates of other microorganisms. For example, the highest reported corrosion rate for methanogens is 0.065 mm/yr. However, by investigating methanogen-induced microbiologically influenced corrosion (Mi-MIC) using an in-house developed versatile multiport flow test column, extremely high corrosion rates were observed. We analyzed a large set of carbon steel beads, which were sectionally embedded into the test columns as substrates for iron-utilizing methanogen Methanobacterium IM1. After 14 days of operation using glass beads as fillers for section separation, the highest average corrosion rate of Methanobacterium IM1 was 0.2 mm/yr, which doubled that of Desulfovibrio ferrophilus IS5 and Desulfovibrio alaskensis 16109 investigated at the same conditions. At the most corroded region, nearly 80% of the beads lost 1% of their initial weight (fast-corrosion), resulting in an average corrosion rate of 0.2 mm/yr for Methanobacterium IM1-treated columns. When sand was used as filler material to mimic sediment conditions, average corrosion rates for Methanobacterium IM1 increased to 0.3 mm/yr (maximum 0.52 mm/yr) with over 83% of the beads having corrosion rates above 0.3 mm/yr. Scanning electron images of metal coupons extracted from the column showed methanogenic cells were clustered close to the metal surface. Methanobacterium IM1 is a hydrogenotrophic methanogen with higher affinity to metal than H2. Unlike SRB, Methanobacterium IM1 is not restricted to the availability of sulfate concentration in the environment. Thus, the use of the multiport flow column provided a new insight on the corrosion potential of methanogens, particularly in dynamic conditions, that offers new opportunities for monitoring and development of mitigation strategies. Overall, this study shows under certain conditions methanogenic archaea can cause higher corrosion than SRB, specific quantifications, i.e., maximum, average, and minimum corrosion rates can be determined, and that spatial statistical evaluations of MIC can be carried out. KW - Microbiologically influenced corrosion KW - Methanogen KW - Methane KW - Biocorrosion KW - Flow system KW - Modeling KW - Multiport PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506084 DO - https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.00527 VL - 11 SP - Article 527 PB - Frontiers in microbiology AN - OPUS4-50608 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brunier-Coulin, F. A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo A1 - Philippe, P. T1 - Generalized Shields criterion for weakly cohesive granular materials N2 - The erosion of natural sediments by a superficial fluid flow is a generic situation in many usual geological or industrial contexts. However, there is still a lack of fundamental knowledge about erosional processes, especially concerning the role of internal cohesion and adhesive stresses on issues such as the critical flow conditions for the erosion onset or the kinetics of soil mass loss. This contribution investigates the influence of cohesion on the surface erosion by an impinging jet flow based on laboratory tests with artificially bonded granular materials. The model samples are made of spherical glass beads bonded either by solid bridges made of resin or by liquid bridges made of a highly viscous oil. To quantify the intergranular cohesion, the capillary forces of the liquid bridges are here estimated by measuring their main geometrical parameters with image-processing techniques and using well-known analytical expressions. For the solid bonds, the adhesive strength of the materials is estimated by direct measurement of the yield tensile forces and stresses at the particle and sample scales, respectively, with specific traction tests developed for this purpose. The proper erosion tests are then carried out in an optically adapted device that permits a direct visualization of the scouring process at the jet apex by means of the refractive index matching technique. On this basis, the article examines qualitatively the kinetics of the scour crater excavation for both scenarios, namely, for an intergranular cohesion induced by either liquid or solid bonds. From a quantitative perspective, the critical condition for the erosion onset is discussed specifically for the case of the solid bond cohesion. In this respect, we propose here a generalized form of the Shields criterion based on a common definition of a cohesion number from yield tensile values, derived at both micro- and macroscales. The article finally shows that the proposed form manages to reconcile the experimental data for cohesive and cohesionless materials, the latter in the form of the so-called Shields curve along with some previous results of the authors which have been appropriately revisited. KW - Hydraulic jet erosion KW - Cohesive granular materials KW - Jet erosion test PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevFluids.5.034308 VL - 5 IS - 3 SP - 034308 PB - American Physical Society AN - OPUS4-50613 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Klewe, Tim A1 - Strangfeld, Christoph A1 - Ritzer, Tobias A1 - Kruschwitz, Sabine ED - Littmann, K. T1 - Zerstörungsfreie Lokalisierung von Flüssigwasser in Fußböden durch Kombination von Radar und Neutronensonde N2 - Das Neutronensondenverfahren wird bereits seit vielen Jahren erfolgreich zur Eingrenzung und Quantifizierung auftretender Feuchteschäden an Fußböden eingesetzt. Hierzu bedarf es jedoch einer Vielzahl zerstörender Sondierungsbohrungen, welche die gewonnenen Messdaten kalibrieren und eine Tiefenzuordnung des Flüssigwassers zulassen. Dadurch entsteht ein zeitlicher und finanzieller Aufwand, der durch den parallelen Einsatz des elektromagnetischen Radarverfahrens vermieden werden könnte. Mit seiner hohen Sensitivität für Wasser bietet diese Messmethode die Möglichkeit der vertikalen Lokalisierung von Feuchte, was zu einer automatisierten Klassifizierung typischer Schadensfälle beitragen soll. In einem laufenden Forschungsvorhaben werden in systematischen Laborstudien gängige Schadensfälle an häufig anzutreffenden Fußbodenaufbauten simuliert und deren Einfluss auf die genannten Verfahren untersucht. Hierbei kommen Zement- und Anhydritestriche, sowie unterschiedliche Dämmmaterialen mit variierenden Schichtdicken zum Einsatz. Wesentlicher Bestandteil der Auswertung ist die Extraktion signifikanter Signalmerkmale des Radarverfahrens, welche Rückschlüsse auf den Schadensfall und ggf. die Wassermenge zulassen. Weiterführend sollen die Kombinationsmöglichkeiten der verschiedenen Signalmerkmale und der Neutronensondendaten durch Methoden der multivariaten Datenauswertung und des maschinellen Lernens geprüft werden. Die Unabhängigkeit gegenüber wechselnden Schichtdicken und Materialien steht hierbei besonders im Fokus und soll anhand der erzielten Ergebnisse evaluiert werden. T2 - 10. Kolloquium Industrieböden - Fachtagung über stark beanspruchte Bodenkonstruktionen CY - Esslingen, Germany DA - 03.03.2020 KW - Radar KW - Feuchte KW - Neutronensonde PY - 2020 SN - ISBN 978-3-8169-8505-1 (ePDF) SN - ISBN 978-3-8169-3505-6 (Print) SP - 179 EP - 185 PB - Expert Verlag CY - Tübingen AN - OPUS4-50589 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kruschwitz, Sabine A1 - Klewe, Tim A1 - Strangfeld, Christoph A1 - Ritzer, Tobias T1 - Zerstörungsfreie Lokalisierung von Flüssigwasser in Fußböden durch Kombination von Radar und Neutronensonde N2 - Das Neutronensondenverfahren wird bereits seit vielen Jahren erfolgreich zur Eingrenzung und Quantifizierung auftretender Feuchteschäden an Fußböden eingesetzt. Hierzu bedarf es jedoch einer Vielzahl zerstörender Sondierungsbohrungen, welche die gewonnenen Messdaten kalibrieren und eine Tiefenzuordnung des Flüssigwassers zulassen. Dadurch entsteht ein zeitlicher und finanzieller Aufwand, der durch den parallelen Einsatz des elektromagnetischen Radarverfahrens vermieden werden könnte. Mit seiner hohen Sensitivität für Wasser bietet diese Messmethode die Möglichkeit der vertikalen Lokalisierung von Feuchte, was zu einer automatisierten Klassifizierung typischer Schadensfälle beitragen soll. In einem laufenden Forschungsvorhaben werden in systematischen Laborstudien gängige Schadensfälle an häufig anzutreffenden Fußbodenaufbauten simuliert und deren Einfluss auf die genannten Verfahren untersucht. Hierbei kommen Zement- und Anhydritestriche, sowie unterschiedliche Dämmmaterialen mit variierenden Schichtdicken zum Einsatz. Wesentlicher Bestandteil der Auswertung ist die Extraktion signifikanter Signalmerkmale des Radarverfahrens, welche Rückschlüsse auf den Schadensfall und ggf. die Wassermenge zulassen. Weiterführend sollen die Kombinationsmöglichkeiten der verschiedenen Signalmerkmale und der Neutronensondendaten durch Methoden der multivariaten Datenauswertung und des maschinellen Lernens geprüft werden. Die Unabhängigkeit gegenüber wechselnden Schichtdicken und Materialien steht hierbei besonders im Fokus und soll anhand der erzielten Ergebnisse evaluiert werden. T2 - 10. Kolloquium Industrieböden CY - Esslingen, Germany DA - 03.03.2020 KW - Radar KW - Feuchte KW - Neutronensonde PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50590 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schumacher, Julia T1 - Many-sided DHN melanin – spotlight on its function in microcolonial black fungi N2 - Dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin is produced by different Ascomycetes via slightly differing biosynthetic routes. The polyketide synthases (PKS) release the heptaketide YWA1, the hexaketide AT4HN or the pentaketide T4HN. The first two products are deacetylated by ‘yellowish-green’ hydrolases to T4HN, and T4HN is further converted by a core set of enzymes to DHN. Final polymerization steps are accomplished by multicopper oxidases. DHN melanogenesis is often regulated in a spatial and temporal fashion resulting e.g. in melanized reproduction, survival and/or infection structures. Remarkable is the regulation of the DHN melanogenesis in the foliar plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea: it involves two differently expressed PKSs providing the precursor in conidia and sclerotia, respectively (Schumacher 2016, Mol Microbiol). In contrast, a polyphyletic group of Ascomycetes (microcolonial fungi/ black yeast) dwelling in hostile habitats such as bare rock surfaces in hot and cold deserts, exhibits constitutive melanogenesis. Here, DHN melanin builds a protective layer around all vegetative cells thus contributing to the survival of diverse environmental stresses even without specialized reproduction structures. As part of our continuing research on microcolonial rock-inhabiting fungi, we chose the genetically amenable Knufia petricola strain A95 (Nai et al. 2013, Fungal Genet Biol; Noack-Schönmann et al. 2014, AMB Express) for detailed studies. DHN-deficient mutants generated by targeted mutation of biosynthetic genes were studied with regard to the architecture of the cell wall and the EPS (extracellular polymeric substances) matrix, attachment to and weathering of olivine, as well as the tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses. We will discuss the critical role of the outer cell surface (DHN melanin and EPS) in adhesion to the substrate and subsequent damage of the colonized surface. T2 - European Conference on Fungal Genetics (ECFG15) CY - Rome, Italy DA - 17.02.2020 KW - fungus KW - melanin KW - pigmentation PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50591 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schumacher, Julia T1 - Genetic manipulation of the microcolonial black fungus Knufia petricola N2 - Microcolonial black fungi, a polyphyletic group of ascomycetes, exhibit constitutive melanin formation, yeast-like growth and high stress tolerances. They dominate – often together with bacteria and algae in sub-aerial biofilms – a range of hostile environments including natural and man-made ones, from salterns to dishwashers, roofs and solar panels. Because of lacking genetic tools and the slow growth of most isolates, the genetic bases for these specific properties are largely unknown. The rock-inhabiting fungus Knufia petricola (Eurotiomycetes, Chaetothyriales) exhibits all characteristics of microcolonial black fungi and was selected as recipient for genetic engineering to study gene functions and genetic interactions. Different variants of green and red fluorescent proteins were successfully expressed indicating that fluorescence microscopy using genetically encoded fluorescent proteins and fluorescent dyes enables various cell biology approaches. Furthermore, genes of biosynthetic pathways (DHN melanin, carotenoids, uracil, adenine) were successfully mutated by applying traditional gene replacement and plasmid-based or ribonucleoprotein (RNP)-based CRISPR/Cas9 or silenced by RNA interference (RNAi). The availability of this advanced and efficient genetic toolbox and the annotated genome sequence of strain A95 makes K. petricola an excellent model for exploring the secrets of microcolonial black fungi. T2 - Departmental colloquium of the Tuscia University CY - Viterbo, Italy DA - 14.02.2020 KW - black fungus KW - genetics KW - Crispr/Cas9 PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50592 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gorbushina, Anna A1 - Knabe, Nicole A1 - Voigt, Oliver A1 - Heeger, Felix A1 - Schumacher, Julia T1 - A genetic toolbox for exploring the life style of the rock-inhabiting black fungus Knufia petricola N2 - After their discovery on rock surfaces in cold and hot deserts, a polyphyletic group of ascomycetous black fungi was found to dominate a range of hostile environments – natural and man-made, from salterns to dishwashers, roofs and solar panels. Together with bacteria and algae they may establish subaerial biofilms and cause weathering of the surfaces they grow on. Their impressive survival abilities as well as their constitutive protective pigmentation and cluster-like microcolony organisation are similar in environmental isolates as well as in heat-tolerant opportunistic pathogens of animals and humans. The exact genetic properties that ensure their survival in extreme environments can be studied if some black fungi were amenable to genetic manipulations. We selected the rock-inhabiting fungus Knufia petricola (class Eurotiomycetes, order Chaetothyriales) that grows moderately in axenic culture and exhibits all the characteristics of microcolonial black fungi such as yeast-like cell growth, absence of reproductive structures and constitutive dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanogenesis (Nai et al. 2013, Fungal Genet Biol). We developed protocols to efficiently generate and transform protoplasts resulting in stable homokaryotic transformants by targeting genes involved in pigment synthesis and expressing fluorescent reporter genes. Hence, endogenous and foreign genes can be expressed from episomal AMA1-containing plasmids and genome-integrated DNA constructs. Moderate rates of homologous recombination allow for both ectopic and targeted integrations. CRISPR-Cas9 was further validated as a strategy for obtaining selection marker-free mutants and silencing via RNA interference as an approach to study essential genes. Availability of this genetic toolbox and an annotated genome sequence of the strain A95 is paving the way for studying interactions of K. petricola with environmental stressors, material surfaces, soil matrices and phototrophic symbionts. T2 - European Conference on Fungal Genetics (ECFG15) CY - Rome, Italy DA - 17.02.2020 KW - black fungi KW - genomics KW - genetics PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50593 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bonse, Jörn A1 - Spaltmann, Dirk T1 - Editorial: Special issue "Laser-induced periodic surface nano- and microstructures for tribological applications" N2 - Laser material processing is an emerging technology that generates surface functionalities on the basis of optical, mechanical, or chemical properties. In the form of laser surface texturing (LST), it has attracted a remarkable amount of research to tailor surface properties towards various tribological applications. The main advantages of this single-step, laser-based technology are the contactless machining, featuring a high flexibility, efficiency, and speed, along with the excellent quality of the processed products. LST can be applied precisely localized to sub-micrometric areas, but, via laser beam scanning, it is also feasible for structuring large surface areas at the square meter size. This Special Issue focuses on the latest developments concerning the tribological performance of laser-generated periodic surface nano- and microstructures and their applications. This includes the laser-based processing of different surface patterns, such as “self-organized” laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS, ripples), grooves, micro-spikes, hierarchical hybrid nano-/micro-structures, microfeatures generated by direct laser interference patterning (DLIP), or even dimples or other topographic geometries shaped by direct laser modification or ablation. The applications of these periodically nano- and micro-patterned surfaces may improve the lubricated or non-lubricated tribological performance of surfaces in conformal and even non-conformal contact through a reduction of wear, a variation of the coefficient of friction, altered load carrying capacity, etc., resulting in energy saving, improved reliability, increased lifetimes as well as durability, leading in turn to extended maintenance intervals/reduced down-time. This can be beneficial in terms of bearings, gears, engines, seals, cutting tools, or other tribological components. Fundamental aspects addressed may involve the investigation of the relevant physical and chemical effects accompanying the laser-generated nano- and microscale topographies, such as alterations of the material structures, the hardness, superficial oxidation, the role of additives contained in lubricants, surface wettability, micro-hydrodynamic effects, etc. For this Special Issue we aim to attract both academic and industrial researchers and would like to provide a bridge between research in the fields of tribology and laser material processing in order to foster the current knowledge and present new ideas for future applications and new technologies. KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) KW - Tribology KW - Applications KW - Wear KW - Friction PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-505948 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants8030034 SN - 2075-4442 VL - 8 IS - 3 SP - 34, 1 EP - 34, 3 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-50594 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Khrapov, D A1 - Koptyug, A. A1 - Manabaev, K. A1 - Léonard, Fabien A1 - Mishurova, Tatiana A1 - Bruno, Giovanni A1 - Cheneler, D. A1 - Loza, K. A1 - Epple, M. A1 - Surmenev, R. A1 - Surmeneva, M. T1 - The impact of post manufacturing treatment of functionally graded Ti6Al4V scaffolds on their surface morphology and mechanical strength N2 - An ultrasonic vibration post-treatment procedure was suggested for additively manufac-tured lattices. The aim of the present research was to investigate mechanical properties andthe differences in mechanical behavior and fracture modes of Ti6Al4V scaffolds treated withtraditional powder recovery system (PRS) and ultrasound vibration (USV). Scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the strut surface and the fracture surface mor-phology. X-ray computed tomography (CT) was employed to evaluate the inner structure,strut dimensions, pore size, as well as the surface morphology of additively manufacturedporous scaffolds. Uniaxial compression tests were conducted to obtain elastic modulus,compressive ultimate strength and yield stress. Finite element analysis was performedfor a body-centered cubic (BCC) element-based model and for CT-based reconstructiondata, as well as for a two-zone scaffold model to evaluate stress distribution during elasticdeformation. The scaffold with PRS post treatment displayed ductile behavior, while USVtreated scaffold displayed fragile behavior. Double barrel formation of PRS treated scaffoldwas observed during deformation. Finite element analysis for the CT-based reconstructionrevealed the strong impact of surface morphology on the stress distribution in comparisonwith BCC cell model because of partially molten metal particles on the surface of struts,which usually remain unstressed. KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Electron beam melting KW - Computed tomography KW - FEM KW - Lattice structures PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-505960 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.12.019 SN - 2238-7854 VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - 1866 EP - 1881 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-50596 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ehlers, Henrik A1 - Pelkner, Matthias A1 - Thewes, R. T1 - Heterodyne Eddy Current Testing Using Magnetoresistive Sensors for Additive Manufacturing Purposes N2 - In recent years additive manufacturing technologies have become widely popular. For complex functional components or low volume production of workpieces, laser powder bed fusion can be used. High safety requirements, e.g. in the aerospace sector, demand extensive quality control. Therefore, offline non-destructive testing methods like computed tomography are used after manufacturing. Recently, for enhanced profitability and practicality online non-destructive testing methods, like optical tomography have been developed. This paper discusses the applicability of eddy current testing with magnetoresistive sensors for laser powder bed fusion parts. For this purpose, high spatial resolution giant magnetoresistance arrays are utilized for testing in combination with a single wire excitation coil. A heterodyne principle minimizes metrology efforts. This principle is compared to conventional signal processing in an eddy current testing setup using an aluminum test sample with artificial surface defects. To evaluate the influence of the powder used in the manufacturing process on eddy current testing and vice versa, a laser powder bed fusion mock-up made from stainless steel powder (316L) is used with artificial surface defects down to 100 µm. This laser powder bed fusion specimen was then examined using eddy current testing and the underlying principles. KW - Eddy current testing KW - Heterodyning KW - Laser powder bed fusion KW - Giant magnetoresistance KW - Additive manufacturing KW - 316L PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506140 DO - https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2020.2973547 SN - 1530-437X VL - 20 IS - 11 SP - 5793 EP - 5800 PB - IEEE AN - OPUS4-50614 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Millar, Steven A1 - Gottlieb, Cassian A1 - Wilsch, Gerd A1 - Günther, Tobias A1 - Völker, Tobias T1 - Chemische Zustandsanalyse von Stahlbetonbauwerken mit der laserinduzierten Plasmaspektroskopie (LIBS) N2 - Die chemische Analyse von Beton gehört bei der Ermittlung des Ist-Zustandes von Stahl- und Spannbetonbauwerken zu den grundlegenden Untersuchungen bei der Zustandserfassung. Der tiefenabhängige Chloridgehalt sowie der Karbonatisierungsfortschritt müssen bei der Bewertung des Ist-Zustandes, beim Instandsetzungsbedarf und ggf. bei der Planung eines erforderlichen Instandsetzungskonzeptes mit einbezogen werden. Seit Mitte der 1990er Jahre wird an der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung die laserinduzierte Plasmaspektroskopie (engl. Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) – kurz LIBS – stetig für die chemische Analyse von Beton weiterentwickelt. In diesem Beitrag wird der aktuelle Stand der Forschung/ Technik und der Normungsarbeit präsentiert, sowie zukünftig mögliche Anwendungen vorgestellt. Mit den aktuellen LIBS-Systemen (mobiles LIBS-System sowie kommerziell erhältliche Laborsysteme) ist es möglich den Chloridgehalt ortsaufgelöst in wenigen Minuten zu quantifizieren, sogenannte Elementlandkarten zu erstellen und somit die Elementverteilung innerhalb des Betons zu visualisieren. Durch das Scannen eines Bohrkernquerschnittes und der simultanen Erfassung von mehreren Elementen mit einer Messung, ist es zudem möglich, die Gesteinskörnung in den Messdaten zu identifizieren und den Chloridgehalt auf die Zementsteinmatrix zu beziehen. Fehlerquellen aus der Umrechnung der betonbezogenen Chloridgehalte können dadurch minimiert werden. Neben den Grundlagen von LIBS werden vor allem aktuelle Praxisbeispiele vorgestellt, die die aktuellen Möglichkeiten des Verfahrens veranschaulichen. T2 - 9. Kolloquium Parkbauten CY - Esslingen, Germany DA - 04.02.2020 KW - LIBS KW - Chemische Analyse KW - Spektroskopie KW - Beton PY - 2020 UR - https://elibrary.narr.digital/article/99.125005/kpb202010305 SN - 2510-7763 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 305 EP - 319 AN - OPUS4-50615 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Dietz, Georg T1 - Wasserzeichen- und Papierstrukturanalysen für die kunstgeschichtliche Forschung N2 - Wasserzeichen und Papierstrukturen können einen wesentlichen Beitrag bei der Analyse von Kunstobjekten auf Papier darstellen. Ausgangspunkt hierfür bildet die korrekte Dokumentation mit entsprechender Bildaufnahme und der richtigen Erfassung und Interpretation der Phänomene. An Fallbeispielen aus Forschungsprojekten zu niederländischen Zeichnungen am Kupferstich-Kabinett Dresden und der Grafischen Sammlung Weimar sollen die Möglichkeiten der Papier- und Wasserzeichenforschung als historische Hilfswissenschaft demonstriert werden. Dieser Abendvortrag dient zugleich als Einführung in die Technologie der (Hand-)Papierherstellung, Wasserzeichenerfassung und –recherche. T2 - Papier - unde venis? Hochschule der Künste Bern CY - Bern, Switzerland DA - 16.01.2020 KW - Papier KW - Wasserzeichen KW - ZfP PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50617 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Epple, Niklas T1 - Monitoring of bridges with coda waves - first steps towards an imaging strategy N2 - Monitoring of concrete structures is of utmost importance in maintenance and preservation of infrastructure. As a part of the DFG research group CoDA (Concrete Damage Assessment by Coda Waves), the works within this PhD project aim for identification of damage sensitive parameters extracted from ultrasonic measurements obtained with embedded sensors, the determination of environmental (reversible) influences on the signal and the localisation of damaged areas. The main technique used for the detection of changes in the monitored material is the so-called Coda Wave Interferometry (CWI). It uses the later part of the ultrasonic recording for the detection of small changes in the sensed area and the calculation of a relative velocity change. Using this technique we can show that we are able to detect changes in concrete temperature with ultrasound measurements. This enables temperature correction for ultrasound monitoring with embedded sensors. The crucial point for imaging and localisation with coda waves is the calculation of the so-called sensitivity kernels. We propose the application of numerical wave simulations for the kernel calculations instead of the commonly used diffusivity equation. Using finite-difference wave modelling code from our DFG project partners we are able to calculate those Kernels and first results are shown in this presentation. The major task for the second year will be the development and implementation of the inversion algorithm as well as the preparation of validation experiments. T2 - Doktorandenseminar BAM Abt. 8 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 30.03.2020 KW - Ultrasound KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Numerical modelling KW - Structural health monitoring PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50624 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bakir, Nasim A1 - Üstündag, Ömer A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Experimental and numerical study on the influence of the laser hybrid parameters in partial penetration welding on the solidification cracking in the weld root N2 - In this study, the influence of the welding speed, the arc power, and the laser focal position on the solidification crack formation for partial penetration laser hybrid–welded thick-walled plates was investigated. The solidification cracking in the weld root is a result of interaction between metallurgical and geometrical and thermomechanical factors. Experimentally, a direct correlation between the welding speed and the crack number was observed. That is by reducing the welding velocity, the crack number was decreased. The focal position shows also a significant influence on the crack number. By focusing the laser on the specimen surface, the crack number has been significantly diminished. The wire feed speed showed a very slight influence on the crack formation. That is due to the large distance between the critical region for cracking and the arc region. The numerical model shows a high stress concentration in the weld root for both components (vertical and transversal). Numerically, the reduced welding speed showed a strong impact on stress, as the model demonstrated a lower stress amount by decreasing the welding speed. The metallurgical factors, such as the assumed accumulation of the low-melting eutectics in the weld root, should be a contribution for solidification cracking, where the tensile stress is acting. KW - Laser hybrid welding KW - Solidification cracking KW - Partial penetration welding KW - Weld root KW - Numerical simulation PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-020-00847-w VL - 64 SP - 501 EP - 511 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-50625 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhang, Zhiyang A1 - Li, Y. A1 - Frisch, J. A1 - Bär, M. A1 - Rappich, J. A1 - Kneipp, Janina T1 - In situ surface-enhanced Raman scattering shows ligand-enhanced hot electron harvesting on silver, gold, and copper nanoparticles N2 - Hot carriers (electrons and holes) generated from the decay of localized surface plasmon resonances can take a major role in catalytic reactions on metal nanoparticles. By obtaining surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of p-aminothiophenol as product of the reduction of p-nitrothiophenol by hot electrons, different catalytic activity is revealed here for nanoparticles of silver, gold, and copper. As a main finding, a series of different ligands, comprising halide and non-halide species, are found to enhance product formation in the reduction reaction on nanoparticles of all three metals. A comparison with the standard electrode potentials of the metals with and without the ligands and SERS data obtained at different electrode potential indicate that the higher catalytic activity can be associated with a higher Fermi level, thereby resulting in an improved efficiency of hot carrier generation. The concept of such a ligand-enhanced hot electron reduction provides a way to make light-to-chemical energy conversion more efficient due to improved electron harvesting. KW - Ligands KW - Hot electrons KW - SERS KW - p-Nitrothiophenol KW - p-Aminothiophenol PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2020.01.006 VL - 383 SP - 153 EP - 159 PB - Elsevier Inc. CY - Amsterdam, NL AN - OPUS4-50626 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kromm, Arne A1 - Lausch, Thomas A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk A1 - Rhode, Michael A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas T1 - Influence of welding stresses on relief cracking during heat treatment of a creep-resistant 13CrMoV steel: Part I - Effect of heat control on welding stresses and stress relief cracking N2 - The avoidance of failures during the fabrication or operation of petrochemical reactors made of creep-resistant, low-alloy steels as 13CrMoV9-10 requires still research despite over 60 years of international investigations in the field of stress relief cracking. The quality of modern base materials and filler metals leads to the fact that previously known crack causes, such as impurities of S or P, recede into the background. Rather, the causes are increasingly to be found in the fabrication process. Investigations on the influence of heat control on the stresses in welded components and thus on the stress relief cracking sensitivity under realistic manufacturing conditions are not yet available. This work is subdivided in two parts. Part 1 of this study focused on the effect of heat control during submerged arc welding on the stresses. For this purpose, a testing facility was applied, which allows to observe the forces and moments accumulating during welding or heat treatment in a component-like specimen under shrinkage restraint. The stress acting in the specimen increases with higher preheat/interpass temperatures and higher heat input. During the heat treatment, the stresses are relieved. Nevertheless, cracks are formed already during heating. The total crack length correlates with the heat input. KW - Welding KW - Creep-resistant steel KW - Post weld heat treatment KW - Stress relief cracking PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506271 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-020-00875-6 SN - 1878-6669 VL - 64 IS - 5 SP - 807 EP - 817 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-50627 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kromm, Arne A1 - Lausch, Thomas A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk A1 - Rhode, Michael A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas T1 - Influence of welding stresses on relief cracking during heat treatment of a creep-resistant 13CrMoV steel: Part II - Mechanisms of stress relief cracking during post weld heat treatment N2 - Welding of 13CrMoV9-10 vanadium steel requires care due to an increased susceptibility to stress relief cracking during post weld heat treatment. Previous research into the crack formation in creep-resistant steels has focused on thermal and metallurgical factors; however, little knowledge has been gathered regarding the crack formation during post weld heat treatment considering real-life restraint conditions. This work is subdivided in two parts. Part I showed that an increasing heat input during submerged arc welding under restraint led to an increasing stress level in the joint prior to the post weld heat treatment. The magnitude of stress relief cracking observed in the heat-affected zone after the post weld heat treatment is affected by the heat input. In Part II of this work, the cracks and the associated microstructure which occurred under restraint were studied. The application of a Special acoustic emission analysis indicated that the cracks formed in a temperature range between 300 and 500 °C during the post weld heat treatment. The toughness in the heat-affected zone of the restrained welds was affected by the welding heat input. Microstructural analyses of all specimens revealed accelerated aging due to precipitation of carbides during post weld heat treatment under restraint. KW - Welding KW - Creep-resistant steel KW - Post weld heat treatment KW - Stress relief cracking PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506283 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-020-00881-8 SN - 1878-6669 VL - 64 SP - 819 EP - 829 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-50628 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wurzler, Nina A1 - Schütter, J. D. A1 - Wagner, R. A1 - Dimper, M. A1 - Lützenkirchen-Hecht, D. A1 - Özcan Sandikcioglu, Özlem T1 - Trained to corrode: Cultivation in the presence of Fe(III) increases the electrochemical activity of iron reducing bacteria – An in situ electrochemical XANES study N2 - This paper reports results from in situ electrochemical X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) studies of the corrosion processes on model thin iron films in the presence of iron reducing bacteria Shewanella putrefaciens. Here we investigate the electrochemical activity of two cultures grown in the presence and absence of Fe(III) citrate in the culture medium. The XANES spectra and the OCP data of the Fe sample incubated with the culture grown in absence of Fe(III) did not show any significant changes during twenty hours of monitoring. In the case of the culture grown in Fe(III) containing medium, an accelerated dissolution of the iron film was observed together with the formation of a mixed Fe(II)-Fe(III) hydroxide surface layer. The open circuit potential (OCP) steadily approached the free corrosion potential of iron in neutral chloride containing electrolytes, indicating a continuous dissolution process without passivation. KW - Microbiologically influenced corrosion KW - XANES KW - Electrochemistry KW - Iron reducing bacteria PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-505732 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2020.106673 VL - 112 SP - 106673 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-50573 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Palkowski, Carsten T1 - Dynamic Test Method - an Update N2 - An update about the dynamic test method for the determination of the seasonal performance of heat pumps given at the CEN/TC 113/WG 7 meeting. T2 - Meeting of CEN/TC 113/WG 7 CY - Courbevoie, France DA - 14.01.2020 KW - Heat pump KW - Dynamic test method KW - Seasonal performance KW - Coefficient of performance PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50579 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Beck, Uwe A1 - Hielscher-Hofinger, Stefan A1 - Kubitzki, Jan A1 - Lerche, D. A1 - Rietz, U. T1 - Zentrifugentechnologie zur statistischen Untersuchung von Stumpfklebungen: Ergebnisse ZENSUS-Ringversuchs N2 - Der Vortrag widmet sich der „Zentrifugentechnologie zur statistischen Untersuchung von Stumpfklebungen“ und beschreibt drei wesentlich verschiedene Realsysteme (Fügefläche 1/Klebstoff/ Fügefläche 2), um die Statistik ZPM (wiederholte Ein-Proben-Prüfung) vs. CAT (Mehr-Proben-Prüfung) zu vergleichen. Dazu wurden drei unterschiedliche Klebstoff-klassen mit typischen Fügeteilmaterialkombinationen ausgewählt und in einem Vorversuch mit jeweils 3 unterschiedlichen Prüfgeschwindigkeiten sowohl im Weg-geregelten als auch Kraft-geregelten Mode beansprucht. Die Ergebnisse ZPM vs. CAT und Kraft- vs. Weg-Regelung des Vorversuches zeigten keinerlei Unterschiede auf. Im Ergebnis wurde ein Ringversuch im Kraft-geregelten Mode (6xZPM vs. 8xCAT) für ein Referenzsystem durchgeführt, der nachwies, dass die CAT-Technologie statistisch relevante Prüfergebnisse zur Klebfestigkeit bereitstellt. Es zeigte sich, dass für zwei ZPM-Teilnehmer im Vertrauensbereich 99% statistisch signifikant etwas kleinere Werte der Klebfestigkeit bestimmt wurden, was auf geringfügige Abweichungen von der axialen Ausrichtung des eingespannten Prüflings bei der Ein-Proben-ZPM-Zugprüfung zurückgeführt wird. T2 - VCI CY - Frankfurt/Main, Germany DA - 10.03.2020 KW - Zentrifugentechnologie KW - Statistischen Untersuchung KW - Normung KW - Prüfgeschwindigkeiten KW - Stumpfklebungen PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50581 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Taparli, Ugur Alp A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas A1 - Cieslik, K. A1 - Mory, D. A1 - Griesche, Axel T1 - In situ chemical composition analysis of a tungsten-inert-gas austenitic stainless steel weld measured by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy N2 - The chemical composition of a weld metal determines the resulting solidification mode of stainless steel and the consequent weld metal quality. In this work tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding of EN grade 1.4435 austenitic stainless steel was monitored using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for the in situ measurement of chemical composition changes. This research aims to prototype a real-time chemical composition analysis system for welding applications and prove the feasibility of such quality control loop. LIBS was used to investigate in situ the monitoring of metal vaporization during TIG welding. We found Mn vapor formation above the weld pool and subsequent condensation of Mn on the weld metal surface using LIBS. Post-weld line scans were conducted by LIBS on various welds produced with different welding currents. Local changes of Ni and Mn were observed at higher welding currents. The results are in good agreement with the literature and proved that LIBS can be used in situ to inspect the TIG welding process. T2 - 10th Euro-Mediterranean Symposium on Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy CY - Brünn, Czechia DA - 08.09.2019 KW - LIBS KW - Welding KW - Austenitic stainless steel KW - Metal vapor KW - In situ measurement PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2020.105826 SN - 0584-8547 VL - 167 SP - 105826 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam, Niederlande AN - OPUS4-50582 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reichelt, Manuel A1 - Cappella, Brunero T1 - Influence of relative humidity on wear of self-mated 100 Cr6 steel N2 - The influence of relative humidity on friction and wear is subject of several studies in the last decades. A comprehensive understanding of physical and chemical phenomena affecting the tribology is hampered by the lack of reproducible experimental results, by the large number of variables, and by several difficulties in the detection of tribochemical processes and products. In the present work, we analyze the wear coefficient and the wear volumes of 686 unlubricated tests performed on different oscillating tribometers with 100Cr6 balls on 100Cr6 planes at different relative humidity. Aim of this work is to assess the repeatability and reproducibility of data, to determine the dependence of the wear coefficient on the relative humidity, to understand the underlying physicochemical phenomena and to build three dimensional maps of the wear coefficient as a function of both humidity and the product of normal force and sliding distance. KW - Wear KW - 100Cr6 KW - Relative humidity PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2020.203239 VL - 450-451 SP - 203239 AN - OPUS4-50583 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bennet, Francesca A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Burr, L. A1 - Schmid, D. T1 - Microprinting and SEM analysis for quantitative evaluation of nanoparticles in solution N2 - Nanoparticle suspensions were microprinted onto TEM grids for subsequent analysis by SEM/TSEM and evaluation of particle numbers using Image J software. Various nanoparticle types, concentrations and printing conditions (temperature, rel. humidity) were evaluated in order to determine the optimal conditions for producing a uniform distribution of particles on the substrate and eliminating the coffee ring effect. T2 - H2020 ACEnano Project Meeting CY - Amsterdam, Netherlands DA - 04.03.2020 KW - Nanoparticle KW - Imaging KW - Microprinting KW - Homogeneous deposition PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50584 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Unger, Wolfgang T1 - International standardization and metrology as tools to address the comparability and reproducibility challenges in XPS measurements N2 - The status of standardization related to x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, ESCA) at ASTM International (Subcommittee E42.03) and ISO (TC 201) is presented and commented upon in a structured manner. The survey also identifies other active bodies, here VAMAS Technical Working Area 2 and the Surface Analysis Working Group at the International Meter Convention, contributing to prestandardization Research and metrology of XPS and reports their specific activities. It is concluded that existing standardization is delivering good practices in the use of XPS and has a high potential to avoid the recently observed erroneous use, misapplications, and misinterpretation by new and inexperienced users of the method—which seems to be the main reason for the “reproducibility crisis” in the field of XPS applications. A need for a more proactive publicizing of international documentary standards by experienced XPS users, specifically those who are involved in standardization, is identified. Because the existing portfolio of standards addressing the use of XPS is not complete, future standardization projects planned or already ongoing are mentioned. The way the standardization bodies are identifying future needs is shortly explained. KW - Standardisation KW - Comparability KW - Reproducibility KW - XPS KW - VAMAS KW - Metrology PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1116/1.5131074 VL - 38 IS - 2 SP - 021201-1 EP - 021201-8 PB - AVS AN - OPUS4-50560 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wosniok, Aleksander ED - Werneck, M.M. ED - da Silva Barros Allil, R.C T1 - POF Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring N2 - The ever more ambitious strategic goals of meeting the requirements in ensuring technical safety and security of civil structures have resulted in flourishing development of innovative structural health monitoring (SHM) technologies for early damage diagnosis and prognosis. At the same time, implementing SHM systems provides tangible economic benefits derived from lower life-cycle costs associated with reduction in the maintenance, repair and insurance expenses. Due to the large size and harsh environmental conditions common to most civil structures, the broad range of favorable physical-mechanical properties of POFs allow for customized monitoring solutions for a wide variety of applications. In addition to common SHM-related advantages of optical fibers including their electromagnetic immunity, small size, lightweight as well as spark-free and non-conductive characteristics, POFs offer better bending and fracture resistance then their glass-counterparts. Particularly, the improved robustness of POFs, their ease of handling, low Young’s Modulus and high elastic limit of 10% compared to 1% in silica glass [1] are relevant to practical applications. Depending on the composition, dopants, drawing process and geometry [2], strain measurement up to 45% [3] or even above 100% [4,5] has been demonstrated with standard POFs. Therefore, the dominant market expected for POF sensors includes monitoring of high-strain-rate deformations in earthwork structures, crack detection in concrete and masonry structures [6] or overstressing in high-rise steel structures exposed to moisture, corrosion, leakage, fatigue, vibration, fire, overflow, earthquake and intentional damage. For fracture monitoring within concrete structures, the sensory usage of POFs becomes especially favorable since the extremely alkaline environment of concrete mixtures is well known to be corrosive to standard silica glass optical fibers (GOFs) [1,7]. Most of advanced distributed sensing techniques are commonly based on Rayleigh backscatter reflectometry using commercially available multimode (MM) POFs. Such typical MM POFs range from a step-index (SI) poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) POF having a core diameter of 1 mm to a low-loss graded-index (GI) perfluorinated (PF) POF based on poly(perfluorobutenyl-vinylether) also known as CYTOP [8] with a 50 µm core diameter. The relatively low optical attenuation value of 30 dB/km at 1.3 µm [9,10] makes PFGI POFs also interesting for distributed Brillouin sensing [11-14]. Compared to GOFs, PFGI POFs offer better potential for temperature measurement and have comparably low theoretical attenuation limit [15]. Therefore, POF-based distributed Brillouin sensing is expected to play an important role in the future of SHM, especially at high-strain ranges. The significance of the Brillouin measurment technique can be also enhanced by further development of the single-mode (SM) POFs which are still subject of research and are used for coherent detection techniques [6]. Furthermore, SM PMMA POFs have been characterized in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer setup for strain values up to 15.8% [16,17]. The current development of SM perfluorinated and microstructured POFs (mPOFs) represents an immense promise for quasi-distributed dynamic measurement at high strain levels based on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) technology. While SM mPOFs with optical losses of about 1 dB/m can be fabricated [6], the SM PF POFs presented by Zhou et al. feature low attenuation of even less than 0.2 dB/m in the wavelength range of 1.41 µm to 1.55 µm [18]. At the same time, the SM PF POFs have the potential for improved thermal stability compared to their PMMA counterparts [19]. This whole chapter provides a comprehensive overview on current POF-based sensing principles and SHM technologies, highlighting their diverse applications in civil engineering structures. In the application-related context, close attention is paid to the development of smart sensor-based geotextiles and geogrids. Such geosynthetics-integrated distributed POF sensors have proven to be a promising solution for two- or even tree-dimensional monitoring of critical high mechanical deformations in both geotechnical and masonry structures. Moreover, geosynthetics in the form of nonwoven geotextiles as well as polymer-based geogrids used as carrier materials for POF sensors enable optimized load transfer from the monitored structure to the measuring fiber without losing their original functionality. In other words, smart geosynthetics provide a cost-efficient dual solution for, on the one hand, well-established increase of structure stability and decrease of erosion effects, on the other hand, early-warning and detection capabilities in the prevention and elimination of potential hazards and lasting damages. KW - Plastic Optical Fiber Sensor KW - OTDR KW - Brillouin Sensing KW - Interferometric Sensor KW - FBG KW - Long Period Grating KW - Smart Geosynthetics PY - 2020 SN - 978-1-13829-853-8 SP - 267 EP - 283 PB - CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group CY - Boca Raton, FL, USA AN - OPUS4-50561 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Widjaja, Martinus Putra T1 - Sample Performance Chart (SPC) for displaying the results from a multiscale model N2 - The stacking sequence of a real scale type IV pressure vessels has been found. Feasibility study of a multiscale model has been carried out by modifying the original stacking sequence. All of the results were displayed in a Sample Performance Chart (SPC), where different burst pressure in terms of mean and scatter had been found. T2 - Consortium Meeting FiBreMoD CY - Valence, France DA - 17.02.2020 KW - Fibre break KW - Multiscale model KW - Reduced volume method KW - Sample performance chart KW - Type IV pressure vessels PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50563 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Florian, Camilo A1 - Wonneberger, R. A1 - Undisz, A. A1 - Kirner, Sabrina V. A1 - Wasmuth, Karsten A1 - Spaltmann, Dirk A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Bonse, Jörn T1 - Chemical effects during the formation of various types of femtosecond laser-generated surface structures on titanium alloy N2 - In this contribution, chemical, structural, and mechanical alterations in various types of femtosecond laser-generated surface structures, i.e., laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS, ripples), Grooves, and Spikes on titanium alloy, are characterized by various surface analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction and glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopy. The formation of oxide layers of the different laser-based structures inherently influences the friction and wear performance as demonstrated in oil-lubricated reciprocating sliding tribological tests (RSTTs) along with subsequent elemental mapping by energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. It is revealed that the fs-laser scan processing (790 nm, 30 fs, 1 kHz) of near-wavelength-sized LIPSS leads to the formation of a graded oxide layer extending a few hundreds of nanometers into depth, consisting mainly of amorphous oxides. Other superficial fs-laser-generated structures such as periodic Grooves and irregular Spikes produced at higher fluences and effective number of pulses per unit area present even thicker graded oxide layers that are also suitable for friction reduction and wear resistance. Ultimately, these femtosecond laser-induced nanostructured surface layers efficiently prevent a direct metal-to-metal contact in the RSTT and may act as an anchor layer for specific wear-reducing additives contained in the used engine oil. KW - Laser-induced oxide layer KW - Laser-induced periodic surface strctures (LIPSS) KW - Femtosecond laser processing KW - Tribology KW - Surface processing PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-505660 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-020-3434-7 SN - 0947-8396 SN - 1432-0630 VL - 126 IS - 4 SP - 266 PB - Springer Nature Switzerland AG AN - OPUS4-50566 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Legall, Herbert A1 - Schwanke, Christoph A1 - Bonse, Jörn A1 - Krüger, Jörg T1 - X-ray radiation protection aspects during ultrashort laser processing N2 - Ultrashort pulse laser processing of materials allows for precise machining with high accuracy. By increasing the repetition rate to several 100 kHz, laser machining becomes quick and cost-effective. Ultrafast laser processing at high repetition rates and peak intensities above 10^13 W/cm^2 can cause a potential hazard by generation of unwanted x-ray radiation. Therefore, radiation protection must be considered. For 925 fs pulse duration at a center wavelength of 1030 nm, the x-ray emission in air at a repetition rate of 400 kHz was investigated up to a peak intensity of 2.6 × 10^14 W/cm^2. Based on the presented measurements, the properties of potential shielding materials will be discussed. By extending our previous works, a scaling of the x-ray radiation emission to higher peak intensities up to 10^15 W/cm^2 is described, and emitted x-ray doses are predicted. KW - Laser ablation KW - Ultrashort pulse laser processing KW - Laser-induced x-ray emission KW - Radiation protection PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-505677 DO - https://doi.org/10.2351/1.5134778 VL - 32 IS - 2 SP - 022004 AN - OPUS4-50567 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ocker, L. A1 - Lisec, Jan A1 - Seitz, G. A1 - Adamus, A. A1 - Hempfling, L. A1 - Wagner, B. A1 - Vahdad, R. A1 - Verburg, F. A. A1 - Luster, M. A1 - Schurrat, T. A1 - Bier, D. A1 - Frank, M. A1 - Engel, N. T1 - Hypericin and its radio iodinated derivatives – A novel combined approach for the treatment of pediatric alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma cells in vitro N2 - In this in vitro study, we got a first insight of a possible potential of Hypericin for the treatment of pediatric soft tissue sarcoma. By coupling with radioiodine, we developed a novel approach for a combined anti-tumor treatment. The in vitro experiments lay the foundation for further in vivo experiments, which are needed to study the effects of a sequential administration of 131I-HYP and HYP. KW - Mass-Spectrometry KW - Cancer PY - 2020 VL - 29 SP - 101588 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-49601 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Baer, D. R. A1 - Cant, D. J. H. A1 - Castner, D. G. A1 - Ceccone, G. A1 - Engelhard, M. H. A1 - Karakoti, A. S. A1 - Müller, Anja ED - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan ED - Unger, Wolfgang ED - Shard, A. G. T1 - Preparation of nanoparticles for surface analysis N2 - A variety of methods used to prepare nano-objects for surface analysis are described along with information about when they might be best applied. Intrinsic properties of NPs which complicate their characterization and need to be considered when planning for surface or other analyses of NPs are identified, including challenges associated with reproducible synthesis and functionalization of the particles as well as their dynamic nature. The relevant information about the sample preparation processes, along with analysis details and data that need to be added to the collection of material provenance information is identified. Examples of protocols that have been successfully used for preparation of nano-objects for surface analysis are included in an annex. KW - Sample preparation KW - Nanoparticles KW - Surface chemistry KW - XPS KW - Dynamic behavior KW - Nano-object KW - Surface analysis PY - 2020 SN - 978-0-12-814182-3 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814182-3.00018-3 SP - 295 EP - 347 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-50186 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schaepe, Kaija A1 - Jungnickel, H. A1 - Heinrich, Thomas A1 - Tentschert, J. A1 - Luch, A. A1 - Unger, Wolfgang ED - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan ED - Unger, Wolfgang ED - Shard, A. G. T1 - Secondary ion mass spectrometry N2 - This chapter provides an introduction in secondary ion mass spectrometry as one of the leading surface chemical analysis and imaging techniques with molecular specificity in the field of material sciences. The physical basics of the technique are explained along with a description of the typical instrumental setups and their modes of operation. The application paragraph specifically focuses on nanoparticle analysis by SIMS in terms of surface spectrometry, imaging, analysis in organic and complex media, and depth profiling. A review of the existing literature is provided, and selected studies are showcased. Limitations and pitfalls as well as current technical developments of SIMS application in nanoparticle surface chemical analysis are equally discussed. KW - Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry KW - Surface chemical analysis KW - Imaging KW - Nanomaterials KW - Nanoparticles KW - Core-shell PY - 2020 SN - 978-0-12-814182-3 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814182-3.00025-0 SP - 481 EP - 509 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-50187 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Johann, Sergej A1 - Strangfeld, Christoph A1 - Zimmek, David A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias T1 - Smart electronic helper for long-term monitoring of bridges and building structures N2 - Increasing traffic volume on the one hand and ageing infrastructure on the other hand have created many new challenges for maintenance and structural health monitoring of roads and bridges. In the past, many bridges and road structures have been neglected, often resulting in traffic congestion, road closure, and increased repair costs. This research is concerned with the development of a system to improve the challenge of maintenance and early detection of damage, particularly moisture penetration and corrosion of steel reinforced concrete components. The objective is to develop a method that will also work after 30 years and longer. Many new IoT solutions are equipped with internal energy storage elements (accumulators or batteries) which are inappropriate here, since most relevant signs of concrete degradation occur after decades, where the functioning of such elements are more than questionable. The presented technology approach uses radio-frequency identification (RFID) and enables connectivity to sensors. It offers the advantage of an passive, completely independent energy supply without any energy storage components. Since the system should be permanently embedded in concrete, it is crucial to develop a long-term stable device which is adapted to the environmental influences of the structure, e.g., long-term resistance in very alkaline environment of pH 13. In numerous experiments, the robustness of the system was tested and evaluated. Various tests with encapsulations to protect the electronics were performed, and for long-term validation different concrete specimens were instrumented with RFID-sensor-systems. Their operating time is now around two years and investigations for signs of fatigue and damage to the encapsulation and the electronics are ongoing. T2 - SMAR 2019 CY - Potsdam, Germany DA - 27.08.2019 KW - Sensors KW - Passive RFID KW - Smart structures KW - SHT KW - Long term monitoring PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-501931 UR - https://www.ndt.net/?id=25011 SN - 1435-4934 VL - 25 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - NDT.net CY - Kirchwald AN - OPUS4-50193 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Serrano Munoz, Itziar A1 - Dancette, S. A1 - Verdu, C. A1 - Buffiere, J.-Y. T1 - Influence of Pore Size and Crystallography on the Small Crack HCF Behavior of an A357-T6 Cast Aluminum Alloy N2 - The high-cycle fatigue, small crack propagation behavior of an A357-T6 cast aluminum alloy is investigated. Laboratory X-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT) is used to assist in the manufacturing of two flat fatigue specimens containing subsurface shrinkage pores of different sizes (Pore 1 √A=522μm against Pore 2 √A=280μm). Surface crack monitoring is performed by means of optical microscopy and the cracked specimens are analyzed via scanning electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction techniques. The subsurface pores tend to induce intergranular crack nucleation, principally when the grain boundaries are oriented perpendicular to the loading direction. Pore 1 induces a fatigue life reduction of 500.000 cycles when compared to Pore 2. The crystallography is able to influence small crack propagation by slightly decelerating the crack growth rates as well as by altering the crack path topography. Tailoring of the crystallography for improved fatigue resistance requires an investigation of the optimal largest defect to grain size ratio. KW - A357-T6 cast aluminum alloy KW - EBSD analysis KW - Laboratory XµCT KW - Pore size KW - Crack initiation period KW - Crystal plasticity finite element modeling (CPFEM) PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-019-05590-6 SN - 1543-1940 SN - 1073-5623 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-50206 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kutz, Philipp A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Werner, Jan T1 - Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Composite Material and Insulation for a Single Walled Tank for Cryogenic Liquids N2 - This paper describes the testing methods used to determine the thermal properties of insulation materials and mechanical properties of materials used for the load-bearing structure for pressure tanks (up to 4 bar, relative) and cryogenic liquids (LNG, −166 °C to -157 °C at atmospheric pressure). Goal is to design a transportation tank that does not exceed 4 bars (relative) within 10 h, starting at atmospheric pressure. PUR-foam is a suitable material for the insulation. A 12,5 l small scale tank prototype reached 4 bar (relative) within 87 minutes, which is, regarding the influence of the size, a satisfying result. The mechanical properties change significantly at cryogenic temperatures. The bending modulus is similar at first, but decreases at a certain point by appr. 50 %. However, the maximum stress is much higher and could not be reached within this testing setup. T2 - 26th Assembly Advanced Materials Congress CY - Stockholm, Sweden DA - 10.06.2019 KW - GFRP KW - LNG KW - Lightweight design KW - Thermal properties KW - Mechanical prtoperties PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.5185/amlett.2020.011457 VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - VBRI Press AN - OPUS4-50216 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Shard, A. G. A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Unger, Wolfgang ED - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan ED - Unger, Wolfgang ED - Shard, A. G. T1 - Introduction N2 - The purpose of this book is to provide a comprehensive collection of analytical methods that are commonly used to measure nanoparticles, providing information on one, or more, property of importance. The chapters provide up-to-date information and guidance on the use of these techniques, detailing the manner in which they may be reliably employed. Within this chapter, we detail the rationale and context of the whole book, which is driven by the observation of a low level of reproducibility in nanoparticle research. The aim of the book is to encourage awareness of both the strengths and weaknesses of the various methods used to measure nanoparticles and raise awareness of the range of methods that are available. The editors of the book have, for many years, been engaged in European projects and standardization activities concerned with nanoparticle analysis and have identified authors who are experts in the various methods included within the book. This has produced a book that can be used as a definitive guide to current best practice in nanoparticle measurement. KW - Nanoparticles KW - Size distribution KW - Shape KW - Chemistry KW - Coating KW - Concentration KW - Standards KW - Charge KW - Characterisation PY - 2020 SN - 978-0-12-814182-3 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814182-3.00001-8 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-50166 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Shard, A. G. ED - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan ED - Unger, Wolfgang ED - Shard, A. G. T1 - Conclusions and perspectives N2 - This chapter briefly summarizes the methods selected within this book for the characterization of nanoparticles with regard to commonly accessible properties: nanoparticle size and size distribution, shape, surface area, surface charge, aggregation state, structure, chemical composition, surface chemistry, and nanoparticle number concentration. Current progress of measurement and analysis, as far as possible according to standard operation procedures, has been the focus of this work. A number of new and less commonly used methods have not been covered, and we outline some of these in this chapter. Future challenges such as automated measurement and analysis, read-across approaches for the prediction of properties, knowledge of measurement uncertainties, the need for certified reference materials, and the necessity to complement measurements methods to obtain more reliable results are covered, and the unmet measurement requirements for real-world nanoparticles are described. KW - Physicochemical characterization KW - Standard operation procedures KW - Data correlation KW - Method development KW - Trends PY - 2020 SN - 978-0-12-814182-3 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814182-3.00006-7 SP - 527 EP - 534 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-50167 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Vladár, A. E. A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan ED - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan ED - Unger, Wolfgang ED - Shard, A. G. T1 - Characterization of nanoparticles by scanning electron microscopy N2 - In this chapter sample preparation, image acquisition, and nanoparticle size and shape characterization methods using the scanning electron microscope (SEM) in reflective and transmitted working modes are described. These help in obtaining reliable, highly repeatable results. The best solutions vary case-by-case and depend on the raw (powdered or suspension) nanoparticle material, the required measurement uncertainty and on the performance of the SEM. KW - Nanoparticles KW - Sample preparation KW - Electron microscopy KW - SEM KW - Size measurement KW - Shape KW - Threshold PY - 2020 SN - 978-0-12-814182-3 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814182-3.00002-X SP - 7 EP - 27 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-50120 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Mast, J. A1 - Verleysen, E. A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Kaegi, R. ED - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan ED - Unger, Wolfgang ED - Shard, A. G. T1 - Characterization of nanomaterials by transmission electron microscopy - Measurement procedures N2 - In this chapter, approaches are proposed for the descriptive and quantitative characterization of nano-objects with nanometer resolution. Measurements are based on the analysis of the characteristics of 2D projections of individual particles visualized on transmission electron micrographs. Incorporation of spectroscopic methods (EDS and EELS) for elemental analysis of nano-objects is recommended to identify subpopulations of nano-objects in mixtures based on their chemical composition. The focus lies on the determination of physicochemical properties which are essential in a legislatory and regulatory context to define the material as a nanomaterial (NM), and to assess its safety and toxicological potential, using widely accessible equipment. KW - Nanoparticles KW - Sample preparation KW - Image analysis KW - Transmission electron microscopy PY - 2020 SN - 978-0-12-814182-3 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814182-3.00004-3 SP - 29 EP - 48 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-50121 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Straße, Anne A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Nahteigenschaftsverbesserung von dickwandigen laserstrahlgeschweißten Duplexblechen mittels pulveraufgetragenen Pufferschichten N2 - Duplexstähle finden aufgrund ihrer Eigenschaften, wie der guten Korrosionsbeständigkeit, einer hohen Festigkeit bei gleichzeitig guter Duktilität häufig industrielle Anwendung. Durch die hohen Abkühlraten beim Laserstrahlschweißen weisen Schweißnähte jedoch anstelle eines ausgeglichenen Duplexgefüges einen deutlich erhöhten Ferritanteil, im Vergleich zum Basiswerkstoff, auf. Dies führt zu einer verringerten Duktilität sowie Korrosionsbeständigkeit. Um dieses Problem zu lösen, wurde ein Prozess entwickelt, der auf einer Kantenbeschichtung mit nickelhaltigem Zusatzmaterial der zu fügenden Bleche mittels Laser-Pulver-Auftragschweißen (LPA) basiert. Die resultierenden Schweißnähte wurden zerstörend anhand von Schliffbildern, EDX-Aufnahmen, Härtemessungen und Kerbschlagbiegeversuchen geprüft. T2 - 40. Assistentenseminar der Füge- und Schweißtechnik CY - Braunlage, Germany DA - 25.09.2019 KW - Laser-Pulver-Auftragschweißen; Laserstrahlschweißen, Duplex, Pufferschichten PY - 2020 VL - 357 SP - 131 EP - 140 PB - DVS Media CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-50144 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Straße, Anne A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Kantenbeschichtung für das Laserstrahlschweißen dickwandiger Duplexstahl-Bleche N2 - Duplexstähle finden in vielen industriellen Bereichen Anwendung, dies ist nicht zuletzt ihren hervorragenden Eigenschaften, wie einer guten Korrosionsbeständigkeit, einer guten Duktilität bei trotzdem hoher Festigkeit, zuzuschreiben. Diese Eigenschaften werden jedoch durch das Schweißen, vor allem das Laserstrahlschweißen, beeinträchtigt, da die hohen Abkühlraten zu erhöhten Ferritanteilen im Schweißgut führen. Mit Hilfe eines zweistufigen Prozesses, bei dem die Kanten der Fügepartner vor dem Schweißen mit nickelhaltigem Pulver beschichtet werden, soll dieses Problem für dickwandige Bleche gelöst werden. In diesem Zusammenhang wurden verschiedene Prozessparameter für den Laser-Pulver-Auftragschweiß-Prozess untersucht sowie die defektfreie Schweißung dieser beschichteten Kanten mit unterschiedlichen Prozessgasen. KW - Pufferschichten KW - Laser-Pulver-Auftragschweißen KW - Laserstrahlschweißen KW - Duplex PY - 2020 VL - 72 IS - 7 SP - 382 EP - 387 PB - DVS Media GmbH CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-50145 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Straße, Anne A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Quality improvement of laser welds on thick duplex plates by laser cladded buttering N2 - Because of its excellent corrosion resistance, high tensile strength and high ductility, duplex stainless steel 2205 offers many areas of application. Though laser beam welding accompanied by high cooling rates, duplex steels tend to perform higher ferrite contents in weld metal as the base metal, which leads to a reduction of ductility and corrosion resistance of the weld joint. To overcome this problem, a solution, based on buttering the plate edges by laser metal deposition (LMD) with material containing higher Ni concentrations prior to laser welding was suggested. In this context different process parameters for LMD process were investigated. In a second step the possibility of welding those edges defect free while achieving balanced austenite-ferrite ratio was verified with metallographic analysis, Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) and impact testing according to Charpy. T2 - Lasers in Manufacturing (LiM) 2019 CY - Munich, Germany DA - 24.06.2019 KW - Laser Metal Deposition; Laser Beam Welding; Duplex; Stainless Steel PY - 2020 SP - We_A31_4_4-1 EP - We_A31_4_4-6 PB - WLT (Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft für Lasertechnik) AN - OPUS4-50143 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Clifford, C. A1 - Stintz, M. A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Fujimoto, T. ED - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan ED - Unger, Wolfgang ED - Shard, A. G. T1 - International standards in nanotechnologies N2 - This chapter provides an overview of what standards are, why they are important, and how they are developed. There is a focus on the work of standards committees relevant to nanotechnology measurement and characterization with tables detailing the standards that are currently available for a large number of different techniques, materials, and applications at the nanoscale. KW - Standards KW - Nanotechnology KW - Reproducibility KW - ISO KW - CEN KW - VAMAS PY - 2020 SN - 978-0-12-814182-3 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814182-3.00026-2 SP - 511 EP - 525 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-50165 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kunz, C. A1 - Bonse, Jörn A1 - Spaltmann, Dirk A1 - Neumann, C. A1 - Turchanin, A. A1 - Bartolomé, J. F. A1 - Müller, F. A. A1 - Gräf, S. T1 - Tribological performance of metal-reinforced ceramic composites selectively structured with femtosecond laser-induced periodic surface structures N2 - The impact of femtosecond (fs) laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) on tribological properties was investigated for metal-reinforced ceramic composites (Al2O3-ZrO2-Nb). For this purpose, the metallic niobium (Nb) phase was selectively structured with LIPSS in an air environment with different values of the fs-laser peak fluence by near-infrared fs-laser radiation (λ = 1025 nm, τ = 300 fs, frep = 1 kHz), taking advantage of the different light absorption behavior of ceramic and metal. The tribological performance was evaluated by reciprocating sliding tests in a ball-on-disc configuration using Ringer's solution as lubricant. The surfaces were characterized before and after laser irradiation by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and by measuring the contact angle with Ringer's solution. The LIPSS formation resulted in an increased wetting of the surface with the lubricant. Moreover, the selectively structured composite surfaces revealed a coefficient of friction significantly reduced by a factor of ~3 when compared to the non-irradiated surface. Furthermore, the formation of a laser-induced oxidation layer was detected with NbO as the most prominent oxidation state. Selectively structured composites with outstanding mechanical properties and enhanced tribological performance are of particular interest for biomedical applications. KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) KW - Femtosecond laser ablation KW - Ceramic matrix composites KW - Tribology PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.143917 SN - 0169-4332 SN - 1873-5584 VL - 499 IS - 1 SP - 143917 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-49255 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Gibson, N. A1 - Kuchenbecker, Petra A1 - Rasmussen, K. A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Rauscher, H. ED - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan ED - Unger, Wolfgang ED - Shard, A.G. T1 - Volume-specific surface area by gas adsorption analysis with the BET method N2 - This chapter first gives an introduction to the concepts of SSA and volume-specific surface area (VSSA) and an outline of the BET method. It continues with a discussion of the relationship between particle size, shape, and the VSSA, followed by an overview of instrumentation, experimental methods, and standards. Finally, sections on the use of the VSSA as a tool to identify nanomaterials and non-nanomaterials and its role in a regulatory context provide some insight on the importance of VSSA in the current Regulation of nanomaterials. KW - Nanomaterials KW - Volume specific surface area PY - 2020 SN - 978-0-12-814182-3 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814182-3.00017-1 SP - 265 EP - 293 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-49572 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Moosavi, Robabeh A1 - Grunwald, Marcel A1 - Redmer, Bernhard T1 - Crack detection in reinforced concrete N2 - Automatic segmentation of cracks using crack detection methods fails when applied on concrete with embedded reinforcements; it results in artifacts called false-detected cracks. We present a two-step approach to trace the cracks which reduces significantly detecting the false ones. In the first step, the reinforcements were found and removed from the 3D data set, and in the second step, the cracks were detected in the 3D data set free from reinforcements. To visualize and determine the structure and the degree of damages nondestructively, planar tomography as a special case of laminography was used. KW - 3D imaging KW - Laminography KW - Crack detection KW - Reinforced concrete PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2019.102190 VL - 109 SP - 102190 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-49520 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yusenko, Kirill A1 - Spektor, K. A1 - Khandarkhaeva, S. A1 - Fedotenko, T. A1 - Pakhomova, A. A1 - Kupenko, I. A1 - Rohrbach, A. A1 - Klemme, S. A1 - Crichton, W. A. A1 - Dyachkova, T. V. A1 - Tyutyunnik, A. P. A1 - Zainulin, Y. G. A1 - Gramilov, S. A. A1 - Dubrovinsky, L. S. T1 - Decomposition of single-source precursors under high-temperature highpressure to access osmium–platinum refractory alloys N2 - Thermal decomposition of (NH4)2[OsxPt1-xCl6] as single-source precursors for Os-Pt binary alloys has been investigated under ambient and high pressure up to 40 GPa. Thermal decomposition of mixed-metal (NH4)2[OsxPt1-xCl6] precursor in hydrogen atmosphere (reductive environment) under ambient pressure results in formation of β-trans[Pt(NH3)2Cl2] and α-trans-[Pt(NH3)2Cl2] crystalline intermediates as well as single and twophase Os—Pt binary alloys. For the first time, direct thermal decomposition of coordination compound under pressure has been investigated. A formation of pure metallic alloys from single-source precursors under pressure has been shown. Miscibility between fcc- and hcpstructured alloys has been probed up to 50 GPa by in situ high-pressure X-ray diffraction. Miscibility gap between fcc- and hcp-structured alloys does not change its positions with pressure up to at least 50 GPa. KW - High-pressure high-temperature KW - Osmium KW - Platinum KW - Phase diagrams KW - Alloys KW - Single-source precursors PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.152121 VL - 813 SP - 152121 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-50019 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Wirth, Thomas A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan ED - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan ED - Unger, Wolfgang ED - Shard, A. G. T1 - Auger electron spectroscopy N2 - An introduction in the application of Auger Electron Spectroscopy to surface chemical analysis of nanoparticles is given. Auger Electron Spectroscopy is a mature method in the field of surface chemical analysis. The chapter addresses the physical basis of the method, the principal design of recent instruments together with modes of operation and options for the presentation of spectra, as well as different approaches for qualitative (including identification of chemical species) and quantitative surface analysis of elements. An application paragraph on surface chemical analysis of nanoparticles by AES or SAM introduces the different measurement approaches and sample preparation strategies applied by analysts. The analysis of nanoparticle ensembles, the so-called selected point analysis where a narrow primary electron beam is centered on an individual nanoparticle, and chemical mapping of individual nanoparticles (or a line scan across) are addressed. Existing literature is reviewed and informative case studies presented. Limitations and pitfalls in the application of AES in surface chemical analysis of nanoparticles are also addressed. KW - Auger Electron Spectroscopy KW - Surface chemical analysis KW - Imaging surface chemical analysis KW - Nanoparticles KW - Nanotechnology PY - 2020 SN - 978-0-12-814182-3 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814182-3.00020-1 SP - 373 EP - 395 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-50119 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gollwitzer, C. A1 - Marguet, S. A1 - Maurino, V. A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan T1 - Computation of scattering curves for particles with arbitrary shapes using Debye’s formula N2 - Small-angle scattering data from particle dispersions with narrow size distributions are usually analysed by fitting a model function to the data, which is composed of a monodisperse form factor with a size distribution and, optionally, a structure factor. For common particle shapes like solid spheres, core-shell particles, ellipsoids or rods, the form factor can be computed analytically, and several software packages are readily available which provide a compilation of form factors.1,2 Recently, highly monodisperse nanoparticles with a variety of shapes have been synthesized, e.g. cubes and bipyramids3,4 with lightly capped edges, for which analytic form factors are harder to derive. We compute an approximation to the scattering curve of arbitrary shapes by filling the shape with a quasi-random distribution of point scatterers and using Debye’s formula to get the overall scattering curve. The highly optimized debyer code is used to perform an efficient evaluation of Debye’s formula,5 which can perform the evaluation of 500,000 point scatterers in two minutes on commodity hardware. Moderate polydispersity is handled by interpolating the computed scattering curve over q from a master curve. In this way, the code is fast enough to perform data fitting of particle ensembles with moderate polydispersity for arbitrary shapes to experimental data. This work was partly funded by the 17NRM04 nPSize project of the EMPIR programme co-financed by the EMPIR participating states and by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. T2 - 17th Nordic Workshop on Scattering from Soft Matter CY - Linköping, Sweden DA - 14.01.2020 KW - X-ray scattering KW - Nanoparticles KW - Particle shape KW - Modelling KW - Form factor PY - 2020 UR - http://nssm2020.se/ AN - OPUS4-50368 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Mech, A. A1 - Rauscher, H. A1 - Babick, F. A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Wohlleben, W. A1 - Marvin, H. A1 - Weigel, S. A1 - Brüngel, R. A1 - Friedrich, C. M. T1 - The NanoDefine Methods Manual - Part 1: The NanoDefiner Framework and Tools N2 - The present series of reports, the NanoDefine Methods Manual, has been developed within the NanoDefine project 'Development of an integrated approach based on validated and standardized methods to support the implementation of the EC recommendation for a definition of nanomaterial', funded by the European Union's 7th Framework Programme, under grant agreement 604347. In 2011 the European Commission (EC) published a recommendation for a definition of the term 'nanomaterial', the EC NM Definition, as a reference to determine whether an unknown material can be considered as a 'nanomaterial' for regulatory purposes1. One challenge is the development of methods that reliably identify, characterize and quantify nanomaterials (NM) both as substances and in various products and matrices. The overall goal of NanoDefine was to support the implementation of the EC NM Definition. It can also support the implementation of any NM definition based on particle size. The project has developed an integrated approach, which allows identifying any material as a nano- or not a nanomaterial according to the EC NM Definition. NanoDefine explicitly supported the governance challenges associated with the implementation of legislation concerning nanomaterials by: - addressing the issues on availability of suitable measuring techniques, reference materials, validated methods, acceptable to all stakeholders (authorities, policy makers, commercial firms), - developing an integrated and interdisciplinary approach and a close international co-operation and networking with academia, commercial firms and standardization bodies. Thus, the NanoDefine Methods Manual provides guidance on practical implementation of the EC NM Definition throughout the nanomaterial characterization process, and on the characterization techniques employed as well as their application range and limits. It assists the user in choosing the most appropriate measurement method(s) to identify any substance or mixture for a specific purpose, according to the EC NM Definition of a nanomaterial. The NanoDefine project also explored how to assess a material against the criteria of the definition through proxy solutions, i.e. by applying measurement techniques that indirectly determine the x50. Those findings were developed through empirically based scientific work and are included in Part 1 of this Manual. As they go beyond the text of the EC NM Definition, they may be used as practical approach to indicate whether a material is a nanomaterial or not, but keeping in mind that they should not be taken as recommendation for the implementation of the EC NM Definition in a regulatory context. The NanoDefine Methods Manual consists of the following three parts:  Part 1: The NanoDefiner Framework and Tools  Part 2: Evaluation of Methods  Part 3: Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) Part 1 covers the NanoDefiner framework, general information on measurement methods and performance criteria and tools developed by NanoDefine such as a materials categorisation system, a decision support flow scheme and an e-tool. Part 2 discusses the outcome of the evaluation of the nanomaterials characterisation methods for measuring size. Part 3 presents the 23 Standard Operating Procedures developed within the NanoDefine project. The current document is part 1. KW - Nanomaterial KW - Nanoparticles KW - NanoDefine KW - Nanoparticle size distribution KW - Nanomaterial classification KW - Framework KW - Tools PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-503699 SN - 978-92-76-11950-0 DO - https://doi.org/10.2760/55181 SN - 1831-9424 SP - 1 EP - 89 PB - Publications Office of the European Union CY - Luxembourg AN - OPUS4-50369 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Mech, A. A1 - Rauscher, H. A1 - Rasmussen, K. A1 - Babick, F. A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Ghanem, A. A1 - Wohlleben, W. A1 - Marvin, H. A1 - Brüngel, R. A1 - Friedrich, C. M. T1 - The NanoDefine Methods Manual - Part 2: Evaluation of methods N2 - The present series of reports, the NanoDefine Methods Manual, has been developed within the NanoDefine project 'Development of an integrated approach based on validated and standardized methods to support the implementation of the EC recommendation for a definition of nanomaterial', funded by the European Union's 7th Framework Programme, under grant agreement 604347. In 2011 the European Commission (EC) published a recommendation for a definition of the term 'nanomaterial', the EC NM Definition, as a reference to determine whether an unknown material can be considered as a 'nanomaterial' for regulatory purposes1. One challenge is the development of methods that reliably identify, characterize and quantify nanomaterials (NM) both as substances and in various products and matrices. The overall goal of NanoDefine was to support the implementation of the EC NM Definition. It can also support the implementation of any NM definition based on particle size. The project has developed an integrated approach, which allows identifying any material as a nano- or not a nanomaterial according to the EC NM Definition. NanoDefine explicitly supported the governance challenges associated with the implementation of legislation concerning nanomaterials by: - addressing the issues on availability of suitable measuring techniques, reference materials, validated methods, acceptable to all stakeholders (authorities, policy makers, commercial firms), - developing an integrated and interdisciplinary approach and a close international co-operation and networking with academia, commercial firms and standardization bodies. Thus, the NanoDefine Methods Manual provides guidance on practical implementation of the EC NM Definition throughout the nanomaterial characterization process, and on the characterization techniques employed as well as their application range and limits. It assists the user in choosing the most appropriate measurement method(s) to identify any substance or mixture for a specific purpose, according to the EC NM Definition of a nanomaterial. The NanoDefine project also explored how to assess a material against the criteria of the definition through proxy solutions, i.e. by applying measurement techniques that indirectly determine the x50. Those findings were developed through empirically based scientific work and are included in Part 1 of this Manual. As they go beyond the text of the EC NM Definition, they may be used as practical approach to indicate whether a material is a nanomaterial or not, but keeping in mind that they should not be taken as recommendation for the implementation of the EC NM Definition in a regulatory context. The NanoDefine Methods Manual consists of the following three parts:  Part 1: The NanoDefiner Framework and Tools  Part 2: Evaluation of Methods  Part 3: Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) Part 1 covers the NanoDefiner framework, general information on measurement methods and performance criteria and tools developed by NanoDefine such as a materials categorisation system, a decision support flow scheme and an e-tool. Part 2 discusses the outcome of the evaluation of the nanomaterials characterisation methods for measuring size. Part 3 presents the 23 Standard Operating Procedures developed within the NanoDefine project. The current document is part 2. KW - Nanomaterial KW - Nanoparticles KW - NanoDefine KW - Particle size distribution KW - Nanomaterial classification PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-503708 SN - 978-92-76-11953-1 DO - https://doi.org/10.2760/071877 SN - 1831-9424 VL - JRC117501 SP - 1 EP - 133 PB - Publications Office of the European Union CY - Luxembourg AN - OPUS4-50370 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Mech, A. A1 - Rauscher, H. A1 - Rasmussen, K. A1 - Babick, F. A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Ghanem, A. A1 - Wohlleben, W. A1 - Marvin, H. A1 - Brüngel, R. A1 - Friedrich, C. M. A1 - Löschner, K. A1 - Gilliland, D. T1 - The NanoDefine Methods Manual - Part 3: Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) N2 - The present series of reports, the NanoDefine Methods Manual, has been developed within the NanoDefine project 'Development of an integrated approach based on validated and standardized methods to support the implementation of the EC recommendation for a definition of nanomaterial'1 funded by the European Union's 7th Framework Programme, under grant agreement 604347. In 2011 the European Commission (EC) published the recommendation (2011/696/EU) for a definition of the term 'nanomaterial'1, the EC NM Definition, as a reference to determine whether an unknown material can be considered as a 'nanomaterial' for regulatory purposes. One challenge is the development of methods that reliably identify, characterize and quantify nanomaterials (NM) both as substances and in various products and matrices. The overall goal of NanoDefine was to support the implementation of the EC NM Definition. It can also support the implementation of any NM definition based on particle size. The project has developed an integrated approach, which allows identifying any material as a nano or non-nano material according to the EC NM Definition. NanoDefine explicitly supported the governance challenges associated with the implementation of legislation concerning nanomaterials by: - addressing the issues on availability of suitable measuring techniques, reference materials, validated methods, acceptable to all - developing an integrated and interdisciplinary approach and a close international co-operation and networking with academia, commercial firms and standardization bodies. Thus, the NanoDefine Methods Manual provides guidance on practical implementation of the EC NM Definition throughout the nanomaterial characterization process, and on the characterization techniques employed as well as their application range and limits. It assists the user in choosing the most appropriate measurement method(s) to identify any substance or mixture for a specific purpose, according to the EC NM Definition of a nanomaterial. The NanoDefine project also explored how to assess a material against the criteria of the definition through proxy solutions, i.e. by applying measurement techniques that indirectly determine the D50. Those findings were developed through empirically based scientific work and are included in Part 1 of this Manual. As they go beyond the text of the EC NM Definition, they may be used as practical approach to indicate whether a material is a nanomaterial or not, but keeping in mind that they should not be taken as recommendation for the implementation of the EC NM Definition in a regulatory context. The NanoDefine Methods Manual consists of the following three parts:  Part 1: The NanoDefiner Framework and Tools  Part 2: Evaluation of Methods  Part 3: Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) Part 1 covers the NanoDefiner framework, general information on measurement methods and performance criteria and tools developed by NanoDefine such as a materials categorisation system, a decision support flow scheme and an e-tool. Part 2 discusses the outcome of the evaluation of the nanomaterials characterisation methods for measuring size. Part 3 presents the 23 Standard Operating Procedures developed within the NanoDefine project. The current document is part 3. KW - Nanomaterial KW - Nanoparticles KW - Particle size distribution KW - NanoDefine KW - Standard Operation Procedures KW - Nanomaterial classification KW - SOP PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-503710 SN - 978-92-76-11955-5 DO - https://doi.org/10.2760/02910 SN - 1831-9424 VL - JRC117501 SP - 1 EP - 215 PB - Publications Office of the European Union CY - Luxembourg AN - OPUS4-50371 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Griesche, Axel A1 - Pfretzschner, Beate A1 - Schaupp, Thomas A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas A1 - Schillinger, B. A1 - Schulz, M. A1 - Kardjilov, N. A1 - Manke, I. T1 - Measurement of Hydrogen Distributions in Metals by Neutron Radiography and Tomography N2 - Neutron imaging is a valuable tool for measuring hydrogen distributions qualitatively and quantitatively in metals. Time-resolved neutron radiography allows to measure hydrogen mass flow inside cm thick steel samples with ~10 s temporal resolution. Hydrogen accumulations around cracks in embrittled iron samples can be visualized three-dimensionally by neutron tomography. This quality of information allows new insights for the analysis of damage mechanisms on a micrometer scale, e.g. of hydrogen blistering. Even the gas pressure of molecular hydrogen in crack cavities has been measured from tomographic reconstructions to be in the range of 5 MPa to 15 MPa for technical iron. Further, this method is non-destructive and provides local information in situ and in all three dimensions with a spatial resolution of 20 - 30 µm. The combination with other methods gives a new quality of information, e.g. of the hydrogen allocation on fractured surfaces. T2 - Symposium on large scale facilities CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 09.03.2020 KW - Hydrogen embrittlement KW - Neutron imaging KW - Hydrogen diffusion KW - Neutron radiography KW - Neutron tomography PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50548 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lazurenko, D.V. A1 - Laptev, I.S. A1 - Golkovsky, M.G. A1 - Stark, A. A1 - Paul, J. A1 - Bataev, I. A1 - Ruktuev, A.A. A1 - Song, L. A1 - Gollwitzer, Christian A1 - Pyczak, F. T1 - Influence of the Ti/Al/Nb ratio on the structure and properties on intermetallic layers obtained on titanium by non-vacuum electron beam cladding N2 - Ti-Al-Nb based intermetallic layers of sufficient quality and thickness were obtained by non-vacuum electron beam cladding on the surfaces of Ti workpieces. Optical microscopy and X-ray tomography did not reveal any dramatical defects in the structure of cladded layers. X-ray diffraction as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy were applied to thoroughly investigate the structure and phase composition of coatings. It was found that non-equilibrium cooling conditions of coatings provided by fast removal of heat to untreated Ti substrate after the electron beam cladding was terminated induced the proceeding of metastable phase transformations. For example, γ-phase formation was suppressed in these coatings. In coatings with 8 and 20 at.% Nb (46 and 43% Al respectively) along with ordered with α2, formation of disordered solution of the alloying elements in α-Ti took place. In high-Nb alloys β(B2) phase has undergone the diffusionless transformation to ω’, which is the intermediate phase in β → ω and the coating with the maximum Nb content characterized by appearance of γ1 as a main phase. ω-phase had negative influence to hardness and wear resistance of coatings, however, generally this paremeter increased in 1.3–1.75 times compared to cp-Ti. The high temperature creep and oxidation properties decreased proportionally with increasing Nb and decreasing Al content in the cladded layers. KW - Electron beam cladding KW - Titanium aluminides KW - Metastable phases KW - Diffraction analysis KW - Wear KW - High-temperature properties PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2020.110246 SN - 1044-5803 VL - 163 SP - 110246 PB - Elsevier Inc. AN - OPUS4-50550 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zavoiura, O. A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Seitz, O. T1 - Reactive Quantum Dot-Based FRET Systems N2 - Oligonucleotide-templated reactions (OTRs) between two reactive hybridization probes allow for the detection of a DNA or RNA of interest by exploiting the target molecule as a catalyst of chemical reactions. The product of such a reaction commonly exhibits distinct fluorescence properties and can be detected by the means of fluorescence spectroscopy. The vast majority of OTR systems utilize organic dyes as fluorescent reporters. However, the use of brighter emitters, such as semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), has potential to improve the sensitivity of detection by providing brighter signals and permitting the use of probes at very low concentrations. Here we report an RNA-templated reaction between two fluorescently labeled peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-based probes, which proceeds on the surface of a QD. The QD-Bound PNA probe bears a cysteine functionality, while the other PNA is functionalized with an organic dye as a thioester. OTR between these probes proceeds through a transfer of the organic dye to the QD and can be conveniently monitored via fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) from the QD to the Cy5. The reaction was performed in a conventional fluorescence microplate reader and permits the detection of RNA in the picomolar range. KW - Fluorescence KW - Nano KW - Particle quantum dot KW - FRET KW - Assay KW - Sensor KW - RNA-templated reactions KW - Bioconjugation KW - Synthesis KW - Dye KW - Click chemistry KW - Peptide nucleic acid KW - Quantum dots KW - RNA KW - Fluorescence spectroscopy PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0243-0_11 VL - 2105 SP - 187 EP - 198 PB - Springer Sience+Business Media AN - OPUS4-50553 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Beckmann, Jörg A1 - Puskar, Ljiljana A1 - Schade, U. A1 - Jaunich, Matthias A1 - Wolff, Dietmar A1 - Bär, Sylke T1 - Photolytically and Thermally Initiated Destruction on the Stability of (Ultra)High Molecular Polyethylene N2 - THz and mid IR spectroscopy of high-molecular PE (HMW) and ultra high-molecular PE (UHMW) reveals modifications of the molecular structure. Characteristic absorption bands are changed if the two materials are exposed by γ-Co60 radiation up to 600 kGy and subsequently stored at an annealing temperature of 398 K until for 729 days. UHMW-PE and HMW-PE behave differently during the ageing process because of their molecular weight and inherent structure distinctions. The spectroscopic data offer characteristic absorption bands, which have been used to describe the complete ageing process in more detail. For instance, the integral absorption in the B1u THz-region can be used to describe quantitatively the reduction of crystallinity. The formation of trans vinylene unsaturation and the decay of vinyl during ageing can be observed in detail in the mid IR range. T2 - 9th International Workshop on Terahertz Technology and Applications CY - Kaiserslautern, Germany DA - 03.03.2020 KW - Degradation KW - MID IR Spectroscopy PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50555 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Becker, S. A1 - Beckmann, Jörg A1 - Braun, M.-T. A1 - Cojocari, O. A1 - Feige, V. A1 - Fischer, B. A1 - Friederich, F. A1 - Globisch, B. A1 - Hechtfischer, G. A1 - Hens, K. A1 - Hübers, H.-W. A1 - Jelonnek, J. A1 - Jonuscheit, J. A1 - Keil, A. A1 - Kleine-Ostmann, T. A1 - Marquardt, E. A1 - Mayr, M. A1 - Nickel, H.-U. A1 - Nüßler, D. A1 - Peichl, M. A1 - Peters, O. A1 - Schür, J. A1 - Sprenger, T. A1 - Steiger, A. A1 - van Frank, S. A1 - Vieweg, N. A1 - Wilk, R. ED - Jonuscheit, J. ED - Marquardt, E. T1 - Terahertzsysteme und Anwendungsfelder N2 - Der Frequenzbereich der Terahertzwellen liegt im elektromagnetischen Spektrum zwischen den Mikrowellen und dem infraroten Licht – also etwa im Bereich von 0,1 bis 10 Terahertz (THz). Der VDI-Statusreport „Terahertzsysteme und Anwendungen“ stellt die unterschiedlichen Konzepte für Terahertzsysteme vor und zeigt Anwendungsbeispiele, bei denen die Terahertztechnik erfolgreich eingesetzt wird. Umfangreiche Literaturangaben ermöglichen eine intensivere Beschäftigung mit allen Themen des VDI-Statusreports. KW - Terahertzsysteme PY - 2020 UR - https://www.vdi.de/ueber-uns/presse/publikationen/details/terahertzsysteme-und-anwendungsfelder SP - 1 EP - 44 PB - Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (VDI) CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-50556 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schob, D. A1 - Sagradov, I. A1 - Roszak, R. A1 - Sparr, H. A1 - Franke, R. A1 - Ziegenhorn, M. A1 - Kupsch, Andreas A1 - Léonard, Fabien A1 - Müller, Bernd R. A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Experimental determination and numerical simulation of material and damage behaviour of 3D printed polyamide 12 under cyclic loading N2 - The material and damage behaviour of additively manufactured polyamide 12 under cyclic loading was characterized by cyclic tests and microstructure analysis by using microscopy, X-ray refraction, and computed tomography. The results were used to determine parameters for the viscoplastic material model by Chaboche and a damage model by Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman. The temperature was monitored during the experiments and the self-heating effect was observed. By including this effect, a higher accuracy could be achieved with the results of mechanical experiments. KW - 3D printing Polyamide 12 KW - Chaboche model KW - GTN model KW - Material and damage behaviour KW - X-ray refraction KW - Computed tomography PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2019.106841 SN - 0013-7944 VL - 229 SP - 106841-1 EP - 106841-13 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-50557 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Beyranvand, S. A1 - Pourghobadi, Z. A1 - Sattari, S. A1 - Soleymani, K. A1 - Donskyi, Ievgen A1 - Gharabaghi, M. A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Farjanikish, G. A1 - Nayebzadeh, H. A1 - Adeli, M. T1 - Boronic acid functionalized graphene platforms for diabetic wound N2 - While noncovalent interactions between graphene derivatives and biosystems are extensively studied, less knowledge about their covalent multivalent interactions at biointerfaces is available. Due to the affinity of boronic acids towards cis-diol bearing biosystems, graphene sheets with this functionality were synthesized and their covalent interactions with the bacteria and nematode were investigated. As expected, graphene platforms with boronic acid functionality were able to wrap bacteria and destroy it in a short time. Surprisingly, body of nematodes was ruptured and their viability decreased to 30% after 24 h incubation with the functionalized graphene sheets. Because of their antibacterial and antiparasitic activities as well as their ability for wound dressing, graphene platforms with the boronic acid functionality were further investigated for diabetic wound healing. In vivo experiments showed that graphene platforms are more efficient than the commercially available drug, phenytoin, and restore both infected and non-infected diabetic wounds in ten days. Taking advantage of their straightforward synthesis, strong interactions with different biosystems as well as their ability to heal diabetic wounds, the boronic Acid functionalized graphene sheets are promising candidates for a broad range of future biomedical applications. KW - Graphene KW - Boronic acid KW - Functionalized graphene KW - XPS PY - 2020 UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0008622319310954 DO - https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.10.077 VL - 158 SP - 327 EP - 336 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50559 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Friedrich, Sebastian A1 - Cappella, Brunero T1 - Study of micro- and nanoscale wetting properties of lubricants using AFM force-distance curves N2 - Atomic force microscopy (AFM) plays an important role as a multifuntional tool in nanotribology.In the present work it was shown that the main features of force-distance curves on different lubricants have been characterized and the underlying phenomena could be explained. KW - Lubricants KW - Atomic force microscopy KW - Force-distance curves PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-504631 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-020-1275-3 SN - 1573-2711 VL - 68 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Springer CY - Cham AN - OPUS4-50463 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kepsutlu, B. A1 - Wycisk, V. A1 - Achazi, K. A1 - Kapishnikov, S. A1 - Perez-Berna, A.J. A1 - Guttmann, P. A1 - Cossmer, Antje A1 - Pereiro, E. A1 - Ewers, H. A1 - Ballauff, M. A1 - Schneider, G. A1 - McNally, J.G. T1 - Cells Undergo Major Changes in the Quantity of Cytoplasmic Organelles after Uptake of Gold Nanoparticles with Biologically Relevant Surface Coatings N2 - Here, we use cryo soft X-ray tomography (cryo-SXT), which delivers 3D ultrastructural volumes of intact cells without chemical fixation or staining, to gain insight about nanoparticle uptake for nanomedicine. We initially used dendritic polyglycerol sulfate (dPGS) with potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications in inflammation. Although dPGS-coated gold nanoparticle (dPGS-AuNP) uptake followed a conventional endocytic/degradative pathway in human lung epithelial cell lines (A549), with cryo-SXT, we detected ∼5% of dPGS-AuNPs in the cytoplasm, a level undetectable by confocal light microscopy. We also observed ∼5% of dPGS-AuNPs in a rarely identified subcellular site, namely, lipid droplets, which are important for cellular energy metabolism. Finally, we also found substantial changes in the quantity of cytoplasmic organelles upon dPGS-AuNP uptake over the 1–6 h incubation period; the number of small vesicles and mitochondria significantly increased, and the number of multivesicular bodies and the number and volume of lipid droplets significantly decreased. Although nearly all organelle numbers at 6 h were still significantly different from controls, most appeared to be returning to normal levels. To test for generality, we also examined cells after uptake of gold nanoparticles coated with a different agent, polyethylenimine (PEI), used for nucleic acid delivery. PEI nanoparticles did not enter lipid droplets, but they induced similar, albeit less pronounced, changes in the quantity of cytoplasmic organelles. We confirmed these changes in organelle quantities for both nanoparticle coatings by confocal fluorescence microscopy. We suggest this cytoplasmic remodeling could reflect a more common cellular response to coated gold nanoparticle uptake. KW - Cellular trafficking KW - Confocal laser scanning microscopy KW - Cytoplasmic remodeling KW - Dendritic polyglycerol sulfate KW - Polyethylenimine KW - 3D ultrastructural analysis KW - Cryo-soft X-ray tomography PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b09264 VL - 14 IS - 2 SP - 2248 EP - 2264 AN - OPUS4-50464 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yildirim, Arda A1 - Krause, Christina A1 - Zorn, R. A1 - Lohstroh, W. A1 - Schneider, G. J. A1 - Zamponi, M. A1 - Holerer, O. A1 - Frick, B. A1 - Schönhals, Andreas T1 - Complex molecular dynamics of a symmetric model discotic liquid crystal revealed by broadband dielectric, thermal and neutron spectroscopy N2 - The molecular dynamics of the triphenylene-based discotic liquid crystal HAT6 is investigated by broadband dielectric spectroscopy, advanced dynamical calorimetry and neutron scattering. Differential scanning calorimetry in combination with X-ray scattering reveals that HAT6 has a plastic crystalline phase at low temperatures, a hexagonally ordered liquid crystalline phase at higher temperatures and undergoes a clearing transition at even higher temperatures. The dielectric spectra show several relaxation processes: a localized gamma-relaxation a lower temperature and a so called alpha-2-relaxation at higher temperatures. The relaxation rates of the alpha-2-relaxation have a complex temperature dependence and bear similarities to a dynamic glass transition. The relaxation rates estimated by hyper DSC, Fast Scanning calorimetry and AC Chip calorimetry have a different temperature dependence than the dielectric alpha-2-relaxation and follows the VFT-behavior characteristic for glassy dynamics. Therefore, this process is called alpha-1-relaxation. Its relaxation rates show a similarity with that of polyethylene. For this reason, the alpha-1-relaxation is assigned to the dynamic glass transition of the alkyl chains in the intercolumnar space. Moreover, this process is not observed by dielectric spectroscopy which supports its assignment. The alpha-2-relaxation was assigned to small scale translatorial and/or small angle fluctuations of the cores. The neutron scattering data reveal two relaxation processes. The process observed at shorter relaxation times is assigned to the methyl group rotation. The second relaxation process at longer time scales agree in the temperature dependence of its relaxation rates with that of the dielectric gamma-relaxation. KW - Discotic Liquid Crystals PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/c9sm02487e VL - 16 IS - 8 SP - 2005 EP - 2016 PB - Royal Chemical Society AN - OPUS4-50466 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fahmy, Alaa A1 - Adham-Zomrawy, A. A1 - Saeed, A. M. A1 - El-Arab, M. A. E. A1 - Shehata, H. A1 - Friedrich, J. T1 - Degradation of organic dye using plasma discharge: optimization, pH and energy N2 - Decolorization of Acid Orange 142 (AO142) as important water pollutant was observed on the exposure of the dye solutions to an atmospheric non-thermal gas plasma. Aresponse Surface methodology (RSM) combined with a central composite design (CCD) was utilized to optimize the main factors (variables) affecting the degradation efficiency (response) of AO142, such as the applied voltage, the gap distance between the high voltage electrode and the surface of the solution. The regression analysis showed that a first-order polynomial model well fits the experimental data with a coefficient of determination R2=0.96. FT-IR, UV-vis,TOCand GC-MS measurements were used to investigate the decolorization of the dye on exposure to the plasma discharges. A possible Degradation pathway was postulated. Additionally, the conductivity and pH changes during the treatment were also evaluated. The plasma treatment combined with Fe2+ (plasma Fenton reaction) exhibited a higher degradation efficiency, higher energy yield connected with lower energy consumption in comparison to the plasma treatment without Fe2+ addition. KW - Advanced Oxidation PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1067/ab6703 VL - 2 IS - 1 SP - 015009 PB - IOP publishing Ltd AN - OPUS4-50467 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wahl, S. A1 - El-Refaei, S. M. A1 - Amsalem, P. A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana A1 - Koch, N. A1 - Pinna, N. T1 - Operando diffuse reflectance UV-vis spectroelectrochemistry for investigating oxygen evolution electrocatalysts N2 - The characterization of the active structure of water-splitting catalysts is crucial to evolve to a sustainable energy future based on hydrogen. Such information can only be obtained by operando methods. We present a diffuse reflectance UV-vis (DRUV) spectroelectrochemical study that allows tracking the changes of solid oxygen evolution catalysts under working conditions. The versatility of our approach is demonstrated on two cobalt-containing catalysts, Zn0.35Co0.65O and CoAl2O4. The changes the catalysts undergo during the oxygen evolution reaction can be tracked by probing the electronic structure using UV-vis spectroscopy. These findings are compared to ex situ analyses, which support the assignments of the structures stabilized under different potentials. Thus, structure–activity correlations can be proposed, and deeper insights into the catalytically active structures can be obtained. KW - EXAFS PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/c9cy02329a VL - 10 IS - 2 SP - 517 EP - 528 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry AN - OPUS4-50468 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laquai, René A1 - Müller, Bernd R. A1 - Kasperovich, G. A1 - Requena, G. A1 - Haubrich, J. A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Classification of defect types in SLM Ti-6Al-V4 by X-ray refraction topography N2 - Porosity in additively manufactured materials, such as laser powder bed fusion Ti-Al6-V4, can play an important role in their mechanical performance. Not only the total porosity but also the shape/morphology of the individual pores need to be considered. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the distributions of different defect types (especially fusing defects and keyhole pores) and their dependence on process parameters. We show that synchrotron X-ray refraction radiography allows analysis of large samples (up to several millimeters) without compromising the detectability of submicrometer defects. Correspondingly, a classification tool is introduced that is able to quantitatively distinguish defects such as keyhole pores and binding defects with a confidence level of 94 %, even when the shape cannot be discerned because of limited spatial resolution. KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Selective laser melting KW - X-ray refraction KW - Microscopy KW - Porosity KW - X-ray computed tomography KW - BAMline KW - Synchrotron Radiation PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1520/MPC20190080 SN - 2379-1365 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 82 EP - 93 PB - ASTM International CY - West Conshohocken, PA AN - OPUS4-50470 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Geißler, Daniel A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute T1 - Development of reference materials for flow cytometric analysis of extracellular vesicles N2 - The aim of task 1.4 within the EMPIR project 18HLT01 MetVesII is to produce low-RI solid particles with an effective RI between 1.37 and 1.42. To prepare these low-RI solid particles, polymer cores will be coated with a silica shell. Although the bulk RI of polymers, such as polystyrene (RI = 1.59) and PMMA (RI = 1.49), and fused silica (RI = 1.46) are higher than desired, an effective RI below 1.42 will be achieved by using a mesoporous silica shell with tuneable shell-thickness and a polymer core with sufficiently small size. This approach has four advantages: (1) monodisperse commercial polymer particles and silica shell chemistry are available, (2) low-RI solid particles will have a tuneable size and RI, (3) fluorescence can be added by incorporating fluorescent dyes into the polymer cores via an established staining procedure, and (4) fluorescent dyes within the polymer cores are shielded against influences from the sample matrix, e.g. fluorescence quenching effects altering the emission properties of the reference materials. T2 - MetVesII M9 Progress Meeting CY - Budapest, Hungary DA - 12.02.2020 KW - EMPIR 18HLT01 MetVesII KW - Extracellular vesicles (EV) KW - Flow cytometry (FCM) KW - Reference materials KW - Fluorescent particles PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50451 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wilrich, T. A1 - Wilrich, Cordula T1 - Vergiftungstod bei Motorbootreinigung N2 - Ein Praktikant atmete bei Reinigungsarbeiten Dämpfe des verwendeten Reinigungsmittels ein, fiel in Ohnmacht und verstarb. Der Meister, der den Praktikanten mit dieser Tätigkeit beauftragt hatte, wurde wegen fahrlässiger Tötung durch Verstöße gegen das Jugendarbeitsschutz- und Gefahrstoffrecht verurteilt. Dieser Aufsatz bereitet die wesentlichen Aussagen des Urteils auf – und erläutert auch die Fehler gemäß Gefahrstoffverordnung (GefStoffV), die das Gericht nicht anspricht. KW - Arbeitsschutz KW - Gefährdungsbeurteilung KW - Gefahrstoffverordnung KW - Schutzmaßnahmen KW - Substitution PY - 2020 SN - 2698-3710 VL - 1 IS - 1 SP - 29 EP - 31 PB - Verlag C.H.BECK oHG CY - München AN - OPUS4-50455 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Surmeneva, M. A1 - Koptyug, A. A1 - Khrapov, D. A1 - Ivanov, Yuriy A1 - Mishurova, Tatiana A1 - Evsevleev, Sergei A1 - Prymak, O. A1 - Loza, K. A1 - Epple, M. A1 - Bruno, Giovanni A1 - Surmenev, R. T1 - In situ synthesis of a binary Ti–10at% Nb alloy by electron beam melting using a mixture of elemental niobium and titanium powders N2 - This study reports the results of the preliminary assessment to fabricate Ti-10at% Nb alloy by electron beam melting (EBM®) from a blend of elemental Nb and Ti powders. The microstructure of the EBM-manufactured Ti-10at% Nb alloys is sensitive to the following factors: different sintering properties of Nb and Ti powders, powder particle properties, material viscosities at varying melt pool temperatures, β-stabilizer element content and the EBM® process parameters. Three phases were observed in as-manufactured Ti-10at% Nb alloy: μm-size Nb phase, a Nb-rich β-solid solution surrounding Nb phase, lamellar structured α-phase and β-solid solution with different distribution and volume fraction. Thus, the combination of powder particle characteristics, very short time material spends in molten condition and sluggish kinetics of mixing and diffusional process in Ti-Nb alloy results in heterogeneous microstructures depending on the local Nb content in the powder blend and the EBM® process conditions. KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Electron beam melting KW - Ti-Nb alloy KW - In situ alloying PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2020.116646 VL - 282 SP - 116646 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-50457 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogler, Nico A1 - Lindemann, Mathias A1 - Drabetzki, Philipp A1 - Kühne, Hans-Carsten T1 - Alternative pH-indicators for determination of carbonation depth on cement-based concretes N2 - The most common method for determination of the carbonation depth is the sprayed application of indicator solutions, Phenolphthalein in particular. Since the aerosols of Phenolphthalein are suspected to be carcinogenic, efforts have been intensified to use alternative indicators for the determination of carbonation depth. The subject and aim of this research paper are to examine indicator solutions from Alizarin Yellow R, Thymol Blue and a Mixed Indicator. These indicator solutions are commercially available and are not suspected to be carcinogenic. For the purpose of this research, samples previously stored under accelerated carbonation conditions (1% CO2) were examined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and examination of the pH value. Additionally, the electrolytic back-titration for determination of total CO2 amount was carried out comparatively to TGA. KW - Thermal analysis KW - Accelerated carbonation KW - pH-indicators KW - Concrete PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103565 VL - 109 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50458 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander A1 - Léonard, Fabien A1 - Evsevleev, Sergei A1 - Kupsch, Andreas A1 - Müller, Bernd R. A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - To see and not to see - Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Schadensanalyse mit CT an Kompositmaterialien N2 - Anhand von drei Beispielen (Datenfusion an CFK; Machine Learning an Metall-Matrix-Kompositen sowie Refraktion an CFK) wird gezeigt, wie die BAM mit neuen Analysemethoden mehr Informationen aus CT-Datensätzen extrahieren kann, sowie mit der Refraktion eine Analysemethode besitzt, die in Fällen eingesetzt werden kann, bei denen klassische Durchstrahlungsmethoden kein Ergebnis liefern. T2 - InnoTesting 2020 CY - Wildau, Germany DA - 27.02.2020 KW - Computed tomography KW - Computertomographie KW - Röntgenrefraktion KW - Machine Learning KW - Datenfusion KW - Data Fusion KW - Synchrotron PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50485 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Xu, F. A1 - Ren, H. A1 - Zheng, M. A1 - Shao, X. A1 - Dai, T. A1 - Wu, Y. A1 - Tian, L. A1 - Liu, Y. A1 - Liu, B. A1 - Günster, Jens A1 - Liu, Y. A1 - Liu, Y. T1 - Development of biodegradable bioactive glass ceramics by DLP printed containing EPCs/BMSCs for bone tissue engineering of rabbit mandible defects N2 - Bioactive glass ceramics have excellent biocompatibility and osteoconductivity; and can form direct chemical bonds with human bones; thus, these ceramic are considered as “Smart” materials. In this study, we develop a new type of bioactive glass ceramic (AP40mod) as a scaffold containing Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and Mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) to repair critical-sized bone defects in rabbit mandibles. For in vitro experiments: AP40mod was prepared by Dgital light processing (DLP) system and the optimal ratio of EPCs/BMSCs was screened by analyzing cell proliferation and ALP activity, as well as the influence of genes related to osteogenesis and angiogenesis by direct inoculation into scaffolds. The scaffold showed suitable mechanical properties, with a Bending strength 52.7 MPa and a good biological activity. Additionally, when EPCs/BMSCs ratio were combined at a ratio of 2:1 with AP40mod, the ALP activity, osteogenesis and angiogenesis were significantly increased. For in vivo experiments: application of AP40mod/EPCs/BMSCs (after 7 days of in vitro spin culture) to repair and reconstruct critical-sized mandible defect in rabbit showed that all scaffolds were successfully accurately implanted into the defect area. As revealed by macroscopically and CT at the end of 9 months, defects in the AP40mod/EPCs/BMSCs group were nearly completely covered by normal bone and the degradation rate was 29.9% compared to 20.1% in the AP40mod group by the 3D reconstruction. As revealed by HE and Masson staining analyses, newly formed blood vessels, bone marrow and collagen maturity were significantly increased in the AP40mod/EPCs/BMSCs group compared to those in the AP40mod group. We directly inoculated cells on the novel material to screen for the best inoculation ratio. It is concluded that the AP40mod combination of EPCs/BMSCs is a promising approach for repairing and reconstructing large load bearing bone defect. KW - Three-dimensional Bone tissue engineering KW - Endothelial progenitor cell KW - Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell KW - Bioactive glass scaffold PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.103532 SN - 1751-6161 VL - 103 SP - 103532 EP - 103532 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50491 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Esmann, M. A1 - Chimeh, A. A1 - Korte, A. A1 - Zhong, J. A1 - Stephan, S. A1 - Witt, Julia A1 - Wittstock, G. A1 - Talebi, N. A1 - Lienau, C. T1 - Plasmonic nanofocusing spectral interferometry N2 - We describe and demonstrate a novel experimental approach to measure broadband, amplitude- and phase-resolved scattering spectra of single nanoparticles with 10-nm spatial resolution. Nanofocusing of Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) propagating along the shaft of a conical gold taper is used to create a spatially isolated, spectrally broad nanoscale light source at ist very apex. The interference between these incident SPPs and SPPs that are backpropagating from the apex leads to the formation of an inherently phase-stable interferogram, which we detect in the far field by partially scattering SPPs off a small protrusion on the taper shaft. We show that these interferograms allow the reconstruction of both the amplitude and phase of the local optical near fields around individual nanoparticles optically coupled to the taper apex. We extract local light scattering spectra of particles and quantify line broadenings and spectral shifts induced by tip-sample coupling. Our experimental findings are supported by corresponding finite-difference time-domain and coupled dipole simulations and Show that, in the limit of weak tip-sample coupling, the measurements directly probe the projected local density of optical states of the plasmonic system. The combination of a highly stable inline interferometer with the inherent optical background suppression through nanofocusing makes it a promising tool for the locally resolved study of the spectral and temporal optical response of coupled hybrid nanosystems. KW - Plasmonic nanofocusing KW - Near-field spectroscopy PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-504985 DO - https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2019-0397 VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - 491 EP - 508 PB - De Gruyter AN - OPUS4-50498 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Scheuerlein, C. A1 - Andrieux, J. A1 - Michels, M. A1 - Lackner, F. A1 - Chiriac, R. A1 - Hagner, M. A1 - Di Michiel, M. A1 - Meyer, Christian A1 - Toche, F. ED - Foley, C. P. T1 - Effect of the fabrication route on the phase and volume changes during the reaction heat treatment of Nb3Sn superconducting wires N2 - Accelerator magnets that can reach magnetic fields well beyond the Nb-Ti performance limits are presently being built and developed, using Nb3Sn superconductors. This technology requires reaction heat treatment (RHT) of the magnet coils, during which Nb3Sn is formed from its ductile precursor materials (a “wind and react” approach). The Nb3Sn microstructure and microchemistry are strongly influenced by the conductor fabrication route, and by the Phase changes during RHT. By combining in situ differential scanning calorimetry, high Energy synchrotron x-ray diffraction, and micro-tomography experiments, we have acquired a unique data set that describes in great detail the phase and microstructure changes that take place during the processing of restacked rod process (RRP), powder-in-tube (PIT), and internal tin (IT) Nb3Sn wires. At temperatures below 450 ° the phase evolutions in the three wire types are similar, with respectively solid state interdiffusion of Cu and Sn, Cu6Sn5 formation, and Cu6Sn5 peritectic transformation. Distinct differences in phase evolutions in the wires are found when temperatures exceed 450 °C. The volume changes of the conductor during RHT are a difficulty in the production of Nb3Sn accelerator magnets. We compare the wire diameter changes measured in situ by dilatometry with the phase and void volume evolution of the three types of Nb3Sn wire. Unlike the Nb3Sn wire length changes, the wire diameter evolution is characteristic for each Nb3Sn wire type. The strongest volume increase, of about 5%, is observed in the RRP wire, where the main diameter increase occurs above 600 °C upon Nb3Sn formation. KW - Nb3Sn KW - Microstructure KW - Phase transformations KW - Volume changes KW - X-ray diffraction KW - Differential scanning calorimetry KW - Synchrotron micro-tomography PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-505128 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6668/ab627c VL - 33 IS - 3 SP - 034004 PB - IOP Publishing CY - Bristol (UK) AN - OPUS4-50512 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lohrer, Christian T1 - Current topics and challenges in the forum of notified bodies N2 - Es werden aktuelle Herausforderungen und Problemfälle im Forum der benannten Stellen für pyrotechnische Gegenstände nach der Richtlinie 2013/29/EU vorgestellt. Diese betrift maßgeblich: Wechsel der benannten Stellen, RRT, Kennzeichnung, Feuerwerksraketen, Transport, Konditionierung, Fehler, Module, Raucheffekte, Losprüfungen. N2 - Current challenges and problems in the forum of notified bodies under the Directive 2013/29/EU are presented. This mainly comprises of: change of notified bodies, labelling, fireworks rockets, transport, conditioning, nonconformities, modules smoke effects and batch testing. T2 - 16th Meeting of the AdCo Pyrotechnic Articles CY - Leuven, Belgium DA - 03.03.2020 KW - Batch testing KW - Pyrotechnics KW - Nonconformities PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50513 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Eckel, S. A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Huthwaite, P. A1 - Paul, N. A1 - Schumm, A. T1 - Radiographic film system classification and noise characterisation by a camera-based digitisation procedure N2 - Extracting statistical characteristics from radiographic films is vital for film system classification and contrast sensitivity evaluation and serves as a basis for film noise simulation. A new method for digitising radiographic films in order to extract these characteristics is presented. The method consists of a camera-based setup and image processing procedure to digitise films. Correct optical density values and granularity can be extracted from the digitised images, which are equal to results obtained by standardised measurement procedures. Specific statistical characteristics of film noise are theoretically derived and subsequently verified by the obtained data, including characteristics such as Gaussianity and spatial spectral characteristics of the optical density fluctuations. It is shown that the presented method correctly measures the granularity of film noise and can therefore replace time-consuming microdensitometer measurements traditionally required for film system classifications. Additionally, the inherent unsharpness of film systems was investigated and compared with literature data. This comparison serves as another validation approach of the presented method. KW - Radiography KW - Image processing KW - Film noise KW - Film system classification KW - Digitisation PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2020.102241 SN - 0963-8695 VL - 111 IS - 4 SP - 102241 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-50517 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Eckel, S. A1 - Huthwaite, P. A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Schumm, A. A1 - Paul, N. T1 - Realistic film noise generation based on experimental noise spectra N2 - Generating 2D noise with local, space-varying spectral characteristics is vital where random noise fields with spatially heterogeneous statistical properties are observed and need to be simulated. A realistic, non-stationary noise generator relying on experimental data is presented. That generator is desired in areas such as photography and radiography. For example, before performing actual X-ray imaging in practice, output images are simulated to assess and improve setups. For that purpose, realistic film noise modelling is crucial because noise downgrades the detectability of visual signals. The presented film noise synthesiser improves the realism and value of radiographic simulations significantly, allowing more realistic assessments of radiographic test setups. The method respects space-varying spectral characteristics and probability distributions, locally simulating noise with realistic granularity and contrast. The benefits of this approach are to respect the correlation between noise and image as well as internal correlation, the fast generation of any number of unique noise samples, the exploitation of real experimental data, and its statistical non-stationarity. The combination of these benefits is not available in existing work. Validation of the new technique was undertaken in the field of industrial radiography. While applied to that field here, the technique is general and can also be utilised in any other field where the generation of 2D noise with local, space-varying statistical properties is necessary. KW - Nondestructive testing KW - Image quality KW - Noise simulation KW - Radiography PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.2019.2955284 SN - 1057-7149 VL - 29 SP - 2987 EP - 2998 PB - IEEE Xplore CY - Washington, D.C. AN - OPUS4-50518 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rhode, Michael A1 - Richter, Tim A1 - Mayr, P. A1 - Nitsche, A. A1 - Mente, Tobias A1 - Böllinghaus, Thomas T1 - Hydrogen diffusion in creep-resistant 9% Cr P91 multi-layer weld metal N2 - Welded components of P91 9% Cr steel demand for careful welding fabrication with necessary post weld heat treatment (PWHT). Before the PWHT, a hydrogen removal heat treatment is necessary for avoidance of hydrogen assisted cracking (HAC). In this context, the microstructure and temperature-dependent hydrogen diffusion is important, and reliable diffusion coefficients of P91 weld metal are rare. For that reason, the diffusion behavior of P91 multi-layer weld metal was investigated for as-welded (AW) and PWHT condition by electrochemical permeation experiments at room temperature and carrier gas hot extraction (CGHE) from 100 to 400 °C. Hydrogen diffusion coefficients were calculated, and the corresponding hydrogen concentration was measured. It was ascertained that both heat treatment conditions show significant differences. At room temperature the AW condition showed significant hydrogen trapping expressed by to seven times lower diffusion coefficients. A preferred diffusion direction was found in perpendicular direction expressed by high permeability. The CGHE experiments revealed lower diffusion coefficients for the AW condition up to 400 °C. In this context, a hydrogen concentration of approximately 21 ml/100 g was still trapped at 100 °C. For that reason, a certain HAC susceptibility of as-welded P91 weld metal cannot be excluded, and hydrogen removal should be done before PWHT. KW - Creep resisting materials KW - Diffusion KW - Hydrogen KW - Weld metal KW - Post weld heat treatment KW - Microstructure PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-019-00828-8 SN - 0043-2288 VL - 64 IS - 2 SP - 267 EP - 281 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-50471 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Neumann, Patrick P. A1 - Hüllmann, Dino A1 - Winkler, Nicolas P. A1 - Kohlhoff, Harald A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias A1 - Hirschberger, Paul A1 - Bennetts, V.H. A1 - Lilienthal, A.J. T1 - Gassensitive Flugroboter der BAM T1 - Aerial robot olfaction @ BAM N2 - Der Vortrag gibt Beispiele dafür, wie Drohnen sinnvoll im zivilen Bereich eingesetzt werden können. Insbesondere werden die Lokalisierung von Gasemissionsquellen und die Erstellung von Gasverteilungskarten vorgestellt. T2 - InnoTesting2020 „Innovative Ideen - neue Testmethoden” CY - Wildau, Berlin, Germany DA - 27.02.2020 KW - Mobile Robot Olfaction KW - Erstellung von Gasverteilungskarten KW - Lokalisierung von Gasemissionsquellen KW - UAV / UAS PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50476 LA - mul AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Babutzka, Martin T1 - Neue Erkenntnisse zum Korrosionsverhalten von Zink an der Atmosphäre N2 - Die Untersuchungen und Ausführungen im Vortrag belegen, dass verfügbare Modellvorstellungen zur Beschreibung der Deckschichtbildung und Korrosion von Zink unter aktuellen atmosphärischen Bedingungen in Europa nicht mehr gültig sind und neu bewertet werden müssen. So können beispielsweise bisher verfügbare Prognosemodelle den Korrosionsfortschritt nicht mehr ausreichend beschreiben, da durch die Verringerung des Schwefeldioxidgehaltes der Luft veränderte Mechanismen vorliegen. T2 - 69. Sitzung des NA 062-01-71 AA "Korrosion und Korrosionsschutz" CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 27.02.2020 KW - Korrosion KW - Zink KW - Atmosphärische Korrosion KW - Korrosionsprüfung KW - Deckschichtbildung KW - gelartige Elektrolyte PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50479 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ghafafian, Carineh A1 - Trappe, Volker T1 - Localized repairs for wind turbine rotor blades N2 - The effect of localized repairs on the structural integrity and thus the lifespan of wind turbine rotor blade shells is examined. T2 - SAMPE Symposium 2020 CY - Kassel, Germany DA - 17.02.2020 KW - GFRP KW - Wind turbine blade shells KW - Scarf joint repairs KW - Sandwich PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50480 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Diehn, S. A1 - Zimmermann, B. A1 - Tafintseva, V. A1 - Seifert, S. A1 - Bagcioglu, M. A1 - Ohlson, M. A1 - Weidner, Steffen A1 - Fjellheim, S. A1 - Kohler, A. A1 - Kneipp, Janina T1 - Combining Chemical Information From Grass Pollen in Multimodal Characterization N2 - The analysis of pollen chemical composition is important to many fields, including agriculture, plant physiology, ecology, allergology, and climate studies. Here, the potential of a combination of different spectroscopic and spectrometric methods regarding the characterization of small biochemical differences between pollen samples was evaluated using multivariate statistical approaches. Pollen samples, collected from three populations of the grass Poa alpina, were analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), and matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The variation in the sample set can be described in a hierarchical framework comprising three populations of the same grass species and four different growth conditions of the parent plants for each of the populations. Therefore, the data set can work here as a model system to evaluate the classification and characterization ability of the different spectroscopic and spectrometric methods. ANOVA Simultaneous Component Analysis (ASCA) was applied to achieve a separation of different sources of variance in the complex sample set. Since the chosen methods and sample preparations probe different parts and/or molecular constituents of the pollen grains, complementary information about the chemical composition of the pollen can be obtained. By using consensus principal component analysis (CPCA), data from the different methods are linked together. This enables an investigation of the underlying global information, since complementary chemical data are combined. The molecular information from four spectroscopies was combined with phenotypical information gathered from the parent plants, thereby helping to potentially link pollen chemistry to other biotic and abiotic parameters. KW - Pollen KW - MALDI-TOF MS KW - FTIR KW - Raman KW - Multivariate analyses PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-504822 DO - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01788 VL - 10 SP - 1788 AN - OPUS4-50482 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stephan-Scherb, Christiane T1 - Applied Crystallography as a tool for a better understanding of Fundamental Questions of high temperature corrosion phenomena N2 - Corrosion Science Meets X-Rays, Neutrons and Electrons. The presentation gives an overview on current research activities applying in-situ X-ray diffraction and spectroscopy for a better understanding of fundamental mechanisms of high temperature corrosion. Additionally the knowledge gain by applying neutron powder diffraction and EBSD analysis is presented. T2 - Joint meeting of german and polish crystallographic association 2020 CY - Wroclaw, Poland DA - 24.02.2020 KW - Corrosion KW - Oxidation KW - In situ KW - Diffraction PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50483 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schulze-Makuch, D. A1 - Haque, S. A1 - Beckles, D. A1 - Schmitt-Kopplin, P. A1 - Harir, M. A1 - Schneider, Beate A1 - Stumpp, C. A1 - Wagner, D. T1 - A chemical and microbial characterization of selected mud volcanoes in Trinidad reveals pathogens introduced by surface water and rain water N2 - Terrestrial mud volcanoes are unique structures driven by tectonic pressure and fluids from the deep subsurface. These structures are mainly found in active tectonic zones, such as the area near the Los Bajos Fault in Trinidad. Here we report a chemical and microbiological characterization of three mud volcanoes, which included analyses of multiple liquid and solid samples from the mud volcanoes. Our study confirms previous suggestions that at least some of the mud volcano fluids are a mixture of deeper salt-rich water and surficial/precipitation water. No apparent water quality differences were found between sampling sites north and south of a major geological fault line. Microbiological analyses revealed diverse communities, both aerobic and anaerobic, including sulfate reducers, methanogens, carbon dioxide fixing and denitrifying bacteria. Several identified species were halophilic and likely derived from the deeper salt-rich subsurface water, while we also cultivated pathogenic species from the Vibrionaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Shewanellaceae, and Clostridiaceae. These microorganisms were likely introduced into the mud volcano fluids both from surface water or shallow ground-water, and perhaps to a more minor degree by rain water. The identified pathogens are a major health concern that needs to be addressed. KW - Water stable isotope analysis KW - Mud volcanoe fluids KW - Metabolomics PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136087 VL - 707 SP - 136087 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-50499 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Faßbender, Sebastian A1 - Rodiouchkina, K. A1 - Vanhaecke, F. A1 - Meermann, Björn T1 - On-line hyphenation of CE with multicollector-ICP-MS for species-specific isotopic analysis of sulfur N2 - In many scientific fields, isotopic analysis can offer valuable information, e.g., for tracing the origin of food products, environmental contaminants, forensic and archaeological samples (provenance determination), for age determination of minerals (geochronological dating) or for elucidating chemical processes. Up to date, typically bulk analysis is aimed at measuring the isotopic composition of the entire elemental content of the sample. However, the analyte element is usually present under the form of different species. Thus, separating species of interest from one another and from matrix components prior to isotope ratio measurements can provide species-specific isotopic information, which could be used for tracing the origin of environmental pollutants and elucidation of (environmental) speciation. Using on-line hyphenations of separation techniques with multicollector-ICP-MS (MC-ICP-MS) can save time and effort and enables the analysis of different species during a single measurement. In this work, we developed an on-line hyphenation of CE with multicollector-ICP-MS (CE/MC-ICP-MS) for isotopic analysis of sulfur species. With this method, the isotopic composition of sulfur in sulfate originating from river water could be analyzed without sample preparation. The results were compared with data from off-line analysis of the same samples to ensure accuracy. The precision of the results of the on-line measurements was high enough to distinguish the rivers from one another by the isotopic signature of the river water sulfate. Next to environmental applications, a future field could be species-specific isotopic analysis of biomolecules, as sulfur is the only covalently bound constituent of proteins which can be analyzed by MC-ICP-MS. T2 - DGMS 2020 CY - Münster, Germany DA - 01.03.2020 KW - Capillary electrophoresis KW - Hyphenated techniques KW - Isotopic analysis KW - Multicollector-ICP-MS KW - Speciation analysis PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50501 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - von der Au, Marcus A1 - Metzger, M. A1 - Meermann, Björn T1 - HR-CS-GF-MAS as a new screening method for emerging pollutants - per- and polyfluorinated substances in the environment N2 - The introduction of fluorine in organic molecules leads to new chemical/physical properties. Especially in the field of pharmaceuticals, fluorinated organic molecules are becoming more and more popular and at present amount up to 25% of market share, with an upward trend. The main benefits of fluorinated pharmaceuticals are: (i) enhanced fat solubility; (ii) enhanced interaction of catalytic-center of enzymes with fluorine-drugs; (iii) a delayed metabolism within the human body. Highly fluorinated organic substances are also used in technical applications (e.g. coatings, fire-extinguishing agents). Due to the broad variety of fluorinated substances and increasing production volumes numerous and up to date unknown fluorine-species are most likely to be present in the (aquatic) environment. Analytical methods to assess the degree of contamination of surface waters with organically bound fluorine are highly needed and up to now only combustion ion chromatography based method is available, which is relatively laborious. Since a few years’ high resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometers (HR-CS-GFAAS) are commercially available from Analytik Jena. By means of this technique, the detection of high resolution molecular absorption spectra (MAS) is enabled. Thus, fluoride is detectable upon the addition of a modifier and the formation of a diatomic molecule (e.g. GaF). Just recently, we applied this technique for total fluorine (mainly dissolved fluoride) analysis in river water samples. In the present work a HR-CS-GFMAS method for extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF) analysis in surface water samples was developed by us. The method is based on SPE extraction of organically bound fluorine even in the presence of high fluoride concentrations followed by HR-CS-GFMAS analysis upon elution. Due to high enrichment factors, LODs in the low ng/L range were achieved. We successfully applied our SPE HR-CS-GFMAS method to Rhine water samples and EOF in the range of about 50-300 ng/L was detectable. T2 - DGMS 2020 CY - Münster, Germany DA - 01.03.2020 KW - SPE HR-CS GF MAS PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50503 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - von der Au, Marcus A1 - Metzger, M. A1 - Gehrenkemper, Lennart A1 - Meermann, Björn T1 - HR-CS-GF-MAS as a new screening method for emerging pollutants - per- and polyfluorinated substances in the environment N2 - The introduction of fluorine in organic molecules leads to new chemical/physical properties. Especially in the field of pharmaceuticals, fluorinated organic molecules are becoming more and more popular and at present amount up to 25% of market share, with an upward trend. The main benefits of fluorinated pharmaceuticals are: (i) enhanced fat solubility; (ii) enhanced interaction of catalytic-center of enzymes with fluorine-drugs; (iii) a delayed metabolism within the human body. Highly fluorinated organic substances are also used in technical applications (e.g. coatings, fire-extinguishing agents). Due to the broad variety of fluorinated substances and increasing production volumes numerous and up to date unknown fluorine-species are most likely to be present in the (aquatic) environment. Analytical methods to assess the degree of contamination of surface waters with organically bound fluorine are highly needed and up to now only combustion ion chromatography based method is available, which is relatively laborious. Since a few years’ high resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometers (HR-CS-GFAAS) are commercially available from Analytik Jena. By means of this technique, the detection of high resolution molecular absorption spectra (MAS) is enabled. Thus, fluoride is detectable upon the addition of a modifier and the formation of a diatomic molecule (e.g. GaF). Just recently, we applied this technique for total fluorine (mainly dissolved fluoride) analysis in river water samples. In the present work a HR-CS-GFMAS method for extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF) analysis in surface water samples was developed by us. The method is based on SPE extraction of organically bound fluorine even in the presence of high fluoride concentrations followed by HR-CS-GFMAS analysis upon elution. Due to high enrichment factors, LODs in the low ng/L range were achieved. We successfully applied our SPE HR-CS-GFMAS method to Rhine water samples and EOF in the range of about 50-300 ng/L was detectable. T2 - DGMS 2020 CY - Münster, Germany DA - 01.03.2020 KW - SPE HR-CS GF MAS PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50504 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schaupp, Thomas A1 - Yahyaoui, Hamza A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas T1 - Zur Bewertung der Kaltrissempfindlichkeit moderner hochfester Feinkornbaustähle mit dem Implant-Test N2 - Der Implant-Test nach ISO 17642-3 gehört zur Gruppe der fremdbeanspruchten Kaltrisstests, bei dem eine äußere Beanspruchung auf einen zylindrischen Stab (Implant-Probe) definiert aufgebracht wird. Mit dieser Kaltrissprüfung wurden vergleichende Analysen zur Kaltrissempfindlichkeit der modernen hochfesten Feinkornbaustähle S960MC und S960QL durchgeführt. Zudem kamen sowohl Massiv- als auch Metallpulverfülldraht zur Variation der Wasserstoffkonzentration zum Einsatz. Der Einsatz des modernen modifizierten Sprühlichtbogens ermöglichte außerdem die Untersuchung des Einbrandprofils auf die Kaltrissbildung. T2 - Sitzung des NA 092-00-05 GA „Gemeinschaftsarbeitsausschuss NAS/NMP: Zerstörende Prüfung von Schweißverbindungen (DVS AG Q 4/Q 4.1)“ CY - Hamm, Germany DA - 04.03.2020 KW - Hochfester Feinkornbaustahl KW - MAG-Schweißen KW - Wasserstoff KW - Kaltriss KW - Implant-Test PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50506 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wöhlecke, Andreas T1 - Aktuelle Themen aus der Arbeit des Fachbeirats der BAM N2 - Es wird über aktuelle Arbeitsthemen und Entwicklungen im Fachbeirat berichtet. So wurde in einer Sondersitzung des Fachbeirats über die Entlassung aus der Nachsorgephase beim Einsatz von Geokunststoffprodukten in Böschungen diskutiert. Die Unterarbeitsgruppe Fremdüberwachung in der Produktion hat getagt. Darüber hinaus werden Änderungen in den Zulassungsrichtlinien für Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen, Kunststoff-Dränelemente und für die Fremdüberwachung kurz vorgestellt. T2 - 16. Leipziger Deponiefachtagung CY - Leipzig, Germany DA - 03.03.2020 KW - Deponie KW - Geogitter KW - Kunststoffdichtungsbahn PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-943443-49-3 VL - 16 SP - 35 EP - 43 PB - HTWK Leipzig CY - Leipzig AN - OPUS4-50507 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wöhlecke, Andreas T1 - Aktuelle Themen aus der Arbeit des Fachbeirats der BAM N2 - Es wird über aktuelle Arbeitsthemen und Entwicklungen im Fachbeirat berichtet. So wurde in einer Sondersitzung des Fachbeirats über die Entlassung aus der Nachsorgephase beim Einsatz von Geokunststoffprodukten in Böschungen diskutiert. Die Unterarbeitsgruppe Fremdüberwachung in der Produktion hat getagt. Darüber hinaus werden Änderungen in den Zulassungsrichtlinien für Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen, Kunststoff-Dränelemente und für die Fremdüberwachung kurz vorgestellt. T2 - 16. Leipziger Deponiefachtagung CY - Leipzig, Germany DA - 03.03.2020 KW - Deponie KW - Geogitter KW - Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50509 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Hoffmann, Katrin T1 - Optical-Spectroscopic Studies of Soot Particles N2 - Aiming at the development of a non-destructive optical measurement methods for the characterization of nano-sized airborne particulate pollutants we performed fluorescence spectroscopic investigations of their relevant emission properties. Here, we present first results from studies of soot particles from synthetic aerosols deposited on PTFE membranes. T2 - EMPIR 18HLT02 AeroTox M9 meeting CY - London, UK DA - 29.01.2020 KW - Aaerosol particles KW - Airborne particulate pollutants KW - Fluorescence spectroscopy PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50511 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Heise, Svenja A1 - Babutzka, Martin A1 - Burkert, Andreas T1 - Normentwurf für ein Prüfverfahren zur Bestimmung von Deckschichtwiderständen an Zinküberzügen mittels gelartiger Elektrolyte (WIPANO - GELELEK) N2 - Der Vortrag stellt eine Ergebniszusammenfassung des WIPANO-Vorhabens GELELEK im Hinblick auf eine Normung dar. Dafür wird das Projekt zunächst kurz vorgestellt, um anschließend auf normungsrelevante Parameter einzugehen. Dazu gehören insbesondere die Umgebungs- und Messbedingungen, die Herstellungsparameter der Gelpads, das Messverfahren selbst sowie die messbaren Proben. Ein erster Ausblick auf den Normvorschlag wird gegeben. T2 - 14. Sitzung des NA 062-01-77 AA „Korrosionsprüfverfahren“ CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 26.02.2020 KW - Deckschichtbildung KW - Gelartige Elektrolyte KW - Korrosion KW - Korrosionsprüfung KW - Zinküberzüge KW - Atmosphärische Korrosion PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50536 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Léonard, Fabien A1 - Zhang, Zhen A1 - Krebs, Holger A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Structural and Morphological Quantitative 3D Characterisation of Ammonium Nitrate Prills by X-ray Computed Tomography N2 - The mixture of ammonium nitrate (AN) prills and fuel oil (FO), usually referred to as ANFO, is extensively used in the mining industry as a bulk explosive. One of the major performance predictors of ANFO mixtures is the fuel oil retention, which is itself governed by the complex pore structure of the AN prills. In this study, we present how X-ray computed tomography (XCT), and the associated advanced data processing workflow, can be used to fully characterise the structure and morphology of AN prills. We show that structural parameters such as volume fraction of the different phases and morphological parameters such as specific surface area and shape factor can be reliably extracted from the XCT data, and that there is a good agreement with the measured oil retention values. Importantly, oil retention measurements (qualifying the efficiency of ANFO as explosives) correlate well with the specific surface area determined by XCT. XCT can therefore be employed non-destructively; it can accurately evaluate and characterise porosity in ammonium nitrate prills, and even predict their efficiency. KW - ANFO KW - Explosives KW - Surface area KW - Porosity KW - XCT KW - Data processing PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-505395 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13051230 VL - 13 IS - 5 (Special Issue "Micro Non-Destructive Testing and Evaluation") SP - 1230 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-50539 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Plarre, Rüdiger ED - Trematerra, P. ED - Conti, B. T1 - Uninvited and welcomed guests in museums – biological management of clothes moths and woodworms N2 - In museums and historic houses clothes, moths (Tineola bisselliella, Tinea pellionella) and the furniture beetle (Anobium punctatum) are the most economically important pests on textiles or wooden artifacts, respectively. Their management is essential to protect cultural ethnological heritage and natural history collections for future generations. Pest management strategies have changed over time. Today, intensive knowledge on pest biology and overall material science are key cornerstones in IPM concepts - also for the Museum environment. The important first steps for sustainable pest management are risk assessment, early pest detection and identification of pathways of infestation. These steps are followed by physical and biological means of control, which have lately gained more importance than applying biocides. Several potentially effective biological enemies of clothes moths and woodworm have been known for a long time, but their promotion for pest control in Museums and historic houses is just beginning. This short review summarizes current concepts of pest life cycle interruption by applying good quarantine and very specific biological measures. The lessons learned from recent faunistic surveys, life-history studies as well as behavioral observations of parasitoids and predators of clothes moths and woodworm may supplement the pest management tool box. The need for further research in this field is addressed. T2 - Working Group Meeting "Integrated Protection of Stored Products" CY - Pisa, Italy DA - 03.09.2019 KW - Corynetes caeruleus KW - Biological control KW - Museum pests KW - Tineola bisselliella KW - Anobium punctatum KW - Apanteles carpatus KW - Baryscapus tineivorus PY - 2020 SN - 978-92-9067-333-0 VL - 148 SP - 266 EP - 273 AN - OPUS4-50543 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Popiela, Bartosz A1 - Ghafafian, Carineh A1 - Trappe, Volker T1 - FEM-Analyse der Reparaturstellen an FKV-Sandwichplatten N2 - Untersuchung des Einflusses des Reparaturpatches auf das Verhalten der reparierten GFK-Sandwichproben unter Zug-, Druck- und Schubbeanspruchung. T2 - 25. Nationales SAMPE-Symposium CY - Kassel, Germany DA - 18.02.2020 KW - Rotorblätter KW - Glasfaserverstärkter Kunststoff KW - Sandwichstruktur PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50544 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schönhals, Andreas A1 - Zorn, R. A1 - Böhning, Martin T1 - Inelastic neutron scattering as a tool to investigate  polymers of intrinsic microporosity for green membrane processes and electronic applications N2 - Polymers with intrinsic microporosity are promising candidates for the active separation layer in green gas separation membranes and as active materials for electronic applicatons. Here, by means of inelastic neutron scattering, the vibrational density of states (VDOS) and the molecular mobility were investigated for PIM-1, the prototypical polymer with intrinsic microporosity. The results are compared to data measured for a more conventional high-performance polyimide used in gas separation membranes (Matrimid). The measured data show the characteristic low frequency excess contribution to the VDOS above the Debye sound wave level, generally known as the Boson peak in glass-forming materials. In comparison to the Boson peak of Matrimid, that of PIM-1 is shifted to lower frequencies. This shift is discussed considering the microporous, sponge-like structure of PIM-1 as providing a higher compressibility at the molecular scale than for conventional polymers. Elastic fixed window scans were measured on a neutron backscattering spectrometer to have an overview about the molecular dynamics at a time scale of ca. 1 ns. The temperature dependence of the estimated mean squared displacement shows a step-like increase in the temperature range from 100 K to 250 K indicating the onset of some molecular mobility. The nature of this motional process was analysed in detail by quasielastic neutron scattering combining Time-of-Flight and backscattering where the data are discussed with regard to both the q- and the temperature dependence. T2 - Symposium on Large Scale Facilities CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 09.03.2020 KW - Polymer membranen PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50546 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - von der Au, Marcus A1 - Metzger, M. A1 - Meermann, Björn T1 - SPE HR-CS GF MAS – A New Sum Parameter Method for Extractable Organically Bound Fluorine (EOF) in Surface Water N2 - Introducing fluorine into organic molecules leads to new chemical/physical properties. Up to now, the OECD identified and categorized 4730 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances-related CAS numbers. Especially in the field of technical applications (e.g. surface coatings, fire extinguishing foams) as well as pharmaceuticals, fluorinated substances gain in importance. Thus, an increasing release of fluorinated compounds into the environment is expected. The high environmental persistence of perfluorinated compounds leads to the risk of bioaccumulation. Partially fluorinated substances (polyfluorinated compounds) undergo degradation; thus, further possible fluorine species occur, which may exhibit different toxic/chemical properties. However, current target methods (e.g., HPLC/MS-MS) are not applicable for a comprehensive screening as well as assessment of pollution. Thus, the poster presents a new sum parameter method for quantitative determination of extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF) in surface water samples. The method is based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) for fluorinated compounds as well as quantitative separation of interfering inorganic fluoride in combination with high-resolution-continuum source graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS GF MAS) for quantitative analysis. By means of this technique, the detection of high resolution molecular absorption spectra (MAS) is enabled upon the addition of a modifier and the formation of a diatomic molecule (e.g. GaF) After successful optimization of the SPE procedure (maximum concentration of extractable organic fluorine), enrichment factors of about 1000 were achieved, allowing for highly sensitive fluorine detection. Next to a species-unspecific response, limits of detection in the low nanogram per liter range were achieved and real surface water samples were analyzed. EOF values in the range of about 50-300 ng/L were detected. The developed method allows for a fast and sensitive as well as selective screening of organically bound fluorine (EOF) in surface water samples, helping to elucidate pollution hotspots as well as discharge routes. T2 - 2020 Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry CY - Tucson, AZ, USA DA - 12.01.2020 KW - SPE HR-CS GF MAS KW - Sum parameter KW - Fluorine Detection PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50352 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Akkerman, Floris T1 - Ökodesign und Energielabel: Entwicklung, geltendes Recht und Ausblick N2 - Der Vortrag gibt einen Überblick über die Entwicklung der Anforderungen, die geltenden und kommenden Regeln für Produkte unter den beiden Rechtsinstrumenten und berührt die Frage, was in Zukunft den Schwerpunkt der Rechtssetzung darstellen wird T2 - Jahrestagung 2020 FA Haushaltstechnik der dgh CY - Nuremberg, Germany DA - 06.02.2020 KW - Ökodesign KW - Energieverbrauchskennzeichnung KW - Energieeffizienz KW - Ressourceneffizienz KW - EU-Recht PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50355 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ebel, Kenny A1 - Bald, Ilko T1 - Length and Energy Dependence of Low-Energy Electron-Induced Strand Breaks in Poly(A) DNA N2 - The DNA in living cells can be effectively damaged by high-energy radiation, which can lead to cell death. Through the ionization of water molecules, highly reactive secondary species such as low-energy electrons (LEEs) with the most probable energy around 10 eV are generated, which are able to induce DNA strand breaks via dissociative electron attachment. Absolute DNA strand break cross sections of specific DNA sequences can be efficiently determined using DNA origami nanostructures as platforms exposing the target sequences towards LEEs. In this paper, we systematically study the effect of the oligonucleotide length on the strand break cross section at various irradiation energies. The present work focuses on poly-adenine sequences (d(A4), d(A8), d(A12), d(A16), and d(A20)) irradiated with 5.0, 7.0, 8.4, and 10 eV electrons. Independent of the DNA length, the strand break cross section shows a maximum around 7.0 eV electron energy for all investigated oligonucleotides confirming that strand breakage occurs through the initial formation of negative ion resonances. When going from d(A4) to d(A16), the strand break cross section increases with oligonucleotide length, but only at 7.0 and 8.4 eV, i.e., close to the maximum of the negative ion resonance, the increase in the strand break cross section with the length is similar to the increase of an estimated geometrical cross section. For d(A20), a markedly lower DNA strand break cross section is observed for all electron energies, which is tentatively ascribed to a conformational change of the dA20 sequence. The results indicate that, although there is a general length dependence of strand break cross sections, individual nucleotides do not contribute independently of the absolute strand break cross section of the whole DNA strand. The absolute quantification of sequence specific strand breaks will help develop a more accurate molecular level understanding of radiation induced DNA damage, which can then be used for optimized risk estimates in cancer radiation therapy. KW - DNA origami KW - DNA radiation damage KW - DNA strand breaks KW - Low-energy electrons KW - Sequence dependence PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-503563 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21010111 VL - 21 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Switzerland AN - OPUS4-50356 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, C. A1 - Schierack, P. A1 - Gerber, U. A1 - Schröder, C. A1 - Choi, Youngeun A1 - Bald, Ilko A1 - Lehmann, W. A1 - Rödiger, S. T1 - Streptavidin Homologues for Applications on Solid Surfaces at High Temperatures N2 - One of the most commonly used bonds between two biomolecules is the bond between biotin and streptavidin (SA) or streptavidin homologues (SAHs). A high dissociation constant and the consequent high-temperature stability even allows for its use in nucleic acid detection under polymerase chain reaction (PCR) conditions. There are a number of SAHs available, and for assay design, it is of great interest to determine as to which SAH will perform the best under assay conditions. Although there are numerous single studies on the characterization of SAHs in solution or selected solid phases, there is no systematic study comparing different SAHs for biomolecule-binding, hybridization, and PCR assays on solid phases. We compared streptavidin, core streptavidin, traptavidin, core traptavidin, neutravidin, and monomeric streptavidin on the surface of microbeads (10–15 μm in diameter) and designed multiplex microbead-based experiments and analyzed simultaneously the binding of biotinylated oligonucleotides and the hybridization of oligonucleotides to complementary capture probes. We also bound comparably large DNA origamis to capture probes on the microbead surface. We used a real-time fluorescence microscopy imaging platform, with which it is possible to subject samples to a programmable time and temperature profile and to record binding processes on the microbead surface depending on the time and temperature. With the exception of core traptavidin and monomeric streptavidin, all other SA/SAHs were suitable for our investigations. We found hybridization efficiencies close to 100% for streptavidin, core streptavidin, traptavidin, and neutravidin. These could all be considered equally suitable for hybridization, PCR applications, and melting point analysis. The SA/SAH–biotin bond was temperature-sensitive when the oligonucleotide was mono-biotinylated, with traptavidin being the most stable followed by streptavidin and neutravidin. Mono-biotinylated oligonucleotides can be used in experiments with temperatures up to 70 °C. When oligonucleotides were bis-biotinylated, all SA/SAH–biotin bonds had similar temperature stability under PCR conditions, even if they comprised a streptavidin variant with slower biotin dissociation and increased mechanostability. KW - Biopolymers Probes KW - Hybridization KW - Fluorescence KW - Genetics PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02339 VL - 36 IS - 2 SP - 628 EP - 636 PB - American Chemical Society Publication CY - Washington AN - OPUS4-50357 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Philipp, Rosemarie A1 - Lalere, B. A1 - Gantois, F. T1 - EURAMET.QM-S14 "Measurement capabilities for the quantification of ethanol in water" - Summary of results N2 - The presentation summarizes the results of the EURAMET key comparison QM-S14 “Measurement capabilities for the quantification of ethanol in water”. Possible options for the key comparison reference value are discussed. T2 - EURAMET TC-MC Meeting 2020 CY - Bern, Switzerland DA - 05.02.2020 KW - EURAMET KW - Key comparison KW - Ethanol in water PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50391 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Drescher, P. A1 - Fischer, M. A1 - Fürhapper, C. A1 - Gunschera, J. A1 - Hill, R. A1 - Melcher, E. A1 - Wegner, R. A1 - Wilken, U. A1 - Wittenzellner, J. T1 - Suitability of analytical methods to determine tebuconazole, propiconazole and permethrin in aged wood samples N2 - The suitability of common analytical methods for the determination of active substances from wood preservatives in aged wood samples was investigated during an interlaboratory study. Permethrin, propiconazole and tebuconazole were quantified in 1.5 and 8 year-old wood samples by gas chromatography and liquid chromatography. Generally, the applied Methods yielded reliable results for these samples. However, wood components can coelute with propiconazole and tebuconazole during liquid chromatography. Optimization of separation might be required if UV detection is applied. KW - Wood samples KW - Biocides KW - Analytical methods PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-503959 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-020-01496-y VL - 78 IS - 2 SP - 271 EP - 279 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg AN - OPUS4-50395 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wander, Lukas A1 - Vianello, A. A1 - Vollertsen, J. A1 - Westad, F. A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Paul, Andrea T1 - Exploratory analysis of hyperspectral FTIR data obtained from environmental microplastics samples N2 - Hyperspectral imaging of environmental samples with infrared microscopes is one of the preferred methods to find and characterize microplastics. Particles can be quantified in terms of number, size and size distribution. Their shape can be studied and the substances can be identified. Interpretation of the collected spectra is a typical problem encountered during the analysis. The image datasets are large and contain spectra of countless particles of natural and synthetic origin. To supplement existing Analysis pipelines, exploratory multivariate data analysis was tested on two independent datasets. Dimensionality reduction with principal component analysis (PCA) and uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) was used as a core concept. It allowed for improved visual accessibility of the data and created a chemical two-dimensional image of the sample. Spectra belonging to particles could be separated from blank spectra, reducing the amount of data significantly. Selected spectra were further studied, also applying PCA and UMAP. Groups of similar spectra were identified by cluster analysis using k-means, density based, and interactive manual clustering. Most clusters could be assigned to chemical species based on reference spectra. While the results support findings obtained with a ‘targeted analysis’ based on automated library search, exploratory analysis points the attention towards the group of unidientified spectra that remained and are otherwise easily overlooked. KW - Microplastics KW - FTIR KW - Exploratory analysis PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ay02483b VL - 12 IS - 6 SP - 781 EP - 791 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry AN - OPUS4-50396 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bonse, Jörn A1 - Rudenko, A. A1 - Déziel, J.-L. A1 - Florian, Camilo A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Colombier, J.-P. T1 - The role of scattering in the formation of laserinduced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) N2 - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) are a universal phenomenon that is accompanying laser materials processing. These surface nanostructures pave a simple way for surface functionalization with numerous applications in optics, fluidics, tribology, medicine, etc. This contribution reviews the current view on the role of electromagnetic scattering in the formation of LIPSS. T2 - Workshop on Theoretical and Numerical Tools for Nanophotonics (TNTN 2020) CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 12.02.2020 KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures, LIPSS KW - Electromagnetic scattering KW - Finite-difference time-domain calculations PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50399 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN ED - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan ED - Unger, Wolfgang ED - Shard, A. G. T1 - Characterization of nanoparticles - Measurement processes for nanoparticles N2 - Characterization of Nanoparticles: Measurement Processes for Nanoparticles surveys this fast growing field, including established methods for the physical and chemical characterization of nanoparticles. The book focuses on sample preparation issues (including potential pitfalls), with measurement procedures described in detail. In addition, the book explores data reduction, including the quantitative evaluation of the final result and its uncertainty of measurement. The results of published inter-laboratory comparisons are referred to, along with the availability of reference materials necessary for instrument calibration and method validation. The application of these methods are illustrated with practical examples on what is routine and what remains a challenge. In addition, this book summarizes promising methods still under development and analyzes the need for complementary methods to enhance the quality of nanoparticle characterization with solutions already in operation. KW - Nanoparticles KW - Characterization method KW - Sample preparation KW - Inter-laboratory comparison KW - Standardisation KW - Measurement uncertainty KW - Case studies PY - 2020 SN - 978-0-12-814182-3 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/C2017-0-00312-9 SP - 1 EP - 566 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-50284 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kowarik, Stefan A1 - Hussels, Maria-Teresa A1 - Chruscicki, Sebastian A1 - Münzenberger, Sven A1 - Lämmerhirt, A. A1 - Pohl, P. A1 - Schubert, M. T1 - Fiber Optic Train Monitoring with Distributed Acoustic Sensing: Conventional and Neural Network Data Analysis N2 - Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) over tens of kilometers of fiber optic cables is well-suited for monitoring extended railway infrastructures. As DAS produces large, noisy datasets, it is important to optimize algorithms for precise tracking of train position, speed, and the number of train cars, The purpose of this study is to compare different data analysis strategies and the resulting parameter uncertainties. We present data of an ICE 4 train of the Deutsche Bahn AG, which was recorded with a commercial DAS system. We localize the train signal in the data either along the temporal or spatial direction, and a similar velocity standard deviation of less than 5 km/h for a train moving at 160 km/h is found for both analysis methods, The data can be further enhanced by peak finding as well as faster and more flexible neural network algorithms. Then, individual noise peaks due to bogie clusters become visible and individual train cars can be counted. From the time between bogie signals, the velocity can also be determined with a lower standard deviation of 0.8 km/h, The analysis methods presented here will help to establish routines for near real-time Train tracking and train integrity analysis. KW - Artificial neural networks KW - Distributed fiber optic sensing KW - Distributed acoustic sensing KW - Train tracking PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-502872 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/s20020450 VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - 450 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Switzerland AN - OPUS4-50287 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Artinov, Antoni A1 - Karkhin, Victor A1 - Bachmann, Marcel A1 - Khomich, Pavel A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ ГИДРОДИНАМИЧЕСКИХ И ТЕПЛОВЫХ ПРОЦЕССОВ ПРИ ЛАЗЕРНОЙ СВАРКЕ СО СКВОЗНЫМ ПРОПЛАВЛЕНИЕМ N2 - Разработана модель физических процессов при сварке плавлением на основе концепции эквивалентных источников теплоты. Модель включает в себя две части: термогидродинамику сварочной ванны и теплопроводность свариваемого тела вне ванны. В задаче термогидродинамики учитываются температурные зависимости свойств материала, форма парогазового канала, термокапиллярная и естественная конвекция, фазовые превращения и другие физические явления.Приведено решение задачи термогидродинамики методом конечных элементов на примере сварки стальной пластины толщиной 15 мм со сквозным проплавлением лазерным лучом (по технологии "замочная скважина"). Показано, что термокапиллярная конвекция жидкого металла является основной причиной сложной выпукло-вогнутой формы границы ванны с увеличенными размерами в приповерхностных областях. Получено удовлетворительное совпадение расчетных и экспериментальных размеров сварочной ванны. KW - ЛАЗЕРНАЯ СВАРКА KW - СВАРОЧНАЯ ВАННА KW - ЧИСЛЕННОЕ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ KW - ГИДРОДИНАМИКА KW - КОНВЕКЦИЯ KW - ТЕПЛОПРОВОДНОСТЬ KW - ТЕМПЕРАТУРНОЕ ПОЛЕ KW - МЕТОД КОНЕЧНЫХ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ PY - 2020 SN - 0491-6441 SP - 58 EP - 69 AN - OPUS4-50290 LA - rus AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bartelmeß, Jürgen A1 - Zimmek, David A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias A1 - Strangfeld, Christoph A1 - Schäferling, M. T1 - Fibre optic ratiometric fluorescence pH sensor for monitoring corrosion in concrete N2 - In this communication a novel concept for pH sensing is introduced which is specifically adapted to monitor carbonation induced corrosion in concrete structures. The method is based on a ratiometric measurement principle, exploiting the pH sensitive colour switching of thymol blue in the basic pH regime and the emissive properties of two different (Zn)CdSe/ZnS core shell quantum dots. The transition point of thymol blue in a Hydrogel D4 matrix was determined to be at around pH 11.6, which fits ideally to the intended application. Next to the fundamental spectroscopic characterization of the ratiometric response, a new design for a sensor head, suitable for the incorporation into concrete matrices is presented. Toward this, a manufacturing process was developed which includes the preparation of a double layer of polymers containing either thymol blue or a quantum dot mixture inside a porous ceramic tube. Results of a proof-of-priciple performance test of the sensor head in solutions of different pH and in cement specimens are presented, with encouraging results paving the way for future field tests in concrete. KW - Fiber optic sensing KW - PH monitoring in concrete KW - Embedded sensors KW - Ratiometric fluorescence PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/c9an02348h VL - 145 IS - 6 SP - 2111 EP - 2117 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry AN - OPUS4-50381 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ketelsen, T. A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Golle, U. A1 - Wintermann, C. A1 - Melzer, C. A1 - Dietz, Georg T1 - Blindness and Insight. The Rhetoric of Connoisseurship and the Investigation of Materiality. N2 - The aim of the lecture is to present the productive interplay of connoisseurs and material analysis using the example of selected drawings from the Rembrandt collection of the Klassik Stiftung Weimar. We try to determine the point at which the question of the materiality of the drawings makes sense in the traditional discourse of connoisseurship. On the one hand, this involves the question of authorship – Rembrandt – or not? – and the locating of attributed drawings in the context of the work. On the other hand, it is about making drawing processes visible, characterizing ways of drawing and workshop practices as well as distinguishing different forms of reworking and copying within the Rembrandt workshop. The material analyses culminate in the question of whether Rembrandt’s inks can be distinguished at all. It becomes apparent that the newly gained knowledge about the materiality of the drawing no longer reveals itself to the “mere” view of the connoisseur. Rather, it is only generated by the digital image. The rhetoric of connoisseurs must therefore be contrasted with the necessity of a hermeneutics of the digital image. The envisaged “material turn” of drawing science is thus simultaneously able to take up the critique of the question of authorship, which has been growing ever more recently, and to transfer it to a more comprehensive perspective of aesthetics of production. T2 - Drawings by Rembrandt. Connecting art history, science and conservation CY - Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, The Netherlands DA - 06.02.2020 KW - Rembrandt KW - Drawings KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Inks KW - Paper PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50384 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kondo, M. A1 - Melzer, Michael A1 - Karnaushenko, D. A1 - Uemura, T. A1 - Yoshimoto, S. A1 - Aklyama, M. A1 - Noda, Y. A1 - Araki, T. A1 - Schmidt, O. G. A1 - Sekitani, T. T1 - Imperceptible magnetic sensor matrix system integrated with organic driver and amplifier circuits N2 - Artificial electronic skins (e-skins) comprise an integrated matrix of flexible devices arranged on a soft, reconfigurable surface. These sensors must perceive physical interaction spaces between external objects and robots or humans. Among various types of sensors, flexible magnetic sensors and the matrix configuration are preferable for such position sensing. However, sensor matrices must efficiently map the magnetic field with real-time encoding of the positions and motions of magnetic objects. This paper reports an ultrathin magnetic sensor matrix system comprising a 2 × 4 array of magnetoresistance sensors, a bootstrap organic shift register driving the sensor matrix, and organic signal amplifiers integrated within a single imperceptible platform. The system demonstrates high magnetic sensitivity owing to the use of organic amplifiers. Moreover, the shift register enabled real-time mapping of 2D magnetic field distribution. KW - Imperceptible electronics KW - Magnetic sensor system KW - Electronic skin KW - Organic electronics KW - Giant magnetoresistance PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-503855 DO - https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay6094 SN - 2375-2548 VL - 6 IS - 4 SP - Paper eaay6094, 1 EP - 10 PB - American Association for the Advancement of Science AN - OPUS4-50385 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Florian, Camilo A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Bonse, Jörn T1 - Femtosecond laser nanostructuring of metal and semiconductor surfaces N2 - The irradiation of solids with high-intensity laser pulses can excite materials into extreme conditions, which then return to equilibrium via various structural and topographical relaxation mechanisms. Thus, ultrafast laser processing can manifest in various morphological surface transformations, ranging from direct contour shaping to large-area-surface functionalization through the generation of self-organized nano- and microstructures. The interaction mechanisms between semiconductors and metals with ultrashort laser pulses have been extensively studied using femtosecond laser sources, generating a general understanding of the main interaction mechanisms present during the processing of those materials. In the specific case of nanometer-scaled laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS), however, the general explanation that fits all the experimental outcomes is still to be completed. The most accepted explanation consists in the interference of the incoming laser pulse with light scattered at the rough surface, e.g. via surface plasmon polaritons. Such scattering and interference effects generate a spatially modulated pattern of the absorbed optical energy featuring maxima and minima with periods very close to the laser irradiation wavelength, λ. One general criterion that allows to classify LIPSS in terms of their spatial periodicity (Λ) for normally incident radiation is the following: low spatial frequency for Λ≈λ, and high spatial frequency for Λ≪λ. In this way, the right combination of irradiation parameters (laser fluence, number of pulses per spot area unit and repetition rate) could be used to cover a wide size range that can ultimately be exploited for different applications in optics, biology, fluidics and tribology among others. T2 - SPIE Photonics West Conference, Symposium "Synthesis and Photonics of Nanoscale Materials XVII" CY - San Francisco, CA, USA DA - 01.02.2020 KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) KW - Femtosecond laser ablation KW - Metal KW - Semiconductor PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50388 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ghigo, Tea A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Buzi, P. T1 - Black Egyptian inks in Late Antiquity: new insights on their manufacture and use N2 - We present here our methodological approach applied to the study of Egyptian inks in Late Antiquity. It is based on an interdisciplinary strategy, bringing together a variety of disciplines from humanities and natural sciences, and it aims at systematically collecting a statistically relevant amount of data regarding the composition of the inks. The application of a wellestablished, non-invasive protocol that includes near-infrared imaging and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy for in situ measurements enables the identification and characterisation of inks dating from the end of Late Antiquity onwards. However, sometimes this method limits our understanding when characterising more ancient inks. Trying to overcome these limitations, the potential of a new device for the characterisation of organic compounds is here explored by conducting preliminary tests on mock samples. In this work, we present the results from 77 codicological units that include some of the earliest manuscripts of our corpus that presently lists 159 units. KW - Ink KW - Archaeometry KW - Manuscripts KW - Coptic KW - Egypt PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-503893 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-019-00977-3 VL - 12 IS - 3 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-50389 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Léonard, Fabien A1 - Zhang, Zhen A1 - Krebs, Holger A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Morphological characterisation of explosive powders by XCT: When grain numbers count N2 - Ammonium nitrate (AN) prills are commonly used as an ingredient in industrial explosives and in fertilisers. Conventional techniques (such as BET or mercury intrusion porosimetry) can measure the open porosity and specific surface area of AN prill, but the closed porosity is not obtainable. This work was focused on evaluating X-ray computed tomography (XCT) as a non-destructive technique for the assessment of porosity in AN prills. An advanced data processing workflow was developed so that the segmentation and quantification of the CT data could be performed on the entire 3D volume, yet allowing the measurements (e.g.; volume, area, shape factor…) to be extracted for each individual phase (prill, open porosity, closed porosity) of each individual prill, in order to obtain statistically relevant data. Clear morphological and structural differences were seen and quantified between fertiliser and explosive products. Overall, CT can provide a very wide range of parameters that are not accessible to other techniques, destructive or non-destructive, and thus offers new insights and complementary information. T2 - iCT2020 CY - Wels, Austria DA - 04.02.2020 KW - Ammonium nitrate KW - Prill KW - Non-destructive characterisation KW - Porosity KW - Specific surface area PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50347 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Léonard, Fabien A1 - Zhang, Zhen A1 - Krebs, Holger A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Morphological characterisation of explosive powders by XCT: When grain numbers count N2 - Ammonium nitrate (AN) prills are commonly used as an ingredient in industrial explosives and in fertilisers. Conventional techniques (such as BET or mercury intrusion porosimetry) can measure the open porosity and specific surface area of AN prill, but the closed porosity is not obtainable. This work was focused on evaluating X-ray computed tomography (XCT) as a non-destructive technique for the assessment of porosity in AN prills. An advanced data processing workflow was developed so that the segmentation and quantification of the CT data could be performed on the entire 3D volume, yet allowing the measurements (e.g.; volume, area, shape factor…) to be extracted for each individual phase (prill, open porosity, closed porosity) of each individual prill, in order to obtain statistically relevant data. Clear morphological and structural differences were seen and quantified between fertiliser and explosive products. Overall, CT can provide a very wide range of parameters that are not accessible to other techniques, destructive or non-destructive, and thus offers new insights and complementary information. T2 - 10th Conference on Industrial Computed Tomography (iCT 2020) CY - Wels, Austria DA - 04.02.2020 KW - Ammonium nitrate KW - Prill KW - Non-destructive characterisation KW - Porosity KW - Specific surface area PY - 2020 UR - http://www.ndt.net/?id=25118 SN - 1435-4934 VL - 25 IS - 2 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - NDT.net CY - Kirchwald AN - OPUS4-50348 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pleskunov, P. A1 - Nikitin, D. A1 - Tafiichuk, R. A1 - Shlemin, A. A1 - Hanus, J. A1 - Kousal, J. A1 - Krtous, Z. A1 - Khalakhan, I. A1 - Kus, P. A1 - Nasu, T. A1 - Nagahama, T. A1 - Funaki, C. A1 - Sato, H. A1 - Gawek, Marcel A1 - Schönhals, Andreas A1 - Choukourov, A. T1 - Plasma polymerization of acrylic acid for the tunable synthesis of glassy abd carboxylated nanoparticle N2 - Polymer nanoparticles (NPs) can be highly attractive in numerous applications including biomedicine where the use of inorganic matter may be detrimental for living tissues. In conventional wet chemistry, polymerization and functionalization of NPs with specific chemical groups involves complex and often numerous reactions. Here, we report on a solvent-free, single-step, low temperature plasma-based synthesis of carboxylated NPs produced by polymerization of acrylic acid under the conditions of a glow discharge. In a monomer-deficient regime, strong fragmentation of the monomer molecules by electron impact results in the formation of 15 nm-sized NPs with <1% retention of the carboxyl groups. In an energy-deficient regime, larger 90 nm-sized NPs are formed with better retention of the carboxyls that reaches 16 %. All types of the NPs exhibit the glass transition above the room temperature which makes them highly stable under aqueous environment with no dissolution or swelling. They are also found to degrade thermally when heated above 150 °C with a decrease of the mean NP size, yet with the retention of the chemical composition. Thus, plasma polymerization proves to be a versatile approach for the production of polymer NPs with tuneable size distribution, chemical composition and physical properties. KW - Nanoparticles PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b08960 VL - 124 SP - 668 EP - 678 PB - ACS AN - OPUS4-50351 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Evsevleev, Sergei A1 - Paciornik, S. A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Advanced Deep Learning-Based 3D Microstructural Characterization of Multiphase Metal Matrix Composites N2 - The quantitative analysis of microstructural features is a key to understanding the micromechanical behavior of metal matrix composites (MMCs), which is a premise for their use in practice. Herein, a 3D microstructural characterization of a five-phase MMC is performed by synchrotron X-ray computed tomography (SXCT). A workflow for advanced deep learning-based segmentation of all individual phases in SXCT data is shown using a fully convolutional neural network with U-net architecture. High segmentation accuracy is achieved with a small amount of training data. This enables extracting unprecedently precise microstructural parameters (e.g., volume fractions and particle shapes) to be input, e.g., in micromechanical models. KW - Computed tomography KW - Convolutional neural networks KW - Deep learning KW - Metal matrix composites KW - Segmentations PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-504261 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201901197 SN - 1438-1656 VL - 22 IS - 4 SP - 1901197 PB - WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-50426 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schönfelder, Thorsten T1 - Kerntechnische Entsorgung Herausforderungen im Transport und bei der Lagerung N2 - Nach der Reaktorkatastrophe in Fukushima 2011 hat die Bundesregierung beschlossen die Nutzung der Kernenergie bis zum Jahr 2022 zu beenden. Seitdem erfolgt der Rückbau und die Stilllegung der kerntechnischen Anlagen in Deutschland. Dieser Vortrag erörtert die Herausforderungen, die sich mit dem Transport und der Lagerung von Kernbrennstoffen ergeben und leitet daraus Anforderungen ab, die an Transportbehälter gestellt werden. T2 - Ausgewählte Kapitel der Werkstofftechnik - Brand- und Explosionsverhalten von Werkstoffen CY - Wuppertal, Germany DA - 24.01.2020 KW - Kerntechnische Entsorgung KW - Rückbau KW - Transport- und Lagerbehälter PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50428 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bruno, Giovanni A1 - Fernández, R. A1 - González-Doncel, G. A1 - Garcés, G. T1 - Towards a comprehensive understanding of creep: Microstructural dependence of the pre-exponential term in Al N2 - We show that the equation proposed by Takeuchi and Argon to explain the creep behavior of Al–Mg solid solution can be used to describe also the creep behavior of pure aluminum. In this frame, it is possible to avoid the use of the classic pre-exponential fitting parameter in the power law equation to predict the minimum creep strain rate. The effect of the fractal arrangement of dislocations, developed at the mesoscale, must be considered to fully explain the experimental data. These ideas allow improving the recently introduced SSTC model, fully describing the primary and secondary creep regimes of aluminum alloys without the need for fitting. Creep data from commercially pure Al99.8% and Al–Mg alloys tested at different temperatures and stresses are used to validate the proposed ideas. KW - Creep KW - Aluminum alloys KW - Dislocations KW - Fractal KW - Stress exponent KW - Neutron diffraction PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.139036 VL - 776 SP - 139036 AN - OPUS4-50437 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zerbst, Uwe T1 - Application of fracture mechanics to welds with crack origin at the weld toe—a review. Part 2: welding residual stresses. Residual and total life assessment N2 - The two-part paper series provides an overview on the state-of-the-art in the application of engineering fracture mechanics to weldments limited to butt and fillet welds with crack initiation at weld toes. In the present second part, one focus is on welding residual stresses, their characteristics and stability under cyclic loading and their effect on structural integrity. Subsequently, features will be addressed which are essential for applying fracture mechanics to overall fatigue life and fatigue strength considerations of weldments. These comprise fatigue life relevant initial crack sizes and multiple crack initiation and Propagation due to various stress peaks along the weld toe. A concept is briefly introduced which covers all these aspects. KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Welding residual stresses KW - Multiple crack propagation KW - Fatigue strength PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-019-00816-y VL - 64 IS - 1 SP - 151 EP - 169 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-50263 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Characteristics of train passages over slab tracks from measurements and different track-soil models - Damage detection and ground vibration reduction N2 - The train passages over intact or damaged slab tracks on different soils have been calculated by the finite-element boundary-element or the wavenumber-domain method. The influence of track and soil parameters on the distribution of the track displacements and the soil forces has been analysed. The measured and calculated displacement time histories of train passages could be used to identify track damages such as lose sleepers or a lose track plate. The time histories and spectra of the soil forces can explain the measured ground vibration reduction of slab tracks. The calculated displacement and force distributions of slab tracks on continuous soils do not fulfil the Winkler hypothesis and Winkler models should not be used for track analysis. KW - Wavenumber domain KW - Continuous soil KW - Slab track KW - Soil forces KW - Track displacements KW - Track filter KW - Vehicle–track interaction PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1177/0954409719835036 SN - 0954-4097 VL - 234 IS - 2 SP - 142 EP - 160 PB - Sage CY - London AN - OPUS4-50266 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Florian, Camilo A1 - Solis, J. A1 - Siegel, J. A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Bonse, Jörn T1 - Femtosecond laser functionalized surfaces inspired by nature N2 - Nature has continuously inspired science when practical problems need to be solved in a functional and efficient way. The challenge for researchers usually consists in the transfer of such biological functionalities to diverse types of technical materials with the available processing technologies. In this regard, femtosecond laser-based approaches offer a large flexibility to modify virtually any material (metals, semiconductors and dielectrics), provide the ability to work under different environment conditions (air, vacuum or reactive atmospheres) and when combined with the proper optics, they offer exceptional spatial resolutions that could be used to mimic effectively very complex functionalities. In the particular case of surface processing, lasers have been proven feasible to functionalize materials by customizing its optical properties, chemical composition and surface morphology in a controllable way and in some cases at industrially relevant speeds. In this work, we present a selection of technical applications based on surface modifications in the form of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) to tailor the material properties for utilization in optics, fluid transport, wetting control and tribology. T2 - SPIE Photonics West Conference, Symposium "Laser-Based Micro- and Nano-Processing XIV" CY - San Francisco, CA, USA DA - 01.02.2020 KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures, LIPSS KW - Biomimetics KW - Surface functionalization KW - Laser ablation PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50400 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gluth, Gregor A1 - Arbi, K. A1 - Bernal, S. A. A1 - Bondar, D. A1 - Castel, A. A1 - Chithiraputhiran, S. A1 - Dehghan, A. A1 - Dombrowski-Daube, K. A1 - Dubey, A. A1 - Ducman, V. A1 - Peterson, K. A1 - Pipilikaki, P. A1 - Valcke, S. L. A. A1 - Ye, G. A1 - Zuo, Y. A1 - Provis, J. L. T1 - RILEM TC 247-DTA round robin test: carbonation and chloride penetration testing of alkali-activated concretes N2 - Many standardised durability testing methods have been developed for Portland cement-based concretes, but require validation to determine whether they are also applicable to alkali-activated materials. To address this question, RILEM TC 247-DTA ‘Durability Testing of Alkali-Activated Materials’ carried out round robin testing of carbonation and chloride penetration test methods, applied to five different alkali-activated concretes based on fly ash, blast furnace slag or metakaolin. The methods appeared overall to demonstrate an intrinsic precision comparable to their precision when applied to conventional concretes. The ranking of test outcomes for pairs of concretes of similar binder chemistry was satisfactory, but rankings were not always reliable when comparing alkali-activated concretes based on different precursors. Accelerated carbonation testing gave similar results for fly ash-based and blast furnace slag-based alkali-activated concretes, whereas natural carbonation testing did not. Carbonation of concrete specimens was observed to have occurred already during curing, which has implications for extrapolation of carbonation testing results to longer service life periods. Accelerated chloride penetration testing according to NT BUILD 443 ranked the tested concretes consistently, while this was not the case for the rapid chloride migration test. Both of these chloride penetration testing methods exhibited comparatively low precision when applied to blast furnace slag-based concretes which are more resistant to chloride ingress than the other materials tested. KW - Alkali-activated materials KW - Durability KW - Carbonation KW - Chloride penetration KW - Concrete PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-504045 DO - https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-020-1449-3 SN - 1359-5997 SN - 1871-6873 VL - 53 IS - 1 SP - 21 PB - Springer Nature AN - OPUS4-50404 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Munsch, Sarah Mandy A1 - Stelzner, Ludwig A1 - Strangfeld, Christoph A1 - Kruschwitz, Sabine T1 - Ermittlung der Porosität von Sandsteinen - Vergleich von Quecksilberporosimetrie, Tauchwägung und NMR N2 - Die Porosität sowie die Porengrößenverteilung (PSD) eines Baustoffs sind wichtige petrophysikalische Eigenschaften, die Transportprozesse im Material beeinflussen und im direkten Zusammenhang mit der Schadensanfälligkeit stehen (Frost-Tau-Schäden, Schäden durch Salzeinträge und sauren Regen). Verfahren zur Ermittlung der Porosität stellen die Quecksilberporosimetrie (MIP), das Prinzip der Tauchwägung nach Archimedes (triple weighing method, TWM) und die Nuklear Magnetische Resonanz (NMR) dar. Das Hauptziel dieser Arbeit ist der Vergleich der drei Methoden für die Porositätsbestimmung. Als Untersuchungsmaterial wurde Sandstein gewählt. Als Baustoff wird Sandstein trotz einer teilweise geringen Festigkeit, aber aufgrund seiner Farbvielfalt häufig für Kulturbauten, Gehwegmaterial und Fassaden eingesetzt. Sandsteine weisen zudem meist eine hohe effektive Porosität (bis zu ca. 30 %) und teilweise breite Porengrößenspektren auf, wodurch Feuchte- und Ioneneinträge begünstigt werden und zu z. B. langfristigen Verfärbungen an Sandsteinfassaden führen können. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit werden die Porositäten von 10 verschiedenen Sandsteinen aus Deutschland und Tschechien bestimmt. Für die Untersuchungen mittels TWM und NMR wurden für jede Sandsteinart zwei zylinderförmige Proben unter Unterdruck mit Leitungswasser aufgesättigt. Beim Vergleich der Verfahren liegt der Fokus insbesondere auf NMR und der verwendeten Gerätetechnik, die mit einer minimalen Echozeit von 50 µs ein Wasserstoffsignal in Sandsteinen aus bis zu ca. 2 nm kleine Poren erfassen kann. Darüber hinaus wird das Auflösungsvermögen von MIP und NMR bezüglich der Poren- bzw. Poreneingangsgrößen diskutiert. Für den Vergleich von NMR und MIP werden an ausgewählten Sandsteinproben ebenfalls die zusätzlich ermittelten PSD in Korrelation zueinander gebracht. Erste Ergebnisse zeigen eine gute Korrelation von NMR- und TWM-Daten, aber teilweise starke Abweichungen zu den mit MIP bestimmten Porositäten. Ergebnisse zu den PSD zeigen teilweise nahezu identische Kurvenverläufe. Jedoch ist die Abschätzung des Umrechnungsfaktors für die NMR-Daten ohne Hinzuziehen von zusätzlichen Referenzverfahren wie Röntgen-Computer-Tomographie oder Spektral Induzierte Polarisation teilweise sehr schwierig. T2 - Bauwerksdiagnose CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 13.02.2020 KW - NMR KW - Porosität KW - Sandsteine KW - Quecksilberporosimetrie KW - Tauchwägung PY - 2020 N1 - Geburtsname von Munsch, Sarah Mandy: Nagel, S. M. - Birth name of Munsch, Sarah Mandy: Nagel, S. M. AN - OPUS4-50405 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Czichos, Horst ED - Hennecke, Manfred ED - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Die Werkstoffklassen N2 - Es werden die vier Werkstoffklassen Metalle, Keramiken, Polymere und Verbundwerkstoffe sowie ihre Untergruppen vorgestellt. Die metallischen Werkstoffe umfassen die Eisen- wie die Nichteisenwerkstoffe und ihre Legierungen. Neben den Ingenieurkeramiken werden auch Glas und Glaskeramik, Naturstoffe und Erdstoffe sowie Baustoffe behandelt. KW - Metall KW - Keramik KW - Glas KW - Polymer KW - Verbundwerkstoff PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-662-57492-8 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-57492-8_28-1 SP - 1 EP - 35 PB - Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland CY - Berlin, Heidelberg ET - 35. AN - OPUS4-50297 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sichler, Theresa A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Montag, D. A1 - Ehm, J. A1 - Barjenbruch, M. A1 - Pinnekamp, J. T1 - Phosphorrückgewinnung - Ergebnisse des Projekts extraWERT N2 - Es wurden erste Ergebnisse des Projekts extraWERT vorgestellt. Im Projekt werden monatlich Klärschlammproben von 10 kommunalen Kläranlagen untersucht, deren P-Gehalt im Grenzbereich der AbfKlärV liegt zwischen 1,7 und 2,3%. Die ersten Ergebnisse lagen zu fünf Kläranlagen vor, es wurden Daten zum TS-Gehalt, zur oTS und zu den Nährstoffgehalten präsentiert. T2 - DWA-Netzwerktag des Nord-Ost CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 22.01.2020 KW - Klärschlamm KW - AbfKlärV KW - Phosphorrückgewinnung KW - Nährstoffe PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50300 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Javaheri, E. A1 - Kumala, V. A1 - Javaheri, A. A1 - Rawassizadeh, R. A1 - Lubritz, J. A1 - Graf, B. A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Quantifying Mechanical Properties of Automotive Steels with Deep Learing Based Computer Vision Algorithms N2 - This paper demonstrates that the instrumented indentation test (IIT), together with a trained artificial neural network (ANN), has the capability to characterize the mechanical properties of the local parts of a welded steel structure such as a weld nugget or heat affected zone. Aside from force-indentation depth curves generated from the IIT, the profile of the indented surface deformed after the indentation test also has a strong correlation with the materials’ plastic behavior. The profile of the indented surface was used as the training dataset to design an ANN to determine the material parameters of the welded zones. The deformation of the indented surface in three dimensions shown in images were analyzed with the computer vision algorithms and the obtained data were employed to train the ANN for the characterization of the mechanical properties. Moreover, this method was applied to the images taken with a simple light microscope from the surface of a specimen. Therefore, it is possible to quantify the mechanical properties of the automotive steels with the four independent methods: (1) force-indentation depth curve; (2) profile of the indented surface; (3) analyzing of the 3D-measurement image; and (4) evaluation of the images taken by a simple light microscope. The results show that there is a very good Agreement between the material parameters obtained from the trained ANN and the experimental uniaxial tensile test. The results present that the mechanical properties of an unknown steel can be determined by only analyzing the images taken from its surface after pushing a simple indenter into its surface. KW - Deep learning KW - Computer vision KW - Artificial neural network KW - Clustering KW - Mechanical properties KW - High strength steels KW - Instumented indentation test PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-503038 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/met10020163 VL - 10 IS - 2 SP - 163 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-50303 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bonnerot, Olivier A1 - Shevchuk, I. A1 - Glaser, L. A1 - Dupont, A.-L. A1 - Rouchon, V. A1 - Cohen, Zina A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Are X-rays safe for manuscripts’ materials? N2 - In the last decade, applications of X-rays to the study of manuscripts significantly spread in both diversity and extent. They range from writing material analysis, mostly with X-ray fluorescence (XRF), permitting non-invasive characterization of inks and pigments used, to the investigation of the origin of writing supports. In addition, XRF mapping has proved to be an invaluable tool for recovering erased text. Finally, computed-tomography (CT) has shown potential in virtually unrolling rolls, making text readable without using-damaging mechanical methods. Despite their growing use, little attention has been paid to the side effects of such analytical tools. We observed irreversible parchment colour changes during some experiments on dead-sea scrolls with synchrotron radiation sources. Furthermore, partial photo-reduction of iron under high intensity beam during X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (XANES) measurements of iron-gall ink on paper has been reported several times [5,6]. Such phenomena have mostly been overlooked so far, although there is an increasing awareness of the necessity to study them. We conducted experiments at the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) facilities to investigate X-ray induced structural alteration of paper and parchment to see whether the presence of absorption centres (ink and pigments) has an impact. In addition to better understanding degradation processes, we are aiming to define an appropriate methodology of analysis of manuscripts with a tolerable risk of damage. The first results concerning X-ray induced damage of cellulose materials have already been presented at the Synchrotron Radiation and Neutrons in Art and Archaeology (SR2A). We are focusing here on the results on parchment materials. T2 - Cultural and Natural Heritage Workshop CY - Grenoble, France DA - 22.01.2020 KW - X-rays KW - Manuscripts KW - Parchment KW - Synchrotron PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50305 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Smol, M. A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Preisner, M. T1 - Circular economy model framework in the European water and wastewater sector N2 - One of the key elements in the transformation towards a circular economy (CE) is providing more sustainable practices for resources and waste management. Improvement actions focused on transformation towards a CE should be targeted at all groups of materials and waste. As water is essential for human survival and well-being and plays a significant role in sustainable development (SD), the actions related to the reuse of water and the recovery of raw materials from wastewater and other water-based waste should be taken. The paper presents a proposition for a new CE model framework in the water and wastewater sector, which includes the six following actions: reduction—prevent wastewater generation in the first place by the reduction of water usage and pollution reduction at source; reclamation (removal)—an application of effective Technologies for the removal of pollutants from water and wastewater; reuse—reuse of wastewater as an alternative source of water supply (non-potable usage), recycling—recovery of water from wastewater for potable usage; recovery—recovery of resources such as nutrients and energy from water-based waste, and rethink—rethinking how to use resources to create a sustainable economy, which is `free` of waste and emissions. The novelty of the proposed CE model framework is that it presents possible ways of implementing CE principles in the water and wastewater sector, with a strong emphasis not only technological but also organisational and societal changes. Application of the proposed model may help to further transform the European economy to the CE model. Moreover, the indicated model can be significant tool supporting an assessment of local or regional progress towards CE in the water and wastewater sector and further environmental management and planning. KW - Circular economy KW - Phosphorus recovery KW - Waste water PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-019-00960-z SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-50441 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Farahbakhsh, Mahin A1 - Eiben, Mario A1 - Stahl, Michael T1 - Fachinformationssystem Datenbank GEFAHRGUT - Modul für Beförderungspapiere N2 - Die Vorteile bei der Erstellung von Beförderungspapieren mit dem Modul der Datenbank GEFAHRGUT werden dargestellt. Dazu zählen u.a. die einfache Erstellung eines Beförderungspapieres für Stückgut im Straßenverkehr durch Nutzung eines Schritt-für-Schritt-Assistenten, bei dem z. B. grundsätzliche Verbote der Zusammenladung und -packung geprüft werden. Bei der Auswahl der Verpackung werden bei Einzelverpackungen und IBCs nur Verpackungen/IBCs angeboten, die für den jeweiligen Stoff zulässig sind. T2 - Internationale Gefahrgut-Tage Hamburg CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 17.02.2020 KW - Datenbank GEFAHRGUT KW - Gefahrgut KW - Modul für Beförderungspapiere KW - Gefahrguttransport KW - Dangerous Goods Database KW - Dangerous Goods KW - Transport Documents Modul KW - Dangerous Goods transport PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50442 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Steger, Simon T1 - Spectroscopic analysis of colourants and binders of Chinese reverse glass paintings tracing a cultural dialogue N2 - Scientific analysis based on spectroscopic methods provide essential information on the composition of colourants and binders in paintings. These results can be set in a historical context and help to confirm art historical interpretations. Proofs of certain pigments can be used for dating purposes and may reveal if the artist used not only local but also imported materials. A pilot study of two Chinese reverse glass paintings from the late 19th (Yingying and Hongniang) and early 20th centuries (The Archer) was performed using a multi-analytical approach including X-ray fluorescence (XRF), diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and Raman spectroscopy. This approach allowed the identification of the pigments and the classification of the binding media. The results reveal a combined use of traditional Chinese and imported European materials. Several pigments like cinnabar, lead white, orpiment, carbon black and copper-arsenic green (probably emerald green) were found in both paintings; red lead, artificial ultramarine blue, Prussian blue and ochre appear in at least one of the paintings. The proof of limewash (calcite and small amounts of portlandite) as a backing layer in “Yingying and Hongniang” indicates that clamshell white was also used for reverse glass paintings. Drying oil was classified as a binding media in most areas of both paintings. However, the orange background of The Archer yielded prominent bands of both proteinaceous and fatty binder. T2 - China and the West Reconsidering Chinese Reverse Glass Painting CY - Romont, Switzerland DA - 14.02.2020 KW - Reverse glass painting KW - DRIFTS KW - Raman spectroscopy PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50445 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rai, Alena T1 - Volumetrische Ansprache von Grindingoberflächen N2 - Seit einigen Jahren steht die Oberflächentexturierung der Betonfahrbahndecken mittels Grinding im Fokus der Forschung und Entwicklung des Betonstraßenbaus. Dabei wird das Ziel verfolgt, Grindingtechnologie zeitnah in das deutsche Regelwerk einzuführen und gegebenenfalls die Regelbauweise Waschbeton dadurch zu ersetzen. Im Rahmen der systematischen Erprobung konnte festgestellt werden, dass es, bedingt durch Beanspruchungen während der Nutzungsphase, zur Verbesserung bzw. Verschlechterung der relevanten Oberflächenperformances, wie z.B. Griffigkeit, Ebenheit oder Geräuschpegel kommt. Dies wird gegenwärtig mit den Texturgeometrieveränderungen in Verbindung gebracht. Vor diesem Hintergrund stellt sich zunächst die Frage, in wie weit die Grindingtextur und deren Veränderungen messtechnisch erfasst werden können und welche statistischen Kenngrößen dabei abgeleitet werden können. In diesem Zusammenhang ist eine Evaluation der dreidimensionalen messtechnischen Ansprache von Grindingoberflächen notwendig. Perspektivisch bedarf es einer Korrelationsanalyse zwischen der o.g. Texturkenngrößen mit Veränderungen der Oberflächenperformances. Dieser Beitrag zeigt, dass mithilfe eines auf Streifenlichtprojektion basierenden Messsystems, eine hochaufgelöste volumetrische Erfassung der Oberflächentopografie verschiedener Grindingtexturen sowohl im Labor als auch in situ möglich ist. Darauf aufbauend galt es, die messtechnischen Voraussetzungen zur Gewährleistung reproduzierbarer Messungen zu schaffen. Dies ermöglicht eine Dokumentation der zeitlichen Texturveränderungen infolge verschieden-artiger Beanspruchungen. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen der 3D-Texturerfassung wurden Auswerteroutinen zur quantitativen und statistischen Charakterisierung der Oberflächentextur entwickelt. Zusätzlich wurden diese angewandt, um exemplarisch die Veränderungen der Oberflächentopographie infolge klimatischer Beanspruchung quantitativ abzubilden. T2 - Workshop Grinding CY - Bergisch Gladbach, Germany DA - 28.01.2020 KW - Betonfahrbahndeckentexturen KW - Grinding KW - 3D-Texturerfassung KW - Streifenlichtprojektionssystem PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50449 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rolle, Annette A1 - Neumeyer, Tino T1 - Prüfung und Zulassung von radioaktiven Stoffen in besonderer Form N2 - Radioaktive Stoffe in besonderer Form (SFRM) sind nicht dispergierbare feste radioaktive Stoffe oder dichte Kapseln, die radioaktive Stoffe enthalten /1/. SFRM sind eine Kategorie innerhalb der verkehrsrechtlichen Vorschriften. Für die Beförderung zu Anwendern in der Industrie, Medizin und Forschung werden umschlossene radioaktive Stoffe (Strahler) gemäß ihrem aktivitätsabhängigen Gefahrenpotenzial verpackt. Strahler mit einer hohen Aktivität (> A2) erfordern entsprechend der verkehrsrechtlichen Vorschriften eine Beförderung in Typ B (U) Versandstücken, die als unfallsicher gelten. Alternativ besteht bis zu einer Aktivität < A1 die Möglichkeit der Beförderung in nicht unfallsicheren Typ A Versandstücken, wenn die Strahler nachweislich unfallsicher ausgelegt sind und eine Zulassung als SFRM vorliegt. Die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) ist gemäß GGVSEB §8 (2) /2/ in Deutschland die zuständige Behörde für die Prüfung und Zulassung radioaktiver Stoffe in besonderer Form. KW - Zulassung KW - Radioaktiv KW - Beförderung KW - Strahlenschutz PY - 2020 SN - 0947-434 X IS - 1 SP - 14 EP - 16 PB - TÜV Media CY - Köln AN - OPUS4-50763 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lauschkin, Maik A1 - Bulling, Jannis A1 - Lugovtsova, Yevgeniya A1 - Wasmer, P. A1 - Prager, Jens T1 - Bestimmung von Materialparametern aus dem dispersiven Verhalten geführter Wellen mittels neuronaler Netze N2 - Damit eine Simulationsrechnung, beispielsweise mit einer FEM-Software, eine ausreichend hohe Genauigkeit erreicht, muss vorausgesetzt werden, dass die Modellparameter eine sehr hohe Güte aufweisen. Die genaue Kenntnis der Materialparameter ist dabei von besonderer Bedeutung. Um diese Parameter bestimmen zu können, müssen die verwendeten Werkstoffe messtechnisch charakterisiert werden. Neben anderen Ansätzen sind dafür akustische Verfahren im Ultraschallbereich geeignet. Für dünnwandige und plattenförmige Materialien können aus den sich ausbreitenden geführten Wellen messtechnisch Dispersionskurven bestimmt und aus diesen die Materialparameter abgeleitet werden. Da für die Signalverarbeitung und für Optimierungsaufgaben aktuell zunehmend Machine Learning Tools zum Einsatz kommen, stellt sich die Frage, ob diese Werkzeuge auch für die Ermittlung der Materialparameter aus den gemessenen Dispersionskurven eingesetzt werden können. In der vorgestellten Untersuchung soll ein Convolutional Neural Network aufgestellt werden, welches aus Dispersionsbildern Muster extrahiert und aus diesen eine Schätzung für die Materialparameter ermittelt. Um die Machbarkeit dieses Ansatzes zu prüfen, werden zunächst nur isotrope Materialien betrachtet. Für das Netz werden mit der Scaled-Boundary-Finite-Element-Methode synthetische Daten für das Trainieren und Validieren generiert. Zusätzlich werden die Hyperparameter des neuronalen Netzes variiert, um ein optimales Model für die Schätzung zu finden. Anschließend kann das Netz mit experimentellen Daten getestet und das Ergebnis hinsichtlich der Genauigkeit bewertet werden. T2 - DAGA 2020 - 46. Jahrestagung für Akustik CY - Meeting was canceled DA - 16.03.2020 KW - Machinelles Lernen KW - Geführte Ultraschallwellen KW - Materialcharakterisierung KW - Elastische Konstanten KW - Isotrope Materialien PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-939296-17-1 SP - 571 EP - 574 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Akustik e.V. CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-50765 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - THES A1 - Hauswaldt, Sebastian T1 - Kontinuumsmechanische Werkstoffmodelle zur numerischen Simulation von Stahlbauteilen im Brandfall N2 - Das nichtlineare und geschwindigkeitsabhängige1 Materialverhalten von Stahl wird besonders bei hohen Temperaturen sichtbar. Für Finite-Elemente-Simulationen von Stahlkonstruktionen im Brandfall sollte aus diesem Grund plastisches und geschwindigkeitsabhängiges Materialverhalten beschrieben werden. Die vorliegende Arbeit betrachtet unter diesem Aspekt bisherige Materialuntersuchungen und macht Vorschläge für dreidimensionale Materialmodelle mit entsprechenden Eigenschaften. Es werden zunächst die phänomenologischen Eigenschaften von Baustahl anhand einer Literaturrecherche analysiert, wobei verstärkt auf Untersuchungen des Materialverhaltens bei Belastungen und Aufheizprozessen, wie sie im Brandfall zu erwarten sind, geachtet wird. Die für die Bemessung von Stahlkonstruktionen gebräuchliche Spannungsbeschreibung des EC 3-1-2 wird untersucht. Es werden ihre Stärken, aber auch die zur Entwicklung einer kontinuumsmechanischen Materialformulierung fehlenden Eigenschaften, aufgezeigt. Ein nichtlinear-elastisches kontinuumsmechanisches Materialmodell der Deformationstheorie der Plastizität wird so angepasst, dass es die Spannungs-Dehnungslinien gemäß EC 3-1-2 im einachsigen Spannungszustand beschreibt. Es wird des Weiteren ein thermoelastisch-viskoplastisches Modell vorgestellt, das in der Lage ist, Kriechen und Relaxation bei Aufheiz- und Abkühlprozessen zu beschreiben. Die Struktur dieses Materialmodells wird so gewählt, dass die Parameter an hierfür geeigneten Messergebnissen leicht identifiziert werden können. Der deviatorische Anteil des Modells besteht aus einem geschwindigkeitsunabhängigen, plastischen Anteil und einem geschwindigkeitsabhängigen, viskoelastischen Anteil. Der geschwindigkeitsunabhängige, plastische Anteil wurde als Differentialgleichung auf Grundlage der so genannten endochronen Plastizitätstheorie formuliert. Die Parameter der Materialmodelle werden auf Grundlage der Messergebnisse stationärer Warmzugversuche an Baustahlproben identifiziert. Sowohl das nichtlinear-elastische EC 3-1-2-Materialmodell als auch das thermoelastisch-viskoplastische Materialmodell mit den an Baustahl angepassten Materialparametern wird numerisch für die Verwendung mit Finite-Elemente-Programmen aufbereitet und als UMAT-Subroutine für ABAQUS in der Programmiersprache FORTRAN implementiert. Hierbei wird insbesondere auf die Bereitstellung der konsistenten Tangentenoperatoren Wert gelegt, um eine effiziente numerische Berechnung bei Verwendung der Materialmodelle zu ermöglichen. Abschließend werden erste Simulationsrechnungen vorgestellt, um beispielhaft die Möglichkeiten der Anwendung der entwickelten und implementierten Materialmodelle für Simulationen von Stahlkonstruktionen im Brandfall aufzuzeigen. Stichworte: Brandschutz, Stahl, Brandverhalten, Finite-Elemente-Methode, Materialmodell, Eurocode 3-1-2, UMAT 1Ist das Materialverhalten abhängig von der Prozessgeschwindigkeit, wird es als geschwindigkeitsabhängig bezeichnet. Prozesse können sowohl dehnungs- als auch spannungs- oder temperaturgesteuert sein. Die Begriffe zeitabhängig und zeitunabhängig werden hier vermieden, da diese in der Materialwissenschaft mit Alterungsprozessen (’aging’) in Verbindung gebracht werden. N2 - The non-linear and rate-dependent2 material behaviour of steel becomes particularly visible at high temperatures. For finite-element-simulations of steel structures in the event of fire, plastic and rate- dependent material behaviour should therefore be described. With this in mind, this thesis looks at previous material investigations and makes suggestions for three-dimensional material models with the corresponding properties. The phenomenological properties of structural steel are analysed on the basis of a literature study, whereby increased attention is paid to the material behaviour under loads and heating processes, as can be expected in the event of fire. The stress-strain-relation of the EC 3-1-2 used for the design of steel structures is examined. The advantages of this description, but also the missing properties for the development of a continuum-mechanical material formulation, are shown. A non-linear-elastic continuum mechanical material model of the deformation theory of plasticity is adapted in such a way that it describes the stress-strain curves according to EC 3-1-2 in the state of uniaxial stress. Furthermore, a thermoelastic-viscoplastic model is presented which is able to describe creep and relaxation during heating and cooling processes. The structure of this material model is chosen in such a way that the parameters can be easily identified using certain measurement results. The deviatoric part of the model consists of a rate-independent, plastic part and a rate-dependent, vis- coelastic part. The rate-independent, plastic part was formulated as a differential equation based on the endochronic theory of plasticity. The parameters of this material model are identified on the basis of the measurement results of stationary hot tensile tests on structural steel specimens. Both the non-linear-elastic EC 3-1-2 material model and the thermoelastic-viscoplastic material model with the material parameters adapted to mild steel are prepared numerically for use with finite- element-programs and implemented as UMAT-subroutines for ABAQUS in the FORTRAN code. Particular emphasis is placed on the provision of consistent tangent operators to enable efficient numerical calculation when using the material models. Finally, first finite-element-simulations are presented in order to show the possibilities of the deve- loped and implemented material models for simulations of steel constructions in case of fire. Keywords: Fire prevention, steel, fire behaviour, finite element method, material model, Eurocode 3- 1-2, UMAT 2 If the material behaviour is dependent on the process rate, it is referred to as rate-dependent. Processes can be controlled by strain, stress or temperature. The terms time-dependent and time-independent are avoided here, as these are associated with aging in materials science. T3 - BAM Dissertationsreihe - 167 KW - Brandschutz KW - Stahl KW - Brandverhalten KW - Finite-Elemente-Methode KW - Materialmodell KW - Eurocode 3-1-2 KW - UMAT KW - Fire prevention KW - Steel KW - Fire behaviour KW - Finite element method KW - Material model KW - Eurocode 3-1-2 KW - UMAT PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-507662 SN - 1613-4249 VL - 167 SP - i EP - 206 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materailforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-50766 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Artinov, Antoni A1 - Karkhin, V. A1 - Bachmann, Marcel A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Mathematical modeling of the geometrical differences between the weld end crater and the steady-state weld pool N2 - The geometrical characteristics of the weld end crater are commonly used as a means of validating numerical results in welding simulations. In this paper, an analytical model is developed for calculating the cooling stage of the welding process after the moving energy source is turned off. Solutions for various combinations of heat sources and heated bodies are found. It is shown that after turning off the Energy source, additional melting of the base material in the longitudinal direction may occur due to the overheated liquid metal. The developed technique is applied to complete-penetration keyhole laser beam welding of 2 mm thick austenitic stainless-steel plate 316L at a Welding speed of 20 mm/s and a laser power of 2.3 kW. The results show a theoretical increase in the weld end crater length of up to 19% compared to the length of the steady-state weld pool. It is found that at the moment of switch off, the weld end crater center, where solidification of the liquid metal ends, is shifted from the heat source axis toward the weld pool tail. The solidification rate and the direction of crystallization of the molten material during the welding process and those in the weld end crater differ significantly. A good agreement between the computational results and the welding experiments is achieved. KW - Weld end crater KW - Steady-state weld pool KW - Mathematical modeling KW - Solidification KW - Laser beam welding PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.2351/7.0000068 VL - 32 IS - 2 SP - 022024-1 EP - 022024-6 PB - AIP Publishing AN - OPUS4-50767 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Artinov, Antoni A1 - Karkhin, V. A1 - Bakir, Nasim A1 - Meng, Xiangmeng A1 - Bachmann, Marcel A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Lamé curve approximation for the assessment of the 3D temperature distribution in keyhole mode welding processes N2 - A novel approach for the reconstruction of an equivalent volumetric heat source from a known weld pool shape is proposed. It is based on previously obtained weld pool geometries from a steady-state thermo-fluid dynamics simulation. Hereby, the weld pool dimensions are obtained under consideration of the most crucial physical phenomena, such as phase transformations, thermo-capillary convection, natural convection, and temperature-dependent material properties. The algorithm provides a time and calibration efficient way for the reproduction of the weld pool shape by local Lamé curves. By adjusting their parameters, the identification of the finite elements located within the weld pool is enabled. The heat input due to the equivalent heat source is assured by replacing the detected nodes’ temperature by the melting temperature. The model offers variable parameters making it flexible and adaptable for a wide range of workpiece thicknesses and materials and allows for the investigation of transient thermal effects, e.g., the cooling stage of the workpiece. The calculation times remain acceptably short especially when compared to a fully coupled process simulation. The computational results are in good agreement with performed complete-penetration laser beam welding experiments. KW - Lamé curves approximation KW - Equivalent heat source KW - Thermal cycles KW - Numerical modeling KW - Keyhole mode welding PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.2351/7.0000076 VL - 32 IS - 2 SP - 022042-1 EP - 022042-8 PB - AIP Publishing AN - OPUS4-50768 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Neuhold, S. A1 - Drissen, P. A1 - Algermissen, D. A1 - Presoly, P. A1 - Sedlazeck, K. P. A1 - Schenk, J. A1 - Raith, J. G. A1 - Pomberger, R. A1 - Vollprecht, D. T1 - Tailoring the FeO/SiO2 ratio in electric arc furnace slags to minimize the leaching of Vanadium and Chromium N2 - Based on recently published research on leaching control mechanisms in electric arc furnace (EAF) slags, it is assumed that a FeO/SiO2 ratio of around one leads to low leached V and Cr concentrations. This ratio influences the mineral phase composition of the slag toward higher amounts of spinel and a lower solubility of calcium silicate phases by suppressing the formation of magnesiowuestite and highly soluble calcium silicate phases. To evaluate this hypothesis, laboratory and scaled up tests in an EAF pilot plant were performed on slag samples characterized by elevated V and Cr leaching and a high FeO/SiO2 ratio. Prior to the melting experiments, the optimum FeO/SiO2 ratio was calculated via FactSageTM. In the melting experiments, the ratio was adjusted by adding quartz sand, which also decreased the basicity (CaO/SiO2) of the slag. As a reference, remelting experiments without quartz sand addition were conducted and additionally, the influence of the cooling rate of the slag was examined. The remelted (without quartz sand) and the remelted modified slags (with quartz sand) were analyzed chemically and mineralogically and the leaching behavior was investigated. The modification of the slags yielded a minimized release of V and Cr, supporting the hypothesis that the FeO/SiO2 ratio influences the mineralogy and the leaching behavior. KW - Electric arc furnace slags KW - FactSage calculations KW - EAF slags KW - Leaching control mechanisms KW - Melting experiments PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-507748 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/app10072549 VL - 10 IS - 7 SP - 2549 EP - 2565 AN - OPUS4-50774 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kricheldorf, H. R. A1 - Weidner, Steffen A1 - Meyer, A. T1 - High Tm poly(L-lactide)s via REP or ROPPOC of L-lactide N2 - A new kind of high melting (HTm) pol(L-lactide) was discovered when cyclic poly(L-lactide)s were prepared by ring-expansion polymerization with cyclic tin catalysts at 130–160 °C in bulk. By DSC measurements with 10 K min−1 melting temperatures (Tm) in the range of 190–196 °C were found. The WAXS and SAXS measurements evidenced that not a new crystal lattice but a well-ordered morphology and a higher perfection of the crystallites are responsible for the high Tm values and high crystallinities. Under identical reaction conditions SnOct2-catalyzed and alcohol-initiated ROPs do not yield these crystallites. Furthermore, it was found that the standard crystallites are kinetically favored upon rapid crystallization, whereas the high melting form of poly(L-lactide) is thermodynamically more stable. KW - Polylactide KW - MALDI-TOF MS KW - ROPPOC PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-507477 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/c9py01908a VL - 11 IS - 12 SP - 2182 EP - 2193 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry AN - OPUS4-50747 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Das Prognosetool der BAM zur Emission, Transmission und Immission von Bahnerschütterungen N2 - Die gesamte Prognose wurde rechnerisch erfasst. Die Rechenverfahren sind einfach und schnell. Die Emission und die Immission verwendet Übertragungsmatrizen. Die Transmissionsrechnung beruht auf der Dispersion der Rayleighwelle. Die Verknüpfung erfolgt über die Anregungskraft auf den Boden und über die Freifeldamplitude am Gebäude. Es sind viele Eingabemöglichkeiten für Messdaten vorgesehen. Messungen können von einem Ort auf einen anderen Ort übertragen werden. T2 - 98. Sitzung des Normausschusses "Schwingungsminderung in der Umgebung von Verkehrswegen" CY - Online meeting DA - 07.05.2020 KW - Bahnerschütterungen KW - Prognose KW - Übertragungsmatrizen KW - Rayleighwellendispersion PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50748 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tjaden, B. A1 - Lisec, Jan A1 - Schramm, A. T1 - N-Myc-induced metabolic rewiring creates novel therapeutic vulnerabilities in neuroblastoma N2 - N-Myc is a transcription factor that is aberrantly expressed in many tumor types and is often correlated with poor patient prognosis. Recently, several lines of evidence pointed to the fact that oncogenic activation of Myc family proteins is concomitant with reprogramming of tumor cells to cope with an enhanced need for metabolites during cell growth. These adaptions are driven by the ability of Myc proteins to act as transcriptional amplifiers in a tissue-of-origin specific manner. Here, we describe the effects of N-Myc overexpression on metabolic reprogramming in neuroblastoma cells. Ectopic expression of N-Myc induced a glycolytic switch that was concomitant with enhanced sensitivity towards 2-deoxyglucose, an inhibitor of glycolysis. Moreover, global metabolic profiling revealed extensive alterations in the cellular metabolome resulting from overexpression of N-Myc. Limited supply with either of the two main carbon sources, glucose or glutamine, resulted in distinct shifts in steady-state metabolite levels and significant changes in glutathione metabolism. Interestingly, interference with glutamine-glutamate conversion preferentially blocked proliferation of N-Myc overexpressing cells, when glutamine levels were reduced. Thus, our study uncovered N-Myc induction and nutrient levels as important metabolic master switches in neuroblastoma cells and identified critical nodes that restrict tumor cell proliferation. KW - Mass-Spectrometry KW - Cancer KW - MYCN PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-507193 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64040-1 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 7157 AN - OPUS4-50719 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Noureen, N. A1 - Shah, F. A. A1 - Lisec, Jan A1 - Usman, H. A1 - Khalid, M. A1 - Munir, R. A1 - Zaidi, N. T1 - Revisiting the Association between Human Leukocyte Antigen and End-Stage Renal Disease N2 - Multiple works have studied possible associations between human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles and end stage renal disease (ESRD). However, there are several contradictions in these previous works and no consistent HLA associations with ESRD itself have been identified. Most of these works have several limitations, for instance, the population size was too small, or only limited HLA loci were studied. The presented work aims to revisit the association between ESRD and HLA antigens while taking in to account the previously overlooked limitations. Here, we compared the HLA polymorphism (at HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1, -DQB1 and DQA1 loci) in ESRD patients (n=497) and controls (n=672). Our data identified several HLA alleles that displayed a significant positive or negative association with ESRD. We also determined whether heterozygosity or homozygosity of the ESRD-associated HLA alleles at different loci could modify the prevalence of the disease. Few HLA allele combinations displayed significant associations with ESRD among which HLA-A*3 –HLA-A*26 combination showed the highest strength of association (OR= 4.488, P≤ 0.05) with ESRD. However, the age of ESRD onset was not affected by HLA allele combinations at different loci. Most of the previous works have studied the association of HLA with ESRD in homogeneous ethnic groups and have interpreted their data accordingly. Here, we also performed an extensive literature analysis to determine whether the association of HLA to ESRD can be similar across different ethnic groups. This analysis showed that at least for certain alleles, the association of HLA to ESRD can be similar in different ethnic groups. For instance, HLA-A*11, HLA-DRB1*11, and HLA-DRB1*4 all showed significant positive associations with ESRD in different ethnic groups. The findings of our study will help in determining possible protective or susceptible roles of various HLA alleles in ESRD. KW - Mass-Spectrometry KW - HLA KW - Renal disease PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.18.996330 SP - 1 EP - 23 AN - OPUS4-50720 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kotthoff, Lisa A1 - O’Callaghan, S.-L. A1 - Lisec, Jan A1 - Schwerdtle, T. A1 - Koch, Matthias T1 - Structural annotation of electro- and photochemically generated transformation products of moxidectin using high-resolution mass spectrometry N2 - Moxidectin (MOX) is a widely used anthelmintic drug for the treatment of internal and external parasites in food-producing and companion animals. Transformation products (TPs) of MOX, formed through metabolic degradation or acid hydrolysis, May pose a potential environmental risk, but only few were identified so far. In this study, we therefore systematically characterized electro- and photochemically generatedMOX TPs using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Oxidative electrochemical (EC) TPs were generated in an electrochemical reactor and photochemical (PC) TPs by irradiation with UV-C light. Subsequent HRMS measurements were performed to identify accuratemasses and deduce occurring modification reactions of derived TPs in a suspected target analysis. In total, 26 EC TPs and 59 PC TPs were found. The main modification reactions were hydroxylation, (de-)hydration, and derivative formation with methanol for EC experiments and isomeric changes, (de-)hydration, and changes at the methoxime moiety for PC experiments. In addition, several combinations of different modification reactions were identified. For 17 TPs, we could predict chemical structures through interpretation of acquired MS/MS data. Most modifications could be linked to two specific regions of MOX. Some previously described metabolic reactions like hydroxylation or O-demethylation were confirmed in our EC and PC experiments as reaction type, but the corresponding TPs were not identical to known metabolites or degradation products. The obtained knowledge regarding novel TPs and reactions will aid to elucidate the degradation pathway of MOX which is currently unknown. KW - Moxidectin KW - Transformation products KW - Electrochemical Reactor PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-020-02572-1 VL - 412 IS - 13 SP - 3141 EP - 3152 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-50721 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vandrich, Jasmina A1 - Pfeiffer, F. A1 - Alfaro Espinoza, Gabriela A1 - Kunte, Hans-Jörg T1 - Contribution of mechanosensitive channels to osmoadaptation and ectoine excretion in Halomonas elongata N2 - For osmoadaptation the halophilic bacterium Halomonas elongata synthesizes as its main compatible solute the aspartate derivative ectoine. H. elongata does not rely entirely on synthesis but can accumulate ectoine by uptake from the surrounding environment with the help of the osmoregulated transporter TeaABC. Disruption of the TeaABC-mediated ectoine uptake creates a strain that is constantly losing ectoine to the medium. However, the efflux mechanism of ectoine in H. elongata is not yet understood. H. elongata possesses four genes encoding mechanosensitive channels all of which belong to the small conductance type (MscS). Analysis by qRT-PCR revealed a reduction in transcription of the mscS genes with increasing salinity. The response of H. elongata to hypo- and hyperosmotic shock never resulted in up-regulation but rather in downregulation of mscS transcription. Deletion of all four mscS genes created a mutant that was unable to cope with hypoosmotic shock. However, the knockout mutant grew significantly faster than the wildtype at high salinity of 2 M NaCl, and most importantly, still exported 80% of the ectoine compared to the wildtype. We thus conclude that a yet unknown system, which is independent of mechanosensitive channels, is the major export route for ectoine in H. elongata. KW - Halomonas elongata KW - Ectoine KW - Osmotic shock KW - Solute excretion KW - Osmoadaptation KW - Mechanosensitive channel KW - MscS PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-507229 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00792-020-01168-y VL - 24 SP - 421 EP - 432 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-50722 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gluth, Gregor A1 - Ebell, Gino A1 - Hlavacek, Petr A1 - Mietz, Jürgen T1 - Chloride‐induced steel corrosion in alkali‐activated fly ash mortar: Increased propensity for corrosion initiation at defects N2 - Chloride contents at the steel–mortar interface that initiate steel corrosion were determined for carbon steel in alkali‐activated fly ash mortar for three different exposure conditions: exposure to 1 M NaCl solution; leaching in deionized water and then exposure to 1 M NaCl solution; and leaching in deionized water, aging in air at 20°C and natural CO2 concentration, and then exposure to 1 M NaCl solution. For comparison, a Portland cement mortar, exposed to 1 M NaCl solution, was studied. The median values of the corrosion‐initiating chloride contents (average over the full length of the rebar) in the alkali‐activated fly ash mortar varied between 0.35 and 1.05 wt% Cl with respect to binder, consistently lower than what was obtained for the Portland cement mortar, but with no clear trend regarding the exposure conditions. For most of the alkali‐activated fly ash mortar specimens, preferential corrosion at the connection between the working electrode and the external measurement setup was observed, while preferential corrosion did not occur for the Portland cement mortar. Scanning electron microscopy and auxiliary experiments in synthetic solutions indicated that this behavior was caused by inhomogeneities at the steel–mortar interface in the alkali‐activated mortar, likely due to its peculiar rheological properties in the fresh state. KW - Alkali-activated materials KW - Steel corrosion KW - Critical chloride content KW - Steel-concrete interface PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-507268 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202011541 VL - 71 IS - 5 SP - 749 EP - 758 PB - Wiley-VCH AN - OPUS4-50726 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gleim, Tobias A1 - Chen, Hefeng ED - Kleiber, M. ED - Onate, E. T1 - High-Order Accurate Methods for the Numerical Analysis of a Levitation Device N2 - This paper establishes different axisymmetric and two-dimensional models for a levitation device. Therein, the Maxwell equations are combined with the balance of linear momentum. Different possible formulations to describe the Maxwell equations are presented and compared and discussed in the example. A high order finite element discretization using Galerkin’s method in space and the generalized Newmark−alpha method in time are developed for the electro-magneto-mechanical approach. Several studies on spatial and temporal discretization with respect to convergence will be investigated. In addition, the boundary influences and the domain size with respect to the levitation device are also examined. KW - Maxwell equations KW - Levitation KW - High-Order KW - Accurate-Numerical-Methods KW - Generalized Newmark-alpha PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11831-020-09427-z SN - 1134-3060 VL - 28 IS - 3 SP - 1517 EP - 1543 PB - Springer Nature AN - OPUS4-50734 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Matz, R. A1 - Rabe, Torsten A1 - Töpfer, J. A1 - Ziesche, S. T1 - Circuit-Board-Integrated Transformers Design and Manufacture N2 - Transformers couple two sections of a circuit by electromagnetic induction. They are widely used to either transform alternating voltage levels or to transmit power or signals across galvanic isolation. Both of these functions are essential for the operation of sensors and controllers. Covering all aspects from idea to circuit performance and from design to manufacture, this paper presents the first comprehensive description of the making of miniaturized, rugged, up-to-100W transformers for embedding into multilayer circuit boards. For circular coils, the well-manageable Ampere-Laplace law is shown to yield reliable designs, predicting correctly the performance of manufactured hardware. This enables fast design without lengthy finite element modelling. In the low-power linear regime, basic relations describe how the device’s characteristics evolve from the material properties and device structure. While scattering Parameters are useful for the analysis of isolated transformers with their intrinsic parasitics, the interaction with the components of the final circuit and the aspects of power and efficiency are addressed by chain matrixes. While these design rules are similar for multilayer boards of different material (like epoxy, Teflon, ceramics), the manufacturing of ceramic board transformers is considered here in detail. Low-temperature-cofired ceramic (LTCC) boards being sintered at 900 °C are particularly suited for harsh environments with chemical or thermal stress as frequently found at sensor positions. The transformer performance usually benefits from or even requires an integrated ceramic core of higher permeability, a ferrite, to shape the magnetic flux. Methods to sinter ferrites inside a dielectric ceramic multilayerandto measure their performance are therefore described in detail.Asthe sintering behaviour of dielectricandmagnetic ceramics differs considerably, their simultaneous sintering is challenging.However, the sintering temperatures of the usefulMnZnand NiZnCu ferrites can be lowered to that of the dielectric material with only moderate loss of permeability by glass additives. Furthermore, thermal mismatch between materials causes catastrophic failure or at least stress and loss of magnetic performance during cooling to room temperature after sintering. This is avoidable by either adjusting the thermal expansion coefficient of the ferrite or by enclosing the ferrite between stressreleasing separation layers.We present the state of the art in materials development according to the first approach as well as fully functional devices made with the second technique. Other applications not directly addressed but well related to this work are characterized by low load resistance in relation to the coil resistance of the transformer. Efficient power transmission then requires that technological solutions are applied to achieve the lowest possible resistive loss inside the coils by an enlarged conductor cross-section. As this is particularly challenging for LTCC boards, a technique is discussed to fabricate conductor traces with a thickness larger than their width. KW - Multilayer ceramic technology KW - LTCC KW - Transformer PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.4416/JCST2019-00071 SN - 2190-9385 VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - 44 EP - 61 PB - Göller Verlag CY - Baden-Baden AN - OPUS4-50751 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva A1 - Neitsch, Marcel A1 - Goedecke, Thomas T1 - Industrial leak testing of dangerous goods packagings N2 - The Dangerous Goods Regulations currently do not include limit leakage rates orsensitivity requirements for industrial leak testing procedures that are equivalent tothe bubble test, which is the prescribed test method for design type testing ofdangerous goods packagings. During series production of such packagings, variousmethods are used, which often do not meet the requirements of the bubble test withregard to important criteria.Sensitivity, flow direction, pressure level and automatability are particularly importantfactors when selecting a suitable industrial leak testing method.The following methods are in principle both suitable and equally effective as thebubble test: pressure rise test (vacuum chamber), ultrasonic bubble leak detectionand gas detection methods (pressure technique by accumulation and vacuumchamber technique).To ensure a uniform test level during design type testing and production line leaktesting and therefore a comparable safety level as required by the Dangerous GoodsRegulations, it is necessary to include a more precise specification in these regula-tions. This requires, on the one hand, information about the sensitivity of the bubbletest and, on the other hand, the inclusion of a list of suitable, equally effective indus-trial test methods with their specific boundary conditions. T2 - 22nd IAPRI World Packaging CY - Online meeting KW - Bubble test KW - Dangerous goods packagings KW - Industrial leak testing KW - Leakproofness test KW - Series production PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-507521 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2502 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Wiley AN - OPUS4-50752 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heilmann, Maria A1 - Kulla, Hannes A1 - Prinz, Carsten A1 - Bienert, Ralf A1 - Reinholz, Uwe A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana A1 - Emmerling, Franziska T1 - Advances in Nickel Nanoparticle Synthesis via Oleylamine Route N2 - Nickel nanoparticles are an active research area due to their multiple applications as catalysts in different processes. A variety of preparation techniques have been reported for the synthesis of these nanoparticles, including solvothermal, microwave-assisted, and emulsion techniques. The well-studied solvothermal oleylamine synthesis route comes with the drawback of needing standard air-free techniques and often space-consuming glassware. Here, we present a facile and straightforward synthesis method for size-controlled highly monodisperse nickel nanoparticles avoiding the use of, e.g., Schlenk techniques and space-consuming labware. The nanoparticles produced by this novel synthetic route were investigated using small-angle X-ray scattering, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray spectroscopy. The nanoparticles were in a size range of 4–16 nm, show high sphericity, no oxidation, and no agglomeration after synthesis. KW - Nanoparticle synthesis KW - Nickel nanoparticles KW - SAXS KW - TEM KW - XAS PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-507531 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10040713 VL - 10 IS - 4 SP - 713 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-50753 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kowarik, Stefan A1 - Hicke, Konstantin A1 - Chruscicki, Sebastian A1 - Schukar, Marcus A1 - Breithaupt, Mathias A1 - Lämmerhirt, A. A1 - Pohl, P. A1 - Schubert, M. ED - Cranch, G. ED - Wang, A. ED - Digonnet, M. ED - Dragic, P. T1 - Train monitoring using distributed fiber optic acoustic sensing N2 - We use distributed acoustic sensing to determine the velocity of trains from train vibration patterns using artificial neural network and conventional algorithms. The velocity uncertainty depends on track conditions, train type and velocity. T2 - 27th International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors (OFS) CY - Meeting was canceled DA - 08.06.2020 KW - Train monitoring KW - Distributed acoustic sensing KW - DAS KW - Distributed fiber optic sensing PY - 2020 SN - 978-1-55752-307-5 DO - https://doi.org/10.1364/OFS.2020.T3.25 SP - 1 EP - 4 PB - The Optical Society (Optical Society of America) CY - Washington D.C., USA AN - OPUS4-50758 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Evsevleev, Sergei A1 - Cabeza, S. A1 - Mishurova, Tatiana A1 - Garcés, G. A1 - Sevostianov, I. A1 - Requena, G. A1 - Boin, M. A1 - Hofmann, M. A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Stress-induced damage evolution in cast AlSi12CuMgNi alloy with one and two ceramic reinforcements. Part II: Effect of reinforcement orientation N2 - While there is a large body of literature on the micro-mechanical behavior of metal matrix composites (MMCs) under uniaxial applied stress, very little is available on multi-phase MMCs. In order to cast light on the reinforcement mechanisms and damage processes in such multi-phase composites, materials made by an Al-based piston alloy and containing one and two ceramic reinforcements (planar-random oriented alumina fibers and SiC particles) were studied. In-situ compression tests during neutron diffraction experiments were used to track the load transfer among phases, while X-ray computed tomography on pre-strained samples was used to monitor and quantify damage. We found that damage progresses differently in composites with different orientations of the fiber mat. Because of the presence of intermetallic network, it was observed that the second ceramic reinforcement changed the load transfer scenario only at very high applied load, when also intermetallic particles break. We rationalized the present results combining them with previous investigations and using a micromechanical model. KW - Multi-phase KW - Metal matrix composites KW - Intermetallics KW - Computed tomography KW - In-situ neutron diffraction KW - Piston alloy KW - Load transfer PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-04069-4 SN - 1573-4803 VL - 55 IS - 3 SP - 1049 EP - 1068 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-49460 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pauw, Brian Richard T1 - AI/ML starts with data, …a practical example N2 - A brief introduction to the efforts we have done in our lab towards AI/ML analysis of SAXS data. For this, we need to extend the data with an extensive, structured hierarchy of metadata and associated data. A practical look into the information stored in our files, and the organization of the files in a data catalog is presented. T2 - Benchmarking for AI for Science at the Exascale A2 Workshop for Materials Science CY - Online meeting DA - 23.11.2020 KW - Small angle scattering KW - Machine learning KW - Data organization KW - Data curation KW - Metadata structuring PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51660 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN ED - Bonse, Jörn ED - Spaltmann, Dirk T1 - Laser-induced periodic surface nano- and microstructures for tribological applications N2 - This book is a reprint collection of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Lubricants. KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) KW - Friction KW - Wear KW - Applications PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-516611 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/books/pdfview/book/3130 SN - 978-3-03943-523-4 SN - 978-3-03943-524-1 SP - 1 EP - 180 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-51661 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wilrich, Cordula T1 - Lagerung von Gefahrstoffen: Die neugefasste TRGS 510 N2 - Der Vortrag stellt die am 17.11.2020 vom Ausschuss für Gefahrstoffe (AGS) verabschiedete Neufassung der TRGS 510 "Lagerung von Gefahrstoffen in ortsbeweglichen Behältern" vor. Die TRGS 510 zeichnet sich durch ein gestuftes Maßnahmenkonzept in Abhängigkeit von der Art und Menge der gelagerten Gefahrstoffe aus. Folgende Maßnahmenstufen werden durch die TRGS 510 beschrieben: 1. Kleinmengen -> Allgemeine Maßnahmen 2. Überschreitung der Kleinmengen -> Lagerung im Lager 3. Überschreitung der Mengenschwellen für spezielle Gefahrstoffe -> Spezielle Maßnahmen 4. Verschiedene Gefahrstoffe und Lagerung im Lager erforderlich -> ggf. Getrenntlagerung und Separatlagerung. Das gestufte Maßnahmenkonzept ermöglicht eine angemessene Balance zwischen gefordertem Schutzniveau und Wirtschaftlichkeit. Die TRGS 510 ist eine der meist angewendeten TRGS, da in (fast) jedem Betrieb Gefahrstoffe gelagert werden: Zu den Gefahrstoffen zählen nicht nur Chemikalien der (Groß‑)Industrie, sondern auch Gefahrstoffe, die überall verwendet werden, wie z.B. Reinigungsmittel oder Desinfektionsmittel (die ja Corona-bedingt nun auch vermehrt gelagert werden). T2 - 36. Münchner Gefahrstoff- und Sicherheitstage CY - Online meeting DA - 25.11.2020 KW - Gefahrstoffe KW - Lagerung KW - Technische Regeln für Gefahrstoffe KW - TRGS PY - 2020 UR - https://www.sv-veranstaltungen.de/de/event/mgst/ AN - OPUS4-51662 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Heilmann, Maria A1 - Kulla, Hannes A1 - Prinz, Carsten A1 - Bienert, Ralf A1 - Marquardt, Julien A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana A1 - Emmerling, Franziska T1 - Synthesis of Bimetallic Nickel Nanoparticles as Catalysts for the Sabatier Reaction N2 - Nanoparticles (NP) have become important materials for a variety of chemical technologies. The enhance surface-area-to-volume ratio of NPs is very high, making them excellent for use as catalyst, in analytical assays, and for antimicrobial applications. Nickel NPs have exhibited immense potential as important catalyst for the Sabatier reaction, i.e. converting waste to energy via transformation of CO2 into CH4, and could replace the rare earth elements such as Ru, PT, or Rh. In this work we describe the solvothermal synthesis of monometallic and bimetallic nickel nanoparticles. Monodisperse monometallic Ni nanoparticles were synthesized using Oleylamin as solvent and reducing agent. The nanoparticles were investigated using small angle scattering (SAXS), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), showing that the catalytically active sites are accessible. However, Ni has a high propensity to undergo oxidation, and becoming deactivated by coke formation. Hence, we further explore the preparation of bimetallic NPs, where a second metal is added to stabilize the Ni. Bimetallic Cu-Ni NPs were synthesized by simultaneous solvothermal reduction. These bimetallic NPs exhibit excellent catalytic properties are promising candidates to be used as catalysts for efficient energy storage. T2 - Joint Polish-German Crystallographic Meeting CY - Wroclaw, Poland DA - 24.02.2020 KW - Nanoparticles KW - Synthesis KW - Catalysis PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51663 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR ED - Sylvester, P. ED - Schmid, Thomas ED - Dariz, P. T1 - Special issue: Modern Raman spectroscopy of minerals N2 - Dear Colleagues, Raman spectroscopy provides vibrational fingerprints of chemical compounds, enabling their identification via a comparison with reference spectra. This analytical tool has high potential not only in the identification of minerals from natural sources but also for studying the complex microstructure and mineral distribution of both ancient and modern man-made materials, ranging from, e.g., historical ceramics and mortars to modern solar cell materials. In addition to the chemical identity of minerals, Raman spectra are affected by crystal orientations, substoichiometric to stoichiometric compositional changes (e.g., in solid solution series), traces of foreign ions, stress, strain, and crystallinity, enabling a comprehensive physicochemical characterisation of minerals. This Special Issue includes method developments and applications in the field of modern Raman spectroscopy of minerals in a broad sense, from natural mineral deposits to inorganic phases in materials; covers both spectroscopic and imaging studies; and provides a platform for discussing the possibilities and limits of the technique in the context of the existing analytical arsenal. Thomas Schmid Petra Dariz KW - Analytical sciences KW - Raman spectroscopy KW - Raman microspectroscopy KW - Mineral identification KW - Mineral paragenesis PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-519117 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/journal/minerals/special_issues/Raman_Spectroscopy_Minerals VL - 10 SP - 1 EP - 156 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-51911 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - von Werder, Julia A1 - Bilgin, S. A1 - Hoppe, Johannes A1 - Fontana, P. A1 - Meng, Birgit T1 - Composite UHPC facade elements with self-cleaning surface: Aspects of technological manufacturing N2 - In the framework of the European collaborative project H-House, which was finished in 2017, large façade elements were developed consisting of a box shaped external shell of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) with a functionalized surface and an insulation of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC). The exposed concrete of the elements was further refined by adding self-cleaning properties to the surface through imprinting a microstructure in combination with chemical agents directly in the casting process. The paper focuses on selected technological aspects of the manufacturing process of large-scale prototypes. Presented are results of the upscaling process of functionalized surfaces from small specimen up to large UHPC composite facade elements produced for the construction of a demonstrator. T2 - 5th International Symposium on Ultra-High Performance Concrete and High Performance Construction Materials (HiPerMat 2020) CY - Kassel, Germany DA - 11.03.2020 KW - Ultra-High Performance Concrete KW - Facade Elements KW - Self-Cleaning Properties KW - Architectural Concrete PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51912 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - von Werder, Julia A1 - Gardei, André A1 - Hoppe, Johannes A1 - Meng, Birgit T1 - Funktionalisierung von Fasern für zementgebundene Materialien - ausgewählte Prüfmethoden N2 - Die geringe Zugfestigkeit von zementgebundenen Materialien kann durch die Zugabe von Fasern maßgeblich verbessert werden. Ziel eines gemeinsamen Verbundprojekts mit einem Industriepartner war die Erhöhung der Leistungsfähigkeit von kurzen Polymer- und Carbonfasern durch eine Verbesserung des Verbundes zwischen Faseroberfläche und Zementsteinmatrix. Von der IONYS AG wurde dazu eine spezielle Funktionalisierung entwickelt, die über eine Hydrophilisierung der Faseroberfläche eine chemische Anbindung an die Zementsteinmatrix gewährleistet. Aufgabe der BAM war es, die Effizienz der neuen Beschichtung bezüglich der Erhöhung der Nachrissbiegezugfestigkeit und der Reduzierung der Schwindrissbildung während der Erhärtungsphase zu quantifizieren. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Funktionalisierung die Neigung zur Schwindrissbildung für die Carbonfasern und in noch stärkerem Maße für die Polymerfasern reduziert. Eine Erhöhung der Nachrissbiegezugfestigkeit konnte dagegen nur für die deutlich steiferen Carbonfasern nachgewiesen werden. T2 - 10. Kolloquium Industrieböden CY - Esslingen, Germany DA - 03.03.2020 KW - Fibres KW - Cementitious materials KW - Shrinkage KW - Strain hardening PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51914 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - von Werder, Julia A1 - Gardei, André A1 - Hoppe, Johannes A1 - Meng, Birgit ED - Littmann, K. T1 - Funktionalisierung von Fasern für zementgebundene Materialien - ausgewählte Prüfmethoden N2 - Die geringe Zugfestigkeit von zementgebundenen Materialien kann durch die Zugabe von Fasern maßgeblich verbessert werden. Ziel eines gemeinsamen Verbundprojekts mit einem Industriepartner war die Erhöhung der Leistungsfähigkeit von kurzen Polymer- und Carbonfasern durch eine Verbesserung des Verbundes zwischen Faseroberfläche und Zementsteinmatrix. Von der IONYS AG wurde dazu eine spezielle Funktionalisierung entwickelt, die über eine Hydrophilisierung der Faseroberfläche eine chemische Anbindung an die Zementsteinmatrix gewährleistet. Aufgabe der BAM war es, die Effizienz der neuen Beschichtung bezüglich der Erhöhung der Nachrissbiegezugfestigkeit und der Reduzierung der Schwindrissbildung während der Erhärtungsphase zu quantifizieren. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Funktionalisierung die Neigung zur Schwindrissbildung für die Carbonfasern und in noch stärkerem Maße für die Polymerfasern reduziert. Eine Erhöhung der Nachrissbiegezugfestigkeit konnte dagegen nur für die deutlich steiferen Carbonfasern nachgewiesen werden. T2 - 10. Kolloquium Industrieböden CY - Esslingen, Germany DA - 03.03.2020 KW - Fibres KW - Cementitious materials KW - Shrinkage KW - Strain hardening PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-8169-3505-6 SP - 173 EP - 178 PB - expert Verlag GmbH CY - Tübingen AN - OPUS4-51915 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Siegesmund, S. A1 - Pirskawetz, Stephan A1 - Weise, Frank A1 - Plagge, R. A1 - Rieffel, Y. ED - Siegesmund, S. ED - Middendorf, B. T1 - Winter Shelters For Marble Sculptures Of The Schlossbrücke Berlin: Climatic Constraints N2 - The long-term exposure of marble objects leads to a successive deterioration of the rock fabric and may cause severe damage on cultural heritage objects. The magnitude of disintegration depends on the rock fabric as well as on the climatic conditions. Some types of marble show no considerable damage even if they have been exposed in northern Europe for several decades or centuries. In contrast, other marble varieties are showing severe damage after a few years of weathering. The present study shows that marble decay, along with the initial thermal degradation, is mainly influenced by the hygric and thermo-hygric load, respectively. The influence of the rock fabric on the resistivity against weathering is also documented. The factors causing marble decay were compared to extensive climate data, which were collected during a scientific project that was started with the aim to develop a covering system for marble sculptures in Berlin. Based on the hygrothermal material properties of the marble and on the climatic conditions, the heat and moisture Transport inside the material and hence the hygrothermal load changes were calculated with a high spatial resolution. The calculations showed that the temperature and moisture fluctuations inside the material are mainly controlled by the dimensions and orientation of the sculptural elements. The current state of preservation was investigated by two-dimensional ultrasonic tomography. The results show a good correlation to the calculated distribution of the hygrothermal load. Based on this finding, requirements on a protective winter shelter system for the sculptures were defined. The project results show that in addition to protective covers, regular inspection and maintenance combined with regular cleaning ensures an effective and sustainable protection of marble objects in northern Europe. T2 - 14th International Congress on the Deterioration and Conservation of Stone CY - Göttingen, Germany DA - 07.09.2020 KW - Schlossbrücke KW - Marble decay KW - Weathering processes KW - Ultrasound wave velocities KW - Climatic impact KW - Numerical simulation KW - Maintenance PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-96311-172-3 SP - 709 EP - 716 PB - mdv Mitteldeutscher Verlag GmbH CY - Halle (Saale) AN - OPUS4-51916 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wallau, Wilma A1 - Recknagel, Christoph T1 - Durability Assessment of Structural Sealant Glazing Systems applying a Performance Test Method N2 - During the service life of a Structural Sealant Glazing (SSG) facade, its silicone bond is exposed to climatic, chemical, and mechanical loads. While current durability assessment methods schedule separate test programmes for accelerated weathering and fatigue, the presented test applies mechanical loading and weather cycling simultaneously to simulate 50 years of use. Specifically designed medium-scale system specimens resemble a common SSG-bond. Displacement-controlled sinusoidal load cycles in two load directions subject these specimens to tensile, compression and shear loads. Weathering comprises temperature and humidity cycles, UV-radiation, and application of water and detergent. During testing, the forces transmitted by the system specimens are continuously measured for performance assessment. The resulting system response reveals mechanical performance characteristics like elastic moduli and dissipated energies which decrease during exposure, indicating stress relaxation and degradation. Two common structural sealants were tested. After testing, sections of the system specimens were subjected to tensile and shear tests for mechanical characterisation. Strengths and moduli are notably reduced by combined loading compared to those of reference and weathered specimens. Hardness and visual inspections of the bond correlate with the performance and bond characteristics. The approach introduced in this article provides a basis for life cycle assessment of SSG-systems. KW - Structural sealant glazing KW - Cyclic weathering KW - Mechanical loading KW - Artificial ageing KW - Durability assessment PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-519172 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/00218464.2020.1840985 VL - 98 IS - 5 SP - 464 EP - 487 PB - Taylor & Francis Group AN - OPUS4-51917 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bertovic, Marija T1 - ZfP 4.0: Neue Herausforderungen für die Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion N2 - Im Zeitalter von Industrie 4.0 muss die zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (ZfP) mit den Anforderungen Schritt halten. Die erfolgreiche Umsetzung von Digitalisierung, Automatisierung, komplexer Vernetzung, künstlicher Intelligenz, Assistenzsystemen, intelligenten Sensortechnologien usw. hängt stark mit einer erfolgreichen und optimalen Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion (MMI) zusammen. In der ZfP 4.0 wird sich die Rolle des Prüfers zum flexiblen Problemlöser und Entscheider verändern. Dieser Wandel wird andere Anforderungen an die Prüfer stellen und eine andere Organisation der Prüfung, Ausbildung etc. erfordern. Der Mensch wird also weiterhin im Mittelpunkt der ZfP stehen. Zu den Herausforderungen, die dieser Wandel mit sich bringen wird, gehören das Vertrauen in automatisierte Systeme und die Akzeptanz neuer Technologien, für die Wege gefunden werden müssen, um sie zu bewältigen. T2 - DGZfP AK Zwickau-Chemnitz CY - Zwickau, Germany DA - 28.01.2020 KW - Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (ZfP) KW - Industrie 4.0 KW - ZfP 4.0 PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51918 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bertovic, Marija T1 - Reliability in NDT and the influence of human factors N2 - This presentation offers a holistic view on the assessment of reliability of NDT including the intrinsic reliability (typically expressed in terms of probability of detection (POD) curves), application, human and organisational factors. In addition to POD, advanced methods such as multiparameter POD, volume POD and POD for combined data are presented. Human and organisational factors in NDT require a systematic approach, i.e. it is not just the individual that determines how the inspections are carried out but also the interactions of individuals with the technology, team, organisation and the extra-organisational environment. Lessons learned from the literature as well as from own studies are presented. T2 - DFG SHM Netzwerk CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 27.01.2020 KW - Human Factors KW - Non-destructive testing (NDT) KW - Reliability PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51919 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cubero, A. A1 - Martínez, E. A1 - Angurel, L.A. A1 - de la Fuente, G.F. A1 - Navarro, R. A1 - Legall, Herbert A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Bonse, Jörn T1 - Surface superconductivity changes of niobium sheets by femtosecond laser-induced periodic nanostructures N2 - Irradiation with ultra-short (femtosecond) laser beams enables the generation of sub-wavelength laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) over large areas with controlled spatial periodicity, orientation, and depths affecting only a material layer on the sub-micrometer scale. This study reports on how fs-laser irradiation of commercially available Nb foil samples affects their superconducting behavior. DC magnetization and AC susceptibility measurements at cryogenic temperatures and with magnetic fields of different amplitude and orientation are thus analyzed and reported. This study pays special attention to the surface superconducting layer that persists above the upper critical magnetic field strength Hc2, and disappears at a higher nucleation field strength Hc3. Characteristic changes were distinguished between the surface properties of the laser-irradiated samples, as compared to the corresponding reference samples (non-irradiated). Clear correlations have been observed between the surface nanostructures and the nucleation field Hc3, which depends on the relative orientation of the magnetic field and the surface patterns developed by the laser irradiation. KW - Niobium KW - Surface superconductivity KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) KW - Nanostructures PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-518462 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10122525 SN - 2079-4991 VL - 10(12) IS - Special issue "Laser-generated periodic nanostructures" SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-51846 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schaumann, P. A1 - Schürmann, K. A1 - Pittner, Andreas A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Experimental investigations on the fatigue resistance of automatically welded tubular X-joints for jacket support structures N2 - The development within the offshore wind sector towards more powerful turbines combined with increasing water depth for new wind parks is challenging both the designer as well as the manufacturer of bottom fixed support structures. Besides XL-monopiles, the market developed an innovative and economic jacket support structure which is based on automatically manufactured tubular joints combined with standardized pipes. Besides the improvements for a serial manufacturing process the automatically welded tubular joints show a great potential in terms of fatigue resistance e.g. due to a smooth weld geometry without sharp notches. However, these benefits are not considered yet within the fatigue design process of automatically manufactured jacket substructures according to current standards due to the lack of suitable S-N curves. Therefore, 32 axial fatigue tests on single and double-sided automatically welded tubular X-joints have been performed to determine a new hot spot stress related S-N curve. Based on these constant amplitude fatigue tests a new S-N curve equal to a FAT 126 curve was computed which implicitly includes the benefits of the automatically welding procedure. T2 - EERA Deep Wind 2020 CY - Trondheim, Norway DA - 15.01.2020 KW - Notch stress approach KW - Fatigue tests KW - Automated manufacturing KW - Tubular X-joints KW - Structural stress approach PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-518509 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1669/1/012022 VL - 1669 SP - 012022 PB - IOP Publishing Ltd AN - OPUS4-51850 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pittner, Andreas A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Ökologische Bilanzierung von Schmelzschweißverfahren unter Berücksichtigung vor- und nachgelagerter Prozessschritte N2 - Kleinere und mittlere Unternehmen agieren heutzutage in einem globalen Umfeld, wodurch diese zu Elementen einer komplexen Wertschöpfungskette werden. Der zunehmende Anstieg der Preise für industriell essenzielle Ressourcen, wie Primärenergie und Rohstoffe, sowie sich ausweitende klimapolitische Restriktion führen zur Notwendigkeit, die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit durch innovative und ökoeffiziente Fertigungsprozesse langfristig zu sichern. Rahmenbedingungen zu schaffen, welche die Positionierung nachhaltiger Produkte und Prozesse innerhalb globaler Wertschöpfungsketten ermöglicht, ist daher ein wesentliches Ziel der deutschen Industriepolitik. Im Rahmen dieses Beitrages werden aktuelle Forschungsarbeiten zur Bewertung der Umweltwirkungen der schweißtechnischen Fertigungskette anhand ausgewählter Schmelzschweißverfahren unter Berücksichtigung vor- sowie nachgelagerter Fertigungsschritte dargestellt. Das hierzu notwendige Element zur Analyse der Fertigungsprozesse ist die Ökobilanzierung - eine weit verbreitete und standardisierte Methode zur Abschätzung der Umweltwirkungen eines Produktes oder Prozesses. Hierbei stellt die Sachbilanzierung, d.h. die Ermittlung sämtlicher relevanter Energie- und Ressourcenverbräuche während der schweißtechnischen Fertigung, aufgrund des hohen Dokumentations-aufwandes sowie Ableitung assoziierter Wirkkategorien das größte Hindernis für eine Etablierung und Akzeptanz der Ökobilanzierung in der Praxis dar. Gleichwohl wird seitens Unternehmen, welche als Zulieferer von OEM’s agieren, die Dokumentation des fertigungsspezifischen CO2-Verbrauches gefordert. Ein weiterer Aspekt der Arbeiten beinhaltet folglich Methoden zur automatisierten Erfassung von schweißtechnischen Produktionsdaten sowie deren Nachverfolgbarkeit aufzuzeigen. Anhand unterschiedlicher Schweißverfahren werden die aus den Produktionsdaten abgeleiteten Energie- und Ressourcenverbräuche automatisiert in den relevanten Umweltwirkungen überführt. Die analysierten Schweißprozesse umfassen dabei ein breites für kmU relevantes Spektrum. Durch die softwareseitige Bereitstellung der aufgestellten Umweltprofile ist der Anwender in der Lage, Schweißprozesse unter ökologischen Aspekten zu bewerten und die effizienteste Variante zu identifizieren. T2 - DVS Congress 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 14.09.2020 KW - Schweißverfahren KW - Ökobilanzierung PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-96144-098-6 VL - 365 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - DVS Media CY - Düsselorf AN - OPUS4-51853 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pittner, Andreas A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Ökologische Bilanzierung von Schmelzschweißverfahren unter Berücksichtigung vor- und nachgelagerter Prozessschritte N2 - Kleinere und mittlere Unternehmen agieren heutzutage in einem globalen Umfeld, wodurch diese zu Elementen einer komplexen Wertschöpfungskette werden. Der zunehmende Anstieg der Preise für industriell essenzielle Ressour-cen, wie Primärenergie und Rohstoffe, sowie sich ausweitende klimapolitische Restriktion führen zur Notwendigkeit, die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit durch innovative und ökoeffiziente Fertigungsprozesse langfristig zu sichern. Rahmenbe-dingungen zu schaffen, welche die Positionierung nachhaltiger Produkte und Prozesse innerhalb globaler Wert-schöpfungsketten ermöglicht, ist daher ein wesentliches Ziel der deutschen Industriepolitik [1, 2]. Im Rahmen dieses Beitrages werden aktuelle Forschungsarbeiten zur Bewertung der Umweltwirkungen der schweiß-technischen Fertigungskette anhand ausgewählter Schmelzschweißverfahren unter Berücksichtigung vor- sowie nachgelagerter Fertigungsschritte dargestellt. Das hierzu notwendige Element zur Analyse der Fertigungsprozesse ist die Ökobilanzierung - eine weit verbreitete und standardisierte Methode zur Abschätzung der Umweltwirkungen eines Produktes oder Prozesses. Hierbei stellt die Sachbilanzierung, d.h. die Ermittlung sämtlicher relevanter Ener-gie- und Ressourcenverbräuche während der schweißtechnischen Fertigung, aufgrund des hohen Dokumentations-aufwandes sowie Ableitung assoziierter Wirkkategorien das größte Hindernis für eine Etablierung und Akzeptanz der Ökobilanzierung in der Praxis dar. Gleichwohl wird seitens Unternehmen, welche als Zulieferer von OEM’s agieren, die Dokumentation des fertigungsspezifischen CO2-Verbrauches gefordert. Ein weiterer Aspekt der Arbeiten beinhaltet folglich Methoden zur automatisierten Erfassung von schweißtechnischen Produktionsdaten sowie deren Nachverfolgbarkeit aufzuzeigen. Anhand unterschiedlicher Schweißverfahren werden die aus den Produktionsdaten abgeleiteten Energie- und Ressourcenverbräuche automatisiert in den relevanten Umweltwirkungen überführt. Die analysierten Schweißprozesse umfassen dabei ein breites für kmU relevantes Spektrum. Durch die softwareseitige Bereitstellung der aufgestellten Umweltprofile ist der Anwender in der Lage, Schweißprozesse unter ökologischen Aspekten zu bewerten und die effizienteste Variante zu identifizieren. T2 - DVS Congress 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 14.09.2020 KW - Ökobilanzierung KW - Schweißverfahren PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51854 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Schaumann, P. A1 - Schürmann, K. A1 - Pittner, Andreas A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Quantifizierung der Einflüsse aus Fertigungsautomatisierung und Innenschweißen auf die Ermüdungsfestigkeit von Hohlprofilknoten für Offshore-Windenergieanlagen T1 - Quantifying the effects of manufacturing automation and internal welding on the fatigue resistance of circular hollow section joints for offshore wind energy converters N2 - Die Entwicklung in der Offshore-Windenergie hin zu größeren, leistungsstärkeren An-lagentypen sowie die zeitgleich zunehmenden Wassertiefen der projektierten Wind-parks stellt u. a. Designer und Fertiger der Gründungsstrukturen von Windenergiean-lagen vor wachsende Herausforderungen. Neben dem Gründungskonzept der XL-Monopiles rückt wegen der Kombination aus dem vergleichsweise geringen Materialverbrauch bei gleichzeitig hoher Steifigkeit, auch die Jacketgründung in den Fokus. Der Fertigungsaufwand der Jackets ist verglichen mit Monopiles groß; kann jedoch durch die Nutzung von Standardrohren mit automatisiert gefertigten Jacketknoten reduziert werden. Vor diesem Hintergrund beschreibt der vorliegende Forschungsbericht den Fertigungs-prozess zum automatisierten Schweißen von X-förmigen Hohlprofilknoten für Jacket-Gründungsstrukturen von Offshore-Windenergieanlagen. Ein weiteres wesentliches Ziel dieses Vorhabens war die konsequente Digitalisierung der schweißtechnischen Fertigungskette während der automatisierten Schweißung der X-Knoten. Die so ge-speicherten Prozessparameter können zum einen als Grundlage einer Qualitätskon-trolle dienen, zum anderen ermöglichen sie eine vollständige Nachverfolgbarkeit der automatisiert gefertigten Rohrknoten. Der zweite maßgebend in diesem Bericht behandelte Aspekt umfasst die Quantifizie-rung der Einflüsse aus Fertigungsautomatisierung und Innenschweißen auf die Ermü-dungsfestigkeit der Hohlprofilknoten auf Basis serieller Ermüdungsversuche. Dazu wurden im Projekt zwei Serien mit jeweils 16 Schwingversuchen an ein- und doppel-seitig automatisiert geschweißten X-Knoten durchgeführt und entsprechende Struktur-spannungswöhlerlinien für die automatisiert gefertigten X-Knoten bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse dieser Ermüdungsversuche werden abschließend in numerischen Untersuchungen auf Basis der Strukturspannungs- und des Kerbspannungskonzeptes gegenübergestellt, um die Prognosefähigkeit beider Konzepte für die ermüdungs-kritischen Bereiche des X-Knotens bewerten zu können. Durch die im Forschungsvorhaben durchgeführten schweißtechnischen, experimen-tellen und numerischen Analysen konnte das Potential automatisiert gefertigter Rohr-knoten hinsichtlich Reproduzierbarkeit und Ermüdungsverhalten quantifiziert werden. Zusätzlich konnte der Einfluss der inneren Schweißnaht auf die Ermüdungsfestigkeit bewertet werden. N2 - The development within the offshore wind sector towards more powerful turbines combined with increasing water depth for new wind parks is challenging both the designer as well as the manufacturer of bottom fixed support structures. Besides XL-monopiles, the market developed an innovative and economic jacket support structure, which is based on automatically manufactured tubular joints combined with standardized pipes. Besides the improvements for a serial manufacturing process the automatically welded tubular joints show a great potential in terms of fatigue resistance e.g. due to a smooth weld geometry without sharp notches. However, these benefits are not considered yet within the fatigue design process of automatically manufactured jacket substructures according to standards and guidelines due to the lack of suitable S-N curves. Therefore, within this research project the automatically welding process of tubular joints for jacket support structures of offshore wind energy turbines was developed. Additionally, the project was focused on a consistent digitalization of the welding production chain during the automated welding of the X-joints. These stored process parameters can then serve as the basis for quality checks and a complete traceability of the automatically produced tubular joints is enabled. The second aspect dealt within this report is the quantification of the effects of production automation and internal welding on the fatigue resistance of the tubular joints by performing serial fatigue tests. For this purpose, two series each with 16 fatigue tests on single- and double-sided automatically welded X-joints were carried out in the project to determine structural stress based S-N curves for the automatically welded X-joints. The results of these fatigue tests are then compared to numerical investigations based on the structural stress as well as notch stress approach. The outcomes are then compared to evaluate the capability of both approaches for the prediction of the fatigue-critical locations within the X-joints. Based on the analysis of the welding procedure as well as the experimental and numerical investigations within this research project, the potential of automatically manufactured tubular joints with regard to reproducibility and fatigue behaviour was investigated. In addition, the effects of an inner root layer on the fatigue resistance was evaluated. KW - Lightweight Design KW - Jacket Support Structures KW - Fatigue KW - Arc Welding Automation KW - Offshore Wind PY - 2020 UR - https://shop.stahldaten.de/produkt/p-1178-quantifizierung-der-einfluesse-aus-fertigungsautomatisierung-und-innenschweissen-auf-die-ermuedungsfestigkeit-von-hohlprofilknoten-fuer-offshore-windenergieanlagen SN - 978-3-946885-79-5 VL - Bericht P1178 SP - 1 EP - 189 AN - OPUS4-51855 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Pittner, Andreas A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Ökologische Bilanzierung von Schmelzschweißverfahren unter Berücksichtigung vor- und nachgelagerter Prozessschritte N2 - Schweißen ist ein industriell relevantes Fertigungsverfahren mit einer branchenübergreifenden Bedeutung. Die Umweltwirkungen von Schweißverfahren sind jedoch bisher unbekannt und werden im Entstehungsprozess eines Produktes entlang seiner Fertigungskette daher meist nicht berücksichtigt. Ferner ist der Schweißprozess durch einen hohen Verbrauch an Energie sowie Ressourcen gekennzeichnet. Zahlreiche Arbeiten zeigen, dass der Bedarf einer Ökobilanzierung enorm ist. Ursächlich für die bisher mangelhafte Etablierung der Ökobilanzierung von Schweißverfahren und damit Motivation für die Forschungsarbeiten ist die Unkenntnis relevanter Einflussgrößen und damit verbunden ein nicht abschätzbarer Aufwand bei der Durchführung sowie Implementierung einer Ökobilanz im fertigungstechnischen Kontext. Demgegenüber ist die Ökobilanzierung in anderen Branchen ein oft genutztes Werkzeug zur Ableitung von Umweltwirkungen. Aufgrund der aktuellen Diskussionen bezüglich des Übergangs hin zu einer klimaneutralen Produktion erfährt auch die Analyse und Optimierung der Umweltwirkungen schweißtechnischer Fertigungsverfahren derzeit eine gesteigerte Aufmerksamkeit. Für Unternehmen stellt die Verfügbarkeit umweltverträglicher Produkte bzw. Prozesse eine gewisse Werbewirksamkeit dar, wie dies im Bereich der Schweißstromquellentechnik aktuell zu beobachten ist. Gleichzeitig wird das Thema des „green welding“ auch bezogen auf die gesamte Fertigungskette immer häufiger diskutiert. Dies zeigt sich durch eine in den letzten Jahren deutlich gestiegene Publikationsaktivität. Neben Analysen zu den Einflussfaktoren auf die Nachhaltigkeit in schweißtechnischen Produktionsumgebungen stehen vor allem auch konkrete Implementierungen in der Fertigung bzw. der Produktentstehung im Fokus. Die grundlegende Vorgehensweise einer Ökobilanzierung (Life-Cycle-Assessment bzw. Abk. LCA) ist als standardisierte Methode in geltenden Normen] sowie in entsprechender Fachliteratur beschrieben. Kernelement der Ökobilanzierung ist die Sachbilanzierung, d.h. die Erfassung der relevanten Inputs sowie Outputs bezogen auf das System „Schweißprozess“. Aus dem entlang der schweißtechnischen Fertigungskette akkumulierten Ressourcenverbrauch während des Schweißens (z.B. Zusatzwerkstoff, elektrische Energie, Schutzgas, etc.) und Abfallprodukten bzw. Emissionen wird die Umweltwirkung entsprechend verschiedener Kategorien, z.B. dem CO2-Äquivalent, gemäß der World Steel Association abgeleitet. In der schweißtechnischen Community ist es bekannt, dass die Umweltwirkung von Schweißprozessen qualitativ direkt aus dem Ressourcenverbrauch abgeleitet werden kann. Der Einfluss der verschiedenen Input- sowie Outflüsse auf ausgewählte Wirkkategorien ist jedoch nicht ad-hoc quantifizierbar. Die Forschungsarbeiten haben gezeigt, dass der Materialverbrauch (z.B. Grund-/Zusatzwerkstoff, etc.), der Energieverbrauch (z.B. Wirkleistung sämtlicher elektrischer Verbraucher während der Prozesszeit), Gasverbrauch (Prozess-, Schutzgas oder Druckluft) sowie Hilfsmittel (z.B. Schutzgläser) signifikante Inputgrößen darstellen, deren Berücksichtigung im Rahmen einer Prozessökobilanz ausreichend ist. Eine wesentliche Forderung des projektbegleitenden Ausschusses war, Methoden für eine direkte Implementierung, um somit Nachnutzung der Ergebnisse zu entwickeln. Um die Ökobilanzierung als festen Bestandteil in die schweißtechnische Dokumentation einfließen zu lassen, sind die notwendigen Arbeitsschritte zu automatisieren. Daher wurden im Rahmen der Forschungsarbeiten sämtliche zu berücksichtigenden Größen durch ein an der Forschungsstelle entwickelten Schweißdatenmanagements digital erfasst sowie archiviert und in eine Umweltwirkung durch Zugriff auf entsprechende Open-Source Datenbanken „übersetzt“. Das Datenmanagement ermöglicht die eindeutige Zuordnung der Umweltwirkung eines geschweißten Bauteiles ohne Dokumentationsaufwand für den Anwender. Dadurch werden insbesondere KMU in die Lage versetzt, den Anforderungen bezüglich der Bewertung der Ökoeffizienz von Fertigungsverfahren gerecht zu werden und somit auf die nationalen sowie internationalen klimapolitischen Rahmenbedingungen vorbereitet zu sein. Die Analysen eines breiten Spektrums an Schweißverfahren haben gezeigt, dass eine Verringerung der Umweltwirkungen von Schweißverfahren demnach nur primär durch eine Reduktion des Zusatzwerkstoff- sowie Energieverbrauches zu realisieren ist. Hierbei zeigen Verfahren mit niedrigem Werkstoffeinsatz, im Extremfall autogene Verfahren, die geringsten Umweltwirkungen. Im Produktentstehungsprozess ist es daher notwendig, unter Berücksichtigung der Schweißbarkeit die ökologischen Verfahrenscharakteristika hinsichtlich konstruktiver, fertigungstechnischer sowie werkstoffspezifischer Randbedingungen zu bewerten, um die vorgeschriebenen Produkteigenschaften zu gewährleisten und die Umweltbelastung zu minimieren. Damit der Workflow, der bei der Ökobilanzierung zu durchlaufen ist, vereinheitlicht und für jeden verständlich ist, fließen die Forschungsergebnisse direkt in die DIN SPEC 35235 „Nachhaltigkeit in der Schweißtechnik – Ökobilanzierung von Schweißverfahren“ ein. Dies ist die Grundlage, um die Vergleichbarkeit von Ökobilanzen in der Schweißtechnik zu gewährleisten und so deren Akzeptanz in der Industrie zu erhöhen. Damit ist ein optimaler Transfer der Forschungsergebnisse in die Industrie gewährleistet. KW - Schweißverfahren KW - Ökobilanzierung PY - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 38 PB - DVS Media CY - Düsselorf AN - OPUS4-51856 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - El-Batahgy, A. A1 - Saiyah, A. A1 - Khafagi, S. A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - Gook, S. A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Shielded metal arc welding of 9%Ni steel using matching ferritic filler metal N2 - Motivated by the tensile strength loss of 9%Ni steel arc welded joints made using Ni-based austenitic filler metals, the feasibility of maintaining the tensile strength using matching ferritic filler metal has been demonstrated. In comparison with shielded metal arc welded joint made using Ni-based austenitic electrode ENiCrMo-6, higher tensile strength comparable to that of the base metal was obtained using matching ferritic electrode. Besides, sufficient impact toughness energies with much lower mismatch were obtained for weld metal and heat-affected zone. Welded joint with a lower mechanical mismatching is of considerable importance for achieving acceptable combination of tensile strength and impact toughness.Abetter combination of These mechanical properties is ensured by applying a post weld heat treatment. KW - Mechanical mismatching KW - Mechanical properties KW - Microstructure KW - Austenitic welding electrode KW - Matching ferritic welding electrode PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2020.1846936 SN - 1362-1718 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - Taylor & Francis AN - OPUS4-51835 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pignatelli, Giuseppe A1 - Strasse, Anne A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey T1 - Optical Sensor for Monitoring Quality of 3D Metal Printing N2 - Additive Manufacturing (AM) becomes widespread in many technological fields including the precise machining of steel. To assure quality of final products, thorough monitoring of online process is required. We test several monitoring techniques during the AM printing to quickly detect and possibly correct flaws while building a workpiece. Here we show how optical emission spectroscopy can be used to recognize defects that are artificially introduced on a steel printing substrate. T2 - Scix 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 12.10.2020 KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Spectroscopy KW - Analytical chemistry PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51858 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Voigt, Oliver A1 - Knabe, Nicole A1 - Nitsche, Sarah A1 - Erdmann, Eileen A1 - Schumacher, Julia A1 - Gorbushina, Anna T1 - An advanced genetic toolkit for exploring the biology of the rock‑inhabiting black fungus Knufia petricola N2 - Microcolonial black fungi are a group of ascomycetes that exhibit high stress tolerance, yeast-like growth and constitutive melanin formation. They dominate a range of hostile natural and man-made environments, from desert rocks and salterns to dishwashers, roofs and solar panels. Due to their slow growth and a lack of genetic tools, the underlying mechanisms of black fungi’s phenotypic traits have remained largely unexplored. We chose to address this gap by genetically engineering the rock-inhabiting fungus Knufia petricola (Eurotiomycetes, Chaetothyriales), a species that exhibits all characteristics of black fungi. A cell biological approach was taken by generating K. petricola strains expressing green or red fluorescent protein variants. By applying: (1) traditional gene replacement; (2) gene editing and replacement via plasmid-based or ribonucleoprotein (RNP)-based CRISPR/Cas9, and (3) silencing by RNA interference (RNAi), we constructed mutants in the pathways leading to melanin, carotenoids, uracil and adenine. Stable single and double mutants were generated with homologous recombination (HR) rates up to 100%. Efficient, partially cloning-free strategies to mutate multiple genes with or without resistance cassettes were developed. This state-of-the-art genetic toolkit, together with the annotated genome sequence of strain A95, firmly established K. petricola as a model for exploring microcolonial black fungi. KW - Subaerial biofilms KW - Biodeterioration KW - Fluorescent microscopy KW - CRISPR/Cas9 KW - RNA interference PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-518601 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-79120-5 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 22021 PB - Springer Nature AN - OPUS4-51860 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Trappe, Volker A1 - Kremberg, Jan T1 - Betriebsfestigkeit von Struktur-Klebungen im Anwendungsgebiet der CS22 N2 - Moderne Segelflugzeuge sind voll-verklebte tragende FKV-Strukturen. Über die Schwingfestigkeit der Faser-Kunststoff-Verbunde (FKV) und die Lebensdauerabschätzung dieser Werkstoffklasse auf Basis verschiedener Lastspektren wurden insbesondere von Christoph Kensche verschiedenen Arbeiten durchgeführt und auch auf dem Symposium für Segelflugzeugentwicklung vorgestellt. Hingegen ist die Betriebsfestigkeit von Struktur-Klebungen im Anwendungsbereich der CS22 vergleichsweise wenig untersucht worden. Über die Jahre wurden in verschiedenen Projekten immer wieder Probleme in Struktur-Klebungen (u.a. Betriebsbelastungsversuche an Versuchs-Holmen) identifiziert, analysiert und spezielle Prüfverfahren weiter entwickelt (Projekt „Tragflügel neuer Technologie für die allgemeine Luftfahrt“, FK SIF765). Im Rahmen des LuFo-Vorhabens GeAviBoo (General Aviation Booster) wurde in zwei Arbeitspaketen das Thema erneut aufgegriffen und Betriebsbelastungsversuche an Klebproben durchgeführt. Im Rahmen des Vortrages werden die Erkenntnisse der letzten 10 Jahre aufbereitet und die neusten Ergebnisse vorgestellt. T2 - Symposium für Segelflugzeugentwicklung CY - Online meeting DA - 19.11.2020 KW - Polymer Matrix Composites KW - Betriebsfestigkeit KW - Klebung KW - General Aviation PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51861 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, Thoralf A1 - Kotula, Stefan A1 - Burkert, Andreas T1 - Ergebnisse des Ringversuchs zur Integration der DIN 55635 in die DIN 50937 N2 - Die Präsentation zeigt die Motivation und die Ergebnisse des Ringversuchs gemäß DIN 55635 an Zinkblechen. Die dort bestimmten Abtragsraten dienen der Aufnahme der DIN 55635 in die Vergleichsnorm 50937. T2 - Sitzung der Ad-hoc Gruppe "Ringversuch DIN 55635" CY - Online meeting DA - 15.12.2020 KW - Korrosion KW - Klimawechseltest KW - Zink KW - Korrosionsprüfung PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51864 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kasch, Thomas A1 - Woitzek, Andreas T1 - Themenschwerpunkt Sauerstoff: Allgemeine Tätigkeiten und 750 bar Druckstoßanlage auf dem TTS N2 - Alle nichtmetallischen und metallischen Materialien sowie alle Armaturen und Anlagenteile müssen für Sauerstoff- Anwendungen geeignet sein. Im ersten Teil des Vortrags werden die Prüfverfahren und Untersuchungsmethoden auf dem BAM Stammgelände sowie die Bewertungskriterien vorgestellt. Die BAM Sicherheitsphilosophie setzt bei der Interpretation der Prüfergebnisse teilweise auf strengere oder erweiterte Bewertungskriterien, um somit beispielsweise die bessere Übertragbarkeit der Laborergebnisse auf praktische Anwendungen zu gewährleisten. Im zweiten Teil des Vortrags werden die erweiterten Sauerstoff Untersuchungsmöglichkeiten auf dem BAM Testgelände Technische Sicherheit vorgestellt. Nach der Planung und der technischen Umsetzung konnte im Probebetrieb gezeigt werden, dass die neue, weltweit einzigartige 750 bar Sauerstoff Druckstoßanlage korrekt arbeitet. Da es sich um eine komplette Neuentwicklung für extreme Betriebsbedingungen handelt, wurden für ein korrektes Funktionieren der Anlage teilweise aufwändige Modifikationen notwendig. Für 2021 ist die Inbetriebnahme dieser Prüfeinrichtung geplant. T2 - Kolloquium Abteilung 2 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 19.11.2020 KW - Sauerstoff KW - Prüfverfahren KW - Untersuchungsmöglichkeiten der BAM KW - Unikale neue 750 bar Druckstoßanlage PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51865 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo A1 - Benseghier, Z. A1 - Luu, L.-H. A1 - Bonelli, S. A1 - Philippe, P. T1 - An efficient GPU implementation of a micromechanical computational tool for erosion problems N2 - We present here a set of conceptual and numerical tools for a micromechanical simulation of general erosion problems involving fluid-saturated granular assemblies, whether frictional or cohesive. We propose a parallel computation using graphical processing units (GPUs) to treat large numbers of degrees of freedom with conventional desktop computers. The fluid phase is here simulated with a particle-resolved approach in the frame of the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) while the granular solid phase is modelled as a collection of discrete particles from a Molecular Dynamics DEM perspective. The range of possible material behaviors for the solid granular phase is intended here to cover a broad spectrum from purely frictional to viscous cohesive materials with either brittle or transient debonding features. Specific details of the implementation and some validation cases will be put forward. To conclude we provide some exemplary applications in the field of soil erosion along with details on the parallel performance of the models. The results show that a micromechanical approach can be feasible and useful in practice, providing meaningful insights into complex phenomena like the erosion threshold and kinetics of weakly cemented soils. T2 - EWG-IE 2020 Workshop on "Innovative numerical methods for internal erosion processes" CY - Online meeting DA - 17.12.2020 KW - Erosion KW - Earthen hydraulic constructions KW - Micromechanical modelling KW - LBM-DEM coupling KW - GPU parallel computation PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51866 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Trappe, Volker T1 - Composite materials - focus polymer matrix composites (PMC) N2 - Lecture about polymer matrix composites as part of the first trainings event GW4SHM, properties, production, basic theory, testing. T2 - 1. Training GW4SHM-Project CY - BAM, Berlin, Germany DA - 23.11.2020 KW - Polymer matrix composites KW - Composite testing KW - NDT PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51868 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Liehr, Sascha A1 - Münzenberger, Sven A1 - Borchardt, Christopher T1 - Long-distance fiber optic vibration sensing using convolutional neural networks as real-time denoisers N2 - A long distance range over tens of kilometers is a prerequisite for a wide range of distributed fiber optic vibration sensing applications. We significantly extend the attenuation-limited distance range by making use of the multidimensionality of distributed Rayleigh backscatter data: Using the wavelength-scanning coherent optical time domain reflectometry (WS-COTDR) technique, backscatter data is measured along the distance and optical frequency dimensions. In this work, we develop, train, and test deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for fast denoising of these two-dimensional backscattering results. The very compact and efficient CNN denoiser “DnOTDR” outperforms state-of-the-art image denoising algorithms for this task and enables denoising data rates of 1.2 GB/s in real time. We demonstrate that, using the CNN denoiser, the quantitative strain measurement with nm/m resolution can be conducted with up to 100 km distance without the use of backscatter-enhanced fibers or distributed Raman or Brillouin amplification. KW - Neural networks KW - Fiber optic KW - Vibration sensing PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-518694 DO - https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.402789 VL - 28 IS - 26 SP - 39325 AN - OPUS4-51869 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bertovic, Marija T1 - Psychology at BAM: Is it science and how can we benefit from it? N2 - The aim of this presentation is twofold: first, to present the field of psychology including its research methods and, second, to show on an example how psychology can be used in material research. The example is of the study of human factors in non-destructive testing (NDT), in which the author has more than 10 years of experience. The conclusion is that psychological methods can be used to identify human-related problems during different tasks and to generate mitigation strategies that can be used to decrease human error and enhance safety. T2 - Abteilungsseminar der Abteilung 8 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 20.04.2020 KW - Psychology KW - Human factors KW - Non-destructive testing (NDT) KW - Safety PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51920 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bertovic, Marija T1 - Human machine interaction in the era of industry 4.0 N2 - The fourth industrial revolution (also known as “Industry 4.0”) promises to relieve people from manual and physical work by developing cyber-physical systems and smart automation and thereby achieving a more efficient, reliable and safe performance. This will change people’s work from being operators of the system into becoming strategical decision makers and flexible problem solvers. This shift will require a new division of work between people and technical systems, a new division of responsibilities and new ways of interacting with technology, which in turn will pose new demands on people. People will require different physical and cognitive capabilities, different competencies and new strategies to cope with the upcoming challenges. The focus of Industry 4.0 is therefore on designing systems with human in the centre: systems that will extend people’s capabilities, that will allow collaborative work and take advantage of performances in which either people or technology excel. This presentation will focus on the benefits of consideration of human-machine interaction in the context of industry 4.0. T2 - Les assises de L’Industrie 4.0 CY - INSA Centre Val de Loire, Campus de Blois, France DA - 29.09.2020 KW - Human machine interaction KW - Industry 4.0 KW - NDT 4.0 KW - Safety KW - non-destructive testing (NDT) PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51921 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - D'Accardi, E. A1 - Krankenhagen, Rainer A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander A1 - Palumbo, D. A1 - Galietti, U. T1 - Capability of active thermography to detect and localize pores in Metal Additive Manufacturing materials N2 - A powerful tool to understand, demonstrate and explain the limits of the pulsed technique in terms of detectability and localizability of AM keyhole pores has been assessed by comparing the active thermographic approach (both experimental and FEM simulations) to Computed Tomography results; ✓ µCT results demonstrate that the intended defect geometry is not achieved; indeed a network of voids (microdefects consisting of small sharp-edged hollows with a complicated, almost fractal, inner surface) was found; ✓ both Exp-PT and FEM results explains clearly why no indication of defect related to the thermal contrasts could be found during the investigation of an uncoated surface. However, the application of further data evaluations focusing on the thermal behavior and emissivity evaluation (PPT post data processing) enable the detection of some defects; ✓ coating facilitates a closer inspection of inner defects, but inhomogeneities of the coating could impair the spatial resolution and lead to the emergence of hotspots (the FEM simulation reached its limit with this extreme geometry where a 25 µm thin disc is considered at a 1 cm thick specimen in millisecond time resolution); ✓ both Exp-PT and FEM results allow the conclusion that very short pulses of 200 ms or shorter should be sufficient to detect these defects below, but near the surface; besides a short duration of the thermal phenomenon it should be emphasized, about 0.04 s (high frame rate camera); T2 - Convegno AIAS 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 02.09.2020 KW - Additive Manufacturing KW - Laser powderbed fusion KW - Pores KW - Thermography PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51922 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Recknagel, Christoph A1 - Hoppe, Johannes A1 - Pirskawetz, Stephan A1 - Wenzel, Norman A1 - Spitzer, Stefan T1 - SENSO JOINT - An innovative sensor for suitable joint design N2 - Inacceptable capability and durability of joint sealing systems but also inadequate traffic performance (noise emission; overrolling comfort) up to traffic safety aspects reflect the still enormous demand for data-based description of concrete pavements performance under heavy loading conditions. Especially the deformation behavior of concrete pavement slabs in the joint region in consideration of new pavement construction types and improved concrete mixtures meanwhile established but also under the steeply rising traffic loads is not sufficiently explored. To create a data basis for advanced design rules, evaluation methods and product standards - and with it to improve quality, durability and finally sustainability of pavements - an innovative 3-D sensor system SENSO JOINT adapted to german roadworking requirements and suitable for heavy-duty operating conditions was developed. The contribution introduced describes the development of an extensive technical solution based on the analysis of decisive loads, interactions and boundary conditions. Based on calibration data, results of laboratory testing and finally field-testing on different concrete pavement construction types the outcome of a multi-level evaluation process shall introduce the potential of the new sensor system. T2 - 9th International Conference on Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Pavements (MAIREPAV 2020) CY - Online meeting DA - 01.07.2020 KW - Concrete pavements KW - Sustainable joint sealing KW - Load quantification KW - innovative measurement technology KW - Field validation KW - Performance design for joint systems PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51926 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Serrano Munoz, Itziar A1 - Mishurova, Tatiana A1 - Fritsch, Tobias A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander A1 - Evans, Alexander A1 - Hofmann, Michael A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Influence of the scanning strategy on the residual stress state in IN718 additive manufactured parts N2 - Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) is an additive manufacturing technique enabling the design of complex geometries that are unrivalled by conventional production technologies. Nevertheless, L-PBF process is known to induce a high amount of residual stresses (RS) due to the high temperature gradients present during powder melting by laser. High tensile residual stresses are to be found the edges whereas the bulk material shows balancing compressive RS. Literature shows that the RS is highly sensitive to the process parameters. In particular, this study presents the characterization of the RS state in two L-PBF parts produced with a rastering scan vector that undergoes 90° or 67° rotation between subsequent layers. T2 - MLZ User Meeting 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 08.12.2020 KW - Laser Powder Bed Fusion KW - IN718 KW - EBSD analysis KW - Residual stress state PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51821 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Feiler, Torvid A1 - Bhattacharya, Biswajit A1 - Michalchuk, Adam A1 - Schröder, V. A1 - List-Kratochvil, E. A1 - Emmerling, Franziska T1 - Mechanochemical Syntheses of Isostructural Luminescent Cocrystals of 9-Anthracenecarboxylic Acid with two Dipyridines Coformers N2 - Tuning and controlling the solid-state photophysical properties of organic luminophore are very important to develop next-generation organic luminescent materials. With the aim of discovering new functional luminescent materials, new cocrystals of 9-anthracene carboxylic acid (ACA) were prepared with two different dipyridine coformers: 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene and 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane. The cocrystals were successfully obtained by both mechanochemical approaches and conventional solvent crystallization. The newly obtained crystalline solids were characterized thoroughly using a combination of single crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, differential thermal analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis. Structural analysis revealed that the cocrystals are isostructural, exhibiting two-fold interpenetrated hydrogen bonded networks. While the O–H···N hydrogen bonds adopts a primary role in the stabilization of the cocrystal phases, the C–H···O hydrogen bonding interactions appear to play a significant role in guiding the three-dimensional assembly. Both π···π and C–H···π interactions assist in stabilizing the interpenetrated structure. The photoluminescence properties of both the starting materials and cocrystals were examined in their solid states. All the cocrystals display tunable photophysical properties as compared to pure ACA. Density functional theory simulations suggest that the modified optical properties result from charge transfers between the ACA and coformer molecules in each case. This study demonstrates the potential of crystal engineering to design solid-state luminescence switching materials through cocrystallization. KW - Cocrystal KW - Mechanochemical synthesis KW - Luminescence KW - X-ray diffraction KW - DFT calculation PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-518226 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10100889 VL - 10 IS - 10 SP - 889 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-51822 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Koch, Claudia A1 - Mirtsch, Mona A1 - Blind, K. T1 - CORONA-MONITOR - Auswirkungen der Corona-Pandemie auf Konformitätsbewertung und Konformitätsbewertungsstellen in Deutschland N2 - Die Studie fasst Ergebnisse einer Befragung von Konformitätsbewertungsstellen zu deren Lage und den Aussichten während der Corona-Pandemie zusammen. Besondere Schwerpunkte wurden auf die wirtschaftlichen Auswirkungen und die Arbeitsfähigkeit, aber auch auf die Resilienz und die Wirkungen auf die Digitalisierung gelegt. KW - Corona KW - COVID-19 KW - Resilienz KW - Qualitätsinfrastruktur KW - Prüfung KW - Zertifizierung KW - Kalibrierung KW - Inspektion KW - Labor KW - Laboratorium KW - Studie KW - Befragung KW - Digitalisierung PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-518276 UR - www.qi-fokus.de DO - https://doi.org/10.26272/opus4-51827 VL - 3 SP - 1 EP - 26 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-51827 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Dittmann, Daniel T1 - Experimental raw data for "Specific adsorption sites and conditions derived by thermal decomposition of activated carbons and adsorbed carbamazepine" N2 - This is the repository of all experimental raw data used in the Scientific Reports publication "Specific adsorption sites and conditions derived by thermal decomposition of activated carbons and adsorbed carbamazepine" by Daniel Dittmann, Paul Eisentraut, Caroline Goedecke, Yosri Wiesner, Martin Jekel, Aki Sebastian Ruhl, and Ulrike Braun. It includes - overview_measurements.xlsx and overview_measurements.ods containing a list of all TGA experiments (TGA, TGA-FTIR, TED-GC-MS, and ramp-kinetics) - TED-GC-MS.zip containing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry experimtent files for the Chemstation and OpenChrom - TGA.zip containing thermogravimetric analyses raw data on evolved gas analyses experiments (TGA-FTIR and TED-GC-MS) - TGA_kinetics.zip containing thermogravimetric analyses raw data on decomposition kinetic experiments (ramp-kinetics) - TGA-FTIR.zip containing Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy series files for OMNIC - XRF.zip containing x-ray flourescence data on elemental composition KW - Adsorption KW - Aktivkohle KW - TED-GC/MS KW - Thermoanalytik PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3716316 PB - Zenodo CY - Geneva AN - OPUS4-51902 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Waske, Anja A1 - Dzekan, D. A1 - Neumann, B. A1 - Berger, D. A1 - Sellschopp, K. A1 - Stork, A. A1 - Nielsch, K. A1 - Fähler, S. T1 - Energy Harvesting Using Thermomagnetic Generators with Magnetocaloric Materials N2 - To date, there are only very few technologies available for the conversion of low temperature waste heat to electricity. More than a century ago, thermomagnetic generators were proposed, which are based on a change of magnetization with temperature, switching a magnetic flux, which according to Faraday’s law induces a voltage. In this talk, we first describe the principle of thermomagnetic generators. Then we focus on the impact of topology of the magnetic circuit within thermomagnetic generators. We demonstrate that the key operational parameters strongly depend on the genus, i.e. the number of holes within the magnetic circuit. A pretzel-like topology of the magnetic circuit with genus =3 improves the performance of thermomagnetic generators by orders of magnitude. We will show that this technique is on its way to becoming competitive with thermoelectrics for energy harvesting near room temperature. T2 - TMS Annual Meeting CY - San Diego, CA, USA DA - 23.02.2020 KW - Materials science KW - Energy harvesting PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51903 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Waske, Anja A1 - Dzekan, D. A1 - Nielsch, K. A1 - Fähler, S. T1 - Materials for Thermomagnetic Harvesting of Low Temperature Waste Heat: N2 - Thermomagnetic materials are a new type of magnetic energy materials, which enable the conversion of low temperature waste heat to electricity by three routes: Thermomagnetic motors, generators and microsystems. Taking our recent work on thermomagnetic generators as a starting point, in this talk we analyse the material requirements for a more energy and economic efficient conversion. We will describe the influence of magnetisation change and heat capacity on thermodynamic efficiency, as well as the consequences of thermal conductivity on power density. Our analysis will allow selecting the best thermomagnetic materials in Ashby plots and illustrate the substantial different properties compared to magnetocaloric materials. Supported by DFG, project FA 453/14) T2 - TMS Annual Meeting CY - San Diego, CA, USA DA - 23.02.2020 KW - Materials science KW - Energy harvesting PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51904 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Waske, Anja A1 - Funk, Alexander A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Moosavi, Robabeh A1 - Grunwald, Marcel A1 - Hohendorf, Stefan A1 - Onel, Yener A1 - Redmer, Bernhard T1 - X-ray Non-destructive testing of materials and composites N2 - Functional materials for energy conversion are important technology drivers needed for the implementation of low carbon energy. Therefore, researchers commonly focus on improving the intrinsic properties of a functional material. However, for applications, the extrinsic properties are at least as important as the intrinsic ones. Consequently, it is important to investigate and understand the external and internal structure of semi-finished products and especially defect dependent properties. The extrinsic properties may change during application and the life cycle of the material as well as through processing and molding steps. Our studies show how X-ray tomographic (XCT) investigations can contribute to structure investigations in composites and massive samples using the example of magnetic materials for energy conversion. T2 - Ruhr Universität Bochum - Seminar materials science and technology CY - Online meeting DA - 12.11.2020 KW - X-ray imaging KW - Non-destructuve testing KW - Functional materials PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51905 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Waske, Anja T1 - Mikro-Computertomographie für die Werkstoffforschung N2 - Preisträgervortrag Georg-Sachs-Preis der DGM Röntgencomputertomographie (CT) ist heute ein Standardwerkzeug in der Materialcharakterisierung. Im Vortrag zeigen wir ihre Anwendung für die Untersuchung magnetischer Funktionsmaterialien, additiv gefertigter Bauteile und deren Feedstockpulver und stellen erste CT-Ergebnisse biogener Feedstockpulver vor. T2 - DGM-Tag 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 21.09.2020 KW - X-ray imaging KW - Non-destructuve testing PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51906 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - von Werder, Julia A1 - Bilgin, S. A1 - Hoppe, Johannes A1 - Fontana, P. A1 - Meng, Birgit ED - Middendorf, B. ED - Fehling, E. ED - Wetzel, A. T1 - Composite UHPC facade elements with self-cleaning surface: Aspects of technological manufacturing N2 - In the framework of the European collaborative project H-House, which was finished in 2017, large façade elements were developed consisting of a box shaped external shell of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) with a functionalized surface and an insulation of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC). The exposed concrete of the elements was further refined by adding self-cleaning properties to the surface through imprinting a microstructure in combination with chemical agents directly in the casting process. The paper focuses on selected technological aspects of the manufacturing process of large-scale prototypes. Presented are results of the upscaling process of functionalized surfaces from small specimen up to large UHPC composite facade elements produced for the construction of a demonstrator. T2 - 5th International Symposium on Ultra-High Performance Concrete and High Performance Construction Materials (HiPerMat 2020) CY - Kassel, Germany DA - 11.03.2020 KW - Ultra-High Performance Concrete KW - Facade Elements KW - Self-Cleaning Properties KW - Architectural Concrete PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-7376-0828-2 DO - https://doi.org/10.17170/kobra-202002271026 IS - 32 SP - 51 EP - 52 PB - kassel university press CY - Kassel AN - OPUS4-51908 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schürmann, K. A1 - Pittner, Andreas A1 - Schaumann, P. A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Experimental investigations on the fatigue resistance of automatically welded tubular X-joints for jacket support structures N2 - The development within the offshore wind sector towards more powerful turbines combined with increasing water depth for new wind parks is challenging both the designer as well as the manufacturer of bottom fixed support structures. Besides XL-monopiles, the market developed an innovative and economic jacket support structure which is based on automatically manufactured tubular joints combined with standardized pipes. Besides the improvements for a serial manufacturing process the automatically welded tubular joints show a great potential in terms of fatigue resistance e.g. due to a smooth weld geometry without sharp notches. However, these benefits are not considered yet within the fatigue design process of automatically manufactured jacket substructures according to current standards due to the lack of suitable S-N curves. Therefore, 32 axial fatigue tests on single and double-sided automatically welded tubular X-joints have been performed to determine a new hot spot stress related S-N curve. Based on these constant amplitude fatigue tests a new S-N curve equal to a FAT 126 curve was computed which implicitly includes the benefits of the automatically welding procedure. T2 - EERA DeepWind 2020 CY - Trondheim, Norway DA - 15.01.2020 KW - Notch stress approach KW - Tubular X-joints KW - Automated manufacturing KW - Fatigue tests KW - Structural stress approach PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51873 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yu, C.-H. A1 - Peng, R. L. A1 - Luzin, V. A1 - Sprengel, Maximilian A1 - Calmunger, M. A1 - Lundgren, J.-E. A1 - Brodin, H. A1 - Kromm, Arne A1 - Moverare, J. T1 - Thin-wall effects and anisotropic deformation mechanisms of an additively manufactured Ni-based superalloy N2 - Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) of Ni-based superalloys shows great potential for high temperature applications, for example, as a burner repair application for gas turbines where the thin-walled structure is important. It motivates this work to investigate the evolution of microstructure and the anisotropic mechanical behavior when plate-like specimens are built with a thickness from 4 mm down to 1 mm. By performing texture analysis using neutron diffraction, a clear transition in fiber texture from <011> to <001> is indicated when the specimen becomes thinner. The residual stress shows no thickness dependence, and at the subsurface the residual stress reaches the same level as the yield strength. Due to the rough as-built surface, a roughness compensation method for mechanical properties of thin-walled structures is outlined and demonstrated. Tensile tests from room temperature up to 700 ◦C have been carried out. Anisotropic mechanical behavior is found at all temperatures, which is strongly related to the anisotropic texture evolution. Stronger texture evolution and grain rotations are discovered when the tensile loading is applied along the building direction. The mechanical behavior has been compared to a wrought material, where the high dislocation density and the subgrain structure of the LPBF material result in a higher yield strength. Combining the statistical texture analysis by neutron diffraction with mechanical testing, EBSD grain orientation mapping and the investigation of dislocation structures using transmission electron microscopy, this work illustrates the significance of texture for the thin-wall effect and anisotropic mechanical behavior of LPBF materials. KW - Hastelloy X KW - Hot tensile test KW - Crystallographic texture KW - Roughness KW - Residual stress KW - Dislocation density PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-518759 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101672 VL - 36 SP - 101672 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-51875 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ávila Calderón, Luis Alexander T1 - Mechanical behaviour of AM metals: Creep of LPBF 316L and low-cycle-fatigue of LMD Ti-6Al-4V N2 - Additively manufactured metallic materials have already started to find application in safety-relevant components. However, this has only happened for certain materials and specific applications and loading conditions, since there is still an extensive lack of knowledge as well as of historical data regarding their mechanical behaviour. This contribution aims to address this lack of understanding and historical data concerning the creep behaviour of the austenitic stainless steel 316L manufactured by Laser-Powder-Bed-Fusion (L-PBF) and the low-cycle-fatigue behaviour of the titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V manufactured by Laser-Metal-Deposition (LMD). Furthermore, it aims to assess their mechanical behaviour against their conventional counterparts. With that in mind, specimens from conventional and additive materials are tested and their mechanical behaviour analysed based on characteristic curves. To understand the damage behaviours the materials are characterized by destructive and non-destructive techniques before and after failure. T2 - 1st Workshop on In-situ Monitoring and Microstructure Development in Additive Manufacturing CY - Online Meeting DA - 10.12.2020 KW - Ti-6Al-4V KW - 316L KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Creep behaviour KW - Low-cycle-fatigue behaviour PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51879 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schumacher, David T1 - From W. C. Röntgen to modern Tomography N2 - A not complete review of X-Ray related milestones from 1895 to the 21st century. T2 - ITN GW4SHM, First Training Event CY - Online Meeting DA - 23.11.2020 KW - X-Ray KW - Computed Tomography KW - Laminography KW - Digital Detector Arrays KW - Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51881 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pelkner, Matthias T1 - Non-Destructive Testing - Electromagnetic Methods N2 - This presentation contains a short summary about the basics of eddy current testing and magnetic flux leakage testing. In addition, the main focus of the talk lies on the application of point-like sensors like GMR for NDT. T2 - 1st Training Event - ITN project GW4SHM CY - Online meeting DA - 23.11.2020 KW - GMR KW - Magnetic flux leakage testing KW - Eddy current testing PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51889 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Léonard, Fabien T1 - Overview of XCT data processing workflow for ammonium nitrate prills quantitative analysis N2 - This video presents the data processing workflow that was developed to perform the quantitative structural and morphological analysis of ammonium nitrate prills by x-ray computed tomography. KW - ANFO KW - Data processing KW - Explosives KW - Porosity KW - Surface area KW - XCT PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3611339 PB - Zenodo CY - Geneva AN - OPUS4-51897 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Beck, Uwe A1 - Fischer, Daniel T1 - MISTRAL-Müller-Matrix-basierte Identifizierung von Inhomogenitäten und strukturellen Anomalien N2 - Mit abbildender Ellipsometrie (imaging ellipsometry: IE) können Nanometer-Beschichtungen/ Degradationen visualisiert und bezüglich Brechungsindex n, Extinktionskoeffizient k und Schichtdicke d charakterisiert werden. Materialseitig werden lokal Homogenität und Isotropie innerhalb eines/mehrerer Bildpunkte (field of analysis: FOA) und messtechnisch global die Ebenheit der Proben bezüglich aller Bildpunkte des Messfeldes vorausgesetzt. Für die Müller-Matrix-basierte abbildende Ellipsometrie (MM-IE), die den optischen Response anisotroper Materialien in jedem Bildpunkt über die bis zu 16 Müller-Matrix-Elemente erfasst, ist dies von besonderer Relevanz. Reale Substrate sind aber oft nicht eben, können lokal Noppen/Mulden (im FOA) aufweisen oder sind global konvex/ konkav im möglichen Messfeld (field of view: FOV) gekrümmt. Diese lokalen/globalen strukturellen Anomalien des Substrats werden schon für die IE messtechnisch/modellseitig oft nicht beherrscht und sind für die MM-IE in der Wirkung auf die MM-Elemente unbekannt. Diese Defizite sollen messtechnisch bzw. modellmäßig behoben und somit die Messung lokal/global gekrümmter Oberflächen ermöglicht werden (MM-CSIE, CS curved surface). KW - Abbildende Ellipsometrie (IE) KW - Müller-Matrix Ellipsometrie (MM-IE) KW - Gekrümmte Oberflächen KW - Schichtdicke KW - Optische Konstanten PY - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 7 AN - OPUS4-51574 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Klewe, Tim A1 - Strangfeld, Christoph A1 - Ritzer, Tobias A1 - Kruschwitz, Sabine T1 - Nondestructive determination of moisture damage in layered building floors N2 - In this ongoing research project, we study the influence of moisture damage on Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) in different floor constructions. For this purpose, a measurement setup with interchangeable layers is developed to vary the screed material (cement or anhydrite) and insulation material (glass wool, perlite, expanded and extruded polystyrene), as well as the respective layer thickness. The evaluation of the 2 GHz common-offset radar measurements is focused on the extraction of distinctive signal features that can be used to classify the underlying case of damage without any further information about the hidden materials or layer thicknesses. In the collected dataset, we analyze the horizontal distribution of A-scan features in corresponding B-scans to detect water in the insulation layer. Furthermore, possible combinations of these features are investigated with the use of multivariate data analysis and machine learning (logistic regression) in order to evaluate the mutual dependencies. In this study, the combination of an amplitude- and frequency-based feature achieved an accuracy of 93.2 % and performed best to detect a damage in floor insulations. T2 - 18th International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar CY - Meeting was canceled DA - 14.07.2020 KW - Radar KW - Feuchte KW - Moisture KW - Building floors PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1190/gpr2020-045.1 SN - 2159-6832 SP - 164 EP - 167 AN - OPUS4-51575 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Oster, Simon A1 - Mann, S. A1 - Sharma, R. A1 - Reisgen, U. T1 - In-situ Identifikation der Schweißnahtgeometrie bei der Anwendung von MSG-Schweißprozessen N2 - Lichtbogenbasierte Schweißverfahren wie das Metallschutzgasschweißen (MSG) zählen zu den Standardverfahren der Fügetechnik und werden in vielen Industriebereichen automatisiert unter Verwendung von Industrierobotern eingesetzt. Dabei können Schweißnahtabweichungen auftreten, die aus Änderungen der Prozessrandbedingungen und der hohen Prozessdynamik resultieren. Hier ist die Kontrolle von Schmelzbad- und Schweißnahtgeometrie für die Sicherung der Nahtqualität bedeutsam. Durch den Einsatz optischer Sensorsysteme können mit hoher zeitlicher Auflösung in-situ Informationen des Prozesszustands ermittelt werden. Dabei stellen die rauen Prozessbedingungen und die hohe Strahlungsintensität des Lichtbogens eine Herausforderung für die optischen Komponenten dar. Forschungsarbeiten am Institut für Schweißtechnik und Fügetechnik der RWTH Aachen haben gezeigt, dass durch den Einsatz einer HDR-Kamera in Kombination mit einer strukturierten Laserbelichtung gezielt geometrische Informationen des Lichtbogens und des Schmelzbads aus den Prozessaufnahmen gewonnen werden können. In dieser Arbeit wird eine parallele Schweißnaht- und Schmelzbadbeobachtung durchgeführt, wobei geometrische Informationen durch die Anwendung von Bildverarbeitungsalgorithmen extrahiert werden. Dabei wird ein nachlaufendes Sensorsystem eingesetzt, welches aus einer HDR-Kamera und einer Laserbeleuchtung besteht. Es werden diffraktive optische Elemente (DOE) zur Erzeugung von verschiedenen Laserprojektionsmustern verwendet, um sowohl eine unidirektionale als auch eine multidirektionale Prozessbeobachtung durchführen zu können. Aus den geometrischen Informationen werden Kenngrößen berechnet, anhand derer der Prozesszustand beurteilt werden kann. Es zeigt sich, dass anhand der Kenngrößenverläufe Abweichungen in der Schweiß- und Schmelzbadgeometrie und Positionierungsfehler des Roboters identifiziert werden können. T2 - Große Schweißtechnische Tagung - DVS CAMPUS CY - Online meeting DA - 14.09.2020 KW - Schweißnahtgeometrie KW - MSG-Schweißen KW - In-situ Monitoring KW - Schmelzbadbeobachtung PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-96144-098-6 VL - 365 SP - 41 EP - 47 PB - DVS Media GmbH CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-51576 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gaal, Mate T1 - Luftultraschall N2 - Dieser Vortrag bietet eine Einführung zur luftgekoppelten Ultraschallprüfung. Es werden die theoretischen Grundlagen erläutert und Beispiele für Anwendungen in der Praxis gegeben. T2 - Schulung Ultraschallprüfung Stufe 3 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 28.09.2020 KW - Luftgekoppelte Ultraschallprüfung KW - Luftankopplung KW - Ultraschallwandler PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51578 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Oster, Simon T1 - In-situ Identifikation der Schweißnahtgeometrie bei der Anwendung von MSG-Schweißprozessen N2 - Lichtbogenbasierte Schweißverfahren wie das Metallschutzgasschweißen (MSG) zählen zu den Standardverfahren der Fügetechnik und werden in vielen Industriebereichen automatisiert unter Verwendung von Industrierobotern eingesetzt. Dabei können Schweißnahtabweichungen auftreten, die aus Änderungen der Prozessrandbedingungen und der hohen Prozessdynamik resultieren. Hier ist die Kontrolle von Schmelzbad- und Schweißnahtgeometrie für die Sicherung der Nahtqualität bedeutsam. Durch den Einsatz optischer Sensorsysteme können mit hoher zeitlicher Auflösung in-situ Informationen des Prozesszustands ermittelt werden. Dabei stellen die rauen Prozessbedingungen und die hohe Strahlungsintensität des Lichtbogens eine Herausforderung für die optischen Komponenten dar. Forschungsarbeiten am Institut für Schweißtechnik und Fügetechnik der RWTH Aachen haben gezeigt, dass durch den Einsatz einer HDR-Kamera in Kombination mit einer strukturierten Laserbelichtung gezielt geometrische Informationen des Lichtbogens und des Schmelzbads aus den Prozessaufnahmen gewonnen werden können. In dieser Arbeit wird eine parallele Schweißnaht- und Schmelzbadbeobachtung durchgeführt, wobei geometrische Informationen durch die Anwendung von Bildverarbeitungsalgorithmen extrahiert werden. Dabei wird ein nachlaufendes Sensorsystem eingesetzt, welches aus einer HDR-Kamera und einer Laserbeleuchtung besteht. Es werden diffraktive optische Elemente (DOE) zur Erzeugung von verschiedenen Laserprojektionsmustern verwendet, um sowohl eine unidirektionale als auch eine multidirektionale Prozessbeobachtung durchführen zu können. Aus den geometrischen Informationen werden Kenngrößen berechnet, anhand derer der Prozesszustand beurteilt werden kann. Es zeigt sich, dass anhand der Kenngrößenverläufe Abweichungen in der Schweiß- und Schmelzbadgeometrie und Positionierungsfehler des Roboters identifiziert werden können. T2 - Große Schweißtechnische Tagung - DVS CAMPUS CY - Online meeting DA - 14.09.2020 KW - Schweißnahtgeometrie KW - MSG-Schweißen KW - In-situ Monitoring KW - Schmelzbadbeobachtung PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51579 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Würsig, Andreas A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Sklorz, Christian T1 - BLEVE Problematik - Aktueller Stand N2 - BLEVE –Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion, ist eine Gasexplosion einer expandierenden siedenden Flüssigkeit. Diese entstehung bei geschlossenen Tankbehältern, die brennbare flüssige oder verflüssigte Substanzen enthalten. Der Gefahrguttank wird durch ein Unfallfeuer belastet. T2 - 24. Gefahrgutkongress Mecklenburg-Vorpommern CY - Technologiezentrum Warnemünde, Germany DA - 29.10.2020 KW - Bleve KW - Boiling KW - Vapour KW - Explosion PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51496 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmid, Thomas A1 - Dariz, P. T1 - Editorial for the special issue "Modern Raman spectroscopy of minerals" N2 - Raman spectroscopy provides vibrational fingerprints of chemical compounds enabling their unambiguous identification. The assignment of Raman spectra to minerals is straightforward, if appropriate reference data is accessible. Modern couplings of Raman spectroscopy with microscopy (Raman microspectroscopy) merge the high structural specificity with down to sub-micrometre spatial resolution. This analytical tool has high potential not only in the identification of minerals from natural sources but also for studying the complex microstructure and mineral distribution of both ancient and modern man-made materials. In addition to the chemical identity of minerals, Raman spectra are affected by crystal orientations (varying relative Raman band intensities); (sub)stoichiometric compositional changes (e.g., in solid solution series), traces of foreign ions, strain (the latter three shifting Raman bands); and crystallinity (changing Raman band widths), enabling a comprehensive physico-chemical characterisation of minerals. Thus, Raman spectroscopy – including its in situ measurement capabilities – provides possibilities to study mineral paragenesis in both, natural and man-made samples at the micrometre scale. While in 1928 the first experimental evidence for inelastic light scattering was provided by C. V. Raman and K. S. Krishnan by using sunlight for excitation, filters for selecting the inelastically scattered light, and their eyes for detection (later, photographic plates for acquisition of spectra were employed), modern Raman spectrometers make use of laser excitation, dispersive spectrographs and charge coupled device (CCD) detection. This Special Issue includes technological developments and applications in the field of modern Raman spectroscopy of minerals in a broad sense, from natural mineral deposits and archaeological objects to inorganic phases in man-made materials. The studied minerals include fossil resins, typical rock-forming minerals (calcite, quartz, forsterite), iron-sulphur species (e.g., mackinawite), a range of sulphates (gypsum, bassanite, anhydrite III, anhydrite II, celestine, barite, ternesite), as well as silicate minerals like garnets (e.g., almandine). KW - Raman spectroscopy KW - Raman microspectroscopy KW - Mineral identification KW - Physico-chemical characterisation of minerals KW - Mineral paragenesis PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-515041 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/min10100860 VL - 10 SP - 860 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-51504 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kupsch, Andreas A1 - Trappe, Volker A1 - Müller, Bernd R. A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Evolution of CFRP stress cracks observed by in situ X-ray refractive imaging N2 - Modern air-liners and wind turbine rotor blades are made up primarily of fiber reinforced plastics. Failure of these materials heavily impairs the serviceability and the operational safety. Consequently, knowledge of the failure behavior under static and cyclic loads is of great interest to estimate the operational strength and to compare the performance of different materials. Ideally, the damage evolution under operational load is determined with in situ non-destructive testing techniques. Here, we report in-situ synchrotron X-ray imaging of tensile stress induced cracks in carbon fiber reinforced plastics due to inter-fiber failure. An inhouse designed compact tensile testing machine with a load range up to 15 kN was integrated into the beamline. Since conventional radiographs do not reveal sufficient contrast to distinguish cracks due to inter-fiber failure and micro cracking from fiber bundles, the Diffraction Enhanced Imaging (DEI) technique is applied in order to separate primary and scattered (refracted) radiation by means of an analyzer crystal. This technique allows fast measurements over large fields-of-view and is ideal for in-situ investigations. Imaging and the tensile test are run at the highest possible frame rate (0.7 s-1 ) and the lowest possible strain rate (5.5∙10-4 s -1 ). For 0°/90° non-crimp fabrics, the first inter-fiber cracks occur at 380 MPa (strain 0.8 %). Prior to failure at about 760 MPa (strain 2.0 %), we observe the evolution of nearly equidistant (1 mm distance) cracks running across the entire sample in the fully damaged state. KW - X-ray refraction KW - Diffraction Enhanced Imaging KW - Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics KW - In situ tensile test KW - Crack evolution PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-515060 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/942/1/012035 SN - 1757-8981 SN - 1757-899X VL - 942 SP - 012035-1 EP - 012035-9 PB - IOP publishing CY - Bristol, UK AN - OPUS4-51506 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pellegrino, F. A1 - Isopescu, R. A1 - Pellutiè, L. A1 - Sordello, F. A1 - Rossi, A. M. A1 - Ortel, Erik A1 - Martra, G. A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Maurino, V. T1 - Machine learning approach for elucidating and predicting the role of synthesis parameters on the shape and size of TiO2 nanoparticles N2 - In the present work a series of design rules are developed in order to tune the morphology of TiO2 nanoparticles through hydrothermal process. Through a careful experimental design, the influence of relevant process parameters on the synthesis outcome are studied, reaching to the develop predictive models by using Machine Learning methods. The models, after the validation and training, are able to predict with high accuracy the synthesis outcome in terms of nanoparticle size, polydispersity and aspect ratio. Furthermore, they are implemented by reverse engineering approach to do the inverse process, i.e. obtain the optimal synthesis parameters given a specific product characteristic. For the first time, it is presented a synthesis method that allows continuous and precise control of NPs morphology with the possibility to tune the aspect ratio over a large range from 1.4 (perfect truncated bipyramids) to 6 (elongated nanoparticles) and the length from 20 to 140 nm. KW - Machine learning KW - Nanoparticles KW - Titanium dioxide KW - Size KW - Shape KW - Synthesis PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-515084 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-75967-w VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 18910 PB - Springer Nature AN - OPUS4-51508 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Steinhäuser, Lorin A1 - Piechotta, Christian A1 - Lardy-Fontan, S. A1 - Heath, E. A1 - von Törne, Wipert A1 - Perkola, N. A1 - Balzamo, S. A1 - Cotman, M. A1 - Gökcen, T. A1 - Gardia-Parège, C. A1 - Budzinski, H. A1 - Lalère, B. T1 - A project to deliver reliable measurements of estrogens for better monitoring surveys and risk assessments N2 - EDC WFD project to deliver reliable measurements of estrogens for better monitoring surveys and risk assessments. Collaboration between National Metrology Institutes and advanced research institutes from 6 European countries A Balance of expertise: development and certification of RM, proficiency tests / interlaboratory comparison design, method development and validation, standardisation A 3 years project: September 2019- August 2022 Strong engagement with stakeholders (Advisory Group) T2 - SETAC 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 03.05.2020 KW - EDC KW - Endocrine disrupting chemicals PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51739 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bakir, Nasim A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - Pavlov, V. A1 - Volvenko, S. A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - In situ determination of the critical staining condition for solidification cracking during laser beam welding N2 - Using a novel optical measurement technique together with the OF algorithm, a two-dimensional deformation analysis during welding was conducted. The OF technique was the first of its kind to provide a measurement of the full strain field locally in the immediate vicinity of the solidification front. The local critical strain and strain rate in vicinity of the solidification front has observed 1.57%, 28 %/s, respectively. T2 - Lane 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 07.09.2020 KW - Optical measurement technique KW - Laser beam welding KW - Solidification cracking PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51741 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kunkel, B. A1 - Kabelitz, Anke A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana A1 - Wohlrab, S. T1 - Increasing the Efficiency of Optimized V-SBA-15 Catalysts in the Selective Oxidation of Methane to Formaldehyde by Artificial Neural Network Modelling N2 - The present study investigates the possibility of improving the selective oxidation of methane to formaldehyde over V-SBA-15 catalysts in two different ways. In a classical approach of catalyst optimization, the in situ synthesis of V-SBA-15 catalysts was optimized with regard to the applied pH value. Among the set of catalysts synthesized, a higher amount of incorporated vanadium, a higher content of polymeric VOx species as well as a less ordered structure of the support material were observed by increasing the pH values from 2.0 to 3.0. An optimum in performance during the selective oxidation of methane to formaldehyde with respect to activity and selectivity was found over V-SBA-15 prepared at a pH value of 2.5. With this knowledge, we have now evaluated the possibilities of reaction control using this catalyst. Specifically, artificial neural network modelling was applied after the collection of 232 training samples for obtaining insight into the influence of different reaction parameters (temperature; gas hourly space velocity (GHSV); and concentration of O2, N2 and H2O) onto methane conversion and selectivity towards formaldehyde. This optimization of reaction conditions resulted in an outstanding high space-time yield of 13.6 kgCH2O∙kgcat∙h−1 KW - Artificial neural network modelling KW - Selective oxidation KW - Molecular VOx catalysts KW - Formaldehyde PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-517420 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10121411 VL - 10 IS - 12 SP - 1411 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-51742 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kauffeld, M. A1 - Maurath, T. A1 - Germanus, J. A1 - Askar, Enis T1 - N2O/CO2-Gemische als Kältemittel für Temperaturen unter -50 °C N2 - Die F-Gas-Verordnung der EU gewährt Ausnahmen vom GWPbezogenen Verbot des Inverkehrbringens für stationäre Kühlgeräte für Anwendungen unter -50 °C. Brennbare Alternativen auf der Basis von Methan, Ethan und Ethylen stehen zur Verfügung, sind aber aufgrund ihrer Entzündbarkeit nicht für alle Anwendungen einsetzbar. Distickstoffmonoxid (N2O) mit einem Tripelpunkt bei -92 °C scheint aber eine Alternative zu sein. Die mögliche exotherme Zersetzung von N2O erfordert jedoch zusätzliche Maßnahmen, um solche Systeme sicher betreiben zu können. Am ILK und an der Hochschule Karlsruhe wurden zwei Tieftemperatursysteme mit Gemischen aus N2O und CO2 und verschiedenen Schmierstoffen entwickelt, gebaut und bei Verdampfungstemperaturen bis -80 °C erfolgreich betrieben. VORSICHT: Reines N2O sowie Mischungen von N2O und CO2 mit Schmiermitteln auf Kohlenwasserstoffbasis können explosionsartig reagieren. KW - Kohlendioxid KW - Gefriertrocknung KW - Distickstoffmonoxid KW - Sicherheitsmaßnahmen PY - 2020 VL - 56 IS - 11 SP - 41 EP - 46 PB - Hüthig GmbH CY - Heidelberg AN - OPUS4-51748 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rethmeier, Michael A1 - Gook, Sergej A1 - Üstündag, Ömer A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey T1 - Verfahren zum fehlerfreien Laserstrahl-Hybridschweißen von geschlossenen Rundnähten N2 - In diesem Beitrag werden Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen eines Verfahrens zum fehlerfreien Laserstrahl-Hybridschweißen von geschlossenen Rundnähten vorgestellt. Das Verfahren zielt auf die Vermeidung von Schweißimperfektionen im Überlappbereich einer laserstrahlhybridgeschweißten Rundnaht. Eine Strategie der Prozessführung beim Schließen der Rundnaht wurde entwickelt, mit der ein fehlerfreier Überlappbereich durch die Kontrolle der Erstarrungsbedingungen am Schweißnahtende erreicht wird. Die kontrollierte Wärmeführung wird durch eine Anpassung der Parameter von beiden beteiligten Schweißprozessen, dem Laserstrahl- sowie MSG-Schweißprozess realisiert. Experimentelle Untersuchungen wurden an 12 mm bis 15 mm dicken Rohrabschnitten durchgeführt. Der Einfluss von Prozessparametern wie der Laserleistungsrampe und Rampenzeit, der Veränderung des Abbildungsmaßstabes und der Defokussierung des Laserstrahls auf die Erstarrungsbedingungen am Ende der Rundnaht wurde untersucht, um eine optimale Strategie zum Herausführen der Prozessenergie zu finden. Im Rahmen der experimentellen Untersuchungen konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine Defokussierung des Laserstrahls im Bereich zwischen 60 mm und 100 mm über einen kurzen Auslaufbereich der Naht von ca. 15 mm zu einer deutlich besseren Nahtausbildung im Überlappbereich führte. Es konnte eine günstige kelchförmige Schweißnahtform ohne eine Tendenz zur Rissbildung erzielt werden. Die Laseroptik mit motorisch angesteuertem Linsensystem ermöglichte dabei eine Vergrößerung des Laserstrahldurchmessers ohne eine Veränderung der Position des MSG-Lichtbogens relativ zur Bauteiloberfläche. T2 - DVS CONGRESS 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 14.09.2020 KW - Endkrater KW - Rundnaht KW - Laserhybridschweißen PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51749 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rethmeier, Michael A1 - Gook, Sergej A1 - Krieger, Steffen A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - El-Batahgy, Abdel-Monem T1 - Notch impact toughness of laser beam welded thick sheets of cryogenic nickel alloyed steel X8Ni9 N2 - This research work deals with the investigations of the impact toughness of laser beam welded 14.5 mm thick sheets made of cryogenic steel X8Ni9 as a function of preheating. This 9% nickel alloyed steel is widely used in the liquefied natural gas (LNG) industry. An application of highly efficient welding processes such as high-power laser beam welding (LBW) in LNG sector requires an understanding of the interactions between the LBW process parameters and weld properties, in particular the impact toughness. The results show that the original fine-grained martensitic microstructure of the base metal (BM) is significantly changed by melting and crystallization during the LBW, what can lead to a decrease in the impact toughness of the weld metal (WM) below the required level. An optimal preheating temperature range leads to the favorable thermal welding cycle and is of remarkable importance for maintaining the notch impact toughness of laser beam welded joints of these thick steel sheets. A parameter window was identified in which V-notch impact toughness comparable to that of the BM at -196 °C was achieved. T2 - 11th CIRP Conference on Photonic Technologies LANE 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 06.09.2020 KW - Cryogenic steel KW - Laser beam welding KW - Welding thermal cycle PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51750 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Babutzka, Martin A1 - Lehmann, Jens A1 - Burkert, Andreas T1 - Auslagerungsversuche von Standardproben nach DIN EN ISO 9223 unter verschiedenen atmosphärischen Bedingungen N2 - Der Vortrag berichtet über die Auslagerung von Standardproben nach DIN EN ISO 9223 bis 9226 aus Zink, Stahl, Kupfer und Aluminium auf den verschiedenen atmosphärischen Bewitterungsständen der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM). Im Vortrag werden die Masseverluste, Korrosionsgeschwindigkeiten und Korrosivitätskategorien der Standardproben im freibewitterten und überdachten Bereich nach einem Jahr vorgestellt und Unterschiede hinsichtlich der Atmosphärenbedingungen aufgezeigt. Freibewitterte Proben zeigen dabei deutliche Unterschiede hinsichtlich ihres Korrosionsverhaltens im Vergleich zu überdachten Proben. Die ermittelten Korrosivitätskategorien sind sowohl standort- als auch materialspezifisch. T2 - Gemeinsame Sitzung des GfKORR Arbeitskreises „Korrosionsschutz von Windenergieanlagen“ mit der Fachgruppe „Korrosionsschutz“ der WAB e.V. CY - Online meeting DA - 07.12.2020 KW - Atmosphärische Korrosion KW - Auslagerungsversuche KW - Freibewitterung KW - Korrosion PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51783 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Babutzka, Martin T1 - Überarbeitung des GfKORR-Leitfadens „Korrosionsschutz von Offshore-Windenergieanlagen" N2 - Der Vortrag stellt den aktuellen Stand und die Diskussionsthemen für die Überarbeitung des GfKORR-Leitfadens "Korrosionsschutz von Offshore-Windenergieanlagen" vor. T2 - Gemeinsame Sitzung des GfKORR Arbeitskreises „Korrosionsschutz von Windenergieanlagen“ mit der Fachgruppe „Korrosionsschutz“ der WAB e.V. CY - Online meeting DA - 07.12.2020 KW - Leitfaden KW - Korrosionsschutz KW - Offshore-Windenergieanlagen PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51784 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Waske, Anja A1 - Funk, Alexander T1 - Radiographic Visibility Limit of Pores in Metal Powder for Additive Manufacturing N2 - The quality of additively manufactured (AM) parts is determined by the applied process parameters used and the properties of the feedstock powder. The influence of inner gas pores in feedstock particles on the final AM product is a phenomenon which is difficult to investigate since very few non-destructive measurement techniques are accurate enough to resolve the micropores. 3D X-ray computed tomography (XCT) is increasingly applied during the process chain of AM parts as a non-destructive monitoring and quality control tool and it is able to detect most of the pores. However, XCT is time-consuming and limited to small amounts of feedstock powder, typically a few milligrams. The aim of the presented approach is to investigate digital radiography of AM feedstock particles as a simple and fast quality check with high throughput. 2D digital radiographs were simulated in order to predict the visibility of pores inside metallic particles for different pore and particle diameters. An experimental validation was performed. It was demonstrated numerically and experimentally that typical gas pores above a certain size (here: 3 to 4.4 µm for the selected X-ray setup), which could be found in metallic microparticles, were reliably detected by digital radiography. KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Feedstock powder KW - Porosity KW - Digital radiography KW - Numerical simulation PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-517880 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/met10121634 VL - 10 IS - 12 SP - 1634 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-51788 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Spitzer, Stefan A1 - Askar, Enis A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Schröder, Volkmar T1 - Entwicklungen zu Bestimmungsverfahren für sicherheitstechnische Kenngrössen hybrider Gemische N2 - Zur Bestimmung sicherheitstechnischer Kenngrößen (STK) von hybriden Gemischen (Gemisch aus mindestens zwei brennbaren Phasen, wie z.B. Staub/Gas- oder Gas/Dampf-Gemisch) existieren bislang keine einheitlichen, genormten Prüfmethoden. Die Normen und Regelwerke zur Bestimmung der STK von einphasigen brennbaren Systemen (Staub, Gas, Dampf) unterscheiden sich teilweise erheblich. Beispielsweise sind in den jeweiligen Normen für Stäube, Gase und Dämpfe unterschiedliche Zündquellen und Zündenergien definiert. Des Weiteren unterscheiden sich die in den Normen definierten Prüfabläufe bei der Gemischherstellung. Bei der Entwicklung einer einheitlichen Norm für hybride Gemische muss der Einfluss dieser beiden Parameter ermittelt werden, um die Vergleichbarkeit mit den STK der einzelnen Komponenten Gas, Staub und Dampf gewährleisten zu können und bisherige Erkenntnisse zu hybriden Gemischen interpretieren und bewerten zu können. T2 - VDI-Fachtagung "Sichere Handhabung brennbarer Stäube" CY - Online meeting DA - 04.11.2020 KW - Explodierender Draht KW - Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen KW - Hybride Gemische PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-18-092376-5 SN - 0083-5560 VL - 2376 SP - 3 EP - 15 PB - VDI Verlag GmbH CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-51789 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Spitzer, Stefan A1 - Askar, Enis A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Schröder, Volkmar T1 - Comparative study on standardized ignition sources used for explosion testing N2 - For the determination of safety characteristics of gases, vapors and dusts different types of ignition sources are used in international standards and guidelines. Table 1 compares technical relevant ignition sources with their main features. The paper presents test results of a comparative calorimetric and visual study between four different types of ignition sources. The ignition procedures were analyzed visually with a high-speed camera and electric recordings. In addition to that, the influence of the electrode-orientation, -distance as well as ignition energy on the reproducibility of the exploding wire igniter was tested. The exploding wire is already in use for standardized determination of safety characteristics of gases, first tests on the suitability of the exploding wire igniter for dust testing have been carried out by Scheid et al. Using the exploding wire, the ignition energy can be varied from 2 to 10 000 J (2 x 5 000 J) and thus it could be used for gases, vapors, dusts and hybrid mixtures. Moreover it can be used at high initial pressures and it is the only ignition source with an easily measurable ignition energy release. Furthermore, it does not introduce another chemical reaction into the system. Finally, a proposal for a standard ignition source for explosion tests on hybrid mixtures is derived from the test results. T2 - 13th International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions CY - Online meeting DA - 27.07.2020 KW - Ignition source KW - Exploding Wire KW - Hybrid mixtures KW - Safety characteristics determination PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-517908 UR - https://oar.ptb.de/files/download/5f3e662f4c93901010006dbf DO - https://doi.org/10.7795/810.20200724 VL - 13 SP - 864 EP - 875 PB - PTB Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig AN - OPUS4-51790 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Mirtsch, Mona A1 - Koch, Claudia A1 - Dudek, Gabriele A1 - Blind, K. T1 - Die Nutzung und Wirkung der Norm ISO/IEC 27001 für Informationssicherheit in Unternehmen in Deutschland N2 - Das Ziel der Initiative QI-FoKuS ist es, eine Datenbasis für neue wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse zu Einflussfaktoren und Effekten in der Konformitätsbewertung und Akkreditierung zu schaffen und hierbei insbesondere auch auf aktuelle Trends und Entwicklungen einzugehen. Von Januar bis März 2020 wurden in einer Online-Erhebung Unternehmen verschiedener Branchen und Größenklassen in Deutschland zur Nutzung und den Wirkungen ihres zertifizierten Managementsystems für Informationssicherheit nach ISO/IEC 27001 befragt. Es konnten 125 vollständig ausgefüllte Fragebögen für die vorliegende Studie ausgewertet werden. KW - Managementsysteme KW - ISO/IEC 27001 KW - Informationssicherheit KW - Zertifizierung KW - Konformitätsbewertung KW - Akkreditierung KW - QI-FoKuS PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-517922 DO - https://doi.org/10.26272/opus4-51792 VL - 2 SP - 1 EP - 28 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-51792 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hörenz, Christoph A1 - Pellegrino, F. A1 - Maurino, V. A1 - Taché, O. A1 - Bartczak, D. A1 - Cuello Nuñez, S. A1 - Abad Álvaro, I. A1 - Goenaga Infante, H. A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan T1 - Improved Sample Preparation for the Analysis of Nanoparticles by Electron Microscopy N2 - In this work, we present various promising sample preparation procedures aiming to avoid drying artifacts and guarantee homogeneously distributed NP samples for imaging techniques like TEM, SEM or AFM. This involves retarded drying in an environment of high relative humidity as well as spin coating or freeze drying of the sample on the substrate. Depending on the type of the NPs, different techniques are successful in obtaining homogenous sample deposition. Simple drying at ambient conditions often results in heavily agglomerated NPs densely packed in coffee ring traces. Retardation of the drying speed in an environment of high relative humidity, however, yields homogeneous NP deposition in the case of bimodal SiO2 and bimodal gold NP’s. In contrast, a sample of bipyramidal TiO2, heavily agglomerated when commonly dried, is successfully dispersed by spin coating the suspension on the substrate. The analysis of the particle size distribution of the bimodal silica and gold samples yielded number ratios resembling the nominal number ratios. The reliable measurement of the NP concentration of polydisperse samples by electron microscopy, even if relative, is new and of special relevance because up to now only the size of the particles, i.e. the abscissa of the PSD, can be measured reliably. T2 - NANOSAFE 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 16.11.2020 KW - Nanoparticles KW - Particle size distribution KW - Electron microscopy KW - Bimodal KW - SiO2 KW - Gold PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51714 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Völker, Christoph A1 - Bock, Kilian A1 - Benner, Philipp A1 - Bettge, Dirk T1 - Explore and Exploit - Strategische Erweiterung der fraktographischen Datenbank mit Machine Learning N2 - In diesem Vortrag stellen wir den aktuellen Stand zu einer Masterarbeit zusammen die sich mit dem Thema beschäftigt wie die Generalisierbarkeit von Datenmodellen auf Basis kleiner Datensätze erhöht werden kann. Wir stellen vor, wie die Datenbasis eines fraktogafischen Bildklassifizierers mit einem statistischen Model strategische erweitert, bzw. an eine Anwendung angepasst werden kann. T2 - AG Fraktographie im DVM/DGM Gemeinschaftsausschuss „Rasterelektronenmikroskopie in der Materialprüfung“ CY - Online meeting DA - 20.11.2020 KW - Bild Klassifizierung KW - Small Data KW - Unsicherheitsberechnung KW - Erklärbare KI PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51810 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Völker, Christoph A1 - Moreno Torres, Benjami T1 - Prospects and challenges of data-driven NDT - current work in junior research group 8.K N2 - We have arrived in the data age. But why is it so difficult for the NDT community to achieve real breakthroughs with data-driven science? In this seminar, we will take a brief look at the evolution of mainstream data science to understand why the most exciting times are perhaps just ahead. We will give an overview of our activities in the junior research group 8.K which are aimed at enabling the next generation of data science methods in NDT. The seminar addresses the two main work fields of our group: semantic data management and the handling of limited data resources. The first field addresses the problem that a uniform representation of our data is not yet available. However, knowledge creation in data science - whose main contribution lies in the analysis of distributed resources - requires common data access based on a collective understanding. To achieve this, we present an ontology-based approach. Ontologies are already the core of many intelligent systems such as building information models or research databases. We summarize some of the basic principles of this technology and describe our approach to create an NDT ontology. The second field ties in with the first and addresses the application of data-based methods in engineering practice. Especially in the field of non-destructive testing many successful applications have been published. In most cases, however, the creation of referenced data is extremely expensive and therefore much sparser than in other research areas. As a result, the available data may cover only one scenario, so that common benchmarks often do not reflect the actual performance of the model in practical applications. Estimates that quantify the transferability from one scenario to another are not only necessary to overcome this challenge - they also prove to be a powerful tool for the strategic expansion of what we consider knowledge. T2 - Abteilungsseminar der Abteilung 8 CY - Online meeting DA - 18.11.2020 KW - Machine Learning KW - Small Data KW - Semantic Web KW - Materials Discovery KW - Explainable AI PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51811 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Völker, Christoph T1 - Artificial intelligence in NDT (AI NDT) a networking workshop N2 - Data-driven research is considered the new paradigm in science. In this field, data is the new resource from which knowledge is extracted that is too complex for traditional methods. Several factors such as national funding and advances in information technology, are driving the development. In particular, the creation of databases and the analysis of data with artifical intelligence are playing an important role in establishing the new paradigm. However, there are numerous challenges that must be overcome to realize the full potential of data-driven methods. This talk sets the stage for the upcoming workshop by reviewing some of the historical developments and the current state of data-driven science in NDT and materials science. T2 - Workshop on Artificial Intelligence in NDT (AI-NDT) CY - Online meeting DA - 30.10.2020 KW - Data Science KW - Materials Informatics KW - NDT PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51812 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Völker, Christoph T1 - Trends in Materials Informatics N2 - Many PhD students are interested in applying machine learning, AI, data science, etc., and there are many good reasons for this. However, there is a disconnect between mainstream data science and materials science, for example, when it comes to the sheer size of the data. This talk will highlight some of the unique challenges in materials informatics and present some interesting approaches to overcome them. Although the field is large, this talk will focus on cases that have some practical relevance to PhD students at BAM. T2 - PhD Day at BAM 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 15.09.2020 KW - Materials Informatics KW - Small Data PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51814 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sanabria, S. J. A1 - Baensch, Franziska A1 - Zauner, M. A1 - Niemz, P. T1 - In‑situ quantification of microscopic contributions of individual cells to macroscopic wood deformation with synchrotron computed tomography N2 - Wood-based composites hold the promise of sustainable construction. Understanding the influence on wood cellular microstructure in the macroscopic mechanical behavior is key for engineering highperformance composites. In this work, we report a novel Individual Cell Tracking (ICT) approach for in-situ quantification of nanometer-scale deformations of individual wood cells during mechanical loading of macroscopic millimeter-scale wood samples. Softwood samples containing > 104 cells were subjected to controlled radial tensile and longitudinal compressive load in a synchrotron radiation micro-computed tomography (SRμCT) setup. Tracheid and wood ray cells were automatically segmented, and their geometric variations were tracked during load. Finally, interactions between microstructure deformations (lumen geometry, cell wall thickness), cellular arrangement (annual growth rings, anisotropy, wood ray presence) with the macroscopic deformation response were investigated. The results provide cellular insight into macroscopic relations, such as anisotropic Poisson effects, and allow direct observation of previously suspected wood ray reinforcing effects. The method is also appropriate for investigation of non-linear deformation effects, such as buckling and deformation recovery after failure, and gives insight into less studied aspects, such as changes in lumen diameter and cell wall thickness during uniaxial load. ICT provides an experimental tool for direct validation of hierarchical mechanical models on real biological composites. KW - Wood materials KW - Micro-comuted tomography (µCT) KW - Individual cell tracking KW - Stress-strain behaviour PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-518157 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/S41598-020-78028-4 SN - 2045-2322 VL - 10 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - Springer nature AN - OPUS4-51815 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Straße, Anne A1 - Stankevich, Stanislav A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Measurement of thermal cycle and layer hight at multi-pass build-up during LMD-Process N2 - The shape of the parts, created by the technology of laser metal deposition (LMD), is influenced by various parameters, for example, the power and diameter of the laser source spot. The contribution of energy from the laser affects the temperature distribution in the formed layers. The changing temperature in the working area entails a change in the geometry of the layers and affects the stability of the process. In this paper, experiments on the measurement of temperature cycles in the DLMD process with different directions of the filling track are carried out. An infrared camera was used to measure thermal cycles. The calibration of the acquired data (i.e. correspondence table between the intensity of thermal radiation of the material and the absolute temperature) was done with help of two-color pyrometer ex situ and in situ measurements. The experiments are carried out on two materials 316L and Inconel 718. The effect of the maximum temperature on the layer height is shown, and thermal cycles in the formation of layers for different filling strategies are presented. T2 - 1st Workshop on in-situ Monitoring and Microstructure Development in Additive Manufacturing CY - Online meeting DA - 11.12.2020 KW - Laser metal deposition KW - AISI 316L KW - Alloy 718 KW - Thermography PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51816 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Akkerman, Floris T1 - Aktuelles zur Ökodesign-Verordnung - Entwicklung und Einschätzung zum Inverkehrbringen N2 - Vorstellung der Rechtsinstrumente Ökodesign, Darstellung der Entwicklung und Einschätzung zu Szenarien zum Inverkehrbringen am Beispiel Kühlmöbel T2 - Handel-Hersteller-Dialog der FG Kühlmöbel des VDMA CY - Online meeting DA - 07.12.2020 KW - Ökodesign KW - Energieverbrauchskennzeichnung KW - Energieeffizienz KW - Kühlmöbel KW - Supermarktkälte PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51817 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Surov, A. A1 - Vasilev, N. A1 - Voronin, A. A1 - Churakov, A. A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Perlovich, G. T1 - Ciprofloxacin salts with benzoic acid derivatives: structural aspects, solid-state properties and solubility performance N2 - n this work, three new pharmaceutical hydrated salts of ciprofloxacin with selected derivatives of benzoic acid, namely 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-aminobenzoic acid and gallic acid, were obtained and systematically investigated by several solid-state analytical techniques. In situ Raman spectroscopy was applied to elucidate the alternative pathways of the solid forms' formation under mechanochemical conditions. Crystal structure analysis and a CSD survey allowed us to establish a distinct supramolecular motif formed by infinite columnar stacks of ciprofloxacin dimers arranged in the “head-to-tail” manner. An alternative “head-to-head” packing arrangement was only observed in the crystal of the hydrated ciprofloxacin salt with 4-aminobenzoic acid. In addition, the pH-solubility behavior of the solid forms was thoroughly investigated. Furthermore, a distinct structure–property relationship between the specific features of the supramolecular organization of the hydrated salts and their solubility was observed and discussed. KW - Mechanochemistry KW - XRD PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D0CE00514B VL - 22 IS - 25 SP - 4238 EP - 4249 AN - OPUS4-51818 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Opitz, P. A1 - Asta, M. A1 - Fernandez-Martinez, A. A1 - Panthöfer, M. A1 - Kabelitz, Anke A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Mondeshki, M. A1 - Tremel, W. T1 - Monitoring a Mechanochemical Syntheses of Isostructural Luminescent Cocrystals of 9-Anthracenecarboxylic Acid with two Dipyridines Coformers N2 - Amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) is an important precursor in the biomineralization of crystalline CaCO3. In nature, it serves as a storage material or as a permanent structural element, whose lifetime is regulated by an organic matrix. The relevance of ACC in materials science is primarily related to our understanding of CaCO3 crystallization pathways and CaCO3/(bio)polymer nanocomposites. ACC can be synthesized by liquid–liquid phase separation, and it is typically stabilized with macromolecules. We have prepared ACC by milling calcite in a planetary ball mill. Phosphate “impurities” were added in the form of monetite (CaHPO4) to substitute the carbonate anions, thereby stabilizing ACC by substitutional disorder. The phosphate anions do not simply replace the carbonate anions. They undergo shear-driven acid/base and condensation reactions, where stoichiometric (10%) phosphate contents are required for the amorphization to be complete. The phosphate anions generate a strained network that hinders ACC recrystallization kinetically. The amorphization reaction and the structure of BM-ACC were studied by quantitative Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and solid state 31P, 13C, and 1H magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, which are highly sensitive to symmetry changes of the local environment. In the first—and fast—reaction step, the CO32– anions are protonated by the HPO42– groups. The formation of unprecedented hydrogen carbonate (HCO3–) and orthophosphate anions appears to be the driving force of the reaction, because the phosphate group has a higher Coulomb energy and the tetrahedral PO43– unit can fill space more efficiently. In a competing second—and slow—reaction step, pyrophosphate anions are formed in a condensation reaction. No pyrophosphates are formed at higher carbonate contents. High strain leads to such a large energy barrier that any reaction is suppressed. Our findings aid in the understanding of the mechanochemical amorphization of calcium carbonate and emphasize the effect of impurities for the stabilization of the amorphous phases in general. Our approach allowed the synthesis of new amorphous alkaline earth defect variants containing the unique HCO3– anion. Our approach outlines a general strategy to obtain new amorphous solids for a variety of carbonate/phosphate systems that offer promise as biomaterials for bone regeneration. KW - Crystallization KW - Mechanochemistry KW - PDF PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.0c00912 VL - 20 IS - 10 SP - 6831 EP - 6846 PB - American Chemical Society AN - OPUS4-51819 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Fedelich, Bernard A1 - Feldmann, Titus A1 - Haftaoglu, Cetin A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Schriever, Sina A1 - Epishin, A. A1 - Camin, B. A1 - Lopez-Galilea, I. A1 - Ruttert, B. A1 - Theisen, W. T1 - Untersuchung des Kriechverhaltens einer Nickelbasis-Superlegierung bei ultrahohen homologen Temperaturen und Anwendung auf das heiß-isostatische Pressen (HIP) N2 - Mit Hilfe des HIP-Verfahrens („Hot Isostatic Pressing“) werden Poren in der einkristallinen Nickel-Basis Superlegierung CMSX-4 kontinuierlich geschrumpft und dadurch die nach der Erstarrung und der Wärmebehandlung vorhandene Porosität stark reduziert. In diesem Beitrag werden experimentelle und numerische Untersuchungen zu den Mechanismen der Porenschrumpfung zusammengefasst. Es zeigt sich, dass das Verformungsverhalten während Kriechversuchen bei der HIP-Temperatur durch Versetzungsgleitung auf oktaedrischen Ebenen dominiert wird. Dagegen zeigen Messungen der Porositätsabnahme und Simulationen des Porenschließens, dass die Kinetik der Porenschrumpfung durch das Phänomen der Leerstellendiffusion zwischen Poren und Kleinwinkelkorngrenzen („Low Angle Boundary“, LAB) bestimmt wird. Im Gegensatz führt die klassische Kristallviskoplastizität zu einer systematischen Überschätzung dieser Kinetik. Der scheinbare Widerspruch lässt sich auflösen, wenn man bedenkt, dass auf der Skala der Poren Versetzungsquellen nicht gleichmäßig verteilt sind, wie in der konventionellen Kristallplastizität implizit angenommen wird. Stattdessen wird in einem weiterführenden Modell davon ausgegangen, das Kleinwinkelkorngrenzen (LABs) als Versetzungsquellen fungieren, während die Scherspannungen sehr stark in der Nähe der Poren lokalisiert sind, was die Emission von Versetzungen deutlich reduziert. T2 - Langzeitverhalten warmfester Stähle und Hochtemperaturwerkstoffe CY - Online meeting DA - 27.11.2020 KW - HIP KW - Superlegierung KW - Kriechen PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51795 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Fedelich, Bernard A1 - Feldmann, Titus A1 - Haftaoglu, Cetin A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Schriever, Sina A1 - Epishin, A. A1 - Camin, B. A1 - Lopez-Galilea, I. A1 - Ruttert, B. A1 - Theisen, W. T1 - Untersuchung des Kriechverhaltens einer Nickelbasis-Superlegierung bei ultrahohen homologen Temperaturen und Anwendung auf das heiß-isostatische Pressen (HIP) N2 - Mit Hilfe des HIP-Verfahrens („Hot Isostatic Pressing“) werden Poren in der einkristallinen Nickel-Basis Superlegierung CMSX-4 kontinuierlich geschrumpft und dadurch die nach der Erstarrung und der Wärmebehandlung vorhandene Porosität stark reduziert. In diesem Beitrag werden experimentelle und numerische Untersuchungen zu den Mechanismen der Porenschrumpfung zusammengefasst. Es zeigt sich, dass das Verformungsverhalten während Kriechversuchen bei der HIP-Temperatur durch Versetzungsgleitung auf oktaedrischen Ebenen dominiert wird. Dagegen zeigen Messungen der Porositätsabnahme und Simulationen des Porenschließens, dass die Kinetik der Porenschrumpfung durch das Phänomen der Leerstellendiffusion zwischen Poren und Kleinwinkelkorngrenzen („Low Angle Boundary“, LAB) bestimmt wird. Im Gegensatz führt die klassische Kristallviskoplastizität zu einer systematischen Überschätzung dieser Kinetik. Der scheinbare Widerspruch lässt sich auflösen, wenn man bedenkt, dass auf der Skala der Poren Versetzungsquellen nicht gleichmäßig verteilt sind, wie in der konventionellen Kristallplastizität implizit angenommen wird. Stattdessen wird in einem weiterführenden Modell davon ausgegangen, das Kleinwinkelkorngrenzen (LABs) als Versetzungsquellen fungieren, während die Scherspannungen sehr stark in der Nähe der Poren lokalisiert sind, was die Emission von Versetzungen deutlich reduziert. T2 - Langzeitverhalten warmfester Stähle und Hochtemperaturwerkstoffe CY - Online meeting DA - 27.11.2020 KW - HIP KW - Superlegierung KW - Kriechen PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-946885-95-5 VL - 2020 SP - 28 EP - 39 PB - Forschungsvereinigung Warmfeste Stähle und Hochtemperaturwerkstoffe AN - OPUS4-51796 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Grunewald, Thomas T1 - Grundlagen und Maßnahmen zum nichtelektrischen Explosionsschutz N2 - Hersteller von Geräten für den bestimmungsgemäßen Gebrauch in explosionsfähigen Bereichen müssen, wenn sie unter die Richtlinie 2014/34/EU fallen, für das Inverkehrbringen in EU-Mitgliedsstaaten eine Konformitätsbewertung durchführen. Dazu gehört eine Zündgefahrenbewertung, bei der auch nichtelektrische Zündquellen betrachtet werden müssen, zu denen die mechanischen Schlagvorgänge gehören. Bei dieser Zündquellenart kommt es infolge eines Schlages und/oder Reibens eines Bauteils auf ein anderes zu einer Energieumwandlung. Dadurch kommt es zu einer Temperaturerhöhung an der Kontaktstelle sowie unter Umständen zu einem Abtrennvorgang kleiner Partikel erhöhter Temperatur. Sowohl die heißen Reibflächen als auch die abgetrennten Partikel stellen potentielle Zündquellen explosionsfähiger Atmosphären dar. Edelstahl ist für Geräte für die Verwendung zum bestimmungsgemäßen Gebrauch im explosionsgefährdeten Bereich insbesondere in der Chemie ein wichtiger Konstruktionswerkstoff. Die Ergebnisse des Forschungsprojektes "Entwicklung normativer Anforderungen an explosionsgeschützte nichtelektrische Geräte resultierend aus der Zündfähigkeit mechanisch erzeugter Schlagfunken (NAMES)" zeigen, dass Schlagvorgänge mit Edelstählen eine erhebliche Zündgefahr von explosionsfähigen Brenngasgemischen darstellen können. Dabei bestehen jedoch mitunter deutliche Unterschiede zwischen den verschiedenen Brenngasgemischen. Besonders hohe Zündwahrscheinlichkeiten konnten bei Brenngasgemischen mit Brenngasen der IEC-Explosionsgruppe IIC beobachtet werden, die Acetylen bzw. Wasserstoff als Brenngas enthielten. Schläge im Wasserstoff/Luft-Gemisch waren dabei jedoch bedeutend zündwirksamer. In diesem Gasgemisch konnte bei niedrigen maximalen Schlagenergien bis 60 J sogar eine mitunter höhere relative Zündhäufigkeit beobachtet werden als bei Versuchen mit unlegiertem Baustahl. T2 - Ausbildung zum Explosionsschutzbeauftragten, Veranstaltungs-Nr. H050-12-408-0 CY - Online meeting DA - 08.12.2020 KW - Funken KW - Mechanisch erzeugte Funken KW - Nichtelektrische Funken KW - Schlagfunken KW - Schleiffunken KW - Reibfunken KW - Nichtelektrischer Explosionsschutz PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51799 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kupsch, Andreas A1 - Trappe, Volker A1 - Müller, Bernd R. A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Evolution of CFRP stress cracks observed by in situ X-ray refractive imaging N2 - Modern air-liners and wind turbine rotor blades are made up primarily of fiber reinforced plastics. Failure of these materials heavily impairs the serviceability and the operational safety. Consequently, knowledge of the failure behavior under static and cyclic loads is of great interest to estimate the operational strength and to compare the performance of different materials. Ideally, the damage evolution under operational load is determined with in-situ non-destructive testing techniques. Here, we report in-situ synchrotron X-ray imaging of tensile stress induced cracks in carbon fiber reinforced plastics due to inter-fiber failure. An inhouse designed compact tensile testing machine with a load range up to 15 kN was integrated into the beamline. Since conventional radiographs do not reveal sufficient contrast to distinguish cracks due to inter-fiber failure and micro cracking from fiber bundles, the Diffraction Enhanced Imaging (DEI) technique is applied in order to separate primary and scattered (refracted) radiation by means of an analyzer crystal. This technique allows fast measurements over large fields-of-view and is ideal for in-situ investigations. T2 - 12th BESSY@HZB User Meeting 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 10.12.2020 KW - Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics KW - Crack evolution KW - Diffraction Enhanced Imaging KW - In situ tensile test KW - X-ray refraction PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51802 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Beckmann, Jörg A1 - Puskar, L. A1 - Ritter, E. A1 - Schade, U. T1 - One-Line Monitoring of the Curing Process of FRP N2 - The knowledge of the cure situation during the production process of thermosetting material is of enormous importance. • Mid- and near- infrared (IR) spectroscopy in attenuated total reflectance (ATR) geometry are promising techniques for curing studies. • An IR/THz sensor system was developed to investigate its suitability for future online monitoring of curing processes in the production line. T2 - BESSY@HZB User Meeting 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 10.12.2020 KW - Fiber Reinforced Polymers KW - Curing Monitoring KW - Attenuated Total Reflectance PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51804 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Völker, Christoph A1 - Moreno Torres, Benjami A1 - Kruschwitz, Sabine T1 - Understanding distributed data – a semantic web approach for data based analysis of NDT data in civil engineering N2 - In the field of non-destructive testing (NDT) in civil engineering, a large number of measurement data are collected. Although they serve as a basis for scientific analyses, there is still no uniform representation of the data. An analysis of various distributed data sets across different test objects is therefore only possible with high manual effort. We present a system architecture for an integrated data management of distributed data sets based on Semantic Web technologies. The approach is essentially based on a mathematical model - the so-called ontology - which represents the knowledge of our domain NDT. The ontology developed by us is linked to data sources and thus describes the semantic meaning of the data. Furthermore, the ontology acts as a central concept for database access. Non-domain data sources can be easily integrated by linking them to the NDT construction ontology and are directly available for generic use in the sense of digitization. Based on an extensive literature research, we outline the possibilities that this offers for NDT in civil engineering, such as computer-aided sorting, analysis, recognition and explanation of relationships (explainable AI) for several million measurement data. The expected benefits of this approach of knowledge representation and data access for the NDT community are an expansion of knowledge through data exchange in research (interoperability), the scientific exploitation of large existing data sources with data-based methods (such as image recognition, measurement uncertainty calculations, factor analysis, material characterization) and finally a simplified exchange of NDT data with engineering models and thus with the construction industry. Ontologies are already the core of numerous intelligent systems such as building information modeling or research databases. This contribution gives an overview of the range of tools we are currently creating to communicate with them. T2 - EGU General Assembly 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 04.05.2020 KW - Ontology KW - NDT KW - Concrete KW - Onotology KW - Semantic Data Management KW - Reproducible Science PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-518076 DO - https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-19332 AN - OPUS4-51807 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Völker, Christoph A1 - Moreno Torres, Benjami A1 - Kruschwitz, Sabine T1 - Daten verständlich machen mit einem Semantic Web basierten Ansatz für die ZfP im Bauwesen N2 - Im Bereich der Zerstörungsfreien Prüfung (ZfP) im Bauwesen werden eine Vielzahl von Messdaten erfasst. Obwohl Sie als Grundlage für wissenschaftliche Analysen dienen, gibt es noch keine einheitliche Repräsentation der Daten. Eine Analyse verschiedener verteilter Datensätze über unterschiedliche Prüfobjekte hinweg ist daher kaum möglich. Wir stellen einen Ansatz für ein integriertes Datenmanagement verteilter Datensätze auf Basis von Semantic-Web Technologien vor. Der Ansatz basiert im Kern auf einem mathematischen Modell – der sogenannten Ontologie – welches das Wissen unserer Domäne ZfPBau repräsentiert. Die von uns entwickelte ZfPBau Ontologie wird mit Datenquellen verknüpft und beschreibt so die semantische Bedeutung der Daten. Darüber hinaus fungiert die Ontologie als zentrales Konzept für den Datenbankzugriff. Domänen-fremde Datenquellen können durch die Verknüpfung mit der ZfPBau Ontologie einfach integriert werden und stehen zur generischen Nutzung im Sinne der Digitalisierung direkt zur Verfügung. Basierend auf einer umfangreichen Literaturrecherche, skizzieren wir die Möglichkeiten die sich daraus für die ZfP im Bauwesen ergeben, wie zum Beispiel Messdaten computergestützt zu sortieren, zu analysieren, Zusammenhänge zu erkennen und zu erklären. Der erwartete Nutzen dieses Ansatzes der Wissensrepräsentation und des Datenzugriffs für die ZfP-Community ist eine Erweiterung des Wissens durch Datenaustausch in der Forschung (Interoperabilität), die wissenschaftliche Verwertung großer existierender Datenquellen mit datenbasierten Verfahren (wie Bilderkennung, Messunsicherheitsberechnungen, Faktoranaylsen, Materialcharackterisierung) und letztlich ein vereinfachter Transfer von ZFP-Daten in Ingenieurmodelle und somit in die Baupraxis. Ontologien sind bereits Kern vielzähliger intelligenter Systeme wie Building-Information-Modeling oder Forschungsdatenbanken. Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die Werkzeuge die wir derzeit für die Kommunikation mit ihnen schaffen. T2 - Seminar ZfP 4.0 Die ZfP im Zeichen der Digitalisierung CY - Frankfurt am Main, Germany DA - 08.10.2020 KW - Ontologien KW - Semantisches Datenmanagement KW - Reproduzierbare Wissenschaft PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-518092 AN - OPUS4-51809 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hörenz, Christoph T1 - Improved Sample Preparation for the Analysis of Nanoparticles by Electron Microscopy N2 - Various promising sample preparation procedures aiming to avoid drying artifacts and guarantee homogeneously distributed NP samples for imaging techniques like TEM, SEM or AFM are presented. This involves retarded drying in an environment of high relative humidity as well as spin coating or freeze drying of the sample on the substrate. Depending on the type of the NPs, different techniques are successful in obtaining homogenous sample deposition. Simple drying at ambient conditions often results in heavily agglomerated NPs densely packed in coffee ring traces. Retardation of the drying speed in an environment of high relative humidity, however, yields homogeneous NP deposition in the case of bimodal SiO2 and bimodal gold NP’s. In contrast, a sample of bipyramidal TiO2, heavily agglomerated when commonly dried, is successfully dispersed by spin coating the suspension on the substrate. The analysis of the particle size distribution of the bimodal silica and gold samples yielded number ratios resembling the nominal number ratios. The reliable measurement of the NP concentration of polydisperse samples by electron microscopy, even if relative, is new and of special relevance because up to now only the size of the particles, i.e. the abscissa of the PSD, can be measured reliably. T2 - EMPIR nPSize Training Course "Metrology for Measurement of Nanoparticle Size by Electron Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy" CY - Online meeting DA - 27.10.2020 KW - Nanoparticles KW - Particle size distribution KW - Sample peparation KW - Electron microscopy PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51716 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Reichardt, Adrian A1 - Schubert, Sven T1 - Assessment of ageing effects at BAM N2 - In Germany, spent nuclear fuel and vitrified high active waste is stored in dual purpose casks (DPC) at interim storage facilities. In order to ensure the transportability of the DPC to a final repository in future, the maintenance of the package design approval is realized. Therefore, the assessment of possible ageing effects during interim storage is necessary to ensure an evaluation of the transportability. The lecture presents BAM's current ageing evaluation concept in the field of trasnport law. T2 - IRSN-BAM Symposium - Safety of Transport and Storage Packages CY - Online meeting DA - 19.11.2020 KW - Ageing KW - DPC KW - Interim storage KW - Ageing management PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51718 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Hahn, Oliver ED - Michel, C. ED - Friedrich, M. T1 - Detection of Fakes: The Merits and Limits of Non-Invasive Materials Analysis N2 - This paper addresses the sensitive issue of authenticating unprovenanced manuscripts of high monetary value to certify they are genuine. Over the last decade, the popularity of material studies of manuscripts using non-destructive testing (NDT) has increased enormously. These studies are held in especially high esteem in the case of suspicious writings due to the methodological rigour they are reputed to contribute to debate. We would like to stress that materials analysis alone cannot prove that an object is genuine. Unfortunately, audiences with a humanities background often tend to disregard the technical details and treat any published interpretation of instrumental analysis as an objective finding. Four examples are outlined here to illustrate what questionable contributions the natural sciences can make in describing manuscripts that have actually been forged. KW - Fakes KW - Non-invasive analysis KW - Limitations PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-517202 SN - 978-3-11-071422-7 DO - https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110714333 SN - 2365-9696 VL - 20 SP - 281 EP - 290 PB - Walter de Gruyter GmbH CY - Berlin/Boston AN - OPUS4-51720 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Wang, Cui A1 - You, Y. A1 - Förster, C. A1 - Schubert, H. A1 - Heinze, K. A1 - Seitz, M. T1 - NIR-NIR-Aufkonvertierung in molekularen Chrom-Ytterbium-Salzen N2 - Photonen-Aufkonvertierung in hetero-oligonuklearen, Metallkomplex-Architekturen mit organischen Liganden ist ein interessantes, aber bisher selten beobachtetes Phänomen, trotz des großen Potentials sowohl aus Sicht der Grundlagenforschung als auch aus der Anwendungsperspektive. Nun wurde ein neues photonisches Material aus molekularen Chrom(III)- und Ytterbium(III)-Komplexionen entwickelt. Dieses zeigt im Festkörper bei Raumtemperatur abhängig von der Anregungsleistungsdichte nach Anregung des 2F7/2! 2F5/2-3berganges des Ytterbiums bei ca. 980 nm eine kooperative Sensibilisierung der Chrom(III)-zentrierten 2E/2T1-Phosphoreszenz bei ca. 775 nm. Der Aufkonvertierungsprozess ist unempfindlich gegenüber Luftsauerstoff und kann in Gegenwart von Wassermolekülen im Kristallgitter beobachtet werden. KW - Crystal KW - Sensor KW - NIR KW - Yb(III) complex KW - Cr(III) KW - Upconversion PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-517217 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.202007200 VL - 132 IS - 42 SP - 18804 EP - 18808 PB - Angewandte Chemie AN - OPUS4-51721 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rietsch, P. A1 - Sobottka, S. A1 - Hoffmann, K. A1 - Popov, A. A. A1 - Hildebrandt, P. A1 - Sarkar, B. A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Eigler, S. T1 - Between Aromatic and Quinoid Structure: A Symmetrical UV to Vis/NIR Benzothiadiazole Redox Switch N2 - Reversibly switching the light absorption of organic molecules by redox processes is of interest for applications in sensors, light harvesting, smart materials, and medical diagnostics. This work presents a symmetrical benzothiadiazole (BTD) derivative with a high fluorescence quantum yield in solution and in the crystalline state and shows by spectroelectrochemical analysis that reversible switching of UV absorption in the neutral state, to broadband Vis/NIR absorption in the 1st oxidized state, to sharp band Vis absorption in the 2nd oxidized state, is possible. For the one-electron oxidized species, formation of a delocalized radical is confirmed by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroelectrochemistry. Furthermore, our results reveal an increasing quinoidal distortion upon the 1st and 2nd oxidation, which can be used as the leitmotif for the development of BTD based redox switches. KW - Dye KW - Electrochemistry KW - Switch KW - Redox KW - Sensor KW - Photophysics KW - Quantum yield KW - photoluminescence PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-517222 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202004009 VL - 26 IS - 72 SP - 17361 EP - 17365 PB - Wiley-VCH GmbH AN - OPUS4-51722 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana A1 - Kulow, Anicó A1 - Kabelitz, Anke A1 - Grunewald, C. A1 - Seidel, R. A1 - Chapartegui-Arias, Ander A1 - Radtke, Martin A1 - Reinholz, Uwe A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Beyer, S. T1 - Observation of early ZIF-8 crystallization stages with X-ray absorption spectroscopy N2 - The present study investigates early stages of ZIF-8 crystallization up to 5 minutes post mixing of precursor solutions. Dispersive X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (DXAS) provides a refined understanding of the evolution of the coordination environment during ZIF-8 crystallization. Linear Combination Fiting (LCF) suggests tetrakis(1-methylimidazole)zinc2+ to be a suitable and stable mononuclear structure analogue for some early stage ZIF-8 intermediates. Our results pave the way for more detailed studies on physico-chemical aspects of ZIF-8 crystallization to better control tailoring ZIF-8 materials for specific applications. KW - In-situ KW - XANES KW - ZIF-8 KW - Crystallization PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D0SM01356K SN - 1744-6848 VL - 17 IS - 2 SP - 331 EP - 334 PB - Royal Scociety of Chemistry AN - OPUS4-51723 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gottlieb, Cassian A1 - Bohling, Christian A1 - Wilsch, Gerd T1 - New possibilities for concrete analysis 4.0 with the Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) N2 - In civil engineering the damage assessment of concrete infrastructures is an important task to monitor and ensure the estimated life-time. The aging of concrete is caused by different damage processes like the chloride induced pitting corrosion of the reinforcement. The penetration depth and the concentration of harmful species are crucial factors in the damage assessment. As a highly cost and time-consuming standard procedure, the analysis of concrete drill cores or drilling by wet-chemistry is widely used. This method provides element concentration to the total mass as aggregates and binder are homogenized. In order to provide a method that is capable to detect the element concentration regarding the cement content only, the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) will be presented. The LIBS method uses a focused pulsed laser on the sample surface to ablate material. The high-power density and the laser-material interaction causes a laser-induced plasma that emits elemental and molecular line emission due to energy transition of the excited species in the plasma during the cooling phase. As each element provides element-specific line emission, it is in principle possible to detect any element on the periodic table (spectroscopic fingerprint) with one laser shot. In combination with a translation stage the sample under investigation can be spatially resolved using a scan raster with a resolution up to 100 µm (element mapping). Due to the high spatial resolution, the element distribution and the heterogeneity of the concrete can be evaluated. By using chemometrics the non-relevant aggregates can be excluded from the data set and the element concentration can be quantified and referred to a specific solid phase like the binding matrix (cement) only. In order to analyze transport processes like diffusion and migration the twodimensional element distributions can provide deep insight into the transport through the pore space and local enrichments of elements. As LIBS is a multi-elemental method it is also possible to compare the ingress and transport process of different elements like Cl, Na, K, S, C, and Li simultaneously and evaluate cross-correlations between the different ions. Furthermore, the element mapping allows to visualize the transport along cracks. This work will show the state of the art in terms of hardware and software for an automated LIBS system as well as different application for a concrete analysis 4.0. Focus will be the application of LIBS for a fast concrete analysis. T2 - SMAR 2019 CY - Potsdam, Germany DA - 27.08.2019 KW - Damage KW - LIBS KW - Concrete KW - Mapping KW - Chlorine PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-517282 UR - https://www.ndt.net/?id=24963 SN - 1435-4934 VL - 25 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - NDT.net CY - Kirchwald AN - OPUS4-51728 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Duarte, Larissa A1 - Madia, Mauro A1 - Werner, Tiago A1 - Zerbst, Uwe T1 - Der Schwellenwert der da/dN-∆K-Kurve als Auslegungskriterium für die Bauteilbewertung N2 - Für die Bestimmung der Restlebensdauer zyklisch beanspruchter Bauteile kommt dem Schwellenwert für Ermüdungsrissausbreitung ΔKth und dem sich anschließenden Schwellenwertbereich der dadN⁄-ΔK-Kurve große Bedeutung zu. Dem stehen Unsicherheiten bei der Bestimmung und Analyse gegenüber. Der Aufsatz befasst sich mit der Ermittlung des sogenannten intrinsischen Schwellenwerts, der als robuster Eingangsparameter für eine „rissschließfreie“ Analyse der Restlebensdauer von entscheidender Bedeutung ist. T2 - Tagung Werkstoffprüfung 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 03.12.2020 KW - Intrinsischer Schwellenwert gegen Ermüdungsrissausbreitung KW - Schadenstolerante Bauteilauslegung KW - Restlebensdauer PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51754 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - de Olivera, Paulo A1 - Michalchuk, Adam A1 - Marquardt, Julien A1 - Feiler, Torvid A1 - Prinz, Carsten A1 - Torresi, R. A1 - Camargo, P. A1 - Emmerling, Franziska T1 - Investigating the role of reducing agents on mechanosynthesis of Au nanoparticles N2 - Control over the bottom up synthesis of metal nanoparticles (NP) depends on many experimental factors, including the choice of stabilising and reducing agents. By selectively manipulating these species, it is possible to control NP characteristics through solution-phase synthesis strategies. It is not known, however, whether NPs produced from mechanochemical syntheses are governed by the same rules. Using the Au NPs mechanosynthesis as a model system, we investigate how a series of common reducing agents affect both the reduction kinetics and size of Au NPs. It is shown that the relative effects of reducing agents on mechanochemical NP synthesis differ significantly from their role in analogous solution-phase reactions. Hence, strategies developed for control over NP growth in solution are not directly transferrable to environmentally benign mechanochemical approaches. This work demonstrates a clear need for dedicated, systematic studies on NP mechanosynthesis. KW - Mechanochemistry KW - Metal nanoparicels PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ce00826e VL - 22 IS - 38 SP - 6261 EP - 6267 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry AN - OPUS4-51757 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - de Olivera, Paulo A1 - Michalchuk, Adam A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana A1 - Bienert, Ralf A1 - Torresi, R. A1 - Camargo, P. A1 - Emmerling, Franziska T1 - Tandem X-ray absorption spectroscopy and scattering for in situ time-resolved monitoring of gold nanoparticle mechanosynthesis N2 - Current time-resolved in situ approaches limit the scope of mechanochemical investigations possible. Here we develop a new, general approach to simultaneously follow the evolution of bulk atomic and electronic structure during a mechanochemical synthesis. This is achieved by coupling two complementary synchrotron-based X-ray methods: X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and X-ray diffraction. We apply this method to investigate the bottom-up mechanosynthesis of technologically important Au micro and nanoparticles in the presence of three different reducing agents, hydroquinone, sodium citrate, and NaBH4. Moreover, we show how XAS offers new insight into the early stage generation of growth species (e.g. monomers and clusters), which lead to the subsequent formation of nanoparticles. These processes are beyond the detection capabilities of diffraction methods. This combined X-ray approach paves the way to new directions in mechanochemical research of advanced electronic materials. KW - Mechanochemistry KW - XANES KW - X-ray diffraction KW - Nano particles PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d0cc03862h SN - 1364-548X VL - 56 SP - 10329 EP - 10332 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry AN - OPUS4-51760 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Opitz, P. A1 - Besch, L. A1 - Panthöfer, M. A1 - Kabelitz, Anke A1 - Unger, R. A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Mondeshki, M. A1 - Tremel, W. T1 - Insights into the In Vitro Formation of Apatite from Mg‐Stabilized Amorphous Calcium Carbonate N2 - A protein‐free formation of bone‐like apatite from amorphous precursors through ball‐milling is reported. Mg2+ ions are crucial to achieve full amorphization of CaCO3. Mg2+ incorporation generates defects which strongly retard a recrystallization of ball‐milled Mg‐doped amorphous calcium carbonate (BM‐aMCC), which promotes the growth of osteoblastic and endothelial cells in simulated body fluid and has no effect on endothelial cell gene expression. Ex situ snapshots of the processes revealed the reaction mechanisms. For low Mg contents (<30%) a two phase system consisting of Mg‐doped amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) and calcite “impurities” was formed. For high (>40%) Mg2+ contents, BM‐aMCC follows a different crystallization path via magnesian calcite and monohydrocalcite to aragonite. While pure ACC crystallizes rapidly to calcite in aqueous media, Mg‐doped ACC forms in the presence of phosphate ions bone‐like hydroxycarbonate apatite (dahllite), a carbonate apatite with carbonate substitution in both type A (OH−) and type B (PO43−) sites, which grows on calcite “impurities” via heterogeneous nucleation. This process produces an endotoxin‐free material and makes BM‐aMCC an excellent “ion storage buffer” that promotes cell growth by stimulating cell viability and metabolism with promising applications in the treatment of bone defects and bone degenerative diseases. KW - Total Scattering KW - XRD KW - Mechanochemistry PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202007830 VL - 31 IS - 3 SP - 7830 PB - Wiley VHC-Verlag AN - OPUS4-51761 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - An, Biwen Annie A1 - Deland, Eric A1 - Sobol, Oded A1 - Yao, Jizheng A1 - Skovhus, T. L. A1 - Koerdt, Andrea T1 - The differences in the corrosion product compositions of Methanogen-induced microbiologically influenced corrosion (Mi-MIC) between static and dynamic growth conditions N2 - Currently, corrosion rates (CR) and/or corrosion products (CP) obtained for methanogen-induced microbiologically influenced corrosion (Mi-MIC) on carbon steel are mainly analyzed from static-incubations. By using a multiport-flow-column, much higher CRs (0.72 mm/yr) were observed, indicating static-incubations are not suitable for determining the corrosive potential of Mi-MIC. With the combination of various analytical methods (ToF-SIMS/SEM-EDS/SEM-FIB) and contrary to previously published data, we observed that CPs contained phosphorus, oxygen, magnesium, calcium and iron but lacked carbon-related species (e.g. siderite). Overall, siderite nucleation is disrupted by methanogens, as they convert aqueous bicarbonate into carbon dioxide for methanogenesis resulting in increased localized corrosion. KW - Carbon steel KW - Modelling studies KW - SIMS KW - SEM KW - Reactor conditions KW - Microbiologically influenced corrosion PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-517632 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2020.109179 SN - 0010-938X VL - 180 SP - 9179 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-51763 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sichler, Theresa A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Legislation and technology development for P-recovery in Germany N2 - New developments in legislation and technology development for P-recovery were presented with focus on the situation in Germany. T2 - SMART-Plant joint Stakeholder Workshop CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 29.01.2020 KW - P-recovery KW - Sewage sludge ordinance PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51764 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mrkwitschka, Paul A1 - Abram, Sarah-Luise A1 - Kuchenbecker, Petra A1 - Würth, Christian A1 - Rühle, Bastian A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan T1 - Fine iron oxide nanoparticles as a candidate reference material for reliable measurement of particle size N2 - Background, Motivation and Objective Nanomaterials are at the core of some of the 21st century’s most promising technologies. In order to utilize and rationally design materials at the nanoscale the reliable characterization of their physico-chemical properties is highly important. Furthermore, the European Commission has taken measures via the REACH Regulations to control the classification of nanomaterials. REACH Annexes which entered into force in January 2020 require manufacturers to register nanomaterials that are traded in larger quantities (at least 1 ton). Every powder or dispersion where 50% (number distribution) of the constituent particles have sizes ≤ 100 nm in at least one dimension are defined as a nanomaterial. This creates a need for both industrial manufacturers and research and analytical service facilities to reliably characterize potential nanomaterials. Currently, BAM is working on developing reference nanoparticles, which shall expand the scarce list of worldwide available nano reference materials certified for particle size distribution, but also targeting other key parameters such as shape, structure (including porosity) and functional properties. Thus, candidate materials are considered to complement the already available spherical and monodisperse silica, Au and polystyrene reference nanoparticles, e.g. iron oxide and titanium oxide, with an average atomic number between those of silica and gold. Particularly for the imaging by electron microscopies, new nanoparticles of well-defined size in the range of 10 nm are decisive for the accurate particle segmentation by setting precise thresholds. Statement of Contribution/Methods Synthesis: Highly monodisperse iron oxide nanoparticles can be synthesized in large quantities by thermal decomposition of iron oleate or iron acetylacetonate precursors in high boiling solvents such as octadecene or dioctyl ether in the presence of oleic acid and oleylamine as capping agents. Scanning Electron Microscope: An SEM of type Supra 40 from Zeiss has been used including the dedicated measurement mode transmission in SEM (STEM-in-SEM) with a superior material contrast for the nanoparticle analysis. The software package ImageJ has been used for the analysis of the STEM-in-SEM images and to determine the particle size distribution. Dynamic Light scattering (DLS): Particles in suspension were measured in comparison by means of Zetasizer Nano (Malvern Panalytical; cumulants analysis) and NanoFlex (Microtrac; frequency power spectrum). Results/Discussion In this study iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized at BAM and pre-characterized by DLS, SEM (including the transmission mode STEM-in-SEM) are presented. The particles are spherical and highly monodisperse with sizes slightly larger than 10 nm. T2 - Nanosafe 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 16.11.2020 KW - Reference nanomaterials KW - Imaging techniques KW - Size and size distribution KW - Reliable characterization KW - Iron oxide nanoparticles PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51767 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hörenz, Christoph A1 - Tache, O. A1 - Bartczak, D. A1 - Nunez, S. A1 - Abad Alvaro, I. A1 - Goenaga-Infante, H. A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan T1 - A Study on the Analysis of Particle Size Distribution for Bimodal Model Nanoparticles by Electron Microscopy N2 - The present study addresses the capability of measurement of relative particle number concentration by scanning electron microscopy for model bimodal silica and gold samples prepared in the frame of the European research project “nPSize - Improved traceability chain of nanoparticle size measurements” as candidate reference nanoparticles. KW - Nanoparticles KW - Particle size distribution KW - Bimodal size distribution KW - Traceability PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927620021054 VL - 26 IS - S2 SP - 2282 EP - 2283 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - Cambridge, UK AN - OPUS4-51771 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Cios, G. A1 - Tokarski, T. A1 - Mansfeld, Ulrich A1 - Ortel, Erik A1 - Mielke, Johannes A1 - Pellegrino, F. A1 - Maurino, V. T1 - Towards 3D Understanding of Non-spherical Nanoparticles by Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction (TKD) for Improved Particle Size Distribution by Electron Microscopy N2 - In this paper one refined approach is applied to determine the exact orientation of bipyramidal TiO2 nanoparticles prepared with good dispersion as almost isolated particles on a carbon TEM grid. The advantages of the recently developed high-throughput Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction (TKD) are used to identify quickly and reliably the geometrical orientation of the crystalline TiO2 nanoparticle bipyramids (anatase) on a statistically relevant number of particles. KW - Nanoparticles KW - Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction (TKD) KW - Electron microscopy KW - TiO2 KW - 3D PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927620013999 VL - 26 IS - S2 SP - 260 EP - 261 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - Cambridge, UK AN - OPUS4-51772 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rühle, Bastian A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan T1 - Towards Automated Electron Microscopy Image Segmentation for Nanoparticles of Complex Shape by Convolutional Neural Networks N2 - In this contribution different ways are explored with the aim to generate suitable training data for ‘non-ideal’ samples using various approaches, e.g., computer-generated images or unsupervised learning algorithms such as generative adversarial networks (GANs). We used these data to train simple CNNs to produce segmentation masks of SEM images and tested the trained networks on real SEM images of complex nanoparticle samples. The novel use of CNN for the automated analysis of the size of nanoparticles of complex shape and with a high degree of agglomeration has proved to be a promising tool for the evaluation of particle size distribution on a large number of constituent particles. Further development and validation of the preliminary model, respectively larger training and validation data sets are necessary. KW - Nanoparticles KW - Convolutional neural networks KW - Image segmentation KW - Electron microscopy KW - Automatisation PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927620017262 VL - 26 IS - S2 SP - 1188 EP - 1189 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - Cambridge, UK AN - OPUS4-51773 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kepes, E. A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. A1 - Pořízka, P. A1 - Kaiser, J T1 - Spatiotemporal spectroscopic characterization of plasmas induced by non-orthogonal laser ablation N2 - Ablation geometry significantly affects the plasma parameters and the consequent spectroscopic observations in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Nevertheless, plasmas induced by laser ablation under inclined incidence angles are studied to a significantly lesser extent compared to plasmas induced by standard orthogonal ablation. However, inclined ablation is prominent in stand-off applications, such as the Curiosity Mars rover, where the orthogonality of the ablation laser pulse cannot be always secured. Thus, in this work, we characterize non-orthogonal ablation plasmas by applying plasma imaging, tomography, and spectral measurements. We confirm earlier observations according to which non-orthogonal ablation leads to a laser-induced plasma that consists of two distinct parts: one expanding primarily along the incident laser pulse and one expanding along the normal of the sample surface. Moreover, we confirm that the former emits mainly continuum radiation, while the latter emits mainly sample-specific characteristic radiation. We further investigate and compare the homogeneity of the plasmas and report that inclined ablation affects principally the ionic emissivity of laser-induced plasmas. Overall, our results imply that the decreased fluence resulting from inclined angle ablation and the resulting inhomogeneities of the plasmas must be considered for quantitative LIBS employing non-orthogonal ablation. KW - Radon transformation KW - Laser induced plasma KW - Plasma tomography PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d0an01996h VL - 146 IS - 3 SP - 920 EP - 929 PB - The Royal Society of Chemistry AN - OPUS4-51774 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan T1 - Minimum Requirements for Nanomaterial Data - Examples with Electron Microscopy and Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy N2 - In dem Vortrag werden, anhand ausgewählten Beispielen aus der Elektronenmikroskopie und EDX-Elementanalyse, die minimalen Anforderungen an Referenzdaten für zuverlässige und reproduzierbare Ergebnisse (z.B. Partikelgrößenverteilung, Elementzusammensetzung) bei der Charakterisierung von Nanomaterialien vorgestellt und diskutiert. N2 - Based on practical examples of analysis with Electron Microscopy and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy, the minimum information requirements for reliable and reproducible nanomaterial characterization data such as particle size and shape distribution and elemental analysis are presented and discussed. T2 - nano@BAM-Workshop Digitalisierung in der Nanosicherheit CY - Online meeting DA - 04.12.2020 KW - Nanoparticles KW - Electron microscopy KW - EDX KW - Reference data KW - Reproducibility KW - Standardisation PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51775 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adame, Andressa A1 - Ostermann, Markus T1 - Development of an automatic system for in situ analysis of soil using a handheld Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) N2 - The project “Intelligence for Soil” (I4S) aims at the design of an integrated system for improvement of soil functions and fertilizer recommendations. This system is composed by different sensors that will provide a detailed assessment of soil properties and processes, which are prerequisites for a site-specific, resource-saving and ecofriendly soil management, considering the soil as a sustainable resource for the bioeconomy. One of these sensors will be an energy-dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence spectrometer. It is a non-destructive technique suitable for in-situ measurements due to a minimum sample preparation and it allows fast multielement analyses. In this work, an automatic system has been developed using a handheld equipment from Olympus (Vanta C series). A polypropylene (PP) film was used to protect the measuring window of the device from dust and possible cross-contamination. To control the stepper motor that unrolls the PP film, a microcontroller was used to ensure that a piece of clean PP is in front of the measuring window for each new analysis. Preliminary calibration studies using pre-defined methods, Geochem and Soil Methods, were performed with the following Certified Reference Materials (CRMs): NRC Till 1-3, NIST 2710, BAM U110, ERM CC141, BCR 142R, IAEA Soil 7. The CRMs were measured 10 times at different spots. The spot size was 10 mm in diameter, irradiation time was 60 ? s. The averaged data from X ray characteristic emission line intensities for Al, P, Si, Ca, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Ni Kα were in close agreement with certified mass fraction data. The linear correlation coefficients (r) ranged from 0.852 for P to 0.999 for Mn. A second round of calibration studies were performed with the following CRMs: GBW07402, GBW 07405, NCS DC 73023, NCS DC 73030, NCS DC 85109, NCS DC 87104, NIST 1646a, NIST 2704, NIST 2710, NRC Till 1-3, VS 2498-83, and the same pre-defined methods and experimental parameters were employed. The results of the 13 CRMs were now compared with the values obtained by a validated WDXRF method. The linear correlation coefficients (r) ranged from 0.998 for Ca to 0.999 for Zn. Other elements such as S, K and Ti can also be properly determined, but validation still requires more robust calibration models. Further calibration studies will be performed in order to circumvent matrix effects and to guarantee reliable results. Besides that, the automatic system will be placed on a mobile sensor platform and the system will be tested in the field. A guidance for on site-specific fertilization integrating the results obtained from different sensors placed on the platform is expected. T2 - 16. Kolloquium Prozessanalytik CY - Online Meeting DA - 23.11.2020 KW - Röntgenfluoreszenz KW - Boden KW - XRF KW - Soil PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51776 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Feldkamp, Martin A1 - Quercetti, Thomas A1 - Wille, Frank T1 - Outcomes of Three Large-Scale Fire Reference Tests Conducted in Propane Gas Fire Test Facility N2 - Packages for the transport of high-level radioactive material are designed to withstand severe accidents. Hypothetical severe accident conditions are defined in the IAEA Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Materials. One of these accident conditions is the thermal test, mainly consisting of a 30 minute fully engulfing 800°C pool fire or an equally severe fire test. The heat fluxes into the package depend substantially on the fire characteristics and the surface temperature of the package. Fire tests can be performed at BAM on a propane gas fire test facility. In order to investigate the heat fluxes over a wide range of surface temperatures in this test facility a fire reference package was designed for multiple use. The package represented the outer geometry of a specific transport cask for radioactive waste. The fire reference package is a closed steel sheet cylinder with a wall thickness of 10 mm, a length of 1500 mm and a diameter of 1050 mm. The package was instrumented with thermocouples and filled with heat resistant insulation material. Three open-air fire tests were performed in the BAM propane gas fire test facility. The flames exposure time period varied slightly for the fire tests. The wind direction as well as the wind speed were measured and changed between and during the tests. Test stand parameters such as wind shield location and propane gas volume flow were chosen constant for the three tests. The locally measured fire reference package steel sheet temperatures were used for the calculation of heat fluxes as function of time and surface temperature. The measured temperatures allowed further calculations. In a first approach effective fire characteristics of the propane gas fire, including the flame temperature, the fire convection coefficient and a radiation exchange coefficient mathematically describing the determined average heat flux over the surface temperature were calculated. T2 - Abteilungskolloquium 3.3 CY - Online meeting DA - 03.12.2020 KW - Fire KW - Heat flux KW - Convection coefficient KW - Adiabatic surface temperature KW - IAEA PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51778 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ruwe, L. A1 - Schmidt, Dirk A1 - Heidermann, T. A1 - Gutte, F. A1 - Lucassen, A. A1 - Bosse, P. T1 - Comparative study on the performance of the standardized test method for detonation flame arrestors N2 - Detonation flame arresters are widely used as protection systems in industrial applications to avoid damage from incidental gas explosions, by preventing the propagation of the ongoing explosion from one section of a plant to another. Numerous processes in the chemical and petrochemical industry are taking place under non-atmospheric conditions (e.g. increased pressure and/or temperature) in order to optimize the production capabilities. The suitability of detonation flame arresters is verified and examined according to the DIN EN ISO 16852 standard, which is only based on findings from experiments under atmospheric conditions. In some instances, differing results are obtained by the different institutes using the current standardized test procedure, especially for instable detonations as well as for detonations at elevated pressures before ignition. The primary objective of this study is to develop an improved test method for detonation flame arresters, which offers a higher reproducibility and moreover, an applicability under non-atmospheric conditions. For this aim, the project partners (PTB, BAM, Braunschweiger Flammenfilter GmbH and IBExU GmbH) jointly conduct an interlaboratory comparison on the performance of in-line flame arresters for stable and instable detonations. The experiments are performed according to the test method regulated in the DIN EN ISO 16852 standard for different pressures before ignition and for different explosion groups (IIA, IIB, IIC). The interlaboratory comparison points out potential ambiguities of the standardized test procedure that might lead to the differing results at the different institutes. Based on these experimental findings, an improved test method for detonation flame arresters will be developed, which will ensure a greater safety at process plants while handling combustible liquids and gases. T2 - 10. ProcessNet-Jahrestagung und 34. DECHEMA-Jahrestagung der Biotechnologen 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 21.09.2020 KW - Pipes KW - Detonation KW - Flame arrestor PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51558 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gräf, T. A1 - Hicke, Konstantin A1 - Heidmann, G. A1 - Kölling, M. A1 - Menge, M. A1 - Vaterrodt, K. T1 - Integrierte lokale und verteilte faseroptische Sensorik zum flächende-ckenden Online-Monitoring von Kabelanlagen und Betriebsmitteln N2 - Faseroptische Sensorsysteme bieten heute die Möglichkeit des Online-Monitorings von sensiblen, für die Energieversorgung wichtigen Betriebsmitteln. Insbesondere Hochenergiekabel, wie diese sowohl im Offshore- als auch im Onshorebereich eingesetzt werden, sind prädestiniert für eine zustandsorientierte Überwachung. Gerade Hochspannungshochenergiekabel sind Betriebsmittel, die im Falle eines Ausfalls durch Schäden mit hohen Reparatur- und Folgekosten verbunden sind. Mit dem Einsatz von faseroptischen Sensoren sind mechanische Einflüsse wie Vibrationen z. B. verursacht durch Ankerfall, Temperaturhotspots oder auch Teilentladungsaktivitäten an dezidierten vulnerablen Stellen wie Kabelendverschlüssen oder –muffen über längere Kabelstrecken detektierbar. Der Einsatz von im Rahmen des Verbundprojekts Monalisa entwickelter faseroptischer Diagnosetechnik in Verbindung mit faseroptischen Sensoren wird hier aufgezeigt. T2 - VDE Fachtagung Hochspannungstechnik CY - Online-Meeting DA - 09.11.2020 KW - Verteilte faseroptische Sensorik KW - Energiekabel KW - Zustandsüberwachung KW - Infrastrukturmonitoring KW - Eingebettete Sensorik PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-8007-5353-6 SN - 0341-3934 VL - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - VDE Verlag GmbH CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-51559 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Seher, Julia A1 - Rübner, Katrin A1 - Schnell, A. T1 - Hydrothermalgranulate - Verwertungsmöglichkeit für gemischten Mauerwerkbruch und Papierasche N2 - Jährlich fallen in Deutschland ca. 56 Mio. t mineralischer Bauschutt an, der eine vielfältig einsetzbare sekundäre Rohstoffquelle darstellt. Trotz hoher Verwertungsquoten werden Bau- und Abbruchabfälle zum Teil deponiert, weil geeignete und rentable Verwertungswege fehlen. Der Reststoff Mauerwerkbruch ist ein heterogenes SiO2-reiches Gemisch aus Ziegel, Beton- und Leichtbetonsteinen, Kalksandstein, Porenbeton, Putz und Mörtel. Die un-einheitliche Zusammensetzung und mehr als 50 % Feinanteile durch die mechanische Aufbereitung verhindern meist eine unmittelbare Wiederverwertung als RC-Gemisch. Eine Möglichkeit der effektiven Verwertung von Mauerwerkbruchmehlen stellt das rohstoffliche Recycling über einen hydrothermalen Stoffumwandlungsprozess dar, bei dem poröse Granulate entstehen. Aus den Granulateigenschaften, insbesondere der Porenstruktur, ergeben sich Anwendungen als Filter- oder Speichermaterial, d. h. auch in Bereichen, die über den Bausektor hinausgehen. Hierbei können die Granulate leichte Gesteinskörnungen natürlichen Ursprungs, z. B. Lavasand oder Blähtone, ersetzen und somit einen Beitrag zur Schonung natürlicher Ressourcen leisten. Im Fokus des aktuellen ZIM-Projekts HYTEGRA steht die Entwicklung eines solchen hydrothermalen Herstellungsprozesses und die umfassende Charakterisierung der hergestellten Hydrothermalgranulate. Als sekundäre Rohstoffquelle wird neben SiO2-reichem Mauerwerkbruch aus Bau- und Abbruchabfällen auch CaO-reiche Papierasche eingesetzt. Die-se Asche aus dem Altpapierrecycling weist ebenfalls ein erhebliches Verwertungsdefizit auf. Ihr Freikalk ermöglicht den Einsatz als Kalksubstitut. Die Herstellung der Hydrothermalgranulate erfolgt in einem mehrstufigen mechanischen Prozess mit abschließender hydrothermaler Behandlung. Das konventionell mechanisch aufbereitete Abbruchmaterial (RC-Gemisch < 32 mm) wird mittels Kugelmühle zu einem Mehl (< 120 µm) verarbeitet, welches im Intensivmischer unter Zugabe von Kalk und Wasser granuliert wird. Die Härtung der Grüngranulate erfolgt hydrothermal unter erhöhtem Druck in gesättigter Wasserdampfatmosphäre bei Temperaturen von etwa 200 °C. Während des Härtungsprozesses bilden sich aus Quarz (SiO2), Kalk (CaO) und Wasser Calciumsilicathydrat-Phasen, die für die benötigte Festigkeit und Porosität der Hydrothermalgranulate sorgen. Durch die Variation der Syntheseparameter Temperatur, Druck, Zeit und SiO2-CaO-Mischungsverhältnis während der hydrothermalen Härtung, aber auch durch die Prozessführung der Granulierung, wird die Variation und gezielte Einstellung der Eigenschaften der Hydrothermalgranulate ermöglicht. In Kooperation mit Industriepartnern werden die hergestellten Hydrothermalgranulate in verschiedenen Applikationsbereichen getestet, z.B. in Bodenfiltern zur Abwasserbehandlung sowie als temporärer Wasserspeicher zur inneren Nachbehandlung von hochfestem Beton und in Pflanzsubstraten. Im Tagungsbeitrag wird das Projekt HYTEGRA vorgestellt, insbesondere der hydrothermale Verwertungsweg unter Verwendung von Mauerwerkbruch und Papierasche im Labor- und Technikumsmaßstab sowie die Anwendung der hergestellten porösen Granulate als Filter- und Speichermaterial. T2 - Tagung "Aufbereitung und Recycling" 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 12.11.2020 KW - Mauerwerkbruch KW - Papierasche KW - Rohstoffliches Recycling KW - Poröse Granulate PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51560 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krütt, Enno A1 - Weise, Frank A1 - Meng, Birgit T1 - Einfluss einer druckschwellinduzierten Degradation von Fahrbahndeckenbeton auf die schädigende AKR T1 - Influence of cyclic compressive loading induced degradation of road pavement concrete on harmful AAR N2 - In den letzten Jahren sind im deutschen Bundesautobahnnetz verstärkt Schäden an vor 2005 errichteten Betonfahrbahndecken aufgetreten, die mit einer Alkali-Kieselsäure-Reaktion (AKR) in Verbindung gebracht werden. Neben dem AKR-fördernden Einfluss von alkalihaltigen Taumitteln werden Fahrbahndecken zyklischen mechanischen Belastungen infolge des Verkehrs und Zwangsspannungen durch klimatische Einwirkungen ausgesetzt. Solche mechanischen Belastungen werden bisher in keinem AKR-Prüfverfahren berücksichtigt. Die zyklischen Belastungen können zu einer Degradation des Betongefüges führen, die ggf. einen AKR-fördernden Einfluss hat. Dieser Beitrag stellt Untersuchungen vor, die zur Beantwortung der Frage nach dem Einfluss einer zyklischen mechanischen Belastung auf den AKR-Schadensprozess beitragen. Dabei wird der Hypothese nachgegangen, dass die ermüdungsinduzierte Degradation zu einer Erhöhung des Stofftransports führt. Dieser hat einen Einfluss auf die AKR-Schadensentwicklung, da die Reaktionspartner zunächst zum Reaktionsort transportiert werden müssen. Daher wird angenommen, dass sich mit dem Stofftransport auch die AKR-Schädigung verstärkt. Es werden Betonproben aus typischen Fahrbahndeckenbetonen einer vorgeschalteten zyklischen Druckschwellbelastung ausgesetzt. Die Degradation infolge der Vorbelastung wird simultan mittels ZfP-Verfahren charakterisiert. Anschließend werden die Auswirkungen der zyklischen Vorschädigung auf den Stofftransport sowie auf die AKR vergleichend an Prüfkörpern ohne und mit Vorschädigung untersucht. Die Ergebnisse lassen den Schluss zu, dass die zyklische Vorschädigung sowohl den Stofftransport als auch die AKR fördert. N2 - In recent years the German motorway network has seen an increase in the occurrence of damage to concrete road surfaces built before 2005, which can be attributed to the alkali-silica reaction (ASR). In addition to exposure to ASR-stimulating alkalirich deicing-agents, road surfaces are also subjected to cyclical mechanical loading resulting from traffic and induced stresses due to climatic impact. Such mechanical loadings are not considered in any of the previously developed ASR testing procedures. This cyclical loading could, however, lead to a degradation of the concrete microstructure and, in turn, stimulate the ASR-process. This article presents investigations that contribute to answering the question of whether a mechanically induced degradation influences the ASR-process. The hypothesis that the mechanically induced degradation leads to an increase in mass transport is examined. The mass transport is important for the ASR process because the reactants need to be transported to the reaction location before the reaction can take place. Therefore, it is assumed that increased mass Transport also leads to increased ASR damage. Concrete specimens made of typical pavement concretes are subjected to a predamaging cyclic compressive loading. The degradation is characterized simultaneously during the pre-damaging process using non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques. Then the effects of the cyclical pre-damage on the mass transport as well as on the ASR are determined by comparing results from test specimens with and without pre-damage. The results lead to the conclusion that the cyclical pre-damage increases both the mass transport and the ASR. KW - Stofftransport KW - Betonfahrbahndecken KW - AKR KW - Zyklische Belastung KW - Degradation PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/best.202000017 SN - 0005-9900 VL - 115 IS - 10 SP - 779 EP - 788 PB - Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-51561 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Friedrich, Sebastian A1 - Cappella, Brunero T1 - Application of contact-resonance AFM methods to polymer samples N2 - Contact-resonance AFM (CR-AFM) has been used in recent years for the measurement of mechanical properties. Compared with other techniques, CR-AFM has a much shorter acquisition time, compensating the incomplete theoretical understanding of the underlying physical phenomena. In the present paper, we propose a procedure, which allows to determine the elastic modulus of the sample as a parameter of the fit of the CR frequency as a function of the load. It is concluded that CR measurements are not appropriate for polymer samples. Major drawbacks are the bad resolution for moduli lower than ca. 10 GPa and the lack of a comprehensive physical model. KW - Atomic force microscopy KW - Contact resonance KW - Mechanical properties KW - Polymers KW - Wear PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-515621 DO - https://doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.11.154 VL - 11 SP - 1714 EP - 1727 AN - OPUS4-51562 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Xue, Boyang A1 - You, Yi A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. A1 - Zheng, R. A1 - Riedel, Jens T1 - High-throughput underwater elemental analysis by μJ-laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy at kHz repetition rates: part I, ultrasound-enhanced optical emission spectroscopy towards application perspectives N2 - In recent years, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has gained significant attention as a means for simple elemental analyses. The suitability of LIBS for contactless analysis allows it to be a perfect candidate for underwater applications. While the majority of LIBS systems still rely upon sub-kHz pulsed lasers, this contribution introduces 10s-kHz low pulse-energy lasers into underwater LIBS to improve the throughput and statistical validity. Interestingly, the spectral component significantly changed above a critical laser repetition-rate threshold. Spectral lines of atomic hydrogen and oxygen stemming from water become visible beyond a ∼10 kHz repetition rate. This observation suggests a different plasma dynamic compared to low repetition rates. When the pulse-to-pulse interval becomes sufficiently short, a cumulative effect begins to be significant. Apparently, the new phenomena occur on a timescale corresponding to a threshold rate of ∼10 kHz, i.e. ∼100 μs. Analytically, the high repetition rates result in improved statistical validity and throughput. More plasma events per unit time allowed the use of low efficiency Echelle spectrometers without compromising on the analytical performance. Meanwhile, the presence of H I and O I out of the water (as the matrix) also offers internal standardization in underwater elemental analysis. Since the laser fluence was on the lower edge of the plasma threshold, an additional ultrasound source was introduced to induce external perturbation, which significantly improved the plasma formation stability. A huge advantage of LIBS is the possibility of detecting almost all elements within a sample simultaneously. Throughout the periodic table, chlorine is one of the most challenging elements. Consequently, Ca2+ and Na+ were used as samples to demonstrate the capability of this high repetition-rate LIBS platform. As an ambitious benchmark for our system, chlorine detection in water was also discussed. KW - High repetition rate KW - Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D0JA00290A VL - 35 IS - 12 SP - 2901 EP - 2911 PB - The Royal Society of Chemistry AN - OPUS4-51564 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Xue, Boyang A1 - You, Yi A1 - Riedel, Jens T1 - High-throughput underwater elemental analysis by μJ-laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy at a kHz repetition rate: part II, understanding the high repetition-rate from a fundamental perspective N2 - The technological advances in lasers enabled the wide application of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) as a powerful analytical means for elemental analyses. Rather than commonly used lasers that operate at several to several-tens of Hz, the high repetition rate ones that operate at tens of kHz showed superior analytical advantages while implying unique excitation pathways. Specifically, the production of excited atomic hydrogen and oxygen, which can serve as internal standards, is quite different from that in commonly reported double-pulse LIBS. In this part of the work, it was found that the atomic emitters stemming from water are not related to cavitation bubbles. Moreover, the emitter productions of dissolved species, e.g., Na+, and water-related species, e.g., H-α, are two distinctive mechanisms. Towards analytical applications of the high repetition-rate system, the fundamental investigation can provide important guidelines to address real-life challenges. In this part of the work, the high repetition-rate regime of operation is explored from a more kinetic perspective. KW - High repetition rate KW - Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D0JA00291G VL - 35 IS - 12 SP - 2912 EP - 2919 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry AN - OPUS4-51565 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bierstedt, Andreas A1 - Warschat, Carsten A1 - You, Yi A1 - Rurack, Knut A1 - Riedel, Jens T1 - Stimulated Raman scattering by intracavity mixing of nanosecond laser excitation and fluorescence in acoustically levitated droplets N2 - Raman spectroscopy is becoming a commonly used, powerful tool for structural elucidation and species identification of small liquid samples, e.g. in droplet-based digital microfluidic devices. Due to the low scattering cross sections and the temporal restrictions dictated by the droplet flow, however, it depends on amplification strategies which often come at a cost. In the case of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), this can be an enhanced susceptibility towards memory effects and cross talk, whereas resonant and/or stimulated Raman techniques require higher instrumental sophistication, such as tunable lasers or the high electromagnetic field strengths which are typically provided by femtosecond lasers. Here, an alternative instrumental approach is discussed, in which stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) is achieved using the single fixed wavelength output of an inexpensive diode-pumped solid-state (DPSS) nanosecond laser. The required field strengths are realized by an effective light trapping in a resonator mode inside the interrogated droplets, while the resonant light required for the stimulation is provided by the fluorescence signal of an admixed laser dye. To elucidate the underlying optical processes, proof-of-concept experiments are conducted on acoustically levitated droplets, mimicking a highly reproducible and stable digital fluidic system. By using isotope-labeled compounds, the assignment of the emitted radiation as Raman scattering is firmly corroborated. A direct comparison reveals an amplification of the usually weak spontaneous Stokes emission by up to five orders of magnitude. Further investigation of the optical power dependence reveals the resulting gain to depend on the intensity of both, the input laser fluence and the concentration of the admixed fluorophore, leaving SRS as the only feasible amplification mechanism. While in this study stable large droplets have been studied, the underlying principles also hold true for smaller droplets, in which case significantly lower laser pulse energy is required. Since DPSS lasers are readily available with high repetition rates, the presented detection strategy bears a huge potential for fast online identification and characterization routines in digital microfluidic devices. KW - Ultrasonic levitation KW - Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D0AY01504K VL - 12 IS - 42 SP - 5046 EP - 5054 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry AN - OPUS4-51566 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Meng, Xiangmeng A1 - Artinov, Antoni A1 - Bachmann, Marcel A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Numerical study of additional element transport in wire feed laser beam welding N2 - The distribution of the alloying elements from the filler wire in laser beam welding plays an important role on the property of the final weld. In this study, the transport phenomena in the wire feed laser beam welding are investigated numerically. A three-dimensional transient heat transfer and fluid flow model coupled with free surface tracing and element transport is developed. A ray-tracing method with local grid refinement algorithm is used to calculate the multiple reflections and Fresnel absorption on the keyhole wall. The filler material flows backward along the lateral side of the weld pool, and subsequently flows forward along the longitudinal plane to bring the additional alloying elements to the forepart of the weld pool. The occurrence of the bulging phenomenon may further prevent the downward transfer of the additional elements to the root of the weld pool. The numerical results show a good agreement with the experimental fusion line and element distribution. T2 - 11th CIRP Conference on Photonic Technologies [LANE 2020] CY - Online meeting DA - 07.09.2020 KW - Laser beam welding KW - Element transport KW - Filler material PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51568 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ziesche, R. A1 - Robinson, J. A1 - Kok, M. A1 - Markötter, Henning A1 - Kockelmann, W. A1 - Kardjilov, N. A1 - Manke, I. A1 - Brett, D. A1 - Shearing, P. T1 - Editors’ Choice—4D Neutron and X-ray Tomography Studies of High Energy Density Primary Batteries: Part I. Dynamic Studies of LiSOCl2 during Discharge N2 - The understanding of dynamic processes in Li-metal batteries is an important consideration to enable the full capacity of cells to be utilised. These processes, however, are generally not directly observable using X-ray techniques due to the low attenuation of Li; and are challenging to visualise using neutron imaging due to the low temporal resolution of the technique. In this work, complementary X-ray and neutron imaging are combined to track the dynamics of Li within a primary Li/SOCl2 cell. The temporal challenges posed by neutron imaging are overcome using the golden ratio imaging method which enables the identification of Li diffusion in operando. This combination of techniques has enabled an improved understanding of the processes which limit rate performance in Li/SOCl2 cells and may be applied beyond this chemistry to other Li-metal cells. KW - Nneutron imaging KW - X-ray imaging KW - Tomography KW - Primary Battery PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-515802 DO - https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abbbbc SN - 1945-7111 VL - 13 IS - 167 SP - 130545 PB - IOP Publishing AN - OPUS4-51580 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Honrao, S. J. A1 - Rizzardi, Q. A1 - Maaß, Robert A1 - Trinkle, D. R. A1 - Hennig, R. G. T1 - Split-vacancy defect complexes of oxygen in hcp and fcc cobalt N2 - One of the most ubiquitous and important defects in solids is oxygen. Knowledge about the solubility and diffusivity of oxygen in materials is crucial to understand a number of important technological processes, such as oxidation, corrosion, and heterogeneous catalysis. Density-functional theory calculations of the thermodynamics and kinetics of oxygen in cobalt show that oxygen diffusing into the two close-packed phases, namely α (hcp) and β (fcc), strongly interacts with vacancies.We observe the formation of oxygen split-vacancy centers (V-Oi-V) in both phases, and we show that this defect complex exhibits a similar migration energy barrier to the vacancy and oxygen interstitials. In contrast to the vacancy and oxygen interstitials, the oxygen split-vacancy centers exhibit an anisotropic strain field that couples to applied stress, making it possible to observe them through an internal friction experiment on quenched cobalt. KW - Split-vacancy defect complexes PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.4.103608 VL - 4 IS - 10 SP - 103608-1 EP - 103608-9 PB - American Physical Society AN - OPUS4-51582 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Czeskleba, Denis A1 - Rhode, Michael A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas T1 - Entwicklung von Wärmenachbehandlungskonzepten zur Vermeidung von spannungsrelaxationsrissen N2 - Vorstellung des Projekts Vh_9475 im Rahmen eines Kolloquiums der OVGU Magdeburg. In diesem Projekt wird erforscht, welchen Einfluss die PWHT-Parameter Aufheizrate und Haltetemperatur auf die Rissanfälligkeit von 13CrMoV9-10 haben. Diese Präsentation stellt den aktuellen Projektstand dar, gibt eine Übersicht über die Rissentstehung und wie die Forschungsstelle bei ihren Forschungen zu diesem Projekt vorgeht. Gleichzeitig wurde die Versuchstechnik vorgestellt und insbesondere die neue UP-Schweißanlage präsentiert. T2 - BMDK CY - Online meeting DA - 18.11.2020 KW - Spannungsrelaxationsrisse KW - 13CrMoV9-10 KW - PWHT KW - BMDK KW - Aufheizrate PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51583 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk A1 - Becker, Amadeus A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas T1 - Projektvorstellung FOSTA P1311: Beanspruchungsgerechte Reparatur von Schweiß-verbindungen bei der Fertigung von Bauteilen aushochfesten Feinkornbaustählen N2 - Bei der Montage von Stahlkonstruktionen kommt es trotz anforderungsgerechter schweißtechnischer Fertigung vereinzelt zur Detektion von unzulässigen Unregelmäßigkeiten im Schweißbereich. Die Verarbeitungsregelwerke empfehlen das lokale thermische Ausfugen betroffener Bereiche und erneutes Schweißen, geben aber aufgrund fehlender wissenschaftlich fundierter Untersuchungen kaum Informationen zu adäquaten Reparaturkonzepten. Dies betrifft insbesondere die Berücksichtigung und Optimierung resultierender schweißbedingter Beanspruchungen durch hohe Schrumpfbehinderungen der Ausfugenuten sowie der Gefügedegradation angrenzender Bereiche durch das Ausfugen und erneute Schweißen. Gerade bei hochfesten Stahlgüten ergeben sich dadurch häufig reduzierte mechanische Eigenschaften und zusätzliche schweißbedingte Beanspruchungen sowie erneut auftretende Nahtdefekte. Deshalb sind für das Forschungsvorhaben systematische bauteilrelevante Untersuchungen der schweißbedingten Beanspruchungen und Gefügeveränderungen reparierter Schweißnähte in Abhängigkeit von der Schrumpfbehinderung und Wärmeführung beim Schweißen und Ausfugen sowie von der Reparaturzyklenanzahl geplant, mit dem Ziel Empfehlungen für beanspruchungs- und werkstoffgerechte Reparaturkonzepte abzuleiten. Hierfür sind gerade Analysen an hochfesten Stahlgüten S500 für den Offshore-Bereich und S960QL für den Mobilkranbau interessant, die zur Errichtung und Fertigung hocheffizienter Konstruktionen wie Windenergieanlagen notwendig sind. Die Erkenntnisse bieten eine Grundlage für entsprechende Normen und Regelwerke. Damit können letztlich Schäden und zumeist teure Nacharbeiten verhindert und eine verbesserte Ausnutzung des hohen Festigkeitspotentials hochfester Stähle erreicht werden. Gerade auch KMU können mit Blick auf die Kosten für Fertigung, Schweißarbeit und Material von den Erkenntnissen beim Einsatz hochfester Stähle, die für eine effiziente Realisierung der Energiewende in Deutschland notwendig sind, profitieren T2 - NA 092-00-05 GA (DVS AG Q 4/Q 4.1) CY - Hamm, Germany DA - 04.03.2020 KW - Reparatur KW - Eigenspannungen KW - Schweißen KW - Wärmeführung KW - Hochfester Feinkornbaustahl KW - Gefügedegradation PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51584 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Richter, Tim A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk A1 - Rhode, Michael A1 - Börner, Andreas T1 - Der Einfluss moderner Bearbeitungsverfahren auf die Oberflächenintegrität von Hoch- und Medium-Entropie-Legierungen N2 - High Entropy Alloys (HEAs) are a recent class of materials. In contrast to conventional alloys, HEAs consist of five alloying elements in equiatomic equilibrium. The high entropy effect is due, among other things, to the increased configuration entropy, which promotes solid solution formation. Many HEAs have enormous application potential due to excellent structural property combinations from very low to high temperatures. For the introduction of HEAs in real components, however, the question of the applicability of machining production technologies for component manufacture is of central importance. This has so far received Little attention in global materials research. Reliable and safe processing is essential for the demand of economical component production for potential areas of application, e.g. in power plant technology. For metals, milling is the standard machining process. This article presents the results of machining analyses. It focuses on the surface integrity resulting from the milling process on a Co20Cr20Fe20Mn20Ni20-HEA. For this purpose, investigations were carried out using ball nose end milling tools for conventional milling process in comparison to an innovative hybrid process available at BAM Berlin, Ultrasonic-Assisted Milling (USAM). USAM promises a lower Degradation of the surface properties due to lower loads on the workpiece surface during machining. For this purpose, basic milling parameters (cutting speed and tooth feed) were systematically varied and cutting forces were measured during the milling experiments. The subsequent Analysis of these forces allows an understanding of the mechanical loads acting on the tool and component surface. These loads cause topographical, mechanical and microstructural influences on the surface and consequently on the surface integrity. For their characterization, light and scanning electron microscopy were used, and the roughness and residual stresses via X-ray diffraction were measured. The results indicate significant advantages using USAM, especially due to reduced cutting forces compared to the conventional milling process. This causes lower mechanical loads on the tool and surface, combined with lower tensile residual stresses on and below the surface, and ultimately results in a significantly enhanced surface integrity. N2 - Hochentropie Legierungen (engl. High Entropy Alloys, HEAs) sind eine relativ neue Werkstoffklasse. Seit ersten Veröffentlichungen im Jahr 2004, steigt das Forschungsinteresse an diesem Werkstoffkonzept stetig an. Im Gegensatz zu herkömmlichen Legierungen bestehen HEAs aus fünf Legierungselementen in äquiatomaren Gleichgewicht. Der Hochentropie-Effekt ist dabei u.a. auf die erhöhte Konfigurationsentropie zurückzuführen, der die Mischkristallbildung fördert. Viele HEAs weisen aufgrund hervorragender struktureller Eigenschaftskombinationen von sehr tiefen bis zu hohen Temperaturen enormes Anwendungspotential auf. Für ihre Anwendung als reale Bauteile stellt sich aber die zentrale Frage der Anwendbarkeit von trennenden Fertigungstechnologien für HEAs. Dies findet in der bisherigen weltweiten Materialforschung bisher kaum Beachtung. Für die Forderung nach wirtschaftlicher Bauteilfertigung ist für potenzielle Anwendungsbereiche, bspw. in der Energietechnik, eine zuverlässige und sichere Verarbeitung von wesentlicher Bedeutung. Fräsen ist dabei ein Standardprozess für die zerspanende Bearbeitung von Metallen. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt Ergebnisse durchgeführter Zerspanbarkeitsanalysen vor. Diese konzentriert sich auf die aus dem Fräsprozesse resultierende Oberflächenintegrität an einem sogenannten „Cantor-HEA“ (mit der Zusammensetzung Co20Cr20Fe20Mn20Ni20). Hierfür wurden Untersuchungen mit konventionellem Kugelkopffräsen durchgeführt und mit dem an der BAM Berlin verfügbaren innovativen Hybridverfahren, dem ultraschallunterstützten Fräsen (engl. Ultrasonic Assisted Milling, USAM), verglichen. USAM verspricht dabei eine geringere Degradation der Oberflächeneigenschaften aufgrund geringerer Belastungen auf die Werkstückoberfläche beim Spanen. Dazu wurden grundlegende Fräsparameter (Schnittgeschwindigkeit und Zahnvorschub) systematisch variiert und während der Fräsexperimente die Zerspankräfte gemessen, deren anschließende Analyse ein Verständnis für die mechanischen Beanspruchungen ermöglicht, die auf Werkzeug und Bauteiloberfläche wirken. Diese Beanspruchungen bedingen eine topographische, mechanische und mikrostrukturelle Beeinflussung der Oberfläche und letztlich der Oberflächenintegrität. Zur deren Charakterisierung wurden Licht- und Rasterelektronen-mikroskopie eingesetzt, sowie die Rauheit mittels 3D-Mikroskop und die Eigenspannungen mittels Röntgendiffraktion gemessen. Die Ergebnisse belegen einen signifikanten den positiven Effekt beim USAM, insbesondere durch reduzierte Zerspankräfte im Vergleich zum konventionellen Kugelkopffräsen. Dies führt zu geringerer mechanischer Beanspruchung von Werkzeug und Oberfläche verbunden mit geringeren Zugeigenspannungen an und unter der Oberfläche und bewirkt schließlich eine wesentlich höhere Oberflächenintegrität. T2 - Symposium on Materials and Joining CY - Magdeburg, Germany DA - 07.09.2020 KW - High entropy alloy KW - Machining KW - Ultrasonic machining PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51586 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk A1 - Kromm, Arne A1 - Lausch, Thomas A1 - Rhode, Michael A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas T1 - Influence of welding stresses on relaxation cracking during heat treatment of a creep-resistant 13CrMoV steel, Part III N2 - Efficiency and flexibility are currently a major concern in the design of modern power plants and chemical processing facilities. The high requirements for economic profitability and in particular climate change neutrality are driving this development. Consequently, plant equipment and chemical reactor components are designed for higher operating pressure and temperature. Creep-resistant CrMo steels had been used as constructional materials for decades but came to operational limitations, for example the resistance against so-called high-temperature hydrogen attack in petrochemical reactors. For that purpose, 20 years ago V-modified CrMo steels had been developed for use in the petrochemical industry due to their very good creep-strength and hydrogen pressure resistance at elevated temperatures enabling long service life of the respective components. For example, the 13CrMoV9-10 steel is applicable for process temperatures of up to 482 °C and hydrogen pressures of up to 34.5 MPa. Due to the large dimensions and wall thickness of the reactors (wall thickness up to 475 mm) and the special alloy concept, reliable weld manufacturing of the components is extremely challenging. First, low toughness and high strength of the weld joint in the as-welded condition are critical regarding weld cracking. High welding residual stresses are the result of the highly restrained shrinkage of the component welds. For this purpose, the entire component must be subjected to Post-Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) after completion of the welding operation. The aim is to increase the toughness of the weld joints as well as to reduce the welding induced residual stresses. Before and during PWHT, extreme caution is required to prevent cracking. Unfortunately, V-modified CrMo steels possess an increased susceptibility to cracking during stress relaxation the so-called stress relief cracking (SRC). Available literature studies have largely focused on thermal and metallurgical factors. However, little attention has been paid on the influence of the welding procedure on crack formation during PWHT considering actual manufacturing conditions. For that reason, we investigated in our previous studies (part I and II), the influence of heat control on the mechanical properties by simulating actual manufacturing conditions prevailing during the construction of petrochemical reactors using a special 3D- acting testing facility. The focus of part I was put on the influence of the welding heat control on mechanical stresses and the effect on cracking during PWHT. Part II was mainly dedicated to the metallurgical causes of SRC during PWHT and the interaction with the occurring mechanical stresses. It could be shown that not only high welding-induced stresses due to increased weld heat input cause higher susceptibility for SRC formation. It was further intensified by an altered precipitation behaviour in presence of mechanical stresses that are caused by the component related restraint. The present part III shows how residual stresses, which are present in such welded components and significantly influence the crack formation, can be transferred to the laboratory scale. As a result, the effect on the residual stresses on the SRC behaviour can be evaluated on simplified small-scale specimens instead of expensive mock-ups. For this purpose, experiments with test set-ups at different scales and under different rigidity conditions were designed and carried out. T2 - IIW Annual Assembly, Meeting of Commission II-A CY - Online meeting DA - 20.07.2020 KW - Welding KW - Creep-resistant steel KW - Residual stresses KW - Post weld heat treatment KW - Stress relief cracking PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51587 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tornaghi, M. L. A1 - Tsionis, G. A1 - Pegon, P. A1 - Molina, J. A1 - Peroni, M. A1 - Korzen, Manfred A1 - Tondini, N. A1 - Covi, P. A1 - Abbiati, G. A1 - Antonelli, M. A1 - Gilardi, B. T1 - Experimental study of braced steel frames subjected to fire after earthquake N2 - The EQUFIRE project aims to study the post-earthquake fire Performance of steel frame structures and is part of the Transnational Access activities of the SERA project (www.sera-eu.org) at the ELSA Reaction Wall of the European Commission - Joint Research Centre. As it has happened in many historical occasions, after an earthquake, earthquakeinduced rupture of gas piping, failure of electrical systems, etc. may trigger fire. The structural fire performance can deteriorate because the fire acts on a previously damaged structure. In addition, the earthquake may have damaged fire protection elements and the fire can spread more rapidly if compartmentation walls have failed. This is particularly relevant for steel structures as the high thermal conductivity of elements with small thickness entails quick temperature rise with consequent fast loss of strength and stiffness. EQUFIRE studied a four-storey three-bay steel frame with concentric bracings in the central bay. The structure was designed for reference peak ground acceleration equal to 0.186g, soil type B and type 1 elastic response spectrum according to Eurocode 8. Tests were performed at the ELSA Reaction Wall and at the furnace of the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM). The experimental activities at the ELSA Reaction Wall comprise pseudo-dynamic tests on a full-scale specimen of the first storey of the building, while the upper three storeys are numerically simulated. The aim is to study the response of the structure and fire protection elements, including their interaction, under the design earthquake and for different configurations: bare frame without fire protection, specimen with three fire protection solutions (conventional and seismic-resistant boards, and vermiculite sprayed coating) applied on the bracing and one column, and with conventional and seismic-resistant fire barrier walls built in the two external bays of the specimen. The testing programme at BAM included fire tests of five columns (two specimens without fire protection elements and three specimens with the types of fire protection mentioned above). Before the fire test, each column was subjected to a horizontal and vertical displacement history resulting from the seismic action. During the fire tests, the effect of the surrounding structure was simulated by limiting the axial thermal expansion. The experimental results will serve to study the response of structural and non-structural components to fire following earthquake scenarios, with a view to improving existing design guidelines and future standards. T2 - The 17th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering - 17WCEE CY - Meeting was canceled DA - 13.09.2020 KW - Fire following earthquake KW - Concentrically braced steel frames KW - Large-scale tests KW - Pseudo-dynamic testing KW - Substructuring PY - 2020 SP - 2i-0104-1 EP - 2i-0104-12 AN - OPUS4-51426 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Würth, Christian A1 - Manley, P. A1 - Voigt, R. A1 - Ahiboz, D. A1 - Becker, C. A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute T1 - Metasurface Enhanced Sensitized Photon Upconversion: Toward Highly Efficient Low Power Upconversion Applications and Nanoscale E-Field Sensors N2 - Large-scale nanoimprinted metasurfaces based on silicon photonic crystal slabs were produced and coated with a NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+ upconversion nanoparticle (UCNP) layer. UCNPs on these metasurfaces yield a more than 500-fold enhanced upconversion emission compared to UCNPs on planar surfaces. It is also demonstrated how the optical response of the UCNPs can be used to estimate the local field energy in the coating layer. Optical simulations using the finite element method validate the experimental results and the calculated spatial three-dimensional field Energy distribution helps us to understand the emission enhancement mechanism of the UCNPs closely attached to the metasurface. In addition, we analyzed the spectral shifts of the resonances for uncoated and coated metasurfaces and metasurfaces submerged in water to enable a prediction of the optimum layer thicknesses for different excitation wavelengths, paving the way to applications such as electromagnetic field sensors or bioassays. KW - Nanoparticles KW - Upconversion KW - Metasurface KW - Field sensor KW - Emission enhancement KW - Photonic crystal PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02548 VL - 20 IS - 9 SP - 6682 EP - 6689 PB - ACS Publications AN - OPUS4-51427 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Oesch, Tyler A1 - Weise, Frank A1 - Marx, Heidi A1 - Kositz, M. A1 - Huenger, K.-J. T1 - Analysis of the porosity of alkali-sensitive aggregates for the assessment of microstructure-dependent solubility in the context of ASR N2 - Intensified Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) damage has occurred on German roadways in recent years, leading to requirements for compulsory pre-construction investigation of aggregate alkali sensitivity using concrete tests with external alkali supply. However, since these tests are time-consuming and cost-intensive, there is interest in replacing them with a solubility test on pure aggregate in 0.1 M KOH solution at 80°C with a defined NaCl content (1wt.-%). In this context, the influence of aggregate pore structure on SiO2 and Al2O3 solubility was investigated in this project. This paper compares the results of porosity studies with X-ray Computed Tomography (3D-CT) and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method on individual quarried and river gravel granules of both rhyolite and greywacke. For visualization and quantification of both externally accessible and fully enclosed surfaces of granules using X-ray 3D-CT, special software tools were developed. The results demonstrated that the river gravel granules had significantly larger externally accessible surfaces than the quarried granules. BET measurements on individual stones showed, as expected, that measured surfaces were about three orders of magnitude larger than those from the X-ray 3D-CT analyses due to the higher spatial resolution of BET. There was no apparent correlation between the X-ray 3D-CT and BET surface areas. Mercury porosimetry measurements indicate that this may be due to the presence of significant porosity below the spatial resolution of the X-ray 3D-CT. A comparison of SiO2 and Al2O3 solubility measurements with the X-ray 3D-CT and BET surface area data resulted only in weak, inconclusive correlations, indicating the need for further experimental investigation. T2 - Microdurability Webinar CY - Online meeting DA - 12.10.2020 KW - X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) KW - Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) Method KW - Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) KW - Porosity KW - Solubility PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51429 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mirtsch, Mona A1 - Koch, Claudia T1 - Nutzung und Wirkung von (zertifizierten) Managementsystemen – aktuelle Erkenntnisse N2 - Ergebnisvorstellung im mitgliederexklusiven Webinar der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Qualität - DGQ zur Nutzung und Wirkung von genormten Managementsystemen als die erste Erhebung im Rahmen von QI-FoKuS. Neben der Motivation hinsichtlich der Anwendung verschiedener Normen, die Anforderungen an Managementsysteme darlegen, sowie den Wirkungen werden insbesondere die Zertifizierung für diese Normen sowie daran anknüpfend die Rolle und Funktion der Akkreditierung – und somit verschiedene Bausteine der QI – adressiert. T2 - Mitgliederexklusives Webinar CY - Online meeting DA - 15.10.2020 KW - Management Systeme KW - QI-FoKuS KW - ISO 9001 KW - ISO/IEC 27001 KW - Zertifizierung KW - Kundenaudit KW - Konformitätsbewertung KW - Akkreditierung PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51431 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Usmani, Shirin M. A1 - Plarre, Rüdiger A1 - Hübert, Thomas A1 - Kemnitz, E. ED - Richter, K. ED - Van de Kulien, J.-W. T1 - Termite resistance of pine wood treated with nano metal fluorides N2 - Fluorides are well-known as wood preservatives. One of the limitations of fluoride-based wood preservatives is their high leachability. Alternative to current fluoride salts such as NaF used in wood protection are low water-soluble fluorides. However, impregnation of low water-soluble fluorides into wood poses a challenge. To address this challenge, low water-soluble fluorides like calcium fluoride (CaF2) and magnesium fluoride (MgF2) were synthesized as nanoparticles via the fluorolytic sol−gel synthesis and then impregnated into wood specimens. In this study, the toxicity of nano metal fluorides was assessed by termite mortality, mass loss and visual analysis of treated specimens after eight weeks of exposure to termites, Coptotermes formosanus. Nano metal fluorides with sol concentrations of 0.5 M and higher were found to be effective against termites resulting in 100% termite mortality and significantly inhibited termite feeding. Among the formulations tested, the least damage was found for specimens treated with combinations of CaF2 and MgF2 with an average mass loss less than 1% and visual rating of “1”. These results demonstrate the efficacy of low water-soluble nano metal fluorides to protect wood from termite attack. KW - Holzschutzmittel KW - Nanoparticles KW - Fluorides KW - Termites PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-514325 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-020-01522-z VL - 78 SP - 493 EP - 499 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-51432 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Dittmann, Daniel A1 - Lucke, T A1 - Hermann, M A1 - Ruhl, A. S. A1 - Winzenbacher, R A1 - Jekel, M A1 - Braun, Ulrike T1 - Aktivkohlecharakterisierung von GAK-Filtern bei unterschiedlichen Laufzeiten N2 - Eine umfangreich ausgestaltete Trinkwasseraufbereitung als Multibarrieren-System ist notwendig, wenn das Rohwasser direkt aus Fließgewässern entnommen wird (z. B. für das Mülheimer Verfahren). Eine der Barrieren wird, als gezielte Behandlungs- oder Sicherheitsstufe, oft als Filter mit granulierter Aktivkohle (GAK-Filter) realisiert. Ihre Standzeit kann bei geringer Wasserbelastung (DOC < 2 mg/L), z. B. bei der Landeswasserversorgung Langenau, bis zu 5 Jahre betragen. Bei Rohwasser mit höherem Organikgehalt (DOC > 7 mg/L), wie bei der Nordwasser in Rostock, wird hingegen mindestens alle drei Jahre die GAK in den Filterkolonnen ausgetauscht. Die Rest-Adsorptionskapazität der GAK kann durch verschiedene Verfahren abgeschätzt werden, ist aber nach wie vor Gegenstand aktueller Forschung. Die weitergehende Charakterisierung der beladenen GAK kann hierbei helfen. Auf dem Poster sollen erste Ergebnisse zu den in Langenau und Rostock eingesetzten Aktivkohlen präsentiert werden. Hierzu wurden die frischen und nach unterschiedlichen Laufzeiten beladenen GAK untersucht. Die Zusammensetzung der Anorganik und der adsorbierten Organik, welche mittels Zersetzungs¬gasanalyse charakterisiert wurde, zeigt deutliche Unterschiede. Bspw. nimmt der Calcium-Gehalt der GAK in Langenau kontinuierlich zu, wohingegen dieser in den Proben aus Rostock mit zunehmender Laufzeit zurückgeht. Umgekehrt verhält es sich mit der Organik: Die GAK aus Rostock zeigen Hinweise auf biologische Besiedelung, während diese in Langenau trotz längerer Filterlaufzeit auszubleiben scheint. T2 - 4. Mülheimer Wasseranalytisches Seminar (MWAS2020) CY - Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany DA - 16.09.2020 KW - Thermogravimetrie KW - Trinkwasser KW - Wasseraufbereitung KW - Aktivkohle PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51433 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dittmann, Daniel A1 - Lucke, T. A1 - Ruhl, A. S. A1 - Winzenbacher, R. A1 - Jekel, M. A1 - Braun, Ulrike T1 - Untersuchungen zu biologischen, organischen und anorganischen Veränderungen granulierter Aktivkohlen während der Trinkwasseraufbereitung N2 - Untersuchungen zu biologischen, organischen und anorganischen Veränderungen granulierter Aktivkohlen während der Trinkwasseraufbereitung des Landeswasserversorgers Langenau. KW - Thermogravimetrie KW - Trinkwasser KW - Wasseraufbereitung KW - Aktivkohle PY - 2020 SN - 0083-6915 VL - 118 IS - 2 SP - 47 EP - 50 PB - Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA AN - OPUS4-51434 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Weimann, Karin A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Gypsum plasterboard recycling - a sustainable approach N2 - Gypsum (calcium sulfate dihydrate) has excellent building material properties and has been widely used in constructions in the last decades in many countries. Accordingly, an increase of waste gypsum in C&D waste is expected in the upcoming years. On one hand, sulfates are unwanted in other secondary building materials (particularly in recycled concrete aggregates) and should be minimized for quality reasons. On the other hand, used gypsum from CDW can also be used in gypsum production if the high quality requirements for the recycled gypsum – especially regarding the sorting accuracy - are met. A large percentage of the gypsum from buildings was installed as gypsum plasterboards in interior fittings so far. Gypsum plasterboards are comparatively simple to remove and to separate during selective dismantling. Therefore, a high sorting purity can be achieved. In addition, techniques for the recycling of gypsum plasterboards already exist and high quality standards can be achieved. Also, the reuse in gypsum production has been improved in the last decade. Furthermore, an environmental evaluation of the whole process of gypsum plasterboard recycling and reuse showed that this approach can be environmentally advantageous. Therefore, a closed-loop recycling of gypsum plasterboards is feasible. This poster will show the development of gypsum consumption in different countries as well as a prognosis for the upcoming of gypsum in CDW in the future decades in Germany. Furthermore, a simplified scheme of the recycling process and selected results from an environmental evaluation will be presented. T2 - Conference on Mining the European Anthroposphere: Poster session CY - Bologna, Italy DA - 20.02.2020 KW - LCA KW - Gypsum recycling PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51435 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kunte, Hans-Jörg A1 - Schwarz, T. A1 - Galinski, E. A. ED - Lee, N. M. T1 - The compatible solute ectoine: protection mechanisms, strain development, and industrial production N2 - Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya can adapt to saline environments by accumulating compatible solutes in order to maintain an osmotic equilibrium. Compatible solutes are of diverse chemical structure (sugars, polyols, amino acid derivatives) and are beneficial for bacterial cells not only as osmoregulatory solutes but also as protectants of proteins by mitigating detrimental effects of freezing, drying, and high temperatures. The aspartate derivative ectoine is a widespread compatible solute in Bacteria and possesses additional protective properties compared with other compatible solutes and stabilizes even whole cells against stresses such as ultraviolet radiation or cytotoxins. Here, it is our intention to go beyond a simple description of effects, but to depict the molecular interaction of ectoine with biomolecules, such as proteins, membranes, and DNA and explain the underlying principles. The stabilizing properties of ectoine attracted industry, which saw the potential to market ectoine as a novel active component in health care products and cosmetics. In joint efforts of industry and research, a large-scale fermentation procedure has been developed with the halophilic bacterium Halomonas elongata used as a producer strain. The development and application of ectoine-excreting mutants from H. elongata (“leaky” mutants) allow for the annual production of ectoine on a scale of tons. The details of the strain development and fermentation processes will be introduced. KW - Ectoine KW - Biotechnology KW - Compatible solute KW - Preferential exclusion KW - Osmophobic effect PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-11-042773-8 SP - 121 EP - 136 PB - De Gruyter AN - OPUS4-51472 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Genga, R. M. A1 - Rokebrand, P. A1 - Cornish, L. A. A1 - Nelwalani, N. A1 - Brandt, Guido A1 - Kelling, Norbert A1 - Woydt, Mathias A1 - Janse van Vuuren, A. A1 - Polese, C. T1 - High-temperature sliding wear, elastic modulus and transverse rupture strength of Ni bonded NbC and WC cermets N2 - The effects of rapid pulse electric current sintering (PECS), substitution of WC by NbC and Co by Ni, and carbide additives (TiC and Mo2C) on the microstructure, elastic modulus, B3B transverse rupture strength (TRS) and high temperature sliding wear on WC-Co, WC-Ni, NbC-Co and NbC-Ni cermets were studied. High temperature sliding wear tests were carried out using a ball-on-disk tribometer, with a 10 N force, at a sliding speed of 1.34 m/s for 0.8 km (10 min) and 2.4 km (30 min), using 100Cr6 (AISI 52100) steel balls at 400 °C and 0% humidity. Additions of TiC and Mo2C to NbC-12Ni improved the sliding wear resistance, with TiC having the greater effect, reducing the sample wear rate by over 30% from 15.1×10−6mm3/N·m to 9.4×10−6mm3/N·m after sliding distance of 2.4 km. Generally, the LPS samples had lower wear volumes than the corresponding SPS samples, due to higher K1c and TRS. KW - Pulse electric current sintering KW - Niobium carbide KW - Nickel KW - Molybdenum carbide KW - Titanium carbide PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2019.105143 SN - 0263-4368 VL - 87 SP - 105143 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-51473 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Feltin, N. T1 - Hybrid metrology for microscopy of nanoparticles N2 - This presentation is structured in two parts: i) Hybrid metrology by combining SEM with AFM (N. Feltin) and ii) hybridization and corelative microscopy by SEM, STEM-in-SEM, TEM, EDS, Auger Electron Microscopy, TKD and more (D. Hodoroaba). The first part is focused on the metrological part of the hybrid measurement SEM-AFM, the second part offers some further possibilities of correlative microscopy of nanoparticles based on practical examples. T2 - EMPIR nPSize Training Course "Metrology for Measurement of Nanoparticle Size by Electron Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy" CY - Online meeting DA - 27.10.2020 KW - Nanoparticles KW - SEM KW - AFM KW - Metrology KW - Particle size distribution KW - Correlative imaging KW - STEM-in-SEM (TSEM) PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51476 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan T1 - EMPIR nPSize - Improved Traceability Chain of Nanoparticle Size Measurement; nPSize offer after 2 Ys N2 - The main outcomes of the EMPIR project nPSize are presented and the suitability of the new capabilities (e.g. reference materials, measurement procedures, VAMAS inter-laboratory comparisons) to be standardized and implemented in accredited analytical laboratories is discussed. T2 - EMPIR nPSize Training Course "Metrology for Measurement of Nanoparticle Size by Electron Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy" CY - Online meeting DA - 27.10.2020 KW - Nanoparticles KW - Size KW - Shape KW - Traceability KW - EMPIR KW - Reference materials KW - VAMAS PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51477 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Raedel, Martina A1 - Bücker, Michael A1 - Feldmann, Ines A1 - Reimann, M. T1 - Conservation of damaged architectural aluminum elements N2 - Aluminum is an often-used building material in modern architecture. In recent years buildings from the 1950th and 1960th are increasingly subject of conservation works including the aluminum parts. Typical surface damages are signs of corrosion caused by weathering processes or scratches in the anodized layer due to extensive wear. To repair damaged aluminum surfaces, there are usually two options: smaller areas are repaired by using a touch-up pen, for larger damages it is necessary to remove the anodized layer completely. Both possibilities are disadvantageous for the objects; the touch-up pen often does not match the color together with an insufficient corrosion protection, while newly anodized layers often differ in color and gloss from the original surface. For this reason, a research project was initiated to develop a mobile method to repair anodized aluminum parts. The first step focusses on the mobile anodization process by using the electrolyte with a gel substrate. Different cathodic materials are to be tested together with appropriate cooling material. The anodized area should be isolated to protect undamaged areas. Examinations of the produced layers are conducted by using Keyence microscope, eddy current testing and ESEM analysis. Further steps are to transform the coloring and sealing process for mobile application. Color could be applied by using a brush or by spray while the sealing process could be performed with water vapor. An heatable putty knife could be used, if heating up the area will be necessary. Once the application process is developed, the anodization will be tested on samples with artificial damages, fixed in horizontal and vertical positions. The stability of the anodized surface will be examined by accelerated ageing in a climate chamber and outdoor weathering. The electrolyte (diluted sulfuric acid) was combined with a gel binder to enable a mobile application. Several thickening agents were tested concerning their conductivity and stability in acid systems. Anodization tests with different cathodic material and shapes were conducted. The temperature during anodization was controlled and adjusted if necessary. The anodized area was restricted by using either a lacquer, an adhesive or a removable silicon barrier. The fist results show the feasibility of the method on enclosed areas. The achieved thickness was measured by eddy current testing and the structure was controlled by ESEM analysis. The examinations show a connection between thickness and porosity of the anodized layers and the temperature during the application process. Next steps are testing mobile coloring and sealing methods followed by mobile anodization on artificial damaged areas. T2 - Metal 2019 CY - Neuchâtel, Switzerland DA - 02.09.2019 KW - Mobile anodisation KW - Aluminium KW - Conservation KW - Damage repair PY - 2020 UR - https://www.lulu.com/shop/claudia-chemello-and-laura-brambilla-and-edith-joseph/metal-2019-proceedings-of-the-interim-meeting-of-the-icom-cc-metals-working-group-september-2-6-2019-neuch%C3%A2tel-switzerland-ebook/ebook/product-24517161.html AN - OPUS4-51479 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, Thoralf A1 - Kotula, Stefan A1 - Burkert, Andreas T1 - Ergebnisse des Ringversuchs zur Integration der DIN 55635 in die DIN 50937 N2 - Die Präsentation stellt die Hintergründe und die Ergebnisse des Ringversuchs zur DIN 55635 an Reinzinkblechen vor. Die Ergebenisse dienen der Aufnahme der DIN 55635 in die Vergleichnorm DIN 50937. T2 - Sitzung des Normausschusses NA 062-01-71 AA CY - Online meeting DA - 27.10.2020 KW - Korrosion KW - Korrosionswechselprüfung KW - Zink KW - Stahl KW - Normung PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51480 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, Thoralf A1 - Kotula, Stefan A1 - Burkert, Andreas T1 - Ergebnisse des Ringversuchs zur Integration der DIN 55635 in die DIN 50937 N2 - Die Präsentation zeigt die Motivation und die Ergebnisse des Ringversuchs gemäß DIN 55635 an Zinkblechen. Die dort bestimmten Abtragsraten dienen der Aufnahme der DIN 55635 in die Vergleichsnorm 50937. T2 - Sitzung des Normausschusses NA 062-01-77 AA CY - Online meeting DA - 28.10.2020 KW - Korrosion KW - Korrosionswechselprüfung KW - Zink KW - Stahl KW - Normung PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51481 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, Thoralf A1 - Seifert, Lando A1 - Burkert, Andreas T1 - Aktueller Stand Wipano Projekt: Spannstahlsicherheit – Entwicklung eines neuen Prüfverfahrens zur Beurteilung der Spannungsrisskorrosionsempfindlichkeit von Spannstählen im Spannbetonbau N2 - Die Präsentation stellt das Wipano Projekt Spannstahlsicherheit vor. Es werden die Projektidee, die Projektziele sowie der Projektplan vorgestellt. Weiterhin werden die aktuellen Ergebnisse der dort gemachten Untersuchungen dargestellt. T2 - Sitzung des Normausschusses NA 062-01-77 AA CY - Online meeting DA - 28.10.2020 KW - Korrosion KW - Spannstahlprüfung KW - Spannstahl KW - Normung KW - Spannungsrisskorrosion PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51482 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Askar, Enis T1 - Explosion Protection for Hydrogen Applications N2 - In the this lecture the safety related properties of hydrogen compared to other fuel gases and the explosion protection measures of avoiding flammable mixtures, avoiding ignition sources and mitigating the consequences of explosions are presented. T2 - Guest Lecture at the University of Birmingham CY - Online meeting DA - 19.10.2020 KW - New energy carriers KW - Explosion limits KW - Ignition energy KW - Ignition source KW - Renewable energy PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51531 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schaupp, Thomas A1 - Rhode, Michael A1 - Yahyaoui, Hamza A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas ED - Lippold, J. ED - Boellinghaus, Thomas ED - Norrish, J. ED - Scotti, A. T1 - Hydrogen-assisted cracking in GMA welding of high-strength structural steels using the modified spray arc process N2 - High-strength structural steels are used in machine, steel, and crane construction with yield strength up to 960 MPa. However, welding of these steels requires profound knowledge of three factors in terms of avoidance of hydrogen-assisted cracking (HAC): the interaction of microstructure, local stress/strain, and local hydrogen concentration. In addition to the three main factors, the used arc process is also important for the performance of the welded joint. In the past, the conventional transitional arc process (Conv. A) was mainly used for welding of high-strength steel grades. In the past decade, the so-called modified spray arc process (Mod. SA) has been increasingly used for welding production. This modified process enables reduced seam opening angles with increased deposition rates compared with the Conv. A. Economic benefits of using this arc type are a reduction of necessary weld beads and required filler material. In the present study, the susceptibility to HAC in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the high-strength structural steel S960QL was investigated with the externally loaded implant test. For that purpose, both Conv. A and Mod. SA were used with same heat input at different deposition rates. Both conducted test series showed same embrittlement index “EI” of 0.21 at diffusible hydrogen concentrations of 1.3 to 1.6 ml/100 g of arc weld metal. The fracture occurred in the HAZ or in the weld metal (WM). However, the test series withMod. SA showed a significant extension of the time to failure of several hours compared with tests carried out with Conv. A. KW - High-strength steel KW - GMA welding KW - Diffusible hydrogen KW - Implant test KW - Fractography PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-515330 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-020-00978-0 SN - 1878-6669 SN - 0043-2288 VL - 64 IS - 12 SP - 1997 EP - 2009 PB - Springer CY - Berlin Heidelberg AN - OPUS4-51533 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lüth, Peter A1 - Uhlig, S. A1 - Frost, K. A1 - Malow, Marcus A1 - Michael-Schulz, Heike A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Zakel, S. T1 - CEQAT-DGHS interlaboratory tests for chemical safety: Validation of laboratory test methods by determining the measurement uncertainty and probability of incorrect classification including so-called “Shark profiles” N2 - Laboratory test results are of vital importance for correctly classifying and labelling chemicals as “hazardous” as defined in the UN Globally Harmonized System (GHS) / EC CLP Regulation or as “dangerous goods” as defined in the UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods. Interlaboratory tests play a decisive role in assessing the reliability of laboratory test results. Interlaboratory tests performed over the last 10 years have examined different laboratory test methods. After analysing the results of these interlaboratory tests, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1. There is a need for improvement and validation for all laboratory test methods examined. 2. To avoid any discrepancy concerning the classification and labelling of chemicals, the use of validated laboratory test methods should be state of the art, with the results accompanied by the measurement uncertainty and (if applicable) the probability of incorrect classification. This paper addresses the probability of correct/incorrect classification (for example, as dangerous goods) on the basis of the measurement deviation obtained from interlaboratory tests performed by the Centre for quality assurance for testing of dangerous goods and hazardous substances (CEQAT-DGHS) to validate laboratory test methods. This paper outlines typical results (e.g. so-called “Shark profiles” – the probability of incorrect classification as a function of the true value estimated from interlaboratory test data) as well as general conclusions and steps to be taken to guarantee that laboratory test results are fit for purpose and of high quality. T2 - 13th International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions (ISHPMIE 2020) CY - Braunschweig, Germany DA - 27.07.2020 KW - Dangerous goods KW - Hazardous substances KW - Interlaboratory test KW - Test method KW - Validation KW - Quality assurance KW - Measurement uncertainty KW - Incorrect classification KW - Shark profile PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-515376 UR - https://oar.ptb.de/files/download/5f3e662f4c93901010006dbf DO - https://doi.org/10.7795/810.20200724 VL - 2020 SP - 50 EP - 61 PB - Open Access Repository der Physikalisch-Technischen Bundesanstalt (PTB-OAR) CY - Braunschweig AN - OPUS4-51537 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lüth, Peter A1 - Malow, Marcus T1 - CEQAT-DGHS Ringversuchprogramm für die Chemikaliensicherheit - Probleme bei der Generierung kleiner Durchflüsse für ein Verfahren zur Verifizierung der Prüfapparatur gemäß Prüfmethode UN Test N.5 N2 - Ob Explosion in einem Chemiewerk oder Brand auf einem Gefahrgutfrachter – die Ursachen für Unfälle können vielfältig sein. Prävention beginnt bereits im Prüflabor, wenn Chemikalien auf ihre gefährlichen Eigenschaften getestet werden. Sicherheitsfachleute, Transporteure oder Händler müssen sich jedoch auf die richtige Durchführung der Prüfung und Bewertung verlassen können. Ringversuche, Referenzmaterialien, Verifizoierungsverfahren etc sind Mittel, um Prüfgeräte bzw. die Messergebisse auf ihre Zuverlässigkeit hin zu überprüfen. Im Vortrag ein an der BM neu entwickeltes Verifizierungsfahren für das Prüfverfahren UN-N.5 vorgestellt. Es wird hierbei gezeigt, dass Schwebekörperdurchflussmesser (Rotameter) zur Messung kleiner Durchflüsses nicht ausreichend zuverlässig sind. Es wird deshalb die Entwicklung eines alternativen, gravimetrischen Verifizierungsverfahrens diskutiert. T2 - BAM-PTB-Erfa Messung kleiner Durchflüsse CY - Braunschweig, Germany DA - 16.01.2020 KW - Gefahrgut KW - Gefahrstoff KW - Ringversuch KW - Prüfmethode KW - Verifizierung KW - Validierung KW - Messunsicherheit KW - Qualitätsicherung KW - UN Test N.5 PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51538 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Carl, F. A1 - Grauel, Bettina A1 - Pons, Monica A1 - Würth, Christian A1 - Haase, M. T1 - LiYF4:Yb/LiYF4 and LiYF4:Yb,Er/LiYF4 core/shell nanocrystals with luminescence decay times similar to YLF laser crystals and the upconversion quantum yield of the Yb,Er doped nanocrystals N2 - We developed a procedure to prepare luminescent LiYF4:Yb/LiYF4 and LiYF4:Yb,Er/LiYF4 core/shell nanocrystals with a size of approximately 40 nm revealing luminescence decay times of the dopant ions that approach those of high-quality laser crystals of LiYF4:Yb (Yb:YLF) and LiYF4:Yb,Er (Yb,Er:YLF) with identical doping concentrations. As the luminescence decay times of Yb3+ and Er3+ are known to be very sensitive to the presence of quenchers, the long decay times of the core/shell nanocrystals indicate a very low number of defects in the core particles and at the core/shell interfaces. This improvement in the performance was achieved by introducing two important modifications in the commonly used oleic acid based synthesis. First, the shell was prepared via anewly developed method characterized by a very low nucleation rate for particles of pure LiYF4 shell material. Second, anhydrous acetates were used as precursors and additional drying steps were applied to reduce the incorporation of OH− in the crystal lattice, known to quench the emission of Yb3+ ions. Excitation power density (P)-dependent absolute measurements of the upconversion luminescence quantum yield (Φ,UC) of LiYF4:Yb,Er/LiYF4 core/shell particles reveal a maximum value of 1.25% at P of 180 W·cm−2. Although lower than the values reported for NaYF4:18%Yb,2%Er core/shell nanocrystals with comparable sizes, these Φ, UC values are the highest reported so far for LiYF4:18%Yb,2%Er/LiYF4 nanocrystals without additional dopants. Further improvements May nevertheless be possible by optimizing the dopant concentrations in the LiYF4 nanocrystals. KW - Nano KW - Crystal KW - Quantum yield KW - LiYF4 KW - Synthesis KW - Lifetime KW - Fluorescence KW - NIR KW - Photoluminescence KW - Lanthanide KW - Upconversion nanoparticle KW - Nanomaterial PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-515395 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-020-3116-y SN - 1998-0124 VL - 14 IS - 3 SP - 797 EP - 806 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-51539 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva A1 - Neitsch, Marcel T1 - Vergleichende Fallversuche zur Bewertung von Fallfundamenten - Ausblick auf Untersuchungen der BAM N2 - Es wird ein Ausblick auf Untersuchungen der BAM gegeben, die im Rahmen einer ingenieurwissenschaftlichen Promotionsarbeit durchgeführt werden sollen. T2 - 40. Sitzung des ERFA Verpackungen CY - Online meeting DA - 05.11.2020 KW - Gefahrgutverpackungen KW - Fallfundamente PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51543 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Scherb, T. A1 - Fantin, Andrea A1 - Checcia, S. A1 - Stephan-Scherb, Christiane A1 - Escolástico, S. A1 - Franz, A. A1 - Seeger, J. A1 - Meulenberg, W. A. A1 - d'Acapito, F. A1 - Serra, J. M. T1 - Unravelling the crystal structure of Nd5.8WO12-d and Nd5.7W0.75Mo0.25O12-d mixed ionic electronic conductors N2 - Mixed ionic electronic conducting ceramics Nd6-yWO12-d (d is the Oxygen deficiency) provide excellent stability in harsh environments containing strongly reactive gases such as CO2, CO, H2, H2O or H2S. Due to this chemical stability, they are promising and cost-efficient candidate materials for gas separation, catalytic membrane reactors and protonic ceramic fuel cell technologies. As in La6-yWO12-d, the ionic/electronic transport mechanism in Nd6-yWO12-d is expected to be largely controlled by the crystal structure, the conclusive determination of which is still lacking. This work presents a crystallographic study of Nd5.8WO12-d and molybdenum-substituted Nd5.7W0.75Mo0.25O12-d prepared by the citrate complexation route. High-resolution synchrotron and neutron powder diffraction data were used in combined Rietveld refinements to unravel the crystal structure of Nd5.8WO12-d and Nd5.7W0.75Mo0.25O12-d. Both investigated samples crystallize in a defect fluorite crystal structure with space group Fm3m and doubled unit-cell parameter due to cation ordering. Mo replacesWat bothWyckoff sites 4a and 48h and is evenly distributed, in contrast with La6-yWO12-d. X-ray absorption spectroscopy as a function of partial pressure pO2 in the near-edge regions excludes oxidation state changes of Nd (Nd3+) and W(W6+) in reducing conditions: the enhanced hydrogen permeation, i.e. ambipolar conduction, observed in Mo-substituted Nd6-yWO12-d is therefore explained by the higher Mo reducibility and the creation of additional – disordered – oxygen vacancies. KW - Powder diffraction KW - Mixed conductors KW - X-ray absorption spectroscopy PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-514607 DO - https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576720012698 VL - 53 SP - 1471 EP - 1483 AN - OPUS4-51460 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Serrano Munoz, Itziar A1 - Shiozawa, D. A1 - Dancette, S. A1 - Verdu, C. A1 - Buffiere, J.-Y. T1 - Torsional fatigue mechanisms of an A357-T6 cast aluminium alloy N2 - The mechanisms controlling the fatigue response of an A357-T6 cast aluminium alloy under cyclic torsional loading are investigated. Surface crack monitoring coupled with Electron BackScattering Diffraction (EBSD) analysis is used to study crack initiation. Determination of S-N curve combined with interrupted in situ fatigue testing using synchrotron tomography allows the study of the propagation behaviour. It is observed that fractographic morphologies depend on the stress level. At intermediate-low stress levels ( τmax < 100 MPa), the grain structure controls the crack initiation and propagation periods. Cracks are usually nucleated in mode II from slip planes close to the specimen axis or perpendicular to it. Mode II crack growth dominates the early stages of crack propagation as mode III inward crack growth is rapidly decelerated. This behaviour leads to the formation of characteristic shallow surface cracks. Once the crack is long enough for the mode II driving force to be overtaken by mode III, propagation branches into ~45 ◦mode I. KW - A357-T6 casting KW - Fractographic observations KW - EBSD analysis KW - X-ray synchrotron tomography KW - Torsional in situ fatigue testing KW - SIF evaluation PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2020.09.046 VL - 201 SP - 435 EP - 447 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-51461 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Almalla, A. A1 - Hertwig, Andreas A1 - Fischer, Daniel A1 - Özcan Sandikcioglu, Özlem A1 - Witt, Julia T1 - Development of layer-by-layer assembled thin coatings on aluminium alloy AA2024-T3 for high resolution studies of local corrosion processes N2 - The aim of this study is to develop nanometer-thin epoxy-based films on aluminium alloy AA2024-T3 as a model coating system for high resolution corrosion studies. Spin coating was used for the layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition of poly-(ethylenimine) (PEI) and poly([o-cresyl glycidyl ether]-co-formaldehyde) (CNER) bilayers. The film chemistry and the cross-linking process were characterized by means of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Ellipsometric data confirmed the linear increase of film thickness. The potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results indicate the improvement of the film barrier properties with increasing film thickness. Mapping of the topography and the volta potential was performed by means of scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM). The results indicate the presence of a homogeneous film structure, while the intermetallic phases can still be identified below the coating. The SKPFM Analysis confirmed that the model films are suitable for investigation of corrosion processes at the coating/metal interface. KW - Spectroscopy KW - Coatings KW - Electrochemistry KW - Microscopy KW - Resins PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-514627 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/app.49826 SN - 0021-8995 VL - 137 IS - 48 SP - e49826-1 EP - e49826-9 PB - Wiley CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-51462 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Jann, Oliver A1 - Hahn, Oliver T1 - The BEMMA-Scheme helpful for low VOC inside display cases? N2 - Museums worldwide are equipped with different display cases. Exhibit display cases should protect cultural objects from dust as well as from mechanical and physical damage. To ensure a stable climate inside the display cases, a low air exchange rate is maintained. Typically, air exchange rates are often smaller than 0.1 d-1, which can result in rising concentrations of potential harmful VOC inside of the display cases due to emissions from materials. Especially organic acids, e. g. formic or acetic acid which can emit from e.g. sealing materials or wood-based materials, can produce damage of cultural objects. In 2012 BAM introduced a procedure which is called: BEMMA-Scheme (Bewertung von Emissionen aus Materialien für Museums¬ausstattungen) which stands for: “Assessment of Emissions from Materials for Museum Equipment”. Regarding the testing procedure only construction materials were evaluated, not the display cases their self. Micro chambers are used for VOC emission tests of display case construction materials, e.g. plastics, sealing materials, coatings, textiles and others. Each sampling procedure is carried out in duplicate. Emissions like formic acid, acetic acid, formaldehyde, piperidine-derivates and oximes are excluded and the sum of emissions of VVOCs, VOCs and SVOCs is limited. For a positive assessment all listed criteria must be fulfilled; otherwise the display construction material fails the BEMMA scheme. T2 - Indoor Air Quality in Heritage and Historic Environments CY - Online meeting DA - 12.10.2020 KW - Museum KW - VOC-emission KW - BEMMA KW - Display case PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51470 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Welter, T. A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Deubener, J. A1 - Marzok, Ulrich A1 - Reinsch, Stefan T1 - Hydrogen Permeation Through Glass N2 - Physical storage of gaseous hydrogen under high-pressure in glassy micro-containers such as spheres and capillaries is a promising concept for enhancing safety and the volumetric capacity of mobile hydrogen storage systems. As very low permeation through the container wall is required for storage of compressed hydrogen, development of glasses of minimal hydrogen permeability is needed. For this purpose, one has to understand better the dependence of hydrogen permeability on glass structure. The paper points out that minimizing the accessible free volume is as one strategy to minimize hydrogen permeability. Based on previously measured and comprehensive literature data, it is shown that permeation is independently controlled by ionic porosity and network modifier content. Thus, ionic porosity in modified and fully polymerized networks can be decreased equally to the lowest hydrogen permeability among the glasses under study. Applying this concept, a drop of up to 30,000 with respect to the permeation of hydrogen molecules through silica glass is attainable. KW - Ionic porosity KW - hydrogen storage KW - Glass KW - Permeability KW - Solubility KW - Diffusivity PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-513927 DO - https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2019.00342 VL - 6 SP - Article 342 AN - OPUS4-51392 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Stockmann, Jörg M. A1 - Senoner, Mathias A1 - Weimann, T. A1 - Bütefisch, S. A1 - Passiu, C. A1 - Spencer, N. D. A1 - Rossi, A. T1 - Introduction to lateral resolution and analysis area measurements in XPS N2 - Imaging and small-spot (small area) XPS have become increasingly important components of surface chemical analysis during the last three decades, and its use is growing. Some ambiguity in the use of terminology, understanding of concepts, and lack of appropriate reference materials leads to confusing and not always reproducible data. In this paper, it is shown that by using existing knowledge, appropriate test specimens, and standardized approaches, problems of comparability and such reproducibility issues recently observed for XPS data reported in the scientific literature can be overcome. The standardized methods of ISO 18516:2019, (i) the straight-edge, (ii) the narrow-line, and (iii) the grating method, can be used to characterize and compare the lateral resolution achieved by imaging XPS instruments and are described by reporting examples. The respective measurements are made using new test specimens. When running an XPS instrument in the small-spot (small area) mode for a quantitative analysis of a feature of interest, the question arises as to what contribution to the intensity originates from outside the analysis area. A valid measurement approach to control the intensity from outside the nominal analysis area is also described. As always, the relevant resolution depends on the specific question that needs to be addressed. The strengths and limitations of methods defining resolution are indicated. KW - Imaging XPS KW - Lateral resolution KW - Analysis area measurements KW - Small-spot XPS PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1116/6.0000398 VL - 38 IS - 5 SP - 053206 AN - OPUS4-51394 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kricheldorf, H. R. A1 - Weidner, Steffen T1 - Reply to the comment on “synthesis of cyclic polymers and flaws of the Jacobson-Stockmayer theory” by R. Szymanski N2 - In a recent publication the authors have presented theoretical and experimental results indicating that the Jacobson–Stockmayer (JS) theory does not provide a correct description of reversible polycondensations for all polymers and for high conversions (e.g. polycondensation in bulk). In this context reversibility means that all condensation step whether resulting in chain growth or in cyclization are reversible and thus, part of an equilibrium. The first two sections of that paper were focused on the demonstration that small, and above all, large cycles can be formed by end-to-end (ete) cyclization in reversible like in irreversible polycondensations. A significant contribution of ete-cyclization to the course of reversible polycondensations was denied by J + S apparently as a contribution to Florýs dogma, that the end groups of long polymer chains will never meet. KW - Polylactide KW - MALDI-TOF MS KW - Jacobsen-Stockmayer theory PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-513985 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D0PY01118E VL - 11 IS - 38 SP - 6226 EP - 6228 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry AN - OPUS4-51398 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Winkler, Nicolas P. T1 - Mapping the Distribution of Air Pollutants with Mobile Robots and Stationary Sensors N2 - Precise knowledge about the distribution of air pollutants is necessary to develop plausible occupational health measures. Combinatory systems, consisting of mobile robots and stationary sensors, can be effective solutions for the coverage of large measurement areas. However, further research is needed to fully understand their performance in comparison to traditional sensing strategies. Therefore, multiple sensor networks layouts will be set up in a simulation environment as well as in real industrial environments. Models for distribution mapping will be developed and evaluated to investigate the performance and opportunities of hybrid-mobility sensor networks for the task of distribution mapping. T2 - AASS Seminar CY - Online meeting DA - 24.09.2020 KW - Mobile Robot Olfaction KW - Aerial Robot Olfaction KW - Wireless Sensor Network KW - Occupational Health PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51399 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Winkler, Nicolas P. T1 - Breaking the wall of air pollution monitoring N2 - Air pollution in industrial environments is a major risk. Precise knowledge about the distribution of air pollutants is necessary to develop plausible occupational health measures. Combinatory systems, consisting of mobile robots and stationary sensors, can be effective solutions for the coverage of large measurement areas. T2 - Falling Walls Adlershof CY - Online meeting DA - 02.10.2020 KW - Mobile Robot Olfaction KW - Aerial Robot Olfaction KW - Occupational Health KW - Wireless Sensor Network PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51400 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wurzler, Nina A1 - Schutter, Jan David A1 - Wagner, R. A1 - Dimper, Matthias A1 - Lützenkirchen-Hecht, D. A1 - Özcan Sandikcioglu, Özlem T1 - Abundance of Fe(III) during cultivation affects the microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) behaviour of iron reducing bacteria Shewanella putrefaciens N2 - The effect of the presence of Fe(III) during the cultivation on the electrochemical activity and corrosion behaviour of dissimilatory iron reducing bacteria Shewanella putrefaciens was studied by means of ex situ and in situ X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES). Stainless steel AISI 304 and thin iron films were studied as substrates. XANES analysis indicated an accelerated iron dissolution and growth of an oxide/hydroxide film for the culture grown with Fe(III) in comparison to the culture grown in absence of Fe(III). Electrochemical Analysis indicated that the biofilm resulted in acceleration of the general corrosion but provides protection against local corrosion. KW - Stainless Steel KW - XANES KW - Iron KW - Cyclic Voltammetry KW - Microbiological Corrosion PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-513788 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2020.108855 VL - 174 SP - 108855 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-51378 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krautz, M. A1 - Beyer, L. A1 - Funk, Alexander A1 - Waske, Anja A1 - Weise, B. A1 - Freudenberger, J. A1 - Gottschall, T. T1 - Predicting the dominating factors during heat transfer in magnetocaloric composite wires N2 - Magnetocaloric composite wires have been studied by pulsed-field measurements up to μ0ΔH = 10 T with a typical rise time of 13 ms in order to evaluate the evolution of the adiabatic temperature change of the core, ΔTad, and to determine the effective temperature change at the surrounding steel jacket, ΔTeff, during the field pulse. An inverse thermal hysteresis is observed for ΔTad due to the delayed thermal transfer. By numerical simulations of application-relevant sinusoidal magnetic field profiles, it can be stated that for field-frequencies of up to two field cycles per second heat can be efficiently transferred from the core to the outside of the jacket. In addition, intense numerical simulations of the temperature change of the core and jacket were performed by varying different parameters, such as frequency, heat capacity, thermal conductivity and interface resistance in order to shed light on their impact on ΔTeff at the outside of the jacket in comparison to ΔTad provided by the core. KW - Composite KW - Heat transfer KW - Numerical simulation KW - Pulsed magnetic field PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-513791 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108832 VL - 193 SP - 108832 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-51379 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Jáuregui-Correa, Juan Carlos T1 - Forces on rails in turns: A review N2 - Curves represent a demanding situation for the railway materials. The different levels of effects are Bogie “Adaptation”, Centre plate Friction and Longitudinal load transfer. Besides rail damage and safety effects, the kinetic energy is lost due to turning. T2 - CONIIN CY - Online meeting DA - 28.09.2020 KW - Forces KW - Rail KW - Turns PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51384 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Sklorz, Christian A1 - Martínez Madrid, M. T1 - Quasistatic rollover threshold of atmospheric road tankers N2 - On the other hand, it was found that the quasistatic rollover threshold of a circular tank, does not depend on the fill level, namely, it is only determined by the position of the support and the diameter of the tank T2 - CONIIN 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 28.09.2020 KW - Quasistatic KW - Atmospheric KW - Road KW - Tankers PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51385 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Vehicle’s components damage N2 - The failure of vehicle’s suspension components has contributed to road crashes, while their defective operation can deteriorate the fuel efficiency of the vehicles. In this context, and when compared with solid cargo transporters, the road tankers would tend to produce larger roll forces during turning, as the curved shape of the liquid cargo container, shifts upwards the centre of gravity of the cargo. With reference to a rectangular cargo container representing the solid cargo situation, the increase in the position due to elliptical and circular tank shapes, can attain a value of 17% (100% fill, circular tank). In this study, experimental results comparing the lateral load transfer due to solid and liquid cargoes, indicate that the average force increase on the vehicle’s load-receiver side due to a liquid cargo, is 4.3%. To analyse the fullscale situation of both situations, that is, the higher position of the centre of gravity and the shifting of the liquid cargo, a simplified model is developed. The outputs from such a model when subjected to realistic operating conditions (speed and turning radius), suggest that the higher position of the centre of gravity due to using a non-rectangular cargo container generates an average force increase of 4.9% on the side receiving the load transfer. The incorporation of the effect of the liquid cargo, through the simple pendulum analogy, suggests that such an average increases to 6.76%, with a maximum of 8.35% in the case of the elliptical tank at 75% fill level. It is found that the average liquid cargo effect is 5.44%, which should be compared with the 4.3% of the experiments. Road tankers components would thus have a relatively shorter load cycle life than those of the solid cargo trucks. KW - Liquid cargo KW - Load transfer KW - Roll reactions KW - Experimental modelling KW - Pendulum-analogy PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1177/0954407020960543 VL - 235 IS - 2-3 SP - 446 EP - 454 PB - Sage Journals AN - OPUS4-51386 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Sklorz, Christian A1 - Martínez Madrid, M. T1 - Quasistatic rollover threshold of atmospheric road tankers N2 - Several geometrical analytical tools can be used for assessing the potential benefits of any alternative tank shape. The quasistatic evaluation of the cargo-vehicle behavior represents a fast way to objectively determine the roll stability benefits of any potentially new tank shape. In this paper, the geometrical, quasistatic rollover performance of a convex bottom tank shape is compared with that of standard tank shapes, finding that in spite of the lower position of the cargo´s center of gravity in such a tank shape for the un-perturbed condition, it has the same performance as the elliptical tank shape when subjected to Steady lateral acceleration. That as a result of the large cargo´s lateral displacement. Consequently, the combination of a lower center of gravity for the cargo when it is not perturbed, and a Minimum lateral shift due to lateral accelerations inputs, define the conditions for an ideal tank shape. T2 - CONIIN 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 28.09.2020 KW - Tank shape KW - Road tankers KW - Center of gravity shifting KW - Quasistatic KW - Convex bottom KW - Geometrical analysis PY - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-51388 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Jáuregui Correa, J.C.A. T1 - Forces on rails in turns: A review N2 - Regardless of the mode of transportation, directional changes generate greater forces on the infrastructure as a result of the lateral load transfer and of the respective steering forces in the vehicles. In the case of Railway transportation, a concentrated damage occurs in the rail at the initiation of the turning maneuver, whose magnitude depends on the bogie´s yaw stiffness and on the level of friction at its centre plate. To mitigate such rail-damaging effects, some new designs have been proposed and used for the bogies´ wheelset. However, no new designs for the centre plate have been used. In this paper, a review of the causality for the forces arising during Railway Vehicle's turn negotiations, is presented, including the description of a modeling framework to analyze the influential Parameters for determining the magnitude of such forces. T2 - CONIIN 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 28.09.2020 KW - Turning maneuvers KW - Rail damage KW - Yaw stiffness KW - Yaw resistance KW - Self-aligning bogies KW - Lateral load transfer KW - Steering forces PY - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-51390 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan T1 - EMPIR nPSize Improved Traceability Chain of Nanoparticle Size Measurement - Outcomes for the Strategy/Metrology Groups of ISO/TC 229 Nanotechnologies N2 - The main outcomes of the EMPIR project nPSize are presented and the suitability of the new capabilities (e.g. reference materials, measurement procedures, VAMAS inter-laboratory comparisons) to be standardized and implemented in accredited analytical laboratories is discussed. Complementation and/or filling gaps of published and ongoing standardisation projects on size, shape and number concentration measurements under ISO/TC 229/JWG 2 are offered. T2 - Annual Meeting of ISO/TC 229 Nanotechnologies - Strategy and Metrology Groups CY - Online meeting DA - 06.11.2020 KW - Nanoparticles KW - Size KW - nPSize KW - Inter-laboratory comparison KW - ISO/TC 229 KW - VAMAS PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51544 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hicke, Konstantin A1 - Karapanagiotis, Christos T1 - KI, Machine Learning und faseroptische Sensorik N2 - Die Verwendung von Methoden des Maschinellen Lernens (ML) und der Künstlichen Intelligenz (KI) im Fachbereich 8.6 Faseroptische Sensorik wird dargestellt. Die vielfältigen Möglichkeiten, Machine Learning auf Basis Künstlicher Neuronaler Netze (ANN) für eine schnelle und effiziente Datenverarbeitung eizusetzen werden demonstriert. Hierfür werden Beispiele für die Anwendungszwecke Messgrößenberechnung, Entrauschen, Interpolation, Bildverarbeitung und Messdatenauswertung aufgezeigt. T2 - Foresight Prozess AM, AP 4, Workshop „In Situ Sensorik“ CY - Online-Meeting DA - 09.11.2020 KW - Verteilte faseroptische Sensorik KW - KI KW - Künstliche Intelligenz KW - Machine Learning KW - Künstliche Neuronale Netze PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51545 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, Lars A1 - Scheidemann, Robert A1 - Schönfelder, Thorsten A1 - Komann, Steffen A1 - Wille, Frank T1 - Drop tests assessment of internal shock absorbers for packages loaded with encapsulations for damaged spent nuclear fuel N2 - Damaged spent nuclear fuel (DSNF) can be loaded in German dual-purpose casks (DPC) for transport and interim storage. Encapsulations are needed to guarantee a safe handling and a tight closure, separated from the package enclosure. These encapsulations shall be durable and leak-tight for a long storage period, because they are usually not accessible within periodical inspections of the DPC. Due to the general design of DPCs for standard fuel assemblies, specific requirements have to be considered for the design of encapsulations for DSNF to ensure the loading in existing package designs. Especially the primary lid system of a DPC is designed for maximum loads due to the internal impact of the content during drop test conditions. The main difference of encapsulations for damaged spent nuclear fuel is that they have usually a much higher stiffness than standard fuel assemblies. Therefore the design of an internal shock absorber, e.g. at the head of an encapsulation is required to reduce mechanical loads to the primary lid system during impacts. BAM as part of the German competent authority system is responsible for the safety assessment of the mechanical and thermal package design, the release of radioactive material and the quality assurance of package manufacturing and operation. Concerning the mechanical design of the encapsulation BAM was involved in the comprehensive assessment procedure during the package design approval process. An internal shock absorber was developed by the package designer with numerical analyses and experimental drop tests. Experimental drop tests are needed to cover limiting parameters regarding, e.g. temperature and wall thickness of the shock absorbing element to enable a detailed specification of the whole load-deformation behavior of the encapsulation shock absorber. The paper gives an overview of the assessment work by BAM and points out the main findings which are relevant for an acceptable design of internal shock absorbers. The physical drop tests were planned on the basis of pre-investigations of the applicant concerning shape, dimension and material properties. In advance of the final drop tests the possible internal impact behavior had to be analyzed and the setup of the test facility had to be validated. The planning, performance and evaluation of the final drop tests were witnessed and assessed by BAM. In conclusion it could be approved that the German encapsulation system for damaged spent nuclear fuel with shock absorbing components can be handled similar to standard fuel assemblies in existing package designs. T2 - Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 03.08.2020 KW - Encapsulations for damaged spent nuclear fuel KW - Drop tests KW - Internal shock absorber KW - Design assessment of RAM packages PY - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-51546 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stuff, Maria A1 - Rübner, Katrin A1 - Prinz, Carsten A1 - Rische, N. A1 - Chronz, M. A1 - Kühne, Hans-Carsten ED - Siegesmund, S. ED - Middendorf, B. T1 - Towards a better understanding of tuff stone deterioration N2 - Stone deterioration is the result of a complex interaction of external physical, chemical and biological forces with the mineralogical-petrophysical properties of the stone. With a better understanding of how these properties are linked to material behavior and durability, more effective measures for stone conservation can be developed. Studying these interactions in tuff is particularly complex due to the naturally high heterogeneity of tuff rocks. The first aim of a current research project is to combine the results of recent and older studies on tuff deterioration. Furthermore, the literature overview is complemented by our own investigation of Weibern and Ettringen tuff, with a focus on pore structure characteristics. T2 - STONE - 14th international congress on the deterioration and conservation of stone CY - Meeting was canceled DA - 07.09.2020 KW - Pore structure KW - Weathering KW - Weibern tuff KW - Ettringen tuff PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-96311-172-3 SP - 805 EP - 810 PB - Mitteldeutscher Verlag CY - Halle (Saale) AN - OPUS4-51549 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, Lars A1 - Scheidemann, Robert A1 - Schönfelder, Thorsten A1 - Komann, Steffen A1 - Wille, Frank T1 - Drop tests assessment of internal shock absorbers for packages loaded with encapsulations for damaged spent nuclear fuel N2 - Damaged spent nuclear fuel (DSNF) can be loaded in German dual-purpose casks (DPC) for transport and interim storage. Encapsulations are needed to guarantee a safe handling and a tight closure, separated from the package enclosure. These encapsulations shall be durable and leak-tight for a long storage period, because they are usually not accessible within periodical inspections of the DPC. Due to the general design of DPCs for standard fuel assemblies, specific requirements have to be considered for the design of encapsulations for DSNF to ensure the loading in existing package designs. Especially the primary lid system of a DPC is designed for maximum loads due to the internal impact of the content during drop test conditions. The main difference of encapsulations for damaged spent nuclear fuel is that they have usually a much higher stiffness than standard fuel assemblies. Therefore the design of an internal shock absorber, e.g. at the head of an encapsulation is required to reduce mechanical loads to the primary lid system during impacts. BAM as part of the German competent authority system is responsible for the safety assessment of the mechanical and thermal package design, the release of radioactive material and the quality assurance of package manufacturing and operation. Concerning the mechanical design of the encapsulation BAM was involved in the comprehensive assessment procedure during the package design approval process. An internal shock absorber was developed by the package designer with numerical analyses and experimental drop tests. Experimental drop tests are needed to cover limiting parameters regarding, e.g. temperature and wall thickness of the shock absorbing element to enable a detailed specification of the whole load-deformation behavior of the encapsulation shock absorber. The paper gives an overview of the assessment work by BAM and points out the main findings which are relevant for an acceptable design of internal shock absorbers. The physical drop tests were planned on the basis of pre-investigations of the applicant concerning shape, dimension and material properties. In advance of the final drop tests the possible internal impact behavior had to be analyzed and the setup of the test facility had to be validated. The planning, performance and evaluation of the final drop tests were witnessed and assessed by BAM. In conclusion it could be approved that the German encapsulation system for damaged spent nuclear fuel with shock absorbing components can be handled similar to standard fuel assemblies in existing package designs. T2 - Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 03.08.2020 KW - Drop tests KW - Internal shock absorber KW - Design assessment of RAM packages KW - Encapsulations for damaged spent nuclear fuel PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51550 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wu, Cheng-Chieh A1 - Weisbrich, S. A1 - Burger, M. A1 - Neitzel, F. ED - Zemčík, R. T1 - A four-point bending test apparatus for measurement- and model-based structural analysis N2 - By means of a small-scale truss bridge, the ability of the Measurement- and Model-based Structural Analysis to detect and localise damage was examined in. Although there was no noteworthy difficulty in detecting damage, it turned out that damage localisation responds sensitively to systematic influences, i.e. non-modelled properties of the mechanical model. Therefore, another experiment is being conducted to re-examine the Measurement- and Model-based Structural Analysis. For this purpose, the bending test is carried out as it has been already theoretically respectively numerically discussed in. In this attempt, the systematic influences such as residual stress are kept as low as possible. T2 - 36th Danubia Adria Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics CY - Pilsen, Czech Republic DA - 24.09.2019 KW - Damage detection KW - Adjustment calculation KW - Finite element method KW - Integrated analysis PY - 2020 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214785320326432 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.028 SN - 2214-7853 VL - 32 IS - 2 SP - 156 EP - 161 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-51551 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Winnefeld, F. A1 - Gluth, Gregor A1 - Bernal, S. A. A1 - Bignozzi, M. C. A1 - Carabba, L. A1 - Chithiraputhiran, S. A1 - Dehghan, A. A1 - Dolenec, S. A1 - Dombrowski-Daube, K. A1 - Dubey, A. A1 - Ducman, V. A1 - Yu, J. A1 - Peterson, K. A1 - Stephan, D. A1 - Provis, J. L. T1 - RILEM TC 247-DTA round robin test: sulfate resistance, alkali-silica reaction and freeze–thaw resistance of alkali-activated concretes N2 - The RILEM technical committee TC 247-DTA ‘Durability Testing of Alkali-Activated Materials’ conducted a round robin testing programme to determine the validity of various durability testing methods, originally developed for Portland cement based-concretes, for the assessment of the durability of alkali-activated concretes. The outcomes of the round robin tests evaluating sulfate resistance, alkali-silica reaction (ASR) and freeze–thaw resistance are presented in this contribution. Five different alkali-activated concretes, based on ground granulated blast furnace slag, fly ash, or metakaolin were investigated. The extent of sulfate damage to concretes based on slag or fly ash seems to be limited when exposed to an Na2SO4 solution. The mixture based on metakaolin showed an excessive, very early expansion, followed by a dimensionally stable period, which cannot be explained at present. In the slag-based concretes, MgSO4 caused more expansion and visual damage than Na2SO4; however, the expansion limits defined in the respective standards were not exceeded. Both the ASTM C1293 and RILEM AAR-3.1 test methods for the determination of ASR expansion appear to give essentially reliable identification of expansion caused by highly reactive aggregates. Alkali-activated materials in combination with an unreactive or potentially expansive aggregate were in no case seen to cause larger expansions; only the aggregates of known very high reactivity were seen to be problematic. The results of freeze–thaw testing (with/without deicing salts) of alkali-activated concretes suggest an important influence of the curing conditions and experimental conditions on the test outcomes, which need to be understood before the tests can be reliably applied and interpreted. KW - Alkali-activated materials KW - Sulfate attack KW - Alkali silica reaction KW - Alkali aggregate reaction KW - Freeze-thaw attack PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-515527 DO - https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-020-01562-0 VL - 53 IS - 6 SP - 140 PB - Springer Nature AN - OPUS4-51552 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - An, Annie Biwen A1 - Deland, Eric A1 - Kleinbub, Sherin A1 - Koerdt, Andrea T1 - Standardization of MIC laboratory testing: with a special focus on corrosive methanogens N2 - Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is a highly unpredictable process involving a complex group of microorganisms, including sulfate-reducing bacteria and methanogens. Standard laboratory MIC testing using static serum bottle enrichments is an easy but limited method, offering poor resolution on the biomineralization process of corrosion products. An example of this is the presumed corrosion product siderite by corrosive methanogens (Mi-MIC). Previous publications reported siderite was the sole corrosion product of M. maripaludis using metal coupons incubated under stationary conditions. However, the formation of siderite is closely related to the surrounding environmental conditions, i.e. pH, CO2 concentration, flow and temperature. Thus, siderite as the sole corrosion product of Mi-MIC remain inconclusive and questionable. To study Mi-MIC effectively, a novel versatile multiport flow-column corrosion monitoring system (MFC) was developed. MFC allows sectional corrosion rate determination under flow conditions using different types of material, inoculum and packing material. MFC offers great flexibility, ease of operation and accurate corrosion measurements that can be combined with many other techniques. Using MFC, we studied multiple strains of methanogens and compared it with sulfate-reducing bacteria under neutral and low pH conditions. It was revealed by MFC that corrosive methanogens have equally high corrosion potential as sulfate-reducing bacteria. Additionally, siderite is not the dominant nor sole corrosion product of Mi-MIC. Thus, effective corrosion monitoring and establishing standard laboratory practices, i.e. incorporating MFC as part of regular testing process, will provide deeper understanding of MIC. This will allow further microbial electrophysiology understandings, contributing to effective mitigation strategy development. T2 - EUROPEAN MIC NETWORK WEBINAR CY - Online meeting DA - 19.05.2020 KW - MIC KW - Methanogen KW - FIB/SEM KW - Corrosion products KW - Microbiologically influenced corrosion KW - Flow Model KW - Modelling KW - Korrosion PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51554 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Varadarajan, A. A1 - Allan, R. A1 - Valentin, J. A1 - Castañeda Ocampo, O. A1 - Somerville, V. A1 - Buhmann, M. A1 - West, J. A1 - Skipp, Paul A1 - van der Mei, H. A1 - Ren, Q. A1 - Schreiber, Frank A1 - Webb, J. A1 - Pietsch, Franziska A1 - Ahrens, C. T1 - An integrated model system to gain mechanistic insights into biofilm-associated antimicrobial resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa MPAO1 N2 - Pseudomonas aeruginosa MPAO1 is the parental strain of the widely utilized transposon mutant collection for this important clinical pathogen. Here, we validate a model system to identify genes involved in biofilm growth and biofilm-associated antibiotic resistance. Our model employs a genomics-driven workflow to assemble the complete MPAO1 genome, identify unique and conserved genes by comparative genomics with the PAO1 reference strain and genes missed within existing assemblies by proteogenomics. Among over 200 unique MPAO1 genes, we identified six general essential genes that were overlooked when mapping public Tn-seq data sets against PAO1, including an antitoxin. Genomic data were integrated with phenotypic data from an experimental workflow using a user-friendly, soft lithography-based microfluidic flow chamber for biofilm growth and a screen with the Tn-mutant library in microtiter plates. The screen identified hitherto unknown genes involved in biofilm growth and antibiotic resistance. Experiments conducted with the flow chamber across three laboratories delivered reproducible data on P. aeruginosa biofilms and validated the function of both known genes and genes identified in the Tn-mutant screens. Differential Protein abundance data from planktonic cells versus biofilm confirmed the upregulation of candidates known to affect biofilm formation, of structural and secreted proteins of type VI secretion systems, and provided proteogenomic evidence for some missed MPAO1 genes. This integrated, broadly applicable model promises to improve the mechanistic understanding of biofilm formation, antimicrobial tolerance, and resistance evolution in biofilms. KW - Biofilms PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-515108 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41522-020-00154-8 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - Article number: 46 PB - Springer Nature CY - Singapore AN - OPUS4-51510 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wilrich, T. A1 - Wilrich, Cordula T1 - Zwei Strafverfahren zu Gefahrstoff-Unfällen nach missglückten Schulversuchen N2 - In zwei Fällen führten missglückte Schulversuche unter Verwendung von entzündbaren Flüssigkeiten zu Verletzungen von Schülern und Lehrern mit teilweise erheblichen Verbrennungen. Dieser Aufsatz erläutert die gerichtlichen Verfahren gegen die beiden verantwortlichen Lehrer und diskutiert die relevanten, aber in den Verfahren nicht benannten gefahrstoffrechtlichen Regelungen und Anforderungen des DGUV-Regelwerks. KW - Brand- und Explosionsschutz KW - Entzündbare Flüssigkeiten KW - Gefährdungsbeurteilung KW - Gefahrstoffe KW - Gefahrstoffverordnung KW - Schutzmaßnahmen PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.37307/j.2365-7634.2020.11.12 IS - 11 SP - 420 EP - 423 PB - Erich Schmidt Verlag (ESV) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-51515 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Paul, Andrea A1 - Wander, Lukas A1 - Braun, Ulrike T1 - Multivariate approaches in the evaluation of (hyper)spectral data for microplastics analysis - options and limitations N2 - Die zunehmende Anreicherung von Gewässern und Böden mit Plastikmüll führt zur Anhäufung von mikroskopisch kleinen Plastikpartikeln, sogenannter Mikroplastik (MP). Es werden dringend analytische Methoden benötigt, die helfen MP zu identifizieren und zu quantifizieren. Gegenwärtig kommen dafür hauptsächlich thermoanalytische und mikro¬skopische Verfahren, wie Mikro-Infrarotspektroskopie oder Mikro-Raman zum Einsatz. Letztere sind in der Regel an zeitaufwendige Probenanreicherungen und -aufbereitungen gebunden, es können nur kleine Probenmengen (Mikrogramm) untersucht werden und die Auswertung der erzielten Spektren kann anspruchsvoll sein. Im Rahmen dieser Präsentation werden zwei Ansätze vorgestellt, die über die multi-variate Analyse spektroskopischer Daten i) einen neuen methodischen Ansatz zum Screening von MP in belasteten Böden sowie ii) eine alternative Auswertung großer (Mikro)-spektroskopischer Datensätze ermöglichen. Zunächst wird ein NIR-spektroskopisches Verfahrens vorgestellt, das es gestattet MP bestehend aus Polyethylen, Polyethylenterephthalat, Polypropylen und Polystyrol im Bereich bis zu 0,5 Massenprozent zu detektieren. Aufgrund kurzer Messzeiten und robuster Technik besitzt dieser Ansatz das Potenzial, im Gegensatz zu den thermoanalytischen und mikrospektroskopischen Methoden, größere Probenmengen mit minimaler Vor¬behandlung zu untersuchen. Der zweite Ansatz befasst sich mit der Auswertung großen Datensätze, wie sie typischerweise als Resultat der Mikro-FTIR unter Nutzung moderner FPA-Detektoren erhalten werden. Die Mikro-FTIR-Technik beruht auf der spektralen Aufnahme, Abbildung und an¬schließenden Identifizierung von Schwingungsbanden, die für synthetische Polymere typisch sind. Die Bilddatensätze sind groß und enthalten Spektren von unzähligen Partikeln natürlichen und synthetischen Ursprungs. Zur Ergänzung bestehender Ansätze, die z.B. auf Recherchen von Spektren¬bibliotheken basieren, wurde die explorative multivariate Datenanalyse getestet. Als Kernkonzept wurde hierbei die Dimensionalitäts¬reduktion verwendet. Die Ergebnisse stellen nicht nur eine orthogonale Methode zur Kontrolle der Ergebnisse dar, die auf Grundlage einer automatisierten Bibliothekssuche erzielt wurden, sondern ergaben darüber hinaus eine Gruppe von Spektren, die nicht in den vorhandenen Spektrenbibliotheken erfasst wurden. N2 - The increasing enrichment of water bodies and soils with plastic waste leads to the accumulation of microscopic plastic particles, so-called microplastics (MP). There is an urgent need for analytical methods that help to identify and quantify MP. At present, mainly thermo-analytical and microscopic methods such as micro-infrared spectroscopy or micro-Raman are used for this purpose. The latter are usually tied to time-consuming sample enrichment and preparation, only small sample quantities (micrograms) can be examined and the evaluation of the obtained spectra can be demanding. In the context of this presentation, two approaches are presented which, via the multi-variate analysis of spectroscopic data, allow i) a new methodological approach to screening MP in contaminated soils and ii) an alternative evaluation of large (micro)-spectroscopic data sets. First, a NIR spectroscopic method is presented which allows MP consisting of polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene and polystyrene to be detected in the range of up to 0.5 mass percent. Due to short measurement times and robust technology, this approach has the potential, in contrast to thermo-analytical and micro-spectroscopic methods, to examine larger sample quantities with minimal pre-treatment. The second approach deals with the evaluation of large data sets, as typically obtained as a result of micro-FTIR using modern FPA detectors. The micro-FTIR technique is based on the spectral recording, imaging and subsequent identification of vibration bands typical of synthetic polymers. The image data sets are large and contain spectra of numerous particles of natural and synthetic origin. Exploratory multivariate data analysis has been tested to complement existing approaches based on e.g. spectrum library searches. The core concept used was dimensionality reduction. The results not only represent an orthogonal method for checking the results obtained by an automated library search, but also revealed a group of spectra that were not recorded in the existing spectrum libraries. T2 - analytica conference 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 19.10.2020 KW - Microplastics KW - Multivariate Datenanalyse KW - NIR KW - Hyperspectral data PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51516 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Feldkamp, Martin A1 - Erenberg, Marina A1 - Nehrig, Marko A1 - Bletzer, Claus A1 - Musolff, André A1 - Wille, Frank T1 - Heat Flux from Wood Filled Impact Limiter under Fire Conditions N2 - Packages for the transport of high-level radioactive material must withstand severe hypothetical accidents. Regulatory test conditions shall cover these severe accident conditions and consist of mechanical tests and a following thermal test. To withstand the mechanical tests heavy weight packages are often designed with impact limiters consisting of wood encapsulated in steel sheets. The thermal test is defined precisely in the IAEA-regulations as a 30 minute fully engulfing 800 °C fire. After the fire phase a pre-damaged impact limiter might continue burning or smouldering and influence the cask thermal behaviour with its energy release. The energy transferred from the impact limiter to the cask is of importance for the safety of transport packages. A full-scale fire test with an impact limiter of 2.3 m in diameter and filled with spruce wood was designed and performed. The impact limiter continued burning for 3 days. Energy transfer and temperature measurements were performed. T2 - 9th International Scientific Conference - wood & fire safety 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 02.11.2020 KW - Fre KW - Smouldering KW - Wood PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51517 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hertwig, Andreas A1 - Sachse, René A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Krähnert, R. T1 - Towards hydrogen economy: multimethod analysis and operando investigation of mesoporous iridium oxides films for electrocatalysis, EMPIR/EURAMET Project HyMet 16ENG03 N2 - In the face of rising energy demand and the impending climate change the development of a sustainable, fossil-free fuel and chemical production is of global importance. One possible goal is the development of electrochemical conversion processes using catalysts. Porous materials play an important role in such energy applications. The key to the development of improved catalysts is a better understanding of the relations between their performance, stability and physico-chemical properties. However, the complex morphology of such catalysts constitutes a challenge even for modern analytical techniques. Spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) is a versatile method for studying material properties by using appropriate models (e.g. film thickness, optical and electronic properties). The fact that the material properties cannot be taken directly from the measured spectra, the developed models have to be validated. In a first step, the model for the ellipsometric fit studies of a calcination series of mesoporous iridium oxide films (300 – 600 °C) was investigated and validated with respect to their material properties. Moreover, the electronic structures of the catalysts reveal a direct correlation with electrochemical activities. The development of an environmental cell offers the possibility of investigations under real conditions. This will allow changes in the optical and electronic properties during the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction. T2 - HyMet dissemination event CY - Online meeting DA - 17.11.2020 KW - Correlative ex-situ ellipsometric analysis KW - Ellipsometric operando investigation KW - Hydrogen economy KW - Mesoporous iridium oxides films KW - Oxygen evolution reaction PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51629 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Üstündag, Ömer A1 - Bakir, Nasim A1 - Gook, S. A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Neueste Entwicklungen im Bereich des Hochleistungslaserstrahl- und Hybridschweißens von hohen Blechdicken N2 - Bislang kommt das Laserstrahlschweißen bzw. Laserhybridschweißen hauptsächlich bei Dickblechen mit einer Wandstärke von bis zu 15 mm zum Einsatz. Für Anwendungen über 20 mm war dieses Verfahren aufgrund einiger Herausforderungen bisher nur bedingt realisierbar. Eine von der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) entwickelte elektromagnetische Schmelzbadunterstützung ermöglicht nun ein einlagiges Schweißen von bis zu 30 mm Wandstärke. KW - Laserstrahlschweißen KW - Laserhybridschweißen KW - Modellierung KW - Elektromagnetische Schmelzbadunterstützung KW - Kaltzähe Stähle PY - 2020 VL - 2 SP - 26 EP - 30 PB - DVV Media Group GmbH CY - Hamburg AN - OPUS4-51632 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Grossegesse, M. A1 - Hartkopf, F. A1 - Nitsche, A. A1 - Schaade, L. A1 - Doellinger, J. A1 - Muth, Thilo T1 - Perspective on Proteomics for Virus Detection in Clinical Samples N2 - One of the most widely used methods to detect an acute viral infection in clinical specimens is diagnostic real-time polymerase chain reaction. However, because of the COVID-19 pandemic, mass-spectrometry-based proteomics is currently being discussed as a potential diagnostic method for viral infections. Because proteomics is not yet applied in routine virus diagnostics, here we discuss its potential to detect viral infections. Apart from theoretical considerations, the current status and technical limitations are considered. Finally, the challenges that have to be overcome to establish proteomics in routine virus diagnostics are highlighted. KW - COVID-19 KW - Mass spectrometry KW - Virus diagnostics KW - Virus detection KW - Targeted mass spectrometry KW - Proteomics PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00674 SN - 1535-3907 VL - 19 IS - 11 SP - 4380 EP - 4388 PB - ACS AN - OPUS4-51633 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Üstündag, Ömer A1 - Gook, S. A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Hybrid laser-arc welding of thick-walled pipe segments with optimization of the end crater N2 - The study deals with the application of the high-power hybrid-laser arc welding process on up to 15 mm thick pipe segments with the intention to avoid end crater imperfections during closing of the circumferential welds, where the pipes were turned during welding in 1G- and 2G-positions. Different techniques such as laser power ramp-down, abrupt switch-off of the laser power and change of the magnification of the laser spot diameter and defocusing of the laser beam relative to the workpiece were tested to remove the laser energy from the process. It could be shown that a high defocusing of the optic system above 40 mm with a resulting beam diameter > 2.9 mm in a short overlap length of approx. 20 mm leads to the formation of a cup-shaped weld seam, which is preferred for avoidance of cracks and pores in the end crater. A laser optics with motor-driven lens system was used for the welding experiments to defocuse the laser beam without changing the position of the arc. T2 - 11th CIRP Conference on Photonic Technologies LANE 2020 CY - Online Meeting DA - 07.09.2020 KW - End crater KW - Hybrid laser-arc welding KW - Circumferential weld PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51634 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sajulga, R. A1 - Easterly, C. A1 - Riffle, M. A1 - Mesuere, B. A1 - Muth, Thilo A1 - Mehta, S. A1 - Kumar, P. A1 - Johnson, J. A1 - Gruening, B. A1 - Schiebenhoefer, H. A1 - Kolmeder, C. A1 - Fuchs, S. A1 - Nunn, B. A1 - Rudney, J. A1 - Griffin, T. A1 - Jagtap, P. T1 - Survey of metaproteomics software tools for functional microbiome analysis N2 - To gain a thorough appreciation of microbiome dynamics, researchers characterize the functional relevance of expressed microbial genes or proteins. This can be accomplished through metaproteomics, which characterizes the protein expression of microbiomes. Several software tools exist for analyzing microbiomes at the functional level by measuring their combined proteome-level response to environmental perturbations. In this survey, we explore the performance of six available tools, to enable researchers to make informed decisions regarding software choice based on their research goals. Tandem mass spectrometry-based proteomic data obtained from dental caries plaque samples grown with and without sucrose in paired biofilm reactors were used as representative data for this evaluation. Microbial peptides from one sample pair were identified by the X! tandem search algorithm via SearchGUI and subjected to functional analysis using software tools including eggNOG-mapper, MEGAN5, MetaGOmics, MetaProteomeAnalyzer (MPA), ProPHAnE, and Unipept to generate functional annotation through Gene Ontology (GO) terms. Among these software tools, notable differences in functional annotation were detected after comparing differentially expressed protein functional groups. Based on the generated GO terms of these tools we performed a peptide-level comparison to evaluate the quality of their functional annotations. A BLAST analysis against the NCBI non-redundant database revealed that the sensitivity and specificity of functional annotation varied between tools. For example, eggNOG-mapper mapped to the most number of GO terms, while Unipept generated more accurate GO terms. Based on our evaluation, metaproteomics researchers can choose the software according to their analytical needs and developers can use the resulting feedback to further optimize their algorithms. To make more of these tools accessible via scalable metaproteomics workflows, eggNOG-mapper and Unipept 4.0 were incorporated into the Galaxy platform. KW - Bioinformatics KW - Metaproteomics KW - Mass spectrometry PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-516358 DO - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241503 SP - e0241503 AN - OPUS4-51635 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wagner, Adrian T1 - Korrosionsmonitoring bei der Instandsetzung von chloridbelasteten Stahlbetonwerken (KOMICS) N2 - In der aktuellen RL-SIB wie auch im Gelbdruck der Instandhaltungsrichtlinie ist bei Anwendung des Instandsetzungsprinzips W-Cl bzw. Verfahren 8.3 der Erfolg der Maßnahme durch Einbau und Messung von Korrosionsstrom-Mess-Einrichtungen nachzuweisen. Auch wird bei der Instandsetzung von chloridbelasteten Rissen bei Stahlbetonbauteilen durch Verpressen der Risse bzw. Aufbringen einer Rissbandage ein Korrosionsmonitoring empfohlen. Anerkannte Regelwerke oder Normen über Art und Aufbau des Monitoring-Systems sowie Kriterien zur Bewertung der Messergebnisse im Hinblick auf den Erfolg der Instandsetzungsmaßnahme gibt es derzeit nicht. Auch sind keine Untersuchungen zur Qualität der Messergebnisse veröffentlicht. Ziel des Vorhabens ist die Ausarbeitung eines Regelwerks-Entwurfes für die Art und den Aufbau von Korrosionsmonitoring-Systemen sowie für Kriterien zur zuverlässigen Bewertung der Messergebnisse, mit denen der Erfolg bei folgenden Instandsetzungskonzepten überprüft werden kann. T2 - 15. Sitzung des NA 062-01-77 AA "Korrosionsprüfverfahren" CY - Online meeting DA - 28.10.2020 KW - Korrosionsmonitoring KW - Korrosion KW - Korrosionssensoren KW - Chloridinduzierte Lochkorrosion KW - W-Cl Instandsetzungsprinzip PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51520 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wagner, Adrian T1 - Korrosionsuntersuchungen in Erdböden N2 - Das korrosionsverhalten von metallenen Werkstoffen in Erdböden besitzt unter Betrachtung der Dauerhaftigkeit sowie aus wirtschaftlichen Gesichtspunkten eine entscheidende Bedeutung. Um zu überprüfen, ob ein metallener Werkstoff für eine bestimmte Bodenklasse geeignet/ beständig ist, müssen oftmals elektrochemische Korrosionsuntersuchungen im Boden durchgeführt werden. Da sich natürliche Böden aufgrund ihrer organischen Bestandteile mit der Zeit verändern, sind die Ergebnisse der Korrosionsuntersuchungen nicht reproduzierbar. Ziel dieser Untersuchungen ist es, künstliche Böden herzustellen, die aufgrund ihrer Eigenschaften (Bodenparameter) Bodenklassen der DIN 50292-3 zuzuordnen sind um zukünftig reproduzierbare Ergebnisse im Labor generieren zu können. T2 - 15. Sitzung des NA 062-01-77 AA "Korrosionsprüfverfahren" CY - Online meeting DA - 28.10.2020 KW - Korrosionsuntersuchungen in Böden KW - DIN 50929-3 KW - Deckschichtwiderstand KW - Auslagerungsversuch KW - Korrosion PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51521 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Leisegang, T. A1 - Levin, A.A. A1 - Kupsch, Andreas T1 - From the Ritter pile to the aluminum ion battery– Peter Paufler’s academic genealogy N2 - This article highlights Peter Paufler’s academic genealogy on the occasion of his 80th birthday. We describe the academic background since 1776, which covers 11 generations of scientists: Ritter, Ørsted, Hansteen, Keilhau, Kjerulf, Brøgger, Goldschmidt, Schulze, Paufler, Meyer, and Leisegang. The biographies of these scientists are described in spotlight character and references to scientists such as Dehlinger, Ewald, Glocker, Röntgen, Vegard, Weiss, and Werner are given. A path is drawn that begins in the Romanticism with electrochemistry and the invention of what is probably the first accumulator. It leads through the industrialization and the modern geology, mineralogy, and crystallography to crystal chemistry, metal and crystal physics and eventually returns to electrochemistry and the aluminum-ion accumulator in the era of the energy transition. The academic genealogy exhibits one path of how crystallography develops and specializes over three centuries and how it contributes to the understanding of the genesis of the Earth and the Universe, the exploration of raw materials, and the development of modern materials and products during the industrialization and for the energy transition today. It is particularly characterized by the fields of physics and magnetism, X-ray analysis, and rare earth compounds and has strong links to the scientific landscape of Germany (Freiberg) and Scandinavia, especially Norway (Oslo), as well as to Russia (Moscow, Samara, St. Petersburg). The article aims at contributing to the history of science, especially to the development of crystallography, which is the essential part of the structural science proposed by Peter Paufler. KW - Academic genealogy KW - Crystallography KW - Festschrift KW - Physics KW - Structural science PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-515254 DO - https://doi.org/10.1515/zkri-2020-0063 SN - 2196-7105 VL - 235 IS - 11 SP - 481 EP - 511 PB - De Gruyter CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-51525 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Oberpaul, M. A1 - Zumkeller, C. M. A1 - Culver, T. A1 - Spohn, M. A1 - Mihajlovic1, S. A1 - Leis, B. A1 - Glaeser, S. P. A1 - Plarre, Rüdiger A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter A1 - Hammann, P. A1 - Schäberle, T. F. A1 - Glaeser, J. A1 - Vilcinskas, A. T1 - High-Throughput Cultivation for the Selective Isolation of Acidobacteria From Termite Nests N2 - Microbial communities in the immediate environment of socialized invertebrates can help to suppress pathogens, in part by synthesizing bioactive natural products. Here we characterized the core microbiomes of three termite species (genus Coptotermes) and their nest material to gain more insight into the diversity of termite-associated bacteria. Sampling a healthy termite colony over time implicated a consolidated and highly stable microbiome, pointing toward the fact that beneficial bacterial phyla play a major role in termite fitness. In contrast, there was a significant shift in the composition of the core microbiome in one nest during a fungal infection, affecting the abundance of wellcharacterized Streptomyces species (phylum Actinobacteria) as well as less-studied bacterial phyla such as Acidobacteria. High-throughput cultivation in microplates was implemented to isolate and identify these less-studied bacterial phylogenetic group. Amplicon sequencing confirmed that our method maintained the bacterial diversity of the environmental samples, enabling the isolation of novel Acidobacteriaceae and expanding the list of cultivated species to include two strains that may define new species within the genera Terracidiphilus and Acidobacterium. KW - Termite-associated microbes KW - Termites KW - Coptotermes KW - Core microbiome KW - Natural products discovery KW - Acidobacteria KW - underexplored phyla KW - Social insects PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-515283 DO - https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.597628 VL - 11 SP - 1 EP - 16 AN - OPUS4-51528 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Askar, Enis T1 - Safety Related Properties of Hydrogen Mixtures - Laboratory Tests N2 - Wasserstoff unterscheidet sich hinsichtlich der sicherheitstechnischen Eigenschaften von anderen brennbaren Gassen, v.a. durch die sehr niedrige Mindestzündenergie und die sehr hohe Flammengeschwindigkeit. In der Praxis treten Wasserstoffgemische z.B. durch Einspeisung von Wasserstoff in das Erdgasnetz, bei der Herstellung von Synthesegas (CO, H2) und in Biogasanlagen auf. Die sicherheitstechnischen Eigenschaften von Wasserstoffgemischen wurden experimentell untersucht und werden vorgestellt. Darüber hinaus wurde die Genauigkeit von Berechnungsmethoden für sicherheitstechnische Eigenschaften von Wasserstoffgemischen untersucht. N2 - Hydrogen differs from most other flammable gases regarding the safety related properties. Mainly the minimum ignition energy (MIE) is particularly low and the burning velocity is particularly high. Hydrogen mixtures are formed in different hydrogen applications, for example if hydrogen is added to the existing natural gas grid, if synthetic gas (mixture of CO and H2) is produced or in biogas plants. Safety related properties of hydrogen mixtures were determined experimentally and are presented in this presentation. Moreover the accuracy of estimation methods for safety related properties of hydrogen mixtures is evaluated.” T2 - Center for Hydrogen Safety 2020 European Conference CY - Online meeting DA - 20.10.2020 KW - Explosion Protection KW - Explosion Limits KW - Minimum Ignition Energy KW - Ignition Source KW - Synthetic Gas PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51530 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, Werner W. A1 - Wöhlecke, Andreas T1 - The role of junction strength in the performance of geogrids N2 - Designing the performance of geogrids in reinforce soil constructions usually does not consider long-term behavior and possible failure modes of junctions between longitudinal and transverse ribs. How could behavior of junctions be included? To which extend is it necessary? On the conference Geo-Chicago 2016, Swan and Yuan presented an ultimate limit state equation for the short-term material resistance of junctions. We discuss limitations and suggest improvements to include long-term behavior of junctions. Nevertheless, the approach applies only to a specific mode of shear-tensile failure of junctions and only to strictly rigid geogrids. A new design concept presented in the same year by Jacobs on the conference GeoAmerica for the special case of the anchorage of geogrids, which reinforce capping system on long and steep slopes of landfills, tried to overcome these drawbacks. We discuss the aspects of this concept related to the long-term behavior of junctions and the interplay between the load applied to junctions and the flexibility of longitudinal ribs. This interplay and the long-term junction strength determine the long-term behavior of geogrids. T2 - GeoAmericas 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 26.10.2020 KW - Geogitter KW - Geokunststoffe KW - Deponie PY - 2020 VL - 4 SP - 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-51484 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wöhlecke, Andreas A1 - Müller, Werner W. T1 - The role of junction strength in the performance of geogrids N2 - Designing the performance of geogrids in reinforce soil constructions usually does not consider long-term behavior and possible failure modes of junctions between longitudinal and transverse ribs. How could behavior of junctions be included? To which extend is it necessary? On the conference Geo-Chicago 2016, Swan and Yuan presented an ultimate limit state equation for the short-term material resistance of junctions. We discuss limitations and suggest improvements to include long-term behavior of junctions. Nevertheless, the approach applies only to a specific mode of shear-tensile failure of junctions and only to strictly rigid geogrids. A new design concept presented in the same year by Jacobs on the conference GeoAmerica for the special case of the anchorage of geogrids, which reinforce capping system on long and steep slopes of landfills, tried to overcome these drawbacks. We discuss the aspects of this concept related to the long-term behavior of junctions and the interplay between the load applied to junctions and the flexibility of longitudinal ribs. This interplay and the long-term junction strength determine the long-term behavior of geogrids. T2 - GeoAmericas 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 26.10.2020 KW - Geogitter KW - Geokunststoffe KW - Deponie PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51485 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Andrade, C. A1 - Saucedo, L. A1 - Rebolledo, N. A1 - Cabeza, S. A1 - Meinel, Dietmar T1 - X-Ray computed tomography and traditional analysis of a capillary absorption test in cement pastes N2 - Water absorption testing has the attraction of being simple, relatively quick and use water as a fluid which is the key substance in the possible concrete deterioration. However, in spite of the advantages its application has remained empirical, except for the testing of resistance to frost, through the identification of the critical degree of saturation. Rilem TC-116 studied this test, among others, for the characterization of concrete resistance against transport through the concrete pore network. Results indicated a low discriminating ability of the absorbency for qualifying concrete resistance and then, it seemed necessary to try to move forward by making the link between the absorption testing and the concrete pore microstructure. In the present work, thanks to the X-Ray computed tomography, it is described the evolution of the water front in three paste-specimen with different w/c ratios (different pore radius distributions). The observations allowed us to deduce that all the pores start to fill simultaneously, but the bigger ones fill quicker and rise less. The saturation degree is measured along the height of the sample, showing that each pore size has a different rate which becomes constant after the first hour. Washburn’s equation was applied to the progressive advance of the water front, resulting in a pore radius much smaller than the one expected. KW - Capillary absorption KW - Pore size distribution KW - X-ray CT KW - Gravimetry PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103634 VL - 113 SP - 103634 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - London AN - OPUS4-51487 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Zaghdoudi, Maha A1 - Weber, Mike A1 - Kömmling, Anja A1 - Jaunich, Matthias A1 - Wolff, Dietmar T1 - Numerical Modelling of Compression Stress Relaxation and Compression Set of Elastomer O-Ring During Aging N2 - Elastomer seals are used in many industrial applications due to their excellent mechanical properties at a wide range of temperatures. Their high versatility and recovery potential under several load conditions make them well suitable for the application in containers designed for transport, storage and/or disposal of radioactive materials. In containers for low and intermediate level radioactive waste, elastomer seals are used as barrier seals, and as auxiliary seals in storage and transportation casks (dual purpose casks) for heat generating radioactive waste, such as spent fuel and high-level waste. While a seal exchange at defined intervals is typical in many conventional applications, it is impossible or at least hard to perform when principles of minimization of radiation exposure have to be considered and prohibit an unnecessary cask handling. An extensive knowledge of the change of the elastomer’s properties during aging and the availability of reliable end-of-lifetime criteria to guarantee the permanent safe enclosure of the radioactive material is mandatory. As BAM is involved in most of the national cask licensing procedures and in the evaluation of cask-related long-term safety issues, great efforts have been already made and are still planned to scientifically support this task. Compression stress relaxation and compression set were identified as key indicators of elastomer long-term performance and quantitatively investigated in comprehensive test programs. Among other representative types of elastomers, specimens made from ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) were tested before, during and after aging to capture the most important of their complex mechanical properties. In the presented study, exemplary results were used to simulate the compression stress relaxation and the compression set of elastomer O-rings during aging. Regarding the influence of temperature, the time-temperature superposition principle is applied in the relaxation analysis of elastomer O-rings. The proposed model is implemented in the commercial finite element software ABAQUS/Standard® [1] with a sequential temperature displacement coupling. Numerical results match the experimental compression stress relaxation measurements well. The prediction of compression set values after long-term aging shows a relatively good agreement with the experimental results. Nevertheless, all input parameters derived from the specimen tests, additional assumptions concerning boundary conditions and modeling strategy are discussed with regard to the identified slight discrepancies. The possibility to extend the finite element model to represent the O-ring seal’s ability to recover after a (fast) partial release is taken into account. T2 - ASME 2020 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference (PVP2020) CY - Online meeting DA - 03.08.2020 KW - Compression Set KW - O-ring KW - Simulation KW - Sequential analysis KW - Ageing KW - stress relaxation PY - 2020 SN - 978-0-7918-8388-4 DO - https://doi.org/10.1115/PVP2020-21270 SP - PVP2020-21270 PB - ASME AN - OPUS4-51490 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bresch, Harald T1 - Standard Operating Procedures in the digital context N2 - The intention of the presentation is to inspire a discussion on the needs and challenges for the digitalisation of SOPs. SOPs are available for the disciplines of physical-chemical characterisation, for toxicology, for environmental applications and for exposure applications. Furthermore the SOPs need to be integrated in the regulatory framework and need to be detailed enough for the digital processing. This is highlighted in this presentation. T2 - Nanosafety 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 07.10.2020 KW - Nano KW - SOP KW - NFDI KW - Digitalisation KW - Operating Procedure PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51491 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk A1 - Hamm, C. A1 - Röser, T. A1 - Michels, H. T1 - Vom Kokillenguss bis zur Fräsbearbeitung - Bauteile aus innovativen Eisen- und Titanaluminiden wirtschaftlich herstellen N2 - Der Beitrag gibt einen kurzen Einblick in das gerade bewilligte ZIM-Vorhaben „Technologie und Werkzeuge für ultraschallunterstütztes Fräsen von Eisen- und Titan-Aluminid-Bauteilen (TeWuFeAl)“. In dem Vorhaben wird durch 2 KMU aus dem Bereichen der Werkzeugentwicklung (Wolf GmbH) und der Anwendung (AWB GmbH) sowie durch 2 Forschungsinstitute, Access e. V. und Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), die Herstellbarkeit sicherheitsrelevanter Leichtbauteile aus FeAl und TiAl durch das besonders wirtschaftliche Kokillengussverfahren und die anschließende ultraschallunterstützte Zerspanung untersucht. KW - Eisenaluminid KW - Titanaluminid KW - Kokillenguss KW - Fräsbearbeitung KW - Ultraschallunterstütztes Fräsen KW - Oberflächenintegrität PY - 2020 SP - 12 PB - Manufacturing Innovation Network e. V. CY - Varel, Germany AN - OPUS4-51593 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Seifert, Lando A1 - Müller, Thoralf A1 - Ebell, Gino T1 - Committee Meeting to WIPANO Research Project "Safety of Prestressing Steel" N2 - This WIPANO research project, "safety of prestressing steel," is about applying the test methods for assessing the susceptibility of prestressing steels to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) according to DIN EN ISO 15630-3. The talk gives an overview of the project's current status to the international committee that accompanies the project. T2 - Committee Meeting to WIPANO Research Project "Safety of Prestressing Steel" CY - Online meeting DA - 12.11.2020 KW - Prestressing Steel KW - Stress corrosion cracking KW - SCC KW - DIN EN ISO 15630-3 KW - Test Methods PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51594 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reichel, V. E. A1 - Matuszak, J. A1 - Bente, Klaas A1 - Heil, T. A1 - Kraupner, A. A1 - Dutz, S. A1 - Cicha, I. A1 - Faivre, D. T1 - Magnetite-Arginine Nanoparticles as a Multifunctional Biomedical Tool N2 - Iron oxide nanoparticles are a promising platform for biomedical applications, both in terms of diagnostics and therapeutics. In addition, arginine-rich polypeptides are known to penetrate across cell membranes. Here, we thus introduce a system based on magnetite nanoparticles and the polypeptide poly-l-arginine (polyR-Fe3O4). We show that the hybrid nanoparticles exhibit a low cytotoxicity that is comparable to Resovist®, a commercially available drug. PolyR-Fe3O4 particles perform very well in diagnostic applications, such as magnetic particle imaging (1.7 and 1.35 higher signal respectively for the 3rd and 11th harmonic when compared to Resovist®), or as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (R2/R1 ratio of 17 as compared to 11 at 0.94 T for Resovist®). Moreover, these novel particles can also be used for therapeutic purposes such as hyperthermia, achieving a specific heating power ratio of 208 W/g as compared to 83 W/g for Feridex®, another commercially available product. Therefore, we envision such materials to play a role in the future theranostic applications, where the arginine ability to deliver cargo into the cell can be coupled to the magnetite imaging properties and cancer fighting activity. KW - Iron oxide KW - Nanoparticle KW - Theranostics KW - MRI KW - Hyperthermia PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-515993 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10102014 VL - 10 IS - 10 SP - 2014 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-51599 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kage, Daniel A1 - Hoffmann, Katrin A1 - Borcherding, H. A1 - Schedler, U. A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute T1 - Lifetime encoding in flow cytometry for bead‑based sensing of biomolecular interaction N2 - To demonstrate the potential of time-resolved flow cytometry (FCM) for bioanalysis, clinical diagnostics, and optically encoded bead-based assays, we performed a proof-of-principle study to detect biomolecular interactions utilizing fluorescence lifetime (LT)-encoded micron-sized polymer beads bearing target-specific bioligands and a recently developed prototype lifetime flow cytometer (LT-FCM setup). This instrument is equipped with a single excitation light source and different fluorescence detectors, one operated in the photon-counting mode for time-resolved measurements of fluorescence decays and three detectors for conventional intensity measurements in different spectral windows. First, discrimination of bead-bound biomolecules was demonstrated in the time domain exemplarily for two targets, Streptavidin (SAv) and the tumor marker human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). In a second step, the determination of biomolecule concentration levels was addressed representatively for the inflammation-related biomarker tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) utilizing fluorescence intensity measurements in a second channel of the LT-FCM instrument. Our results underline the applicability of LT-FCM in the time domain for measurements of biomolecular interactions in suspension assays. In the future, the combination of spectral and LT encoding and multiplexing and the expansion of the time scale from the lower nanosecond range to the longer nanosecond and the microsecond region is expected to provide many distinguishable codes. This enables an increasing degree of multiplexing which could be attractive for high throughput screening applications. KW - Fluorescence KW - Sensor KW - Assay KW - Protein KW - Multiplexing KW - Flow cytometry KW - Barcoding KW - Lifetime KW - Dye KW - Bead KW - Bead-based assay KW - Method KW - Quantification PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-516007 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-76150-x VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 19477 PB - Nature AN - OPUS4-51600 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Werner, Tiago A1 - Madia, Mauro A1 - Zerbst, Uwe T1 - Kurzrisswachstum in additiv gefertigtem austenitischem Edelstahl 316L N2 - Diese Untersuchung beschäftigt sich mit der Charakterisierung von Kurzrisswachstum in mittels Laser-Pulverbett-Verschmelzen (LPBF - Laser Powder Bed Fusion) hergestelltem rostfreien austenitischen Stahl. Spezifischer wird die Ermittlung zyklischer R-Kurven untersucht. Diese beschreiben den Aufbau des Widerstands gegen Ermüdungsrisswachstum - d.h. des Schwellenwertes - aufgrund von Rissschließeffekten bei physikalisch kurzen Rissen. Mit Hilfe der zyklischen R-Kurven kann die Fähigkeit eines Bauteils, physikalisch kurze Risse zu arretieren, charakterisiert werden. Wir verfügen damit über eine Schnittstelle zwischen klassischer Ermüdung und Bruchmechanik. Das ist gerade auch für additiv gefertigte (AM – Additive Manufacturing) Materialien von Interesse. Diese weisen prozessintrinsische Defekte auf, die als Initiierungsstellen kurzer Ermüdungsrisse agieren. Im Rahmen der experimentellen Untersuchungen wurden zyklische R-Kurven für konventionellen und LPBF AISI-316L-Stahl ermittelt. Insbesondere wurde der Einfluss verschiedener Wärmebehandlungen (WB1: 450°C, WB2: 800°C und WB3: 900°C) auf das Wachstumsverhalten physikalisch kurzer Risse im LPBF-Material untersucht. Aufgrund hoher Eigenspannungen war die Ermittlung des Kurzrisswachstumsverhaltens bei WB1 nicht möglich. Für WB2 und WB3 ergaben sich sehr unterschiedliche zyklische R-Kurven. Untersuchungen der Eigenspannungen, der Bruchfläche (insbesondere der Rauheit) und der Mikrostruktur sollen die Ursachen für das unterschiedliche Verhalten erklären. Die Ergebnisse werden mit den Verhältnissen in konventionellem Material verglichen. T2 - 41. Werkstoffmechanikseminar TU Darmstadt CY - Online meeting DA - 26.10.2020 KW - AM KW - Additiv KW - Zyklische R-Kurve KW - 316L KW - Ermüdung KW - Ermüdungsrisswachstum KW - Risswachstum PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51603 LA - mul AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Duarte, Larissa A1 - Madia, Mauro A1 - Zerbst, Uwe T1 - Ermittlung des intrinsischen Schwellenwerts und dessen Validierung als Werkstoffparameter N2 - Die schadenstolerante Bewertung von zyklisch beanspruchten Bauteilen auf bruchmechanischer Grundlage ist von großer praktischer Bedeutung, insbesondere für die Spezifizierung von Inspektionsintervallen. Eine Schwachstelle der gegenwärtigen Vorgehensweise bildet der nur ungenügend verstandene Schwellenwertbereich der da/dN-ΔK -Kurve. Relevant ist das deshalb, weil viele Bauteile bei Lasten betrieben werden, die in eben diesen Bereich fallen. Der Vortrag beschäftigt sich mit Unsicherheiten bei der Ermittlung des Schwellenwertes, mit Einflussparametern, die dabei zu berücksichtigen sind, und mit einem Vorschlag zur konservativen Einbeziehung des Schwellenwertbereichs in die Bauteilauslegung. Der Schwellenwert gegen Ermüdungsrissausbreitung ist als der zyklische Spannungsintensitätsfaktor definiert, unterhalb dessen kein Risswachstum mehr stattfindet. Dabei ist zu beachten, dass der Wert in der konventionellen da/dN-ΔK -Kurve auf Langrisswachstum beschränkt ist und, strenggenommen, auch das nur dann, wenn das Rissschließphänomen voll ausgebildet ist. Unter Rissschließen versteht man das Schließen des zyklisch beanspruchten Risses in der Regel oberhalb des Nulldurchgangs der Last. Wichtige Rissschließmechanismen sind das plastizitäts-, das rauheits- und das oxid-induzierte Schließen wobei die beiden letztgenannten im Schwellenwertbereich dominierend sind. Der Schwellenwert selbst besteht aus zwei Anteilen, einem intrinsischen, der von den elastischen Konstanten und vom Gittertyp abhängt und einem extrinsischen, der mit dem Aufbau der Rissschließeffekte zusammenhängt und von Parametern wie der Mikrostruktur, dem Spannungsverhältnis aus Unter- und Oberlast und der Risstiefe beeinflusst wird. In Fällen, bei denen oxid-induziertes Rissschließen eine Rolle spielt, hängt der erhaltene Wert des Schwellenwerts vom experimentellen Verfahren ab, wobei die konventionelle Lastabsenkung nach Standard nicht-konservative Werte ergeben kann. Der Vortrag thematisiert die unterschiedlichen Optionen der experimentellen Ermittlung mit besonderem Fokus auf dem intrinsischen Schwellenwert und, davon ausgehend, die Anbindung an den rissschließkorrigierten Paris-Bereich der da/dN-ΔK -Kurve. T2 - Werkstoffmechanikseminar 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 26.10.2020 KW - Intrinsischer Schwellenwert gegen Ermüdungsrissausbreitung KW - Schadenstolerante Bauteilauslegung KW - Restlebensdauer PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51604 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kuchenbecker, Petra T1 - Praktische Erfahrungen zur Granulometrie von Pulvern im Submikron- und Nanobereich N2 - Der Vortrag beleuchtet insbesondere die Herausforderungen die sich bei der Dispergierung der Nanopulver aufgrund der hohen Adhäsivkräfte ergeben. Die Bewertung der Probenpräparation ist nur indirekt zugänglich, aber essentiell für die Zuverlässigkeit der Messergebnisse. Anhand von Beispielen werden Lösungsvorschläge aufgezeigt. Der Vortrag schließt mit einem Vorschlag zur Strategie der Herangehensweise bei der Partikelgrößenbestimmung von Nanopulvern. T2 - Sitzung des Fachausschusses "Material- und Prozessdiagnostik" der Deutschen Keramischen Gesellschaft: Zuverlässige granulometrische Charakterisierung von Mikro- und Nanopulvern – Voraussetzung für optimierte Keramikwerkstoffe in der Energietechnik CY - Online meeting DA - 19.11.2020 KW - Nano-powder KW - particle size determination KW - dispersion KW - sample preparation PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51665 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Heßmann, Jennifer T1 - Prozesssimulation elektromagnetischer Kräfte zum Fügen artungleicher Werkstoffe N2 - Prozesssimulation zur Eingrenzung der elektromagnetischen Kräfte zum gezielten Verdrängen einer laserstrahlinduzierten Schmelze zum Fügen artungleicher Materialien. Berechnung der Lorentzkraftverteilung im Schmelzbad. Abschätzung der Temperaturentwicklung beim Verdrängungsprozess. T2 - Assistentenseminar der WGF 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 01.09.2020 KW - Artungleiche Werkstoffe; Elektromagnetische Schmelzbadbeeinflussung; Fügetechnologie; Laserstrahlschweißen; Stahl und Aluminium PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51666 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz A1 - Ziemens, Susanne T1 - The response of different buildings to free-field excitation – a study using detailed finite element models N2 - A study on building vibrations has been performed by finite element calculations. Family houses, multi-storey residential buildings, office buildings and office towers have been modelled in detail. The frequency-dependent response due to a free-field excitation has been evaluated for walls, columns and floors. The ratio of building amplitudes to free-field amplitudes starts with uB/u0 = 1 at zero frequency and is usually lower than 1 at 50 Hz, the end of the frequency range considered here. In between, amplifications occur due to several reasons. There are „soil resonances“ where the whole building is vibrating on the compliant soil, “column resonances” where the upper storeys are vibrating on the compliant columns, and the “floor resonances” where the floors are vibrating excited by their supports. Results are presented for all building types, but a special focus is set on office buildings. A parameter study shows the influence of the stiffness of the soil, the number of storeys, and the width of the building. It has been found that the “soil resonance” is strongly modified by the low-frequency floor resonances for the normal office building. The main resonance of a twenty-storey office tower is determined equally by the “soil mode” and the “column mode”. It is an important observation for these office buildings that the resonances can differ for different parts of the building such as the centre, the edge, the corner, and the core of the building. This leads to non-uniform vibration modes across the building, which look like another type of “floor resonance” and which have been observed in several real building projects. Experimental results will be shown which can confirm the calculated phenomena. T2 - EURODYN 2020 XI International Conference on Structural Dynamics CY - Online meeting DA - 13.11.2020 KW - Building vibration KW - Office building KW - Residential building KW - Soil-building resonance KW - Floor resonance KW - Column/wall resonance PY - 2020 SN - 978-618-85072-2-7 SP - 4560 EP - 4576 CY - Athen AN - OPUS4-51678 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz A1 - Ziemens, Susanne T1 - The response of different buildings to free-field excitation – a study using detailed finite element models N2 - A study on building vibrations has been performed by finite element calculations. Family houses, multi-storey residential buildings, office buildings and office towers have been modelled in detail. The frequency-dependent response due to a free-field excitation has been evaluated for walls, columns and floors. The ratio of building amplitudes to free-field amplitudes starts with uB/u0 = 1 at zero frequency and is usually lower than 1 at 50 Hz, the end of the frequency range considered here. In between, amplifications occur due to several reasons. There are „soil resonances“ where the whole building is vibrating on the compliant soil, “column resonances” where the upper storeys are vibrating on the compliant columns, and the “floor resonances” where the floors are vibrating excited by their supports. Results are presented for all building types, but a special focus is set on office buildings. A parameter study shows the influence of the stiffness of the soil, the number of storeys, and the width of the building. It has been found that the “soil resonance” is strongly modified by the low-frequency floor resonances for the normal office building. The main resonance of a twenty-storey office tower is determined equally by the “soil mode” and the “column mode”. It is an important observation for these office buildings that the resonances can differ for different parts of the building such as the centre, the edge, the corner, and the core of the building. This leads to non-uniform vibration modes across the building, which look like another type of “floor resonance” and which have been observed in several real building projects. Experimental results will be shown which can confirm the calculated phenomena. T2 - EURODYN 2020 XI International Conference on Structural Dynamics CY - Online meeting DA - 23.11.2020 KW - Building vibration PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51679 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lu, Xin A1 - Krebber, Katerina T1 - Direct detection based φOTDR using the Kramers-Kronig receiver N2 - A Kramers-Kronig (KK) receiver is applied to a phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry based on direct detection. An imbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometer with a 2× 2 coupler is used in sensing system to encode the phase information into optical intensity. The directly obtained signal is treated as the in-phase component, and the KK receiver provides the quadrature component by Hilbert transform of the obtained signal, so that the optical phase can be retrieved by IQ demodulation. The working principle is well explained, and the obtained phase variance is theoretically analyzed. The experiment demonstrates the functionality of the sensor and validates the theoretical analysis. KW - Kramers-Kronig detector KW - Distributed fiber sensing KW - Acoustic sensing PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-516803 UR - https://www.osapublishing.org/oe/fulltext.cfm?uri=oe-28-24-37058&id=442839 DO - https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.405723 VL - 28 IS - 24 SP - 37058 EP - 37068 PB - Optical Society of America AN - OPUS4-51680 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gottlieb, C. A1 - Bohling, C. A1 - Millar, S. A1 - Günther, Tobias A1 - Wilsch, Gerd ED - Krieger, J. ED - Isecke, B. T1 - Schnelle ortsaufgelöste Chloridbestimmung mit der laserinduzierten Plasmaspektroskopie (LIBS) N2 - Im Zuge der Ist-Zustandserfassung von Stahl- und Spannbetonbauwerken spielt die chemische Analyse von Beton eine zentrale Rolle. Durch den externen Eintrag von schädigenden Substanzen wie Chlorid oder Alkalien aus Tausalzen oder Meerwasser, kann u.U. der Beton und/oder die Stahlbewehrung angegriffen werden. Bei Überschreitung kritischer korrosionsauslösender Chloridgehalte, z.B. bei Stahlbeton 0,4 M.-% (bzw. 0,5 M.-%) und Spannbeton 0,2 M.-% bezogen auf den Zement, erhöht sich das Risiko für eine Chlorid-induzierte Korrosion. Für die Beurteilung eines Instandsetzungsbedarfs und, sofern notwendig, der Erarbeitung eines Instandsetzungskonzeptes muss nach der Rili-SIB1 ein sachkundiger Planer herangezogen werden. Standardmäßig werden für die chemische Analyse Bohrkerne bzw. Bohrmehlproben aus dem zu untersuchenden Bauwerk entnommen und nach aufwendiger Probenvorbereitung nasschemisch analysiert (nach DAfStb Heft 401 oder DIN 14629). Dabei wird der Gesamtchloridgehalt bezogen auf die Einwaage angegeben. Eine Umrechnung auf den Zementgehalt erfolgt i.d.R. durch Schätzwerte. Der Einsatz der laserinduzierten Plasmaspektroskopie (LIBS) wird seit Mitte der 90er Jahren an der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung erforscht, um den Chloridgehalt durch eine ortsaufgelöste Elementanalyse an einer Betonprobe möglichst genau zu ermitteln. Die zweidimensionale LIBS-Messung mit einer lateralen Auflösung von 100 µm x 100 µm erlaubt die Berücksichtigung der Heterogenität von Beton. Dabei lassen sich die Bindemittelmatrix und die Gesteinskörnung separat betrachten, wodurch sich die Aussagekraft der Ergebnisse und somit die Sicherheit der chemischen Zustandserfassung erhöht. Durch die stetige Weiterentwicklung von Komponenten wie Laser, Spektrometer und analytischer Auswerteroutinen sind mittlerweile automatisierte Systeme für die schnelle LIBS-Analyse auf dem Markt verfügbar. In diesem Vortrag wird der aktuelle Stand der Technik anhand von Praxisbeispielen präsentiert und entscheidende Vorteile gegenüber dem Standardverfahren herausgestellt. Aufgrund der Möglichkeit für eine simultane Multielementanalyse mit LIBS werden weitere Anwendungen, wie z.B. die Ermittlung der Karbonatisierungstiefe, Untersuchungen von Transportprozessen, Chlorideintrag entlang von Rissen oder Untersuchungen von Elementverteilungen im Kontext einer AKR vorgestellt. T2 - 4. Brückenkolloquium CY - Online meeting DA - 08.09.2020 KW - Chloride KW - Beton KW - LIBS KW - Schädigung PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-8169-3518-6 SP - 465 EP - 471 PB - Narr Francke Attempto Verlag GmbH + Co. KG CY - Tübingen AN - OPUS4-51681 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gottlieb, C. A1 - Bohling, C. A1 - Millar, S. A1 - Günther, Tobias A1 - Wilsch, Gerd T1 - Schnelle ortsaufgelöste Chloridbestimmung mit der laserinduzierten Plasmaspektroskopie N2 - Im Zuge der Ist-Zustandserfassung von Stahl- und Spannbetonbauwerken spielt die chemische Analyse von Beton eine zentrale Rolle. Durch den externen Eintrag von schädigenden Substanzen wie Chlorid oder Alkalien aus Tausalzen oder Meerwasser, kann u.U. der Beton und/oder die Stahlbewehrung angegriffen werden. Bei Überschreitung kritischer korrosionsauslösender Chloridgehalte, z.B. bei Stahlbeton 0,4 M.-% (bzw. 0,5 M.-%) und Spannbeton 0,2 M.-% bezogen auf den Zement, erhöht sich das Risiko für eine Chlorid-induzierte Korrosion. Für die Beurteilung eines Instandsetzungsbedarfs und, sofern notwendig, der Erarbeitung eines Instandsetzungskonzeptes muss nach der Rili-SIB1 ein sachkundiger Planer herangezogen werden. Standardmäßig werden für die chemische Analyse Bohrkerne bzw. Bohrmehlproben aus dem zu untersuchenden Bauwerk entnommen und nach aufwendiger Probenvorbereitung nasschemisch analysiert (nach DAfStb Heft 401 oder DIN 14629). Dabei wird der Gesamtchloridgehalt bezogen auf die Einwaage angegeben. Eine Umrechnung auf den Zementgehalt erfolgt i.d.R. durch Schätzwerte. Der Einsatz der laserinduzierten Plasmaspektroskopie (LIBS) wird seit Mitte der 90er Jahren an der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung erforscht, um den Chloridgehalt durch eine ortsaufgelöste Elementanalyse an einer Betonprobe möglichst genau zu ermitteln. Die zweidimensionale LIBS-Messung mit einer lateralen Auflösung von 100 µm x 100 µm erlaubt die Berücksichtigung der Heterogenität von Beton. Dabei lassen sich die Bindemittelmatrix und die Gesteinskörnung separat betrachten, wodurch sich die Aussagekraft der Ergebnisse und somit die Sicherheit der chemischen Zustandserfassung erhöht. Durch die stetige Weiterentwicklung von Komponenten wie Laser, Spektrometer und analytischer Auswerteroutinen sind mittlerweile automatisierte Systeme für die schnelle LIBS-Analyse auf dem Markt verfügbar. In diesem Vortrag wird der aktuelle Stand der Technik anhand von Praxisbeispielen präsentiert und entscheidende Vorteile gegenüber dem Standardverfahren herausgestellt. Aufgrund der Möglichkeit für eine simultane Multielementanalyse mit LIBS werden weitere Anwendungen, wie z.B. die Ermittlung der Karbonatisierungstiefe, Untersuchungen von Transportprozessen, Chlorideintrag entlang von Rissen oder Untersuchungen von Elementverteilungen im Kontext einer AKR vorgestellt. T2 - 4. Brückenkolloquium CY - Online meeting DA - 08.09.2020 KW - Beton KW - LIBS KW - Schädigung KW - Chloride PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51683 LA - mul AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lörchner, Dominique A1 - Tang, Ductri A1 - Mauch, Tatjana A1 - Jung, Christian A1 - Hofmann, Andrea A1 - Kroh, L.W. T1 - Development and validation of a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for simultaneous analysis of triazine-based brominated flame retardants in environmental samples N2 - In the present study, a novel and reliable analytical method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of 1,3,5-tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione (TDBP-TAZTO) and 2,4,6-tris(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine (TTBP-TAZ) in environmental samples using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a tandem mass spectrometer. Firstly, for optimization of the liquid chromatography separation, mobile phases, oven temperatures, modifiers, and buffers were varied. Afterwards, the extraction efficiency of sediment and fish samples was tested with different techniques (pressurized liquid, solid-liquid, ultrasound-assisted, and Soxhlet extraction). Additionally, cleanup using modified multilayer silica gel (sediment) and gel permeation chromatography as well as Florisil® columns (fish) with several solvent mixtures were performed. The best results were obtained with the pressurized liquid extraction (optimal conditions: extraction solvent 100% toluene, extraction time 20 min, cycles two, extraction temperature 100 °C, and flushing volume 60%) compared to other solvent extraction methods. On the basis of this optimized analytical procedure, the method was validated with satisfactory values of correlation coefficient (R2) between 0.998 and 0.999 for both matrices in the calibration range of 2.0–502.0 μg kg−1 for TDBP-TAZTO and 16.6–770.6 μg kg−1 for TTBP-TAZ in sediment samples as well as 4.8–303.5 μg kg−1 and 47.4–742.5 μg kg−1 in fish samples (bream), respectively.Mean recoveries (n=5) were calculated for both analytes with spiked matrices at one concentration level (100 μg kg−1) between 98 and 114% with intra-day relative standard deviations less than 11%. The inter-day precision (n = 15) was also acceptable for both compounds < 11%. It was found that the limit of detection and limit of quantification were in the range of 0.4–1.3 μg kg−1 for TDBP-TAZTO and 10–28 μg kg−1 for TTBP-TAZ in surface sediment samples and 7–25 μg kg−1 and 22–80 μg kg−1 in fish samples (bream), respectively. The results indicated that these analytical methods could provide reliable and efficient approaches for quantification of TDBP-TAZTO and TTBPTAZ in sediment and fish samples. KW - Brominated flame retardants KW - Pressurized liquid extraction KW - TDBP-TAZTO KW - TTBP-TAZ KW - Sediment and fish samples PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-020-03057-x VL - 413 IS - 4 SP - 987 EP - 998 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-51685 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Feldkamp, Martin A1 - Quercetti, Thomas A1 - Wille, Frank T1 - Fire reference package - Results of large-scale fire tests N2 - Packages for the transport of high-level radioactive material are designed to withstand severe accidents. Hypothetical severe accident conditions are defined in the IAEA Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Materials. One of these accident conditions is the thermal test, mainly consisting of a 30 minute fully engulfing 800°C pool fire or an equally severe fire test. The heat fluxes into the package depend substantially on the fire characteristics and the surface temperature of the package. Fire tests can be performed at BAM on a propane gas fire test facility. In order to investigate the heat fluxes over a wide range of surface temperatures in this test facility a fire reference package was designed for multiple use. The package represented the outer geometry of a specific transport cask for radioactive waste. The fire reference package is a closed steel sheet cylinder with a wall thickness of 10 mm, a length of 1500 mm and a diameter of 1050 mm. The package was instrumented with thermocouples and filled with heat resistant insulation material. Three open-air fire tests were performed in the BAM propane gas fire test facility. The flames exposure time period varied slightly for the fire tests. The wind direction as well as the wind speed were measured and changed between and during the tests. Test stand parameters such as wind shield location and propane gas volume flow were chosen constant for the three tests. The locally measured fire reference package steel sheet temperatures were used for the calculation of heat fluxes as function of time and surface temperature. The measured temperatures allowed further calculations. In a first approach effective fire characteristics of the propane gas fire, including the flame temperature, the fire convection coefficient and a radiation exchange coefficient mathematically describing the determined average heat flux over the surface temperature were calculated. T2 - IRSN-BAM Symposium - Safety of Transport and Storage Packages CY - Online meeting DA - 19.11.2020 KW - Fire reference KW - Calorimetric test KW - Propane KW - Heat flux KW - Propane gas fire test facility PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51686 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hofmann, Detlef A1 - Basedau, Frank A1 - Heidenreich, F. A1 - Herten, M. T1 - Verwendung faseroptischer Messtechnik im Zuge wiederholter Eignungsprüfungen an Verpressankern N2 - Im Rahmen des Ausbaus des Dortmund-Ems-Kanals wurden an der Schleuse Gleesen Forschungsanker installiert, die Rückschlüsse auf das Tragverhalten in Folge des chemischen Angriffs kalklösender Kohlensäure geben sollen. Die Forschungsanker werden seit der Erstellung im Jahr 2017 mit verteilter faseroptischer Sensorik während der jährlichen Eignungsprüfungen untersucht. Die Ergebnisse der Jahre 2017 bis 2019 werden im Folgenden dargestellt. T2 - Messen in der Geotechnik 2020 CY - Braunschweig, Germany DA - 20.02.2020 KW - Faseroptische Sensorik KW - Rayleigh Rückstreuung KW - Verpressanker KW - Chemischer Angriff KW - Rissbildung PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-948141-02-8 DO - https://doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-201912181435-0 IS - 110 SP - 297 EP - 323 AN - OPUS4-51687 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hofmann, Detlef T1 - Strukturüberwachung mit lokaler und verteilter faseroptischer Sensorik N2 - Der Vortrag gibt einen Überblick über die Einsatzmöglichkeiten faseroptischer Sensorik (FOS) als ZfP-Verfahren. Dabei werden an Beispielen lokale und verteilte faseroptische Verfahren zur Dehnungs-, Temperatur- und Risserfassung sowie zur akustischen Messung vorgestellt. Weiterhin werden Möglichkeiten zur Selbstdiagnose von FOS aufgezeigt. T2 - InnoTesting2020 "Innovative Ideen - neue Testmethoden" CY - Wildau, Germany DA - 27.02.2020 KW - Faseroptische Sensorik KW - Strukturüberwachung KW - Lichtwellenleiter KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung KW - Selbstdiagnose PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51688 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Karapanagiotis, Christos T1 - Machine learning for strain and temperature discrimination in Brillouin distributed sensing N2 - Short presentation of the PhD project in machine learning based Brillouin distributed sensing. Machine learning can be used to enhance the performance of BOFDA and reduce considerably the measurement time. Apart from this, ML can also be used to extract more information from the Brillouin gain spectrum in order to render the temperature and strain discrimination possible T2 - PhD Day 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 15.09.2020 KW - Fiber optics sensors KW - Machine learning PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51689 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Spitzer, Stefan A1 - Askar, Enis A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Schröder, Volkmar T1 - Comparative study on standardized ignition sources used for explosion testing N2 - For the determination of safety characteristics of gases, vapors and dusts different types of ignition sources are used in international standards and guidelines. Table 1 compares technical relevant ignition sources with their main features. The paper presents test results of a comparative calorimetric and visual study between four different types of ignition sources. The ignition procedures were analyzed visually with a high-speed camera and electric recordings. In addition to that, the influence of the electrode-orientation, -distance as well as ignition energy on the reproducibility of the exploding wire igniter was tested. The exploding wire is already in use for standardized determination of safety characteristics of gases, first tests on the suitability of the exploding wire igniter for dust testing have been carried out by Scheid et al. Using the exploding wire, the ignition energy can be varied from 2 to 10 000 J (2 x 5 000 J) and thus it could be used for gases, vapors, dusts and hybrid mixtures. Moreover it can be used at high initial pressures and it is the only ignition source with an easily measurable ignition energy release. Furthermore, it does not introduce another chemical reaction into the system. Finally, a proposal for a standard ignition source for explosion tests on hybrid mixtures is derived from the test results. T2 - 13th International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions CY - Braunschweig, Germany DA - 27.07.2020 KW - Ignition source KW - Exploding Wire KW - Safety characteristics determination KW - Hybrid mixtures PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51691 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Romero Navarrete, Jose Antonio A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Lozano Guzmán, A. A. T1 - Experimental methods for road tankers. A critical review (IMECE2020-23069) N2 - Still experimental modelling is necessary to assess the effects of all of the influential factors. T2 - IMECE 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 16.11.2020 KW - Road KW - Tanker KW - Methods PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51638 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Lozano Guzmán, A. A. T1 - Experimental methods for road tankers. A critical review N2 - The transportation of liquids involves several situations derived from the curved shape of the cargo containers, including a comparatively high center of gravity, which negatively shifts when the container is partially loaded, and the vehicle is subjected to steering or braking accelerations. Aiming at reducing these effects several experimental approaches have been applied, involving different tank shapes and the use of baffles, tested under laboratory or field conditions, at full scale or at a down-scale. However, the scope of such approaches has been limited, mainly because the potential effect of other components of the vehicle on the road tanker behavior, has been neglected. In this paper, a critical review is presented of the experimental approaches considered so far, identifying specific experimental needs to improve the performance of the vehicles, from both the road safety and the environmental perspective. T2 - IMECE 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 16.11.2020 KW - Tank KW - Road KW - Methods PY - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-51641 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Lozano Guzmán, A. A. T1 - An energy frame of reference to assess vehicle´s physical externalities (IMECE 2020-23745) N2 - As a result of the vehicle – infrastructure interaction, both systems deteriorate. The development of performance measures about such effects, is critical to find ways to mitigate these systems deterioration. We propose an energy approach to such an assessment: The transient energy stored in the pavement. The transient strain energy stored in the vehicle suspension. T2 - IMECE 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 16.11.2020 KW - Energy KW - Frame KW - Assess KW - Vehicles PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51642 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Lozano Guzmán, A. A. T1 - An energy frame of reference to assess vehicle´s physical externalities N2 - Externalities of the road transportation are multidimensional in nature and involve the road-vehicle interaction under different environmental conditions. Estimating the pavement and vehicle damage potentials as a function of the condition sunder which such interaction takes place, is important to avoid accelerated or catastrophic damages in these systems. Such an assessing is crucial from the perspective of pricing the effects of the vehicle on the infrastructure and vice versa. The existing models for pricing such interaction, critically depends on gross average statistical models. In this paper, it is proposed a deterministic approach to realize such an assessment, based upon validated approaches for the pavement damage. The simulation scheme considers different degrees-of-freedom vehicle models, and a discrete asphalt pavement, that make possible the simulation of massive traffic situations on realistic road lengths. T2 - IMECE 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 16.11.2020 KW - Energy KW - Frame KW - Assess KW - Vehicles PY - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-51645 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Beckmann, Jörg A1 - Schade, U. A1 - Pulskar, L. A1 - Ritter, E. T1 - Novel Technique for On-Line Monitoring of the Curing Process of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites N2 - A specially designed experimental set up has been integrated into a commercially available FT IR Spectrometer for ATR experiments on Epoxy Systems. Representative data of far infrared spectra measured during the curing process at different temperatures of an epoxy system will be presented in dependency of the curing situation. The experiments and the selected set up are discussed to demonstrate its potential for future monitoring and ageing control applications during a manufacturing process of polymer composites. T2 - 45. International Confercene on infrared, milimeter and terahertz waves CY - Online meeting DA - 08.11.2020 KW - Far-infrared spectroscopy KW - Curing Monitoring PY - 2020 UR - https://live-irmmwthz.pantheonsite.io/technical-program AN - OPUS4-51649 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kruschwitz, Sabine A1 - Oesch, Tyler A1 - Mielentz, Frank A1 - Meinel, Dietmar A1 - Stolpe, Heiko A1 - Spyridis, P. T1 - Evaluation of Advanced NDT-Methods for Measurement of Fibre Orientation in Concrete N2 - Integration of fibre reinforcement in high-performance cementitious materials has become widely applied in many fields of construction. One of the most investigated advantages of steel fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) is the deceleration of crack growth and hence it’s improved sustainability due to e.g. decrease of permeability of concrete by aggressive substances. Additional benefits are associated with the structural properties of FRC, where fibres can significantly increase the ductility and the tensile strength of concrete. In some applications, such as tunnel linings or industrial slabs, it is even possible to entirely replace the conventional reinforcement, leading to significant logistical and environmental benefits. Fibre reinforcement can, however, have critical disadvantages and even hinder the performance of concrete, since it can induce an anisotropic material behaviour of the mixture if the fibres are not appropriately oriented. For a safe use of FRC in the future, reliable non-destructive methods need to be identified to assess the fibres’ orientation in hardened concrete. In this study, ultrasonic material testing, electrical impedance testing, and X-ray computer tomography have been investigated for this purpose using specially produced samples with biased or random fibre orientations. This paper demonstrates the capabilities of each of these NDT techniques for fibre orientation measurements and draws conclusions based on these results about the most promising areas for future research and development using these techniques. T2 - fib2020 Shanghai CY - Online meeting DA - 22.11.2020 KW - Ultrasonic testing KW - Steel fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) KW - Fibre orientation KW - X-ray computed tomography (CT) KW - Electrical impedance PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51651 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schade, U. A1 - Pulskar, L. A1 - Ritter, E. A1 - Beckmann, Jörg T1 - Etalon Effects in THz Film Measurements N2 - Etalon effects in THz transmittance spectra, either taken in time-domain or frequency-domain, often hamper or even hinder the interpretation of film properties. In this paper we discuss the transferability and applicability of spectroscopic methods usually employed in the near and mid infrared spectral range and exemplarily present the application field. T2 - 45. International Confercene on infrared, milimeter and terahertz waves CY - Online meeting DA - 08.11.2020 KW - Far-infrared spectroscopy KW - Etalon Effects PY - 2020 UR - https://live-irmmwthz.pantheonsite.io/technical-program AN - OPUS4-51652 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Geißler, Daniel A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute T1 - Standardisation of concentration measurements of extracellular vesicles for medical diagnoses N2 - Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived particles in body fluids, which have excellent potential as next generation biomarkers for the early diagnosis of common diseases, such as cancer and thrombosis. This project aims to tap into the clinical potential of EVs by developing traceable measurements of number concentration, size distribution, refractive index (RI) and fluorescence intensity of cell-specific EVs in human blood and urine. To realise our aims, we will develop synthetic reference materials with physical properties resembling EVs (WP1), instrumentation and procedures to standardise EV measurements in clinical laboratories (WP2), and ready-to-use biological test samples (WP3). These will then be evaluated in an inter-laboratory comparison study across a range (>20) of standard flow cytometers in clinical labs (WP4). T2 - MetVesII M18 Interim Meeting CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 20.10.2020 KW - EMPIR 18HLT01 MetVesII KW - Extracellular vesicles (EV) KW - Flow cytometry (FCM) KW - Reference materials KW - Fluorescent particles KW - Integrating sphere spectroscopy PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51653 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute T1 - Introduction to Fluorescence Spectroscopy N2 - A brief introduction to fluorescence spectroscopy will be provided, ranging from typically measured fluorescence quantities over instrument-specific contributions to measured fluorescence signals to selected applications. In this context, an overview of the photoluminescence properties of molecular and nanoscale luminescence reporters will be given including a brief insight into their photophysics and fluorescence standards designed by division Biophotonics for the calibration and instrument performance validation of fluorescence measuring devices will be presented. T2 - Analytical Academy CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 13.01.2020 KW - Linearity KW - Fluorescence KW - Dye KW - Quality assurance KW - Nnano particle KW - Method KW - Measurement uncertainty KW - Quantification PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51618 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute T1 - Introduction to Fluorescence Spectroscopy N2 - A brief introduction to fluorescence spectroscopy will be provided, ranging from typically measured fluorescence quantities over instrument-specific contributions to measured fluorescence signals to selected applications. In this context, an overview of the photoluminescence properties of molecular and nanoscale luminescence reporters will be given including a brief insight into their photophysics and fluorescence standards designed by division Biophotonics for the calibration and instrument performance validation of fluorescence measuring devices will be presented. T2 - Analytical Academy BAM CY - Online meeting DA - 17.11.2020 KW - Fluorescence KW - Quality assurance KW - Quantification KW - Linearity KW - Measurement uncertainty KW - Method KW - Nano particle KW - Dye PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51619 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute T1 - Typical Measurements in Optical Spectroscopy – Absorption Spectroscopy or Photometry N2 - The basics of absorption spectroscopy (termed also photometry) will be presented with focus on transparent solutions of different molecular and nanocrystalline absorbers and the ultraviolet (UV), visible (vis), and near-infrared (NIR) spectral region. Thereby, also typical sources of uncertainty will be addressed. Subsequently, several examples for typical applications of absorption measurements in the life and material sciences will be briefly shown ranging from aggregation studies and dye labeling densities of biomolecules (dye-to-biomolecule ratios) over optical assays for thiol and protein quantification to the optical determination of the size of semiconductor nanocrystals using size curves. T2 - pHD Seminar CY - Online meeting DA - 03.11.2020 KW - Quantification KW - Absorption KW - Dye KW - Nano particle KW - Method KW - Measurement uncertainty KW - Linearity PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51621 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Schraut, Katharina A1 - Weingart, Eric A1 - Hamann, C. T1 - Technische Möglichkeiten der Abfallvermeidung in der Stahlproduktion N2 - Bei der Stahlproduktion fallen verfahrensbedingt große Mengen an Nebenprodukten und Abfällen wie Stahlwerksschlacken, Filterstäube und Gichtgasschlämme an. Hohe Anteile dieser Stoffströme werden aufgrund ihrer Zusammensetzung immer noch deponiert, obwohl sie ein hohes Wertstoffpotential aufweisen. An der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) werden Verfahren untersucht und entwickelt, welche eine Verwertung und Kreislaufführung dieser Materialströme ermöglichen. Aus sogenannten Linz-Donawitz-(LD)-Schlacken können durch carbothermische Nachbehandlung Roheisen und ein dem Portlandzementklinker (PZK) ähnliches Bindemittel erzeugt werden. Aus Elektroofenstäuben und Gichtgasschlämmen kann Zink gewonnen und die Anteile an Eisen und Kohlenstoff in den Stahlproduktionsprozess zurückgeführt werden. Durch diese technischen Maßnahmen kann es gelingen die Deponierung von Abfällen der Stahlproduktion zukünftig deutlich zu reduzieren. T2 - Recy&Depotech 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 18.11.2020 KW - Stahlwerksschlacke KW - Filterstaub KW - Gichtgasschlamm PY - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Montanuniversität Leoben CY - 8700 Leoben, Österreich AN - OPUS4-51605 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Schraut, Katharina A1 - Weingart, Eric A1 - Hamann, C. T1 - Technische Möglichkeiten der Abfallvermeidung in der Stahlproduktion N2 - Bei der Stahlproduktion fallen verfahrensbedingt große Mengen an Nebenprodukten und Abfällen wie Stahlwerksschlacken, Filterstäube und Gichtgasschlämme an. Hohe Anteile dieser Stoffströme werden aufgrund ihrer Zusammensetzung immer noch deponiert, obwohl sie ein hohes Wertstoffpotential aufweisen. An der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) werden Verfahren untersucht und entwickelt, welche eine Verwertung und Kreislaufführung dieser Materialströme ermöglichen. Aus sogenannten Linz-Donawitz-(LD)-Schlacken können durch carbothermische Nachbehandlung Roheisen und ein dem Portlandzementklinker (PZK) ähnliches Bindemittel erzeugt werden. Aus Elektroofenstäuben und Gichtgasschlämmen kann Zink gewonnen und die Anteile an Eisen und Kohlenstoff in den Stahlproduktionsprozess zurückgeführt werden. Durch diese technischen Maßnahmen kann es gelingen die Deponierung von Abfällen der Stahlproduktion zukünftig deutlich zu reduzieren. T2 - Recy&Depotech 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 18.11.2020 KW - Stalwerksschlacke KW - Gichtgasschlamm KW - Filterstaub PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51607 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Loose, Florian A1 - Schlögel, K. A1 - Hee, J. A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Hanna, Adib A1 - Quicker, P. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - End-of-Life Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers in Steelmaking - Accessing a C-Rich Residue Stream as Alternative Reducing Agent N2 - As one of the most energy and carbon consuming industries, steelmakers have an intrinsic interest in the development of technologies, reducing their carbon footprint as well as their carbon input. Besides generating new feedstocks from biomass or waste polymers, the valorization of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) waste streams seems to be extremely promising based on the high carbon content of carbon fibers (CF), chars from CFRP and even unprocessed CFRP waste of >92%, 98% and 79%, respectively. Although, reduction of environmental impact from those high-performance materials was achieved by the development of smart recycling solutions, the continuous truncation by mechanical treatment of CF over multiple cycles, analogous to paper fibers, and the large global CFRP waste stream of 62 kt/a demand for a sustainable management of end-of-life (EOL) CFRP. Recently it was demonstrated that CF can be used safely as reductant in pyrometallurgical processes in a downhole electric furnace without significant WHO fiber emission. Therefore we anticipate a huge potential of CF based materials as sustainable reductant for steelmaking in an electric arc furnace (EAF). To facilitate the applicability of EOL CFRP in steelmaking, we investigated the interaction between CF based materials and liquid metal phases, appearing during the process, on different scales. Particularly, we examined the reactivity, wettability and dissolution behavior of CF and CFRP concerning liquid slag and steel. The presented results indicate that understanding the impact of the microstructure of CF on their behavior is crucial for their application in EAF steelmaking without risking potential hazards by WHO fiber emission. Besides the detailed elucidation of structure reactivity relationships of CF, the broader impact on circular economy will be presented. T2 - ESTEP Workshop Resi4Future: Residue valorization in iron and steel industry - sustainable solutions for a cleaner and more competitive future Europe CY - Online meeting DA - 20.11.2020 KW - Carbon Fibers KW - Steelmaking KW - Electric Arc Furnace KW - Secondary Recources KW - Sustainability PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51613 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Spitzer, Stefan A1 - Askar, Enis A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Schröder, Volkmar T1 - Entwicklungen zu Bestimmungsverfahren für sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen des Explosionsschutzes für hybride Gemische N2 - Zur Bestimmung sicherheitstechnischer Kenngrößen (STK) von hybriden Gemischen (Gemisch aus mindestens zwei brennbaren Phasen, wie z.B. Staub/Gas- oder Gas/Dampf-Gemisch) existieren bislang keine einheitlichen, genormten Prüfmethoden. Die Normen und Regelwerke zur Bestimmung der STK von einphasigen brennbaren Systemen (Staub, Gas, Dampf) unterscheiden sich teilweise erheblich. Beispielsweise sind in den jeweiligen Normen für Stäube, Gase und Dämpfe unterschiedliche Zündquellen und Zündenergien definiert. Des Weiteren unterscheiden sich die in den Normen definierten Prüfabläufe bei der Gemischherstellung. Bei der Entwicklung einer einheitlichen Norm für hybride Gemische muss der Einfluss dieser beiden Parameter ermittelt werden, um die Vergleichbarkeit mit den STK der einzelnen Komponenten Gas, Staub und Dampf gewährleisten zu können und bisherige Erkenntnisse zu hybriden Gemischen interpretieren und bewerten zu können. T2 - VDI-Fachtagung "Sichere Handhabung brennbarer Stäube" CY - Online meeting DA - 04.11.2020 KW - Hybride Gemische KW - Explodierender Draht KW - Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen KW - Zündquellen PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51692 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan T1 - You Ask – ACEnano Replies N2 - The workshop starts with introductory information about the workshop and the H2020 project ACEnano, followed by two expert round tables, focussing on how the project could address regulator and industry needs, respectively. This is be followed by parallel sessions on tools (based on preferences expressed by those registered to attend, see “Questions”) and finally a question-and-answer session with the attendees. The experts invited in Round Table 1 have been prepared to answer to questions related to obstacles and advantages for stakeholders such as SMEs to use the ACEnano approaches/tools. Standardisation needs are discussed. T2 - nanoSafety Cluster Training (NSC) Day @ NanoSAFE 2020: ACEnano users’ workshop “You Ask – ACEnano Replies” CY - Online meeting DA - 23.11.2020 KW - ACEnano KW - Standardisation KW - Nanomaterials KW - Nano-characterisation PY - 2020 UR - https://www.nanosafetycluster.eu/ SP - 1 EP - 2 AN - OPUS4-51693 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Marcoulaki, E. A1 - M López de Ipiña, J. A1 - Vercauteren, S. A1 - Witters, H. A1 - Lynch, I. A1 - van Duuren-Stuurman, B. A1 - Shandilya, N. A1 - Kunz, Valentin A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Bard, D. A1 - Evans, G. A1 - Viitanen, A.-K. A1 - Pilou, M. A1 - Bochon, A. A1 - Duschl, A. A1 - Himly, M. A1 - Geppert, M. A1 - Persson, K. A1 - Cotgreave, I. A1 - Niga, P. A1 - Scalbi, S. A1 - Caillard, B. A1 - Arevalillo, A. A1 - Jensen, K. A. A1 - Frejafon, E. A1 - Bouillard, J. A1 - Aguerre-Chariol, O. A1 - Dulio, V. T1 - Blueprint for a sustainable new European Centre to support safe innovation for nanotechnology N2 - This paper presents the blueprint for the operation of a sustainable and permanent European Centre of collaborating reference laboratories and research centres, to establish a one-stop shop for a wide variety of nanosafety related services, and to provide a central contact point for questions about nanosafety in Europe. The Centre aims to harmonise service provision, and bring novel risk assessment and management approaches closer to practice. T2 - NANOSAFE 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 16.11.2020 KW - EC4SafeNano KW - European Centre KW - Nanomaterials KW - Nanosafety KW - Catalogue of Services (CoS) PY - 2020 UR - https://www.nanosafe.org/cea-tech/pns/nanosafe/en AN - OPUS4-51694 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Thomas, Sebastian T1 - Improvement of Type Approval Regulations of Pressure Vessels for Hydrogen Fueled Vehicles using Probabilistic Methods N2 - Composite pressure vessels (CPVs) are becoming the state of the art for storage for compressed hydrogen (CH2) in automotive applications. There is a strong interest of car manufacturers to use lightweight and less-costly gas storage units. In order to reduce the necessary amount of expensive carbon fibre, the nominal safety margins are becoming gradually smaller, pushing the limits of the regulations for type approval. At the same time, the total volume of these vessels increases to extend the range of the vehicles, increasing the consequences for worst-case scenarios like the rupture of the CPVs in service. This presentation presents insights gained in the project “TAnk HYdrogen Automotive” (TAHYA). Its aim is to improve the safety of current regulations for type approval of pressure vessels for the use in hydrogen fueled vehicles, namely GTR No. 13 and ECE R 134. For the assessment of safety, the probabilistic approach developed by division 3.5 of BAM is used. Monte-Carlo-Simulations were conducted leading to the identification of several weak spots, mainly found in the burst test and the batch test. By changing the requirements for burst tests and the approach for batch tests, the identified weak spots can be strongly reduced. T2 - Colloquium of Department 3 CY - Online meeting DA - 19.11.2020 KW - Monte-Carlo Simulation KW - Safety Assessment KW - Pressure Vessel PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51696 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Linnemann, Konrad A1 - Quercetti, Thomas A1 - Sterthaus, Jens A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor T1 - Prestressed bolt connections under lateral displacements N2 - The containment system of transport packages for spent nuclear fuel and high-level waste usually includes bolted lids with metal gaskets. The specified transport condition imply high loading on the lids and the bolt connections of the package. The response of the lid systems on these load conditions is generally investigated by drop tests or numerically. BAM has started a research project to get a better understanding about the behavior of prestressed bolt connection under loadings typical for drop tests. T2 - IRSN-BAM Symposium Safety of Transport and Storage Packages CY - Online meeting DA - 19.11.2020 KW - Transport packages KW - Pprestressed bolt connection KW - Experimental investigation KW - Finite element method PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51697 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Erning, Johann Wilhelm A1 - Kamaraj, Abinaya T1 - Crevice corrosion of 304 stainless steel under the influence of chlorine and chloride N2 - Der Einfluss von elektrolytisch erzeugten Desinfektionsmitteln auf die Spaltkorrosion des nichtrostenden Stahls 1.4301 wird dargestellt. Der Einfluss der Chlor- und Chloridkonzentration wird ermittelt N2 - The influence of electrolytically produced disinfectants on crevice corrosion of 304 stainless steel is shown. The influence of chlorine and chloride concentrations is determined. T2 - Kormat 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 26.11.2020 KW - Crevice corrosion KW - Werkstoffe KW - Stainless steel KW - Disinfection PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51698 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bennet, Francesca A1 - Burr, L. A1 - Schmid, D. A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan T1 - Towards a method for quantitative evaluation of nanoparticles in suspension via Microprinting and SEM analysis N2 - A series of different nanoparticle suspensions (Gold, Latex, and SiO2 in varying concentrations) were microprinted onto TEM grids in a 4 x 4 array in the concentration range 7x10^8 to 1x10^11 NP/mL and imaged with SEM and TSEM. Concentrations and printing conditions (temperature, relative humidity) were varied in order to minimize the coffee ring effect. T2 - nanoSAFE 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 16.11.2020 KW - Nanoparticles KW - Microprinting KW - Image analysis PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51699 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ciornii, Dmitri A1 - Kranjc, E. A1 - Bohmer, N. A1 - Drobne, D. A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan T1 - Testing the quality of nanomaterial properties data for nano-risk assessment – towards guidance for all types of users N2 - Data quality is a vast term, which comprises the completeness, relevance (adequacy), and reliability of data. So far, many attempts to assure data quality have been pursued, and evaluation criteria for data quality have been established. One relatively novel but already well-known aspect of data quality refers to the concept of data FAIRness, which states that data should be: findable, accessible, interoperable and re-usable. In order to find, use, and access data, a user has to be guided properly. Such guidelines already exist for regulators and the scientific community. However, a ‘simple’ non-academic user from general society is very unlikely to be able to access or understand such data. Our objective in the H2020 project NANORIGO is to help and guide all types of users (i.e., scientists, regulators, industry workers, citizens, etc.) to access and make use of high-quality data and information from available and suitable data repositories in order to increase the transparency of and trust in nanotechnology. T2 - nanoSAFE 2020 CY - Online Meeting DA - 16.11.2020 KW - Nano-related data KW - Nanomaterial properties KW - Nano-risk assessment PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51701 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Palanti, S. A1 - Cragg, S. A1 - Plarre, Rüdiger T1 - Resistance against marine borers: About the revision of EN 275 and the attempt for a new laboratory standard for Limnoria N2 - Wood protection technology in the marine environment has changed over the last decades and will continue to do so. New active ingredients, newer formulations, and novel wood-based materials including physically- and chemically-modified wood, together with increasing concerns over environmental impacts of wood preservatives, urgently demand a major revision of EN 275 “Wood preservatives – Determination of the Protective Effectiveness against Marine Borers”, dated from 1992. This IRG document reports on the technical work in CEN TC 38 regarding the revision of this standard. A Task Group within WG 24 of CEN TC 38 was formed consisting of experts from different field of competence (e.g. wood preservatives industry, wood scientists, marine biologists, archaeologists and cultural heritage conservators). Starting by e-mail correspondence in 2014, and continuing with four physical meetings (Berlin 2x, Florence, Venice) with experts from Germany, Italy, Sweden, and UK were held so far. Significant items for revision in EN 275 were identified as: number of replicates, duration of the test, dimension of specimens, number of test sites, number of reference species, reference material including reference preservative, re-immersion of specimens after non-destructive periodical evaluation for longer periods of time vs higher number of replicates for successive destructive examinations without re-immersion, utilization of X- ray apparatus and specific software to ease evaluation, etc. Furthermore, the task group is working on a standardized lab test for time-saving evaluation of different wood qualities for their potential to resist attack by limnorids. The suitability of this lab test will be determined by round robin tests as soon as safe face-to-face collaboration permits. The outcome will be published as a CEN TR (Technical Report) document, with a view to eventual adoption within the revised standard. T2 - THE INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH GROUP ON WOOD PROTECTION CY - Online meeting DA - 10.06.2020 KW - Standardization KW - Marine borers KW - Bankia sp KW - Teredo sp KW - Limnoria spp KW - Durability PY - 2020 VL - 2020 SP - IRG/WP 20-20669-1 EP - IRG/WP 20-20669-11 CY - Stockholm AN - OPUS4-52064 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Eggers, Romina A1 - Pietzner, Diana A1 - Ostermann, Markus A1 - Wagner, Peter T1 - Investigation of the mass contents of Ptotal and Pplant available with ICP OES and XRF N2 - The Intelligence for Soil (I4S) project deals with the development of an integrated system for the site-specific soil fertility management. One goal of the project is to establish a mobile sensor platform for soil mapping. The task here is the installation and optimization of a XRF sensor for online measurement directly on the field. The fast soil mapping allows later on a site-specific fertilisation of essential plant nutrients like K, Ca and P. In order to optimize the application of the fertilizers it is necessary to relate the total contents analysed with XRF to the soil nutrients which are available to the plants. For this purpose the plant available phosphate supply was analysed with the Calcium-Acetate-Lactate extraction method (CAL) according to VDLUFA and compared with the total contents. T2 - BonaRes Statusseminar 2020 CY - Leipzig, Germany DA - 17.02.2020 KW - RFA KW - Phosphor KW - Pflanzenverfügbarkeit PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-52067 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bell, A. M. A1 - von der Au, Marcus A1 - Regnery, J. A1 - Schmid, M. A1 - Meermann, Björn A1 - Reifferscheid, G. A1 - Ternes, T. A1 - Buchinger, S. T1 - Does galvanic cathodic protection by aluminum anodes impact marine organisms? N2 - Background: Cathodic protection by sacrifcial anodes composed of aluminum-zinc-indium alloys is often applied to protect ofshore support structures of wind turbines from corrosion. Given the considerable growth of renewable energies and thus ofshore wind farms in Germany over the last decade, increasing levels of aluminum, Indium and zinc are released to the marine environment. Although these metals are ecotoxicologically well-studied, data regarding their impact on marine organisms, especially sediment-dwelling species, as well as possible ecotoxicological efects of galvanic anodes are scarce. To investigate possible ecotoxicological efects to the marine environment, the diatom Phaedactylum tricornutum, the bacterium Aliivibrio fscheri and the amphipod Corophium volutator were exposed to dissolved galvanic anodes and solutions of aluminum and zinc, respectively, in standardized laboratory tests using natural seawater. In addition to acute toxicological efects, the uptake of these elements by C. volutator was investigated. Results: The investigated anode material caused no acute toxicity to the tested bacteria and only weak but signifcant efects on algal growth. In case of the amphipods, the single elements Al and Zn showed signifcant efects only at the highest tested concentrations. Moreover, an accumulation of Al and In was observed in the crustacea species. Conclusions: Overall, the fndings of this study indicated no direct environmental impact on the tested marine organisms by the use of galvanic anodes for cathodic protection. However, the accumulation of metals in, e.g., crustaceans might enhance their trophic transfer within the marine food web. KW - Galvanic anodes KW - Metal toxicity KW - Metal uptake KW - Corophium volutator KW - Seawater PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-520769 DO - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-020-00441-3 VL - 32 IS - 1 SP - Article number 157 AN - OPUS4-52076 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rietsch, P. A1 - Sobottka, S. A1 - Hoffmann, Katrin A1 - Hildebrandt, P. A1 - Sarkar, B. A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Eigler, S. T1 - Identification of the Irreversible Redox Behavior of Highly Fluorescent Benzothiadiazoles N2 - Redox switches are applied in various fields of research, including molecular lifts, electronic devices and sensors. Switching the absorbance between UV and Vis/NIR by redox processes is of interest for applications in light harvesting or biomedicine. Here, we present a series of push-pull benzothiadiazole derivatives with high fluorescence quantum yields in solution and in the crystalline solid state. Spectroelectrochemical analysis reveals the switching of UV-absorption in the neutral state to Vis/NIR absorption in the reduced state. We identify the partial irreversibility of the switching process, which appears to be reversible on the cyclic voltammetry timescale. KW - Redox switch KW - Electrochemistry KW - Dye KW - Fluorescence KW - Absorption KW - Sensor KW - Benzothiadiazole PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-520865 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/cptc.202000050 SN - 2367-0932 VL - 4 IS - 9 SP - 668 EP - 673 PB - Wiley Online Library AN - OPUS4-52086 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Andresen, Elina A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Michaelis, Matthias A1 - Prinz, Carsten A1 - Würth, Christian T1 - Time-resolved luminescence spectroscopy for monitoring the stability and dissolution behaviour of upconverting nanocrystals with different surface coatings† N2 - We demonstrate the potential of time-resolved luminescence spectroscopy for the straightforward assessment and in situ monitoring of the stability of upconversion nanocrystals (UCNPs). Therefore, we prepared hexagonal NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+ UCNPs with various coatings with a focus on phosphonate ligands of different valency, using different ligand exchange procedures, and studied their dissolution behaviour in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) dispersions at 20 °C and 37 °C with various analytical methods. The amount of the released UCNPs constituting fluoride ions was quantified by potentiometry using a Fluoride ion-sensitive electrode and particle disintegration was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy studies of the differently aged UCNPs. In parallel, the luminescence features of the UCNPs were measured with special emphasis on the lifetime of the sensitizer emission to demonstrate its suitability as Screening parameter for UCNP stability and changes in particle composition. The excellent correlation between the changes in luminescence lifetime and fluoride concentration highlights the potential of our luminescence lifetime method for UCNP stability screening and thereby indirect monitoring of the release of potentially hazardous fluoride ions during uptake and dissolution in biological systems. Additionally, the developed in situ optical method was used to distinguish the dissolution dynamics of differently sized and differently coated UCNPs. KW - Fluorescence KW - Lifetime KW - Method KW - Quantification KW - Stability KW - Coating KW - Surface chemistry KW - Lanthanide KW - Fluoride KW - Electrochemistry KW - ICP-OES KW - Upconversion KW - Nano KW - Particle KW - Aging KW - Quality assurance KW - TEM PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d0nr02931a VL - 12 IS - 23 SP - 12589 EP - 12601 PB - Royal Society od Chemistry AN - OPUS4-52088 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ramirez, Alejandra A1 - Pauli, Jutta A1 - Crasselt, C. A1 - Simon, S. A1 - Schmidt, W. A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute T1 - The effect of a polycarboxylate ether on C3A / CaSO4.2H2O passivation monitored by optical spectroscopy N2 - Polycarboxylate ethers (PCEs) are widely used in construction, but the exact nature of their interaction with cement is still debated. Aiming at a better understanding of the role of tricalcium Aluminate (C3A) in cement hydration, we assessed the potential of optical spectroscopy in combination with a water-soluble fluorescent organic reporter dye (S0586) to monitor the early hydration of C3A in the presence of 26 wt% CaSO4.2H2O (C3A26G-S) with and without PCE. As optical methods, steady-state fluorescence and diffuse reflectance (UV–VisDR) spectroscopy were employed. Phase characterization and particle size distribution were performed with in-situ X-ray diffraction (in-situ XRD) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Our results show that fluorescence and UV–VisDR spectroscopy can be used to monitor the formation of metastable phases by the disaggregation of the dye S0586 in a cement paste as well as changes in ettringite formation. Addition of PCE slowed down the disaggregation of the dye as reflected by the corresponding changes of the dyes absorption and fluorescence. This prolonged induction period is a well-known side effect of PCEs and agrees with previous reported calorimetric studies and the Inhibition of gypsum dissolution observed by in-situ XRD. This demonstrates that fluorescence and UV–VisDR spectroscopy together with a suitable optical probe can provide deeper insights into the influence of PCE on C3A-gypsum hydration which could be e.g., utilized as screening method for comparing the influences of different types of PCEs. KW - Fluorescence KW - Cement KW - Nano KW - Particle KW - Optical spectroscopy KW - PCE KW - XRD KW - Calorimetry KW - Monitoring KW - Diffuse KW - Reflection KW - Phase KW - Dye KW - Optical probe KW - Cyanine KW - Sensor KW - Method KW - Analysis PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121856 VL - 270 SP - 121856 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-52118 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Zaghdoudi, Maha A1 - Weber, Mike A1 - Kömmling, Anja A1 - Jaunich, Matthias A1 - Wolff, Dietmar T1 - Numerical modelling of compression stress relaxation and compression set of elastomer O-rings during aging N2 - Elastomer seals are used in many industrial applications due to their excellent mechanical properties at a wide range of temperatures. Their high versatility and recovery potential under several load conditions make them well suitable for the application in containers designed for transport, storage and/or disposal of radioactive materials. In containers for low and intermediate level radioactive waste, elastomer seals are used as barrier seals, and as auxiliary seals in storage and transportation casks (dual purpose casks) for heat generating radioactive waste, such as spent fuel and high-level waste. While a seal exchange at defined intervals is typical in many conventional applications, it is impossible or at least hard to perform when principles of minimization of radiation exposure have to be considered and prohibit an unnecessary cask handling. An extensive knowledge of the change of the elastomer’s properties during aging and the availability of reliable end-of-lifetime criteria to guarantee the permanent safe enclosure of the radioactive material is mandatory. As BAM is involved in most of the national cask licensing procedures and in the evaluation of cask-related long-term safety issues, great efforts have been already made and are still planned to scientifically support this task. Compression stress relaxation and compression set were identified as key indicators of elastomer long-term performance and quantitatively investigated in comprehensive test programs. Among other representative types of elastomers, specimens made from ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) were tested before, during and after aging to capture the most important of their complex mechanical properties. In the presented study, exemplary results were used to simulate the compression stress relaxation and the compression set of elastomer O-rings during aging. Regarding the influence of temperature, the time temperature superposition principle is applied in the relaxation analysis of elastomer O-rings. The proposed model is implemented in the commercial finite element software ABAQUS/Standard® [1] with a sequential temperature displacement coupling. Numerical results match the experimental compression stress relaxation measurements well. The prediction of compression set values after long-term aging shows a relatively good agreement with the experimental results. Nevertheless, all input parameters derived from the specimen tests, additional assumptions concerning boundary conditions and modeling strategy are discussed with regard to the identified slight discrepancies. The possibility to extend the finite element model to represent the O-ring seal’s ability to recover after a (fast) partial release is taken into account T2 - ASME 2020 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference (PVP2020) CY - Online meeting DA - 03.08.2020 KW - Stress relaxation KW - Ageing KW - Compression Set KW - O-ring KW - Sequential analysis KW - Simulation PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-52135 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Benseghier, Z. A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo A1 - Luu, L.-H. A1 - Delenne, J.-Y. A1 - Bonelli, S. A1 - Philippe, P. T1 - Relevance of Free Jet Model for Soil Erosion by Impinging Jets N2 - The surface erosion of soil samples caused by an impinging jet can be analyzed using the jet erosion test (JET), a standard experimental test to characterize the erosion resistance of soils. This paper specifically addresses the flow characteristics of a laminar impinging jet over the irregular surface of granular beds to discuss the pertinence and relevance of commonly used empirical estimations based on a selfsimilar model of a free jet. The JET is here investigated at the microscale with a coupled fluid-particle flow numerical odel featuring the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) for the fluid phase combined with the discrete element method (DEM) for the mechanical behavior of the solid particles. The hydrodynamics of a laminar plane free jet are confronted with the results from a parametric study of jet impingement, both on solid smooth and fixed granular surfaces, that take into account variations in particle size, distance from jet origin, and jet Reynolds number. The flow characteristics at the bed surface are here quantified, including the maximal values in tangential velocity and wall shear stress, which can be regarded as the major cause of particle detachments under hydrodynamic solicitation. It is shown that the maximal velocity at the impinged surface can be described by the free jet self-similar model, provided that a simple empirical coefficient is introduced. Further, an expression is proposed for the maximal shear stress in laminar conditions, including a Blasius-like friction coefficient that is inversely proportional to the square root of the jet Reynolds number. To conclude, finally, the JET erosion of different cohesionless granular samples is analyzed, confirming that the threshold condition at the onset of granular motion is consistent with the Shields diagram and in close agreement with previous experimental results. KW - Lattice Boltzmann method KW - Soil erosion KW - Discrete element method KW - Laminar flow KW - Jet impingement PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001652 VL - 146 IS - 1 SP - 04019047 PB - ASCE AN - OPUS4-49491 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Üstündag, Ö. A1 - Gook, S. A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Hybrid laser arc welding of thick high-strength piepline steels of grade X120 with adapted heat input N2 - The influence of heat input and welding speed on the microstructure and mechanical properties of single-pass hybrid laser arc welded 20mm thick plates of high-strength pipeline steel X120 were presented. The heat Input was varied in the range of 1.4 kJ mm−1 to 2.9 kJ mm−1, while the welding speed was changed between 0.5m min−1 and 1.5m min−1. A novel technique of bath support based on external oscillating electromagnetic field was used to compensate the hydrostatic pressure at low welding velocities. A major advantage of this technology is, that the welding speed and thus the cooling time t8/5 can be variated in a wide parameter window without issues regarding the weld root quality. The recommended welding thermal cycles for the pipeline steel X120 can be met by that way. All tested Charpy-V specimens meet the requirements of API 5 L regarding the impact energy. For higher heat inputs the average impact energy was 144 ± 37 J at a testing temperature of −40 °C. High heat Input above 1.6 kJ mm−1 leads to softening in the weld metal and heat-affected-zone resulting in loss of strength. The minimum tensile strength of 915 MPa could be achieved at heat inputs between 1.4 kJ mm−1 and 1.6 kJ mm−1. KW - High-strength low-alloy steel KW - Hybrid laser-arc welding KW - Mechanical-technological properties KW - Microstructure KW - Toughness KW - Pipeline steel of grade X120 PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2019.116358 SN - 0924-0136 VL - 275 SP - 116358 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-50008 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan ED - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan ED - Unger, Wolfgang ED - Shard, A. G. T1 - Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) N2 - As one of the widely used analytical methods for the analysis of elemental composition of solid matter, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) has recently gained significant importance regarding its application to the chemical analysis of nanoparticles, especially in conjunction with the use of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the use of the transmission operation mode of SEM (STEM-in-SEM). This development was mainly driven by the technological progress with highly sensitive EDS detectors, such that individual nanoparticles can be quickly inspected with EDS at a SEM. Qualitative information on elemental composition with about 10 nm spatial resolution can be achieved complementary to the high-resolution information of the sample surface morphology within the same scanned area as provided by the electron microscope. Representative examples with successful EDS analysis on nanoparticles are presented, but also limitations of the method are described. KW - EDS KW - EPMA KW - X-rays KW - SEM/EDS PY - 2020 SN - 978-0-12-814182-3 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814182-3.00021-3 SP - 397 EP - 417 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-49991 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Wu, Dejian A1 - Zhao, P. A1 - Tan, X. A1 - Huang, W. A1 - Qianc, X. T1 - Minimum explosion concentrations of coal dusts with CH4/H2/CO below the gas lower explosion limit N2 - A 20-L spherical explosion chamber was used to investigate the explosion characteristics of dust clouds in air with the presence of flammable gas which is lower than its lower explosion limit (LEL). including minimum explosion concentration (MEC) of dust. Explosion pressure (Pex) and explosion pressure rise (dp/dt)ex). Two dust samples (anthracite coal, bituminous coal) and were three flammable gases (CH4, H2 and CO) were tested. Experimental results showed that the explosion of hybrid mixtures occurs when both dust and gas concentrations are lower than the LEL/MEC of the single substances. Meanwhile. all flammable gases with different volume fractions have distinct effects on the MEC. Pex and (dp/dt)ex of the dust samples. With the increase of the flammable gas concentration. either the Pex and (dp/dt)ex increase or the MEC decreases for all the hybrid mixtures of both two dust samples. At the same concentration of coal dusts. the addition of CH4 promotes higher explosion risks than the other two flammable gases. The distribution of (dp/dt)ex is quite different with the restricted area defined by empirical formulas. These results improve our understanding of the explosion behaviour and the explosion risk of hybrid dust-gas mixtures in air. KW - Dust explosions KW - Gas explosions KW - Minimum explosible concentration KW - Lower explosion limit KW - Hybrid mixtures PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116401 SN - 0032-5910 VL - 260 SP - UNSP 116401 PB - Elsevier Sci. Ltd. AN - OPUS4-49956 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bhattacharya, Biswajit A1 - Das, S. A1 - Lal, G. A1 - Soni, S. R. A1 - Ghosh, A. A1 - Reddy, C. M. A1 - Ghosh, S. T1 - Screening, crystal structures and solubility studies of a series of multidrug salt hydrates and cocrystals of fenamic acids with trimethoprim and sulfamethazine N2 - Multidrug solids have a potential use to efficiently treat and control a superfluity of medical conditions. To address the current drawbacks of drug development in R&D, it was targeted to achieve new pharmaceutical solid forms of fenamic acids having improved solubility and thermal stability. Subsequently, five new multicomponent solids consisting of three salt hydrates of trimethoprim (TMP) with mefenamic acid (TMP-MFA-H2O), tolfenamic acid (TMP-TFA-H2O) and flufenamic acid (TMP-FFA-H2O), and two cocrystals of sulfamethazine (SFZ) with flufenamic acid (SFZ-FFA) and niflumic acid (SFZ-NFA) were prepared by liquid assisted grinding. Looking at the structures of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) molecules, it was quite expected that a wide range of supramolecular synthons would lead to cocrystallization. New forms were characterized thoroughly by various solid-state techniques, including single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD), which provided details of hydrogen bonding, molecular packing and interactions between drug and coformer. Kinetic solubility at pH 7.4 buffer study has been carried out and a comparison is made with respect to the parent drugs. A significant enhancement of NSAIDs solubility was observed in all salt hydrate systems of TMP. Thus with increasing physicochemical properties such as improved solubility further leads to the enhancement of bioavailability, which has implications to overcoming the formulation related problems of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). KW - Cocrystals KW - Crystal engineering KW - Solubility PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.127028 SN - 0022-2860 VL - 1199 SP - 127028 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-49873 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haller, T. A1 - Völker, Christoph A1 - Hartmann, T. T1 - Machine learning based multi-sensor fusion for the nondestructive testing of corrosion in concrete N2 - Half-cell potential mapping (HP) is the most popular non-destructive testing method (NDT) for locating corrosion damage in concrete. It is generally accepted that HP is susceptible to environmental factors caused by salt-related deterioration, such as different moisture and chloride gradients. Additional NDT methods are able to identify distinctive areas but are not yet used to estimate more accurate test results. We present a Supervised Machine Learning (SML) based approach to data fusion of seven different signal features to obtain higher quality information. SMLs are methods that explore (or learn) relationships between different (sensor) data from predefined data labels. To obtain a representative, labelled data set we conducted a comprehensive experiment simulating the deterioration cycle of a chloride exposed device in the laboratory. Our data set consists of 18 measurement campaigns, each containing HP, Ground Penetrating- Radar, Microwave Moisture and Wenner resistivity data. We compare the performance of different ML approaches. Many outperform the best single method, HP. We describe the intrinsic challenges posed by a data-driven approach in NDT and show how future work can help overcome them. T2 - SMAR2019 - 5th International Conference on Smart Monitoring, Assessment and Rehabilitation of Civil Structures CY - Potsdam, Germany DA - 27.08.2019 KW - Machine Learning KW - NDT KW - Half-Cell Potential Mapping KW - Corrosion KW - Reinforced Concrete KW - Data Fusion PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-498563 UR - http://www.ndt.net/?id=24890 VL - 25 IS - 1 SP - 24890-1 EP - 24890-8 PB - NDT.net CY - Kirchwald AN - OPUS4-49856 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Liens, A. A1 - Reveron, H. A1 - Douillard, T. A1 - Blanchard, N. A1 - Lughi, V. A1 - Sergo, V. A1 - Laquai, René A1 - Müller, Bernd R. A1 - Bruno, Giovanni A1 - Schomer, S. A1 - Fürderer, T. A1 - Adolfsson, E. A1 - Courtois, N. A1 - Swain, M. A1 - Chevalier, J. T1 - Phase transformation induces plasticity with negligible damage in ceria-stabilized zirconia-based ceramics N2 - Ceramics and their composites are in general brittle materials because they are predominantly made up of ionic and covalent bonds that avoid dislocation motion at room temperature. However, a remarkable ductile behavior has been observed on newly developed 11 mol.% ceria-stabilized zirconia (11Ce-TZP) composite containing fine alumina (8 vol.% Al2O3) and elongated strontium hexa-aluminate (8 vol.% SrAl12O19) grains. The as-synthesized composite also has shown full resistance to Low Temperature Degradation (LTD), relatively high strength and exceptionally high Weibull modulus, allowing its use in a broader range of biomedical applications. In this study, to deepen the understanding of plastic deformation in Ce-TZP based composites that could soon be used for manufacturing dental implants, different mechanical tests were applied on the material, followed by complete microstructural characterization. Distinct from pure Ce-TZP material or other zirconia-based ceramics developed in the past, the material here studied can be permanently strained without affecting the Young modulus, indicating that the ductile response of tested samples cannot be associated to damage occurrence. This ductility is related to the stress-induced tetragonal to monoclinic (t-m) zirconia phase transformation, analogue to Transformation-Induced Plasticity (TRIP) steels, where retained austenite is transformed to martensite. The aim of this study is to corroborate if the observed plasticity can be associated exclusively to the zirconia t-m phase transformation, or also to microcraking induced by the transformation. The t-m transformed-zones produced after bending and biaxial tests were examined by X-ray refraction and SEM/TEM coupled with Raman. The results revealed that the observed elastic-plastic behavior occurs without extensive microcracking, confirming a purely elastic-plastic behavior driven by the phase transformation (absence of damage). KW - Zirconia KW - Ceria KW - Ceramic matrix composite KW - Plasticity KW - Phase transformation KW - X-Ray Refraction PY - 2020 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359645419307177 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2019.10.046 SN - 1359-6454 VL - 183 SP - 261 EP - 273 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-49740 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Legall, Herbert A1 - Bonse, Jörn T1 - Gefährdung durch Röntgenstrahlung bei der UKP-Lasermaterialbearbeitung N2 - Der Vortrag beschreibt die Gefährdung durch die Erzeugung unerwünschter Röntgenstrahlung bei der Lasermaterialbearbeitung mit ultrakurzen Laserimpulsen. Die Einfluss der Laserparameter, der Prozessführung und die Materialabhängigkeit werden dargestellt. T2 - Bayerische Laserschutztage 2020 CY - Nuremberg, Germany DA - 21.01.2020 KW - Ultrakurze Laserimpulse KW - Materialbearbeitung KW - Röntgenstrahlung KW - Strahlenschutz PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50318 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wosniok, Aleksander T1 - Multifunktionale Geokunststoffe - nachhaltige Zustandsüberwachung durch ortsaufgelöste faseroptische Sensoren N2 - Vorstellung von Entwicklungsarbeiten zum Thema sensorbasierte Geokunststoffe mit integrierten faseroptischen Sensoren. T2 - 14. Bautextilien-Symposium BAUTEX 2020 CY - Chemnitz, Germany DA - 29.01.2020 KW - Intelligente Geokunststoffe KW - Sensorbasierte Geokunststoffe KW - Faseroptischer Sensor KW - Ortsverteilter Sensor PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50321 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chen, Cong A1 - Müller, Bernd R. A1 - Prinz, Carsten A1 - Stroh, Julia A1 - Feldmann, Ines A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - The correlation between porosity characteristics and the crystallographic texture in extruded stabilized aluminium titanate for diesel particulate filter applications N2 - Porous ceramic diesel particulate filters (DPFs) are extruded products that possess macroscopic anisotropic mechanical and thermal properties. This anisotropy is caused by both morphological features (mostly the orientation of porosity) and crystallographic texture. We systematically studied those two aspects in two aluminum titanate ceramic materials of different porosity using mercury porosimetry, gas adsorption, electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray refraction radiography. We found that a lower porosity content implies a larger isotropy of both the crystal texture and the porosity orientation. We also found that, analogous to cordierite, crystallites do align with their axis of negative thermal expansion along the extrusion direction. However, unlike what found for cordierite, the aluminium titanate crystallite form is such that a more pronounced (0 0 2) texture along the extrusion direction implies porosity aligned perpendicular to it. KW - Preferred orientation KW - X-ray refraction KW - Pore orientation KW - Crystal structure KW - Extrusion KW - Microstructure-property relations PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2019.11.076 SN - 0955-2219 VL - 40 IS - 4 SP - 1592 EP - 1601 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50325 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Erning, Johann Wilhelm T1 - Sprechen wir über Korrosion - aber richtig! N2 - Die Korrosion in ihren zahlreichen Erscheinungsformen beschäftigt Fachleute und Laien. Um-so wichtiger ist es, die einzelnen Phänomene korrekt und eindeutig zu benennen. Nur so kann man eine saubere Beschreibung der Korrosionsvorgänge erreichen und damit in der wörtlichen und schriftlichen Kommunikation richtig verstanden werden. An zahlreichen Beispielen wird der richtige und normgemäße Sprachgebrauch beschrieben. T2 - Korrosionsschutz in der maritimen Technik CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 29.01.2020 KW - Korrosion KW - Nomenklatur PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-935406-72-7 SP - 7 EP - 11 AN - OPUS4-50327 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Erning, Johann Wilhelm T1 - Sprechen wir über Korrosion - aber richtig! N2 - Die Korrosion in ihren zahlreichen Erscheinungsformen beschäftigt Fachleute und Laien. Um-so wichtiger ist es, die einzelnen Phänomene korrekt und eindeutig zu benennen. Nur so kann man eine saubere Beschreibung der Korrosionsvorgänge erreichen und damit in der wörtlichen und schriftlichen Kommunikation richtig verstanden werden. An zahlreichen Beispielen wird der richtige und normgemäße Sprachgebrauch beschrieben. T2 - Korrosionsschutz in der maritimen Technik CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 29.01.2020 KW - Korrosion KW - Nomenklatur PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50328 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Pauli, Jutta A1 - Hoffmann, Katrin T1 - Standardization of Flourescence Measurements in the UV/VIS/NIR/IR at BAM N2 - Photoluminescence techniques are amongst the most widely used tools in the life sciences, with new and exciting applications in medical diagnostics and molecular imaging continuously emerging. Advantages include their comparative ease of use, unique sensitivity, non-invasive character, and potential for multiplexing, remote sensing, and miniaturization. General drawbacks are, however, signals, that contain unwanted wavelength- and polarization contributions from instrument-dependent effects, which are also time-dependent due to aging of instrument-components, and difficulties to measure absolute fluorescence intensities. Moreover, scattering systems require special measurement geometries and the interest in new optical reporters with emission > 1000 nm strategies for reliable measurements in the second diagnostic for the comparison of material performance and the rational design of new fluorophores with improved properties. Here, we present strategies to versatile method-adaptable liquid and solid fluorescence standards for different fluorescence parameters. Examples are multi-emitter glasses, spectral fluorescence standards, and quantum yield standards for the UV/vis/NIR. T2 - Konsortiumtreffen Mikroskopie CY - Universität Münster, Germany DA - 20.01.2020 KW - Fluorescence standard KW - Instrument calibration KW - Integrating sphere spectroscopy KW - Fluorescence quantum yield KW - Fluorescent glasses KW - Fluorescence microscopy KW - Particle, imaging PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50308 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hein, Sebastian T1 - Ansätze und Herausforderungen für das QM-System einer Ressortforschungseinrichtung N2 - Die BAM betreibt ein QM-System, das stark an der DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025 orientiert ist und welches in den meisten Fachabteilungen durch Akkreditierungen untersetzt wird. Mit der Zunahme der Forschungsaktivitäten in den letzten Jahren ist der DFG-Kodex zur Sicherstellung der Guten wissenschaftlichen Praxis deutlicher in den Fokus des Qualitätsmanagements gerückt. Der Vortrag zeigt auf, welche QM-Anforderungen an die Leistungen der BAM gestellt werden und mit welchen Instrumenten sie diese umsetzt, so dass Gute wissenschaftliche Praxis und Akkreditierungen gut harmonieren können. T2 - QM-Seminar; Robert-Koch-Institut CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 21.01.2020 KW - Qualitätsmanagement KW - Gute wissenschaftliche Praxis PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50311 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Jörg T1 - Aktuelle Ultrakurzpulslaser-Anwendungen an der BAM N2 - Der Vortrag fasst aktuelle Anwendungsgebiete ultrakurzer Laserimpulse in der Materialbearbeitung zusammen. Dabei wird auch die Gefährdung durch unerwünschte Emission von Röntgenstrahlung bei der Überschreitung bestimmter Laserparameter thematisiert. T2 - Anwendertreffen des Laserverbundes Berlin-Brandenburg e.V. CY - Brandenburg, Germany DA - 16.01.2020 KW - Ultrakurze Laserimpulse KW - Materialbearbeitung KW - Oberflächenstrukturierung PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50317 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Zur Berechnung der Erschütterungsminderung von Eisenbahngleisen mit ein- und zweidimensionalen Modellen N2 - Eindimensionale Modelle des Gleises aus einem Schienenstützpunkt, zweidimensionale Modelle enthalten die Kraftverteilung der Schiene. Eindimensionale Modelle machen einen Fehler, weil sie eine zu große Fahrzeugmasse berücksichtigen. Man kann jedoch bei der Berechnung der Minderungswirkung von Gleiselementen eindimensionale Gleismodelle verwenden, um die Kraftübertragung des Gleises bzw. die Minderungswirkung des Gleises zu berechnen. Die Wechselwirkung mit dem Fahrzeug kann einfach mit der dynamischen Stützpunktsteifigkeit berechnet werden. Dabei muss die Stützpunktsteifigkeit mit einer charakteristischen Gleislänge multipliziert werden, die frequenz- und systemabhängig ist. T2 - Norm-Arbeitsausschuss Schwingungsminderung in der Umgebung von Verkehrswegen CY - Munich, Germany DA - 14.01.2020 KW - Richtige Fahrzeugmasse KW - Erschütterungsminderung KW - Elastische Gleiselemente KW - Rechenverfahren PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50268 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wilrich, Cordula A1 - Wilrich, T. T1 - Explosion bei Reinigungsarbeiten mit Ethanol im Schulunterricht N2 - Für die Reinigung ihres Klassenzimmers von Klebstoffresten, Schmierereien u. ä. am Ende des Schuljahres verwendeten die Schüler einen 20 l-Blechkanister mit Lösemittel (Ethanol bzw. Spiritus für Matrizendrucker), der als leichtentzündlich gekennzeichnet war. Die Entnahme des Lösemittels durch die Schüler erfolgte durch vorsichtiges Kippen des in einem Regal stehenden Kanisters nach vorne, so dass Lösemittel auf die für die Reinigung verwendeten Papiertücher tropfte. Am 23. Juni 1997 kam es unter Bildung einer Stichflamme zur Entzündung verschütteten Ethanols und in der Folge auch zum Bersten des Behälters. In der Folge des Unfalls verstarb eine Schülerin und acht weitere Schülerinnen und Schüler wurden zum Teil schwerstverletzt. Zudem entstand infolge des Brandgeschehens erheblicher Sachschaden. Dieser Aufsatz stellt das Strafurteil gegen den verantwortlichen Lehrer vor und diskutiert die relevanten, aber im Urteil nicht benannten Anforderungen des Gefahrstoffrechts. KW - Explosion KW - Explosionsschutz KW - Gefahrstoffverordnung KW - Gefährdungsbeurteilung KW - Schutzmaßnahmen KW - Substitution PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.37307/j.2365-7634.2020.01.11 SN - 2365-7626 SN - 2365-7634 (eJournal) IS - 1 SP - 43 EP - 46 PB - Erich Schmidt Verlag (ESV) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-50269 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Marcoulaki, E. A1 - van Duuren, B A1 - Kunz, Valentin A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Shandilya, N. T1 - Testing and benchmarking nanosafety services N2 - One of the objectives of the EU Project EC4SafeNano (European Centre for Risk Management and Safe Innovation in Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies) was to test and benchmark the services in order to check their relevance to address identified stakeholder needs, but also to evaluate the governance of the structure delivering the proposed services. The aim is to demonstrate the technical relevance of the services and the overall open structure organisation, including governance rules and operating procedures, by answering relevant identified questions (case studies) selected by a panel of stakeholders. Therefore, a significant part of the project will be devoted to this demonstration of the operational and functional basis of the organized network. T2 - Review Meeting EC4SafeNano CY - Brussels, Belgium DA - 16.01.2020 KW - Nanosafety KW - EC4SafeNano KW - Nanosafety services KW - EU KW - Case studies PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50273 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Benseghier, Z. A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo A1 - Luu, L.-H. A1 - Bonelli, S. A1 - Philippe, P. T1 - A parallel GPU-based computational framework for the micromechanical analysis of geotechnical and erosion problems N2 - This article deals with the relevance and practical feasibility of micromechanical simulations for their application to general geomechanical problems involving fluid-saturated granular assemblies, whether frictional or cohesive. A set of conceptual and numerical tools is here presented, advocating for a parallel computation using graphical processing units (GPUs) to treat large numbers of degrees of freedom with conventional Desktop computers. The fluid phase is here simulated with a particle-resolved approach in the frame of the Lattice Botzmann Method (LBM) while the granular solid phase is modelled as a collection of discrete particles from a Molecular Dynamics DEM perspective. The range of possible material behaviours for the solid granular phase is intended here to cover a broad spectrum from purely frictional to viscous cohesive materials with either brittle or transient debonding features. Specific details of the implementation and some validation cases are put forward. Finally, some exemplary applications in the fields of soil erosion and geotechnical profile installation are provided along with a discussion on the parallel performance of the presented models. The results show that a micromechanical approach can be feasible and useful in practice, providing meaningful insights into complex engineering problems like the erosion kinetics of a soil under an impinging jet or the penetration resistance of a deep foundation in a layered soil profile. KW - Offshore geomechanics KW - Erosion KW - Micromechanical modelling KW - LBM-DEM KW - GPU Parallel computing PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-502309 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103404 VL - 120 SP - Paper 103404, 1 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50230 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kage, Daniel A1 - Hoffmann, Katrin A1 - Nifontova, G. A1 - Krivenkov, V. A1 - Sukhanova, A. A1 - Nabiev, I. A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute T1 - Tempo-spectral multiplexing in flow cytometry with lifetime detection using QD-encoded polymer beads N2 - Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) embedded into polymer microbeads are known to be very attractive emitters for spectral multiplexing and colour encoding. Their luminescence lifetimes or decay kinetics have been, however, rarely exploited as encoding parameter, although they cover time ranges which are not easily accessible with other luminophores. We demonstrate here the potential of QDs made from II/VI semiconductors with luminescence lifetimes of several 10 ns to expand the lifetime range of organic encoding luminophores in multiplexing applications using time-resolved flow cytometry (LT-FCM). For this purpose, two different types of QD-loaded beads were prepared and characterized by photoluminescence measurements on the ensemble level and by single-particle confocal laser scanning microscopy. Subsequently, these lifetime-encoded microbeads were combined with dye-encoded microparticles in systematic studies to demonstrate the potential of these QDs to increase the number of lifetime codes for lifetime multiplexing and combined multiplexing in the time and colour domain (tempo-spectral multiplexing). These studies were done with a recently developed novel luminescence lifetime flow cytometer (LT-FCM setup) operating in the time-domain, that presents an alternative to reports on phase-sensitive lifetime detection in flow cytometry. KW - Fluorescence life time KW - Flow cytometry KW - Lifetime-encoded beads KW - Quantum dots KW - Multiplexing PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-503316 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56938-2 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - Article number: 653 PB - nature.com AN - OPUS4-50331 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hu, W.-H A1 - Tang, D.-H. A1 - Wang, M. A1 - Liu, J.-L. A1 - Li, Z.-H. A1 - Lu, W. A1 - Teng, J. A1 - Said, Samir A1 - Rohrmann, R. G. T1 - Resonance Monitoring of a Horizontal Wind Turbine by Strain-Based Automated Operational Modal Analysis N2 - A strain-based automated operational modal analysis algorithm is proposed to track the long-term dynamic behavior of a horizontal wind turbine under operational conditions. This algorithm is firstly validated by a scaled wind turbine model, and then it is applied to the dynamic strain responses recorded from a 5 MW wind turbine system. We observed variations in the fundamental frequency and 1f, 3f excitation frequencies due to the mass imbalance of the blades and aerodynamic excitation by the tower dam or tower wake. Inspection of the Campbell diagram revealed that the adverse resonance phenomenon and Sommerfeld effect causing excessive vibrations of the wind tower. KW - Strain KW - Automated operational modal analysis KW - Resonance KW - Horizontal wind turbine PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-503350 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/en13030579 VL - 13 IS - 3 SP - 579 EP - 584 PB - MDPI CY - Schweiz, Basel AN - OPUS4-50335 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander A1 - Gollwitzer, Christian A1 - Kupsch, Andreas A1 - Léonard, Fabien A1 - Müller, Bernd R. A1 - Oesch, Tyler A1 - Onel, Yener A1 - Thiede, Tobias A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe ED - Puente León, F. ED - Zagar, B. T1 - Moderne Methoden der CT-gestützten Strukturanalyse T1 - Modern techniques of CT based structure analysis N2 - Durch den großflächigen Einsatz der Computertomographie (CT) in unterschiedlichen Industriebereichen steigen auch die Anforderungen an die quantitative Bildanalyse. Subjektive Bildwahrnehmung muss durch objektive Algorithmen ersetzt werden. In diesem Artikel stellt die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), die seit den 1980er Jahren an der Entwicklung der industriellen CT beteiligt ist, anhand ausgewählter Beispiele den aktuellen Stand ihrer Analysemethoden an verschiedenen Anwendungsbeispielen der CT vor. N2 - The increasing use of computed tomography (CT) in various industrial sectors requires more sophisticated techniques of quantitative image analysis. Subjective image perception needs to be replaced by objective algorithms. The German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) has been involved in the development of industrial CT since the 1980s. This paper summarizes the current status of quantitative 3D image analysis techniques based on selected examples. KW - Computed tomography KW - Computertomographie KW - Röntgen-Refraktion KW - X-Ray refraction KW - Schadensanalyse KW - Damage analysis KW - Normung KW - standardization PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1515/teme-2019-0125 SN - 0171-8096 SN - 2196-7113 VL - 87 IS - 2 SP - 81 EP - 91 PB - de Gruyter CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-50337 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vollert, F. A1 - Thomas, Maximilian A1 - Kromm, Arne A1 - Gibmeier, J. T1 - Hot crack assessment of LTT welds using μCT N2 - Investigations on weldability often deal with hot cracking, as one of the most popular failure during weld fabrication. The modified varestraint transvarestraint hot cracking test (MVT) is well known for the assessment of the hot cracking susceptibility of materials. The shortcoming of this approach is that the information is only from the very near surface region, which inhibits access to the characteristic of the hot crack network in the bulk. Here, we report about a new approach, illustrated in the example of low transformation temperature (LTT) weld filler materials, to monitor the entire 3D hot crack network after welding by means of microfocus X-ray computer tomography (μCT). T2 - 10th Conference on Industrial Computed Tomography (iCT 2020) CY - Wels, Austria DA - 04.02.2020 KW - Varestraint testing KW - LTT weld filler materials KW - Hot cracking KW - Welding KW - μCT-analysis PY - 2020 UR - http://www.ndt.net/?id=25121 SN - 1435-4934 VL - 25 IS - 2 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - NDT.net CY - Kirchwald AN - OPUS4-50341 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Kaska, K. ED - Uhlirz, T1 - Why Do We Need to Study Inks? N2 - While studying the socio-geographic history of inks, division 4.5 (Analysis of cultural artefacts and assets) of the BAM (Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung) in Berlin together with the Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures in Hamburg has developed a protocol for ink analysis. It consists of a primary screening to determine the type of the ink, and a subsequent in-depth analysis using several spectroscopic techniques. Using this protocol, scientists can assist scholars in addressing a rather broad range of historical questions that cannot be answered unequivocally through scholarly research alone. Among these are investigations on collaboration between scribes and scriptoria, on the usage and annotation of manuscripts and on their path through time and space in general. This research can thus help to reconstruct the circumstances of the production of written heritage as well as their history and transmission. To facilitate the dialogue between the scholars and the scientists a simple optical tool was developed to allow the scholars to perform preliminary ink analysis required for formulation of the question that in turn can be answered by scientific in-depth investigations. In this paper, ink types and their identification method is accompanied by examples of the recent work conducted on parchment manuscripts in the Austrian National Library. T2 - Congress Visual Heritage, CHNT 23 CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 15.12.2018 KW - Ink KW - Parchment PY - 2020 SP - 1.1 EP - 1.9 CY - Wien AN - OPUS4-50242 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Glaser, L. A1 - Shevchuk, I. A1 - Tolkiehn, M. A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Hahn, Oliver T1 - Improving Iron Gall Ink Palimpsest X-ray Fluorescence Element Mapping Analysis N2 - In the recent years multispectral imaging and X-ray Fluorescence element mapping have established themselves as a well working two step approach, when dealing with faded, erased or overwritten text in iron gall ink. During the last years a lot was done to improve the mere technical side of the techniques. Especially in the case of XRF mapping experiments the acquisition speed needed to be increased to allow mapping in the high resolution demanded by the challenges at hand. High resolution in moderate times can now be achieved, but with the price of proportionally increased amount of data that needs to be processed ideally in parallel to the measurement. The classical approach in XRF spectroscopy of elemental fitting of the spectral data does not even come close to fulfill any on the fly processing time constraints and will consume too much processing time in the foreseeable future. In this paper we will discuss the applicability of modern statistical data processing methods to XRF mapping of iron gall ink palimpsests. We will present a comparison of a new approach based on principle and independent component analysis (PCA and ICA) and the standard element mapping method. We will show that a reduction in processing time of almost two orders of magnitude can easily be achieved. T2 - Kongress Visual Heritage, CHNT 23 CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 15.11.2018 KW - Palimpsest KW - Iron-gall ink PY - 2020 SP - 1.1 EP - 1.9 AN - OPUS4-50243 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mayer, T. F. A1 - Dauberschmidt, C. A1 - Bruns, M. A1 - Eichler, T. A1 - Wiens, U. A1 - Mietz, Jürgen A1 - Gehlen, C. A1 - Ebell, Gino A1 - Gerhard, G. A1 - Osterminski, K. T1 - Das Instandsetzungsprinzip W-Cl N2 - Während das Instandsetzungsprinzip W bei carbonatisierungsinduzierter Korrosion seit vielen Jahren als Standardverfahren etabliert ist, wird seine Anwendbarkeit bei chloridinduzierter Korrosion (W-Cl) in der Fachwelt bis heute kontrovers diskutiert. Zwar ergeben sich aus seiner Anwendung gegenüber anderen Instandsetzungsverfahren auf den ersten Blick u. U. deutliche wirtschaftliche Vorteile, allerdings besteht bei diesem Verfahren ein deutlich höheres Risiko, dass das Instandsetzungsziel nicht erreicht wird. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die technischen Grundlagen des Instandsetzungsprinzips W-Cl sowie der aktuelle Kenntnisstand - sowohl für den gerissenen als auch für den ungerissenen Beton - dargestellt und baurechtliche Konsequenzen, die sich aus dem erhöhten Ausführungsrisiko ergeben, diskutiert. Korrosionsmonitoring als Element zum Nachweis des Instandsetzungserfolgs bei Anwendung des Prinzips W-Cl wird vorgestellt. Anhand von Anwendungsbeispielen werden sowohl die Risiken, die mit dem Verfahren verbunden sind, als auch das Potenzial bei erfolgreicher Anwendung veranschaulicht. KW - Korrosion KW - Instandsetzung KW - W-Cl KW - Risse PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/bate.201900083 SN - 0932-8351 VL - 97 IS - 1 SP - 2 EP - 10 PB - Ernst & Sohn CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-50246 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ebell, Gino A1 - Burkert, Andreas A1 - Günther, Tobias A1 - Wilsch, Gerd T1 - Untersuchungen zum korrosionsauslösenden Chloridgehalt an nicht rostendem ferritischem Betonstahl in Mörtel N2 - Der maßgebliche Korrosionsschutz von nicht rostendem Stahl in Beton basiert, anders als bei unlegiertem Betonstahl, auf der Ausbildung einer Chromoxidschicht. Die Chromoxidschicht ist in alkalischem und in carbonatisiertem Beton beständig, sodass nicht rostende Stähle in einem passiven Zustand vorliegen. Die Initiierung von Lochkorrosionserscheinungen ist dagegen auch an nicht rostenden Stählen in Beton möglich. Der korrosionsauslösende Chloridgehalt ist neben dem Gehalt an Legierungselementen (insbesondere dem Chromgehalt) und der Oberflächenbeschaffenheit auch vom Konzentrationsverhältnis von OH“ zu CI“ im Elektrolyten abhängig. Daher ist prinzipiell zu erwarten, dass in karbonatisierten Betonen geringere Chloridgehalte Korrosion initiieren können als in Betonen mit höheren pH-Werten. Dies gilt in besonderem Maße für nicht rostende Betonstähle mit geringen Chromgehalten, wie z. B. Produkte aus dem Werkstoff 1.4003 (X2CrNi12) mit seiner im Vergleich zu den Standardausteniten geringen Beständigkeit. Um den kritischen korrosionsauslösenden Chloridgehalt am Beispiel eines am Markt verfügbaren ferritischen Chromstahls zu bestimmen, wurden an der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) umfangreiche Untersuchungen zu beschleunigten Korrosionsversuchen in alkalischen und karbonatisierten Mörteln durchgeführt. Mittels Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) konnten die korrosionsauslösenden Chloridgehalte im Phasengrenzbereich Betonstahl-Mörtel ermittelt werden. KW - Korrosion KW - Betonstahl KW - Nicht rostender KW - LIBS KW - Chloridgehalt KW - Kritischer PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/bate.201900077 SN - 0932-8351 VL - 97 IS - 1 SP - 21 EP - 31 PB - Ernst & Sohn CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-50247 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Florian, Camilo A1 - Déziel, J.-L. A1 - Kirner, Sabrina V. A1 - Siegel, J. A1 - Bonse, Jörn T1 - The role of the laser-induced oxide layer in the formation of laser-induced periodic surface structures N2 - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) are often present when processing solid targets with linearly polarized ultrashort laser pulses. The different irradiation parameters to produce them on metals, semiconductors and dielectrics have been studied extensively, identifying suitable regimes to tailor its properties for applications in the fields of optics, medicine, fluidics and tribology, to name a few. One important parameter widely present when exposing the samples to the high intensities provided by these laser pulses in air environment, that generally is not considered, is the formation of a superficial laser-induced oxide layer. In this paper, we fabricate LIPSS on a layer of the oxidation prone hard-coating material chromium nitride in order to investigate the impact of the laser-induced oxide layer on its formation. A variety of complementary surface analytic techniques were employed, revealing morphological, chemical and structural characteristics of well-known high-spatial frequency LIPSS (HSFL) together with a new type of low-spatial frequency LIPSS (LSFL) with an anomalous orientation parallel to the laser polarization. Based on this input, we performed finite-difference time-domain calculations considering a layered system resembling the geometry of the HSFL along with the presence of a laser-induced oxide layer. The simulations support a scenario that the new type of LSFL is formed at the interface between the laser-induced oxide layer and the non-altered material underneath. These findings suggest that LSFL structures parallel to the polarization can be easily induced in materials that are prone to oxidation. KW - Laser-induced oxide layer KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) KW - Surface chemistry KW - Femtosecond laser processing KW - Nanostructuring PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-502530 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010147 SN - 2079-4991 VL - 10(1) IS - Special issue "Laser-generated periodic nanostructures" SP - 147-1 EP - 147-18 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-50253 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cubero, A. A1 - Martínez, E. A1 - Angurel, L.A. A1 - de la Fuente, G.F. A1 - Navarro, R. A1 - Legall, Herbert A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Bonse, Jörn T1 - Effects of laser-induced periodic surface structures on the superconducting properties of Niobium N2 - It is well known that the use of ultrashort (fs) pulsed lasers can induce the generation of (quasi-) periodic nanostructures (LIPSS, ripples) on the surface of many materials. Such nanostructures have also been observed in sample’s surfaces irradiated with UV lasers with a pulse duration of 300 ps. In this work, we compare the characteristics of these nanostructures on 1-mm and on 25-μm thick niobium sheets induced by 30 fs n-IR and 300 ps UV pulsed lasers. In addition to conventional continuous or burst mode processing configurations, two-dimensional laser beam and line scanning modes have been investigated in this work. The latter allows the processing of large areas with a more uniform distribution of nanostructures at the surface. The influence of the generated nanostructures on the superconducting properties of niobium has also been explored. For this aim, magnetic hysteresis loops have been measured at different cryogenic temperatures to analyse how these laser treatments affect the flux pinning behaviour and, in consequence, the superconductor’s critical current values. It was observed that laser treatments are able to modify the superconducting properties of niobium samples. T2 - E-MRS Spring Meeting 2019 CY - Nice, France DA - 27.05.2019 KW - Superconductivity KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) KW - Niobium PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-502541 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.145140 SN - 0169-4332 SN - 1873-5584 VL - 508 IS - 1 SP - 145140-1 EP - 145140-7 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-50254 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo T1 - State of the art and development perspectives of deep foundations for offshore wind converters T1 - Estado del arte y perspectivas de desarrollo de las cimentaciones profundas para aerogeneradores offshore N2 - This presentation provides an overview of the main geotechnical aspects associated with deep foundations in the context of offshore wind generation. The most common deep foundation typologies (large diameter monopiles and multipile typologies) as well as new trends under development (e.g. suction buckets) and their current limits will be briefly described. The talk concludes with a brief review of advanced topics not covered in classical pile design, such as hydromechanical coupling effects (pore pressure generation), cyclic accumulation of deformations, cyclic degradation of axial capacity or pile-setup gains. T2 - Ciclo de Conferencias: Aplicaciones de la Geotecnia en la generación de Energía. Sociedad Argentina de Ingeniería Geotécnica SAIG CY - Online meeting DA - 02.12.2020 KW - Offshore wind energy KW - Deep foundations KW - Offshore geomechanics PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51729 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Xu, Yong A1 - Huang, Yanliang A1 - Yang, D. A1 - Kunte, Hans-Jörg A1 - De Marco, R. A1 - Wang, X. T1 - Investigation of the calcareous deposits formation controlled by interfacial pH and its effect on the hydrogen entry into AISI 4135 steel in seawater N2 - The influence of interfacial pH between AISI 4135 steel and seawater under different polarization potentials on the formation of calcareous deposits has been studied. An interfacial pH of 9.61 at −0.9 V vs. SCE using state of the art iridium oxide microelectrode was found to be the critical pH for the precipitation of magnesium hydroxide. Calcareous deposits with a double-layer structure comprising an inner-brucite layer and an outer-aragonite layer were found to form at potentials between −1.0 V and −1.2 V vs. SCE. Furthermore, the facilitation of hydrogen permeation into steel induced by the formation of calcareous deposits was verified using the Devanathan-Stachurski electrochemical test. The mechanism of calcareous deposits facilitates hydrogen permeation into steel is related to its inhibition on hydrogen recombination and escape processes. KW - Low alloy steel KW - Cathodic protection KW - Calcareous deposits KW - Hydrogen permeation PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.11.040 SN - 0360-3199 SP - 1 EP - 18 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-51730 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - von Boehn, B. A1 - Scholtz, Lena A1 - Imbihl, R. T1 - Reactivity and Stability of Ultrathin VOx Films on Pt(111) in Catalytic Methanol Oxidation N2 - The growth of ultrathin layers of VOx (<12 monolayers) on Pt(111) and the activity of these layers in catalytic methanol oxidation at 10−4 mbar have been studied with low-energy electron difraction, Auger electron spectroscopy, rate measurements, and with photoemission electron microscopy. Reactive deposition of V in O2 at 670 K obeys a Stranski–Krastanov growth mode with a (√3 × √3)R30° structure representing the limiting case for epitaxial growth of 3D-VOx. The activity of VOx/Pt(111) in catalytic methanol oxidation is very low and no redistribution dynamics is observed lifting the initial spatial homogeneity of the VOx layer. Under reaction conditions, part of the surface vanadium difuses into the Pt subsurface region. Exposure to O2 causes part of the V to difuse back to the surface, but only up to one monolayer of VOx can be stabilized in this way at 10−4 mbar. KW - Vanadium oxide catalysts KW - Pt(111) KW - Supported catalyst KW - Methanol oxidation KW - Stranski–Krastanow growth PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-517376 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-020-01321-z SN - 1022-5528 VL - 63 IS - 15-18 SP - 1545 EP - 1556 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-51737 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - von Törne, Wipert A1 - Piechotta, Christian A1 - Karnstedt, Lea T1 - Structural Investigations of Transformation Products of the Anticoagulant Drug and Rodenticide Warfarin N2 - Herein, we present liquid and gas chromatographic methods coupled to (high-resolution) mass spectrometry for the analysis of warfarin’s transformation products. Methodologies such as UV-irradiation, ozonation, and chlorination were utilised to simulate technical water treatment. Resulting compounds were elucidated and examined by numerous analytical methods. Moreover, the oxidative phase I metabolism was mimicked by an electrochemical flow cell to synthesise and confirm major metabolites. The further aim is the toxicological assessment of all substances formed, as well as, the quantification of warfarin and its TPs under environmentally relevant conditions employing the introduced methods. T2 - SETAC 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 03.05.2020 KW - Warfarin PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51738 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nitsche, Michael T1 - Federal Research & development supports market surveillance N2 - Example: Testing and rating of heat pumps and air conditioners Example: Surveillance of Toys Example: Safety of compressed gas storage vessels for Hydrogen T2 - EU Market Surveillance Conference 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 05.11.2020 KW - Market surveillance PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51930 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Koester, M. A1 - Stock, S. C. A1 - Nájera, F. A1 - Abdallah, Khaled A1 - Gorbushina, Anna A1 - Prietzel, J. A1 - Matus, F. A1 - Klysubun, W. A1 - Boy, J. A1 - Kuzyakov, Y. A1 - Dippold, M. A. A1 - Spielvogel, S. T1 - From rock eating to vegetarian ecosystems — Disentangling processes of phosphorus acquisition across biomes N2 - Low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) are crucial for the mobilization and acquisition of mineral phosphorus by plants. However, the role of LMWOAs in mobilizing organic phosphorus, which is the predominant phosphorus form in at least half of the world’s ecosystems, especially in humid climates, is unclear. The mechanisms of phosphorus mobilization by LMWOAs depend on climate, mainly precipitation, and shape the phosphorus nutrition strategies of plants. We disentangled the impact of roots and associated microorganisms on mechanisms of phosphorus cycling mediated by LMWOAs by studying soils along an ecosystem-sequence (ecosequence) from arid shrubland (~70 mm yr-1), and Mediterranean woodland (~370 mm yr-1) to humid-temperate forest (~1470 mm yr-1). Phosphorus speciation in soil was examined by X-ray absorption near edge structure analysis (XANES). LMWOAs were quantified as biological rock-weathering and organic phosphorus mobilization agents and compared to kinetics of acid phosphatase as a proxy for organic phosphorus mineralization. Calcium-bound phosphorus in topsoils decreased from 126 mg kg-1 in the arid shrubland, to 19 mg kg-1 in the Mediterranean woodland and was undetectable in the humid-temperate forest. In contrast, organic phosphorus in topsoils in close root proximity (0–2 mm distance to roots) was absent in the arid shrubland but raised to 220 mg kg-1 in the Mediterranean woodland and to 291 mg kg-1 in the humid-temperate forest. The organic phosphorus content in topsoils was 1.6 to 2.4 times higher in close root proximity (0–2 mm distance to roots) compared to bulk soil (4–6 mm distance to roots) in the Mediterranean woodland and humid-temperate forest, showing intensive phosphorus bioaccumulation in the rhizosphere. Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that LMWOAs were explained by the content of hydroxyapatite and variscite phosphorus-species in the arid shrubland, indicating that LMWOAs contribute to mineral weathering in this soil. LMWOA contents, phosphatase activity, and microbial biomass carbon correlated strongly with organic phosphorus in the humid-temperate forest soil, which implies a high relevance of LMWOAs for organic phosphorus recycling. In the Mediterranean woodland soil, however, oxalic acid correlated with organic phosphorus in the topsoil (suggesting phosphorus recycling), whereas in the subsoil malic and citric acid were correlated with primary and secondary phosphorus minerals (implying mineral weathering). We conclude that phosphorus acquisition and cycling depend strongly on climate and that the functions of LMWOAs in the rhizosphere change fundamentally along the precipitation gradient. In the arid shrubland LMWOAs facilitate biochemical weathering (rock eating), while in the humid-temperate forest their functions change towards supporting organic phosphorus recycling (vegetarian). KW - Rhizosphere processes KW - Phosphorus K-edge-XANES spectroscopy KW - Low-molecular-weight organic substances KW - Organic phosphorus breakdown KW - Biogenic weathering KW - Climate gradient PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114827 VL - 388 SP - 114827 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-51931 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Selbmann, L. A1 - Benkő, Z. A1 - Coleine, C. A1 - de Hoog, S. A1 - Donati, C. A1 - Druzhinina, I. A1 - Emri, T. A1 - Ettinger, C. L. A1 - Gladfelter, A. S. A1 - Gorbushina, Anna A1 - Grigoriev, I. V. A1 - Grube, M. A1 - Gunde-Cimerman, N. A1 - Karányi, Z. A. A1 - Kocsis, B. A1 - Kubressoian, T. A1 - Miklós, I. A1 - Miskei, M. A1 - Muggia, L. A1 - Northen, T. A1 - Novak-Babič, M. A1 - Pennacchio, C. A1 - Pfliegler, W. P. A1 - Pòcsi, I. A1 - Prigione, V. A1 - Riquelme, M. A1 - Segata, N. A1 - Schumacher, Julia A1 - Shelest, E. A1 - Sterflinger, K. A1 - Tesei, D. A1 - U’Ren, J. M. A1 - Varese, G. C. A1 - Vázquez-Campos, X. A1 - Vicente, V. A. A1 - Souza, E. M. A1 - Zalar, P. A1 - Walker, A. K. A1 - Stajich, J. E. T1 - Shed Light in the DaRk LineagES of the Fungal Tree of Life—STRES N2 - The polyphyletic group of black fungi within the Ascomycota (Arthoniomycetes, Dothideomycetes, and Eurotiomycetes) is ubiquitous in natural and anthropogenic habitats. Partly because of their dark, melanin-based pigmentation, black fungi are resistant to stresses including UV- and ionizing-radiation, heat and desiccation, toxic metals, and organic pollutants. Consequently, they are amongst the most stunning extremophiles and poly-extreme-tolerant organisms on Earth. Even though ca. 60 black fungal genomes have been sequenced to date, [mostly in the family Herpotrichiellaceae (Eurotiomycetes)], the class Dothideomycetes that hosts the largest majority of extremophiles has only been sparsely sampled. By sequencing up to 92 species that will become reference genomes, the “Shed light in The daRk lineagES of the fungal tree of life” (STRES) project will cover a broad collection of black fungal diversity spread throughout the Fungal Tree of Life. Interestingly, the STRES project will focus on mostly unsampled genera that display different ecologies and life-styles (e.g., ant- and lichen-associated fungi, rock-inhabiting fungi, etc.). With a resequencing strategy of 10- to 15-fold depth coverage of up to ~550 strains, numerous new reference genomes will be established. To identify metabolites and functional processes, these new genomic resources will be enriched with metabolomics analyses coupled with transcriptomics experiments on selected species under various stress conditions (salinity, dryness, UV radiation, oligotrophy). The data acquired will serve as a reference and foundation for establishing an encyclopedic database for fungal metagenomics as well as the biology, evolution, and ecology of the fungi in extreme environments. KW - Adaptation KW - Black fungi KW - Dothideomycetes KW - Eurotiomycetes KW - Extremophiles KW - Genomics KW - Metabolomics KW - Secondary metabolites KW - Stress conditions KW - Transcriptomics PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-519328 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/life10120362 VL - 10 IS - 12 SP - 362 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-51932 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tonon, C. A1 - Breitenbach, Romy A1 - Voigt, Oliver A1 - Turci, F. A1 - Gorbushina, Anna A1 - Favero-Longo, S. E. T1 - Hyphal morphology and substrate porosity -rather than melanization- drive penetration of black fungi into carbonate substrates N2 - Due to their ability to penetrate, deteriorate and discolour stone surfaces, rock-inhabiting black fungi represent a remarkable issue for cultural heritage conservation. Black microcolonial fungi (MCF) can also adapt to different environmental conditions, by converting from yeast-like morphology to a peculiar meristematic development with swollen cells (torulose hyphae, TH), to extremely thin structures (filamentous hyphae, FH). Furthermore, black MCF produce protective pigments: melanin, dark pigment particularly evident on light stone surfaces, and carotenoids. Black fungi produce melanin in critical, oligotrophic conditions as well as constitutively. Melanin function is mostly related to stress resistance and the ability of fungi to generate appressorial turgor to actively penetrate plant cells in pathogenic species. An involvement of melanins in stone surface penetration has been suggested, but not experimentally proved. In this work, we tested the role of hyphal melanisation in penetration mechanisms on the model black fungus Knufia petricola A95 in lab conditions. The wild-type and three mutants with introduced targeted mutations of polyketide-synthases (melanin production) and/or phytoene dehydrogenase (carotenoid synthesis) were inoculated on artificial carbonate pellets (pressed Carrara marble powder) of different porosity. After 5, 10, 17 and 27 weeks, hyphal penetration depth and spread were quantified on periodic acid Schiff-stained cross-sections of the pellets, collecting measurements separately for TH and FH. Droplet assay of the mutants on different media were conducted to determine the role of nutrients in the development of different fungal morphologies. In our in vitro study, the hyphal penetration depth, never exceeding 200 μm, was proven to be consistent with observed penetration patterns on stone heritage carbonate substrates. Pellet porosity affected penetration patterns of TH, which developed in voids of the more porous pellets, instead than actively opening new passageways. Oppositely, the thin diameter of FH allowed their penetration independently of substrate porosity. Instead, the long-hypothesized crucial role of melanin in black MCF hyphal penetration should be rejected. TH were developed within the pellets also by melanin deficient strains, and melanized strains showed an endolithic component of non-melanized TH. FH were non-melanized for all the strains, but deeply penetrated all pellet types, with higher penetration depth probably related to their potential exploratory (nutrient-seeking) role, while TH may be more related to a resistance to surface stress factors. In the melanin deficient strains, the absence of melanin caused an increased penetration rate of FH, hypothetically related to an earlier necessity to search for organic nutrients. KW - Biodeterioration KW - Bioreceptivity KW - Black microcolonial fungi KW - Marble KW - Stone cultural heritage KW - Stress tolerance PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2020.11.003 VL - 48 SP - 244 EP - 253 PB - Elsevier Masson SAS CY - Paris, Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-51933 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nöller, Renate A1 - Hahn, Oliver ED - Dora, C. ED - Fabian, C. ED - Knoche, M. ED - Linder, M. ED - Mittler, E. ED - Schmitz, W. T1 - VIS-Spectroscopy of Aztec colors. Possible application of a non-destructive analytical method N2 - VIS-spectrometry is a rapid, non- invasive, mobile method that offers a first overview of possible colorants used for painting. This is worked out in detail for European paintings and applied for artefacts and illuminated manuscripts. Manuscripts from Asia for example show colorful decoration identified to be mostly prepared with mineral pigments such as cinnabar, azurite, malachite or orpiment, which can be well confirmed by elemental analyses due to their color-giving metal ions. This is not the case for the colorants used in pictorial manuscripts from pre-Hispanic America, painted mainly with organic dyes from plants. The palette of colors used by the Aztecs is very rich due to their extensive empire and long- distance communication with vassal states liable to tributes including dyes of high quality. These include for example red cochineal, yellow zacatlaxcalli, tagetes, safflower, and achiotl, as well as blue indigo, or matlalli. T2 - Manuscripta Americana: Aufarbeitung einer Sammlung CY - Ibero-Amerikanisches-Institut, SPK DA - 14.02.2019 KW - Pigments KW - Dyes KW - Humboldt Codices KW - Non-destructive test PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-447-11511-7 SN - 0067-8236 VL - 53 SP - 35 EP - 57 PB - Harrassowitz Verlag CY - Wiesbaden AN - OPUS4-51934 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Nöller, Renate ED - Dora, C. ED - Fabian, C. ED - Knoche, M. ED - Linder, M. ED - Mittler, E. ED - Schmitz, W. T1 - Writing inks in the Manuscripta Americana – a pilot study N2 - The manuscripts – which have been inventoried as Manuscripta Americana in the State Library of Berlin and the Biblioteka Jagellońska in Krakow with the signatures Ms. Americ. 1-15 – are codices mainly from the colonial times of the 16th to 18th centuries. They uniquely reflect the relationships between indigenous culture and Spanish colonial masters. This study focusses on the scientific investigation of three manuscripts (Manuscripta Americana 3, 8, and 10) that are kept today in Krakow. It is assumed that these three parts belong together in a certain way, so various material analyses were carried out to prove this assumption. The scientific investigation focusses on the different black and brown writing inks. T2 - Manuscripta Americana: Aufarbeitung einer Sammlung CY - Ibero-Amerikanisches-Institut, SPK DA - 14.02.2019 KW - Humboldt Codices KW - Writing inks KW - Non-destructive testing PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-447-11511-7 SN - 0067-8236 VL - 53 SP - 21 EP - 32 PB - Harrassowitz Verlag CY - Wiesbaden AN - OPUS4-51935 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Colini, Claudia ED - Michel, C. ED - Friedrich, M. T1 - La invencíon del Sacromonte: How and Why Scholars Debated about the Lead Books of Granada for Two Hundred Years N2 - At the end of the sixteenth century, a number of relics and artefacts were discovered in Granada, Spain. They included what became known as the Lead Books of the Sacromonte, twenty-one written artefacts made of circular lead leaves engraved in archaic Arabic characters. The authorship was attributed to some Arab disciples of St James the Greater considered to be the first evangelisers of the Iberian Peninsula. The texts, the materiality and the circumstances of the discoveries fuelled a debate surrounding their authenticity that lasted more than two centuries, a debate so fierce and controversial that not even papal condemnation in 1682 was able to stop it. Soon after the discoveries were made public, scholars highlighted the many contradictions and errors of a historical, linguistic and theological nature present in the texts, identifying members of the local Morisco community as possible forgers. This article focuses on how the scholarly community of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries handled these findings and looks at the methods employed by the scholars to evaluate the authenticity of the artefacts. It will also look at how the particular interests of the various authorities involved influenced the acceptance or dismissal of relevant academic results. KW - Forgery KW - Moriscos KW - Parchment KW - Lead books PY - 2020 UR - https://www.degruyter.com/view/title/590832 DO - https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110714333-011 VL - Studies in Manuscript Cultures 20 SP - 209 EP - 262 PB - De Gruyter CY - Berlin/Boston AN - OPUS4-51936 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Xin, L. A1 - Mika, J. A1 - Horbert, V. A1 - Bischoff, S. A1 - Schubert, H. A1 - Borowski, J. A1 - Maenz, S. A1 - Huber, R. A1 - Sachse, A. A1 - Illerhaus, Bernhard A1 - Kinne, R. W. T1 - Systematic postoperative assessment of a minimally-invasive sheep model for the treatment of osteochondral defects N2 - To assess the clinical course of a sheep stifle joint model for osteochondral (OC) defects, medial femoral condyles (MFC) were exposed without patella luxation using medial parapatellar skin (3–4 cm) and deep incisions (2–3 cm). Two defects (7 mm diameter; 10 mm depth; OC punch) were left empty or refilled with osteochondral autologous transplantation cylinders (OATS) and explanted after six weeks. Incision-to-suture time, anesthesia time, and postoperative wound or impairment scores were compared to those in sham-operated animals. Implant performance was assessed by X-ray, micro-computed tomography, histology, and immunohistology (collagens 1, 2; aggrecan). There were no surgery-related infections or patellar luxations. Operation, anesthesia, and time to complete stand were short (0.5, 1.4, and 1.5 h, respectively). The wound trauma score was low (0.4 of maximally 4; day 7). Empty-defect and OATS animals reached an impairment score of 0 significantly later than sham animals (7.4 and 4.0 days, respectively, versus 1.5 days). Empty defects showed incomplete healing and dedifferentiation/heterotopic differentiation; OATS-filled defects displayed advanced bone healing with remaining cartilage gaps and orthotopic expression of bone and cartilage markers. Minimally-invasive, medial parapatellar surgery of OC defects on the sheep MFC allows rapid and low-trauma recovery and appears well-suited for implant testing. KW - Osteochondral stifle joint defect KW - Sheep animal model KW - Minimally-invasive parapatellar approach PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-520180 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/life10120332 SN - 2075-1729 VL - 10 IS - 12 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-52018 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Even, Morgane A1 - Juritsch, Elevtheria A1 - Jann, Oliver A1 - Richter, Matthias T1 - Towards an efficient procedure for the analysis of VVOC emissions N2 - This poster summarizes the points that need to be addressed towards the standardization of an efficient procedure for the analysis of VVOC emissions: Standard mixture generation and investigations on mutual reactivity, selection of an appropriate sorbent combination, water management and choice of a suited GC column. T2 - Indoor Air 2020: The 16th conference of the international society of indoor air quality and climate CY - Online meeting DA - 01.11.2020 KW - VVOCs KW - Analytical method KW - ISO 16000-6 KW - EN 16516 PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-52023 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - El-Batahgy, A. A1 - Saiyah, A. A1 - Khafagi, S. A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - Gook, Sergej A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Shielded metal arc welding of 9%Ni steel using matching ferritic filler metal N2 - Motivated by the tensile strength loss of 9%Ni steel arc welded joints made using Ni-based austenitic filler metals, the feasibility of maintaining the tensile strength using matching ferritic filler metal has been demonstrated. In comparison with shielded metal arc welded joint made using Ni-based austenitic electrode ENiCrMo-6, higher tensile strength comparable to that of the base metal was obtained using matching ferritic electrode. Besides, sufficient impact toughness energies with much lower mismatch were obtained for weld metal and heat-affected zone. Welded joint with a lower mechanical mismatching is of considerable importance for achieving acceptable combination of tensile strength and impact toughness. A better combination of These mechanical properties is ensured by applying a post weld heat treatment. KW - 9%Ni steel KW - Ni-based austenitic welding electrode KW - Matching ferritic welding electrode KW - Mechanical properties KW - Mechanical mismatching KW - Microstructure KW - SMAW PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2020.1846936 VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - 116 EP - 122 PB - Taylor & Francis AN - OPUS4-52025 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Evsevleev, Sergei A1 - Mishurova, Tatiana A1 - Garces, G. A1 - Sevostianov, I. A1 - Hofmann, M. A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Micromechanical response of multi-phase Al-alloy matrix composites under uniaxial compression N2 - Aluminum alloys are extensively used in the automotive industry. Particularly, squeeze casting production of Al-Si alloys is employed in the conception of metal matrix composites (MMC) for combustion engines. Such materials are of a high interest since they allow combining improved mechanical properties and reduced weight and hence improve efficiency. Being a multiphase material, most MMCs show complex micromechanical behavior under different load conditions. In this work we investigated the micromechanical behavior of two MMCs, both consisting of a near-eutectic cast AlSi12CuMgNi alloy, one reinforced with 15%vol. Al2O3 short fibers and the other with 7%vol. Al2O3 short fibers + 15%vol. SiC particles. Both MMCs have complex 3D microstructure consisting of four and five phases: Al-alloy matrix, eutectic Si, intermetallics, Al2O3 fibers and SiC particles. The in-situ neutron diffraction compression experiments were carried out on the Stress-Spec beamline and disclosed the evolution of internal phase-specific stresses in both composites. In combination with the damage mechanism revealed by synchrotron X-ray computed tomography (SXCT) on plastically pre-strained samples, this allowed understanding the role of every composite’s phase in the stress partitioning mechanism. Finally, based on the Maxwell scheme, a micromechanical model was utilized. The model perfectly rationalizes the experimental data and predicts the evolution of principal stresses in each phase. T2 - MLZ User Meeting 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 09.12.2020 KW - Metal matrix composite KW - Neutron diffraction KW - Damage mechanism KW - Load transfer KW - Computed tomography PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-52032 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Schatten, René A1 - Szuppa, Tony T1 - Monitoringprogramm zur Verwertung von Bodenmaterial gemäß §§ 6-8 Novelle BBodSchV N2 - Mit der Novellierung der Bundes-Bodenschutz- und Altlastenverordnung (BBodSchV) (am 6.11.2020 im Bundesratsverfahren beschlossen) werden Regelungen zum Auf- und Einbringen von Bodenmaterial außerhalb der durchwurzelbaren Bodenschicht aufgenommen (sogenannte Verfüllungen). Ziel des Vorhabens war es, durch die Auswertung vorhandener und durchzuführender Untersuchungen eine Einstufung von Bodenmaterialien (jährlich fallen weit über 100 Mio. Tonnen davon an) für bestimmte Verwertungswege vornehmen zu können. Es sollte herausgefunden werden, ob Veränderungen hinsichtlich des Verwertungspotentials nachgewiesen werden können. Basis für die Durchführung und Bewertung waren die neuen Regelungen (hier insbesondere die Untersuchung mit einem Wasser/Feststoffverhältnis von 2:1, neue nationale und europäische Elutions- und Untersuchungsverfahren) der novellierten BBodSchV. Der Fokus lag dabei auf den polyzyklischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen (PAK) sowie ausgewählte anorganische Stoffe (Schwermetalle und Anionen) unter der Berücksichtigung unterschiedlicher Bodenmaterialien zur Verwertung. Dabei handelte es sich um: - Böden aus urban geprägten Gebieten, - Oberböden aus dem Straßenrandbereich in Form von Bankettschälgut, - Baggergut aus Gewässern mit Verdacht auf eine Kontamination, - Bergematerial (Mischung von Abraum- und Bodenmaterial), - Auenböden mit vermuteten Verunreinigungen aus Industrie und Gewerbe. Anhand der vorgelegten Ergebnisse kann nun eine Versachlichung der Diskussion um Ressorcenschutz vs. Schadlosigkeit der Verwertung erfolgen. Sie zeigen für die untersuchten Stoffe, dass bei einer Einführung der §§ 6-8 Novelle BBodSchV mit einer Erhöhung der Verwertungsquote für Bodenmaterial gerechnet werden kann. Eine Erhöhung des Deponievolumens ist somit nicht zu befürchten. Neben den ermittelten Daten konnten Grundlagen für die Überarbeitung verschiedener DIN-Normen für Bodenuntersuchungen erarbeitet werden. KW - Verwertung Bodenmaterial KW - Schadstofftransfer KW - Elutionsverfahren KW - BBodSchV KW - PAK PY - 2020 UR - https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/monitoringprogramm-zur-verwertung-von-bodenmaterial SN - 1862-4804 VL - 127/2020 SP - 1 EP - 248 PB - Umweltbundesamt CY - Dessau AN - OPUS4-52039 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Oster, Simon T1 - In-situ monitoring by thermography: Influence of the scan angle on the melt pool N2 - Online quality control of security relevant parts manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) remains to be a challenge due to the highly complex process conditions. Furthermore, the influence of characteristic scan strategy parameters is not sufficiently clarified yet due to the commonly used method of single-track investigations. In this contribution, this topic is addressed by observing large 316L volume sections using in-situ melt pool monitoring by thermography in high temporal and spatial resolution. In detail, the influence of the scan angle on the melt pool geometry is investigated on. Characteristic melt pool features are extracted from the image data and analyzed using statistical methods data for altering scan angles. The results show significant changes in the melt pool dimensions and temperature distribution over the scan angle rotation. A first explanation approach is presented that connects the observed changes to phenomena of beam attenuation by metal vapor plume. T2 - 1st Workshop on In-situ Monitoring and Microstructure Development in Additive Manufacturing CY - Online meeting DA - 12.10.2020 KW - Laser Powder Bed Fusion KW - Thermography KW - In-situ Monitoring KW - Angle dependency PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51953 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tobias, Charlie A1 - Climent Terol, Estela A1 - Gawlitza, Kornelia A1 - Rurack, Knut T1 - Polystyrene Microparticles with Convergently Grown Mesoporous Silica Shells as a Promising Tool for Multiplexed Bioanalytical Assays N2 - Functional core/shell particles are highly sought after in analytical chemistry, especially in methods suitable for single-particle analysis such as flow cytometry because they allow for facile multiplexed detection of several analytes in a single run. Aiming to develop a powerful bead platform of which the core particle can be doped in a straightforward manner while the shell offers the highest possible sensitivity when functionalized with (bio)chemical binders, polystyrene particles were coated with different kinds of mesoporous silica shells in a convergent growth approach. Mesoporous shells allow us to obtain distinctly higher surface areas in comparison with conventional nonporous shells. While assessing the potential of narrow- as well as wide-pore silicas such as Mobil composition of matter no. 41 (MCM-41) and Santa Barbara amorphous material no. 15 (SBA-15), especially the synthesis of the latter shells that are much more suitable for biomolecule anchoring was optimized by altering the pH and both, the amount and type of the mediator salt. Our studies showed that the best performing material resulted from a synthesis using neutral conditions and MgSO4 as an ionic mediator. The analytical potential of the particles was investigated in flow cytometric DNA assays after their respective functionalization for individual and multiplexed detection of short oligonucleotide strands. These experiments revealed that a two-step modification of the silica surface with amino silane and succinic anhydride prior to coupling of an amino-terminated capture DNA (c-DNA) strand is superior to coupling carboxylic acid-terminated c-DNA to aminated core/shell particles, yielding limits of detection (LOD) down to 5 pM for a hybridization assay, using labeled complementary single-stranded target DNA (t-DNA) 15mers. The potential of the use of the particles in multiplexed analysis was shown with the aid of dye-doped core particles carrying a respective SBA-15 shell. Characteristic genomic sequences of human papillomaviruses (HPV) were chosen as the t-DNA analytes here, since their high relevance as carcinogens and the high number of different pathogens is a relevant model case. The title particles showed a promising performance and allowed us to unequivocally detect the different high- and low-risk HPV types in a single experimental run. KW - Bead-based assay KW - Core-shell particles KW - Human papillomavirus KW - Mesoporous silica KW - Multiplexing PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c17940 SN - 1944-8244 VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - 207 EP - 218 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-51955 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Climent Terol, Estela A1 - Gotor, Raul A1 - Tobias, Charlie A1 - Bell, Jérémy A1 - Martin-Sanchez, Pedro A1 - Rurack, Knut T1 - Dip Sticks Embedding Molecular Beacon-Functionalized Core−Mesoporous Shell Particles for the Rapid On-Site Detection of Microbiological Fuel Contamination N2 - Microbial contamination of fuels by fungi and bacteria presents risks of corrosion and fuel system fouling. In this work, a rapid test for the determination of microbial genomic DNA from aqueous fuel extracts is presented. It combines test strips coated with polystyrene core/mesoporous silica shell particles, to the surface of which modified fluorescent molecular beacons are covalently grafted, with a smartphone detection system. In the hairpin loop, the beacons incorporate a target sequence highly conserved in all bacteria, corresponding to a fragment of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene, which is also present to a significant extent in the 18S rRNA gene of fungi, allowing for broadband microbial detection. In the developed assay, the presence of genomic DNA extracts from bacteria and fungi down to ca. 20−50 μg L−1 induced a distinct fluorescence response. The optical read-out was adapted for on-site monitoring by combining a 3D-printed case with a conventional smartphone, taking advantage of the sensitivity of contemporary complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) detectors. Such an embedded assembly allowed to detect microbial genomic DNA in aqueous extracts down to ca. 0.2−0.7 mg L−1 and presents an important step toward the on-site uncovering of fuel contamination in a rapid and simple fashion. KW - Bacteria KW - Fungi KW - Rapid test KW - Fluorescence KW - Smartphone KW - Biofouling PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.0c01178 SN - 2379-3694 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - 27 EP - 34 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-51956 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Eberwein, Robert T1 - Untersuchung der Gefährdung von Personen und Bauwerken in Folge des Versagens von LNG-Kraftstoffspeichern für Fahrzeuge in Tunneln N2 - Der Markt von LNG als Transportgut und als Kraftstoff ist seit Jahrzehnten kontinuierlich am Wachsen, wobei das Hauptanwendungsgebiet im Schiffsverkehr lag. LNG ist verflüssigtes Erdgas mit Hauptbestandteil Methan, das neben fossilen, aus erneuerbaren Quellen, wie synthetischen Methan oder Biogas, gewonnen werden kann. LNG hat als Kraftstoff sehr gute Eigenschaften dessen Potenzial als alternativer Kraftstoff zu Diesel im Schwerlast- und Fernverkehr gesehen wird. Dabei weist LNG gegenüber Diesel geringere Emissionen von CO2, Feinstaub, Stickoxiden und Lärm auf und hat gegenüber anderen erneuerbaren Energiespeichern wie CNG, Elektrobatterien oder Wasserstoff die höchste volumetrische und zweitgrößte gravimetrische Energiedichte. Neben seinen Vorteilen zu anderen erneuerbaren Energieträgern birgt LNG durch seine sehr niedrige Temperatur von bis zu 160°C und seiner Brennbarkeit aber auch neue Gefahren für Personen und Infrastrukturen. Zur Bewertung von Gefahren und zur späteren Durchführung von Risikobewertungen bedarf es Methoden und Modellen deren Untersuchung Ziel des Forschungsprojekts war. Schwerpunkt der Untersuchung stellt die Freisetzung von LNG in Tunnel, mit sich anschließender Stoffausbreitung und verzögerter Zündung des Kraftstoff-Luftgemisches dar. Unfallszenarien mit Brandereignissen in Tunnel haben gezeigt, dass diese meist mit hohen Personen, Bauwerks und volkswirtschaftlichen Schäden verbunden sind. Des Weiteren zeigten Untersuchungen das von Gasexplosionen in Umschließungen wie sie ein Tunnel darstellt, mehr Gefahren ausgehen als von Gasexplosionen im Freifeld. Im Vortrag werden die untersuchten Modelle und die aus dem Projekt gewonnenen Erkenntnisse für die Stoffausbreitung und Verbrennung der Gasphase von LNG in Umschließungen vorgestellt. T2 - Abteilungs-Vortragsseminar-Doktoranden CY - BAM Berlin, Germany DA - 08.12.2020 KW - LNG KW - Erdgas KW - Störfall KW - CFD KW - Schwergas PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51959 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Droste, Bernhard A1 - Wolff, Dietmar A1 - Bevilacqua, A. A1 - Reiche, I. A1 - Harvey, J. A1 - Hirose, M. A1 - Kumano, Y. A1 - McConnell, P. A1 - Saegusa, T. A1 - Einziger, R. ED - González-Espartero, A. T1 - Methodology for a Safety Case of a Dual Purpose Cask for Storage and Transport of Spent Fuel N2 - Spent nuclear fuel which is generated in the operation of nuclear reactors needs to be safely managed following its removal from the reactor core. On-site power reactor storage pools were designed on the assumption that after a short period of time spent nuclear fuel would be removed for reprocessing and disposal or further storage elsewhere. The amount of highly radioactive spent fuel that needs to be stored over longer periods of time is growing and additional storage capacity is required. One of the widely used options for additional storage capacity is the use of casks for dry storage of spent fuel. Among various existing dry storage concepts, several Member States are utilizing a concept of dual purpose casks (DPCs). This publication provides practical advice on the structure and contents of a DPC integrated safety case with reference to existing IAEA requirements relevant to the licensing and use of transport and storage casks for spent fuel. KW - Dual Purpose Cask KW - Spent Fuel KW - Storage KW - Transport PY - 2020 UR - https://www.iaea.org/publications/10966/methodology-for-a-safety-case-of-a-dual-purpose-cask-for-storage-and-transport-of-spent-fuel SN - 978-92-0-131620-2 SN - 1011–4289 SP - 1 EP - 109 PB - IAEA Publishing Section CY - Vienna, Austria AN - OPUS4-51962 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pirskawetz, Stephan A1 - Menningen, J. A1 - Siegesmund, S. ED - Siegesmund, S. ED - Middendorf, B. T1 - Acoustic emissions - Insights into the decay mechanisms of thermally treated marbles N2 - Since ancient times, marble has been the preferred material for monuments, sculptures, Ornaments and architecture. Though the stone is often a Chosen material, long-term exposure of marble results in cumulative deterioration of the rock fabric. The rate and extent of deterioration depends on the rock fabric and the climatic conditions. Besides the thermal vulnerability of marble, a combination of thermal and hygric fluctuation accelerates the deterioration process. The weathering sensitivity of marbles can be characterised by the irreversible length change of samples after heating under thermohygric conditions as residual strain. This residual strain is a non-reversible deterioration and caused by microcracking induced by a pronounced anisotropy of the thermal dilatation coefficient of calcite. In brittle materials like marble, cracking and crack growth or friction on crack surfaces are accompanied by release of acoustic waves. The analysis of these acoustic emissions can give a deeper insight into the deterioration mechanism of marble. In this study, acoustic emissions of thermohygric treated marble were analysed and correlated with ultrasonic velocities, thermal dilatation and residual strains. Therefore, different types of calcitic marble were cyclically heated from 20 °C to 90 °C and after equilibration of the samples cooled down again to 20 °C. While the first cycles were performed under dry conditions, the following were executed in a humid environment. The analysis of acoustic emissions enables one to determine when cracking occurs during the thermal treatment. It is also possible to differentiate microcracking from internal friction. Furthermore, the evolution of Deterioration can be estimated based on ultrasonic velocities. The combination of acoustic Methods and strain measurement gives an insight into the disintegration mechanism and Supports the development of prevention strategies. T2 - 14th International Congress on the Deterioration and Conservation of Stone CY - Göttingen, Germany DA - 07.09.2020 KW - Marble KW - Weathering sensitivity KW - Cracking KW - Acoustic emission KW - Residual strain PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-96311-172-3 SP - 185 EP - 190 PB - mdv Mitteldeutscher Verlag GmbH CY - Halle (Saale) AN - OPUS4-51964 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Charmi, Amir T1 - Mechanical anisotropy of additively manufactured stainless steel 316l: an experimental and numerical study N2 - This work aims for a yield function description of additively manufactured (AM) parts of stainless steel 316L at the continuum-mechanical macro-scale by means of so-called virtual experiments using a crystal plasticity model at meso-scale. T2 - 1st Workshop on In-situ Monitoring and Microstructure Development in Additive Manufacturing CY - BAM, Berlin DA - 10.12.2020 KW - Anisotropy KW - Crystal plasticity KW - Additive manufacturing PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51941 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Serrano Munoz, Itziar A1 - Fritsch, Tobias A1 - Mishurova, Tatiana A1 - Trofimov, Anton A1 - Apel, D. A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander A1 - Kromm, Arne A1 - Hesse, René A1 - Evans, Alexander A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - On the interplay of microstructure and residual stress in LPBF IN718 N2 - The relationship between residual stresses and microstructure associated with a laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) IN718 alloy has been investigated on specimens produced with three different scanning strategies (unidirectional Y-scan, 90° XY-scan, and 67° Rot-scan). Synchrotron X-ray energy-dispersive diffraction (EDXRD) combined with optical profilometry was used to study residual stress (RS) distribution and distortion upon removal of the specimens from the baseplate. The microstructural characterization of both the bulk and the nearsurface regions was conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). On the top surfaces of the specimens, the highest RS values are observed in the Y-scan specimen and the lowest in the Rot-scan specimen, while the tendency is inversed on the side lateral surfaces. A considerable amount of RS remains in the specimens after their removal from the baseplate, especially in the Y- and Z-direction (short specimen Dimension and building direction (BD), respectively). The distortion measured on the top surface following baseplate thinning and subsequent removal is mainly attributed to the amount of RS released in the build direction. Importantly, it is observed that the additive manufacturing microstructures challenge the use of classic theoretical models for the calculation of diffraction elastic constants (DEC) required for diffraction-based RS analysis. It is found that when the Reuß model is used for the calculation of RS for different crystal planes, as opposed to the conventionally used Kröner model, the results exhibit lower scatter. This is discussed in context of experimental measurements of DEC available in the literature for conventional and additively manufactured Ni-base alloys. KW - L-PBF IN718 material KW - Effect of scanning strategies KW - Near-surface X-ray diffraction KW - Residual stress in AM KW - Distortion upon baseplate removal PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-519460 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-05553-y SN - 0022-2461 VL - 56 IS - 9 SP - 5845 EP - 5867 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-51946 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kricheldorf, H. R. A1 - Weidner, Steffen T1 - High molecular weight poly(l-lactide) via ring-opening polymerization with bismuth subsalicylate-The role of cocatalysts N2 - The catalytic potential of bismuth subsalicylate (BiSub), a commercial drug, for ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of L-lactide was explored by variation of co-catalyst and polymerization time. Various monofunctional phenols or carboxylic acids, aromatic ortho-hydroxy acids and diphenols were examined as potential co-catalysts. 2,2´-Dihydroxybiphenyl proved to be the most successful co-catalyst yielding weight average molecular weights (uncorrected Mw values up to 185 000) after optimization of reaction time and temperature. Prolonged heating (>1-2h) depending on catalyst concentration) caused thermal degradation. In polymerization experiments with various commercial Bi(III) salts a better alternative to BiSub was not found. By means of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry a couple of unusual and unexpected transesterification reactions were discovered. Finally, the effectiveness of several antioxidants and potential catalyst poisons was explored, and triphenylphosphine was found to be an effective catalyst poison. KW - Polylactide KW - MALDI-TOF MS KW - Ring-opening polymerization KW - Bismuth PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-519513 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/app.50394 SN - 0021-8995 VL - 138 IS - 19 SP - 50394 PB - Wiley AN - OPUS4-51951 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Raute, J. A1 - Jokisch, T. A1 - Marko, A. A1 - Biegler, M. A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Influence of electron beam welding parameters on the weld seam geometry of Inconel718 at low feed rates N2 - Ni-based superalloys are well established in various industrial applications, because of their excellentmechanical properties and corrosion resistance at high temperatures. Despite the high development stage anda common industrial use of these alloys, hot cracking remains a major challenge limiting the weldability ofthe materials. As commonly known, the hot cracking susceptibility during welding increases with the amountof precipitation phases. Hence, a large amount of highstrength Ni-Alloys is rated as non-weldable. A newapproach based on electron beam welding at low feed rates shows great potential for reducing the hotcracking tendency of precipitation-hardened alloys. However, geometry and properties of the weld seamdiffer significantly in comparison to the common process range for practical uses. The aim of this study is toinvestigate the influence of welding parameters on the seam geometry at low feed rates between 1 mm/s and10 mm/s. For this purpose, 25 bead on plate welds on a 12 mm thick sheet made of Inconel 718 are carriedout. First, the relevant parameters are identified by performing a screening. Then the effects discovered arefurther studied by using a central composite design. The results show a significant difference between theanalyzed weld seam geometry in comparison to the well-known appearance of electron beam welded seams. KW - Electron beam welding KW - Ni-based superalloy KW - Inconel 718 KW - Low feed rates KW - Seam geometry KW - Hot crack PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.3139/120.111614 SN - 0025-5300 VL - 62 IS - 12 SP - 1221 EP - 1227 PB - Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG CY - München AN - OPUS4-52016 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Recknagel, Christoph A1 - Spitzer, Stefan A1 - Hoppe, Johannes A1 - Wenzel, Norman A1 - Pirskawetz, Stephan T1 - SENSO JOINT - An innovative sensor system for a sustainable joint design of concrete pavements N2 - Inacceptable capability and durability of joint sealing systems but also inadequate traffic performance (noise emission; overrolling comfort) up to traffic safety aspects reflect the still enormous demand for data-based description of concrete pavements performance under heavy loading conditions. Especially the deformation behavior of concrete pavement slabs in the joint region in consideration of new pavement construction types and improved concrete mixtures meanwhile established but also under the steeply rising traffic loads is not sufficiently explored. To create a data basis for advanced design rules, evaluation methods and product standards - and with it to improve quality, durability and finally sustainability of pavements - an innovative 3-D sensor system SENSO JOINT adapted to german roadworking requirements and suitable for heavy-duty operating conditions was developed. The contribution introduced describes the development of an extensive technical solution based on the analysis of decisive loads, interactions and boundary conditions. Based on calibration data, results of laboratory testing and finally field-testing on different concrete pavement construction types the outcome of a multi-level evaluation process shall introduce the potential of the new sensor system. T2 - 9th International Conference on Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Pavements (Mairepav9) CY - Online meeting DA - 01.07.2020 KW - Concrete pavements KW - Sustainable joint sealing KW - Load quantification KW - Innovative measurement technology KW - Field validation KW - Performance design for joint systems PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-030-48678-5 SN - 978-3-030-48679-2 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48679-2 SN - 2366-2557 VL - 76 SP - 191 EP - 199 PB - Springer Nature Switzerland AG CY - Switzerland AN - OPUS4-51965 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - von Werder, Julia A1 - Fontana, P. A1 - Hoppe, Johannes A1 - Bilgin, S. A1 - Meng, Birgit ED - Serrat, C. ED - Casas, J. R. ED - Gibert, V. T1 - Composite Facade Elements with Self-Cleaning Surface made of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UHPC) N2 - In the framework of the European project H-House various concrete façade elements were developed with the aim to ensure a long service life by combining a very durable material with self-cleaning properties. The façade elements presented are made of a shell of UHPC filled with blocks of aerated autoclaved concrete as insulating material. Self-cleaning properties were realized amongst others by imprinting a microstructure into the surface during casting. The paper focuses on selected technological aspects of the manufacturing process of prototypes which had to be performed in two concreting sections. Furthermore the challenges faced when upscaling the self-cleaning properties are addressed and the strategy to assess the self-cleaning properties by measuring the contact and the roll-off angel is presented. The results show that a successfull upscalaing process requires detailed planning and that the best results can often be achieved with a moderate work effort or material use. T2 - XV International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components (DBMC 2020) CY - Online meeting DA - 20.10.2020 KW - Ultra-High-Performance Concrete KW - Facade Elements KW - Self-Cleaning Properties KW - Adhesive Pull-Strength KW - Microstructure KW - Architectural Concrete PY - 2020 SN - 978-84-121101-8-0 SP - 1289 EP - 1297 PB - International Center for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE) CY - Spain AN - OPUS4-51967 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - von Werder, Julia A1 - Fontana, P. A1 - Hoppe, Johannes A1 - Bilgin, S. A1 - Meng, Birgit T1 - Composite Facade Elements with Self-Cleaning Surface made of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UHPC) N2 - In the framework of the European project H-House various concrete façade elements were developed with the aim to ensure a long service life by combining a very durable material with self-cleaning properties. The façade elements presented are made of a shell of UHPC filled with blocks of aerated autoclaved concrete as insulating material. Self-cleaning properties were realized amongst others by imprinting a microstructure into the surface during casting. The paper focuses on selected technological aspects of the manufacturing process of prototypes which had to be performed in two concreting sections. Furthermore the challenges faced when upscaling the self-cleaning properties are addressed and the strategy to assess the self-cleaning properties by measuring the contact and the roll-off angel is presented. The results show that a successfull upscalaing process requires detailed planning and that the best results can often be achieved with a moderate work effort or material use. T2 - XV International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components (DBMC 2020) CY - Online meeting DA - 20.10.2020 KW - Ultra-High-Performance Concrete KW - Facade Elements KW - Self-Cleaning Properties KW - Adhesive Pull-Strength KW - Microstructure KW - Architectural Concrete PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51968 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Palkowski, Carsten T1 - BAM Round Robin Test for Heat Pumps and Air Conditioners N2 - Preliminary results of the BAM RRTs are given in this presentation. T2 - VHK Meeting CY - Online meeting DA - 11.11.2020 KW - Heat Pumps KW - Air Conditioners KW - Round Robin Test KW - Load-Based Test Method KW - Energy Label PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51969 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Nisi, A. A1 - Koch, Claudia A1 - Mirtsch, Mona A1 - Blind, K. T1 - Effetti della pandemia COVID-19 sulle attività di valutazione della conformità svolte da organismi e laboratori accreditati in Italia N2 - Die Studie fasst Ergebnisse einer Befragung von Konformitätsbewertungsstellen in Italien zu deren Lage und den Aussichten während der Corona-Pandemie zusammen. Besondere Schwerpunkte wurden auf die wirtschaftlichen Auswirkungen und die Arbeitsfähigkeit, aber auch auf die Resilienz und die Wirkungen auf die Digitalisierung gelegt. N2 - Lo scoppio della pandemia da Covid-19 ha travolto Italia a inizio anno e i suoi effetti sull’economia sono stati particolarmente pesanti. Proprio per analizzare gli effetti della pandemia sul mercato della valutazione della conformità, lo scorso settembre Accredia, in collaborazione con l’Istituto Federale tedesco della Ricerca e del Collaudo dei Materiali (BAM), la Technische Universität di Berlino e l’Istituto Fraunhofer ISI, ha condotto un’indagine presso gli organismi e i laboratori accreditati in Italia. KW - Corona KW - Konformitätsbewertungsstellen KW - Resilienz KW - COVID-19 KW - Qualitätsinfrastruktur KW - Zertifizierung KW - Kalibrierung KW - Digitalisierung KW - Konformitätsbewertung KW - Laboratorium KW - Prüfung PY - 2020 UR - https://www.accredia.it/pubblicazione/corona-monitor-effetti-della-pandemia-da-covid-19-sulle-attivita-accreditate/ SP - 1 EP - 22 CY - Rom, Italien AN - OPUS4-51975 LA - ita AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Abad Andrade, Carlos Enrique T1 - Tanz der Moleküle: Herkunftsbestimmung mittels optischer Spektroskopie N2 - Wie lässt sich die Herkunft von Rohstoffen, Lebensmitteln oder Umweltschadstoffen einfacher, schneller und kostengünstiger als mit bisherigen Methoden bestimmen? Die Dissertation zeigt auf, dass man das grundlegende physikalische Prinzip einer Isotopverschiebung mit in Adlershof entwickelten Optik-Instrumenten für die Herkunftsbestimmung nutzen kann. Die entwickelte Methode ermöglicht es in Zukunft den Ursprung von Rohstoffen, Lebensmitteln oder Umweltschadstoffen kostengünstiger und wesentlich schneller bestimmen, als dies mit bisherigen Methoden möglich ist. Kann man das grundlegende physikalische Prinzip einer Isotopieverschiebung mit einem Optik-Instrument für die Herkunftsbestimmung nutzen? Carlos Abad hat eine wegweisende Methode entwickelt, die es in Zukunft ermöglicht den Ursprung von Rohstoffen, Lebensmitteln oder Umweltschadstoffen kostengünstiger und wesentlich schneller bestimmen, als dies mit bisherigen Techniken möglich ist. T2 - Dissertationspreis Adlershof 2019 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 12.02.2020 KW - Herkunftsbestimmung KW - Isotopenanalyse KW - Isotope KW - Optischer Spektroskopie KW - Coltan PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51993 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Esparza Mora, Margy Alejandra. A1 - Davis, H. E. A1 - Meconcelli, S. A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter A1 - Plarre, Rüdiger T1 - Inhibition of a Secreted Immune Molecule Interferes With Termite Social Immunity N2 - Social immune behaviors are described in a great variety of insect societies and their role in preventing emerging infectious diseases has become a major topic in insect research. The social immune system consists of multiple layers, ranging from the synthesis of external immune molecules to the coordination of individual behaviors into sophisticated collective defensive tasks. But our understanding of how complex group-level behavioral defenses are orchestrated has remained limited. We sought to address this gap in knowledge by investigating the relationship between the external activity of an important immune effector molecule in termites, Gram negative binding protein 2 (GNBP-2) and collective grooming and cannibalism. We reasoned that as an external enzyme capable of degrading entomopathogenic fungi, GNBP-2 can facilitate the spread of pathogenic molecules in the colony, and thus serve to trigger collective defenses in a manner analogous to pathogen-associated molecular signatures (PAMPs) of the individual immune system. To test whether GNBP-2 could play a role in regulating social immune behavior, we experimentally inhibited its fungicidal activity using the glycomimetic molecule, D-d-gluconolactone (GDL) and recorded collective behavioral responses to an infected nestmate. Contrary to expectations, GNBP-2 inhibition did not influence the rate or intensity of grooming of either control or fungus-infected nestmates. By contrast, we found that the probability of being harmed through defensive cannibalistic behaviors was significantly reduced by the inhibition of GNBP-2. Our findings indicate that the regulation of collective immune behaviors may depend in part on the external secretion of an enzyme originating from the individual immune system, but that other cues are also necessary. KW - Entomopathogen KW - Termite KW - Social immunity KW - Cannibalism KW - GNBP-2 KW - Hygienic behavior KW - GDL KW - Metarhizium PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-520037 DO - https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2020.00075 VL - 8 SP - Article 75 AN - OPUS4-52003 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Orlov, Nikolai A1 - Kiseleva, A. K. A1 - Milkini, P. A. A1 - Evdokimov, P. V. A1 - Putlayev, V. I. A1 - Günster, Jens T1 - Potentialities of Reaction Sintering in the Fabrication of High-Strength Macroporous Ceramics Based on Substituted Calcium Phosphate N2 - Calcium alkali metal (potassium and sodium) double and triple phosphates have been synthesized in different ways. Was for the first time used reaction sintering to produce ceramics based on calcium alkali metal mixed phosphates and investigated the densification behavior of mixed phosphate-based multiphase materials during sintering by this method. Was presented the microstructure of polished surfaces of sintered samples differing in phase composition and determined the density of ceramics prepared using reaction mixtures differing in composition. The effect of reaction sintering on the porosity of the ceramics has been assessed. Using stereolithographic printing and reaction sintering, was produced macroporous mixed Calcium phosphate-based ceramic implants. Their compressive strength has been determined to be 0.78 ± 0.21 MPa for two-phase samples and 1.02 ± 0.13 MPa for three-phase samples. KW - Reaction Sintering KW - Bio Ceramics PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1134/s0020168520120146 VL - 56 IS - 12 SP - 1298 EP - 1306 PB - Pleiades Publishing LTD AN - OPUS4-52004 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Spaltmann, Dirk A1 - Grundtner, R. A1 - Alberdi, A. A1 - Nyberg, E. A1 - Heino, V. A1 - Kröll, Mirco A1 - Neumann, Christine A1 - Weise, Matthias A1 - Zieger, Karsten A1 - Gradt, Thomas T1 - Trusted Qualification - On the need for procedures to harmonize tribological testing N2 - In order to shorten time to market of products and to support new developments, the European Community is funding a HORIZON 2020 project called i-TRIBOMAT. In the field of tribology, renowned institutions combine their testing and analytical capabilities to provide the respective services. The later will be offered in Europe via a Single-Entry Point (SEP). Due to this combination of services, a testbed is created consisting of more than 100 tribometers. Thus, a large variety of testers exists, either commercially available or in-house built. Each tester is optimised to simulate a specific tribological contact situation. Currently, there is no standard available for the design of such testers. Especially, the way forces (normal load, friction force) and distances (e.g. stroke, linear wear) are measured, recorded and pre-processed differs from type to type. These forces and distances are essential for the determination of wear/ wear rates and coefficients of friction (COF), the core results of tribo-tests. This matter is complicated by the fact that e.g. for reciprocating motion, there are at least four different ways to determine COF. Depending on the testing conditions, these ways can lead to considerably different results. Currently, it is not obligatory to specify the method used for determining the COF. In order to make data comparable, there is a need for measures which ensure that each tribometer is delivering similar, at best the same results under the same test conditions, irrespective of its manufacturer, design, location, determination method and even operator. The way forward are improved Round-Robin tests. First results and other challenges faced by creating comparable tribological data will be considered in the present contribution. T2 - LUBMAT 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 15.12.2020 KW - I-TRIBOMAT KW - Tribo-tests KW - Tribological data PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51981 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Molloy, J. L. A1 - Winchester, M. R. A1 - Butler, T. A. A1 - Possolo, A. M. A1 - Rienitz, O. A1 - Roethke, A. A1 - Goerlitz, V. A1 - Caciano de Sena, R. A1 - Dominguez Almeida, M. A1 - Yang, L. A1 - Methven, B. A1 - Nadeau, K. A1 - Romero Arancibia, P. A1 - Bing, W. A1 - Tao, Z. A1 - Snell, J. A1 - Vogl, Jochen A1 - Koenig, Maren A1 - Kotnala, R. K. A1 - Swarupa Tripathy, S. A1 - Elishian, C. A1 - Ketrin, R. A1 - Suzuki, T. A1 - Oduor Okumu, T. A1 - Yim, Y.-H. A1 - Heo, S. W. A1 - Min, H. S. A1 - Sub Han, M. A1 - Lim, Y. A1 - Velina Lara Manzano, J. A1 - Segoviano Regalado, F. A1 - Arvizu Torres, M. A1 - Valle Moya, E. A1 - Buzoianu, M. A1 - Sobina, A. A1 - Zyskin, V. A1 - Sobina, E. A1 - Migal, P. A1 - Linsky, M. A1 - Can, S. Z. A1 - Ari, B. A1 - Goenaga Infante, H. T1 - CCQM-K143 Comparison of Copper Calibration Solutions Prepared by NMIs/DIs N2 - CCQM-K143 is a key comparison that assesses participants’ ability to prepare single element calibration solutions. Preparing calibration solutions properly is the cornerstone of establishing a traceability link to the International System of Units (SI), and therefore should be tested in order to confirm the validity of CCQM comparisons of more complex materials. CCQM-K143 consisted of participants each preparing a single copper calibration solution at 10 g/kg copper mass fraction and shipping 10 bottled aliquots of that solution to the coordinating laboratory, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The masses and mass fraction for the prepared solutions were documented with the submitted samples. The solutions prepared by all participants were measured at NIST by high performance inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (HP-ICP-OES). The intensity measurements for copper were not mapped onto values of mass fraction via calibration. Instead, ratios were computed between the measurements for copper and simultaneous measurements for manganese, the internal standard, and all subsequent data reductions, including the computation of the KCRV and the degrees of equivalence, were based on these ratios. Other than for two participants whose measurement results appeared to suffer from calculation or preparation errors, all unilateral degrees of equivalence showed that the measured values did not differ significantly from the KCRV. These results were confirmed by a second set of ICP-OES measurements performed by the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB). CCQM-K143 showed that participants are capable of preparing calibration solutions starting from high purity, assayed copper metal. Similar steps are involved when preparing solutions for other elements, so it seems safe to infer that similar capabilities should prevail when preparing many different, single-element solutions. KW - Metrology KW - Primary calibration solution KW - Traceability PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/58/1A/08006 SN - 0026-1394 VL - 58 IS - 1A SP - 08006 PB - IOP Science CY - Cambridge AN - OPUS4-51983 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Perk, M. A1 - Großwig, S. A1 - Pfeiffer, T. A1 - Rembe, M. A1 - den Hartogh, M. A1 - Weege, S. A1 - Krebber, Katerina A1 - Dijk, H. L. T1 - Faseroptische Leckage-Ortung zum Nachweis von Undichtheiten in Bohrlochkomplettierungen N2 - Im Rahmen der Integritätsbewertung einer zementierten 13 3/8" Rohrtour einer Sole-Produktionsbohrung wurden erstmals 2018 zeitgleich faseroptische Temperaturmessungen (DTS, Distributed Temperature Sensing) und faseroptische Akustikmessungen (DAS, Distributed Acoustic Sensing) durchgeführt und ausgewertet. Dazu wurde die Bohrung zeitweise mit Stickstoff bespannt und wieder entlastet. Durch die Bespannung der Bohrung mit Stickstoff in Kombination mit dem Herunterdrücken des Stickstoff-Sole-Spiegels unter den Rohrschuh der 13 3/8" Rohrtour, konnte Stickstoff aus der Kavernenbohrung durch eine Leckagestelle in die Zementation übertreten und dort ein Stickstoff-Reservoir bilden. Bei der anschließenden Stickstoffentlastung erfolgte der Wiederanstieg des Stickstoff-Sole-Spiegels deutlich schneller als die Entleerung des in der Zementation angelegten Stickstoff-Reservoirs. Der dadurch entstandene Druckgradient hatte zur Folge, dass an der Leckagestelle der Stickstoff aus der Zementation in die aufsteigende Sole in Form von Bläschen eingetreten und dort aufgestiegen ist. Dieser Übertritt der Stickstoffbläschen war sowohl mit der Entstehung eines akustischen Geräusches als auch mit einer Temperaturänderung verbunden, welche mit der DAS- und DTS-Technik nachgewiesen werden konnten. Um die Ergebnisse bzgl. ihres physikalischen Hintergrundes zu überprüfen und basierend auf einer mathematisch-physikalischen Grundlage eine nachvollziehbare Interpretation der Messergebnisse zu ermöglichen, wurde ein numerisches Simulationsmodell der gekoppelten Festkörper- und Druckakustik für die Bohrung aufgebaut. Das Modell berücksichtigt die Geologie und die Komplettierung der Kavernenbohrung. Nach Identifikation der Schallquelle konnte mit dem Modell die Ausbreitung des Schalldrucks in der Bohrung erfolgreich nachgestellt werden. Um dieses Verfahren einer simultanen DAS-DTS-Messung in eine feldtaugliche Version zu überführen, läuft seit November 2019 ein breit angelegtes und vom BMWi gefördertes ZIM-Kooperationsprojekt zwischen der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), der IAB Weimar gGmbH, der GESO GmbH & Co. Projekt KG, der DEEP.KBB GmbH sowie der Rembe Consulting PartG mbB. Durch die Messdatenkopplung und den Wegfall der bewegungsbedingten Nachteile einer Messsonde werden präzisere Ergebnisse zur Bewertung der Bohrlochintegrität erwartet. Das Ziel ist, mit Hilfe der noch zu entwickelnden einfachen und robusten Technik, quantitative Aussagen über die Zustände im verrohrten Bohrloch direkt am Messplatz treffen zu können, wobei ein Fokus auf Detektierung und Quantifizierung von Kleinstleckagen liegt. Im Rahmen dieses Forschungsprojektes kommt neben numerischen Berechnungen auch ein geplanter Bohrlochsimulator zum Einsatz, mit dem umfangreiche Untersuchungen zur Ermittlung der Grenzparameter und Detektionsschwellen durchgeführt werden sollen. T2 - DGMK/ÖGEW-Frühjahrstagung 2020 CY - Celle, Germany DA - 15.​04.​2020 KW - Kavernenspeicher KW - Verteilte faseroptische akustische Sensorik KW - Wasserstoffspeicher PY - 2020 UR - https://dgmk.egnyte.com/fl/k3KJMqKMSb#folder-link/ SN - 978-3-947716-04-3 SN - 1433-9013 N1 - Die DGMK/ÖGEW Frühjahrstagung 2020 wurde abgesagt, der Tagungsband aber trotzdem veröffentlicht. - The DGMK/ÖGEW Frühjahrstagung 2020 was cancelled, the proceedings were published nevertheless. VL - DGMK-Tagungsbericht 2020-1 SP - 106 EP - 121 PB - DGMK - Deutsche Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft für Erdöl, Erdgas und Kohle CY - Hamburg AN - OPUS4-52159 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Li, X.M. A1 - Li, H.M. A1 - Zhang, Q.H. A1 - Lu, X.H. A1 - Li, S.Q. A1 - Koch, Matthias A1 - Polzer, J. A1 - Hackenber, R. A1 - Moniruzzaman, M. A1 - Khan, M. A1 - Kakoulides, E. A1 - Pak-Wing, K. A1 - Richy, A1 - Chi-Shing, N. A1 - Lu, T. A1 - Gui, E.M. A1 - Cheow, P.S. A1 - Teo, T.L. A1 - Rego, E. A1 - Garrido, B. A1 - Carvalho, L. A1 - Leal, R. A1 - Violante, F. A1 - Baek, S.Y. A1 - Lee, S. A1 - Choi, K. A1 - Kim, B. A1 - Bucar-Miklavcic, M. A1 - Hopley, C. A1 - Nammoonnoy, J. A1 - Murray, J. A1 - Wilson, W. A1 - Toman, B. A1 - Itoh, N. A1 - Gokcen, T. A1 - Krylov, A. A1 - Mikheeva, A. T1 - CCQM-K146 low-polarity analyte in high fat food: benzo a pyrene in olive oil N2 - The demonstration of competency and equivalence for the assessment of levels of contaminants and nutrients in primary foodstuffs is a priority within the 10-year strategy for the OAWG Track A core comparisons. The measurements are core challenges for reference material producers and providers of calibration Services. This key comparison related to low polarity analytes in a high fat, low protein, low carbohydrate food matrix and Benzo[a]pyrene in edible oil was the model System selected to align with this class within the OAWG strategy. Evidence of successful participation in formal, relevant international comparisons is needed to document measurement capability claims (CMCs) made by national metrology institutes (NMIs) and designated institutes (Dis). 16 National Metrology Institutions participated in the Track A Key Comparison CCQM-K146 Low-Polarity Analyte in high fat food: Benzo[a]pyrene in Olive Oil. Participants were requested to evaluate the mass fractions, expressed in µg/kg, of Benzo[a]pyrene in the olive oil material. The KCRV was determined from the results of all NMIs/DIs participating in the key comparison that used appropriately validated methods with demonstrated metrological traceability. Different methods such as liquid-liquid extraction, GPC and SPE were applied in the sample pretreatment and HPLC-FLD, HPLC-MS/MS, and GC-MS or GC-MS/MS were applied for detection by the participants. The mass fractions for BaP were in the range of (1.78 to 3.09) µg/kg with Standard uncertainties of (0.026 to 0.54) µg/kg, with corresponding relative Standard uncertainties from 0.9% to 21%. Five labs withdrew their result from the Statistical evaluation of the KCRV for technical reasons. One lab was excluded from the KCRV evaluation, as they did not meet the CIPM metrological traceability requirements. A Hierarchical Bayes option was selected for the KCRV value, which was determined as 2.74 µg/kg with a Standard uncertainty of 0.03 µg/kg. The 10 institutes those were included in the calculation of the consensus KCRV all agreed within their Standard uncertainties. Successful participation in CCQM-K146 demonstrates the measurement capabilities in determining mass fraction of organic compounds, with molecular mass of 100 g/mol to 500 g/mol, having low polarity pKow < -2, in mass fraction range from 0.1 µg/kg to 1000 µg/kg in a high fat, low protein, low carbohydrate food matrix. KW - Metrology KW - CCQM KW - Food KW - PAH PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/57/1a/08017 VL - 57 IS - 1a SP - 08017 AN - OPUS4-52435 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Buchheim, Janine A1 - Recknagel, Christoph A1 - Wolter, Patrick A1 - Kittler-Packmor, Kai T1 - A new approach towards performance-related design and scientific evaluation of joint sealing systems N2 - While there is a permanent improvement of concrete pavement mixtures and pavement construction types over the last decades, the state-of-the-art joint sealing materials and joint constructions seem to stagnate on an antiquated empirical level. This status has been reaffirmed in the latest European standard. The consequences in the motorway network due to unsatisfying capability and durability of joint sealing systems are unacceptable. In addition, inadequate traffic performance (noise emissions, roll-over comfort) and traffic safety losses in the joint area of concrete pavements are existing challenges. These deficits and weaknesses reflect a demand for joint sealing materials and constructions whose approval requirements take functional aspects into account. Furthermore a sufficient analysis of decisive loads and a practice-oriented method to evaluate the requirements towards performance and durability is still missed. In this contribution decisive loads to German highways are analyzed. The design of test specimen for representative functional testing of joint sealing systems is discussed. The focus is on the geometry of the test specimens and the used concrete mixture. Finally, a new approach for a function-orientated test concept that considers representative load functions is presented. The potential of this approach to validate the durability and capability of various joint sealing systems is also presented using an example. T2 - RILEM International Symposium on Bituminous Materials CY - Online Meeting DA - 14.12.2020 KW - Joint sealing KW - Expansion joint KW - Performance testing KW - Capability KW - Durability PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-52437 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Dinter, Adelina-Elisa A1 - Wurzler, Nina A1 - von der Au, Marcus A1 - Özcan Sandikcioglu, Özlem A1 - Koerdt, Andrea A1 - Meermann, Björn T1 - Examination of biological samples by means of single-cell ICP-ToF-MS N2 - Up to now, different analytical methods for single cell analysis exist focusing on key features such as size, shape, morphology and elemental composition. The combination of the latest ICP-MS techniques - ICP-ToF-MS - together with the latest developments in the field of sample delivery - micro droplet generator (MDG) – will allow a Deep insight into the composition and size of cells. Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is an oxidation of metals affected by the presence or activity (or both) of microorganisms e.g. Shewanella Putrefaciens in biofilms on the surface of the corroding material. As this can happen for example in the soil on iron pipes of water pipes, in oil tanks or on steel sheet piling, there is great interest in MIC research, not only from various industrial sectors, but also from the environmental aspect. T2 - SALSA - Make & Measure CY - Online Meeting DA - 15.10.2020 KW - SC-ICP-ToF-MS KW - Single cell analysis KW - MDG ICP-ToF-MS KW - Microdroplet generator PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-52441 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Erdt, René A1 - Gödde, M. A1 - Salg, St. T1 - Validierung der Extrapolation von Labortests mit Hilfe halbtechnischer Versuche bis 1 m3 und thermoanalytischer Methoden N2 - Zur Bestimmung der reaktionskinetischen Daten von Schüttgütern und iur Vorhersage des Selbstentzündungsverhaltens großer.Lager kommen verschiedene Analysemethoden zum Einsatz. Dabei handelt es sich .um thermische Verfahren wie die Differential-Scanning- Kalorimetrie OS(. die simultane Thermoanalyse STA sowie die Mikrokalorimetrie zur hochpräzisen Messung von Wärmeströmen. Für die oben genannten Methoden werden sehr kleine Probenmengen verwendet. In der Regel wird das Selbstentzündungsverhalten jedoch mit Hilfe von isoperibolen oder adiabatischen Warmlagerungsversuchen ermittelt: die Probenvolumina liegen hier meist im Bereich von ca. 100 cm3 bis zu mehreren Litern. Die Extrapolation auf technisch relevante Volumina birgt jedoch erhebliche Unsicherheiten. Diese Unsicherheiten zu identifizieren und zu reduzieren ist das Hauptziel eines 2018 gestarteten Forschungsprojekts. Dies soll in erster Linie durch den Aufbau eines Versuchsstandes zur Untersuchung von Probengrößen von bis zu. 1000 dm 3 geschehen. Sowohl Warmlagerungsversucl1e im Labormaßstab als auch thermoanalytische Verfahren. die mit Hilfe verschiedener Methoden ausgewertet werden. lassen, einzeln betrachtet. häufig nur bedingt zuverlässige Aussagen über das Selbstentzündungsverhalten von großen Schüttgütern zu. Es werden komplette Versuchsreihen mit allen genannten Prüfverfahren vorgestellt und Aussagen zur Anwendbarkeit der Extrapolationsmethoden diskutiert. T2 - VDI-Fachtagung "Sichere Handhabung brennbarer Stäube 2020" CY - Online meeting DA - 04.11.2020 KW - Selbstentzündung KW - Kinetische Daten KW - Halbtechnische Versuche KW - Thermoanalytische Methoden PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-18-092376-5 SP - 17 EP - 36 AN - OPUS4-52443 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Berndard, D. A1 - Léonard, Fabien A1 - Plougonven, E. A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - On the use of autocorrelation functions, permeability tensors, and computed tomography to characterise the anisotropy of diesel particulate filter materials N2 - We show how the combination of the spatial autocorrelation function and permeability calculations, applied to 3D X-ray computed tomography data, can yield quantitative information on the anisotropy of both meso-structure and fluid flow in Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) materials, such as Cordierite and SiC. It was found that both the degree of anisotropy, and the orientation of the permeability and meso-structure are similar, but not identical. We confirm that the morphological anisotropy of cordierite materials is weak, and clearly influenced by the extrusion process that determines the main direction of anisotropy. Properties of the autocorrelation function are discussed and it is shown why estimating the characteristic length of real meso-structures (grain or ?pore? size) is not possible. Finally, we show that the autocorrelation function applied on grey-level images can give a good estimate of the degree of anisotropy even with limited resolution. KW - Anisotropy KW - Autocorrelation function KW - Computed tomography KW - Permeability tensor KW - Diesel particulates filter KW - Ceramics PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/14786435.2020.1798532 SN - 1478-6435 VL - 100 IS - 22 SP - 2802 EP - 2835 PB - Taylor & Francis AN - OPUS4-52291 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krösche, C. A1 - Malow, Marcus A1 - Budde, K. T1 - False-Positive Results of UN Test O.2 Liquid Oxidizer Test of Polychlorosilanes N2 - According to UN Test O.2, surprisingly, the polychlorosilanes hexachlorodisilane (HCDS), octachlorotrisilane (OCTS) and decachlorotetrasilane (DCTS) formally fulfill the criteria of the “test for oxidizing liquids”. This result is in contrast to the properties of polychlorosilanes that are described in the literature and those we have experienced in our own production. By investigating the reaction products from the UN O.2 test reactor, using IR, Raman and XPS spectroscopy, it was shown that the results are not due to oxidizing properties of HCDS, OCTS or DCTS, but are caused by the specified test substance cellulose. To our knowledge, this is the very first substance class in which the reference substance oxidizes the test sample, instead of vice versa. This represents an important limitation of the internationally used UN Test O.2 for this substance class. The cause for this false-positive result is the known high degree of affinity of oxygen to silicon. It is shown that the correctly executed UN Test O.2 produces false-positive results and that the polychlorosilanes do not have an oxidizing effect and, therefore, do not have to be classified as “oxidizing substances”. KW - Polychlorosilanes KW - UN Test O.2 KW - Hexachlorodisilane KW - Octachlortrisilane KW - Decachlorotetrasilane KW - False-positive results PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-523989 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2021.104434 VL - 70 SP - 104434 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-52398 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zänker, Steffen A1 - Scholz, G. A1 - Xu, W. A1 - Kemnitz, E. A1 - Emmerling, Franziska T1 - Structure and properties of fluorinated and non-fluorinated Ba-coordination polymers - the position of fluorine makes the difference N2 - As the most electronegative element, fluorine has a strong influence on material properties such as absorption behaviour or chemical and thermal stability. Fluorine can be easily integrated into coordination polymers (CPs) via a fluorinated acetate, here trifluoroacetate in Ba(CF3COO)2, or directly via a metal fluorine bond (BaF(CH3COO)). In the present study both possibilities of fluorine integration were tested and their effect on structure and properties of barium coordination polymers was investigated in comparison with the non-fluorinated barium acetate (Ba(CH3COO)2). In addition to the study of their thermal behaviour and their decomposition temperature, the CPs structures were tested for their application as possible anode materials in lithium ion batteries and for their sorption of water and ammonia. The properties of the CPs can be traced back to the individual structural motifs and could thus trigger new design ideas for CPs in LIBs and/or catalysis. KW - Alkaline earth metal coordination polymers KW - Lithium-ion battery KW - Water stability KW - Fluorine coordination PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-524041 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/zaac.202000360 SN - 0044-2313 VL - 647 IS - 9 SP - 1014 EP - 1024 PB - Wiley-VCH GmbH AN - OPUS4-52404 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tian, H. A1 - Voigt, Marieke A1 - Lehmann, C. A1 - Meng, Birgit A1 - Stephan, D. ED - Middendorf, B. ED - Fehling, E. T1 - Composition and microstructure stability of cement compound under cyclic hydrothermal condition N2 - There have been many researches focused on the performance improvement of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) by autoclaving treatment. The goal of autoclaving is to increase the pozzolanic reaction, and to densify the cement stone and the transition zone which originates from the incorporation of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), such as silica fume, fly ash and blast furnace slag. Due to the superior properties, UHPC can also be utilized under high mechanical load and aggressive condition, for example, the fabrication of water tanks for thermal storage which is of great significance for saving energy and reducing CO2 emission. It is known that mineral stability of the hydration products of an inorganic binder is highly related to the temperature and pressure of the environment. A certain stable composition at room temperature, however, may undergo a phase transformation at high temperature and the performance decrease under this severe condition will generally be more severe. In this way, the rationale behind this deterioration under long-term hydrothermal condition involving many cycles and long duration has to be clarified, and then appropriate optimizing methods will be performed in order to obtain a kind of construction with high durability under aggressive environment. For this purpose, different types and amounts of SCMs are introduced into the standard mixture of UHPC and the phase compositions after autoclaving at 200 °C and 15.5 bar are determined by combined X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope. Mercury intrusion porosimeter is used to characterise the microstructure of the samples. In order to establish the relationship between microstructure and macroscopic properties, compressive and flexural strength are also investigated. T2 - HiPerMat 2020 CY - Kassel, Germany DA - 11.03.2020 KW - Hydrothermal treatment KW - UHPC KW - Composition PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-7376-0828-2 VL - 23 SP - 87 EP - 88 PB - Kassel University Press CY - Kassel AN - OPUS4-52375 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tian, H. A1 - Voigt, Marieke A1 - Lehmann, C. A1 - Meng, Birgit A1 - Stephan, D. T1 - Composition and microstructure stability of cement compound under cyclic hydrothermal condition N2 - There have been many researches focused on the performance improvement of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) by autoclaving treatment. The goal of autoclaving is to increase the pozzolanic reaction, and to densify the cement stone and the transition zone which originates from the incorporation of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), such as silica fume, fly ash and blast furnace slag. Due to the superior properties, UHPC can also be utilized under high mechanical load and aggressive condition, for example, the fabrication of water tanks for thermal storage which is of great significance for saving energy and reducing CO2 emission. It is known that mineral stability of the hydration products of an inorganic binder is highly related to the temperature and pressure of the environment. A certain stable composition at room temperature, however, may undergo a phase transformation at high temperature and the performance decrease under this severe condition will generally be more severe. In this way, the rationale behind this deterioration under long-term hydrothermal condition involving many cycles and long duration has to be clarified, and then appropriate optimizing methods will be performed in order to obtain a kind of construction with high durability under aggressive environment. For this purpose, different types and amounts of SCMs are introduced into the standard mixture of UHPC and the phase compositions after autoclaving at 200 °C and 15.5 bar are determined by combined X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope. Mercury intrusion porosimeter is used to characterise the microstructure of the samples. In order to establish the relationship between microstructure and macroscopic properties, compressive and flexural strength are also investigated. T2 - HiPerMat 2020 CY - Kassel, Germany DA - 11.03.2020 KW - Hydrothermal treatment KW - UHPC KW - Composition PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-52377 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Voigt, Marieke A1 - von Werder, Julia A1 - Meng, Birgit T1 - Thermally treated UHPC: a durability study N2 - Ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) is known for its high compressive strength of more than 150 MPa and its high durability. Thermal treatment at 90°C can accelerate the strength development so that the 28-days-strength can be achieved immediately after the treatment and an additional increase up to 30 % in some cases. The reason for the strength development is an accelerated hydration of the clinker minerals and an intensified pozzolanic reaction leading to a denser microstructure. In previous research inhomogeneities in form of a zonation after unprotected thermal treatment were observed and analysed in respect to changes in the microstructure. This zonation is defined by a different microstructure in the core compared to the outer zone in the matter of porosity, mineral phase composition and a significant change in the potassium and sulphur concentration of the zones is measurable. To isolate different transport mechanisms responsible for these element distributions UHPC samples were thermally treated at 90 °C and the microstructure was investigated under dry conditions and after immersion in water to investigate the influence of dehydration during and rehydration after the thermal treatment on the microstructure. Through durability testing via water absorption, water vapour diffusion, permeability testing and sulfuric acid resistance transport mechanisms like diffusion, migration, capillary suction are under investigation in correlation with the microstructure analysis. For the microstructure analysis measurements with µXRF, mercury intrusion porosity, XRD and SEM were conducted. T2 - HiPerMat 2020 CY - Kassel, Germany DA - 11.03.2020 KW - UHPC KW - Thermal treatment KW - Zonation KW - Transport mechanism KW - Durability PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-52372 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Voigt, Marieke A1 - von Werder, Julia A1 - Meng, Birgit ED - Middendorf, B. ED - Fehling, E. T1 - Microstructure analysis of thermally treated ultra high performance concrete in the context of the durability performance N2 - Ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) is known for its high compressive strength of more than 150 MPa and its high durability. Thermal treatment at 90°C can accelerate the strength development so that the 28-days-strength can be achieved immediately after the treatment and an additional increase up to 30 % in some cases. The reason for the strength development is an accelerated hydration of the clinker minerals and an intensified pozzolanic reaction leading to a denser microstructure. In previous research inhomogeneities in form of a zonation after unprotected thermal treatment were observed and analysed in respect to changes in the microstructure. This zonation is defined by a different microstructure in the core compared to the outer zone in the matter of porosity, mineral phase composition and a significant change in the potassium and sulphur concentration of the zones is measurable. To isolate different transport mechanisms responsible for these element distributions UHPC samples were thermally treated at 90 °C and the microstructure was investigated under dry conditions and after immersion in water to investigate the influence of dehydration during and rehydration after the thermal treatment on the microstructure. Through durability testing via water absorption, water vapour diffusion, permeability testing and sulfuric acid resistance transport mechanisms like diffusion, migration, capillary suction are under investigation in correlation with the microstructure analysis. For the microstructure analysis measurements with µXRF, mercury intrusion porosity, XRD and SEM were conducted. T2 - HiPerMat 2020 CY - Kassel, Germany DA - 11.03.2020 KW - UHPC KW - Thermal treatment KW - Zonation KW - Transport mechanism KW - Durability PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-7376-0828-2 DO - https://doi.org/10.17170/kobra-202002271026 VL - 23 SP - 151 EP - 152 PB - Kassel University Press CY - Kassel AN - OPUS4-52373 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Abdel-Wakil, W. A1 - Fahmy, Alaa A1 - Kamoun, E. A1 - Hassan, W. A1 - Abdelhai, Q. A1 - Salama, T. T1 - A New Route for Synthesis of Polyurethanevinyl Acetate Acrylate Emulsions as Binders for Pigment Printing of Cotton Fabrics N2 - Herein, two polyurethane oligomers were successfully synthesized using a prepolymer mixing process. The prepolymers were synthesized based on the step-growth addition polymerization of polypropylene glycol, Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate or 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate. Isopropanol was functioned as the isocyanate blocking agent. Thereafter, different terpolymer emulsions were prepared by the emulsion graft copolymerization with the vinyl acetate monomer in presence of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate as a vinyl monomer. The chemical structures of the synthesized oligomeric monomers were probed by FTIR spectroscopy and found to vary with the content of acrylic monomer used in the oligomer synthesis phase (i.e.hydroxyethyl acrylate or hydroxyethyl methacrylate). The topography, thermal stability, and particle size of terpolymers were investigated by SEM, TGA, and zeta potential, respectively. The TGA results demonstrated marked enhancement in thermal stability of the synthesized terpolymers up to ca. 600°C, which was concurrent with enhanced surface homogeneity and film properties as evidenced by the SEM images. These terpolymers showed also property enhancement as binders for textile pigment printing in terms of rubbing resistance, color strength and fastness to washing when compared to the commercial binders. These judgments would provide a new competent synthesis route by introducing polyurethane acetate vinyl acrylate as the binder for use in pigment printing of cotton fabrics. KW - Vinyl monomer KW - Polyurethane acetate vinyl acrylate KW - Surface coating KW - Terpolymer KW - Textile binder PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.21608/ejchem.2020.21712.2292 VL - 63 IS - 3 SP - 1063 EP - 1073 AN - OPUS4-52300 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zosef, M. A1 - Fahmy, Alaa A1 - El Hotaby, W. A1 - Hassan, A. A1 - Khalil, A. A1 - Anis, B. T1 - High performance graphene-based PVF foam for lead removal from water N2 - The synthesis and optimization of superior and eco-friendly sorbents for Pb(II) pose a great challenge in the field of water treatment. The sorbent was developed by introducing graphene oxide (GO) into the matrix of polyvinyl formaldehyde (PVF) foam. The immobilization of GO in PVF results in significant increase in the maximum adsorption capacity (Qt) of GO powder for Pb(II), from ≈800 to ≈1730 mg g−1 in the case of GO/PVF foam. As compared with GO powder in Pb(II) aqueous solutions, PVF matrix keeps GO sheets stable without any agglomeration. The large surface area of GO sheet allows the abundant oxygenated functional groups on its surface to participate effectively in the Pb(II) adsorption process, leading to the huge increase of the Qt. Adsorption isotherms and kinetic studies indicated that the sorption process of Pb(II) on GO/PVF was done on heterogenous surface by ion-exchange reaction. The GO/PVF foam showed an excellent reusability for more than 10 cycles with almost the same efficiency and without any significant change in its physical properties. KW - Water treatment KW - Graphene oxide KW - Lead ions KW - Polyvinyl formaldehyde foam KW - Superior sorbent PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-523013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.08.011 VL - 9 IS - 5 SP - 11861 EP - 11875 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-52301 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fahmy, Alaa A1 - El Sabbagh, M. A1 - Bedair, M. A1 - Gangan, A. A1 - El-Sabbah, M. A1 - El-Bahy, S. A1 - Friedrich, J. T1 - One-step plasma deposited thin SiOxCy films for corrosion resistance of low carbon steel N2 - Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) was used as a chemical precursor to deposit ultra-thin SiO x C y plasma polymer films onto mild steel surfaces for preventing the corrosion process. The structure–property relationships of the coatings were evaluated by X-ray Photo Spectroscopy (XPS), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform InfraRed spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) completed with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The SEM micrographs confirmed a pinhole-free surface morphology of the low-pressure deposited plasma polymer films. The TEOS molecules become fragmented in the plasma by numerous collisions with energy-rich electrons and heavier particles. Recombination of fragments and condensation onto the steel substrate is responsible for the formation of organic SiO containing plasma polymer layers. Such thin layers consist of predominantly SiO x structures. Their properties are determined largely by the gap distance between the two samples used as electrodes in the plasma. The efficiency of the corrosion-protecting coating was compared with uncoated samples. The corrosion protection was determined by exposure of samples to 3.5% NaCl aqueous solutions. For this purpose, polarization and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) were used to monitor the corrosion. The optimal gap distance between the electrodes was determined for corrosion protection. The best protective efficiency reached more than 97% of the total protection as measured at room temperature. KW - Thin films KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Mild steel KW - Plasma treatments KW - Tetraethyl orthosilicate PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2020.1856539 VL - 35 IS - 16 SP - 1734 EP - 1751 PB - Taylor & Francis AN - OPUS4-52303 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogl, Jochen A1 - Rosner, M. A1 - Kasemann, S. A. A1 - Kraft, R. A1 - Meixner, A. A1 - Noordmann, J. A1 - Rabb, S. A1 - Rienitz, O. A1 - Schuessler, J. A. A1 - Tatzel, Michael A1 - Vocke, R. D. T1 - Intercalibration of Mg isotope delta scales and realisation of SI traceability for Mg isotope amount ratios and isotope delta values N2 - The continuous improvement of analytical procedures using multi-collector technologies in ICP-mass spectrometry has led to an increased demand for isotope standards with improved homogeneity and reduced measurement uncertainty. For magnesium, this has led to a variety of available standards with different quality levels ranging from artefact standards to isotope reference materials certified for absolute isotope ratios. This required an intercalibration of all standards and reference materials, which we present in this interlaboratory comparison study. The materials Cambridge1, DSM3, ERMAE143, ERM-AE144, ERM-AE145, IRMM-009 and NIST SRM 980 were cross-calibrated with expanded measurement uncertainties (95% confidence level) of less than 0.030‰ for the δ25/24Mg values and less than 0.037‰ for the δ26/24Mg values. Thus, comparability of all magnesium isotope delta (δ) measurements based on these standards and reference materials is established. Further, ERM-AE143 anchors all magnesium δ-scales to absolute isotope ratios and therefore establishes SI traceability, here traceability to the SI base unit mole. This applies especially to the DSM3 scale, which is proposed to be maintained. With ERM-AE144 and ERM-AE145, which are product and educt of a sublimation-condensation process, for the first time a set of isotope reference materials is available with a published value for the apparent triple isotope fractionation exponent θapp, the fractionation relationship ln α(25/24Mg)/ln α(26/24Mg). KW - Delta scale KW - Traceability KW - Scale anchor KW - Absolute isotope ratio KW - Comparability KW - Triple isotope fractionation PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-511557 DO - https://doi.org/10.1111/ggr.12327 SN - 1751-908X VL - 44 IS - 3 SP - 439 EP - 457 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-51155 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian A1 - Koch, Matthias A1 - Köppen, Robert A1 - Buttler, Sabine A1 - Penk, Sibylle A1 - Mauch, Tatjana A1 - Sommerfeld, Thomas A1 - Witt, Angelika T1 - Development of certified reference materials for the determination of cadmium and acrylamide in cocoa N2 - Since 1 January 2019 a maximum content of 0.6 mg kg−1 cadmium (Cd) in cocoa powder sold to the final consumer or as an ingredient in sweetened cocoa powder sold to the final consumer (drinking chocolate) is set by the Commission Regulation (EU) No. 488/2014. Monitoring compliance with the specified limit value requires analytical measuring methods and reference materials for quality control. However, suitable certified reference materials intended for quality assurance and quality control purposes are still lacking. Therefore, three cocoa reference materials (ERM®-BD513, ERM®-514 and ERM®-515) were developed according to the requirements of ISO 17034 and the recommendations of ISO Guide 35. The whole process of reference material development, including material preparation, assessment of homogeneity and stability, characterisation and value assignment is presented. The assignment of the certified mass fractions was based upon an interlaboratory comparison study involving 19 expert laboratories for Cd and 12 laboratories for acrylamide. The certified mass fractions and expanded uncertainties (k = 2) of the reference materials were (0.181 ± 0.009) mg kg−1 Cd (ERM®-BD513), (0.541 ± 0.024) mg kg−1 Cd (ERM®-BD514) and (0.690 ± 0.029) mg kg−1 Cd (ERM®-BD515). Acrylamide contents are given for information. KW - Certified reference material KW - Quality assurance KW - Cocoa KW - Cadmium KW - Acrylamide KW - Food analysis PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-508656 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-020-02719-0 SN - 1618-2642 SN - 1618-2650 VL - 412 IS - 19 SP - 4659 EP - 4668 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-50865 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogl, Jochen T1 - The triple-isotope calibration approach: a universal and standard-free calibration approach for obtaining absolute isotope ratios of multi-isotopic elements N2 - The theory of a new calibration approach for obtaining absolute isotope ratios of multi-isotopic elements without the use of any standard has been developed. The calibration approach basically uses the difference in the instrumental isotope fractionation of two different types of mass spectrometers, leading to two different fractionation lines in a three-isotope diagram. When measuring the same sample with both mass spectrometers, the different fractionation lines have one point in common: this is the ‘true’ logarithmized isotope ratio pair of the sample. Thus, the intersection of both fractionation lines provides us with the absolute isotope ratios of the sample. This theory has been tested in practice by measuring Cd and of Pb isotope ratios in the certified reference materials BAM-I012 and NIST SRM981 by thermal ionization mass spectrometry and by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry while varying the ionization conditions for both mass spectrometers. With this experiment, the theory could be verified, and absolute isotope ratios were obtained, which were metrologically compatible with the certified isotope ratios. The so-obtained absolute isotope ratios are biased by − 0.5% in average, which should be improved with further developments of the method. This calibration approach is universal, as it can be applied to all elements with three or more isotopes and it is not limited to the type of mass spectrometers applied; it can be applied as well to secondary ion mass spectrometry or others. Additionally, this approach provides information on the fractionation process itself via the triple-isotope fractionation exponent θ. KW - Triple isotope fractionation KW - Absolute isotope ratio KW - Mass spectrometry KW - Calibration KW - Uncertainty PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-516364 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-020-03050-4 VL - 413 IS - 3 SP - 821 EP - 826 PB - Springer Verlag AN - OPUS4-51636 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst A1 - Epple, Niklas A1 - Fontoura Barroso, Daniel A1 - Clauß, F. A1 - Ahrens, M. A. A1 - Mark, P. T1 - Ultraschallbasierte Überwachung von Stahl- und Spannbeton-konstruktionen – erste Ergebnisse der DFG-Forschungsgruppe 2825 CoDA N2 - Die Überwachung von Bauteilen aus Stahl- oder Spannbeton mit Ultraschall hat in Labor- und Technikumsversuchen schon vielversprechende Ergebnisse gezeigt. Besonders gute Resultate wurden dabei mit eingebetteten Ultraschalltrans-ducern und bei Auswertung der Daten mit der hochsensiblen Codawelleninterferometrie erzielt. Erfasst werden können neben Temperatur- und Feuchteeffekten auch Belastungszustände und jegliche Art von Schädigung, die mit Mikro- oder Makrorissbildung einhergeht. Seit 2019 untersucht die DFG-Forschergruppe 2825 „CoDA“ (Sprecher: Prof. Christoph Gehlen, TU München) ver-schiedenste Aspekte dieser innovativen Technologie mit dem Ziel, Einflussgrößen quantitativ zu erfassen, Umweltein-flüsse zu korrigieren und 3D-Auswerteverfahren zu verbessern. Final soll eine am Bauwerk einsatzfähige Methode ent-stehen, die klassische Monitoringverfahren ergänzt und erweitert sowie Input zu einem Update des statischen Systems liefert. Aufgaben der BAM in der Forschergruppe ist neben Verbesserung und Adaptierung der Messsystem und Sensorik auch Langzeitversuche an einem Großobjekt und Testinstallationen an Realbauwerken. Hierzu liegen erste Ergebnisse vor, die zeigen, dass die Technologie auch außerhalb des Labors einsatzfähig ist. T2 - 4. Brückenkolloquium CY - Online meeting DA - 08.09.2020 KW - Ultraschall KW - Monitoring KW - Brücke KW - Codawelleninterferometrie PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51206 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Abad Andrade, Carlos Enrique T1 - Advances and Applications of Molecular Absorption Spectrometry: from Non-Metals to Isotope Analysis N2 - Wie kann Nicht-Messbares messbar gemacht werden? Die Antwort der Dissertation auf diese zentrale Frage der analytischen Chemie lautet: die Anwendung der hochauflösenden optischen Spektroskopie der diatomischen Moleküle. In der Arbeit wird in einem ersten Schritt in Grafitöfen, die wie Chemiereaktoren funktionieren, und durch die Anwendung verschiedener analytischer Methoden die diatomische Molekülbildung nachvollzogen. In einem zweiten Schritt werden die aufgedeckten Mechanismen auf die Bestimmung von Nichtmetallen und die Analyse von Isotopen angewendet. Die Isotopenanalytik ist das zukunftsweisendes Herzstück der Dissertation und von alltäglicher und politischer Relevanz: Mittels dieser Technik lässt sich die Herkunft von Lebensmitteln aber auch Chemiewaffen kostengünstiger und wesentlich schneller bestimmen als mit bisherigen Methoden der Massenspektrometrie. Möglich ist die Bestimmung, da alles um uns herum aus Atomen verschiedener Elemente besteht und die meisten Elemente mehrere Isotope haben. Isotope unterscheiden sich hinsichtlich ihres Gewichts, da sie über eine unterschiedliche Anzahl an Neutronen verfügen. Die Informationen über das Verhältnis von schweren und leichten Isotopen lässt sich nutzen, um zu bestimmen wo etwas entstanden ist. Jeder Ort auf unserem Planeten hat seinen persönlichen Element- und Isotopenanteil (Isotopenfingerabdruck). Das in der Arbeit angewandte Instrument misst das Verhältnis indirekt und nutzt hierzu die Interaktion zwischen Licht und Materie. Für das schwerere Isotop wird mehr Licht/Energie benötigt, um es in Bewegung zu bringen, als für das leichtere. Diese kleinen Unterschiede an Energie, die wir dafür aufwenden müssen, werden gemessen und ermöglichen die Herkunftsbestimmung. Damit leistet die Arbeit nicht nur einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Grundlagenforschung in der analytischen Chemie, sondern kann mit den aufgezeigten Ergebnissen auch Anwendung in den Bereichen Verbraucherschutz, Umweltforschung und Waffenkontrolle finden. N2 - The present work covers two main aspects of high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS), an analytical technique for elemental trace analysis. First, a comprehensive mechanistic study of molecule formation in graphite furnaces is presented, which is a key step into the recovery of analytical signals. For this, the molecule formation of CaF was studied, which is used for the indirect analytical determination of fluorine in HR-CS-GFMAS. A zirconium coating catalyzes the CaF formation, and its structure was investigated. The kinetics of this reaction was established by monitoring its molecular spectrum at different atomisation temperatures. An Arrhenius plot showed a pseudo-first order reaction with respect to fluorine (n = 1). An intermediate state was isolated, and its structure was elucidated by spectroscopic methods: scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XANES and EXAFS), and Raman microspectroscopy. Here a mechanism is proposed, where ZrO2 works as a heterogeneous catalyst: after a pyrolytic step, an intermediate state of ZrO(OCaF) is activated, and at higher temperatures, CaF(g) is released from the zirconium-coated graphite surface. Second, analytical methods were developed by using HR-CS-MAS as detector for non-metals and isotope analysis. Therefore, the determination of organic absorbable chlorine in water, the quantification of fluorine in consume care products with declared perfluorinated ingredients, and the determination of sulfur content in crude oils were investigated. Finally, the high resolution of the instrumentation allows to measure isotopic shifts with high precision in some observed molecular spectra. Consequently, the molecular spectra of enriched isotopes of boron and magnesium were investigated, establishing so the potential of HR-CS-MAS for the accurate and precise determination of isotopic amount ratios. T2 - Applied Photonics Award 2020 CY - Jena, Germany DA - 22.09.2020 KW - Herkunftsbestimmung KW - Isotopenanalyse KW - Isotope KW - Optischer Spektroskopie PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51996 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rienitz, O. A1 - Pramann, A. A1 - Vogl, Jochen A1 - Lee, K.-S. A1 - Yim, Y.-H. A1 - Malinovskiy, D. A1 - Hill, S. A1 - Dunn, P. A1 - Goenaga-Infante, H. A1 - Ren, T. A1 - Wang, J. A1 - Vocke jr., R. D. A1 - Rabb, S: A. A1 - Narukawa, T. A1 - Yang, L. A1 - Mester, Z. A1 - Meija, J. A1 - Aref'ev, D. G. A1 - Marchin, V. A1 - Sharin, A. G. A1 - Bulanov, A. D. A1 - Potapov, A. M. A1 - Otopkova, P. A. A1 - Kessel, R. T1 - The comparability of the determination of the molar mass of silicon highly enriched in 28Si: results of the CCQM-P160 interlaboratory comparison and additional external measurements N2 - An international comparison study on the accurate determination of the molar mass M(Si) of silicon artificially enriched in 28Si (x(28Si) > 0.9999 mol mol−1) has been completed. The measurements were part of the high level CCQM-P160 pilot study assessing the ability of National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) and Designated Institutes (DIs) to make such measurements at the lowest possible levels of measurement uncertainty and to identify possible difficulties when measuring this kind of sample. This study supports the molar mass measurements critical to disseminating the silicon route to realizing the new definitions for the kilogram and the mole. Measurements were also made by one external research institute and an external company. The different institutes were free to choose their experimental (mass spectrometric) set-ups and equipment, thereby enabling also the comparison of different techniques. The investigated material was a chemically pure, polycrystalline silicon material. The subsequent modified single crystalline secondary product of this material was intended for the production of silicon which was used for two additional spheres in the context of the redetermination of the Avogadro constant NA, required for the revision of the International System of Units (SI) via fundamental constants which came into force from May 2019. The CCQM pilot study was organized by Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB). Aqueous silicon solutions were shipped to all participating institutions. The data analysis as well as the uncertainty modelling and calculation of the results was predefined. The participants were provided with an uncertainty budget as a GUM Workbench® file as well as a free software license for the duration of the comparison. The agreement of the values of the molar mass (M(Si) = 27.976 942 577 g mol−1) was excellent with ten out of 11 results reported within the range of relative uncertainty of 1 × 10−8 required for the revision of the SI. KW - Absolute isotope ratio KW - Molar mass KW - Avogadro constant KW - Revision of the SI PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1681-7575/abbdbf VL - 57 IS - 6 SP - 065028 PB - IOP Science CY - Cambridge AN - OPUS4-51500 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Epple, Niklas A1 - Fontoura Barroso, Daniel A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst T1 - Monitoring of Concrete with Embedded Ultrasound Sensors, Coda Waves and a Novel Measurement Device N2 - Using embedded ultrasound (US) sensors in civil engineering structures and Coda Wave Interferometry (CWI), DFG research group CoDA aims for developing methods of concrete damage assessment by combination of Micro and macro scale simulations and experiments. BAMs goal within the project is the provision of small and durable measurement equipment on the one hand, and the investigation of damage sensitive parameters and development of an imaging algorithm on the other hand. In this study we focus on the development of the measurement system and the influence of temperature variations on the measurements. T2 - Summer School DFG FOR CoDA CY - Berchtesgaden, Germany DA - 27.09.2020 KW - Ultrasound KW - Coda Wave Interferometry KW - Structural Health Monitoring PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51382 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Vogl, Jochen T1 - Isotope ratio working group at CCQM N2 - The presentation gives the reasons for initiation of an isotope ratio working group at CCQM level, describes the process and provides the auduince with the initial working plan. T2 - EURAMET TC-MC Workshop on Isotope Ratio Analysis CY - Bern, Switzerland DA - 05.02.2020 KW - Metrology KW - Absolute isotope ratio KW - Isotope ratio KW - Delta value PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50344 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bühling, Benjamin T1 - Acoustic and flow data of an ultrasonic fluidic switch and an ultrasonic piezoelectric transducer N2 - This dataset contains acoustic and flow data of an ultrasonic fluidic switch, which have been acquired using a microphone, a hot-wire anemometer and a pitot tube. Furthermore, acoustic data of a commercial piezoelectric transducer is provided. KW - Fluidics KW - Air-coupled ultrasound KW - Ultrasound KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Acoustic-flow interaction KW - Piezoelectric transducer PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/OQYPC9 PB - Harvard College CY - Cambridge, MA, USA AN - OPUS4-52392 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst A1 - Epple, Niklas A1 - Fontoura Barroso, Daniel A1 - Clauß, F. A1 - Ahrens, M. A. A1 - Mark, P. ED - Krieger, J. ED - Isecke, B. T1 - Ultraschallbasierte Überwachung von Stahl- und Spannbeton-konstruktionen – erste Ergebnisse der DFG-Forschungsgruppe 2825 CoDA N2 - Die Überwachung von Bauteilen aus Stahl- oder Spannbeton mit Ultraschall hat in Labor- und Technikumsversuchen schon vielversprechende Ergebnisse gezeigt. Besonders gute Resultate wurden dabei mit eingebetteten Ultraschalltrans-ducern und bei Auswertung der Daten mit der hochsensiblen Codawelleninterferometrie erzielt. Erfasst werden können neben Temperatur- und Feuchteeffekten auch Belastungszustände und jegliche Art von Schädigung, die mit Mikro- oder Makrorissbildung einhergeht. Seit 2019 untersucht die DFG-Forschergruppe 2825 „CoDA“ (Sprecher: Prof. Christoph Gehlen, TU München) ver-schiedenste Aspekte dieser innovativen Technologie mit dem Ziel, Einflussgrößen quantitativ zu erfassen, Umweltein-flüsse zu korrigieren und 3D-Auswerteverfahren zu verbessern. Final soll eine am Bauwerk einsatzfähige Methode ent-stehen, die klassische Monitoringverfahren ergänzt und erweitert sowie Input zu einem Update des statischen Systems liefert. Aufgaben der BAM in der Forschergruppe ist neben Verbesserung und Adaptierung der Messsystem und Sensorik auch Langzeitversuche an einem Großobjekt und Testinstallationen an Realbauwerken. Hierzu liegen erste Ergebnisse vor, die zeigen, dass die Technologie auch außerhalb des Labors einsatzfähig ist. T2 - 4. Brückenkolloquium CY - Online meeting DA - 08.09.2020 KW - Brücke KW - Monitoring KW - Ultraschall KW - Codawelleninterferometrie PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-8169-3518-6 SP - 473 EP - 480 PB - expert CY - Tübingen AN - OPUS4-51205 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jakubowski, N. A1 - Borrmann, S. A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian A1 - Roik, Janina A1 - Rickert, F. T1 - Comparison of peristaltic pumps used for sample introduction in Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES) N2 - In this investigation, two conventional peristaltic pumps are compared with a new pump based on the “easy click” principle using a simultaneous ICP-AES instrument with standard operating conditions. It is found that the figures of merit achieved are quite comparable for all three pumps. Relative standard deviations (RSDs) range between 0.2% and 1.8%, and limits of detection as low as 0.1 μg/L have been achieved , demonstrating that the easy click principle of the new pump does not compromise the analytical figures of merit. KW - ICP-AES KW - Peristaltic pumps KW - ICP-MS PY - 2020 IS - 35 / S4 SP - 6 AN - OPUS4-52020 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Abad Andrade, Carlos Enrique T1 - Isotope analysis by high-resolution optical spectroscopy: a tool for planetary science N2 - Isotope analysis can be used to determine the age and provenance of geological samples. Modern techniques in optical spectrometry allow us a stand-off isotope analysis. This seminar will discuss how planetary science with the next Moon and Mars missions drive optical spectrometry into precise and accurate isotope analysis and how BAM will contribute. T2 - Adlershofer Kolloquium CY - Online meeting DA - 19.05.2020 KW - Provenance KW - Dating KW - Isotopes KW - Optical spectroscopy KW - Isotopic shift KW - Planetary science PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51995 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lemke, Nora A1 - El-Khatib, Ahmed A1 - Theuring, F. A1 - Jakubowski, Norbert A1 - Vogl, Jochen T1 - Sulfur isotope dilution ICP MS for traceable protein quantification N2 - Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a powerful method for the matrix-independent quantitative analysis of target elements. Developed for the use in inorganic trace analysis, ICP-MS is nowadays a valuable tool for bioanalytical questions. Especially the use of ICP-MS for quantitative proteomics by measuring heteroatoms has gained recognition in the last decade, considering that established quantification methods like organic mass spectrometry depend on labelling of the target protein or the existence of matched protein and peptide standards. The need for reliable quantification of proteins is continuously growing, but only a limited number of well-characterized and quantified protein standards are available so far. Accurately quantified, traceable protein standards are necessary to ensure comparability of measurements between laboratories, not only in basic research but also in a clinical context. One example of this is the Alzheimer’s disease biomarker tau protein. However, existing tau standards lack comparability, emphasizing the need for a well-quantified protein standard. Therefore, we developed a method for the quantification of pure proteins via sulfur isotope dilution ICP-MS (IDMS). As sulfur is present in two amino acids, cysteine and methionine, it exists in nearly all proteins and can be used for the quantification of proteins of known stoichiometry. We employed simple offline strategies for the separation of non-protein bound sulfur species. Quantification of these contaminations by IDMS allows for correction of the protein content and enables reliable protein quantification. We report the protein mass fractions of a standard reference material and commercially available proteins determined by sulfur IDMS, including the expanded uncertainties. The developed method can be applied for the reliable and traceable quantification of pure proteins for use as in-house standards. Here, we successfully used this method for the quantification of the tau protein. T2 - 53rd annual conference of the DGMS including 27th ICP-MS User's Meeting CY - Münster, Germany DA - 01.03.2020 KW - ICP-MS KW - Isotope dilution KW - Protein KW - Quantification KW - Tau protein PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50510 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rienitz, O. A1 - Jährling, R. A1 - Noordmann, J. A1 - Pape, C. A1 - Röhker, K. A1 - Vogl, Jochen A1 - Manzano, J. V. L. A1 - Kozlowski, W. A1 - Caciano de Siena, R. A1 - Marques Rodrigues, J. A1 - Galli, A. H. A1 - Yim, Y.-H. A1 - Lee, K.-S. A1 - Lee, J. H. A1 - Min, H.-S. A1 - Chingbo, C. A1 - Naijie, S. A1 - Qian, W. A1 - Ren, T. A1 - Jun, W. A1 - Tangpaisarnkul, N. A1 - Suzuki, T. A1 - Nonose, N. A1 - Mester, Z. A1 - Yang, L. A1 - Pagliano, E. A1 - Greenberg, P. A1 - Mariassy, M. A1 - Näykki, T. A1 - Cankur, O. A1 - Coskun, F. G. A1 - Ari, B. A1 - Can, S. Z. T1 - CCQM-K122 "Anionic impurities and lead in salt solutions" N2 - The determination of the mass fractions of bromide, sulfate, and lead as well as the isotopic composition of the lead (expressed as the molar mass and the amount fractions of all four stable lead isotopes) in an aqueous solution of sodium chloride with a mass fraction of 0.15 g/g was the subject of this comparison. Even though the mass fractions ranged from 3 μg/g (bromide) to 50 ng/g (lead), almost all results reported agreed with the according KCRVs. KW - Absolute isotope ratio KW - Lead isotope ratios KW - Metrology KW - Traceability PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/57/1A/08012 VL - 57 IS - 1A SP - 8012 PB - IOP Science AN - OPUS4-51156 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Clauß, F. A1 - Epple, Niklas A1 - Ahrens, M. A. A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst A1 - Mark, P. T1 - Comparison of Experimentally Determined Two-Dimensional Strain Fields and Mapped Ultrasonic Data Processed by Coda Wave Interferometry N2 - Due to the high sensitivity of coda waves to the smallest structural alterations such as strain, humidity or temperature changes, ultrasonic waves are a valid means to examine entire structures employing networks of ultrasonic transducers. In order to substantiate this ex ante assessment, the viability of measuring ultrasonic waves as a valid point of reference and inference for structural changes is to be further scrutinized in this work. In order to investigate the influence of mechanical strain on ultrasonic signals, a four-point bending test was carried out on a reinforced concrete beam at Ruhr University Bochum. Thus, measurements collected from a network of selected transducer pairings arranged across the central, shear-free segment of the test specimen, were correlated to their respective strain fields. Detected ultrasonic signals were evaluated employing Coda Wave Interferometry. Such analysis comprised the initial non-cracked state as well as later stages with incremental crack depth and quantity. It was to ascertain that the test specimen can in fact be qualitatively compartmentalized into areas of compression and tension identified via Relative Velocity Changes presented in Attribute Maps. However, since results did not entail a zero crossing, i.e., neither positive nor negative values were to be calculated, only relative changes in this work displayed staggered over the height of the object under test, are discussed. Under the given methodological premises, additional information is currently required to make quantitative assertions regarding this correlation of ultrasonic and strain results. This holds true for the comparability of the ultrasonic and strain results for both non-cracked and even the cracked state. KW - Digital image correlation KW - Fiber optic sensors KW - Coda Wave Interferometry KW - Ultrasound KW - Concrete PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-510501 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/s20144023 SN - 1424-8220 VL - 20 IS - 14 SP - Paper 4023, 1 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-51050 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Paul, Andrea A1 - Broszies, T. A1 - Ostermann, Markus A1 - Vogdt, F.U. A1 - Maiwald, Michael T1 - Unterscheidung von Mineralwollen mit Nahinfrarot-Spektroskopie (NIRS) T1 - Differentiation of mineral wool by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) N2 - Für die Rückführung von aus Rückbauprojekten anfallender künstlicher Mineralwolle in ihren Herstellungsprozess ist es notwendig, Stein- und Glaswolle zu unterscheiden und voneinander getrennt zu halten. Zu diesem Zweck wurde das Potential von NIR-Spektroskopie (NIRS) für einen werks- oder baustellenseitigen Einsatz getestet. NIRS wird aufgrund kurzer Messzeiten, minimaler Probenvorbereitung und hoher Robustheit der Spektrometer häufig in der Prozessanalytik eingesetzt. Untersucht wurden 70 verschiedene Mineralwollen, wobei sich der Probenumfang sowohl aus werksneuen Proben mit Herstellerangaben als auch unbekannten Proben ohne Spezifikation zusammensetzen, die auf verschiedenen Baustellen in den Jahren 2016–2017 entnommen oder von Deponien zur Verfügung gestellt worden waren. Als Referenzmethode wurde die Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse verwendet, um den Mineralwolle-Typ über den Elementgehalt nach VDI 3492 zu identifizieren. Mit Hilfe eines multivariaten Datenanalyseverfahrens konnte schließlich eine Methode etabliert werden, die eine zuverlässige Identifikation von unbekannten Mineralwollen anhand deren NIR-Spektren als Stein- bzw. Glaswolle ermöglicht. N2 - For the recirculation of artificial mineral wool resulting from deconstruction projects to the production process, it is necessary to distinguish between rock wool and glass wool. For this purpose, the potential of NIR spectroscopy (NIRS) was tested for the application directly on construction site or in factory. NIRS is often used in process analytics due to short measurement times, minimal sample preparation and high robustness of the spectrometers. In this study 70 mineral wool samples were examined, including both new samples with manufacturer`s specifications and unknown samples without specifications, which were taken at various German construction sites between 2016 and 2017 or which were provided by landfills. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy was used as a reference method to identify the mineral wool type via the element content according to VDI 3492. With the help of a multivariate data analysis method finally a method was established, which allows a reliable identification of unknown mineral wool based on its NIR spectra as rock or glass wool. KW - Recycling KW - NIR KW - Baustoffe KW - Chemometrie PY - 2020 VL - 95 IS - 12 SP - 463 EP - 472 PB - VDI Fachmedien GmbH & Co. KG CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-51851 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Meyer, Klas A1 - Abele, M. A1 - Falkenstein, S. A1 - Friedrich, Y. A1 - Kern, Simon A1 - Korth, K. A1 - Maiwald, Michael T1 - Industrial applications of low-field NMR spectroscopy for process and quality control of silanes N2 - The combination of different silanes as starting materials and as a product of hydrolysis by several alcohols or water creates a range of hundreds of technical products for a wide range of applications. In recent years, functional trialkoxysilanes have proven to be multi-purpose organosilanes. Applications range from weather protection of buildings to additives for glass fiber industry, sealants, adhesives, coatings and paints to the modification of polymers. Commercial benchtop NMR spectrometers have the potential to be used in silane chemistry as an online method for reaction monitoring and quality control. NMR nuclei of interest for silane products are 1H and 29Si. In a joint research cooperation between EVONIK and BAM, the applicability of low-field NMR spectroscopy for the chemical analysis of silanes was evaluated. It was shown how it can extend the application range where existing technologies like NIR, Raman, UV/VIS, etc. cannot be used quantitatively due to a lack of reference data. In a first case study the process of hydrolysis and condensation was observed using online NMR analysis. For this purpose, the substituents of a trialkoxysilane are first hydrolyzed by adding water and corresponding silanols are formed, which can then bind to materials via SiOH functions and crosslink to form siloxane units. Another case study was dealing with the kinetics of the cleavage of a cyclic silane compound. Online NMR analysis was used both in the laboratory and in the manufacturing plant. For this purpose, a fully automated containment system was used, which enables the use of a commercial NMR spectrometer in ATEX-environments. In the third case study presented, quantitative 1H-NMR spectra were acquired on product mixtures of a trialkoxysilane and other components such as organic stabilizers, organotin compounds, an aromatic amine and organic peroxides. An automatic evaluation method based on Indirect Hard Modeling (IHM) was developed. T2 - Practical Applications of NMR in Industry Conference (PANIC) CY - Online meeting DA - 19.10.2020 KW - Process Analytical Technology KW - NMR spectroscopy KW - Benchtop-NMR KW - Process-NMR PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51465 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hampel, U. A1 - Schütze, A. A1 - Rädle, M. A1 - Rück, T. A1 - Krawczyk-Becker, M. A1 - Musch, T. A1 - Maiwald, Michael A1 - Fröhlich, H. J. A1 - Zeck, S. T1 - Positionspapier Sensorik für die Digitalisierung chemischer Produktionsanlagen N2 - Die chemische Industrie steht derzeit, wie viele andere Industriebereiche, vor den Herausforderungen einer Digitalisierung der Produktion. Sie ist der Schlüssel für die Flexibilisierung von Prozessen und Anlagen, für die Verkürzung von Produkteinführungszeiten sowie für den Zuschnitt der Produktion auf wechselnde Nachfrage und kürzere Produktlebenszyklen. Die Messtechnik und Sensorik spielt neben der intelligenten Datenverarbeitung eine Schlüsselrolle für die Digitalisierung. Flexiblere Anlagen benötigen Sensorik zur Überwachung des Anlagenzustandes, zur Früherkennung nicht bestimmungsgemäßer Betriebszustände sowie für eine bedarfsgerechte Wartung. Da die Entwicklung neuer und verbesserter Messtechnik und Sensorik grundlegend aus verschiedenen Richtungen gedacht werden muss, haben sich Akteure aus verschiedenen Branchen zusammengetan und dieses Positionspapier erstellt. Es basiert auf einer grundlegenden Analyse des Ist-Stands sowie des Bedarfs der Industrie, die unter anderem auf einem eigens dafür durchgeführten Workshop mit Sensorentwicklern, Anlagenherstellern sowie Anlagenbetreibern am 18. Juni 2019 bei der DECHEMA in Frankfurt a. M. diskutiert wurden. Diese Aktivitäten wurden maßgeblich von der Initiative Wanted Technologies der ProcessNet sowie dem AMA Verband für Sensorik und Messtechnik e.V. initiiert. KW - Prozessindustrie KW - Smarte Sensoren KW - Prozessanalytik KW - DECHEMA KW - Positionspapier PY - 2020 UR - https://dechema.de/Sensorik SP - 1 EP - 20 PB - DECHEMA CY - Frankfurt am Main AN - OPUS4-50403 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Maiwald, Michael T1 - Compact NMR Spectroscopy: A Versatile Tool for Automated Continuous-Flow Production of Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals N2 - Chemical companies must find new paths to successfully survive in a changing environment. The potential of digital technologies belongs to these. Flexible and modular chemical plants can produce various high-quality products using multi-purpose equipment with short down-times between campaigns and reduce time to market for new products. Intensified continuous production plants allow for difficult to produce compounds. Therefore, fully automated “chemical” process control along with real-time quality control are prerequisites to such concepts and thus should be based on “chemical” information. The advances of a fully automated NMR sensor were exploited, using a given pharmaceutical lithiation reaction as an example process within a modular pilot plant. A commercially available benchtop NMR spectrometer was integrated to the full requirements of an automated chemical production environment such as , e.g., explosion safety, field communication, and robust evaluation of sensor data. It was thereof used for direct loop advanced process control and real-time optimization of the process. NMR appeared as preeminent online analytical tool and allowed using a modular data analysis tool, which even served as reliable reference method for further PAT applications. Recently, AI procedures have also been successfully used for NMR data evaluation. In order to overcome the typical limitation of too small data sets from process developments, a new method was tested, which allows a physically motivated multiplication of the available reference data together with context information in order to obtain a sufficiently large data set for the training of machine learning algorithms. In future, such fully integrated and intelligently interconnecting “smart” systems and processes can speed up the high-quality production of specialty chemicals and pharmaceuticals. T2 - Compact NMR: Perspectives for (Bio)process Monitoring CY - Online meeting DA - 14.10.2020 KW - Process Industry KW - Real-time Process Monitoring KW - NMR Spectroscopy KW - Indirect Hard Modelling KW - Modular Production PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51430 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bröcker, S. A1 - Klaer, R.-H. A1 - Kockmann, N. A1 - Maiwald, Michael T1 - Process Industry United in the Digital World - The current landscape of research for the digitalization of the process industry N2 - The Tutzing Symposium "100 % digital: survival strategies for the process industry" (see 4.1) in April 2018 was characterized by a great momentum which has been taken up and continued until today. The aim was to implement the ideas from the Tutzing Symposium in a coordinated and targeted manner. For this purpose, development needs as well as the numerous currently planned or already started research and development activities in the context of digitalisation were first compiled and analysed. This resulted in the current research landscape for digitalization in the process industry. It now enables to identify open topics and to translate them into research funding programs as well as to define new projects in the dialogue between users, suppliers and research, which are to be meaningfully interlinked and consolidated with existing projects. Due to the strong interest in digitalisation, activities are constantly being added, so that this paper can only provide a snapshot of the situation in the period 2019-2020. KW - Process Industry KW - Digitalisation KW - Tutzing Symposion KW - research landscape KW - Process Control PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-512265 UR - https://processnet.org/en/TAKdigital.html SP - 1 EP - 15 AN - OPUS4-51226 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kern, Simon A1 - Liehr, Sascha A1 - Wander, Lukas A1 - Bornemann-Pfeiffer, Martin A1 - Müller, S. A1 - Maiwald, Michael A1 - Kowarik, Stefan T1 - Artificial neural networks for quantitative online NMR spectroscopy N2 - Industry 4.0 is all about interconnectivity, sensor-enhanced process control, and data-driven systems. Process analytical technology (PAT) such as online nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is gaining in importance, as it increasingly contributes to automation and digitalization in production. In many cases up to now, however, a classical evaluation of process data and their transformation into knowledge is not possible or not economical due to the insufficiently large datasets available. When developing an automated method applicable in process control, sometimes only the basic data of a limited number of batch tests from typical product and process development campaigns are available. However, these datasets are not large enough for training machine-supported procedures. In this work, to overcome this limitation, a new procedure was developed, which allows physically motivated multiplication of the available reference data in order to obtain a sufficiently large dataset for training machine learning algorithms. The underlying example chemical synthesis was measured and analyzed with both application-relevant low-field NMR and high-field NMR spectroscopy as reference method. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have the potential to infer valuable process information already from relatively limited input data. However, in order to predict the concentration at complex conditions (many reactants and wide concentration ranges), larger ANNs and, therefore, a larger Training dataset are required. We demonstrate that a moderately complex problem with four reactants can be addressed using ANNs in combination with the presented PAT method (low-field NMR) and with the proposed approach to generate meaningful training data. KW - Online NMR spectroscopy KW - Real-time process monitoring KW - Artificial neural networks KW - Automation KW - Process industry PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-507508 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-020-02687-5 SN - 1618-2642 VL - 412 IS - 18 SP - 4447 EP - 4459 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-50750 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Eifert, T. A1 - Eisen, K. A1 - Maiwald, Michael A1 - Herwig, C. T1 - Current and future requirements to industrial analytical infrastructure—part 2: smart sensors N2 - Complex processes meet and need Industry 4.0 capabilities. Shorter product cycles, flexible production needs, and direct assessment of product quality attributes and raw material attributes call for an increased need of new process analytical technologies (PAT) concepts. While individual PAT tools may be available since decades, we need holistic concepts to fulfill above industrial needs. In this series of two contributions, we want to present a combined view on the future of PAT (process analytical technology), which is projected in smart labs (Part 1) and smart sensors (Part 2). Part 2 of this feature article series describes the future functionality as well as the ingredients of a smart sensor aiming to eventually fuel full PAT functionality. The smart sensor consists of (i) chemical and process information in the physical twin by smart field devices, by measuring multiple components, and is fully connected in the IIoT 4.0 environment. In addition, (ii) it includes process intelligence in the digital twin, as to being able to generate knowledge from multi-sensor and multi-dimensional data. The cyber-physical system (CPS) combines both elements mentioned above and allows the smart sensor to be self-calibrating and self-optimizing. It maintains its operation autonomously. Furthermore, it allows—as central PAT enabler—a flexible but also target-oriented predictive control strategy and efficient process development and can compensate variations of the process and raw material attributes. Future cyber-physical production systems—like smart sensors—consist of the fusion of two main pillars, the physical and the digital twins. We discuss the individual elements of both pillars, such as connectivity, and chemical analytics on the one hand as well as hybrid models and knowledge workflows on the other. Finally, we discuss its integration needs in a CPS in order to allow is versatile deployment in efficient process development and advanced optimum predictive process control. KW - Smart sensors KW - Industry 4.0 KW - Digital twins KW - Process intelligence KW - Process analytical technology KW - Physical twin KW - Cyber-physical system PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-503980 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-020-02421-1 SN - 1618-2642 VL - 412 IS - 9 SP - 2037 EP - 2045 PB - Springer CY - Berlin Heidelberg AN - OPUS4-50398 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Eisen, K A1 - Eifert, T A1 - Herwig, C A1 - Maiwald, Michael T1 - Current and future requirements to industrial analytical infrastructure—part 1: process analytical laboratories N2 - The competitiveness of the chemical and pharmaceutical industry is based on ensuring the required product quality while making optimum use of plants, raw materials, and energy. In this context, effective process control using reliable chemical process analytics secures global competitiveness. The setup of those control strategies often originate in process development but need to be transferable along the whole product life cycle. In this series of two contributions, we want to present a combined view on the future of PAT (process analytical technology), which is projected in smart labs (part 1) and smart sensors (part 2). In laboratories and pilot plants, offline chemical analytical methods are frequently used, where inline methods are also used in production. Here, a transferability from process development to the process in operation would be desirable. This can be obtained by establishing PAT methods for production already during process development or scale-up. However, the current PAT (Bakeev 2005, Org Process Res 19:3–62; Simon et al. 2015, Org Process Res Dev 19:3–62) must become more flexible and smarter. This can be achieved by introducing digitalization-based knowledge management, so that knowledge from product development enables and accelerates the integration of PAT. Conversely, knowledge from the production process will also contribute to product and process development. This contribution describes the future role of the laboratory and develops requirements therefrom. In part 2, we examine the future functionality as well as the ingredients of a smart sensor aiming to eventually fuel full PAT functionality—also within process development or scale-up facilities (Eifert et al. 2020, Anal Bioanal Chem). KW - Smart test laboratories KW - Laboratory 4.0 KW - Sustainable Production KW - Industry 4.0 PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-504020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-020-02420-2 SN - 1618-2642 VL - 412 IS - 9 SP - 2027 EP - 2035 PB - Springer CY - Berlin Heidelberg AN - OPUS4-50402 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Maiwald, Michael T1 - Integrated and Networked Systems and Processes—A Perspective for Digital Transformation in Thermal Process Engineering N2 - Separation technology as a sub-discipline of thermal process engineering is one of the most critical steps in the production of chemicals, essential for the quality of intermediate and end products. The discipline comprises the construction of facilities that convert raw materials into value-added products along the value chain. Conversions typically take place in repeated reaction and separation steps—either in batch or continuous processes. The end products are the result of several production and separation steps that are not only sequentially linked, but also include the treatment of unused raw materials, by-products and wastes. Production processes in the process industry are particularly susceptible to fluctuations in raw materials and other influences affecting product quality. This is a challenge, despite increasing fluctuations, to deliver targeted quality and simultaneously meet the increasing dynamics of the market, at least for high value fine chemicals. In order to survive successfully in a changed environment, chemical companies must tread new paths. This includes the potential of digital technologies. The full integration and intelligent networking of systems and processes is progressing hesitantly. This contribution aims to encourage a more holistic approach to the digitalization in thermal process engineering by introduction of integrated and networked systems and processes. KW - Smarter Sensor KW - Digitalisation KW - Digital transformation KW - Process Industry KW - Thermal Process Engineering KW - Digital Twins PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-504964 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering4010015 SN - 2305-7084 VL - 4 IS - 15 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-50496 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - THES A1 - Büchele, Dominique T1 - Entwicklung einer robusten Online-Methode zur Bestimmung von Nährelementen in Ackerböden mit einem Energie-dispersiven RFA-Sensor N2 - Im Rahmen der vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und -forschung geförderten Forschungsinitiative „BonaRes – Boden als nachhaltige Ressource der Bioökonomie“ soll sich das Teilprojekt „I4S – integrated system for site-specific soil fertility management“ der Entwicklung eines integrierten Systems zum ortsspezifischen Management der Bodenfruchtbarkeit widmen. Hierfür ist eine Messplattform zur Bestimmung relevanter Bodeneigenschaften und der quantitativen Analyse ausgewählter Makro- und Mikronährstoffe geplant. In der ersten Phase dieses Projekts liegt das Hauptaugenmerk auf der Kalibrierung und Validierung der verschiedenen Sensoren auf die Matrix Boden, der Probennahme auf dem Acker und der Planung sowie dem Aufbau der Messplattform. Auf dieser Plattform sollen in der zweiten Phase des Projektes die verschiedenen Bodensensoren installiert, sowie Modelle und Entscheidungsalgorithmen zur Steuerung der Düngung und dementsprechend Verbesserung der Bodenfunktionen erstellt werden. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Grundlagenuntersuchung und Entwicklung einer robusten Online-Analyse mittels Energie-dispersiver Röntgenfluoreszenzspektroskopie (EDRFA) zur Quantifizierung ausgewählter Makro- und Mikronährstoffe in Böden für eine kostengünstige und flächendeckende Kartierung von Ackerflächen. Für die Entwicklung eines Online-Verfahrens wurde ein dem Stand der Technik entsprechender Röntgenfluoreszenzmesskopf in Betrieb genommen und die dazugehörigen Geräteparameter auf die Matrix Boden optimiert. Die Bestimmung der analytischen Qualitäts-merkmale wie Präzision und Nachweisgrenzen fand für eine Auswahl an Nährelementen von Aluminium bis Zink statt. Um eine möglichst Matrix-angepasste Kalibrierung zu erhalten, wurde sowohl mit zertifizierten Referenzmaterialien (CRM), als auch mit Ackerböden kalibriert. Da einer der größten Nachteile der Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse die Beeinflussung durch Matrixeffekte ist, wurde neben der klassischen univariaten Datenauswertung auch die chemometrische multivariate Methode der Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) eingesetzt. Die PLSR bietet dabei den Vorteil, Matrixeffekte auszugleichen, wodurch robustere Kalibriermodelle erhalten werden können. Zusätzlich wurde eine Hauptkomponentenanalyse (PCA) durchgeführt, um Gemeinsamkeiten und Ausreißer innerhalb des Probensets zu identifizieren. Es zeigte sich, dass eine Klassifizierung der Böden anhand ihrer Textur Sand, Schluff, Lehm und Ton möglich ist. Aufbauend auf den Ergebnissen idealer Bodenproben (zu Tabletten gepresste luftgetrocknete Proben mit Korngrößen < 0,5 mm) wurde im Verlauf dieser Arbeit die Probenvorbereitung immer weiter reduziert und der Einfluss verschiedener Kenngrößen untersucht. Diese Einflussfaktoren können die Dichte und die Homogenität der Probe, sowie Korngrößeneffekte und die Feuchtigkeit sein. Anhand des RMSE (Wurzel der mittleren Fehlerquadratsumme) und unter Berücksichtigung der Residuen werden die jeweils erstellten Kalibriermodelle miteinander verglichen. Um die Güte der Modelle zu bewerten, wurden diese mit einem Testset validiert. Hierfür standen 662 Bodenproben von 15 verschiedenen Standorten in Deutschland zur Verfügung. Da die Ergebnisse an gepressten Tabletten für die Elemente Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe und Zn den Anforderungen für eine spätere Online-Analyse entsprechen, wurden im weiteren Verlauf dieser Arbeit Kalibriermodelle mit losen Bodenproben erstellt. Auch hier konnten gute Ergebnisse durch ausreichende Nachweisgrenzen und eine niedrige gemittelte Messabweichung bei der Vorhersage unbekannter Testproben erzielt werden. Es zeigte sich, dass die Vorhersagefähigkeit mit der multivariaten PLSR besser ist als mit der univariaten Datenauswertung, insbesondere für die Elemente Mn und Zn. Der untersuchte Einfluss der Feuchtigkeit und der Korngrößen auf die Quantifizierung der Elementgehalte war vor allem bei leichteren Elementen deutlich zu sehen. Es konnte schließlich eine multivariate Kalibrierung unter Berücksichtigung dieser Faktoren für die Elemente Al bis Zn erstellt werden, so dass ein Einsatz an Böden auf dem Acker möglich sein sollte. Eine höhere Messunsicherheit muss dabei einkalkuliert werden. Für eine spätere Probennahme auf dem Feld wurde zudem der Unterschied zwischen statischen und dynamischen Messungen betrachtet, wobei sich zeigte, dass beide Varianten genutzt werden können. Zum Abschluss wurde der hier eingesetzte Sensor mit einem kommerziell erhältlichen Hand-Gerät auf sein Quantifizierungspotential hin verglichen. Der Sensor weist anhand seiner Ergebnisse ein großes Potential als Online-Sensor für die Messplattform auf. Die Ergebnisse unter Laborbedingungen zeigen, dass eine robuste Analyse Ackerböden unter Berücksichtigung der Einflussfaktoren möglich ist. KW - Boden KW - Chemometrie KW - ICP-OES KW - Nährelemente KW - PLS-R KW - Röntgenfluoreszenz KW - Prozessanalytik PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-483735 DO - https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.25932/publishup-48373 SP - 1 EP - 106 PB - Universität Potsdam CY - Potsdam AN - OPUS4-52182 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gottu Mukkula, A. R. A1 - Kern, Simon A1 - Salge, M. A1 - Holtkamp, M. A1 - Guhl, Svetlana A1 - Fleischer, C. A1 - Meyer, Klas A1 - Remelhe, M. A1 - Maiwald, Michael A1 - Engell, S. T1 - An Application of Modifier Adaptation with Quadratic Approximation on a Pilot Scale Plant in Industrial Environment N2 - The goal of this work is to identify the optimal operating input for a lithiation reaction that is performed in a highly innovative pilot scale continuous flow chemical plant in an industrial environment, taking into account the process and safety constraints. The main challenge is to identify the optimum operation in the absence of information about the reaction mechanism and the reaction kinetics. We employ an iterative real-time optimization scheme called modifier adaptation with quadratic approximation (MAWQA) to identify the plant optimum in the presence of plant-model mismatch and measurement noise. A novel NMR PAT-sensor is used to measure the concentration of the reactants and of the product at the reactor outlet. The experiment results demonstrate the capabilities of the iterative optimization using the MAWQA algorithm in driving a complex real plant to an economically optimal operating point in the presence of plant-model mismatch and of process and measurement uncertainties. KW - Process Analytical Technology KW - Online NMR Spectroscopy KW - Process Industry KW - Iterative real-time optimization KW - Modifier adaptation KW - Plant-model mismatch KW - Reactor control KW - CONSENS PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-524531 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2020.12.685 SN - 1522-2640 VL - 53 IS - 2 SP - 11773 EP - 11779 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-52453 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Klinger, Christian A1 - Le, Hoa-Quynh T1 - Systematische Schadensanalyse: Vergleich und Anwendung von Richtlinien und Prozeduren N2 - Recherche verschiedener jeweils nationaler/internationaler Regelwerke und Prozeduren für die Systematische Schadensanalyse • Literaturrecherche zu Methoden der systematischen interdisziplinären Schadensanalyse • Vergleich der Regelwerke VDI 3822, ASTM, ASM sowie der Methoden • Anwendung der Regelwerke/Prozeduren und Methoden am Beispiel T2 - 46. VDI Jahrestagung: Schadensanalyse in der Energietechnik CY - Online meeting DA - 06.10.2020 KW - Regelwerke KW - Systematische Schadensanalysen, Prozeduren PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51401 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rhode, Michael A1 - Richter, Tim A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk A1 - Manzoni, Anna Maria T1 - Welding of high-entropy alloys - New material concept vs. old challenges N2 - HEAs represent a relatively new class of materials. The the alloy concept is fundamentally different from the most conventional materials and alloys that are used today. Recently, the focus of HEA designs is more application-based. For that purpose, the elements of interest are carefully selected and multiple phases as well as micro-structures are deliberately adjusted. Currently, only limited attention has been paid to weldability of HEA. This encompasses possible effects on metallurgy and its influence on the desired properties. It remains open if welding causes e.g. considerable number of intermetallic phases or segregations and their effect on weld joint properties. For that reason, the scope of this study is to summarize already available studies on welding of HEAs with respect to the HEA-type, the applied welding process and its influence on the weld joint properties. T2 - IIW Annual Assembly, Meeting of Commission II-A CY - Online meeting DA - 20.07.2020 KW - High-entropy alloy KW - Welding KW - Review PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51116 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Manzoni, Anna Maria A1 - Richter, Tim A1 - Rhode, Michael A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk T1 - Reliable welding of high-entropy alloys N2 - The importance of high-entropy alloy (HEAs) in the field of materials research is increasing continuously and numerous studies have been published, recently. These are mainly focused on manufacturing of different alloy systems having excellent structural properties from low to high temperatures. Therefore, HEAs are of high potential for many applications in very demanding conditions. However, this is so far limited by poor knowledge and experience regarding economic and reliable component manufacturing. The processability of HEAs has hardly been investigated so far, indicated by the small number of publications worldwide: welding <30 and machining <5. Hence, this contribution provides an overview about the current state of the art on processing of HEAs. Fundamental principles are shown for safe weld joints while ensuring high component integrity. For safe welding, the combined consideration of complex interactions of material, construction and process is necessary. Recent studies on different HEAs showed the influence of heat input by means of different welding processes on the microstructure and respective properties. Based on intensive literature survey and on our initial study, the main research objectives of processing HEAs are presented. T2 - ICHEM 2020 - Third International Conference on High Entropy Materials CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 27.09.2020 KW - High Entropy Alloy KW - Welding KW - Welding processing influences PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51591 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Werner, Tiago A1 - Madia, Mauro A1 - Sommer, Konstantin A1 - Sprengel, Maximilian A1 - Zerbst, Uwe T1 - Short fatigue crack propagation in L-PBF 316L stainless steel N2 - Fracture mechanics is a key to fatigue assessment in AM metal components. Short fatigue cracks are initiated at defects and pronounced surface roughness intrinsic to AM. The subsequent crack-propagation is strongly influenced by microstructural interactions and the build-up of crack-closure. The aim of the present study is to give an insight into short-crack propagation in AM-metals. Fatigue crack propagation resistance curves were determined experimentally for AISI 316L manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) which was heat treated at three different temperatures. Differences in the build-up of the fatigue-crack propagation threshold in between the L-PBF specimens and compared to wrought material are due to the residual stress states, a pronounced roughness of the crack-faces in the L-PBF specimens and phase transformation in the vicinity of the crack-tip, resulting in increased crack-closure. This, together with crack-branching found along the crack path, enhances the resistance to the propagation of fatigue cracks. T2 - ASTM International Conference on Additive Manufacturing 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 16.11.2020 KW - Additive Manufacturing KW - Cyclic R-Curve KW - Component assessment KW - L-PBF KW - 316L KW - Residual Stress KW - Fatigue Crack Growth PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51585 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stephan-Scherb, Christiane A1 - Schulz, Wencke A1 - Karafiludis, Stephanos A1 - Schneider, Mike A1 - Laplanche, Guillaume T1 - Effect of a mixed atmosphere H2O-O2-SO2 on the oxidation kinetics and phase formation on CrMnFeCoNi and CrCoNi N2 - The high-entropy alloy (HEA) CrMnFeCoNi and the medium-entropy alloy (MEA) CrCoNi with a face-centered cubic (fcc) structure have excellent mechanical properties and are considered for high-temperature applications. Both materials were exposed under several oxidized atmospheres in a wide temperature range/regime. Mn-oxide (Mn3O4, Mn2O3) was mainly formed on the HEA and Cr2O3 on the MEA. The fast diffusion of manganese prevents the formation of a continuous chromia layer on CrMnFeCoNi in Ar-O2, Ar-H2O and Ar-SO2 at 800°C. The Cantor alloy and his ternary subsystem CrCoNi were exposed in Ar-O2-H2O-SO2 at 800°C up to 96 h to clarify their oxidation behavior in a mixed atmosphere. The oxidized samples were analyzed by weight measurement, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). It was found that mass gain of all samples increased with increasing exposure time. The oxidation rate of the Cantor alloy is significantly higher than that of the ternary alloy system. T2 - International Conference on High Entropy Materials CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 27.09.2020 KW - High Entropy Alloys KW - Medium Entropy Alloys KW - High temperature corrosion KW - Oxidation KW - Sulfidation PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51488 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vössing, Konrad A1 - Gaal, Mate A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst T1 - Imaging wood defects using air coupled ferroelectret ultrasonic transducers in reflection mode N2 - Air-coupled ultrasound (ACU) is used to detect defects in wood panels without physically contacting the sample and with a quick scanning rate. Transducers made of cellular polypropylene (PP) with a high signal-to-noise ratio are quite suitable for ACU testing of wood. The extremely low modulus of elasticity and low density of PP transducers results in a small difference in acoustic impedance for the Transmission of ultrasonic waves between the transducer and air, allowing new areas of application to become possible. To demonstrate the suitability of the reflection technique, measurements are shown on the three samples Multiplex, LVL, and MDF and compared with transmission measurements. Due to this acoustic barrier and the use of cellular PP transducers, an exact detection of delamination and cavities is possible in wood panels up to 40 mm thick. If only one side of an object is accessible and the depth of the defect is of interest, the reflection technique is preferred at the expense of a reduced measuring accuracy and Penetration depth. KW - Wood KW - Ultrasound KW - Air coupled KW - Defects PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118032 VL - 241 SP - 118032, 1 EP - 8 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50235 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Vogl, Jochen T1 - Absolute isotope ratios - a proposed research topic N2 - An introduction into absolute isotope ratios is given, with application fields ranging from fundamental science to geochronology and forensics. This is followed by a proposal for developing new calibration approaches for obtaining absolute isotope ratios at unrivaled uncertainty levels. This new developments will set the basis for improvements in all scientific fields. T2 - EURAMET TC-MC Workshop on Isotope Ratio Analysis CY - Bern, Switzerland DA - 05.02.2020 KW - Absolute isotope ratio KW - Isotope fractionation KW - Metrology KW - Fundamental science PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50346 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Vogl, Jochen T1 - CCQM IRWG draft strategy for all elements except for noble gases and H, C, N, O N2 - The presentation describes the draft strategy for metalloids and semi-metals within the IRWG at CCQM. This includes the definition of the measurements space, a suitable set of key comparisons and pilot studies and a proposal for a harmonized CMC application. T2 - EURAMET TC-MC Workshop on Isotope Ratio Analysis CY - Bern, Switzerland DA - 05.02.2020 KW - CMC KW - Measurement space KW - Metrology KW - Isotope ratio PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50345 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Weber, K. A1 - Weber, M. A1 - Menneken, M. A1 - Kral, A. G. A1 - Mertz-Kraus, R. A1 - Geisler, T. A1 - Vogl, Jochen A1 - Tütken, T. T1 - Diagenetic stability of Ca, Mg, Zn and Sr isotopes in teeth N2 - Stable isotope ratios and trace element concentrations of fossil bones and teeth are important geochemical proxies for the reconstruction of diet and past environment in archaeology and palaeontology. However, since diagenesis can significantly alter in vivo incorporated isotope signatures and elemental compositions, it is important to understand alteration processes. Here, we present the results of in vitro alteration experiments of dental tissues from a modern African elephant molar in aqueous solutions at 30 °C and 90 °C for 4 to 63 days each. Dental cubes with ≈3 mm edge length, comprising both enamel and dentin, were placed into 2 ml of an acidic (HNO3) aqueous solution (pH ≈1) enriched with different isotopes (25Mg, 44Ca, 67Zn, 86Sr). Element and isotope distribution profiles across the different dental cubes were measured with LA-(MC-)ICP-MS and EMPA, while potential changes of the bioapatite crystal structure were characterised by Raman spectroscopy. Isotope ratios measured by LA-(MC-)ICP-MS revealed an alteration of the outer ≈200-300 μm of the enamel in all experiments. Dentin was fully altered after one week (at 90 °C) and the tracer solution started to penetrate through the dentin even into the innermost enamel. However, the central part of the enamel remained unaltered. The Raman spectra suggest a strong recrystallization in the dentin and in the outer ≈40 μm of the enamel and a partial demineralisation of the outer rim of the cubes. Our results indicate that independent of time, temperature or low initial pH, enamel apatite shows a high resistance against the experimental alteration in structure and isotopic composition, in contrast to dentin apatite. T2 - Goldschmidt Conference CY - Online meeting DA - 21.06.2020 KW - Isotope ratio KW - Diagenesis KW - Alteration KW - Bio-apatite PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51499 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst T1 - Advances in ultrasonic testing and monitoring of concrete structures N2 - Recent years have seen extended use of ultrasonic techniques for concrete infrastructure assessement. They are applied for quality assurance and condition assessement at bridges, power plants, dams and other important objects. However, there are still a couple of significant limitations. They include, but are not limited to depth of penetration, imaging complex structures or early stage detections of distributed damage. The talk will give information on recent research in this area. Specifically, the application of the unique deep penetration system LAUS is shown. Ultrasonic monitoring using embedded transducers to check for subtle and sudden changes in the material is introduced as well. Comments on initiatives for validation, standardization and certification will be given. T2 - 341e Conférence CERES CY - Online meeting DA - 26.10.2020 KW - Concrete KW - Ultrasound KW - Imaging KW - Monitoring PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51463 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Winckelmann, Alexander A1 - Abad Andrade, Carlos Enrique T1 - High-resolution optical spectrometry for lithium isotope ratio analysis N2 - An alternative method for lithium isotope amount ratio analysis is proposed by combining atomic absorption spectrometry with spectra data analysis by machine leaning. It is based on the well-known isotope shift of around 15 pm for the electronic transition at wavelength 670.7845 nm which can be measured by a high-resolution continuum source atomic absorption spectrometer (HR-CS-AAS). For isotope amount ratio analysis, a scalable three boosting machine learning algorithm (XGBoost) was employed and calibrated with a set of samples with a 6Li isotope amount fraction ranging from 99% to 6%. The absolute Li isotope amount fractions of these calibration samples were previously measured by multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) and used as ab-initio data for the machine learning algorithm. Validation of the machine leaning model was performed with two standard reference materials (LSVEC and IRMM-016). The procedure was employed for the isotope amount ratio determination of a set of stock chemicals (Li2CO3, LiNO3, LiCl, LiOH, and LiF) as well as a BAM candidate LiMNC cathode reference material. Achieved uncertainties are one order of magnitude higher than those obtained by MC-ICP-MS. This precision and accuracy is nonetheless sufficient to resolve natural occurring variations in Lithium isotope ratios. Also, the LiMNC material was analyzed by HR-CS-AAS with and without matrix purification. The results are comparable within statistical error. T2 - Groupseminar - GFZ Potsdam CY - Online Meeting DA - 27.10.2020 KW - Lithium batteries KW - HR-CS-AAS KW - Machine learning KW - Isotope analysis PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51572 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bühling, Benjamin A1 - Maack, Stefan A1 - Strangfeld, Christoph T1 - OsciCheck - Fluidic Generation of Ultrasound N2 - The OsciCheck project is presented. The working principle and sound field of a fluidic switch is described. Future goals of the project are presented. T2 - CoDA Summer School 2020 CY - Berchtesgaden, Germany DA - 28.09.2020 KW - Fluidic Switch KW - Air-coupled ultrasound KW - Ultrasound KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Fluidischer Schalter KW - Luftgekoppelter Ultraschall KW - Ultraschall KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51380 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pramann, A. A1 - Vogl, Jochen A1 - Rienitz, O. T1 - The Uncertainty Paradox: Molar Mass of Enriched Versus Natural Silicon Used in the XRCD Method N2 - The X-ray crystal density method uses silicon spheres highly enriched in 28Si as a primary method for the dissemination of the SI base unit kilogram yielding smallest possible uncertainties associated with the mass m within a few parts in 10-8. This study compares different available and newly developed analytical methods and their results for the determination of the molar mass M of silicon highly enriched in 28Si (Me) and of silicon (Mx) with an almost natural isotopic distribution. While for Me relative uncertainties urel(Me) in the lower 10-9 range are obtained routinely, it was not possible to fall below a value of urel(Mx) < 4 x 10-6 in the case of natural silicon, which is approximately three orders of magnitude larger. The application of the state-of the-art isotope ratio mass spectrometry accompanied with sophisticated thoroughly investigated methods suggests an intrinsic cause for the large uncertainty associated with the molar mass of natural silicon compared to the enriched material. KW - silicon KW - Molar mass KW - Isotope ratios KW - SI KW - Kilogram KW - Mole KW - XRCD method PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12647-020-00408-y VL - 35 SP - 499 EP - 510 PB - Springer Verlag AN - OPUS4-51637 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wang, Xin A1 - Chakraborty, J. A1 - Bassil, A. A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst T1 - Detection of Multiple Cracks in Four-Point Bending Tests Using the Coda Wave Interferometry Method N2 - The enlargement of the cracks outside the permitted dimension is one of the main causes for the reduction of service life of Reinforced Concrete (RC) structures. Cracks can develop due to many causes such as dynamic or static load. When tensile stress exceeds the tensile strength of RC, cracks appear. Traditional techniques have limitations in early stage damage detection and localisation, especially on large-scale structures. The ultrasonic Coda Wave Interferometry (CWI) method using diffuse waves is one of the most promising methods to detect subtle changes in heterogeneous materials, such as concrete. In this paper, the assessment of the CWI method applied for multiple cracks opening detection on two specimens based on four-point bending test is presented. Both beams were monitored using a limited number of embedded Ultrasonic (US) transducers as well as other transducers and techniques (e.g., Digital Image Correlation (DIC), LVDT sensors, strain gauges, and Fiber Optics Sensor (FOS)). Results show that strain change and crack formation are successfully and efficiently detected by CWI method even earlier than by the other techniques. The CWI technique using embedded US transducers is undoubtedly a feasible, efficient, and promising method for long-term monitoring on real infrastructure. KW - Coda wave interferometry KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Cracks KW - SHM KW - Damage detection PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506666 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/s20071986 VL - 20 IS - 7 SP - 1 EP - 17 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-50666 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Abad Andrade, Carlos Enrique T1 - Isotopic analysis by high-resolution optical spectroscopy N2 - Isotope analysis can be used to determine the age and provenance of geological samples or to study dynamic systems like Li-ion batteries. Modern techniques in optical spectrometry allow us a fast and slow-cost isotope analysis. These techniques include high-resolution continuum source molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-MAS) and laser ablation molecular isotopic spectrometry. This seminar will discuss our recent work on precise and accurate isotope analysis of boron, magnesium, and lithium with geology, climate, and energy research applications. T2 - Recent Trends in Chemical Science and Technology, Christian College Chengannur, India CY - Online meeting DA - 29.09.2020 KW - Isotopes KW - Optical spectrometry KW - Machine learning PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51997 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - John, Sebastian A1 - Duffner, Eric A1 - Mair, Georg A1 - Moosavi, Robabeh A1 - Auster, Jürgen T1 - Delfin - Statusbericht zum 4.HJM N2 - Präsentation über den Fortschritt der BAM zum Vorhaben Delfin, welches sich mit der Entwicklung und Schädigungsneigung von Composite-Wasserstoffbehältern für den Anwendungsfall KFZ beschäftigt T2 - 4. Halbjahresmeeting zum Vorhaben Delfin CY - Online meeting DA - 21.10.2020 KW - Wasserstoff KW - Impact KW - Druckbehälter PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51495 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Holtappels, Kai A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa A1 - Mair, Georg A1 - Maiwald, Michael A1 - Sobol, Oded T1 - Hydrogen - Trust through safety N2 - In den Virtual Talks der DECHEMA wurden allgemeine Aspekte der Sicherheit und Akzeptanz von Wasserstofftechnologien vorgestellt. Wie kann Vertrauen in neue Technologien geschaffen werden, wenn Unfälle aus der Vergangenheit zu Mythen und Märchen führten? Der Vortrag räumt mit allgemeinen Vorurteilen auf und zeigt, dass der Umgang mit Wasserstoff weder unsicherer, noch sicherer ist als der Umgang mit anderen Brenngasen. Basis für den sicheren Umgang mit Wasserstoff ist immer eine Risikoanalyse. N2 - In the DECHEMA Virtual Talks, general aspects of the safety and acceptance of hydrogen technologies were presented. How can trust in new technologies be built when past accidents led to myths and fairy tales? The presentation does away with general prejudices and shows that handling hydrogen is neither more unsafe nor safer than handling other fuel gases. The basis for the safe handling of hydrogen is always a risk analysis. T2 - DECHEMA Virtual Talks CY - Online meeting DA - 23.11.2020 KW - Hydrogen KW - Wasserstoff KW - Safety KW - Sicherer Umgang KW - Sicherheit PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-52082 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Anita T1 - Transport von defekten Lithiumbatterien: Umsetzungspraxis der neuen Rechtsvorschriften, Wo besteht Forschungsbedarf? N2 - Transport von defekten Lithiumbatterien - die BAM setzt die Vorschriften des internationalen Gefahrguttransportrechts für defekte Lithiumbatterien um. Um die Kompetenz hierfür sicherzustellen, bedarf es eigener Forschungstätigkeit. Auch im zuständigen UN Gremium werden Untersuchungen durchgeführt, an denen die BAM beteiligt ist. T2 - Fachkonferenz Lithiumbatterien CY - Göttingen, Germany DA - 22.01.2020 KW - Lithiumbatterien KW - Gefahrguttransport KW - ADR PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50806 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - THES A1 - John, Sebastian T1 - Beitrag zur Analyse des Eigenspannungsverhaltens von Composite-Hochdruckspeichern mit metallischem Liner N2 - Bei der Auslegung von Druckbehältern kommen, auf Grund ihrer hohen spezifischen Festigkeit, vermehrt Faserverbundwerkstoffe zum Einsatz. Durch eine hohe Streuung von Material- und Produktionsparametern sowie unterschiedlichster Belastungsszenarien gestaltet sich jedoch Aussagen über die Lebensdauer sowie eine Festlegung sinnvoller Prüffristen als schwierig. Im Fokus der Untersuchungen steht ein Behälterdesign mit metallischem Liner und einem kohlenstofffaserverstärkten Kunststoffverbund, wobei die Lebensdauer maßgeblich durch den im Metall vorherrschenden Eigenspannungszustand bestimmt wird. Mit Hilfe einer alterungsbegleitenden Eigenspannungsanalyse werden Eigenspannungsveränderungen erfasst und in einem erarbeiteten Betriebsfestigkeitsmodell berücksichtigt. Durch eine Nachstellung verschiedener Belastungsszenarien kann gezeigt werden, dass durch die Berücksichtigung einer veränderlichen Eigenspannung die Anzahl ertragbarer Lastwechsel bis zum Versagen sowie damit verbundene Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeiten mit einer erhöhten Genauigkeit abgeschätzt werden können. KW - Komposit KW - Druckbehälter KW - Pressure vessel KW - Eigenspannung KW - Residual stress KW - Alterung KW - Aging KW - Faserverbund KW - Fibre reinforced plastics KW - Composite PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-520269 SN - 2512-5141 SN - 2512-515X DO - https://doi.org/10.14279/depositonce-10442 SN - 978-3-7983-3179-2 SN - 978-3-7983-3180-8 VL - 10 SP - 1 EP - 188 PB - Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-52026 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mair, Georg A1 - Thomas, Sebastian A1 - Schalau, Bernd A1 - Wang, Bin T1 - Safety criteria for the transport of hydrogen in permanently mounted composite pressure vessels N2 - The recent growth of the net of hydrogen fuelling stations increases the demands to transport compressed hydrogen on road by battery vehicles or tube-trailers, both in composite pressure vessels. As a transport regulation, the ADR is applicable in Europe and adjoined regions, and is used for national transport in the EU. This regulation provides requirements based on the behaviour of each individual pressure vessel, regardless of the pressure of the transported hydrogen and relevant consequences resulting from generally possible worst case scenarios such as sudden rupture. In 2012, the BAM (German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing) introduced consequence-dependent requirements and established them in national transport requirements concerning the “UN service life checks” etc. to consider the transported volume and pressure of gases. This results in a requirement that becomes more restrictive as the product of pressure and volume increases. In the studies presented here, the safety measures for hydrogen road transport are identified and reviewed through a number of safety measures from countries including Japan, the USA and China. Subsequently, the failure consequences of using trailer vehicles, the related risk and the chance are evaluated. A benefit-related risk criterion is suggested to add to regulations and to be defined as a safety goal in standards for hydrogen transport vehicles and for mounted pressure vessels. Finally, an idea is given for generating probabilistic safety data and for highly efficient evaluation without a significant increase of effort. T2 - ICHS 2019 CY - Adelaide, Australia DA - 24.09.2019 KW - F-N-diagram KW - Chance-risk analysis KW - Pressure-volume product KW - Limit of acceptable consequence KW - Minimum burst pressure PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-511589 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.07.268 SN - 0360-3199 VL - 46 IS - 23 SP - 12577 EP - 12593 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-51158 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Munzke, Dorit A1 - Duffner, Eric A1 - Eisermann, René A1 - Schukar, Marcus A1 - Schoppa, André A1 - Szczepaniak, Mariusz A1 - Strohhäcker, J. A1 - Mair, Georg T1 - Monitoring of type IV composite pressure vessels with multilayer fully integrated optical fiber based distributed strain sensing N2 - We present the results of distributed fiber optic strain sensing for condition monitoring of a hybrid type IV composite fully wrapped pressure vessel using multilayer integrated optical fibers. Distributed strain sensing was performed for a total number of 252,000 load cycles until burst of the vessel. During this ageing test material fatigue could be monitored and spatially localized. Critical material changes were detected 17,000 cycles before material failure. Results have been validated by acoustic emission analysis. T2 - 12th International Conference on Composite Science and Technology (ICCST12) CY - Sorrento, Italy DA - 08.05.2019 KW - Hybrid composite pressure vessel KW - Distributed fiber optic sensing KW - Acoustic emission analysis KW - Structural health monitoring PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-516772 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.872 SN - 2214-7853 VL - 34 SP - 217 EP - 223 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-51677 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg A1 - Duffner, Eric A1 - Thomas, Sebastian T1 - Bergungsdruckgefäße - Vorschlag zur Definition von Druckgefäßen N2 - Es wird plastisch dargestellt, mit welcher Intention und welchem Ziel Deutschland in die Juni Sitzung des UN ECOSOC SubCom TDG gehen wird, um ein Druckvolumenbegrenzung für Druckgefäße zu erreichen. T2 - BAM-DIN-IGV-DVFG-Jahresgespräch 2020 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 27.02.2020 KW - Bergungsdruckgefäß KW - Konsequenzbegrenzung KW - Volumenbegrenzung KW - Druck-Volumen-Produkt KW - UN-Modellvorschriften KW - Akzeptanz PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-53146 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg T1 - Markthochlauf von Wasserstoff - Vertrauen durch probabilistische Sicherheitsbewertung der H2-Speicher N2 - Der Vortrag beginnt mit dem erwarteten Bedarf an Wasserstoff und der Frage der Risikosteuerung bei stattfindender Marktdurchsetzung. Dem gegenüber ist an einem Beispiel der Prozess der Regelsetzung gestellt, was die Notwendigkeit pro-aktiven Handelns zeigt. Es wird über die risikobasierte Definition von Sicherheit gezeigt, welche Bedeutung die Erfassung der Fertigungsstreuung hat und wie die quantitative Erfassung und Bewertung aussehen könnte. Zuletzt wird über den Aspekt der Alterung auf das Potential probabilistischer Zulassungsansätze verwiesen und aufgezeigt, wie die Wirkung von Vorschriften nach dem probabilistischen Sicherheitskriterium bewertet und optimiert werden kann. T2 - 9. HYPOS-Dialog: Grüner Wasserstoff, aber sicher! (Uni Magdeburg) CY - Magdeburg, Germany DA - 11.09.2020 KW - Wasserstoffspeicher KW - Monte-Carlo-Experiment KW - Lebensdauervorhersage KW - Statistische Bewertung KW - Sicherheit KW - Population PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-53154 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Völzke, Holger A1 - Jaunich, Matthias A1 - Zencker, Uwe A1 - Simbruner, Kai A1 - Nagelschmidt, Sven A1 - Herbrich, Uwe A1 - Keller, Christian A1 - Qiao, Linan T1 - Research at BAM on Metal Seal Performance and Fuel Rod Integrity N2 - The presentation provides an update on preliminary results from research projects in the area of long term performance of metal seals and fuel rod integrity as safety relevant components of spent fuel transport and storage casks for spent nuclear fuel. T2 - Extended Storage Collaboration Program (ESCP) Winter Meeting 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 09.11.2020 KW - Metal seal KW - Safety KW - Interim storage KW - Spent nuclear fuel KW - Fuel rod PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51615 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simbruner, Kai A1 - Zencker, Uwe A1 - Völzke, Holger T1 - Embrittlement of Spent Fuel Claddings ‒ Results of Ring Compression Tests N2 - An established method for characterizing cladding material is the Ring Compression Test (RCT), where a small, cylindrical sample of the cladding tube is subjected to a compressive load. This test is a laboratory representation of a fuel rod load case and has shown a high susceptibility to failure under the occurrence of radial hydrides. Certain hydride morphologies and low temperature might even lead to brittle fracture at very small loads. The BAM research project BRUZL (Fracture mechanical analysis of spent fuel claddings during long-term dry interim storage) aims to study the results of quasi-static RCTs and to establish numerical models to gain an in-depth understanding of the stress state during such experiments. Using a fracture mechanical approach, cases of sudden failure during the RCT procedure are used to characterize the material behaviour and establish a failure criterion. As an integral part of the project BRUZL, quasi-static Ring Compression Tests have been performed to identify all experimental details, which might be helpful for numerical modelling. Unirradiated samples of the cladding material ZIRLO® have been subjected to hydrogen charging and a thermo-mechanical treatment for radial hydride reorientation. Sample preparation, testing procedures, and analysis results are presented. A numerical model has been established and an elastic-plastic material model was derived from as-received RCT samples by inverse finite element analyses. Cohesive zone modelling has been implemented to reproduce sudden load drops during RCT. The project is funded by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) under contract no. 1501561. T2 - 4th GRS Workshop on Safety of Extended Dry Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel CY - Online meeting DA - 03.06.2020 KW - Ageing Management KW - Cladding Embrittlement KW - Extended Storage KW - Ring Compression Test KW - Spent Nuclear Fuel PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51988 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Maiwald, Michael A1 - Meyer, Klas A1 - Liehr, Sascha A1 - Wander, Lukas A1 - Bornemann-Pfeiffer, Martin A1 - Kern, Simon A1 - Müller, S. A1 - Kowarik, Stefan T1 - Künstliche Neuronale Netze für quantitative Online-Spektroskopie in der Prozessindustrie – Lästige Modellbildung ade? N2 - Bei Industry 4.0 dreht sich alles um Interkonnektivität, sensorgestützte Prozesssteuerung und datengesteuerte Systeme. Prozessanalysentechnik (PAT) wie die Online-Kernresonanzspektroskopie (NMR) gewinnt zunehmend an Bedeutung, da sie zur Automatisierung und Digitalisierung in der Produktion beiträgt. Eine klassische Auswertung von Prozessdaten und deren Umsetzung in Wissen ist jedoch bisher in vielen Fällen aufgrund der unzureichend großen verfügbaren Datensätze nicht möglich oder nicht wirtschaftlich. Bei der Entwicklung eines automatisierten Verfahrens für die Prozesskontrolle stehen manchmal nur die Basisdaten einer begrenzten Anzahl von Batch-Versuchen aus typischen Produkt- und Prozessentwicklungskampagnen zur Verfügung. Diese Datensätze sind jedoch nicht groß genug, um maschinengestützte Verfahren zu trainieren. Um diese Einschränkung zu überwinden, wurde ein neues Verfahren entwickelt, das eine physikalisch motivierte Multiplikation der verfügbaren Referenzdaten erlaubt, um einen ausreichend großen Datensatz für das Training von maschinellen Lernalgorithmen zu erhalten. Das zugrundeliegende Beispiel einer chemischen Synthese wurde spektroskopisch verfolgt und mit der neuen Methode sowie mit einem physikalisch basierten Modell analysiert, wobei sowohl eine anwendungsrelevante Niederfeld-NMR als auch eine Hochfeld-NMR-Spektroskopie als Referenzmethode verwendet wurde. Künstliche neuronale Netze (ANNs) haben das Potenzial, bereits aus relativ begrenzten Eingabedaten wertvolle Prozessinformationen abzuleiten. Um jedoch die Konzentration unter komplexen Bedingungen (viele Edukte und weite Konzentrationsbereiche) vorherzusagen, sind größere ANNs und damit ein größerer Trainingsdatensatz erforderlich. Wir zeigen, dass ein mäßig komplexes Problem mit vier Edukten unter Verwendung von ANNs in Kombination mit der vorgestellten PAT-Methode (Niederfeld-NMR-Spektroskopie) und mit dem vorgeschlagenen Ansatz zur Erzeugung aussagekräftiger Trainingsdaten bewältigt werden kann. T2 - 16. Kolloquium Arbeitskreis Prozessanalytik CY - Online meeting DA - 23.11.2020 KW - Prozessindustrie KW - Online-NMR-Spektroskopie KW - Industrie 4.0 KW - Künstliche Neuronale Netze KW - Prozessanalytik KW - Digitale Transformation PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51647 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Maiwald, Michael T1 - Aktuelles zur Technologie-Roadmap "Prozess-Sensoren 4.0" N2 - Die auf der NAMUR Hauptsitzung 2015 vorgestellte Technologie-Roadmap „Prozess-Sensoren 4.0“ zeigt die damaligen Anforderungen an Prozess-Sensoren sowie an deren Kommunikations-fähigkeiten auf. Wir berichten über die Umsetzungen der damaligen Ideen/Thesen aus heutiger Sicht und blicken nach vorn. T2 - Workshop NAMUR-Hauptsitzung 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 05.11.2020 KW - Prozessindustrie KW - Technologie-Roadmap "Prozess-Sensoren 4.0" KW - NAMUR KW - Automation KW - Prozessanalytik KW - Sensoren PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51523 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Meyer, Klas T1 - BAM quality toolbox framework for qNMR N2 - Accreditation of analytical methods, either according to GxP or ISO regulations, requires a comprehensive quality management system. General quality documents are often already in place, which need to be extended by method-specific documentation. In this presentation we like to show an idea of a modular set of standard operating procedures (SOP) specifically developed meeting the requirements for quantitative NMR. The future goal is to collaborate with different accreditated NMR laboratories to compile a universal set of SOP and other quality documents that can be modified and used as a starting point for developing your own quality system for applications of qNMR in a regulated environment. T2 - ValidNMR Workshop at Practical Applications of NMR in Industry Conference (PANIC) CY - Online meeting DA - 22.10.2020 KW - ValidNMR KW - Validation KW - NMR spectroscopy KW - ISO 17025 KW - GxP PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51466 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Maiwald, Michael A1 - Peters, Claudia A1 - Meyer, Klas T1 - Interlaboratory comparison of benchtop NMR spectrometers – Purities at 200 and 10 mmol/L N2 - Due to its advantages of being a direct comparison method, quantitative NMR spectroscopy (qNMR) becomes more and more popular in industry. While conventional high-field NMR systems are often associated with high investment and operational costs, the upcoming market of permanent-magnet based benchtop NMR systems show a considerable option for a lot of applications. The mobility of these systems allows to bring them more closely to the real production environment, e.g. for at-line quality control. In this work we present an interlaboratory comparison study investigating the qNMR performance of state-of-the-art benchtop NMR spectrometers. Therefore, BAM prepared two samples of a mixture of NMR reference standards tetramethylbenzene (TMB) and tetrachloronitrobenzene (TCNB) at concentration levels of 200 mM and 10 mM. These “ready-to-use” samples were sent to participant laboratories, which performed analysis on their benchtop NMR equipment of different vendors and fields from 43 to 80 MHz. Raw data was reported back and further investigated by using different data analysis methods at BAM. After this very first qNMR comparison study of benchtop NMR spectrometers show promising results, following studies are planned to cover more parts of the qNMR process, e.g. sample preparation and weighing, but also data analysis, as commonly done in similar studies for high-field NMR spectroscopy in industry and metrology. T2 - The United States Pharmacopeial Convention (USP) Emerging Technologies Workshop & Roundtable CY - Online meeting DA - 17.11.2020 KW - Quantitative NMR Spectroscopy KW - QNMR KW - Purity KW - Interlaboratory Comparison KW - Low-field NMR Spectroscopy PY - 2020 UR - https://www.cvent.com/events/emerging-technologies-workshop-roundtable-quantitative-nmr-and-digital-data-applications-overview-an/event-summary-f128e4bfbedc48d6946f554ea719d6b1.aspx?dvce=1 AN - OPUS4-51526 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Meyer, Klas A1 - Kern, Simon A1 - Guhl, Svetlana A1 - Bornemann-Pfeiffer, Martin A1 - Wander, Lukas A1 - Maiwald, Michael T1 - Compact NMR Spectroscopy: A Versatile Tool for Automated Continuous-Flow Production of Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals N2 - Chemical companies must find new paths to successfully survive in a changing environment. The potential of digital technologies belongs to these. Flexible and modular chemical plants can produce various high-quality products using multi-purpose equipment with short downtimes between campaigns and reduce time to market for new products. Intensified continuous production plants allow for difficult to produce compounds. Therefore, fully automated “chemical” process control along with real-time quality control are prerequisites to such concepts and thus should be based on “chemical” information. The advances of a fully automated NMR sensor were exploited, using a given pharmaceutical lithiation reaction as an example process within a modular pilot plant. A commercially available benchtop NMR spectrometer was integrated to the full requirements of an automated chemical production environment such as, e.g., explosion safety, field communication, and robust evaluation of sensor data. It was thereof used for direct loop advanced process control and real-time optimization of the process. NMR appeared as preeminent online analytical tool and allowed using a modular data analysis tool, which even served as reliable reference method for further PAT applications. In future, such fully integrated and intelligently interconnecting “smart” systems and processes can speed up the high-quality production of specialty chemicals and pharmaceuticals. T2 - USP qNMR Emerging Technologies Workshop & Roundtable CY - Online meeting DA - 17.11.2020 KW - Quantitative NMR spectroscopy KW - Benchtop-NMR KW - Process Analytical Technology PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51595 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Paul, Andrea A1 - Broszies, T. A1 - Ostermann, Markus A1 - Vogdt, F.U. A1 - Maiwald, Michael T1 - Schnelle Identifizierung von Mineralwolle mittels Nah-Infrarot-Spektroskopie N2 - Künstliche Mineralfasern (KMF) werden weltweit in vielfältiger Weise als Dämmstoffe verwendet. Jährlich fallen in Deutschland ungefähr 20 Millionen Tonnen KMF an, die nach dem Abriss auf Deponien entsorgt werden müssen. Grundsätzlich besteht jedoch die Möglichkeit der Rückführung dieser Materialien in den Produktionsprozess. Dafür ist es notwendig, anfallende KMF sowohl nach Material (Glaswolle, Steinwolle) als auch nach Alter zu sortieren. Auf der Suche nach einer Methode, die es grundsätzlich gestattet eine schnelle Untersuchung vor Ort auf einer Baustelle durchzuführen, wurde die Nah-Infrarot (NIR) Spektroskopie unter Verwendung eines Prozessspektrometers mit Reflexionssonde getestet. Anhand von Laboruntersuchungen an 70 KMF Proben, die entweder betriebsneu waren oder bundesweit auf Baustellen gesammelt wurden, konnte eine NIR-basierte Methode zur Unterscheidung in Glas- und Steinwolle entwickelt werden. Mittels Partial Least Square Diskriminanzanalyse (PLS-DA) der NIR Spektren wurde basierend auf 40 zufällig ausgewählten Proben ein chemometrisches Modell kalibriert, das erfolgreich zur Klassifizierung der verbleibenden 30 Proben eingesetzt werden konnte. Unabhängig von Farbe, Dichte oder Alter der untersuchten KMF Proben war es möglich, eine 100% korrekte Zuordnung des Materials zu erzielen. Die nötigen Referenzwerte wurden unter Nutzung eines Röntgenfluoreszenzspektroskopischen Verfahrens über den Elementgehalt nach VDI 3492 ermittelt. Insgesamt ist der experimentelle Aufwand für die Durchführung und Auswertung der NIR Messungen gering und manifestiert sich vor allem in der Kalibrierphase, die in diesem Fall die Untersuchung von 8-fach aliquotierten Probestücken der 70 KMF umfasste. Nur bei deutlich feuchtem Material muss ein zusätzlicher Trocknungs-schritt berücksichtigt werden. Das vorgestellte Verfahren wurde nachfolgend zu einem Patent angemeldet. Untersuchungen zu einer weiteren Unterscheidung der KMF nach Alter sind geplant. T2 - 16. Kolloquium Prozessanalytik der GDCh & Dechema CY - Online meeting DA - 23.11.2020 KW - Mineralwolle KW - NIR KW - Chemometrie PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51731 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Meyer, Klas A1 - Bornemann-Pfeiffer, Martin A1 - Kern, Simon A1 - Maiwald, Michael T1 - Chemische Prozesskontrolle für modulare Produktionskonzepte mit direkten analytischen Methoden N2 - Flexible Produktionskonzepte werden oft mit modularen, schnell rekonfigurierbaren Einheiten verbunden. Um die Vorteile dieser flexiblen Produktion tatsächlich nutzen zu können ist neben einer geeigneten Infrastruktur auch eine ebenso anpassungsfähige Qualitätskontrolle unverzichtbar. Analysengeräte und Sensoren werden heutzutage immer kompakter und kostengünstiger in ihrer Anschaffung. Dadurch wird es möglich eine große Anzahl von Messstellen innerhalb einer Anlage zu realisieren. Die erfassten Datenmengen erfordern zuverlässige und robuste Auswerteverfahren, die sich in das Gesamtkonzept der Automatisierung einer derart flexiblen Produktion nahtlos integrieren. Referenzdaten aus direkten Methoden wie der NMR-Spektroskopie können hier einen wertvollen Beitrag zur Generierung von Prozesswissen für die Entwicklung neuer Modelle für kostengünstigere Analysenverfahren leisten. T2 - 16. Kolloquium des AK Prozessanalytik CY - Online meeting DA - 23.11.2020 KW - NMR-Spektroskopie KW - Prozessanalytik KW - Modulare Produktion KW - Chemische Prozesskontrolle PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51658 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Maiwald, Michael T1 - The internet of things in the lab and in process - The digital transformation challenges for the laboratory 4.0 T1 - Das Internet of Things in Labor und Prozess - Herausforderungen des digitalen Wandels für das Labor 4.0 N2 - It is a fact that much of the time spent on analytical laboratory instrumentation these days goes into system maintenance. Digital transformation could give us more time again for creativity and our actual laboratory work – if we shape it the right way. N2 - Fakt ist: Einen Großteil der Zeit, der an analytischen Laborgeräten verbracht wird, nimmt heute die Systempflege in Anspruch. Der digitale Wandel kann uns endlich wieder mehr Zeit für Kreativität und die eigentliche Laborarbeit geben – wenn wir ihn richtig gestalten. KW - Lab of the Future KW - Digitalisation KW - Automation KW - Data Analysis KW - Instrument Communication KW - Labor der Zukunft KW - Digitale Transformation KW - Automatisierung KW - Gerätekommunikation PY - 2020 IS - 4 SP - 1 EP - 3 PB - Lumitos AG CY - Darmstadt AN - OPUS4-50618 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Maiwald, Michael T1 - Impulse zur Nutzung smarter Sensoren und Aktoren - Aktuelle Aktivitäten und Anwendungsbeispiele N2 - Eine der vielen Vorzüge smarter Sensoren und Aktoren ist die Bereitstellung zusätzlicher Informationen, auf die zukünftig neben bereits verwendeten Signalen zugegriffen werden kann. In verschiedenen Arbeitskreisen wird dieser Themenbereich im wechselseitigen Austausch mit Geräte- und Softwareherstellern und Forschungseinrichtungen vorangetrieben. In diesem Beitrag wird der aktuelle Stand der Diskussionen anhand von Beispielen erläutert. KW - Smarter Sensor KW - Smarter Aktor KW - Digitale Transformation KW - Prozessindustrie KW - NAMUR PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.17560/atp.v62i1-2.2468 SN - 2364-3137 VL - 62 IS - 1-2 SP - 72 EP - 79 PB - Vulkan-Verlag GmbH (Verlag) CY - Essen AN - OPUS4-50443 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Maiwald, Michael T1 - On the way to the cyber-physical lab T1 - Auf dem Weg zum cyber-physical Lab N2 - Laboratories tend to be central hubs for chemical, biotechnological, pharmaceutical or foodstuff production. They play a key role in research and development, chemical analysis, quality assurance, maintenance and process control. For process development and optimization, process analytical technology (PAT) has proven to be a powerful tool to improve our understanding of processes, increase productivity, reduce waste and costs and shorten processing times. N2 - Im Allgemeinen sind Laboratorien zentrale Drehscheiben für die chemische, biotechnologische, pharmazeutische oder Lebensmittelproduktion. Sie spielen eine Schlüsselrolle in Forschung und Entwicklung, chemischer Analytik, Qualitätssicherung, Instandhaltung und Prozesskontrolle. Für die Prozessentwicklung und -Optimierung hat sich die Prozessanalysentechnik (PAT) als leistungsfähiges Werkzeug erwiesen, um das Prozessverständnis zu verbessern, die Produktivität zu steigern, Abfall und Kosten zu reduzieren und die Prozesszeit zu verkürzen. KW - Lab of the Future KW - Digitalisation KW - Cyber-physical Lab KW - Smart Laboratoy PY - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 3 PB - Lumitos AG CY - Darmstadt AN - OPUS4-51036 LA - mul AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meyer, Klas T1 - Atomkerne zählen - Quantitative NMR-Spektroskopie als vielseitige Methode in Labor und Prozess N2 - Meist präsentieren sich Laboratorien für NMR-Spektroskopie auf den ersten Blick von außen nur wenig einladend. Es lohnt sich aber einen Blick hinein zu riskieren, denn die Methode ist heute unverzichtbar für die analytische Chemie. Die quantitativen Möglichkeiten werden häufig unterschätzt, erfahren allerdings durch den aufstrebenden Markt kompakter Benchtop-NMR-Spektrometer verstärktes Interesse für Anwendungen von der Laborbank bis hin zum Industrieprozess. KW - NMR-Spektroskopie KW - Benchtop-NMR KW - qNMR PY - 2020 UR - https://analyticalscience.wiley.com/do/10.1002/was.000600052 SN - 0016-3538 VL - 64 IS - 10 SP - 28 EP - 30 PB - Wiley-VCH GmbH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-51464 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Meyer, Klas A1 - Abele, M. A1 - Falkenstein, S. A1 - Friedrich, Y. A1 - Kern, Simon A1 - Korth, K. A1 - Maiwald, Michael T1 - Industrielle Anwendungen der Niederfeld-NMR-Spektroskopie für die Prozess- und Qualitätskontrolle von Silanen N2 - Aus der Kombination verschiedener Silane als Ausgangsstoffe und als Produkt der Hydrolyse durch eine Reihe von Alkoholen oder Wasser ergibt sich eine Palette von hunderten technischen Produkten für verschiedenste Anwendungen. Funktionelle Trialkoxysilane haben sich in den vergangenen Jahren als vielseitig einsetzbare Organosilane erwiesen. Die Einsatzgebiete erstrecken sich vom Witterungsschutz von Bauwerken über haftvermittelnde Eigenschaften in der Glasfaserindustrie, bei Dicht- und Klebstoffen, in Farben und Lacken bis hin zur Modifizierung von polymeren Werkstoffen. Kommerzielle Benchtop-NMR-Spektrometer haben das Potential auch im Bereich der Silanchemie als Online-Methode zur Reaktionsüberwachung und für die Qualitätskontrolle eingesetzt zu werden. Interessante NMR-Kerne für die oben genanntem Produkte sind 1H und 29Si. In einer gemeinsamen Forschungs-kooperation zwischen EVONIK und BAM wurde anhand verschiedener Fallstudien die Anwendbarkeit der Niederfeld-NMR-Spektroskopie zur chemischen Analyse von Silanen evaluiert. Die Möglichkeiten der Konzentrationsbestimmung erweitern die Anwendungsgebiete, in denen bestehende Technologien wie z. B. NIR, Raman, UV/VIS, etc. mangels Referenzdaten nicht quantitativ eingesetzt werden können. Eine Fallstudie setzte dazu an, den Hydrolyse- und Kondensationsverlauf mit geeigneter Online-NMR-Analytik zu beobachten, den Reaktionsfortschritt der Hydrolyse und Kondensation auf dieser Basis besser zu verstehen und zu optimieren. Zu diesem Zweck werden durch Zugabe von Wasser zunächst die Alkoxysubstituenten eines Trialkoxysilans hydrolysiert und entsprechende Silanole gebildet. Diese können dann über eine SiOH-Funktion an den zu modifizierenden Werkstoff anbinden und über weitere Silanolgruppen unter Ausbildung von Siloxaneinheiten vernetzen. In einer weiteren Fallstudie wurde die Kinetik der Aufspaltungen einer cyclischen Silanverbindung untersucht. Die Online-NMR-Analytik kam hierbei sowohl im Labor als auch in der industriellen Produktionsanlage zum Einsatz. Hierfür wurde eine automatisierte Einhausung verwendet, welche den Einsatz eines kommerziellen NMR-Spektrometers in explosionsgeschützten Bereichen ermöglicht. T2 - 10. ProcessNet-Jahrestagung CY - Online meeting DA - 21.09.2020 KW - NMR-Spektroskopie KW - Benchtop-NMR KW - Silane PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51350 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Meyer, Klas A1 - Guhl, Svetlana A1 - Maiwald, Michael A1 - Acker, J. T1 - Online-NMR- und -Raman-Spektroskopie – Kombination von PAT-Methoden für mehr Prozessverständnis N2 - Die Verbesserung des Prozessverständnisses ist eine notwendige Voraussetzung für die Anwendung von Konzepten wie „Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)“ oder „Industrie 4.0“. Online-Methoden der Prozessanalytik (PAT) ermöglichen die direkte Verfolgung der ablaufenden Reaktionen innerhalb chemischer und pharmazeutischer Produktionsschritte und können somit einen wichtigen Beitrag für die Entwicklung von neuen, innovativen Prozessführungsstrategien liefern. Während die Online-Raman-Spektroskopie bereits erfolgreich im industriellen Umfeld zum Einsatz kommt, ist der Entwicklungsstand für die Online-Niederfeld-NMR-Spektroskopie bislang noch nicht ausreichend für einen routinemäßigen Einsatz innerhalb industrieller Produktionsumgebungen. Der hohe Informationsgehalt der NMR-Daten in Verbindung mit einem geringen Kalibrieraufwand macht die Methode sehr interessant für moderne Konzepte flexibler Produktionsanlagen für die Herstellung vieler unterschiedlicher Produkte in wechselnden Kampagnen. Speziell in modularen Produktionskonzepten kann so die Rüstzeit der Prozessanalytik deutlich verkürzt werden. Am Beispiel der heterogen katalysierten Hydrogenierung von 2-Butin-1,4-diol wird der Einsatz der Kombination von Online-NMR und -Raman-Spektroskopie demonstriert. Dieser Prozessschritt aus der industriellen Synthese des Lösungsmittels Tetrahydrofuran verläuft über ein Zwischenprodukt, welches konkurrierende Reaktionspfade aufweist. Die Kombination von Informationen aus der PAT, sowie von klassischen Prozessgrößen, wie Druck, Temperatur und Durchfluss in einem hoch automatisierten Aufbau erleichtert die Entwicklung und Erprobung von neuen Konzepten für die Prozessführung. T2 - 10. ProcessNet-Jahrestagung CY - Online meeting DA - 21.09.2020 KW - Hydrogenierung KW - Benchtop-NMR KW - Raman-Spektroskopie KW - Prozessanalytik PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51363 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kern, Simon A1 - Liehr, Sascha A1 - Wander, Lukas A1 - Bornemann-Pfeiffer, Martin A1 - Müller, S. A1 - Maiwald, Michael A1 - Kowarik, Stefan T1 - Training data of quantitative online NMR spectroscopy for artificial neural networks N2 - Data set of low-field NMR spectra of continuous synthesis of nitro-4’-methyldiphenylamine (MNDPA). 1H spectra (43 MHz) were recorded as single scans. Two different approaches for the generation of artificial neural networks training data for the prediction of reactant concentrations were used: (i) Training data based on combinations of measured pure component spectra and (ii) Training data based on a spectral model. Synthetic low-field NMR spectra First 4 columns in MAT-files represent component areas of each reactant within the synthetic mixture spectrum. Xi (“pure component spectra dataset”) Xii (“spectral model dataset”) Experimental low-field NMR spectra from MNDPA-Synthesis This data set represents low-field NMR-spectra recorded during continuous synthesis of nitro-4’-methyldiphenylamine (MNDPA). Reference values from high-field NMR results are included. KW - NMR spectroscopy KW - Real-time process monitoring KW - Artificial neural networks KW - Online NMR spectroscopy KW - Automation KW - Process industry PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3677139 PB - Zenodo CY - Geneva AN - OPUS4-50456 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Hahn, Oliver T1 - Neues BAM-Zertifizierungsverfahren für emissionsarme Materialien zum Bau von Museumsvitrinen N2 - Museumsvitrinen sollen Kunst- und Kulturgut „ins rechte Licht“ setzen und vor Diebstahl oder Vandalismus schützen. Vergleicht man historische Schauvitrinen, die zumeist aus einfachen Glasscheiben in Holzrahmungen bestehen, mit heutigen Konstruktionen, lässt sich eine Entwicklung zu hochtechnisierten Gebilden ablesen, die deutlich mehr Ansprüchen genügen müssen als in der Vergangenheit. Zahlreiche Beispiele verdeutlichen, dass Kunstwerke nicht nur außerhalb, sondern auch innerhalb von Museen oder Archiven ungünstigen Umwelteinflüssen ausgesetzt sind. So können Einbauten bzw. Dekorationen in Ausstellungsräumen, Aufbewahrungsbehältnisse in Depoträumen oder Ausstellungsvitrinen flüchtige Substanzen, sogenannte VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) freisetzen, die zu irreversiblen Veränderungen an den Objekten führen und diese schädigen. Hierzu zählen organische Säuren, wie Ameisen- oder Essigsäure, aber auch Verbindungen, die Sulfide enthalten. Hier wird die an der BAM entwickelte BEMMA-Bewertungsmethode vorgestellt, die von Museen verwendet werden kann Materialien mit einem geringeren Emissionspotential auszusuchen. KW - Museum KW - VOC-emission KW - BEMMA KW - Vitrine PY - 2020 SN - 2194-3648 VL - 2020 IS - zwei SP - 80 EP - 81 PB - SchmittART CY - Leipzig AN - OPUS4-51489 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Liaskos, C. A1 - Rhoderick, G. A1 - Hodges, J. A1 - Possolo, A. A1 - Wilke, Olaf T1 - Pilot comparison CCQM-P177 - monoterpenes in nitrogen at 2.5 nmol/mol - final report N2 - Growing awareness of the impact of monoterpenes on climate, atmospheric chemistry, and indoor air quality has necessitated the development of measurement standards to globally monitor and control their emissions. For National Metrology Institutes to develop such standards, it is essential that they demonstrate measurement equivalence for assigned values at the highest levels of accuracy. This report describes the results of a pilot comparison for 4 key monoterpene species: α-pinene, 3-carene, R-limonene and 1,8-cineole, at a nominal amount-of-substance fraction of 2.5 nmol mol-1. The objective of this comparison is to evaluate participant capabilities to measure trace-level monoterpenes using their own calibration techniques. KW - Pilot comparison KW - CCQM KW - Monoterpene KW - Accuracy PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/57/1A/08018 SN - 0026-1394 SN - 1681-7575 VL - 57 IS - 1A SP - 08018-1 EP - 08018-21 PB - IOP Science AN - OPUS4-51111 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Even, Morgane A1 - Hutzler, C. A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - Luch, A. T1 - Emissions of volatile organic compounds from polymer-based consumer products: comparison of three emission chamber sizes N2 - The ISO 16000 standard series provide guidelines for emission measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from building materials. However, polymer-based consumer products such as toys may also release harmful substances into indoor air. In such cases, the existing standard procedures are unsuitable for official control laboratories due to high costs for large emission testing chambers. This paper aims at developing and comparing alternative and more competitive methods for the emission testing of consumer products. The influence of the emission chamber size was investigated as smaller chambers are more suited to the common size of consumer products and may help to reduce the costs of testing. Comparison of the performance of a 203 l emission test chamber with two smaller chambers with the capacity of 24 l and 44 ml, respectively, was carried out by using a polyurethane reference material spiked with 14 VOCs during the course of 28 days. The area-specific emission rates obtained in the small chambers were always similar to those of the 203 l reference chamber after a few hours. This implies that smaller chambers can provide at least useful numbers on the extent of polymer-based consumer product emissions into indoor air, thereby supporting meaningful exposure assessments. KW - Comparison KW - Consumer products KW - Emission chamber KW - Reference material KW - Volatile organic compounds PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-493697 DO - https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12605 VL - 30 IS - 1 SP - 40 EP - 48 PB - Wiley VCH-Verlag AN - OPUS4-49369 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sieg, H. A1 - Krause, B.-C. A1 - Kästner, Claudia A1 - Böhmert, L. A1 - Lichtenstein, D. A1 - Tentschert, J. A1 - Jungnickel, H. A1 - Laux, P. A1 - Braeuning, A. A1 - Fessard, V. A1 - Thünemann, Andreas A1 - Luch, A. A1 - Lampen, A. T1 - Cellular Effects of In Vitro-Digested Aluminum Nanomaterials on Human Intestinal Cells N2 - Aluminum (Al) can be taken up from food, packaging, or the environment and thus reaches the human gastrointestinal tract. Its toxic potential after oral uptake is still discussed. The fate of different solid and ionic Al species during the passage through the digestive tract is the focus of this research, as well as the cellular effects caused by these different Al species. The present study combines the physicochemical processing of three recently studied Al species (metallic Al0, mineral Al2O3, and soluble AlCl3) in artificial digestion fluids with in vitro cell systems for the human intestinal barrier. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) methods were used to characterize the Al species in the artificial digestion fluids and in cell culture medium for proliferating and differentiated intestinal Caco-2 cells. Cytotoxicity testing and cellular impedance measurements were applied to address the effects of digested Al species on cell viability and cell proliferation. Microarray-based transcriptome analyses and quantitative real-time PCR were conducted to obtain a deeper insight into cellular mechanisms of action and generated indications for cellular oxidative stress and an influence on xenobiotic metabolism, connected with alterations in associated signaling pathways. These cellular responses, which were predominantly caused by formerly ionic Al species and only at very high concentrations, were not impacted by artificial digestion. A two-directional conversion of Al between ionic species and solid particles occurred throughout all segments of the gastrointestinal tract, as evidenced by the presence of nanoscaled particles. Nevertheless, this presence did not increase the toxicity of the respective Al species. KW - SAXS KW - Small-angle X-ray scattering KW - Nanoparticle PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.9b02354 VL - 3 IS - 3 SP - 2246 EP - 2256 PB - American Chemical Society AN - OPUS4-50632 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Voss, L. A1 - Saloga, Patrick E. J. A1 - Stock, V. A1 - Böhmert, L. A1 - Braeuning, A. A1 - Thünemann, Andreas A1 - Lampen, A. A1 - Sieg, H. T1 - Environmental impact of ZnO nanoparticles evaluated by in vitro simulated digestion N2 - ZnO nanoparticles are found in different food and consumer products, and their toxicological effects are still under investigation. It is therefore important to understand their behavior in the gastrointestinal tract. Here, we used an in vitro model to assess the physicochemical fate of ZnO nanoparticles during the digestive process in artificial saliva, stomach juice, and intestinal juice. Atomic absorption spectrometry and small-angle X-ray scattering were employed to investigate two ZnO nanomaterials, one intensively characterized reference material and soluble ZnCl2 in a broad range of concentrations between 25 and 1000 μg/mL in the intestinal fluid. Because food components may influence the behavior of nanomaterials in the gastrointestinal tract, starch, milk powder, and olive oil were used to mimic carbohydrates, protein, and fat, respectively. Additionally, ion release of all Zn species was assessed in cell culture media and compared to artificial intestinal juice to investigate relevance of typical cell culture conditions in ZnO nanotoxicology. ZnCl2 as well as the ZnO species were present as particles in artificial saliva but were solubilized completely in the acidic stomach juice. Interestingly, in the intestinal fluid a concentration-independent de novo formation of particles in the nanoscale range was shown. This was the case for all particles as well as for ZnCl2, regardless of the concentration used. Neither of the food components affected the behavior of any Zn species. On the contrary, all Zn species showed a Zn-concentration-dependent ion release in common cell culture medium. This questions the suitability of cell culture studies to investigate the effect of ZnO nanoparticles on intestinal cells. Our results show that Zn-containing nanoparticles reach the intestine. This underlines the importance of determining the influence of the test environment on nanoparticle fate. KW - SAXS KW - Digestion KW - Zinc oxide KW - Nanoparticles PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.9b02236 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - 724 EP - 733 AN - OPUS4-50288 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Voss, L. A1 - Saloga, Patrick E. J. A1 - Stock, V. A1 - Böhmert, L. A1 - Braeuning, A. A1 - Thünemann, Andreas A1 - Lampen, A. A1 - Sieg, H. T1 - Correction to "Environmental impact of ZnO nanoparticles evaluated by in vitro simulated digestion" N2 - This is a corrigendum to the original article "Environmental impact of ZnO nanoparticles evaluated by in vitro simulated digestion" that was published in the journal "ACS Applied Nano Materials", vol. 3 (2020), no. 1, pp. 724-733. PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.0c01054 VL - 3 IS - 5 SP - 4914 EP - 4914 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington, D.C., USA AN - OPUS4-50812 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Darvishi Kamachali, Reza T1 - A model for grain boundary thermodynamics N2 - Systematic microstructure design requires reliable thermodynamic descriptions of each and all microstructure elements. While such descriptions are well established for most bulk phases, thermodynamic assessment of microstructure defects is challenging because of their individualistic nature. In this paper, a model is devised for assessing grain boundary thermodynamics based on available bulk thermodynamic data. We propose a continuous relative atomic density field and its spatial gradients to describe the grain boundary region with reference to the homogeneous bulk and derive the grain boundary Gibbs free energy functional. The grain boundary segregation isotherm and phase diagram are computed for a regular binary solid solution, and qualitatively benchmarked for the Pt–Au system. The relationships between the grain boundary's atomic density, excess free volume, and misorientation angle are discussed. Combining the current density-based model with available bulk thermodynamic databases enables constructing databases, phase diagrams, and segregation isotherms for grain boundaries, opening possibilities for studying and designing heterogeneous microstructures. KW - Phase Diagram KW - Thermodynamics KW - Grain boundary PY - 2020 VL - 10 IS - 45 SP - 26728 EP - 26741 AN - OPUS4-51268 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Titscher, Thomas A1 - Unger, Jörg F. T1 - Efficient higher-order cycle jump integration of a continuum fatigue damage model N2 - Simulating high-cycle fatigue with continuum models offers the possibility to model stress-redistributions, consider 3Dstress states and simplifies extensions to multi-physics problems. The computational cost of conventional cycle-by-cycle time integrations is reduced by reformulating the fatigue problem as an ordinary differential equation for the material state and solving it with high-order adaptive time integration schemes. The computational cost of calculating the Change of the material state in one cycle is further reduced by a high-order fatigue-specific time integration. The approach is exemplarily demonstrated for a fatigue extension of the implicit gradient-enhanced damage model in 3D and compared to experimental Wöhler lines. KW - Cycle jump KW - Temporal multiscale KW - Fatigue modeling KW - Continuum damage mechanics KW - Regularized damage models PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2020.105863 VL - 141 SP - 105863 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-51101 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Titscher, Thomas A1 - Coehlo Lima, Isabela A1 - Unger, Jörg F. T1 - Model selection and model calibration for a digital twin N2 - The quality of a model - and thus its predictive capabilities - is influenced by numerous uncertainties. They include possibly unknown boundary and initial conditions, noise in the data used for its calibration and uncertainties in the model itself. Here, the latter part is not only restricted to uncertain model parameters, but also refers to the choice of the model itself. Inferring these uncertainties in an automatic way allows for an adaption of the model to new data sets and for a reliable, reproducible model assessment. Note that similar concepts apply at the structural level, where a continuously updated digital twin allows virtual measurements at inaccessible positions of the structure and a simulation based lifetime prediction. This work presents an inference workflow that describes the difference of measured data and simulated model responses with a generic interface that is independent from the specific model or even the geometry and can easily incorporate multiple data sources. A variational Bayesian inference algorithm is then used to a) calibrate a set of models to given data and to b) identify the best fitting one. The developed concepts are applied to a bridge Demonstrator equipped with displacement sensors, force sensors and a stereophotogrammetry system to perform a system identification of the material parameters as well as a real-time identification of a moving load. T2 - 6th GAMM AG Data Workshop CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 20.10.2020 KW - Digital twin KW - Demonstrator PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51532 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Völzke, Holger A1 - Wille, Frank A1 - Wolff, Dietmar T1 - Update on the German Spent Fuel Management Strategy N2 - The presentation provides an update on the German spent fuel Management strategy in the areas of transportation, dry interim storage and deep geological disposal. T2 - IAEA 18th TWG-NFCO CY - Online meeting DA - 07.09.2020 KW - Spent nuclear fuel KW - Final disposal KW - Safety KW - Transport and storage cask PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51616 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jaunich, Matthias A1 - Goral, Milan A1 - Wolff, Dietmar A1 - Völzke, Holger ED - Krüssenberg, A. T1 - Overview of metal seal tests performed at BAM and implications for extended interim storage N2 - The investigation of the long-term performance of sealing systems employed in containers of radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel is one research focus area for division 3.4 \Safety of Storage Containers" at the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung. The behaviour of metallic seals, which are employed in interim storage casks for spent nuclear fuel and high active waste, over time is of high importance for ensuring safe enclosure. Therefore, investigations on these systems were started at BAM to get a general understanding of the relevant processes. Our investigations comprise investigations on different parameters which influence the seal Performance and the main part is focussed on the time and temperature dependent behaviour. Our aim is to understand the longterm behaviour of the sealing systems for evaluation of their performance during possible extended interim storage and subsequent transportation. In this contribution an overview of the performed tests and their respective results is given. A focus lies on a comparison between seals with large torus diameter in comparison to small diameters. T2 - Safety of Extended Dry Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel SEDS2020: International online-workshop CY - Online meeting DA - 03.06.2020 KW - Metal seal KW - Seal performance KW - Long-term investigation KW - Ageing PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.3139/124.200071 SN - 0932-3902 VL - 85 IS - 6 SP - 440 EP - 443 PB - Carl Hanser Verlag CY - München AN - OPUS4-51833 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Portella, Pedro Dolabella A1 - Trappe, Volker A1 - Trappe, Volker A1 - Nielow, Dustin T1 - Non-destructive characterization methods for polymer matrix composites N2 - The mechanical behavior of fiber reinforced composites with polymer matrix is governed by several mechanisms operating at different length scales. In this contribution we describe first non-destructive techniques which are adequate for the characterization of the fiber-matrix interphase at a microscopic level. In a second step we describe on a mesoscopic level the influence of manufacturing related elements on the mechanical properties of rotor blades for wind turbines. We concentrate on thermography, laminography and ultrasound in connection with mechanical testing systems. Finally we present methods for monitoring rotor blades by using embedded optical fibers. T2 - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Nova Friburgo, RJ, Brasilien CY - Online meeting DA - 26.11.2020 KW - Polymer matrix composites PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-52043 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simbruner, Kai A1 - Zencker, Uwe A1 - Völzke, Holger T1 - Brittle failure analysis of spent fuel zirconium alloy claddings during long-term dry interim storage - Current approach at BAM N2 - Understanding the mechanical behaviour of fuel cladding is decisive for an extended dry interim storage period beyond the currently licensed period of 40 years in Germany and subsequent handling, transport, and disposal considering normal and accidental conditions. Since fuel cladding acts as the first barrier for spent fuel, its integrity should be demonstrated to enable safe and secure discharge and handling options after interim storage and subsequent transportation in preparation of final disposal. An established method for characterizing cladding material is the Ring Compression Test (RCT), where a small, cylindrical sample of the cladding tube is subjected to a compressive load. This test is a laboratory representation of a fuel rod load case and has shown a high susceptibility to failure under the occurrence of radial hydrides. Certain hydride morphologies and low temperature might even lead to brittle fracture at very small loads. The BAM research project BRUZL (Fracture mechanical analysis of spent fuel claddings during long-term dry interim storage) aims to study the results of quasi-static RCTs and to establish numerical models to gain an in-depth understanding of the stress state during the experiments. Using a fracture mechanical approach, cases of sudden failure during the RCT procedure are used to characterize the material behaviour and establish a failure criterion. As an integral part of the project BRUZL, quasi-static Ring Compression Tests have been performed to identify all experimental details, which might be helpful for numerical modelling. Unirradiated samples of the cladding material ZIRLO® have been subjected to hydrogen charging and a thermo-mechanical treatment for radial hydride reorientation. Sample preparation, testing procedures, and analysis results are presented. A numerical model has been established and an elastic-plastic material model was derived from as-received RCT samples by inverse finite element analyses. Cohesive zone modelling has been implemented to reproduce sudden load drops during RCT. The project is funded by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) under contract no. 1501561. T2 - Kolloquium der Abteilung 3 CY - Online meeting DA - 05.11.2020 KW - Ageing Management KW - Cladding Embrittlement KW - Extended Storage KW - Ring Compression Test KW - Spent Nuclear Fuel PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51987 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ávila, Luis A1 - Rehmer, Birgit A1 - Graf, B. A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Assessing the low cycle fatigue behaviour of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V: Challenges and first results N2 - The understanding of process-microstructure-property-performance (PMPP) relationships in additive manufacturing (AM) of metals is highly necessary to achieve wide-spread industrial application and replace conventionally manufactured parts, especially regarding safety-relevant applications. To achieve this understanding, reliable data and knowledge regarding material’s microstructure-property relationships (e.g. the role of defects) is needed, since it represents the base for future more targeted process optimizations and more reliable calculations of performance. However, producing reliable material data and assessing the AM material behaviour is not an easy task: big challenges are e.g. the actual lack of standard testing methods for AM materials and the occasional difficulties in finding one-to-one comparable material data for the conventional counterpart. This work aims to contribute to end this lack of reliable material data and knowledge for the low cycle fatigue behaviour of the most used titanium alloy in aerospace applications (Ti-6Al-4V). For this purpose, two sets of test specimens were investigated. The first set was manufactured from cylindrical rods produced by an optimized DED-L process and the second was manufactured from a hot formed round bar. The test specimens were cyclically loaded until failure in the low-cycle-fatigue (LCF) regime. The tests were carried out according to ISO 12106 between 0.3 to 1.0 % axial strain amplitude from room temperature up to 400°C. The LCF behaviour is described and compared between materials and with literature values based on cyclic deformation curves and strain-based fatigue life curves. Besides, the parameters of Manson-Coffin-Basquin relationship were calculated. The microstructures (initial and after failure) and fracture surfaces were comparative characterized. Thereby, the focus lied on understanding the role of grain morphology and defects on the failure mechanisms and fatigue lifetimes. For this latter characterization, optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and micro computed tomography (µCT) were used. T2 - 4th International Symposium on Fatigue Design and Material Defects CY - Online meeting DA - 26.05.2020 KW - Ti-6Al-4V KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Low cycle fatigue KW - Micro computed tomography KW - Microstructure PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50893 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mishurova, Tatiana A1 - Artzt, Katia A1 - Haubrich, Jan A1 - Requena, Guillermo A1 - Bruno, Giovanni A1 - Rehmer, Birgit T1 - Influence of residual stress and microstructure on mechanical performance of LPBF TI-6AL-4V N2 - Ti-6Al-4V alloy is intensively used in the aerospace industry because of its high specific strength. However, the application of Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) Ti-6Al-4V alloy for structurally critical load-bearing components is limited. One of the main limiting factors affecting the structural integrity, are manufacturing defects. Additionally, the high cooling rates associated with LPBF process result in the formation of large residual stress (RS) with complex fields. Such RS can cause cracking and geometrical distortions of the part even right after production. Also, the microstructure of LPBF Ti-6Al-4V in the as-built condition is significantly different from that of the conventionally produced alloy. All these factors affect the mechanical behavior of the material. Therefore, to improve the material performance it is important to evaluate the individual effect of RS, defects, and microstructure on fatigue life. To this aim Ti-6Al-4V LPBF material in as-built condition and subjected to different post-processing, including two heat treatments (for stress relief and microstructural modification) and Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP, for densification), were investigated. Prior to Low Cycle Fatigue (LCF) tests at operating temperature (300°C), the microstructure (phases, crystallographic texture, and grain morphology), the mesostructure (defect shape and distribution), and subsurface RS on the LCF samples were investigated. It was found that the fatigue performance of HIPped samples is similar to that of conventionally produced Ti-6Al-4V. The tensile RS found at the surface of as-built samples decreased the fatigue life compared to heat-treated samples. Additionally, the modification of the microstructure (by heat treatment) did not affect the fatigue performance in the regime of mostly elastic strain. This shows that in the absence of tensile RS the manufacturing defects solely control the failure of LPBF components and densification has the strongest effect on the improvement of the mechanical performance. T2 - ASTM ICAM 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 16.11.2020 KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Ti-6Al-4V KW - Computed tomography KW - Residual stress PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51695 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Portella, Pedro Dolabella A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Muth, Thilo T1 - Die Digitalisierung der Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik - ein Überblick N2 - Die Bereitstellung von zuverlässigen Werkstoffdaten stand für die Werkstoffprüfung seit dem 19. Jahrhundert in zentraler Stelle. Mit der zunehmender Digitalisierung unserer Gesellschaft gewinnt das Datenmanagement insbesondere im Hinblick auf die Modellierungs- und Simulationsaktivitäten an Bedeutung. In unserem Beitrag beschreiben wir die gegenwärtigen Aktivitäten in Deutschland – insbesondere die NFDI-MatWerk und die BMBF-Initiative MaterialDigital – sowie in Europa und Übersee. Abschließend heben wir die Auswirkungen auf die technische und akademische Aus- und Weiterbildung. T2 - DVM - Tagung Werkstoffprüfung CY - Online meeting DA - 03.12.2020 KW - Werkstoffdaten KW - Digitalisierung KW - Materialwissenschaft PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-52044 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Völzke, Holger A1 - Herold, Christian A1 - Wolff, Dietmar A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa A1 - Bollingerfehr, W. A1 - Prignitz, S. A1 - Wunderlich, A. T1 - Abschlussbericht zum FuE-Verbundvorhaben KoBrA: Anforderungen und Konzepte für Behälter zur Endlagerung von Wärme entwickelnden radioaktiven Abfällen und ausgedienten Brennelementen in Steinsalz, Tonstein und Kristallingestein N2 - Im Forschungsvorhaben KoBrA werden Anforderungen an Endlagerbehälter für hochradioaktive Abfälle erstmals systematisch und unter Berücksichtigung des internationalen Standes von Wissenschaft und Technik hergeleitet. Parallel werden die behälterrelevanten Randbedingungen und Beanspruchungsgrößen für Endlagerbehälter in den drei potenziellen Wirtsgesteinen Steinsalz, Tonstein und Kristallingestein ermittelt. Darauf aufbauend werden die zur Erfüllung der Anforderungen unter den gegebenen Einwirkungen und Beanspruchungen notwendigen Behälterfunktionen bestimmt und erste Konzeptideen für zukünftige Endlagerbehälter diskutiert bzw. entwickelt. KW - Endlager KW - Behälter KW - Anforderungen KW - Hochradioaktive Abfälle KW - Wirtsgestein PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.2314/KXP:1750909669 N1 - Auftraggeber: Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie (BMWi), Förderkennzeichen: 02E11527 und 02E11537. SP - 1 EP - 110 PB - BGE Technology CY - Peine AN - OPUS4-52289 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Portella, Pedro Dolabella T1 - Charakterisierung metallischer Werkstoffe für Anwendungen bei hohen Temperaturen N2 - In diesem Beitrag werden am Beispiel von Gasturbinen Verfahren zur Charakterisierung des werkstoff-mechanischen Verhaltens sowie der Gefügeentwicklung von Bauteilen für Anwendungen bei hohen Temperaturen aufgezeigt. Gasturbinen sind technisch gesehen sehr interessante Systeme, die in der Energietechnik und in der Luftfahrt von hoher wirtschaftlicher Relevanz sind. Seit Jahrzehnten gelten Gasturbinen als klassische Innovationstreiber, für ihre Entwicklung wurden bereits maßgebliche Erneuerungen im Bereich der Aerodynamik und der Werkstofftechnik hervorgebracht. T2 - Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft Senior Expert Netzwerk CY - Online meeting DA - 20.01.2021 KW - Superlegierungen KW - Gasturbinen PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-52045 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaunich, Matthias A1 - Zaghdoudi, Maha A1 - Kömmling, Anja A1 - Wolff, Dietmar A1 - Völzke, Holger T1 - Elastomer seals - overview and development N2 - The talk summarizes the current and future investigations of elastomer seal materials in division 3.4. T2 - IRSN-BAM Symposium Safety of Transport and Storage Packages CY - Online meeting DA - 19.11.2020 KW - Seal KW - Degradation KW - Ageing PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51751 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Butz, Adam A1 - Fedelich, Bernard A1 - Rehmer, Birgit A1 - Mäde, L. T1 - Detection and prediction of high temperature fatigue crack growth around notches in polycrystalline nickel base alloy N2 - Im Rahmen eines Vorhabens wurden Methoden zur Reduktion des Versuchsaufwandes bei der Modellerstellung für LCF-Lebensdauervorhersage untersucht. Einige dieser Methoden sind hier kurz vorgestellt. N2 - Methods for reducing the experimental effort necessary for the development of LCF life time prediction models were investigated. Some of these methods are briefly presented here. T2 - 4th International Symposium for Fatigue Design and Material Defects CY - Online meeting DA - 26.05.2020 KW - LCF KW - Mechanistic Modelling KW - Fatigue KW - Data Fusion PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50904 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Herold, Christian A1 - Völzke, Holger A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa A1 - Wolff, Dietmar A1 - Bollingerfehr, W. A1 - Wunderlich, A. A1 - Prignitz, S. T1 - Erarbeitung von Vorschlägen für mögliche Behälterkonzepte in den drei potenziellen Wirtsgesteinen Steinsalz, Tonstein und Kristallingestein; Bericht zum Arbeitspaket 4 des FuE Verbundvorhabens KoBrA N2 - Dieser Bericht untersucht die im ersten Arbeitspaket ermittelten vorhandenen bzw. entwickelten Behälterkonzepte dahingehend, inwieweit die jeweiligen Behälterfunktionen unter den im zweiten und dritten Arbeitspaket ermittelten Randbedingungen und Einwirkungen den im dritten Arbeitspaket ermittelten Anforderungen an endlagerfähige Behälter in einem deutschen Endlager genügen. Zum anderen sollen, basierend auf den im zweiten Arbeitspaket ermittelten Randbedingungen und den im dritten Arbeitspaket hergeleiteten und zusammengestellten Anforderungen an die Endlagerbehälter, Vorschläge für mögliche generische Endlagerbehälter in den drei potenziellen Wirtsgesteinen Steinsalz, Tonstein und Kristallingestein erarbeitet werden. Die im ersten Arbeitspaket recherchierten Behälterkonzepte, deren Entwicklungslinien und zugrundeliegende Behälteranforderungen bilden hier den Ausgangspunkt für weitergehende Überlegungen hinsichtlich ihrer potenziellen Eignung für ein zukünftiges deutsches Endlager und zur Skizzierung generischer Konzepte für zukünftige Endlagerbehälter. KW - Endlager KW - Behälter KW - Sicherheitsanforderungen KW - Hochradioaktive Abfälle PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.2314/KXP:1759194123 N1 - Auftraggeber: Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie (BMWi), Förderkennzeichen: 02E11537. SP - 1 EP - 76 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-53118 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Becker, S. A1 - Beckmann, Jörg A1 - Cojocari, O. A1 - Feige, V. A1 - Fischer, B. A1 - Friederich, F. A1 - Globisch, B. A1 - Hechtfischer, G. A1 - Hens, K. A1 - Hübers, H.-W. A1 - Jelonnek, J. A1 - Jonuscheit, J. A1 - Keil, A. A1 - Kleine-Ostmann, T. A1 - Mayr, M. A1 - Nüßler, D. A1 - Peichl, M. A1 - Peters, O. A1 - Schür, J. A1 - Sprenger, T. A1 - Steiger, A. A1 - van Frank, S. A1 - Vieweg, N. A1 - Wilk, R. T1 - Terahertzsysteme - Zeitbereichsspektrometer (TDS-Systeme) N2 - Diese Richtlinie definiert Kenngrößen und Messverfahren, um Terahertzsysteme für die Zeitbereichsspektroskopie (TDS)zu spezifizieren. So können Hersteller ihre Systeme übereinstimmend beschreiben und Anwender einfach Systeme vergleichen. Systeme für die Terahertz-Zeitbereichsspektroskopie sind aktive Systeme und nutzen verschiedene Techniken sowohl zur Erzeugung als auch zur zeitaufgelösten Messung von breitbandigen Terahertzimpulsen. Die dazugehörigen Terahertzspektren und -Phasen werden nach einer zeitlichen Abtastung über eine Fourier-Transformation berechnet. In dieser Richtlinie wird ein Überblick über die Funktionsweisen von Zeitbereichsspektrometern gegeben, die eingesetzten Messverfahren näher erläutert sowie die benötigten Begriffe und Kenngrößen definiert. Die Richtlinie konzentriert sich dabei auf Systeme, die auf sogenannten Abtastmessverfahren (Sampling-Messverfahren) basieren. KW - TDS-Systeme PY - 2020 UR - https://www.vdi.de/5590 VL - VDI/VDE 5590 Blatt 2 SP - 1 EP - 22 PB - VDI-Verlag CY - Düsseldorf ET - Entwurf - Oktober 2020 AN - OPUS4-51947 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yu, Z. A1 - Musnier, B. A1 - Wegner, Karl David A1 - Henry, M. A1 - Chovelon, B. A1 - Desroches-Castan, A. A1 - Fertin, A. A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Bailly, S. A1 - Coll, J.-L. A1 - Usson, Y, A1 - Josserand, V. A1 - Le Gúevel, X. T1 - High-Resolution Shortwave Infrared Imaging of Vascular Disorders Using Gold Nanoclusters N2 - We synthesized a generation of water-soluble, atomically precise gold nanoclusters (Au NCs) with anisotropic Surface containing a short dithiol pegylated chain (AuMHA/TDT). The AuMHA/TDT exhibit a high brightness (QY ∼ 6%) in the shortwave infrared (SWIR) spectrum with a detection above 1250 nm. Furthermore, they show an extended half-life in blood (t1/2ß = 19.54 ± 0.05 h) and a very weak accumulation in organs. We also developed a non-invasive, whole-body vascular imaging system in the SWIR window with high-resolution, benefiting from a series of Monte Carlo image processing. The imaging process enabled to improve contrast by 1 order of magnitude and enhance the spatial Resolution by 59%. After systemic administration of these nanoprobes in mice, we can quantify vessel complexity in depth (>4 mm), allowing to detect very subtle vascular disorders non-invasively in bone morphogenetic protein 9 (Bmp9)-deficient mice. The combination of these anisotropic surface charged Au NCs plus an improved SWIR imaging device allows a precise mapping at high-resolution and an in depth understanding of the organization of the vascular network in live animals. KW - Nanoparticle KW - Nanosensor KW - Fluorescence KW - Metal cluster KW - NIR KW - SWIR KW - Photophysics KW - Ligand KW - Size KW - Surface chemistry KW - Quantum yield KW - Mechanism KW - Lifetime KW - Decay kinetics PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c01174 VL - 14 IS - 4 SP - 4973 EP - 4981 PB - ACS Publication AN - OPUS4-50671 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Godard, A. A1 - Kalot, G. A1 - Pliquett, J. A1 - Busser, B. A1 - Le Guével, X. A1 - Wegner, Karl David A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Russelin, Y. A1 - Coll, J.-L. A1 - Denat, F. A1 - Bodio, E. A1 - Goze, C. A1 - Sancey, L. T1 - Water-Soluble Aza-BODIPYs: Biocompatible Organic Dyes for High Contrast In Vivo NIR-II Imaging N2 - A simple NIR-II emitting water-soluble system has been developed and applied in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, the fluorophore quickly accumulated in 2D and 3D cell cultures and rapidly reached the tumor in rodents, showing high NIR-II contrast for up to 1 week. This very efficient probe possesses all the qualities necessary for translation to the clinic as well as for the development of NIR-II emitting materials. KW - Aza-BODIPY KW - NIR-II Imaging KW - In vivo imaging KW - organic dyes KW - SWIR KW - Cancer KW - Fluorescence PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00175 VL - 31 IS - 4 SP - 1088 EP - 1092 PB - ACS Publications AN - OPUS4-50695 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Li, L. A1 - Darvishi Kamachali, Reza A1 - Li, Z. A1 - Zhang, Z. T1 - Grain boundary energy effect on grain boundary segregation in an equiatomic high-entropy alloy N2 - Grain boundary (GB) Segregation has a substantial effect on the microstructure evolution and properties of polycrystalline alloys. The mechanism of nanoscale segregation at the various GBs in multicomponent alloys is of great challenge to reveal and remains elusive so far. To address this issue, we studied the GB segregation in a representative equiatomic FeMnNiCoCr high-entropy alloy (HEA) aged at 450 °C. By combining transmission Kikuchi diffraction, atom probe tomography analysis and a density-based thermodynamics modeling, we uncover the nanoscale segregation behavior at a series of well-characterized GBs of different characters. No segregation occurs at coherent twin boundaries; only slight nanoscale segregation of Ni takes place at the low-angle GBs and vicinal \Sigma 29b coincidence site lattice GBs. Ni and Mn show cosegregation of high levels at the general high-angle GBs with a strong depletion in Fe, Cr, and Co. Our density-based thermodynamic model reveals that the highly negative energy of mixing Ni and Mn is the main driving force for nanoscale cosegregation to the GBs. This is further assisted by the opposite segregation of Ni and Cr atoms with a positive enthalpy of mixing. It is also found that GBs of higher interfacial energy, possessing lower atomic densities (higher disorder and free volume), show higher segregation levels. By clarifying the origins of GB segregations in the FeMnNiCoCr HEA, the current work provides fundamental ideas on nanoscale segregation at crystal defects in multicomponent alloys. KW - Thermodynamics KW - High-Entropy Alloys KW - Grain Boundary Segregation PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-508827 DO - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.4.053603 VL - 4 IS - 5 SP - 053603 PB - American Physical Society AN - OPUS4-50882 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Darvishi Kamachali, Reza A1 - da Silva, A. A1 - McEniry, E. A1 - Gault, B. A1 - Neugebauer, J. A1 - Raabe, D. T1 - Segregation-assisted spinodal and transient spinodal phase separation at grain boundaries N2 - Segregation to grain boundaries affects their cohesion, corrosion, and embrittlement and plays a critical role in heterogeneous nucleation. In order to quantitatively study segregation and low-dimensional phase separation at grain boundaries, here, we apply a density-based phase-field model. The current model describes the grain-boundary thermodynamic properties based on available bulk thermodynamic data, while the grain-boundary-density profile is obtained using atomistic simulations. To benchmark the performance of the model, Mn grain-boundary segregation in the Fe–Mn system is studied. 3D simulation results are compared against atom probe tomography measurements conducted for three alloy compositions. We show that a continuous increase in the alloy composition results in a discontinuous jump in the segregation isotherm. The jump corresponds to a spinodal Phase separation at grain boundary. For alloy compositions above the jump, we reveal an interfacial transient spinodal phase separation. The transient spinodal phenomenon opens opportunities for knowledge-based microstructure design through the chemical manipulation of grain boundaries. The proposed density-based model provides a powerful tool to study thermodynamics and kinetics of segregation and phase changes at grain boundaries. KW - Grain Boundary Spinodal KW - Densty-based Thermodynamics KW - Microstrucrue Design PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-519497 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41524-020-00456-7 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - 191 PB - Nature AN - OPUS4-51949 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Robens-Radermacher, Annika A1 - Unger, Jörg F. T1 - Efficient structural reliability analysis by using a PGD model in an adaptive importance sampling schema N2 - One of the most important goals in civil engineering is to guarantee the safety of the construction. Standards prescribe a required failure probability in the order of 10−4 to 10−6. Generally, it is not possible to compute the failure probability analytically. Therefore, many approximation methods have been developed to estimate the failure probability. Nevertheless, these methods still require a large number of evaluations of the investigated structure, usually finite element (FE) simulations, making full probabilistic design studies not feasible for relevant applications. The aim of this paper is to increase the efficiency of structural reliability analysis by means of reduced order models. The developed method paves the way for using full probabilistic approaches in industrial applications. In the proposed PGD reliability analysis, the solution of the structural computation is directly obtained from evaluating the PGD solution for a specific parameter set without computing a full FE simulation. Additionally, an adaptive importance sampling scheme is used to minimize the total number of required samples. The accuracy of the failure probability depends on the accuracy of the PGD model (mainly influenced on mesh discretization and mode truncation) as well as the number of samples in the sampling algorithm. Therefore, a general iterative PGD reliability procedure is developed to automatically verify the accuracy of the computed failure probability. It is based on a goal-oriented refinement of the PGD model around the adaptively approximated design point. The methodology is applied and evaluated for 1D and 2D examples. The computational savings compared to the method based on a FE model is shown and the influence of the accuracy of the PGD model on the failure probability is studied. KW - Reliability KW - Probability of failure KW - Adaptive importance sampling KW - Reduced order models KW - Proper Generalized Decomposition PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-510345 DO - https://doi.org/10.1186/s40323-020-00168-z VL - 7 SP - Article number: 29 PB - SpringerOpen AN - OPUS4-51034 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rosenkranz, D. A1 - Kriegel, F. L. A1 - Mavrakis, E. A1 - Pergantis, S. A. A1 - Reichardt, P. A1 - Tentschert, J. A1 - Jakubowski, N. A1 - Laux, P. A1 - Panne, Ulrich A1 - Luch, A. T1 - Versatile dual-inlet sample introduction system for multi-mode single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry N2 - Metal-containing nanoparticles (NP) can be characterized with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometers (ICP-MS) in terms of their size and number concentration by using the single-particle mode of the instrument (spICP-MS). The accuracy of measurement depends on the setup, operational conditions of the instrument and specific parameters that are set by the user. The transport efficiency of the ICP-MS is crucial for the quantification of the NP and usually requires a reference material with homogenous size distribution and a known particle number concentration. Currently, NP reference materials are available for only a few metals and in limited sizes. If particles are characterized without a reference standard, the results of both size and particle number may be biased. Therefore, a dual-inlet Setup for characterizing nanoparticles with spICP-MS was developed to overcome this problem. This setup is based on a conventional introduction system consisting of a pneumatic nebulizer (PN) for nanoparticle solutions and a microdroplet Generator (μDG) for ionic calibration solutions. A new and flexible interface was developed to facilitate the coupling of μDG, PN and the ICP-MS system. The interface consists of available laboratory components and allows for the calibration, nanoparticle (NP) characterization and cleaning of the arrangement, while the ICP-MS instrument is still running. Three independent analysis modes are available for determining particle size and number concentration. Each mode is based on a different calibration principle. While mode I (counting) and mode III (μDG) are known from the literature, mode II (sensitivity), is used to determine the transport efficiency by inorganic ionic Standard solutions only. It is independent of NP reference materials. The μDG based inlet system described here guarantees superior analyte sensitivities and, therefore, lower detection limits (LOD). The size dependent LODs achieved are less than 15 nm for all NP (Au, Ag, CeO2) investigated. KW - Spectrometer KW - Reference KW - Calibration PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-536121 DO - https://doi.org/10.3791/61653 SN - 1940-087X IS - 163 SP - 1 EP - 19 PB - MyJoVE Corporation CY - Cambridge, MA, USA AN - OPUS4-53612 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Santos, C.I.L. A1 - Machado, W.S. A1 - Wegner, Karl David A1 - Gontijo, L.A.P. A1 - Bettini, J. A1 - Schiavon, M.A. A1 - Reiss, P. A1 - Aldakov, D. T1 - Hydrothermal Synthesis of Aqueous-Soluble Copper Indium Sulfide Nanocrystals and Their Use in Quantum Dot Sensitized Solar Cells N2 - facile hydrothermal method to synthesize water-soluble copper indium sulfide (CIS) nanocrystals (NCs) at 150 degrees C is presented. The obtained samples exhibited three distinct photoluminescence peaks in the red, green and blue spectral regions, corresponding to three size fractions, which could be separated by means of size-selective precipitation. While the red and green emitting fractions consist of 4.5 and 2.5 nm CIS NCs, the blue fraction was identified as in situ formed carbon nanodots showing excitation wavelength dependent emission. When used as light absorbers in quantum dot sensitized solar cells, the individual green and red fractions yielded power conversion efficiencies of 2.9% and 2.6%, respectively. With the unfractionated samples, the efficiency values approaching 5% were obtained. This improvement was mainly due to a significantly enhanced photocurrent arising from complementary panchromatic absorption. KW - Aqueous quantum dot KW - Solar cells KW - CUINS2 nanocrystals KW - Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-517983 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10071252 VL - 10 IS - 7 SP - 1252 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-51798 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stock, V. A1 - Fahrenson, C. A1 - Thünemann, Andreas A1 - Donmez, M. H. A1 - Voss, L. A1 - Bohmert, L. A1 - Braeuning, A. A1 - Lampen, A. A1 - Sieg, H. T1 - Impact of artificial digestion on the sizes and shapes of microplastic particles N2 - Current analyses show a widespread occurrence of microplastic particles in food products and raise the question of potential risks to human health. Plastic particles are widely considered to be inert due to their low chemical reactivity and therefore supposed to pose, if at all only minor hazards. However, variable physicochemical conditions during the passage of the gastrointestinal tract gain strong importance, as they may affect particle characteristics. This study aims to analyze the impact of the gastrointestinal passage on the physicochemical particle characteristics of the five most produced and thus environmentally relevant plastic materials polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate and polystyrene. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and subsequent image analysis were employed to characterize microplastic particles. Our results demonstrate a high resistance of all plastic particles to the artificial digestive juices. The present results underline that the main stages of the human gastrointestinal tract do not decompose the particles. This allows a direct correlation between the physicochemical particle characteristics before and after digestion. Special attention must be paid to the adsorption of organic compounds like proteins, mucins and lipids on plastic particles since it could lead to misinterpretations of particle sizes and shapes. KW - Artificial digestion KW - Gastrointestinal barrier KW - Microplastic KW - Oral uptake KW - Particle size PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2019.111010 VL - 135 SP - 111010 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-49999 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bhuckory, S. A1 - Wegner, Karl David A1 - Qiu, X. A1 - Wu, Y.T. A1 - Jennings, T. L. A1 - Incamps, A. A1 - Hildebrandt, N. T1 - Triplexed CEA-NSE-PSA Immunoassay Using Time-Gated Terbium-to-Quantum Dot FRET N2 - Time-gated Förster resonance energy transfer (TG-FRET) between Tb complexes and luminescent semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) provides highly advantageous photophysical properties for multiplexed biosensing. Multiplexed Tb-to-QD FRET immunoassays possess a large potential for in vitro diagnostics, but their performance is often insufficient for their application under clinical conditions. Here, we developed a homogeneous TG-FRET immunoassay for the quantification of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and prostatespecific antigen (PSA) from a single serum sample by multiplexed Tb-to-QD FRET. Tb–IgG antibody donor conjugates were combined with compact QD-F(ab’)2 antibody acceptor conjugates with three different QDs emitting at 605, 650, and 705 nm. Upon antibody–antigen–antibody Sandwich complex formation, the QD acceptors were sensitized via FRET from Tb, and the FRET ratios of QD and Tb TG luminescence intensities increased specifically with increasing antigen concentrations. Although limits of detection (LoDs: 3.6 ng/mL CEA, 3.5 ng/mL NSE, and 0.3 ng/mL PSA) for the triplexed assay were slightly higher compared to the single-antigen assays, they were still in a clinically relevant concentration range and could be quantified in 50 μL serum samples on a B·R·A·H·M·S KRYPTOR Compact PLUS clinical immunoassay plate reader. The simultaneous quantification of CEA, NSE, and PSA at different concentrations from the same serum sample demonstrated actual multiplexing Tb-to-QD FRET immunoassays and the potential of this technology for translation into clinical diagnostics. KW - Lanthanides KW - Nanoparticles KW - Biosensing KW - Multiplexing KW - FRET KW - Fluorescence KW - PSA KW - NSE KW - CEA PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-512290 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25163679 VL - 25 IS - 16 SP - 3679 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-51229 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Thünemann, Andreas A1 - Gruber, Alexandra A1 - Klinger, Daniel T1 - Amphiphilic Nanogels: Fuzzy Spheres with a Pseudo-Periodic Internal Structure N2 - Amphiphilic polymer nanogels (NGs) are promising drug delivery vehicles that extend the application of conventional hydrophilic NGs to hydrophobic cargoes. By randomly introducing hydrophobic groups into a hydrophilic polymer network, loading and release profiles as well as surface characteristics of these colloids can be tuned. However, very little is known about the underlying internal structure of such complex colloidal architectures. Of special interest is the question how the amphiphilic network composition influences the internal morphology and the “fuzzy” surface structure. To shine light into the influence of varying network amphiphilicity on these structural features, we investigated a small library of water-swollen amphiphilic NGs using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). It was found that overall hydrophilic NGs, consisting of pure poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide) (PHPMA), display a disordered internal structure as indicated by the absence of a SAXS peak. In contrast, a SAXS peak is present for amphiphilic NGs with various amounts of incorporated hydrophobic groups such as cholesteryl (CHOLA) or dodecyl (DODA). The internal composition of the NGs is considered structurally homologous to microgels. Application of the Teubner–Strey model reveals that hydrophilic PHPMA NGs have a disordered internal structure (positive amphiphilicity factor) while CHOLA and DODA samples have an ordered internal structure (negative amphiphilicity factor). From the SAXS data it can be derived that the internal structure of the amphiphilic NGs consists of regularly alternating hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains with repeat distances of 3.45–5.83 nm. KW - Polymer KW - Nanoparticle KW - SAXS PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01812 VL - 36 IS - 37 SP - 10979 EP - 10988 PB - American Chemical Society AN - OPUS4-51302 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Voss, L. A1 - Hsiao, I-L. A1 - Ebisch, Maximilian A1 - Vidmar, J. A1 - Dreiack, N. A1 - Böhmert, L. A1 - Stock, V. A1 - Braeuning, A. A1 - Loeschner, K. A1 - Laux, P. A1 - Thünemann, Andreas A1 - Lampen, A. A1 - Sieg, H. T1 - The presence of iron oxide nanoparticles in the food pigment E172 N2 - Iron oxides used as food colorants are listed in the European Union with the number E172. However, there are no specifications concerning the fraction of nanoparticles in these pigments. Here, seven E172 products were thoroughly characterized. Samples of all colors were analyzed with a Broad spectrum of methods to assess their physico-chemical properties. Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), zeta-potential, Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis (BET), Asymmetric Flow Field-Flow Fractionation (AF4) and in vitro cell viability measurements were used. Nanoparticles were detected in all E172 samples by TEM or SAXS measurements. Quantitative results from both methods were comparable. Five pigments were evaluated by TEM, of which four had a size median below 100 nm, while SAXS showed a size median below 100 nm for six evaluated pigments. Therefore, consumers May be exposed to iron oxide nanoparticles through the consumption of food pigments. KW - SAXS KW - Small-angle X-ray scattering KW - Nanoparticle PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127000 VL - 327 SP - 127000 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50810 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chowdhary, S. A1 - Moschner, J. A1 - Mikolajczak, D. J. A1 - Becker, M. A1 - Thünemann, Andreas A1 - Kästner, Claudia A1 - Klemczak, D. A1 - Stegemann, A.-K. A1 - Böttcher, C. A1 - Metrangolo, P. A1 - Netz, R. R. A1 - Koksch, B. T1 - The Impact of Halogenated Phenylalanine Derivatives on NFGAIL Amyloid Formation N2 - The hexapeptide hIAPP22–27 (NFGAIL) is known as a crucial amyloid core sequence of the human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) whose aggregates can be used to better understand the wild‐type hIAPP′s toxicity to β‐cell death. In amyloid research, the role of hydrophobic and aromatic‐aromatic interactions as potential driving forces during the aggregation process is controversially discussed not only in case of NFGAIL, but also for amyloidogenic peptides in general. We have used halogenation of the aromatic residue as a strategy to modulate hydrophobic and aromatic‐aromatic interactions and prepared a library of NFGAIL variants containing fluorinated and iodinated phenylalanine analogues. We used thioflavin T staining, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) to study the impact of side‐chain halogenation on NFGAIL amyloid formation kinetics. Our data revealed a synergy between aggregation behavior and hydrophobicity of the phenylalanine residue. This study introduces systematic fluorination as a toolbox to further investigate the nature of the amyloid self‐assembly process. KW - Small-angle X-ray scattering KW - SAXS KW - Nanoparticle KW - Nanostructure KW - Peptide KW - Amyloid PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-518632 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.202000373 VL - 21 IS - 24 SP - 3544 EP - 3554 PB - Wiley CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-51863 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kalot, G. A1 - Godard, A. A1 - Busser, B. A1 - Pliquett, J. A1 - Broekgaarden, M. A1 - Motto-Ros, V. A1 - Wegner, Karl David A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Köster, U. A1 - Denat, F. A1 - Coll, J.-L. A1 - Bodio, E. A1 - Goze, C. A1 - Sancey, L. T1 - Aza-BODIPY: A New Vector for Enhanced Theranostic Boron Neutron Capture Therapy Applications N2 - Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a radiotherapeutic modality based on the nuclear capture of slow neutrons by stable 10B atoms followed by charged particle Emission that inducing extensive damage on a very localized level (<10 um). To be effcient, a suffcient amount of 10B should accumulate in the tumor area while being almost cleared from the normal surroundings. A water-soluble aza-boron-dipyrromethene dyes (BODIPY) fluorophore was reported to strongly accumulate in the tumor area with high and BNCT compatible Tumor/Healthy Tissue ratios. The clinically used 10B-BSH (sodium borocaptate) was coupled to the water-soluble aza-BODIPY platform for enhanced 10B-BSH tumor vectorization. We demonstrated a strong uptake of the compound in tumor cells and determined its biodistribution in mice-bearing tumors. A model of chorioallantoic membrane-bearing glioblastoma xenograft was developed to evidence the BNCT potential of such compound, by subjecting it to slow neutrons. We demonstrated the Tumor accumulation of the compound in real-time using optical imaging and ex vivo using elemental imaging based on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. The tumor growth was significantly reduced as compared to BNCT with 10B-BSH. Altogether, the fluorescent aza-BODIPY/10B-BSH compound is able to vectorize and image the 10B-BSH in the tumor area, increasing its theranostic potential for effcient approach of BNCT. KW - Aza-BODIPY KW - SWIR KW - NIR-I KW - Theranostic KW - Boron compound KW - Optical imaging PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-512280 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9091953 VL - 9 IS - 9 SP - 1953 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-51228 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Soares, J. X. A1 - Wegner, Karl David A1 - Ribeiro, D. S. M. A1 - Melo, A. A1 - Häusler, I. A1 - Santos, J. L. M. A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute T1 - Rationally designed synthesis of bright AgInS2/ZnS quantum dots with emission control N2 - In the blossoming field of Cd-free semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), ternary I–III–VI QDs have received increasing attention due to the ease of the environmentally friendly synthesis of high-quality materials in water, their high photoluminescence (PL) Quantum yields (QYs) in the red and near infrared (NIR) region, and their inherently low toxicity. Moreover, their oxygen-insensitive long PL lifetimes of up to several hundreds of nanoseconds close a gap for applications exploiting the compound-specific parameter PL lifetime. To overcome the lack of reproducible synthetic methodologies and to enable a design-based control of their PL properties, we assessed and modelled the synthesis of high-quality MPA-capped AgInS2/ZnS (AIS/ZnS) QDs. Systematically refined Parameters included reaction time, temperature, Ag:In ratio, S:In ratio, Zn:In ratio, MPA:In ratio, and pH using a design-of-experiment approach. Guidance for the optimization was provided by mathematical models developed for the application-relevant PL parameters, maximum PL wavelength, QY, and PL lifetime as well as the elemental composition in terms of Ag:In:Zn ratio. With these experimental data-based models, MPA:In and Ag:In ratios and pH values were identified as the most important synthesis parameters for PL Control and an insight into the connection of these parameters could be gained. Subsequently, the experimental conditions to synthetize QDs with tunable emission and high QY were predicted. The excellent agreement between the predicted and experimentally found PL features confirmed the reliability of our methodology for the rational design of high quality AIS/ZnS QDs with defined PL features. This approach can be straightforwardly extended to other ternary and quaternary QDs and to doped QDs. KW - Modelling KW - Nanoparticle KW - AIS KW - Semiconductor quantum dot KW - Design of experiment KW - Photoluminescence KW - Quantum yield KW - Surface chemistry KW - Synthesis KW - Lifetime PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-510075 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-020-2876-8 VL - 13 IS - 9 SP - 2438 EP - 2450 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-51007 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Liebig, F. A1 - Sarhan, R. M. A1 - Schmitt, C. N. Z. A1 - Thünemann, Andreas A1 - Prietzel, C. A1 - Bargheer, M. A1 - Koetz, J. T1 - Gold Nanotriangles with Crumble Topping and their Influence on Catalysis and Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy N2 - By adding hyaluronic acid (HA) to dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT)‐stabilized gold nanotriangles (AuNTs) with an average thickness of 7.5±1 nm and an edge length of about 175±17 nm, the AOT bilayer is replaced by a polymeric HA‐layer leading to biocompatible nanoplatelets. The subsequent reduction process of tetrachloroauric acid in the HA‐shell surrounding the AuNTs leads to the formation of spherical gold nanoparticles on the platelet surface. With increasing tetrachloroauric acid concentration, the decoration with gold nanoparticles can be tuned. SAXS measurements reveal an increase of the platelet thickness up to around 14.5 nm, twice the initial value of bare AuNTs. HRTEM micrographs show welding phenomena between densely packed particles on the platelet surface, leading to a crumble formation while preserving the original crystal structure. Crumbles crystallized on top of the platelets enhance the Raman signal by a factor of around 20, and intensify the plasmon‐driven dimerization of 4‐nitrothiophenol (4‐NTP) to 4,4′‐dimercaptoazobenzene in a yield of up to 50 %. The resulting crumbled nanotriangles, with a biopolymer shell and the absorption maximum in the second window for in vivo imaging, are promising candidates for biomedical sensing. KW - SAXS KW - Small-angle X-ray scattering KW - Nanoparticle KW - Gold PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-503977 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/cplu.201900745 VL - 85 IS - 3 SP - 519 EP - 526 PB - Wiley-VCH Verlag CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-50397 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Saloga, Patrick E. J. A1 - Smales, Glen Jacob A1 - Clark, Adam H. A1 - Thünemann, Andreas T1 - Zinc Phosphate Nanoparticles Produced in Saliva N2 - This paper reports the formation of zinc phosphate nanoparticles from the artificial digestion of zinc chloride. Initially, the formation of amorphous primary particles with a mean radius of 1.1 nm is observed, alongside the formation of larger, protein stabilized aggregates. These aggregates, with a radius of gyration of 37 nm, are observed after 5 minutes of exposure to artificial saliva and are shown to be colloidally stable for a minimum time of two weeks. The initially formed primary particles are thought to consist of amorphous zinc phosphate, which is then transformed into crystalline Zn3(PO4)2·4H2O over the course of two weeks. Our results demonstrate that the interaction of inorganic salts with bodily fluids can induce the formation of de novo nanoparticles, which in turn, provides insights into how zinc‐enriched foods may also facilitate the formation of nanoparticles upon contact with saliva. As such, this may be considered as an undesirable (bio)mineralization. KW - SAXS KW - Digestion KW - Zinc phosphate PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-514239 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/ejic.202000521 IS - 38 SP - 3654 EP - 3661 PB - Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-51423 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Unger, Jörg F. A1 - Titscher, Thomas A1 - Robens-Radermacher, Annika A1 - Muth, Thilo A1 - Coelho Lima, Isabela T1 - Stochastische Modellkalibrierung eines digitalen Zwillings N2 - Ein Digitaler Zwilling repräsentiert ein reales Objekt in der digitalen Welt. Die Digitalen Zwillinge sind aus Daten und Modellen/Algorithmen aufgebaut und kontinuierlich über Sensoren mit der realen Welt gekoppelt. Anwendung z.B. Modellbewertung, Monitoring, Schadensdetektion. T2 - DVM-Online-Workshop "Grundlagen und Beispiele zur Digitalisierung für die Materialforschung und -prüfung" CY - Online meeting DA - 20.10.2020 KW - Modellkalibrierung KW - Stochastischen Verfahren KW - Realtime model updating KW - Demonstrator PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-52175 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico A1 - Krentel, Daniel A1 - Kluge, Martin T1 - Druckgasbehälter im Feuer - Auswirkungen im Versagensfall N2 - Es wurden insgesamt 57 Einzelversuche zum Versagen von Druckgasbehältern durchgeführt. Untersucht wurden dabei 11-kg-Propangasflaschen, PKW-Radmuldentanks für LPG sowie CNG-Tanks vom Typ III (Compositetanks mit Aluminiumliner) und Typ IV (Compositetanks mit Polymerliner). Mit 18 hydraulischen Berstversuchen wurde das Versagensverhalten unter kalten Bedingungen charakterisiert. In 39 Unterfeuerungsversuchen mit den gefüllten LPG- und CNG-Tanks, davon 36 mit Tanks ohne Sicherheitseinrichtung, wurde das Behälterversagen durch Brandbeaufschlagung untersucht. Neben verschiedenen Behältermanteltemperaturen und dem Behälterinnendruck wurde auch die Temperatur des gespeicherten Mediums dokumentiert. Dadurch war es möglich, genau zu dokumen-tieren, unter welchen Bedingungen und bei welchem Zustand der Behälter versagt hat. In einem Großteil der Unterfeuerungsversuche mit Behältern ohne Sicherheitseinrichtungen kam es zur Bildung eines Feuerballs, einer massiven Druck- und Temperaturwirkung auf den Nahbereich sowie einer Vielzahl von Fragmenten im Nah- und Fernbereich. In einer Entfernung von l = 7 m wurden Überdrücke von bis zu p = 0,41 bar gemessen. In 30 Unterfeuerungsversuchen kam es zur Fragmentierung des Behälters. Dabei konnten 159 Fragmente mit Wurfweite und Masse dokumentiert werden. Die dabei maximal festgestellte Wurfweite eines Fragments lag bei l = 311 m. T2 - 15. BAM-PTB-Kolloquium zur chemischen und physikalischen Sicherheitstechnik CY - Brunswick, Germany DA - 21.05.2019 KW - Behälterversagen KW - Druckgasbehälter KW - Propan KW - LPG KW - CNG PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.7795/310.20200199 SN - 0030-834X VL - 130 IS - 1 SP - 55 EP - 70 AN - OPUS4-50570 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krentel, Daniel A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico A1 - Kluge, Martin T1 - Forschungsauftrag CNG- und LPG-Behälter: Gasbehälter bei Unterfeuerung N2 - Die BAM hat umfangreiche Versuchsreihen zur Auswirkungsbetrach-tung beim Versagen von Gasbehältern für alternative Treibstoffe (LPG, CNG) für PKW aufgrund unfallbedingter Brände durchgeführt. Im Rahmen des Vortrags werden die für Einsatzkräfte relevanten Ergebnisse zusammengefasst und vorgestellt. T2 - Symposium Technische Hilfeleistung im Rahmen der Messe FLORIAN CY - Online meeting DA - 08.10.2020 KW - Behälterversagen KW - Feuerwehr KW - LPG KW - CNG KW - Alternative Antriebe PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51411 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico T1 - BAM-Aktivitäten im Bereich Elektrische Energiespeicher N2 - Der Beitrag stellt die aktuellen, relevanten BAM-Projekte im Bereich der Sicherheit elektrischer Energiespeicher vor. Weiterhin werden derzeitige Kooperationen mit der vfdb präsentiert. T2 - 82. Sitzung Referat 10, Umweltschutz der vfdb (Vereinigung zur Förderung des deutschen Brandschutzes e.V.) CY - Online meeting DA - 04.11.2020 KW - Behälterversagen KW - Fahrzeugbrand KW - Auswirkungsbetrachtung KW - Alternative Antriebe KW - Fragment PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51522 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schade, U. A1 - Puskar, L. A1 - Ritter, E. A1 - Beckmann, Jörg T1 - Etalon effects in THz film measurements N2 - Etalon effects in THz transmittance spectra, either taken in time- domain or frequency-domain, often hamper or even hinder the interpretation of film properties. In this paper we discuss the transferability and applicability of spectroscopic methods typically employed in the near and mid infrared spectral range to eliminate the fringes in the transmittance spectra in the THz spectral range. T2 - 2020 45th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz) CY - Buffalo, NY, USA DA - 08.11.2020 KW - THz radiation KW - Total transmittance reflection technique KW - Etalon effects PY - 2020 SN - 978-1-7281-6620-9 DO - https://doi.org/10.1109/IRMMW-THz46771.2020.9370451 SN - 2162-2035 SN - 2162-2027 SP - 1 PB - IEEE CY - Buffalo, NY AN - OPUS4-56943 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schade, U. A1 - Puskar, L. A1 - Ritter, E. A1 - Beckmann, Jörg T1 - Etalon effects in THz film measurements N2 - Etalon features in transmittance spectra of films arise due to the coherent superposition of waves caused by reflections multiple times at the inner film boundaries. The fringe maxima occur at i𝜆 = 2nd cos 𝜑 with i - being an integer, 𝜆 - the wavelength, d - the film thickness, 𝜑 - the angle of incidence in respect to the film normal and n - the refractive index of the film. It is obvious that such features can hinder the interpretation of absorption bands when fringe amplitude and period are in the same range as the expected bands. This poster discusses the suitability of two optical methods for the THz spectral range applied to Fourier Transform Spectroscopy. T2 - 2020 45th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz) CY - Buffalo, NY, USA DA - 08.11.2020 KW - THz radiation KW - Total transmittance reflection technique PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-56945 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schalau, Bernd A1 - Schalau, Sebastian T1 - Freistrahlmodellierung für geringe Austrittsgeschwindigkeiten N2 - Mit der zurzeit laufenden Überarbeitung der VDI Richtlinie 3783 Blatt 1 und dem Modellwechsel auf ein Lagrange'sches Partikelmodell ist das Fahnenmodell PLURIS in den Fokus der Störfallauswirkungsberechnungen gelangt. PLURIS wird schon seit Längerem zur Berechnung der Abgasfahnenüberhöhung von Schornsteinen und Kühltürmen eingesetzt und ist Grundlage der neuen VDI Richtlinie 3782 Blatt 3 (Entwurf), lm Gegensatz zu den bekannten Freistrahlmodellen zur Berechnung der Ausbreitung unter Druck stehender Gase, wird bei PLURIS nicht vorausgesetzt, dass die Strahlgeschwindigkeit deutlich größer als die Windgeschwindigkeit ist. Mit steigender Rechnerleistung wird auch die Gasausbreitungsberechnung mittels CFD-Programmen für die Praxis interessanter. Für eine genauere Berechnung der Geschwindigkeits- und Konzentrationsverteilung im Freistrahl wird eine feine Gitterauflösung erforderlich, die aber zu langen Rechenzeiten führt, wenn die Ausbreitung eines toxischen Gases in Entfernungen von mehreren 100 m berechnet werden soll. Durch die Kopplung der CFD-Berechnung mit einem Fahnen- oder Freistrahlmodell kann der Rechenaufwand reduziert werden. KW - Freistrahlmodellierung KW - PLURIS KW - CFD PY - 2020 VL - 10 IS - 6 SP - 17 EP - 21 AN - OPUS4-56892 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Rethmeier, Michael A1 - Biegler, M. A1 - Javaheri, E. T1 - Qualifizierung der instrumentierten Eindringprüfung zur Kennwertermittlung für hochfeste Stähle mit Schweißungen N2 - Der Einsatz von hochfesten Stählen im Karosseriebereich des Automobilbaus hat während der letzten Jahre stark zugenommen. Hierzu zählen Dual- und Komplexphasenstähle, welche durch Kombination unterschiedlicher Gefügebestandteile auch deren Vorteile kombinieren, sowie TRIP (TRansformation Induced Plasticity) und Mangan-Bor Stähle, welche sehr gute Umformeigenschaften mit hohen Festigkeiten durch Martensitbildung bei der Umformung kombinieren. TWIP (Twinning Induced Plasticity) Stähle erreichen ähnliche Effekte durch forcierte Zwillingsbildung. Die Ursachen für den Einsatz dieser Stähle liegen in dem Potential dieser Materialien zur Gewichts- und Kostenreduzierung, bei gleichzeitiger Erhöhung der Fahrgastsicherheit. Auf Grund der prinzipiell gegebenen Schweißeignung dieser Stähle, werden die klassischen Fügeverfahren im Karosseriebau wie das kostengünstige und effektive Widerstandspunktschweißen, das Metall-Schutzgas (MSG)-Schweißen oder das Laserschweißen angewendet. Allerdings treten teilweise Herausforderungen, beispielsweise durch Gefügeveränderungen in den Fügestellen auf, die zu ungewollten Aufhärtungen oder Erweichungen führen. In diesem Projekt wird ein Verfahren entwickelt, mit welchem die lokalen Werkstoffeigenschaften von im Automobilbau typischen Werkstoffen und deren Fügestellen bestimmt werden können. Relevante Kennwerte sind in erster Linie das SpannungsDehnungs-Verhalten der verschiedenen Zonen einer Schweißverbindung; relevante Zonen wiederum sind neben dem Grundwerkstoff die Wärmeeinflusszone und das Schweißgut. Zu diesem Zweck wird das Verfahren der instrumentierten Eindringprüfung für den Einsatz bei hochfesten Stählen weiterentwickelt. Zunächst werden hierzu Zugversuche an einfachen Grundwerkstoffgeometrien durchgeführt. Im Anschluss wird die optische Dehnungsfeldmessung an stark taillierten, geschweißten Zugversuchsproben durchgeführt. Die Taillierung dient dem Zweck, die WEZ auch mittels WPS über den gesamten Querschnitt der Probe erzeugen zu können, bzw. im Versuch auch Dehnungen in den relevanten Bereichen herbeizuführen. Das im Projekt angewendete Auswerteverfahren, welches auf nichtlinearen Regressionsmodellen in Form von künstlichen, neuronalen Netzwerken beruht, ermöglicht die Vorhersage des Festigkeitsverhaltens des Werkstoffes anhand der gemessenen Krafteindringwegdaten. KW - Eindringprüfung KW - Hochfester Stahl KW - Prüfverfahren PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-946885-98-6 SP - 1 EP - 164 PB - Forschungsvereinigung Stahlanwendungen AN - OPUS4-57322 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Maaß, Robert T1 - Tracing structural dynamics in metallic glasses during cryogenic cycling N2 - Highly unrelaxed structural states of metallic glasses have often advantageous mechanical properties. Since metallic glasses continuously relax with time (age) or inherently are well relaxed after processing, methods to uniformly rejuvenate the material are needed. One approach that has received attention is the so-called cryogenic-cycling method, during which a metallic glass is repeatedly immersed into liquid nitrogen. In some cases, cryogenic cycling is truly efficient in increasing the stored excess enthalpy of metallic glasses, but it does not seem to be universally applicable to all alloys and structural states. The origins for these differences remain unclear due to our limited understanding of the underlying structural evolution. In order to shed more light onto the fundamental structural processes of cryogenic cycling, we pursue in-situ x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) to trace the atomic-scale structural dynamics of a Zr-based metallic glass in two different structural states (ribbon and bulk metallic glass). This method allows calculating the relaxation times as a function of time throughout the thermal cycling. It is found that the investigated glasses exhibit heterogeneous structural dynamics at 300 K, which changes to monotonic aging at 78 K. Cryogenic cycling homogenizes the relaxation time distribution for both structural states. This effect is much more pronounced in the ribbon, which is the only structural state that rejuvenates upon cycling. We furthermore reveal how fast atomic-scale dynamics is correlated with long-time average structural relaxation times irrespective of the state, and that the ribbon exhibits unexpected additional fast atomic-scale relaxation in comparison to the plate material. Overall, a picture emerges that points towards heterogeneities in fictive temperature as a requirement for cryogenic energy storage. T2 - MRS Fall 2020 - Invited Talk CY - Boston, MA, USA DA - 27.11.2020 KW - Relaxation metallic glasses PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-59542 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Liu, Xiangju A1 - Huang, Yanliang A1 - Li, Jianzheng A1 - Yang, Dan A1 - Xu, Yong A1 - Kunte, Hans-Jörg T1 - Effect of microbial hydrogen consumption on the hydrogen permeation behaviour of AISI 4135 steel under cathodic protection N2 - The feasibility of microbial hydrogen consumption to mitigate the hydrogen embrittlement (HE) under different cathodic potentials was evaluated using the Devanathan-Stachurski electrochemical test and the hydrogen permeation efficiency h. The hydrogen permeation efficiency h in the presence of strain GA-1 was lower than that in sterile medium. The cathodic potential inhibited the adherence of strain GA-1 to AISI 4135 steel surface, thereby reducing the hydrogen consumption of strain GA-1. The adherent GA-1 cells were capable of consuming ‘cathodic hydrogen’ and reducing the proportions of absorbed hydrogen, indicating that it is theoretically possible to control HE by hydrogen-consuming microbes. KW - Energy Engineering and Power Technology KW - Condensed Matter Physics KW - Fuel Technology KW - Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.12.058 SN - 1879-3487 VL - 45 IS - 7 SP - 4054 EP - 4064 PB - Elsevier BV CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-59319 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Huang, Yanliang A1 - Liu, Xiangju A1 - Zhang, Qichao A1 - Xu, Yong A1 - Kunte, Hans-Jörg A1 - De Marco, Roland T1 - Hydrogen release from carbon steel in chloride solution under anodic polarization N2 - The hydrogen permeation current increase was noticed for carbon steel in 0.5 mol/L NaCl solution under strong anodic potentials, which is contrary to the common understanding. Hydrogen permeation under cathodic potentials has been widely studied because of possible hydrogen embrittlement failures of high strength steels in seawater, but investigations of anodic polarization on hydrogen permeation are fairly rare, as the hydrogen evolution reaction shall be retarded. To corroborate the observed phenomenon, experiments were conducted using both as-received and vacuum-annealed sheet specimens. It was verified that the observed phenomena originated from the released hydrogen in traps by metal dissolution under anodic polarization. KW - Energy Engineering and Power Technology KW - Condensed Matter Physics KW - Fuel Technology KW - Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.11.218 SN - 1879-3487 VL - 45 IS - 4 SP - 3307 EP - 3315 PB - Elsevier BV CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-59322 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bayerlein, Bernd T1 - Focused ion beam techniques beyond the ordinary - Methodological developments within ADVENT N2 - This poster presents the focused ion beam preparation methodologies developed within the framework of the EU funded EURAMET project ADVENT (Advanced Energy-Saving Technology). It summarises the key breakthroughs achieved for various in situ investigation techniques, e.g. in situ experiments at the Synchrotron facility BESSY II (IR-SNOM and XRS), TEM and SMM instrumentation. The created experimental devices from diverse thin-film semiconductor materials paved the way to dynamic structural studies bearing the potential to determine nanoscale correlations between strain and electric fields and, moreover, for the fundamental development of new in situ capabilities. N2 - Dieses Poster zeigt die FIB Präparationstechniquen, die im Rahmen des EU-finanzierten EURAMET-Projekts ADVENT (Advanced Energy Saving Technology) entwickelt wurden. Es fasst die wichtigsten Errungenschaften zusammen, die für verschiedene in situ Untersuchungstechniken erzielt wurden, z.B. situ-Experimente in dem Synchrotronring BESSY II (IR-SNOM und XRS), in situ TEM Experimente und für die SMM Technik. Die experimentellen Probenstrukturen, die aus verschiedenen Dünnschicht-Halbleitermaterialien erzeugt wurden, ebneten den Weg für dynamische Strukturstudien, die das Potenzial haben, nanoskalige Korrelationen zwischen Dehnung und elektrischen Feldern zu bestimmen und darüber hinaus neue in situ Messmethoden zu entwickeln. T2 - Final Meeting CY - Online Meeting DA - 30.06.2020 KW - FIB KW - Sample preparation KW - In situ KW - TEM KW - AFM PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51606 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Koclega, Damian A1 - Radziszewska, A. A1 - Dymek, S. A1 - Morgiel, J. A1 - Maj, L. A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - Improvement of Corrosion Resistance of 13CrMo4-5 Steel by Ni-Based Laser Cladding Coatings N2 - The 13CrMo4-5 ferritic steel is commonly used in power plants, due to its favorable mechanical properties. According to EN 10028-2, this steel can be used at temperatures up to 570°C because of its creep behavior. The inefficient corrosion resistance limits the application of this steel to lower temperatures depending on the gas temperature and slag formation. Therefore, the application of a highly resistant Ni-based coating is proposed to extend the corrosion resistance of elements made of ferritic steel. The corrosion test was performed in an environment containing a mixture of gases, like O2, COx, and SOx, and deposited ashes with elements, e.g., Na, Cl, Ca, Si, C, Fe, and Al. The exposure time was, respectively, 240 h, 1000 h and 4500 h at a temperature of 600°C. The oxide scale formed on the 13CrMo4-5 steel was significantly thicker than on the IN686 coating. The microstructure and chemical and phase compositions of the oxide scale were investigated using light optical microscopy together with scanning and transmission electron microscopy techniques. Energy dispersive x-ray analyses were performed when appropriate. KW - Aggressive environments KW - Corrosion resistance KW - High - temperature KW - Inconel 686 KW - Laser cladding PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-514289 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-04867-x SN - 1059-9495 VL - 29 IS - 6 SP - 3702 EP - 3713 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-51428 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Duarte, Larissa A1 - Andrade, Ana Carolina A1 - Bettge, Dirk T1 - Fractographic Analysis of Fatigue Striations Formation under different Microstructures and Loading Conditions T1 - Fraktographische Untersuchung der Bildung von Schwingstreifen bei unterschiedlichen Gefügezuständen und Belastungsbedingungen N2 - Fatigue failure of a component can occur at service loads considerably lower than the yield strength of the material. Under fatigue loading condition, the material in the vicinity of the tip of a propagating crack repeatedly deforms plastically, leaving microscopic marks on the crack surface, commonly known as fatigue striations. Counting and measuring fatigue striations is a method in estimating the number of loading cycles a component went through until fracture. Some studies suggest a one-to-one relation between the number of fatigue striations and the number of load cycles, but this relation is still debatable, given that there are many factors influencing the formation of those striations. The main purpose of this work is to analyze the influence of microstructure and mechanical strength on the formation of fatigue striations in structural steels, in order to understand how these material properties are related to the fatigue crack behavior. For such, standard Charpy-V samples were subjected to hardness, fatigue and impact testing. Metallography was performed to characterize the microstructure, and a fractographic analysis by using optical and scanning electron microscopy was carried out to investigate the fracture surface. This study shows that steels with higher ductility have a closer one-to-one relation than those with a higher tensile strength. Above a certain level of tensile strength, fatigue striations do form rarely or completely disappear. N2 - Weit unterhalb der Streckfestigkeit des Werkstoffs kann es durch Schwingbruch zum Bauteilversagen kommen. Unter Schwingbeanspruchung wird der Werkstoff in der Nähe der Spitze eines sich ausbreitenden Risses wiederholt plastisch verformt. Dabei entstehen allgemein als Schwingstreifen bekannte mikroskopische Spuren. Das Zählen und Vermessen von Schwingstreifen ist ein Verfahren zum Schätzen der Anzahl von Belastungszyklen, denen ein Bauteil bis zum Bruch ausgesetzt war. Einige Studien legen hier eine 1 : 1-Beziehung zwischen der Anzahl von Schwingstreifen und der Anzahl von Lastspielen nahe. Dies erscheint angesichts der zahlreichen, die Bildung solcher Streifen beeinflussenden Faktoren allerdings fraglich. Hauptziel dieser Arbeit ist die Untersuchung der Auswirkungen des Gefüges und der mechanischen Festigkeit auf die Bildung von Schwingstreifen in Baustählen, um Zusammenhänge zwischen diesen Werkstoffeigenschaften und dem Schwingbruchverhalten verstehen zu können. Dafür wurden an Standard-Charpy-V-Proben Härte- sowie Schwing- und Schlagprüfungen durchgeführt. Zur Gefügecharakterisierung wurden die Proben metallographisch untersucht. Die Bruchfläche wurde zur Analyse fraktographisch licht- und rasterelektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die vorliegende Untersuchung zeigt dabei auf, dass Stähle mit einer höheren Duktilität näher an eine solche 1 : 1-Beziehung herankommen als solche mit einer höheren Zugfestigkeit. Oberhalb einer bestimmten Zugfestigkeit bilden sich selten oder gar keine Schwingstreifen. KW - Schwingstreifen KW - Fatigue striations PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.3139/147.110668 VL - 57 IS - 12 SP - 869 EP - 886 PB - Carl Hanser Verlag CY - München AN - OPUS4-51952 LA - mul AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Winkelmann, A. T1 - About the reliability of EBSD measurements: Data enhancement N2 - An extensive set of information about the diffracting volume is carried by EBSD patterns: the crystal lattice, the reciprocal lattice, the crystal structure, the crystal symmetry, the mean periodic number of the diffracting phase, the source point from where it has been projected (projection centre), the crystal orientation, the sample topography (local tilt), the (preparation) quality of defect density of the crystal, and possible pattern overlaps. Some of this information is used regularly in conventional EBSD analyses software while others are still waiting for a more widespread application. Despite the wealth of information available, the accuracy and precision of the data that are presently extracted from conventional EBSD patterns are often well below the actual physical limits. Using a selection of example applications, we will demonstrate the gain in angular resolution possible using relatively low-resolution patterns of approximately 20k pixels in combination with pattern matching (PM) approaches. In this way, fine details in a microstructure can be revealed which would otherwise be hidden in the orientation noise. KW - EBSD KW - Orientation precision KW - Disorientation KW - Grain boundary KW - Phase transformation PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-521618 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/891/1/012018 VL - 891 SP - 012018 PB - IOP Science AN - OPUS4-52161 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cios, G. A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Winkelmann, A. A1 - Tokarski, T. A1 - Hielscher, R. A1 - Strzalka, R. A1 - Buganski, I. A1 - Wolny, J. A1 - Bala, P. T1 - Approximant-based orientation determination of quasicrystals using electron backscatter diffraction N2 - Orientation mapping of quasicrystalline materials is demonstrated using crystalline approximant structures in the technique of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The approximant-based orientations are symmetrised according to the rotational point group of the quasicrystal, including the visualization of orientation maps using proper colour keys for quasicrystal symmetries. Alternatively, approximant-based orientation data can also be treated using pseudosymmetry post-processing options in the EBSD system software, which enables basic grain size estimations. Approximant-based orientation analyses are demonstrated for icosahedral and decagonal quasicrystals. KW - EBSD KW - Quasicrystal KW - Approximant KW - Chrystal orientation KW - Data processing PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-514221 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2020.113093 VL - 218 SP - 113093 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-51422 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gadelmeier, C. A1 - Haas, S. A1 - Lienig, T. A1 - Manzoni, Anna Maria A1 - Feuerbacher, M. A1 - Glatzel, U. T1 - Temperature Dependent Solid Solution Strengthening in the High Entropy Alloy CrMnFeCoNi in Single Crystalline State N2 - The main difference between high entropy alloys and conventional alloys is the solid solution strengthening effect, which shifts from a single element to a multi-element matrix. Little is known about the effectiveness of this effect at high temperatures. Face-centered cubic, equiatomic, and single crystalline high entropy alloy CrMnFeCoNi was pre-alloyed by arc-melting and cast as a single Crystal using the Bridgman process. Mechanical characterization by creep testing were performed at temperatures of 700, 980, 1100, and 1200°C at different loads under vacuum and compared to single-crystalline pure nickel. The results allow a direct assessment of the influence of the chemical composition without any disturbance by grain boundary sliding or diffusion. The results indicate different behaviors of single crystalline pure nickel and CrMnFeCoNi. At 700°C CrMnFeCoNi is more creep-resistant than Ni, but at 980°C both alloys show a nearly similar creep strength. Above 980°C the creep behavior is identical and the solid solution strengthening effect of the CrMnFeCoNi alloy disappears. KW - High entropy alloys KW - Single crystal PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-514572 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/met10111412 VL - 10 IS - 11 SP - 1412 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-51457 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fantin, Andrea A1 - Orazio Lepore, G. A1 - Manzoni, Anna Maria A1 - Kasatikov, S. A1 - Scherb, T. A1 - Huthwelker, T. A1 - d'Acapito, F. A1 - Schumacher, G. T1 - Short-range chemical order and local lattice distortion in a compositionally complex alloy N2 - This work presents an X-ray absorption spectroscopy study on a single-phase state of the Al8Cr17Co17Cu8Fe17Ni33 compositionally complex alloy, focused on the local crystal structure around each alloying element. The comparison of 1st shell bond lengths, obtained by the analysis of extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measured at the K-edges of each alloying element, indicates that Al8Cr17Co17Cu8Fe17Ni33 crystallizes in a distorted arrangement of an fcc lattice. A modest bond length dependence of the alloying elements with increasing atomic number is observed, with minima and maxima at Cr/Co, and Al/Cu, respectively. 1st shell bond lengths spread over ~0.03 Å; consequently, such variations cannot result in lattice distortions greater than ~0.04 Å. EXAFS results clearly indicate short-range order in the alloy: pairing of Al with Ni and Cu is favored, correlating well with a g’ precipitate composition (Al-Ni-Cu rich) reported in previous work, while Al-Cr bonding is unfavored and no Al-Al pairs are observed. Electronic structure information was obtained through comparison between near-edge regions of alloying Elements and corresponding pure metals. Intensity comparison of K-edge features agree with a charge variation of p states in Al8Cr17Co17Cu8Fe17Ni33, where Ni and Cu act as p states electron acceptors, suggesting an orbital hybridization with Al, responsible for a shrinkage in Al metallic radius in the alloy by 0.17 Å. KW - High entropy alloys KW - EXAFS KW - Compositionally complex alloys PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2020.04.034 VL - 193 SP - 329 EP - 337 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50830 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Serrano Munoz, Itziar A1 - Mishurova, Tatiana A1 - Thiede, Tobias A1 - Sprengel, Maximilian A1 - Kromm, Arne A1 - Nadammal, Naresh A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Saliwan Neumann, Romeo A1 - Evans, Alexander A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - The residual stress in as‑built Laser Powder Bed Fusion IN718 alloy as a consequence of the scanning strategy induced microstructure N2 - The effect of two types of scanning strategies on the grain structure and build-up of Residual Stress (RS) has been investigated in an as-built IN718 alloy produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF). The RS state has been investigated by X-ray diffraction techniques. The microstructural characterization was performed principally by Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD), where the application of a post-measurement refinement technique enables small misorientations (< 2°) to be resolved. Kernel average misorientation (KAM) distributions indicate that preferably oriented columnar grains contain higher levels of misorientation, when compared to elongated grains with lower texture. The KAM distributions combined with X-ray diffraction stress maps infer that the increased misorientation is induced via plastic deformation driven by the thermal stresses, acting to self-relieve stress. The possibility of obtaining lower RS states in the build direction as a consequence of the influence of the microstructure should be considered when envisaging scanning strategies aimed at the mitigation of RS. KW - Additive manufacturing KW - LPBF KW - Residual stress KW - Inconel 718 KW - Kernel average misorientation KW - Texture PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-511769 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71112-9 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 14645 AN - OPUS4-51176 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Winkelmann, A. A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Cios, G. A1 - Tokarski, T. A1 - Bala, P. T1 - Refined Calibration Model for Improving the Orientation Precision of Electron Backscatter Diffraction Maps N2 - For the precise determination of orientations in polycrystalline materials, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) requires a consistent calibration of the diffraction geometry in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). In the present paper, the variation of the projection center for the Kikuchi diffraction patterns which are measured by EBSD is calibrated using a projective transformation model for the SEM beam scan positions on the sample. Based on a full pattern matching approach between simulated and experimental Kikuchi patterns, individual projection center estimates are determined on a subgrid of the EBSD map, from which least-square fits to affine and projective transformations can be obtained. Reference measurements on single-crystalline silicon are used to quantify the orientation errors which result from different calibration models for the variation of the projection center. KW - Scanning electron microscopy KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - Kikuchi diffraction KW - Projection center KW - Orientation precision PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509342 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13122816 VL - 13 IS - 12 SP - 2816 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-50934 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Manzoni, Anna Maria A1 - Haas, S. A1 - Kropf, H. A1 - Duarte, J. A1 - Cakir, Cafer Tufan A1 - Dubois, F. A1 - Többens, D. A1 - Glatzel, U. T1 - Temperature evolution of lattice misfit in Hf and Mo variations of the Al 10 Co 25 Cr 8 Fe 15 Ni 36 Ti 6 compositionally complex alloy N2 - Misfits of γ- γ’ based Al10Co25Cr8Fe15Ni36Ti6 and its Mo- and Hf-variations are studied up to a temperature of 980 °C and compared with Ni- and Co-based superalloys. The trace elements decrease (Hf) or increase (Mo) the edge radii of the γ’ cuboids without changing their sizes. Atom probe measurements revealed that the Hf alloy prefers the γ’ phase while Mo prefers the γ matrix, leading to a lattice parameters enhancement of both phases, as could be revealed by synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The misfit is influenced in opposite ways: Hf increases the positive misfit, while Mo reduces it at all investigated temperatures. KW - Metal and alloys KW - Transmission electron microscopy KW - X-ray diffraction KW - Atom probe tomography KW - High entropy alloy PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2020.07.013 VL - 188 SP - 74 EP - 79 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-51025 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stephan-Scherb, Christiane A1 - Schulz, Wencke A1 - Schneider, M. A1 - Karafiludis, Stephanos A1 - Laplanche, G. T1 - High-Temperature Oxidation in Dry and Humid Atmospheres of the Equiatomic CrMnFeCoNi and CrCoNi High- and Medium-Entropy Alloys N2 - Surface degradation phenomena of two model equiatomic alloys from the CrMnFeCoNi alloy system were investigated in 2% O2 and 10% H2O (pO2 = 0.02 and 10−7 atm, respectively) at 800 °C for times up to 96 h. The crystallographic structures, morphologies, and chemical compositions of the corrosion layers developing on CrMnFeCoNi and CrCoNi were comparatively analyzed by mass gain analysis, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and electron backscatter diffraction. The oxidation resistance of CrMnFeCoNi is relatively poor due to the fast growth of porous Mnoxide(s). CrCoNi forms an external chromia layer that is dense and continuous in a dry 2% O2 atmosphere. This layer buckles and spalls off after exposure to 10% H2O atmosphere. Beneath the chromia layer, a Cr-depleted zone forms in the CrCoNi alloy in both environments. As the oxide scale spalls off in the H2O-containing atmosphere, a secondary chromia layer was observed and correspondingly enlarges the Cr-depleted zone. In contrast, as the chromia layer remains without significant spallation when CrCoNi is exposed to a dry oxidizing atmosphere, the region depleted in Cr is narrower. KW - High temperature oxidation KW - High entropy alloys KW - Medium entropy alloys KW - CrMnFeCoNi KW - CrCoNi KW - Mn-oxides PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-517859 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11085-020-10014-7 SN - 0030-770X VL - 95 IS - 1-2 SP - 105 EP - 133 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-51785 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Winkelmann, A. A1 - Cios, G. A1 - Tokarski, T. A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Hielscher, R. A1 - Koziel, T. T1 - EBSD orientation analysis based on experimental Kikuchi reference patterns N2 - Orientation determination does not necessarily require complete knowledge of the local atomic arrangement in a crystalline phase. We present a method for microstructural phase discrimination and orientation analysis of phases for which there is only limited crystallographic information available. In this method, experimental Kikuchi diffraction patterns are utilized to generate a self-consistent master reference for use in the technique of Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD). The experimentally derived master data serves as an application-specific reference in EBSD pattern matching approaches. As application examples, we map the locally varying orientations in samples of icosahedral quasicrystals observed in a Ti40Zr40Ni20 alloy, and we analyse AlNiCo decagonal quasicrystals. KW - EBSD KW - Quasicrystal KW - Crystal orientation KW - Pattern matching PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-507611 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2020.01.053 VL - 188 SP - 376 EP - 385 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50761 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Röhsler, Andreas A1 - Sobol, Oded A1 - Hänninen, H. A1 - Böllinghaus, Thomas T1 - In-situ ToF-SIMS analyses of deuterium re-distribution in austenitic steel AISI 304L under mechanical load N2 - Hydrocarbons fuel our economy. Furthermore, intermediate goods and consumer products are often hydrocarbon-based. Beside all the progress they made possible, hydrogen-containing substances can have severe detrimental effects on materials exposed to them. Hydrogen-assisted failure of iron alloys has been recognised more than a century ago. The present study aims to providing further insight into the degradation of the austenitic stainless steel AISI 304L (EN 1.4307) exposed to hydrogen. To this end, samples were electrochemically charged with the hydrogen isotope deuterium (2H, D) and analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). It was found that deuterium caused a phase transformation from the original γ austenite into ε- and α’-martensite. Despite their low solubility for hydrogen, viz. deuterium, the newly formed phases showed high deuterium concentration which was attributed to the increased density of traps. Information about the behaviour of deuterium in the material subjected to external mechanical load was gathered. A four-point-bending device was developed for this purpose. This allowed to analyse in-situ pre-charged samples in the ToF-SIMS during the application of external mechanical load. The results indicate a movement of deuterium towards the regions of highest stress. KW - ToF-SIMS KW - Hydrogen KW - Deuterium KW - AISI 304L KW - EBSD PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-505142 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60370-2 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 3611 PB - Nature AN - OPUS4-50514 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Tokarski, T. A1 - Cios, G. A1 - Winkelmann, A. T1 - Manual measurement of angles in backscattered and transmission Kikuchi diffraction patterns N2 - A historical tool for crystallographic analysis is provided by the Hilton net, which can be used for manually surveying the crystal lattice as it is manifested by the Kikuchi bands in a gnomonic projection. For a quantitative analysis using the Hilton net, the projection centre as the relative position of the signal source with respect to the detector plane needs to be known. Interplanar angles are accessible with a precision and accuracy which is estimated to be ≤0.3o. Angles between any directions, e.g. zone axes, are directly readable. Finally, for the rare case of an unknown projection-centre position, its determination is demonstrated by adapting an old approach developed for photogrammetric applications. It requires the indexing of four zone axes [uvw]i in a backscattered Kikuchi diffraction pattern of a known phase collected under comparable geometric conditions. KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - EBSD KW - Angle measurement KW - Gnomonic projections KW - Kikuchi patterns PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-507625 DO - https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576720000692 VL - 53 SP - 435 EP - 443 AN - OPUS4-50762 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pirker, F. A1 - Toth, I. A1 - Cihak-Bayr, U. A1 - Grundtner, R. A1 - Vernes, A. A1 - Benedicto, J. A1 - Spaltmann, Dirk A1 - Gradt, Thomas A1 - Alberdi, A. A1 - Alonso, I. A1 - Bayón, R. A1 - Igartua, A. A1 - García, Á. A1 - Pagano, F. A1 - Bravo, I. A1 - Kogia, M. A1 - Dykeman, D. A1 - Liedtke, S. A1 - Minami, I. A1 - Nyberg, E. A1 - Soivio, K. A1 - Ronkainen, H. A1 - Majaniemi, S. A1 - Heino, V. A1 - Gkagkas, K. A1 - Mont, L. A1 - Amigorena, I. T1 - Tribological characterisation services for materials - i-TRIBOMAT N2 - Um den Entwicklungsprozess von neuen Komponenten zu beschleunigen, ist die Vorrausage der Eigenschaften der eingesetzten Werkstoffe im Betrieb der Komponenten von enormer Bedeutung. Um neue Werkstoffe hinsichtlich Ihrer Performance (in einer Komponente) bewerten zu können, ist deshalb die Entwicklung neuer innovativer Methoden notwendig. Diese Methoden können auch unter dem Begriff „lab-to-field“ oder „materials“ – up-scaling zusammengefasst werden. D. h. Werkstoffe werden im Labor charakterisiert, und deren Eigenschaften mittels z.B. Simulation auf die Komponentenperformance hochskaliert (upscaling). i-TRIBOMAT ist ein EU gefördertes Projekt (H2020, GA Nr. 814494) mit dem Ziel ein Open Innovation Test Bed für tribologische Werkstoffcharakterisierung aufzubauen und entsprechende Services von der tribologischen Charakterisierung neuer Werkstoffe bis hin zu Simulationsmodellen zur Vorrausage der Perfomance von Komponenten der Industrie anzubieten. Durch die Bündelung von Knowhow und Infrastruktur zu Charakterisierung sowie den Aufbau einer digitalen Plattform, wird i-TRIBOMAT das weltgrößte Open Innovation Test Bed für tribologische Werkstoffcharakterisierung. N2 - The prediction of the properties of the materials used in the operation of components is of enormous importance, in order to accelerate the development process of new components. To evaluate new materials in terms of their performance (in a component), the development of new innovative methods is necessary. These methods can also be summarized under the term lab-to-field or materials – upscaling, meaning materials being characterised in a laboratory and their properties being upscaled to the component performance by means of e.g. simulation. i-TRIBOMAT is a EU funded project (H2020, GA Nr. 814494) aiming at building an Open Innovation Test Bed for tribological material characterization and offering corresponding services from tribological characterization of new materials to simulation models for predicting the performance of industrial components. By bundling the infrastructure, know-how for characterization and building a digital platform, i-TRIBOMAT becomes the world’s largest open innovation test bed for tribological material characterization. T2 - 22nd International Colloquium Tribology CY - Esslingen, Germany DA - 28.01.2020 KW - Tribologie KW - Lab-to-field up-scaling KW - Werkstoffdatenbank KW - Geteilte Infrastruktur KW - Tribo-Analytik KW - Intelligente tribologische Werkstoffcharakterisierung KW - Lab-to-field upscaling KW - Tribology KW - Intelligent tribological material characterization KW - Materials database KW - Shared infrastruture KW - Tribo-analytics PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-576762 DO - https://doi.org/10.30419/TuS-2020-0026 SN - 0724-3472 SN - 2941-0908 VL - 67 IS - 5-6 SP - 35 EP - 50 PB - Expert CY - Tübingen AN - OPUS4-57676 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Even, Morgane A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - Kalus, Sabine A1 - Schultes, P. A1 - Hutzler, C. A1 - Luch, A. T1 - Formaldehyde emissions from wooden toys: Method comparison and exposure assessment N2 - This study shows that formaldehyde Emission results in micro-scale emission chambers are comparable with results in bigger chambers both for particle boards and wooden toys. On the contrary, the WKI flask method was leading to more variable results depending on sample geometry. Thus, microchambers could be used for reliable routine market surveillance. An exposure assessment led to noticeable formaldehyde indoor air concentration values, pointing out the need for an effective Surveillance of such samples. T2 - Indoor Air 2020: The 16th conference of the international society of indoor air quality and climate CY - Online meeting DA - 01.11.2020 KW - Volatile organic compounds KW - Consumer products KW - WKI flask method KW - Emission chambers KW - Market surveillance PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-52024 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Manzoni, Anna Maria A1 - Yesilcicek, Yasemin A1 - Demir, E. A1 - Haas, S. A1 - Glatzel, U. T1 - Combining trace elements for microstructural optimization in the Al10Co25Cr8Fe15Ni36Ti6 compositionally complex alloy N2 - Trace elements W and Hf have different influence on the microstructure and the mechanical properties when added to the Al10Co25Cr8Fe15Ni36Ti6 compositionally complex alloy. The addition of both can thus merge both element’s beneficial influences when combined with the appropriate heat treatment: Hf enhances the cubicity of the γ’ particles in the γ matrix while the W reduces the negative influence of the Heusler phase: this phase can be completely dissolved when W is present in the alloy. T2 - ICHEM 2020 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 27.09.2020 KW - High entropy alloys KW - Transmission electron microscopy KW - Lattice misfit KW - X-ray diffraction KW - Scanning electron microscopy PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51370 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Eisentraut, Paul A1 - Altmann, Korinna A1 - Kittner, Maria A1 - Dümichen, Erik A1 - Thaxton, K. A1 - Kleine-Benne, E. A1 - Anumol, T. T1 - Accelerated Determination of Microplastics in Environmental Samples Using Thermal Extraction Desorption-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (TED-GC/MS) N2 - There is growing interest in quantifying microplastics in environmental samples. This application note presents a thermal extraction desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TED-GC/MS) method that is well suited to automation and increased sample throughput. The method is also able to detect all particle sizes in the sample as long as the limit of detection (LOD) is reached and allows analysis of larger samples of 15 to 25 mg or more. Samples were decomposed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and the gaseous decomposition products were trapped on a solid-phase sorbent, followed by thermal desorption‑gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS) using an Agilent 5977B GC/MSD coupled to an Agilent 7890B GC. Target microplastic particle (MP) polymers were identified in environmental samples including surface water, finished compost, house dust, and drinking water. Quantification of MP polymers in environmental samples provided LODs of 0.06 to 2.2 μg, allowing the detection of MPs in trace amounts with sample weights of up to 1 g. Method repeatability was adequate for reliable quantification with RSDs of approximately 6 to 12%. KW - Environment KW - Microplastic particles KW - TED-GC/MS KW - Mass content KW - Thermoanalytical PY - 2020 VL - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Agilent Technologies Inc. CY - USA AN - OPUS4-51672 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Tokarski, T. T1 - Lattice parameter determination with EBSD. Is that possible? N2 - CALM is software for determining the Bravais lattice type and the resulting lattice parameters from a single Kikuchi pattern. It requires the definition of 4 bands and a single bandwidth from which all other band positions as well as bandwidths are derived. For band detection, it uses the Funk transform, which allows detection of twice as many bands as usual. CALM works for any symmetry and requires low-noise patterns of at least 320x240 pixels. The resulting errors are <2% even for such small patterns, assuming good quality. The relative errors are <0.5%. However, this requires a projection centre position best derived from a sample of a cubic phase in CALM. However, this must have been recorded under identical conditions. Hundreds of Kikuchi patterns of phases with different symmetries were examined. T2 - Institutskolloquium Kassel CY - Online meeting DA - 30.10.2020 KW - Phasenidentifikation KW - EBSD KW - Gitterkonstanten PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51813 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bayerlein, Bernd A1 - Weinberger, Katharina A1 - Schilling, Markus T1 - Innovations- Plattform Material Digital N2 - Mit der Initiative MaterialDigital fördert das BMBF seit dem letzten Jahr ein wichtiges Instrument zur Digitalisierung der Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik in Deutschland. In der ersten Phase dieser Initiative wird seit Juli 2019 die Plattform MaterialDigital von einem Konsortium aufgestellt. Ziel dieser Plattform ist der Aufbau eines virtuellen Materialdatenraums, um zusammen mit allen Interessenten die Systematisierung des Umgangs mit Werkstoffdaten voranzutreiben. In einer zweiten Phase werden akademische F&E-Projekte voraussichtlich Anfang 2021 gefördert. In jedem dieser Projekte wird an einer konkreten Fragestellung das Themenfeld „Digitalisierung der Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik“ adressiert und multidisziplinär bearbeitet. In einer dritten Phase werden im Rahmen industriegeführter vorwettbewerblicher Verbundprojekte mit der gleichen Zielsetzung gefördert. T2 - Workshop - “Datenmanagement in der Additiven Fertigung” CY - Online meeting DA - 27.10.2020 KW - Digitalisierung KW - Plattform Material Digital KW - Virtueller Materialdatenraum KW - Vernetzung KW - Ontologien PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51609 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Altmann, Korinna A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Bannick, C.-G. A1 - Bednarz, M. A1 - Herper, D. A1 - Knefel, M. T1 - TED-GC/MS: Schnelle Bestimmung von Mikroplastik-Massegehalten in verschiedenen Proben N2 - Zur Ermittlung von Mikroplastik-Gehalten in verschiedenen Umweltmatrices ist ein schnelles Detektionsverfahren für die Routineanalytik notwendig. Ein solches Verfahren wird hier in Form der ThermoExtraktion/Desorption-GasChromatographie/ MassenSpektroskopie (TED-GC/MS) vorgestellt. Neben grundlegenden verfahrensspezifischen Erläuterungen zur Identifizierung und Quantifizierung von Mikroplastik werden auch exemplarische Beispiele aus unterschiedlichen Umweltkompartimenten und Produkten dargestellt. Neu vorgestellt wird ein neues Verfahren zur Analytik von Flaschenwasser. Dazu wurde ein Messfiltertiegel entwickelt, der besonders für Proben mit geringen Gehalten an abfiltrierbaren Stoffen geeignet ist KW - Mikroplasik KW - Mikroplastik-Analyse KW - TED-GC/MS KW - Thermoanalytische Verfahren KW - Mikroplastik-Massengehalte PY - 2020 VL - 2020 IS - 02 SP - 55 EP - 57 PB - Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker (GDCh) CY - Frankfurt am Main AN - OPUS4-50835 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Alfeld, M. A1 - Eckhardt, H.-S. A1 - Kraft, J. A1 - Maiwald, Michael A1 - Meermann, Björn A1 - Merz, K. A1 - Prikler, S. A1 - Richert, J. A1 - Steiner, G. A1 - von Tümpling, W. T1 - Trendbericht Analytische Chemie N2 - Zusätzlich zu Methodenentwicklung, Miniaturisierung und Kopplungsverfahren zeigen sich die Hyperspektroskopie zusammen mit Imaging‐Verfahren, der Einzelmolekülnachweis und der Einsatz von 3‐D‐Druckern als neue Schwerpunkte. Hinzu kommen künstliche Intelligenz bei Sensoren, Bildgebungsverfahren und Prozesssteuerung sowie die Vernetzung von Analyse‐ und Laborgeräten. Trends und Forschungsthemen aus der analytischen Chemie, zusammengestellt von elf Autoren, koordiniert von Günter Gauglitz. KW - Multielementanalytik KW - Multimodale Analytik KW - Kristallolgraphie KW - Prozessanalytik KW - Prozessindustrie KW - Industrielle Analytik KW - Chemometrik KW - Chemometrie PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/nadc.20204095786 SN - 1868-0054 VL - 68 IS - 4 SP - 52 EP - 60 PB - Wiley CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-50609 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - THES A1 - Chao, Madlen T1 - Entwicklung und Validierung eines Online-LIBS-Verfahrens für die Bestimmung von Nährelementen in Böden N2 - In den letzten Jahrzehnten ist die Nachfrage nach kostengünstigen und flächendeckenden Kartierungsmöglichkeiten im Hinblick auf eine ertragssteigernde und umweltfreundlichere Bewirtschaftung von landwirtschaftlichen Nutzflächen stark gestiegen. Hierfür eignen sich spektroskopische Methoden wie die Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse (RFA), Raman- und Gammaspektroskopie sowie die laserinduzierte Plasmaspektroskopie (LIBS). In Abhängigkeit von der Funktionsweise der jeweiligen Methoden werden Informationen zu verschiedensten Bodeneigenschaften wie Nährelementgehalt, Textur und pH-Wert erhalten. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Entwicklung eines Online-LIBS-Verfahrens zur Nährelementbestimmmung und Kartierung von Ackerflächen. Die LIBS ist eine schnelle und simultane Multielementanalyse bei der durch das Fokussieren eines hochenergetischen Laserpulses Probenmaterial von der Probenoberfläche ablatiert wird und in ein Plasma überführt wird. Beim Abkühlen des Plasmas wird Strahlung emittiert, welche Rückschlüsse über die elementare Zusammensetzung der Probe gibt. Diese Arbeit ist im Teilprojekt I4S (Intelligenz für Böden) im Forschungsprogramm BonaRes (Boden als nachhaltige Ressource für die Bioökonomie) des Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) entstanden. Es wurden insgesamt 651 Bodenproben von verschiedenen Test-Agrarflächen unterschiedlichster Standorte Deutschlands gemessen, ausgewertet und zu Validierungszwecken mit entsprechender Referenzanalytik wie die Optische Emissionsspektroskopie mittels induktiv gekoppeltem Plasma (ICP-OES) und die wellenlängendispersive Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse (WDRFA) charakterisiert. Für die Quantifizierung wurden zunächst die Messparameter des LIBS-Systems auf die Bodenmatrix optimiert und für die Elemente geeignete Linien ausgewählt sowie deren Nachweisgrenzen bestimmt. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass eine absolute Quantifizierung basierend auf einem univariaten Ansatz aufgrund der starken Matrixeffekte und der schlechten Reproduzierbarkeit des Plasmas nur eingeschränkt möglich ist. Bei Verwendung eines multivariaten Ansatz wie der Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) für die Kalibrierung konnten für die Nährelemente im Vergleich zur univariaten Variante Analyseergebnisse mit höherer Güte und geringeren Messunsicherheiten ermittelt werden. Die Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, dass das multivariate Modell weiter verbessert werden kann, indem mit einer Vielzahl von gut analysierten Böden verschiedener Standorte, Bodenarten und einem breiten Gehaltsbereich kalibriert wird. Mithilfe der Hauptkomponentenanalyse (PCA) wurde eine Klassifizierung der Böden nach der Textur realisiert. Weiterhin wurde auch eine Kalibrierung mit losem Bodenmaterial erstellt. Trotz der Signalabnahme konnten für die verschiedenen Nährelemente Kalibriergeraden mit ausreichender, analytischer Güte erstellt werden. Für den Einsatz auf dem Acker wurde außerdem der Einfluss von Korngröße und Feuchtigkeit auf das LIBS-Signal untersucht. Die unterschiedlichen Korngrößen haben nur einen geringen Einfluss auf das LIBS-Signal und das Kalibriermodell lässt sich durch entsprechende Proben leicht anpassen. Dagegen ist der Einfluss der Feuchtigkeit deutlich stärker und hängt stark von der Bodenart ab, sodass für jede Bodenart ein separates Kalibriermodell für verschiedene Feuchtigkeitsgehalte erstellt werden muss. Mithilfe der PCA kann der Feuchtigkeitsgehalt im Boden grob abgeschätzt werden und die entsprechende Kalibrierung ausgewählt werden. Diese Arbeit liefert essentielle Informationen für eine Echtzeit-Analyse von Nährelementen auf dem Acker mittels LIBS und leistet einen wichtigen Beitrag zu einer fortschrittlichen und zukunftsfähigen Nutzung von Ackerflächen. KW - Boden KW - Chemometrie KW - LIBS KW - Nährelemente KW - Düngeempfehlung KW - Precision Agriculture KW - Prozessanalytik PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-476772 DO - https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.25932/publishup-47677 SP - 1 EP - 130 PB - Universität Potsdam CY - Potsdam AN - OPUS4-52183 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schulz, Wencke A1 - Stephan-Scherb, Christiane A1 - Laplanche, Guillaume T1 - High temperature corrosion phenomena of HEAs and MEAs N2 - High- and medium-entropy alloys (HEAs and MEAs) constitute a new class of materials. Those with a face-centered cubic (fcc) structure from the Cr-Mn-Fe-Co-Ni system have excellent mechanical properties and are considered for high-temperature applications since diffusion in these alloys was reported to be sluggish. However, their corrosion resistance at high temperatures must still be evaluated to further qualify them for such kinds of applications. Various groups studied the oxidation behavior of HEAs and MEAs under (dry) laboratory and artificial air as well as CO2/CO mixtures in different temperature ranges. CrCoNi exhibits the best corrosion resistance at 800 °C due to the formation of a protective Cr2O3 layer. The matrix below the oxide scale was reported to be correspondingly depleted in Cr. It was further shown that the addition of Mn and Fe to CrCoNi changes the phase composition of the oxide scale at 800 °C. A Mn2O3 layer was grown during oxidation on CrMnCoNi and CrMnFeCoNi and a Cr2O3 scale was formed at the matrix/oxide scale interface. Beneath these oxide layers, Mn- and Cr-depleted zones were detected. These phase morphologies demonstrate the inward diffusion of oxygen and outward diffusion of Cr and Mn resulting in the formation of Cr2O3 and Mn2O3. In the present study, the corrosion resistance of CrMnFeCoNi and CrCoNi were confirmed and additionally characterized under further oxidizing atmospheres at 800 °C including Ar-2 Vol.% O2, Ar-2 Vol.% H20, and Ar-2 Vol.% SO2 mixtures. T2 - Symposium on Advanced Mechanical and Microstructural Characterization of High-Entropy Alloys CY - Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany DA - 03.02.2020 KW - Mn3O4 KW - High-entropy alloy KW - Medium-entropy alloy KW - High-temperature corrosion KW - Chromia PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50984 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Manzoni, Anna Maria A1 - Glatzel, U. ED - Buschow, K.H.J. ED - Flemings, M.C. ED - Kramer, E.J. ED - Veyssière, P. ED - Cahn, R.W. ED - Ilschner, B. ED - Mahajan, S. T1 - High-Entropy Alloys: Balancing Strength and Ductility at Room Temperature N2 - A new race for high performance structural materials has started since the discovery of high entropy alloys at the beginning of the 21st century. The possible combination of several elements in an, until then, unknown composition space opened the ground for discovering new materials. Solid solution strengthening remains the most prominent mechanisms that is active in this family of materials, but it is supported by all other strengthening mechanism on the path to better and better performing materials. Chemical, thermal and mechanical approaches are combined to optimize these alloys. Optimum performances can be reached by using a high number of different strengthening mechanisms, induced both by composition and processing. The most prominent with composition induced mechanism is precipitation hardening, and on the processing side it is cold working such as cold-rolling, torsion or extrusion. The contribution uses tensile test data at room temperature solely for comparison – high temperature and cryogenic data are omitted because it would lead beyond the scope of this manuscript. KW - High entropy alloys KW - Compositionally complex alloys PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803581-8.11774-6 PB - Elsevier Inc. AN - OPUS4-50575 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Altmann, Korinna A1 - Scheid, C. A1 - Steinmetz, H. A1 - Bannick, C.-G. A1 - Abusafia, A. A1 - Dittmer, U. A1 - Braun, Ulrike T1 - Microplastic occurrence in urban sewage systems: Identification of sources for pathways into the environment N2 - All over the world, microplastic (MP) particles (particle size: 1 - 1.000 µm) are found in water, soil, air, biota and even food products. But plenty of these discussed findings are based on a very low number of real datasets, which are extrapolated to general projections. Furthermore, most data are not comparable because the strategies for sampling, sample preparation and detection methods are not harmonised/ or standardised. This would require extensive proficiancy tests. Because of the ubiquity presence and the unclear risks, which might arise from those particles, various political and environmental organisations (i.e. OECD, UNEP, WHO) identify the reduction of plastic entry in the environment as a key challenge for now and the future. This challenge includes the identification of relevant entry pathways but also the demand of harmonised, meaningful and reliable analytical procedures. Regarding this task within the last few years, a fast practical solution for MP analysis has been developed, which includes the steps of representative sampling, adequate sample preparation and fast detection. Sampling is done by fractional filtration over sieves with mesh sizes of 500, 100, 50 and 5 µm [1]. The received samples are measured by ThermoExtraction/Desorption-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (TED-GC-MS) [1,2]. for the most abundant polymers used in practice, which are polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyamide (PA) and acrylate as well as styrene-butadiene-rubber (SBR), a main component of tires. The present presentation will give first-time insight in a comprehensive dataset of microplastic analysis for an exemplary urban sewage system. MP mass contents of different waters at several days, such as greywater, stormwater retention tank, influent and effluent of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) within an urban sewage system in Germany are determined. Furthermore, the mass of the polymers found in dry weather and rain weather flow are compared. The use of these large datasets allows first expressive conclusions regarding the contribution of urban sewage system to the MP entry sources in the environments. We found PP and PS in all different waters. Furthermore, there is SBR in influent and also in effluent of the WWTP. Surprisingly, we could also detect hugh amounts of PE in the effluent of the WWTP. T2 - SETAC Europe 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 03.05.2020 KW - Microplastic analysis KW - TED-GC/MS KW - Microplastic particles KW - Microplastic mass contents PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50795 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Altmann, Korinna A1 - Herper, D. A1 - Knefel, M. A1 - Bednarz, M. A1 - Bannick, C. G. T1 - Detektion von Mikroplastik in Flaschenwasser mittels thermoanalytischer Verfahren N2 - Im Vortrag wird ein Messfiltertiegel als Zusatztool für die TED-GC/MS vorgestellt, welcher für die Probenaufbereitung von kleinen Partikelfrachten oder kleinen Partikelgrößen genutzt werden kann. Er ist Filtereinheit und Messtiegel in einem, wodurch Verluste bei der Überführung der Probe in das Messgefäß sowie Kontaminationen vermindert werden. Das beispiel ist hier die Filtration von Flaschenwasser mit anschließender Detektion mit der TED-GC/MS. T2 - BVL_Kick-off Meeting "Mikroplastik in Lebensmitteln" CY - Online meeting DA - 03.12.2020 KW - Mikroplastik KW - TED-GC/MS KW - Kleine Partikel KW - Geringe Partikelfrachten KW - Mikroplastik-Massengehalte PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51794 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa A1 - Mair, Georg A1 - Holtappels, Kai A1 - Maiwald, Michael A1 - Sobol, Oded T1 - Die Wasserstoffstrategie der BAM; Kompetenzzentrum H 2 safety@bam N2 - Das Thema Wasserstoff ist an der BAM seit mehr als hundert Jahren aktuell und steht auch gegenwärtig im Zentrum zahlreicher Forschungs- und Kooperationsaktivitäten. Mit der aktuellen Wasserstoff-Strategie der BAM werden wichtige Voraussetzungen dafür geschaffen, dass der Markthochlauf gelingt und die technische Sicherheit und Überwachung der Infrastrukturen und Anlagen gewährleistet ist – von der Erzeugung, über den Transport bis zur Speicherung und Bereitstellung von Wasserstoff als Energieträger der Zukunft. T2 - 1st Digital AK PostDocs Meeting CY - Online meeting DA - 01.10.2020 KW - Kompetenzzentrum H2Safety@BAM KW - Wasserstoff KW - Wasserstoffstrategie PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51371 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mair, Georg A1 - Becker, B. A1 - John, Sebastian A1 - Duffner, Eric T1 - Composite storage systems for compressed hydrogen - systematic improvement of regulations for more attractive storage units N2 - Hydrogen is an attractive energy carrier that requires high effort for safe storage. Forensuring safety, they must undergo a challenging approval process. Relevant standardsand regulations for composite cylinders used for the transport of hydrogen and for its on-board storage are currently based on deterministic (e.g. ISO 11119-3) or semi-probabilistic(UN GTR No. 13) criteria. This paper analysis the properties of such methods withrespect to the evaluation of load cycle strength. Their characteristics are compared withthe probabilistic approach of the BAM. Based on Monte-Carlo simulations, the availabledesign range (mean value and scatter of strength criteria) of current concepts was exem-plarily estimated. The aspect of small sample sizes is analysed and discussed with respectto the evaluation procedures. KW - Probabilistic KW - Monte-Carlo KW - Regulations KW - Composite cylinder KW - Hydrogen vehicles KW - Transport of dangerous goods PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.04.068 SN - 0360-3199 VL - 45 IS - 25 SP - 13672 EP - 13679 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50687 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg A1 - Maiwald, Michael A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa A1 - Sobol, Oded A1 - Holtappels, Kai T1 - BAM - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung: Hydrogen - Safety in Technology and Chemistry N2 - The presentation starts with some key figures about BAM. Then it introduces BAM's competence centre H2Safety@BAM and shows aspects of special competence of the centre. It closes with information about the engagement of BAM in European research projects on hydrogen and a reference to our bilingual paper about our hydrogen strategy. T2 - 27th Hydrogen Europe Research General Assembly CY - Online meeting DA - 02.07.2020 KW - Material properties and compatibility KW - Component testing KW - Safety assessment KW - Approval KW - Sensors KW - Inspection KW - Gas behaviour KW - Safe handling PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-53155 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Altenburg, Simon A1 - Straße, Anne A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane T1 - In-situ monitoring of a laser metal deposition (LMD) process: comparison of MWIR, SWIR and high-speed NIR thermography N2 - Additive manufacturing offers a range of novel applications. However, the manufacturing process is complex and the production of almost defect-free parts with high reliability and durability is still a challenge. Thermography is a valuable tool for process surveillance, especially in metal additive manufacturing processes. The high process temperatures allow one to use cameras usually operating in the visible spectral range. Here, we compare the results of measurements during the manufacturing process of a commercial laser metal deposition setup using a mid wavelength infrared camera with those from a short wavelength infrared camera and those from a visual spectrum high-speed camera with band pass filter in the near infrared range. KW - Additive Manufacturing KW - Process monitoring KW - Thermography KW - LMD KW - Metal KW - MWIR KW - SWIR KW - NIR PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-516318 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/17686733.2020.1829889 VL - 19 IS - 2 SP - 97 EP - 114 PB - Taylor & Francis Group CY - London, UK AN - OPUS4-51631 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Becker, Roland A1 - Altmann, Korinna A1 - Sommerfeld, Thomas A1 - Braun, Ulrike T1 - Quantification of microplastics in a freshwater suspended organic matter using different thermoanalytical methods – outcome of an interlaboratory comparison N2 - A sedimented freshwater suspended organic matter fortified with particles of polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was employed in an interlaboratory comparison of thermoanalytical methods for microplastics identification and quantification. Three laboratories performed pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS), three others provided results using thermal extraction desorption followed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (TED-GC-MS). One participant performed thermogravimetry-infrared spectroscopy (TGA-FTIR) and two participants used thermogravimetry coupled to mass spectrometry (TGA-MS). Further participants used differential scanning microscopy (DSC), a procedure based on micro combustion calorimetry (MCC) and a procedure based on elemental analysis. Each participant employed a different combination of sample treatment, calibration and instrumental Settings for polymer identification and quantification. Though there is obviously room for improvements regarding the between-laboratory reproducibility and the harmonization of procedures it was seen that the participants Performing Py-GC-MS, TED-GC-MS, and TGA-FTIR were able to correctly identify all polymers and to report reasonable quantification results in the investigated concentration range (PE: 20.0 μg/mg, PP: 5.70 μg/mg; PS: 2.20 μg/mg, PET: 18.0 μg/mg). Although for the other methods limitations exists regarding the detection of specific polymers, they showed potential as alternative approaches for polymer quantification in solid environmental matrices. KW - Interlaboratory comparison KW - Microplastics KW - Suspended organic matter KW - Pyrolysis PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2020.104829 VL - 148 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-50977 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bernegger, Raphael A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane A1 - Altenburg, Simon T1 - Quantification of delaminations in semitransparent solids using pulsed thermography and mathematical 1D models N2 - Material defects in fiber reinforced polymers such as delaminations can rapidly degrade the material properties or can lead to the failure of a component. Pulse thermography (PT) has proven to be a valuable tool to identify and quantify such defects in opaque materials. However, quantification of delaminations within semitransparent materials is extremely challenging. We present an approach to quantify delaminations within materials being semitransparent within the wavelength ranges of the optical excitation sources as well as of the infrared (IR) camera. PT experimental data of a glass fiber reinforced polymer with a real delamination within the material were reconstructed by one dimensional (1D) mathematical models. These models describe the heat diffusion within the material and consider semitransparency to the excitation source as well to the IR camera, thermal losses at the samples surfaces and a thermal contact resistance between the two layers describing the delamination. By fitting the models to the PT data, we were able to determine the depth of the delamination very accurately. Additionally, we analyzed synthetic PT data from a 2D simulation with our 1D-models to show how the thermal contact resistance is influenced by lateral heat flow within the material. KW - Pulsed thermography KW - Quantification KW - Numerical simulation KW - Analytical model KW - Semitransparent KW - GFRP KW - Delamination PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-505766 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-020-02642-7 VL - 41 IS - 5 SP - Article number: 67 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-50576 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stephan, Ina A1 - Dimke, Thomas A1 - Guterman, R. A1 - Smith, C. A. A1 - Cataldo, V. A. T1 - Antibacterial and degradable thioimidazolium poly(ionic liquid) N2 - New antibacterial agents are urgently required to fight the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. We recently synthesized the first thioimidazolium ionene, which has antibacterial properties and can degrade in various media. This dual functionality is crucial in order to limit the environmental impact of these biocides. We have found that our polymer is stronger than benzalkonium chloride (BAC) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and also readily degrades in the presence of base, while remaining stable in acidic environments. These results highlight a new emerging class of antibacterial degradable polymers. KW - Ionic liquid KW - Antibacterial polymer KW - Amphiphilic polymer KW - Thioimidazolium KW - Degradable polymer KW - Polyioinic liquid PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c02666 VL - 8 IS - 22 SP - 8419 EP - 8424 PB - ACS Publications AN - OPUS4-50982 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haist, M. A1 - Link, J. A1 - Nicia, D. A1 - Leinitz, Sarah A1 - Baumert, C. A1 - von Bronk, T. A1 - Cotardo, D. A1 - Eslami Pirharati, M. A1 - Fataei, S. A1 - Garrecht, H. A1 - Gehlen, C. A1 - Hauschildt, I. A1 - Ivanova, I. A1 - Jesinghausen, S. A1 - Klein, C. A1 - Krauss, H.-W. A1 - Lohaus, L. A1 - Lowke, D. A1 - Mazanec, O. A1 - Pawelczyk, S. A1 - Pott, U. A1 - Radebe, N. W. A1 - Riedmiller, J. J. A1 - Schmid, H.-J. A1 - Schmidt, Wolfram A1 - Secrieru, E. A1 - Stephan, D. A1 - Thiedeitz, M. A1 - Wilhelm, M. A1 - Mechtcherine, V. T1 - Interlaboratory study on rheological properties of cement pastes and reference substances: comparability of measurements performed with different rheometers and measurement geometries N2 - This paper presents the results of an interlaboratory study of the rheological properties of cement paste and ultrasound gel as reference substance. The goal was to quantify the comparability and reproducibility of measurements of the Bingham parameters yield stress and plastic viscosity when measured on one specific paste composition and one particular ultrasound gel in different laboratories using different rheometers and measurement geometries. The procedures for both in preparing the cement paste and carrying out the rheological measurements on cement paste and ultrasound gel were carefully defined for all of the study’s participants. Different conversion schemes for comparing the results obtained with the different measurement setups are presented here and critically discussed. The procedure proposed in this paper ensured a reasonable comparability of the results with a coefficient of variation for the yield stress of 27% and for the plastic viscosity of 24%, despite the individual measurement series’ having been performed in different labs with different rheometers and measurement geometries. KW - Rheometry KW - Rheology KW - Interlaboratory test KW - Test setup KW - Testing procedure KW - Cement paste KW - Ultrasound gel PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-511220 DO - https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-020-01477-w SN - 1871-6873 VL - 53 IS - 4 SP - 92 PB - Rilem AN - OPUS4-51122 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Wolfram A1 - Olonade, K. A. A1 - Mbugua, R. N. A1 - Lenz, F. J. A1 - Tchetgnia Ngassam, I. T1 - Bio-Based Rheology Modifiers for High Performance Concrete – Possible Modes of Actions and Case Study for Cassava Starch in West Africa N2 - Polymers that help tailoring rheological properties during the casting process have become inevitable constituents for all kinds of high-performance concrete technologies. Due to lacking industries, these typically crude-oil based admixtures are not readily available in many parts of the world, which limits the implementation of more sustainable high-performance construction technologies in these regions. Alternative polymers, which often demand for less processing, can be derived from local plant-based resources. The paper provides experimental data of flow tests of cement pastes with polysaccharides from Triumfetta pendrata A. Rich, acacia gum and cassava without and in the presence of polycarboxylate ether superplasticizer. The flow tests are amended by observations of the zeta potentials and the hydrodynamic diameters in the presence of and without calcium ions in the dispersion medium. The results show that in the presence of and without calcium ions all polysaccharides provide negative zeta potentials, yet, they affect flowability and thixotropy in different ways. Cassava starch, acacia gum, and the gum of Triumfetta pendrata A. Rich qualified well for robustness improvement, strong stiffening, and additive manufacturing, respectively. The reason for the different effects can be found in their average sizes and size distribution. Due to the promising results, a flow chart for local value chains is derived on the example of yet unused cassava wastes, which can be converted in parallel. T2 - 3rd International Conference on the Application of Superabsorbent Polymers CY - Skukuza, South Africa KW - Admixtures KW - Polysaccharides KW - Rheology KW - Thixotropy KW - Concrete PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-030-33341-6 SN - 978-3-030-33342-3 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33342-3_17 SP - 158 EP - 166 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-58404 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lu, Z. A1 - Becker, S. A1 - Leinitz, Sarah A1 - Schmidt, Wolfram A1 - von Klitzing, R. A1 - Stephan, D. T1 - Interaction of Different Charged Polymers with Potassium Ions and Their Effect on the Yield Stress of Highly Concentrated Glass Bead Suspensions N2 - The interaction of different charged polymers, namely anionic polycarboxylate superplasticizer (PCE) and neutral polyethylene glycol (PEG) with potassium ions, and their effect on the yield stress of highly concentrated glass bead suspension (GBS), were studied under different concentrations of potassium ions ([K+]). It was found that, compared to the neutral PEG, the negatively charged PCE can be adsorbed on glass beads (GB), and then decreases the yield stress of GBS. The increasing concentration of free polymer in the interstitial liquid phase with the increased polymer dosage leads to the higher yield stress of GBS, which may be caused by the higher Depletion force. In addition, this effect is also related to the charge density of the polymer and the [K+] in the solution. Along with the increase in [K+], the yield stress of GBS increases significantly with the addition of PCE, but this cannot be observed with PEG, which indicates that potassium ions can interact with negatively charged PCE instead of the neutral PEG. At last, the interparticle Forces between two single GB with adsorbed PCE in solutions containing [K+] and PCE were measured by colloidal probe atomic force microscopy to better understand the interaction of the charged polymer with counterions. KW - Yield stress KW - Free polymer KW - Charge density KW - Depletion force KW - Potassium ions PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506015 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13071490 SN - 1996-1944 VL - 13 IS - 7 SP - 1490, 1 EP - 1490, 16 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-50601 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Altenburg, Simon T1 - Prozessüberwachung in der additiven Fertigung von Metallen an der BAM: Das Projekt ProMoAM N2 - Vorstellung des TF-Projektes ProMoAM mit allen in-situ Verfahren und Referenzverfahren T2 - Sitzung des VDI AK Mess- und Automatisierungstechnik CY - Kassel, Germany DA - 03.03.2020 KW - Additive manufacturing KW - In situ monitoring KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-53537 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Stephan, Ina A1 - Boenke, Viola A1 - Drecker, Sigrid T1 - Weiterentwicklung und Verbesserung des Konzeptes zur Begrenzung von Konservierungsmitteln für Produkte mit dem Blauen Engel N2 - Im Rahmen des Forschungsvorhabens wurde die biologische Prüfmethode der Checkliste zur stoffli-chen Bewertung im Rahmen des Aufnahmeverfahrens für weitere Topfkonservierungsmittel in den Anhang 1 zur Vergabegrundlage RAL-UZ102 „Emissionsarme Innenwandfarben“ überarbeitet. Der Test für den Einsatz von Konservierungsmitteln in seiner jetzigen Fassung besteht seit nahezu 20 Jah-ren und erfolgt ausschließlich an weißer Dispersionsfarbe für den Innenraum. Die hierbei ermittelten Höchstmengen für den Einsatz von Topfkonservierern werden z.Zt. auch auf andere Innenraumbau-produkte übertragen. Ziel war es zu klären, ob die Anforderungen an die Topfkonservierung bei Far-ben tatsächlich für andere Innenraumbauprodukte übernommen werden können. Die im Vorhaben durchgeführten Versuche deuten darauf hin, dass dies nicht ohne weiteres möglich ist. Nach Rückspra-che mit Vertretern aus der Industrie wurde das Keimspektrum für die Prüfung zudem um Hefe- und Schimmelpilze erweitert. Des Weiteren wurde eine künstliche Alterung eingeführt und überprüft, ob dies einen Einfluss auf den Gehalt an Isothiazolinonen hat. Die Konzentration von Isothialzolinonen wurde mittels Ultra-Hochleistungsflüssigkeitschromatographie kontrolliert und hinsichtlich einer Kor-relation mit dem Wachstum von Mikroorganismen ausgewertet. Da die in den Innenraumbauproduk-ten zugesetzten Isothiazolinone als Kontaktallergene bekannt sind, ist es ein Ziel des „Blauen Engel“-Umweltzeichens, die geringste erforderliche Menge an Konservierungsmittel in den Produkten zu ver-wenden, ohne die positive Auswirkung der Topfkonservierung zu gefährden. Daher sind die Optimie-rung der Leistungsstärke von Konservierungsmitteln und die Kontrolle der Hygiene im Herstellungs-prozess von zunehmender Bedeutung. Um Einblicke in den Herstellungsprozess von Farben zu gewin-nen, wurden im Rahmen des Vorhabens vier Farbwerke besichtigt, in denen weiße Innenraumfarben produziert werden, die mit dem Umweltzeichen „Blauer Engel“ ausgezeichnet sind. Gemeinsam mit den Fachleuten vor Ort wurde diskutiert, welche Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung der Werkshygiene er-griffen werden können, um den Einsatz von Topfkonservierern möglichst gering zu halten. Des Weite-ren wurde in dem Forschungsvorhaben untersucht, ob eine schnellere Bestimmung der Keimzahl in den Rohstoffen mittels quantitativer Polymerasekettenreaktion bereits im Farbwerk realisierbar ist. KW - Methode KW - Isothiazolinone KW - Gebindekonservierung KW - Bakterien KW - Schimmel KW - Wirksamkeit KW - Biozide PY - 2020 SN - 1862-4804 VL - 54 SP - 4 EP - 149 PB - Umweltbundesamt CY - Dessau AN - OPUS4-50972 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Raysyan, Anna A1 - Moerer, R. A1 - Coesfeld, Bianca A1 - Eremin, S. A1 - Schneider, Rudolf T1 - Fluorescence polarization immunoassay for the determination of diclofenac in wastewater N2 - Pharmacologically active compounds are often detected in wastewater and surface waters. The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac (DCF) was included in the European watch list of substances that requires its environmental monitoring in the member states. DCF may harmfully influence the ecosystem already at concentrations ≤ 1 μg L−1. The fast and easy quantification of DCF is becoming a subject of global importance. Fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) is a homogeneous mix-and-read method which does not require the immobilization of reagents. FPIA can be performed in one phase within 20–30 min, making it possible to analyse wastewater without any complicated pre-treatment. In this study, new tracermolecules with different structures, linking fluorophores to derivatives of the analyte, were synthesized, three homologous tracers based on DCF, two including a C6 spacer, and one heterologous tracer derived from 5-hydroxy-DCF. The tracer molecules were thoroughly assessed for performance. Regarding sensitivity of the FPIA, the lowest limit of detection reached was 2.0 μg L−1 with a working range up to 870 μg L−1. The method was validated for real wastewater samples against LC-MS/MS as reference method with good agreement of both methods. KW - Abwasser KW - Umweltschadstoffe KW - Antikörper KW - Antibody PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-518398 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-020-03058-w SN - 1618-2642 VL - 413 IS - 4 SP - 999 EP - 107 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg AN - OPUS4-51839 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schneider, Rudolf T1 - Immunoanalytical platforms for on-site environmental health and food safety testing N2 - An overview of methods developed in the division. T2 - FoodSmartphone.eu - Online Symposium CY - Online meeting DA - 25.11.2020 KW - Umweltanalytik KW - Lebensmittelanalytik KW - Immunoassay KW - Biosensor PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51841 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Riedel, Soraya A1 - Carl, Peter A1 - Schneider, Rudolf T1 - Immunomagnetic ochratoxin A assay with smartphone-based amperometric detection N2 - Toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi (aka mycotoxins) are often identified as contaminants in food and pose a severe health risk. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the most abundant mycotoxins found in grains such as wheat, rye or oats. Thus, the fast and cost-effective detection of OTA is of great importance, to ensure that the toxin concentration is below the legal limits. Currently, mycotoxin detection in mill operations is typically performed by means of the antibody-based ELISA (Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay) method, which requires extensive laboratory equipment and specialized personnel. The aim of this project is to establish a more user-friendly detection method. Thus, we developed a magnetic bead-based assay enabling the quantification of OTA with a miniaturized potentiostat connected to a smartphone. T2 - SALSA Make and Measure 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 15.10.2020 KW - ochratoxin A KW - smartphone KW - amperometry KW - cyclic voltammetry KW - magnetic beads KW - screen-printed electrodes PY - 2020 N1 - Geburtsname von Riedel, Soraya: Höfs, S. - Birth name of Riedel, Soraya: Höfs, S. AN - OPUS4-51445 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Raysyan, Anna A1 - Galvidis, I. A. A1 - Schneider, Rudolf A1 - Eremin, S. A. A1 - Burkin, M. A. T1 - Development of a latex particles-based lateral flow immunoassay for group determination of macrolide antibiotics in breast milk N2 - A lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) using latex particles labeled with antibody to BSAclarithromycin (CLA) was developed for the rapid simultaneous group determination of six macrolide antibiotics. Optimization of antigen spotting on the membrane and latex probe loading allowed improving visual detectability (vLOD) 100 times, which was 1, 1, 10, 10, 50, and 1000 ng/mL for CLA, roxithromycin, erythromycin, dirithromycin, azithromycin, and oleandomycin in buffer, respectively. The calculated limits of instrumental detection (cLOD) were respectively 0.12, 0.15, 1.4, 2.1, 2.4, and 3.3 ng/mL. To avoid a strong influence of breast milk of a very diverse and variable composition, a sample pretreatment is proposed. The six macrolides mentioned can be visually detected in breast milk after 20 minutes pretreatment at concentrations of 10-1000 ng / ml or instrumentally with cLOD of 4.0, 2.5, 30, 42, 42 and 180 ng/mL. The recovery rate from the spiked samples carried out using a strip scanner device ranged from 71% to 110%, and precision expressed as relative standard deviation was between 3-14%. The described rapid on-site diagnostic assay format can be useful for monitoring the content of antibiotics in breast milk during macrolide treatment to ensure safe breastfeeding of infants. KW - Clarithromycin KW - Roxithromycin KW - Erythromycin KW - Dirithromycin KW - Azithromycin KW - Oleandomycin KW - Macrolide antibiotics KW - Makrolide KW - Antibiotika PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113450 SN - 0731-7085 VL - 189 IS - 113450 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam, NL AN - OPUS4-51343 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Raysyan, Anna A1 - Eremin, S. A. A1 - Beloglazova, N. V. A1 - De Saeger, S. A1 - Gravel, I. V. T1 - Immunochemical approaches for detection of aflatoxin B1 in herbal medicines N2 - Introduction Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a toxic low‐molecular‐weight secondary metabolite of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. AFB1 was classified as a Group I carcinogen by the World Health Organisation for Research on Cancer in 1993. AFB1 is an unavoidable natural contaminant of some herbal medicine, able to cause serious health issues for humans consuming the related medicine. Objective Therefore, this study aimed to develop an efficient fluorescence polarisation immunoassay (FPIA) and a rapid, low‐cost, and easy‐to‐use membrane‐based flow‐through immunoassay (MBA) for determination of AFB1 in herbal medicine Origanum vulgare L., Rubus idaeus L., Urtica dioica L. and Sorbus aucuparia L. Results A cut‐off level of the developed MBA was 0.8 ppb. Validation of the developed test was performed with blank and spiked samples. Using three naturally contaminated or three artificially spiked samples. The FPIA showed a linear working range of 8.6 to 64 ppb, and a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 24 ppb. Conclusion The results were in good correlation with the enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results (the IC50 0.1 ppb). Both the sample preparation and analysis are simple, cost‐effective and easy to perform on‐site in non‐laboratory environments. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) was used as a confirmatory technique. KW - Fluorescence Polarisation Immunoassay KW - membrane-based flow-through immunoassay KW - Mycotoxins KW - Mykotoxine KW - Schnelltest PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.2931 SN - 1099-1565 VL - 31 IS - 5 SP - 662 EP - 669 PB - Wiley Online Libary CY - Hoboken, NJ, USA AN - OPUS4-51341 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gojani, Ardian A1 - Bell, Jérémy A1 - Rurack, Knut A1 - Schneider, Rudolf T1 - Examples of embedded & microfluidic-based sensors N2 - Sensors are the scientific and technological extension of human senses and enormously expand human capabilities. Despite the fact that scientific and technological advances are usually seen in a positive light, the name of this conference, Sensors for Good, put me in a bit of a trouble, because in general science does not operate in ethical categories, but instead it just tells how far from the truth one is. In this respect, sensors help us in recognizing states and events beyond our immediate reach. Fortunately, sensors are used for many applications, such as environmental monitoring, food control, and alike, which unequivocally benefit society. I will focus on a particular type of sensors, those that rely on microfluidics for operation and which are typically realized in lab-on-a-chip (LOC) devices. In this domain, where at least one of the dimensions through which a fluid flows is submillimetric, our natural senses fail, because the phenomena are too small to be detected either by eye, smell, touch, and even the common sense explanation that we learn for many years in school is not applicable, because the phenomena are dominated by different parameters. To give one simple example, in general the direction of flow in microfluidic channels does not depend on the up-down direction of the channel, because gravitational force or the weight of the fluid is negligible compared to the viscous forces present on the chip. This presentation consists of three parts: initially, two sensors produced in our lab are presented, followed by a simulation oriented discussion on microfluidics and biosensors, and finally a project in progress that we are involved in is presented, concluding with a list of open issues raised during the presentation. T2 - Software Freedom Kosova Conference CY - Online meeting DA - 26.09.2020 KW - Sensors KW - Cocaine detection KW - Fuel adulteration KW - MamaLoCA PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51396 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ecke, Alexander A1 - Schneider, Rudolf T1 - Magnetpartikelbasierte Immunoassays für die Online-Trinkwasseranalyik N2 - Wir berichten hier über die Entwicklung plattenbasierter Magnetpartikel-Immunoassays für die Bestimmung des Breitbandantibiotikums Amoxicillin und des nicht-steroidalen Antirheumatikums Diclofenac im Trinkwasser. Für die beiden Analyten wurden unterschiedliche Ansätze entwickelt, mit partikelgebundenen Antikörpern für AMX und Analyt-gekoppelten Partikeln für DCF, die die simultane Detektion beider Kontaminanten im nanomolaren Konzentrationsbereich erlauben. T2 - Interdisziplinäres Doktorandenseminar des AK Prozessanalytik CY - Online meeting DA - 21.09.2020 KW - Magnetpartikel KW - Immunoassay KW - Trinkwasseranalytik KW - Diclofenac KW - Amoxicillin PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51345 LA - mul AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ecke, Alexander A1 - Schneider, Rudolf T1 - Immunanalytische Bestimmung von β-Lactam-Antibiotika und deren Hydrolyseprodukten im Trinkwasser N2 - Die speziellen Herausforderungen der immunanalytischen Bestimmung von β-Lactam-Antibiotika in (Trink-)Wasserproben werden anhand eines neu entwickelten ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) für das Breitbandantibiotikum Amoxicillin diskutiert. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Hydrolyse des Analyten einen positiven Einfluss auf die Erkennung durch den Antikörper hat. Das entsprechende Hydrolyseprodukt, zu dem der Antikörper folglich eine höhere Affinität aufweist, wurde identifiziert und ein entsprechendes Verhalten wurde auch für andere β-Lactam-Antibiotika aus der Gruppe der Penicilline beobachtet. Eine Strategie für die Analyse von Wasserproben hinsichtlich Kontamination mit den hier betrachteten β-Lactamen und deren Hydrolyseprodukten wurde ausgearbeitet. T2 - Wasser 2020 - Jahrestagung der Wasserchemischen Gesellschaft CY - Meeting was canceled DA - 18.05.2020 KW - ELISA KW - Immunoassay KW - Antibiotika KW - Hydrolyseprodukte KW - Amoxicillin PY - 2020 UR - https://www.wasserchemische-gesellschaft.de/images/pdf_veranstaltungen/2020/Wasserchemische_Gesellschaft_Tagungsband_Wasser_2020_s.pdf SP - 466 EP - 470 AN - OPUS4-51061 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Thiedeitz, M. A1 - Schmidt, Wolfram A1 - Härder, M. A1 - Kränkel, T. T1 - Performance of rice husk ash as supplementary cementitious material after production in the field and in the lab N2 - Supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) can reduce the total amount of Portland cement clinker in concrete production. Rice husk ashes (RHA) can be converted from an agricultural by-product to a high-performance concrete constituent due to a high amount of reactive silica with pozzolanic properties if they are burnt under controlled conditions. The way and duration of combustion, the cooling process as well as the temperature have an effect on the silica form and thus, the chemical and physical performance of the RHA. Various studies on the best combustion technique have been published to investigate the ideal combustion techniques. Yet, the process mostly took place under laboratory conditions. Investigating the difference between the performance of RHA produced in a rural environment and laboratory conditions is useful for the assessment and future enhancement of RHA production, and its application both as building material, for example in rural areas where it is sourced in large quantities, and as additive for high performance concrete. Thus, the paper presents a comparison between RHA produced under rudimentary conditions in a self-made furnace in the rural Bagamoyo, Tanzania and under controlled laboratory conditions at the Technical University of Munich, Germany, with different combustion methods and temperatures. In a second step, RHA was ground to reach particle size distributions comparable to cement. In a third step, cement pastes were prepared with 10%, 20% and 40% of cement replacement, and compared to the performance of plain and fly ash blended cement pastes. The results show that controlled burning conditions around 650 °C lead to high reactivity of silica and, therefore, to good performance as SCM. However, also the RHA burnt under less controlled conditions in the field provided reasonably good properties, if the process took place with proper burning parameters and adequate grinding. The knowledge can be implemented in the field to improve the final RHA performance as SCM in concrete. KW - Rice husk ash KW - Agricultural by-product KW - Supplementary cementitious material KW - Waste management KW - Carbon dioxide emissions PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-568953 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13194319 SN - 1996-1944 VL - 13 SP - 1 EP - 17 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-56895 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lu, Z. C. A1 - Haist, M. A1 - Ivanov, D. A1 - Jakob, C. A1 - Jansen, D. A1 - Schmid, M. A1 - Kißling, P. A. A1 - Leinitz, Sarah A1 - Link, J. A1 - Mechtcherine, V. A1 - Neubauer, J. A1 - Plank, J. A1 - Schmidt, Wolfram A1 - Schilde, C. A1 - Schröfl, C. A1 - Sowoidnich, T. A1 - Stephan, D. T1 - Characterization data of reference cement CEM III/A 42.5N used for priority program DFG SPP 2005 "Opus Fluidum Futurum - Rheology of reactive, multiscale, multiphase construction materials" N2 - Two types of cements were selected as the reference cement in the priority program 2005 of the German Research Foundation (DFG SPP 2005). A thorough characterization of CEM I 42.5 R has been made in a recent publication. In this paper, the characterization data of the other reference cement CEM III/A 42.5 N are presented from the aspects of chemical and mineralogical compositions as well as physical and chemical properties. The characterization data of the slag, which is the second main constituent of this specific cement besides the clinker, are presented independently. For all data received, the mean values and the corresponding errors were calculated. The data shall be used for the ongoing research within the priority program. Also, researchers from outside this priority program can benefit from these data if the same materials are used. KW - Cement KW - Slag KW - Characterization KW - DFG SPP 2005 PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-568980 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2020.105524 SN - 2352-3409 VL - 30 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-56898 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ramirez Caro, Alejandra A1 - Pauli, Jutta A1 - Mota, Berta A1 - Simon, Sebastian A1 - Schmidt, Wolfram A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute T1 - C⁠3A passivation with gypsum and hemihydrate monitored by optical spectroscopy N2 - Tricalcium aluminate (C⁠3A) is found with less than 10% wt. of the total composition; however, during hydration, C⁠3A plays an important role in the early hydration of cement in the presence of gypsum as a set retarder. The aim of this investigation is to assess the suitability of optical spectroscopy and a dye-based optical probe to monitor early hydration of C⁠3A in the presence of gypsum and hemihydrate. Optical evaluation was performed using steady-state fluorescence and diffuses reflectance spectroscopy (UV-VisDR). Phase characterization during hydration was done with in-situ X-ray diffraction. UV-VisDR with a cyanine dye probe was used to monitor the formation of metastable phases and was employed together with fluorescence spectroscopy, to follow the Aggregation and disaggregation of the dye during hydration. In conclusion, for the first time, a cyanine dye was identified as a feasible and stable probe to monitor C⁠3A hydration changes in the presence of calcium sulfate. KW - Dye KW - Photoluminescence KW - Fluorescence KW - Reflection spectroscopy KW - Cement KW - Hydration KW - Method development PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.106082 VL - 133 SP - 106082 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-50952 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Paul, Martin A1 - Weller, Michael G. T1 - Antibody Screening by Microarray Technology - Direct Identification of Selective High-Affinity Clones N2 - The primary screening of hybridoma cells is a time-critical and laborious step during the development of monoclonal antibodies. Often, critical errors occur in this phase, which supports the notion that the generation of monoclonal antibodies with hybridoma technology is difficult to control and hence, a risky venture. We think that it is crucial to improve the screening process to eliminate most of the critical deficits of the conventional approach. With this new microarray-based procedure, several advances could be achieved: Selectivity for excellent binders, high-throughput, reproducible signals, avoidance of misleading avidity (multivalency) effects, and performance of simultaneous competition experiments. The latter can also be used to select clones of desired cross-reactivity properties. In this paper, a model system with two excellent clones against carbamazepine, two weak clones, and blank supernatant containing fetal bovine serum was designed to examine the effectiveness of the new system. The excellent clones could be detected largely independent of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration, which is usually unknown during the clone screening since the determination and subsequent adjustment of the antibody concentration are not feasible in most cases. Furthermore, in this approach, the enrichment, isolation, and purification of IgG for characterization is not necessary. Raw cell culture supernatant can be used directly, even when fetal calf serum (FCS) or other complex media is used. In addition, an improved method for the oriented antibody-immobilization on epoxy-silanized slides is presented. Based on the results of this model system with simulated hybridoma supernatants, we conclude that this approach should be preferable to most other protocols leading to many false positives, causing expensive and lengthy elimination steps to weed out the poor clones. KW - ELISA KW - Immunoassay KW - Microarray KW - Lab-on-a-chip KW - Miniaturization KW - Aautomatisation KW - HTS KW - High-throughput KW - Screening KW - Fluorescence KW - Label KW - Hybridoma KW - Inhibition PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-503361 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/antib9010001 SN - 2073-4468 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-50336 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - THES A1 - Schwaar, Timm T1 - Entwicklung von multidimensionalen Hochdurchsatzmethoden zur Analyse von Partikel-basierten Peptidbibliotheken N2 - Gegenwärtig ist das Interesse und der Bedarf von Proteinbindern insbesondere in der Biotechnik und Pharmaforschung sehr groß. Kombinatorische, Partikel-basierte (One-Bead-One-Compound) Peptidbibliotheken sind eine Technik, um selektiv bindende Proteine zu identifizieren. Allerdings beinhaltet das Screening dieser Peptidbibliotheken aufwendige Schritte, wie die Separation, Sequenzierung und Charakterisierung von identifizierten Bindern. In dieser Arbeit wurde ein Chip-System entwickelt, auf dem alle Schritte eines Screenings durchgeführt werden können. Dafür wurde ein Glasobjektträger mit einem magnetisch leitenden, doppelseitigen Klebeband versehen. Die Partikel der Bibliothek wurden durch ein Sieb aufgetragen. Dies führte zu einer geordneten Immobilisierung der Partikel auf dem Chip. Über 30.000 Partikel konnten so auf einem Chip immobilisiert werden. Für die Identifizierung von selektiven Protein-bindenden Peptiden wird die immobilisierte Peptidbibliothek mit einem Fluorophor-markierten Protein inkubiert, bindende Partikel mittels Fluoreszenzscan identifiziert und die Peptidsequenz direkt auf dem Chip mittels Matrix-Assisted-Laser-Desorption/Ionization-(MALDI)-Flugzeit-(TOF)-Massenspektroskopie (MS) bestimmt. Die Durchführung einer Abbruchsequenz-Methode erlaubt die eindeutige Bestimmung der Peptidsequenzen mit einer nahezu 100 % Genauigkeit. Die entwickelte Technologie wurde in einem FLAG-Peptid-Modell validiert. Bei dem Screening wurden neue anti-FLAG-Antikörper-bindende Peptide identifiziert. Anschließend wurden in einem Screening von ca. 30.000 Partikeln IgG-bindende Peptide mit mittleren mikromolaren Dissoziationskonstanten identifiziert. Für die Identifizierung stärkerer Binder wurde eine magnetische Anreicherung entwickelt, die dem Chip-Screening vorgeschaltet werden kann. Hiermit wurden aus ca. 1 Million gescreenter Partikel, Peptide mit Dissoziationskonstanten im niedrigen mikromolaren Bereich identifiziert. N2 - The screening of one-bead-one-compound (OBOC) libraries is a well-established technique for the identification of protein-binding ligands. The demand for binders with high affinity and specificity towards various targets has surged in the biomedical and pharmaceutical field in recent years. The combinatoric peptide screening traditionally involves tedious steps such as affinity selection, bead picking, sequencing and characterization. In this thesis, a high-throughput “all-on-one chip” system is presented to avoid slow and technically complex bead picking steps. Beads of a combinatorial peptide library are immobilized on a conventional glass slide equipped with an electrically conductive tape. The beads are applied by using a precision sieve, which allows the spatially ordered immobilization of more than 30,000 beads on one slide. For the target screening, the immobilized library is subsequently incubated with a fluorophore-labeled target protein. In a fluorescence scan followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-time of flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS), high-affinity binders are directly and unambiguously sequenced directly from the bead. The use of an optimized ladder sequencing approach improved the accuracy of the de-novo sequencing step to 100 %. This new technique was validated by employing a FLAG-based model system. In a first step, new peptide binders for the M2 anti-FLAG monoclonal antibody were identified. Finally, this system was utilized to screen for IgG-binding peptides. The screening of about 30.000 peptides on one chip led to the identification of peptide binders in the mid micromolar range. A magnetic enrichment technique was developed to increase the number of screened beads. By combining the magnetic enrichment strategy with the chip system, 1 million beads were screened and IgG-binders in the low micromolar range were identified. KW - Peptidbibliotheken KW - Hochdurchsatzscreening KW - Peptidsequenzierung KW - Chip-Screening PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-511649 DO - https://doi.org/10.18452/21793 SP - 1 EP - 153 PB - Humboldt-Universität CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-51164 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Paul, Martin A1 - Tscheuschner, Georg A1 - Herrmann, Stefan A1 - Weller, Michael G. T1 - Fast Detection of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) at ppt Level by a Laser-Induced Immunofluorometric Biosensor N2 - The illegal use of explosives by terrorists and other criminals is an increasing issue in public spaces, such as airports, railway stations, highways, sports venues, theaters, and other large buildings. Security in these environments can be achieved by different means, including the installation of scanners and other analytical devices to detect ultra-small traces of explosives in a very short time-frame to be able to take action as early as possible to prevent the detonation of such devices. Unfortunately, an ideal explosive detection system still does not exist, which means that a compromise is needed in practice. Most detection devices lack the extreme analytical sensitivity, which is nevertheless necessary due to the low vapor pressure of nearly all explosives. In addition, the rate of false positives needs to be virtually zero, which is also very difficult to achieve. Here we present an immunosensor system based on kinetic competition, which is known to be very fast and may even overcome affinity limitation, which impairs the performance of many traditional competitive assays. This immunosensor consists of a monolithic glass column with a vast excess of immobilized hapten, which traps the fluorescently labeled antibody as long as no explosive is present. In the case of the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), some binding sites of the antibody will be blocked, which leads to an immediate breakthrough of the labeled protein, detectable by highly sensitive laser-induced fluorescence with the help of a Peltier-cooled complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) camera. Liquid handling is performed with high-precision syringe pumps and chip-based mixing-devices and flow-cells. The system achieved limits of detection of 1 pM (1 ppt) of the fluorescent label and around 100 pM (20 ppt) of TNT. The total assay time is less than 8 min. A cross-reactivity test with 5000 pM solutions showed no signal by pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX). This immunosensor belongs to the most sensitive and fastest detectors for TNT with no significant cross-reactivity by non-related compounds. The consumption of the labeled antibody is surprisingly low: 1 mg of the reagent would be sufficient for more than one year of continuous biosensor operation. KW - Airport KW - Aviation KW - Bombs KW - Terrorism KW - Biosensing KW - Continuous Sensor KW - High-Speed KW - Ultrasensitive PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-511245 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/bios10080089 VL - 10 IS - 8 SP - 89 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-51124 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brangsch, J. A1 - Reimann, C. A1 - Kaufmann, Jan Ole A1 - Adams, L. C. A1 - Onthank, D. A1 - Thöne-Reineke, C. A1 - Robinson, S. A1 - Wilke, Marco A1 - Weller, Michael G. A1 - Buchholz, R. A1 - Karst, U. A1 - Botnar, R. A1 - Hamm, B. A1 - Makowski, M. R. T1 - Molecular MR-Imaging for Noninvasive Quantification of the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Targeting Interleukin-1β in a Mouse Model of Aortic Aneurysm N2 - Background: Molecular-MRI is a promising imaging modality for the assessment of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) represents a new therapeutic tool for AAA-treatment, since pro-inflammatory cytokines are key-mediators of inflammation. This study investigates the potential of molecular-MRI to evaluate therapeutic effects of an anti-IL-1β-therapy on AAA-formation in a mouse-model. Methods: Osmotic-minipumps were implanted in apolipoprotein-deficient-mice (N = 27). One group (Ang-II+01BSUR group, n = 9) was infused with angiotensin-II (Ang-II) for 4 weeks and received an anti-murine IL-1β-antibody (01BSUR) 3 times. One group (Ang-II-group, n = 9) was infused with Ang-II for 4 weeks but received no treatment. Control-group (n = 9) was infused with saline and received no treatment. MR-imaging was performed using an elastin-specific gadolinium-based-probe (0.2 mmol/kg). Results: Mice of the Ang-II+01BSUR-group showed a lower aortic-diameter compared to mice of the Ang-II-group and control mice (p < 0.05). Using the elastin-specific-probe, a significant decrease in elastin-destruction was observed in mice of the Ang-II+01BSUR-group. In vivo MR-measurements correlated well with histopathology (y = 0.34x-13.81, R2 = 0.84, p < 0.05), ICP-MS (y = 0.02x+2.39; R2 = 0.81, p < 0.05) and LA-ICP-MS. Immunofluorescence and western-blotting confirmed a reduced IL-1β-expression. Conclusions: Molecular-MRI enables the early visualization and quantification of the anti-inflammatory-effects of an IL-1β-inhibitor in a mouse-model of AAAs. Responders and non-responders could be identified early after the initiation of the therapy using molecular-MRI. KW - Cardiovascular KW - Molecular-MRI KW - Magnetic resonance imaging KW - Gadolinium-based contrast agent KW - Elastin-specific contrast agent ESMA KW - Gadovist KW - Gadofosveset KW - MR Angiography KW - Inductively Coupled Mass Spectroscopy KW - Element Specific Bioimaging Using Laser Ablation KW - Visualization PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-517150 DO - https://doi.org/10.1177/1536012120961875 VL - 19 SP - 61875 PB - SAGE AN - OPUS4-51715 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bahri, Marwa T1 - Ortsspezifische Biokonjugation von humanen Antikörpern mit IgG-bindenden Peptiden N2 - Es wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit eine neue Methode der Biokonjugation entwickelt, die es ermöglicht humane Antikörper ortspezifisch mit IgG-bindenden Peptiden zu konjugieren. Als Basis fungierte ein Peptid, welches für den Einsatz gezielt modifiziert wurde. So sollte am C-Terminus ein Biotin eingefügt werden, dass für die spätere Detektion der Biokonjugation genutzt werden kann, während am N-Terminus ein Cross-Linker für die kovalente Bindung zum Antikörper eingefügt wurde. Das Biotin wurde mittels Biotin-Lysin eingebaut. Dies hat den Vorteil, dass die modifizierte Aminosäure direkt in der SPPS genutzt werden kann. Auch der Cross-Linker soll schon während der SPPS in das Peptid integriert werden. Als Cross Linker wurden die zwei heterobifunktionellen Succinimidyl(3-bromoacetamid)propionate und Succinimidyl(4-iodacetyl)aminobenzoat untersucht. Die Aktivierung des Peptides mit dem SBAP-Cross-Linker erfolgte am besten im pH-Bereich zwischen 7,0 und 9,0. Die Modifizierung des Peptides mit dem Iodid-Cross-Linker SIAB unter den gleichen Bedingungen zeigte allerdings keine zufriedenstellenden Ergebnisse. Da das erste Peptid allerdings in den Folgeexperimenten sehr gute Ergebnisse zeigte, musste kein weiterer Linker getestet werden. Zusätzlich zu der Cross-Linker-Wahl sollte der Abstand zwischen dem Cross-Linker und dem Grundgerüst des Peptides auf den Einfluss der Bindung untersucht werden. Dazu wurden drei Kontrollpeptide synthetisiert, die entweder um zwei Aminosäuren zwischen dem ursprünglichen N-Terminus des Peptides und dem SBAP-Linker verlängert wurden, keinen SBAP-Linker beinhalten oder die Verlängerung ohne SBAP-Linker besaßen. Die erfolgreiche Synthese aller vier Peptide wurde mittels MALDI-TOF-MS bestätigt. KW - Peptide KW - Bioconjugation KW - Crosslinker PY - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 82 PB - Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-54659 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Paul, Martin A1 - Schleeh, Clemens A1 - Weller, Michael G. T1 - High sensitivity online detection of Trinitrotoluene (TNT) N2 - The antibody A.1.1.1 was labeled and found to be very sensitive and highly selective for TNT. A novel monolithic affinity column was coated with a Trinitroaniline (TNA)-BSA affinity conjugate and a custom laser induced fluorescence detector were built to allow for continuous and sensitive detection. The affinity column combined with the high sensitivity detector resulted in a limit of detection of approx. 100 pM TNT or 20 ppt TNT for offline detection and was able to detect picogram amounts within three minutes. T2 - SALSA Make and Measure 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 15.10.2020 KW - Biosensor KW - Explosive KW - Antibody KW - Online KW - Fluorescence PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51529 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Costa, Elena A1 - Climent Terol, Estela A1 - Ast, Sandra A1 - Weller, Michael G. A1 - Rurack, Knut A1 - Canning, John T1 - Development of a lateral flow test for rapid pyrethroid detection N2 - Type-I pyrethroids are frequently used for disinfection purposes on airplanes from and to tropical areas as a preventive health measure to control or kill the insect vectors of human diseases including dengue, yellow fever and malaria. The aim of the presented work was the development of such a simple, rapid and effective method for pyrethroid analysis T2 - Biosensors2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 06.05.2020 KW - Nomaterials KW - Lateral flow test KW - Pyrethroids KW - Antibodies KW - Gated delivery systems KW - Biosensors PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50755 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Climent Terol, Estela A1 - Costa, Elena A1 - Gawlitza, Kornelia A1 - Wan, Wei A1 - Weller, Michael G. A1 - Rurack, Knut T1 - Antibody-gated indicator releasing mesoporous materials: a potential biosensor platform to be used in the development of rapid tests N2 - The urgent necessity to carry out reliable and relevant analytical measurements directly at a point-of-need is one of the current drivers for the development of miniaturised analytical systems, quick tests and wearables. Despite their simplicity, this type of tests must guarantee analytical relevance and reliability like laboratory-based analysis, e.g., in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, immunity against false positives and false negatives as well as robustness and repeatability. Keeping in mind the high sensitivity offered by gated indicator-releasing micro- and nanoparticles due to their inherent features of signal amplification, we performed several optimisations to develop a potential biosensor platform for use in rapid tests. Conceptually, these gated materials are closely related to drug delivery systems, consisting of high porous materials usually closed with macromolecular “caps” and loaded with indicator molecules that are released in presence of a target analyte. However, the key difference between the two types of functional materials is that many drug delivery systems should deliver their cargo over a longer period, often many hours, whereas the gated materials prepared for sensing should show fast release kinetics, on the order of <5 min. With the aim to optimise and adapt gated materials for sensing purposes, we prepared in this work several antibody-gated materials for small-molecule sensing. The materials consisted of porous silica particles containing indicator molecules in the pores and certain hapten molecules grafted to the particle surface close to the pore openings. The pores were then capped with antibodies binding to these haptens, thus inhibiting the escape of the indicators from inside of the pores. In presence of the corresponding analyte, the antibody is displaced from the surface of the material, allowing the escape of the indicators. This allows the detection of the analyte indirectly through an inherent signal amplification. In this work, the insecticide permethrin, a type-I pyrethroid, was selected as target model, because type-I pyrethroids play an important role in airplane disinfection. A first in-depth study of the various chemical tuning options of such antibody gated systems was performed. Different mesoporous silica supports, different functionalisation routes and different loading sequences were assessed. The materials’ performances were evaluated by studying their temporal response behaviour and detection sensitivity, including the tightness of pore closure (through the amount of blank release in absence of analyte) and the release kinetics. Our results indicate that the better the paratope-accommodating Fab region of the antibody “cap” fits into the host material’s pore openings, the better the closing/opening mechanism can be controlled. Because such materials can be used in various different formats from suspension assays[1] via microfluidic chips[2] to test strip-based lateral flow assays,[3] such materials present a powerful analytical particle platform for the sensitive analytics and diagnostics outside of a laboratory, realising sensitivities down to the µg kg–1 range in less analysis times of less than 5 min as we have recently demonstrated.[4] T2 - Biosensors for Pandemics CY - Online conference DA - 06.05.2020 KW - Hybrid materials KW - Pyrethroids KW - Signal amplification PY - 2020 UR - http://www.confstreaming.com/Biosensors2020/ AN - OPUS4-50746 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Climent Terol, Estela A1 - Costa, Elena A1 - Gawlitza, Kornelia A1 - Wan, Wei A1 - Weller, Michael G. A1 - Rurack, Knut T1 - Antibody-gated indicator releasing mesoporous materials: a potential biosensor platform to be used in the development of rapid tests N2 - The urgent necessity to carry out reliable and relevant analytical measurements directly at a point-of-need is one of the current drivers for the development of miniaturised analytical systems, quick tests and wearables. Despite their simplicity, this type of tests must guarantee analytical relevance and reliability like laboratory-based analysis, e.g., in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, immunity against false positives and false negatives as well as robustness and repeatability. Keeping in mind the high sensitivity offered by gated indicator-releasing micro- and nanoparticles due to their inherent features of signal amplification, we performed several optimisations to develop a potential biosensor platform for use in rapid tests. Conceptually, these gated materials are closely related to drug delivery systems, consisting of high porous materials usually closed with macromolecular “caps” and loaded with indicator molecules that are released in presence of a target analyte. However, the key difference between the two types of functional materials is that many drug delivery systems should deliver their cargo over a longer period, often many hours, whereas the gated materials prepared for sensing should show fast release kinetics, on the order of <5 min. With the aim to optimise and adapt gated materials for sensing purposes, we prepared in this work several antibody-gated materials for small-molecule sensing. The materials consisted of porous silica particles containing indicator molecules in the pores and certain hapten molecules grafted to the particle surface close to the pore openings. The pores were then capped with antibodies binding to these haptens, thus inhibiting the escape of the indicators from inside of the pores. In presence of the corresponding analyte, the antibody is displaced from the surface of the material, allowing the escape of the indicators. This allows the detection of the analyte indirectly through an inherent signal amplification. In this work, the insecticide permethrin, a type-I pyrethroid, was selected as target model, because type-I pyrethroids play an important role in airplane disinfection. A first in-depth study of the various chemical tuning options of such antibody gated systems was performed. Different mesoporous silica supports, different functionalisation routes and different loading sequences were assessed. The materials’ performances were evaluated by studying their temporal response behaviour and detection sensitivity, including the tightness of pore closure (through the amount of blank release in absence of analyte) and the release kinetics. Our results indicate that the better the paratope-accommodating Fab region of the antibody “cap” fits into the host material’s pore openings, the better the closing/opening mechanism can be controlled. Because such materials can be used in various different formats from suspension assays[1] via microfluidic chips[2] to test strip-based lateral flow assays,[3] such materials present a powerful analytical particle platform for the sensitive analytics and diagnostics outside of a laboratory, realising sensitivities down to the µg kg–1 range in less analysis times of less than 5 min as we have recently demonstrated.[4] T2 - Biosensors for Pandemics CY - Online conference DA - 06.05.2020 KW - Hybrid materials KW - Pyrethroids KW - Signal amplification PY - 2020 UR - http://www.confstreaming.com/Biosensors2020/ AN - OPUS4-50744 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Paul, Martin A1 - Weller, Michael G. T1 - Fast Detection of TNT at ppt Level by an Immunofluorometric Biosensor N2 - The mechanism of this system is based on kinetic competition. This biosensor consists of a monolithic glass column with a vast excess of immobilized hapten, which traps the fluorescently labeled antibody as long as no explosive is present. If the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) is introduced some binding sites of the antibody will be blocked, which leads to an immediate breakthrough of the labeled protein. The fluorescence is detected by highly sensitive laser-induced fluorescence with a conventional CMOS camera. The system achieved limits of detection of approx.1 pM (1 ppt) of the fluorescent label and around 100 pM (20 ppt) of TNT. The total assay time is less than 8 minutes. A cross-reactivity test with 5000 pM solutions of pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) showed no cross reactivity. T2 - Doktorandenseminar 2020 des Arbeitskreis-Prozessanalytik CY - Online meeting DA - 21.09.2020 KW - TNT KW - Explosive KW - Antibody KW - Fluorescence KW - Biosensor KW - Affinity PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51314 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Herrmann, Stefan T1 - Charakterisierung zweier monoklonaler Antikörper zur Detektion von Sprengstoffen N2 - In 2019 over 30 000 people were killed or injured by explosions caused by explosives like TNT, PETN, HMX and RDX. Therefore, highly sensitive assays for the detection of TNT are needed. In this study we compared two commercially available TNT antibodies: A1.1.1 and EW75C with a highly optimized indirect competitive ELISA based on a BSA-TNA conjugate. As a result, a precision profile for both antibodies was determined with a LOD of 170 pmol L-1 for the clone A1.1.1 and a LOD of 3,2 nmol L-1 for the clone EW75C. The measurements showed that the clone A1.1.1 is a highly sensitive antibody for the detection of TNT while the clone EW75C does show medium performance at most. In the cross-reactivity characterization of both antibodies many substances, closely related to the structure of TNT were tested. Both antibodies showed strong cross reactivity with trinitroaniline and trinitrobenzene. For the clone A1.1.1, which is known to originate from immunization of mice with an TNP-glycine-KLH conjugate, this has to be expected. Interestingly the clone EW75C, which was not characterized yet, showed similar behavior. This suggests a TNA-conjugate as immunogen for the EW75C antibody as well. None of both antibodies showed cross-reactions to the high explosives PETN, HMX and RDX. Also, the cross-reactions of nitro musks with the antibodies were investigated. Despite their prohibition, nitro musks are still used in Asia especially and are particularly popular in India. The overall superior clone A1.1.1 showed a significant cross-reactivity to musk ambrette. For practical reasons the influence of musk ambrette on this assay when used in natural environment should be investigated. In further experiments, the highly sensitive TNT antibody A1.1.1 was digested with papain to obtain monovalent Fab-fragments. Due to its high stability against the digestion, a custom protocol for the IgG1 subclass of mice, to which the clone A1.1.1 belongs, was developed, resulting in a quantitative digestion of the intact antibody to Fab fragments. The success of the digestion was determined with MALDI-TOF-MS and SDS-PAGE. It was shown that this protocol worked for many different antibodies of IgG1 subclass as well. KW - TNT KW - Trinitrotoluol KW - Nitroaromaten KW - Nitromoschus KW - Duftstoffe KW - ELISA KW - Immunoassay KW - Antibody KW - Explosives KW - Klon A1.1.1 KW - Klon EW75C KW - Fab Fragment KW - Kreuzreaktion KW - Crossreactivity KW - Precision Profile KW - Präzisionsprofil KW - Affinity KW - Affinitätskonstante KW - IC50 PY - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 113 PB - Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Berlin - htw CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-54556 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Steglich, P. A1 - Bondarenko, S. A1 - Mai, C. A1 - Paul, Martin A1 - Weller, Michael G. A1 - Mai, A. T1 - CMOS-Compatible Silicon Photonic Sensor for Refractive Index Sensing Using Local Back-Side Release N2 - Silicon photonic sensors are promising candidates for lab-on-a-chip solutions with versatile applications and scalable production prospects using complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) fabrication methods. However, the widespread use has been hindered because the sensing area adjoins optical and electrical components making packaging and sensor handling challenging. In this work, a local back-side release of the photonic sensor is employed, enabling a separation of the sensing area from the rest of the chip. This approach allows preserving the compatibility of photonic integrated circuits in the front-end of line and metal interconnects in the back-end of line. The sensor is based on a micro-ring resonator and is fabricated on wafer-level using a CMOS technology. We revealed a ring resonator sensitivity for homogeneous sensing of 106 nm/RIU. KW - Photonic biosensor KW - Lab-on-a-chip KW - Ring resonator KW - Resonance wavelength shift KW - PIC technology KW - Back-side integration PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-517139 DO - https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2020.3019114 VL - 32 IS - 19 SP - 1241 EP - 1244 PB - IEEE AN - OPUS4-51713 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Adams, L. C. A1 - Brangsch, J. A1 - Reimann, C. A1 - Kaufmann, Jan Ole A1 - Buchholz, R. A1 - Karst, U. A1 - Botnar, R. M. A1 - Hamm, B. A1 - Makowski, M. R. T1 - Simultaneous molecular MRI of extracellular matrix collagen and inflammatory activity to predict abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture N2 - Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a life-threatening vascular disease with an up to 80% mortality in case of rupture. Current biomarkers fail to account for size-independent risk of rupture. By combining the information of different molecular probes, multi-target molecular MRI holds the potential to enable individual characterization of AAA. In this experimental study, we aimed to examine the feasibility of simultaneous imaging of extracellular collagen and inflammation for size-independent prediction of risk of rupture in murine AAA. The study design consisted of: (1) A outcome-based longitudinal study with imaging performed once after one week with follow-up and death as the end-point for assessment of rupture risk. (2) A week-by-week study for the characterization of AAA development with imaging after 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks. For both studies, the animals were administered a type 1 collagen-targeted gadolinium-based probe (surrogate marker for extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling) and an iron oxide-based probe (surrogate marker for inflammatory activity), in one imaging session. In vivo measurements of collagen and iron oxide probes showed a significant correlation with ex vivo histology (p < 0.001) and also corresponded well to inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and laser-ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Combined evaluation of collagen-related ECM remodeling and inflammatory activity was the most accurate predictor for AAA rupture (sensitivity 80%, specificity 100%, area under the curve 0.85), being superior to information from the individual probes alone. Our study supports the feasibility of a simultaneous assessment of collagen-related extracellular matrix remodeling and inflammatory activity in a murine model of AAA. KW - Atherosclerosis KW - Specific probe KW - Magnetic resonance imaging KW - Gadolinium KW - Iron oxide KW - Ferumoxytol KW - Inductively‑coupled mass spectrometry KW - ICP-MS KW - LA-ICP-MS KW - Laser ablation PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-525864 UR - https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-71817-x DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71817-x VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 15206 PB - Springer Nature Limited CY - London, New York, Berlin, Shanghai and Tokyo AN - OPUS4-52586 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Adams, L. C. A1 - Brangsch, J. A1 - Reimann, C. A1 - Kaufmann, Jan Ole A1 - Nowak, K. A1 - Buchholz, R. A1 - Karst, U. A1 - Botnar, R. M. A1 - Hamm, B. A1 - Makowski, M. R. T1 - Noninvasive imaging of vascular permeability to predict the risk of rupture in abdominal aortic aneurysms using an albumin binding probe N2 - Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) remains a fatal disease. Its development encompasses a complex interplay between hemodynamic stimuli on and changes in the arterial wall. Currently available biomarkers fail to predict the risk of AAA rupture independent of aneurysm size. Therefore, novel biomarkers for AAA characterization are needed. In this study, we used a mouse model of AAA to investigate the potential of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with an albumin-binding probe to assess changes in vascular permeability at different stages of aneurysm growth. Two imaging studies were performed: a longitudinal study with follow-up and death as endpoint to predict rupture risk and a week-by-week study to characterize AAA development. AAAs, which eventually ruptured, demonstrated a significantly higher in vivo MR signal enhancement from the albumin-binding probe (p = 0.047) and a smaller non-enhancing thrombus area compared to intact AAAs (p = 0.001). The ratio of albumin-binding-probe enhancement of the aneurysm wall to size of non-enhancing-thrombus-area predicted AAA rupture with high sensitivity/specificity (100%/86%). More advanced aneurysms with higher vascular permeability demonstrated an increased uptake of the albumin-binding-probe. These results indicate that MRI with an albumin-binding probe may enable noninvasive assessment of vascular permeability in murine AAAs and prediction of rupture risk. KW - Magnetic resonance imaging KW - Imaging KW - Tomography KW - Gadolinium KW - Contrast agent KW - Atherosclerosis KW - ICP-MS KW - Gadofosveset KW - Angiography KW - LA-ICP-MS PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-525541 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59842-2 VL - 10 SP - Article number: 3231 PB - Springer Nature Limited CY - London, New York, Berlin, Shanghai and Tokyo AN - OPUS4-52554 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Costa, Elena A1 - Climent Terol, Estela A1 - Ast, S. A1 - Weller, Michael G. A1 - Canning, J. A1 - Rurack, Knut T1 - Development of a lateral flow test for rapid pyrethroid detection using antibody-gated indicator-releasing hybrid materials N2 - The employment of type-I pyrethroids for airplane disinfection in recent years underlines the necessity to develop sensing schemes for the rapid detection of these pesticides directly at the point-of-use. Antibody-gated indicator-releasing materials were thus developed and implemented with test strips for lateral-flow assay-based analysis employing a smartphone for readout. Besides a proper matching of pore sizes and gating macromolecules, the functionalization of both the material's outer surface as well as the strips with PEG chains enhanced system performance. This simple assay allowed for the detection of permethrin as a target molecule at concentrations down to the lower ppb level in less than 5 minutes. KW - Lateral flow test KW - Gated hybrid material KW - Fluorescence KW - Smartphone readout device KW - Pyrethroid KW - Pesticide KW - Insecticide KW - SBA-15 KW - Permethrin PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d0an00319k SN - 0003-2654 SN - 1364-5528 VL - 145 IS - 10 SP - 3490 EP - 3494 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge AN - OPUS4-50756 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Keller, S. A1 - Borde, T. A1 - Brangsch, J. A1 - Reimann, C. A1 - Kader, A. A1 - Schulze, D. A1 - Buchholz, R. A1 - Kaufmann, Jan Ole A1 - Karst, U. A1 - Schellenberger, E. A1 - Hamm, B. A1 - Makowski, M. R. T1 - Assessment of the hepatic tumor extracellular matrix using elastin‑specific molecular magnetic resonance imaging in an experimental rabbit cancer model N2 - To investigate the imaging performance of an elastin-specific molecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) probe with respect to the extracellular matrix (ECM) in an experimental hepatic cancer model. Twelve rabbits with hepatic VX2 tumors were examined using 3 T MRI 14, 21, and 28 days after tumor implantation for two subsequent days (gadobutrol, day 1; elastin-specific probe, day 2). The relative enhancement (RE) of segmented tumor regions (central and margin) and the peritumoral matrix was calculated using pre-contrast and delayed-phase T1w sequences. MRI measurements were correlated to histopathology and element-specific and spatially resolved mass spectrometry (MS). Mixed-model analysis was performed to assess the performance of the elastin-specific probe. In comparison to gadobutrol, the elastin probe showed significantly stronger RE, which was pronounced in the tumor margin (day 14–28: P ≤ 0.007). In addition, the elastin probe was superior in discriminating between tumor regions (χ2(4) = 65.87; P < 0.001). MRI-based measurements of the elastin probe significantly correlated with the ex vivo elastinstain (R = .84; P <0 .001) and absolute gadolinium concentrations (ICP-MS: R = .73, P <0 .01). LA-ICP-MS imaging confirmed the colocalization of the elastin-specific probe with elastic fibers. Elastin-specific molecular MRI is superior to non-specific gadolinium-based contrast agents in imaging the ECM of hepatic tumors and the peritumoral tissue. KW - Elastin-specific molecular agent KW - Extracellular matrix KW - Hepatocellular carcinoma KW - Inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy KW - Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry KW - Magnetic resonance imaging KW - MR imaging KW - ESMA KW - Gadolinium PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-517360 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77624-8 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 20785 PB - Nature AN - OPUS4-51736 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Climent Terol, Estela A1 - Biyikal, Mustafa A1 - Gröninger, Delia A1 - Weller, Michael G. A1 - Martínez Mánez, R. A1 - Rurack, Knut ED - Climent Terol, Estela T1 - Multiplexed Detection of Analytes on Single Test Strips with Antibody-Gated Indicator-Releasing Mesoporous Nanoparticles N2 - Rapid testing methods for the use directly at apointof need are expected to unfold their true potential especiallywhen offering adequate capabilities for the simultaneousmeasurement of multiple analytes of interest. Considering theunique modularity,high sensitivity,and selectivity of antibody-gated indicator delivery (gAID) systems,amultiplexed assayfor three small-molecule explosives (TATP, TNT,PETN) wasthus developed, allowing to detect the analytes simultaneouslywith asingle test strip at lower ppb concentrations in the liquidphase in < 5min using afluorescence reader or asmartphonefor readout. While the TNT and PETN systems were newlydeveloped here,all the three systems also tolerated harshermatrices than buffered aqueous model solutions.Besidesasingle-track strip,the outstanding modularity of the hybridbiosensor materials in combination with strip-patterningtechnologies allowed us to obtain amultichannel strip inastraightforwardmanner,offering comparable analyticalperformance while allowing to be tailored even more to theusersneed. KW - Multiplexing KW - Explosives detection KW - Gated materials KW - Fluorescence PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-518424 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202009000 SN - 1433-7851 SN - 1521-3773 VL - 59 IS - 52 SP - 23862 EP - 23869 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-51842 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ziegler, K. A1 - Kunert, A. T. A1 - Reinmuth-Selzle, K. A1 - Leifke, A. L. A1 - Widera, D. A1 - Weller, Michael G. A1 - Schuppan, D. A1 - Fröhlich-Nowoisky, J. A1 - Lucas, K. A1 - Pöschl, U. T1 - Chemical modification of pro-inflammatory proteins by peroxynitrite increases activation of TLR4 and NF-κB: Implications for the health effects of air pollution and oxidative stress N2 - Environmental pollutants like fine particulate matter can cause adverse health effects through oxidative stress and inflammation. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) such as peroxynitrite can chemically modify proteins, but the effects of such modifications on the immune system and human health are not well understood. In the course of inflammatory processes, the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) can sense damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Here, we investigate how the TLR4 response and pro-inflammatory potential of the proteinous DAMPs α-Synuclein (α-Syn), heat shock protein 60 (HSP60), and high-mobility-group box 1 protein (HMGB1), which are relevant in neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, changes upon chemical modification with peroxynitrite. For the peroxynitrite-modified proteins, we found a strongly enhanced activation of TLR4 and the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB in stable reporter cell lines as well as increased mRNA expression and secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8 in human monocytes (THP-1). This enhanced activation of innate immunity via TLR4 is mediated by covalent chemical modifications of the studied DAMPs. Our results show that proteinous DAMPs modified by peroxynitrite more potently amplify inflammation via TLR4 activation than the native DAMPs, and provide first evidence that such modifications can directly enhance innate immune responses via a defined receptor. These findings suggest that environmental pollutants and related ROS/RNS may play a role in promoting acute and chronic inflammatory disorders by structurally modifying the body's own DAMPs. This may have important consequences for chronic neurodegenerative, cardiovascular or gastrointestinal diseases that are prevalent in modern societies, and calls for action, to improve air quality and climate in the Anthropocene. KW - Protein nitration KW - Protein oligomerization KW - Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) KW - Pattern recognition receptor KW - Anthropocene KW - Environmental pollutants PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-517128 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2020.101581 VL - 37 SP - 101581 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-51712 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Steglich, P. A1 - Mai, C. A1 - Bondarenko, S. A1 - Paul, Martin A1 - Weller, Michael G. A1 - Schrader, S. A1 - Mai, A. T1 - BioPIC - Integration of Biosensors based on Photonic Integrated Circuits by Local-Backside Etching N2 - Silicon photonic sensors are promising candidates for lab-on-a-chip solutions with versatile applications and scalable production prospects using complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) fabrication methods. However, the widespread use has been hindered because the sensing area adjoins optical and electrical components making packaging and sensor handling challenging. In this work, a local back-side release of the photonic sensor is employed, enabling a separation of the sensing area from the rest of the chip. This approach allows preserving the compatibility of photonic integrated circuits in the front-end of line and metal interconnects in the back-end of line. T2 - ATTRACT online Conference CY - Online meeting DA - 22.09.2020 KW - Silicon Photonics KW - Photonic Sensor KW - Photonic Integrated Circuits KW - Point-Of-Care-Diagnostics KW - CMOS KW - Microfluidics KW - Lab-on-a-chip KW - Ring resonator PY - 2020 UR - https://attract-eu.com/showroom/project/integration-of-biosensors-based-on-photonic-integrated-circuits-by-local-backside-etching-biopic/ SP - 1 EP - 5 AN - OPUS4-51735 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reed, B. P. A1 - Cant, D.J.H. A1 - Spencer, J. A1 - Carmona-Carmona, A. J. A1 - Bushell, A. A1 - Herrara-Gómez, A. A1 - Kurokawa, A. A1 - Thissen, A. A1 - Thomas, A.G. A1 - Britton, A.J. A1 - Bernasik, A. A1 - Fuchs, A. A1 - Baddorf, A. P. A1 - Bock, B. A1 - Thellacker, B. A1 - Cheng, B. A1 - Castner, D.G. A1 - Morgan, D.J. A1 - Valley, D. A1 - Willneff, E.A. A1 - Smith, E.F. A1 - Nolot, E. A1 - Xie, F. A1 - Zorn, G. A1 - Smith, G.C. A1 - Yasukufu, H. A1 - Fenton, J. L. A1 - Chen, J. A1 - Counsell, J..D.P. A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Gaskell, K.J. A1 - Artyushkova, K. A1 - Yang, L. A1 - Zhang, L. A1 - Eguchi, M. A1 - Walker, M. A1 - Hajdyla, M. A1 - Marzec, M.M. A1 - Linford, M.R. A1 - Kubota, N. A1 - Cartazar-Martínez, O. A1 - Dietrich, P. A1 - Satoh, R. A1 - Schroeder, S.L.M. A1 - Avval, T.G. A1 - Nagatomi, T. A1 - Fernandez, V. A1 - Lake, W. A1 - Azuma, Y. A1 - Yoshikawa, Y. A1 - Shard, A.G. T1 - Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards interlaboratory study on intensity calibration for x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy instruments using low-density polyethylene N2 - We report the results of a Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards interlaboratory study on the intensity scale calibration of x-ray photoelectron spectrometers using low-density polyethylene (LDPE) as an alternative material to gold, silver, and copper. An improved set of LDPE reference spectra, corrected for different instrument geometries using a quartz-monochromated Al Kα x-ray source, was developed using data provided by participants in this study. Using these new reference spectra, a transmission function was calculated for each dataset that participants provided. When compared to a similar calibration procedure using the NPL reference spectra for gold, the LDPE intensity calibration method achieves an absolute offset of ∼3.0% and a systematic deviation of ±6.5% on average across all participants. For spectra recorded at high pass energies (≥90 eV), values of absolute offset and systematic deviation are ∼5.8% and ±5.7%, respectively, whereas for spectra collected at lower pass energies (<90 eV), values of absolute offset and systematic deviation are ∼4.9% and ±8.8%, respectively; low pass energy spectra perform worse than the global average, in terms of systematic deviations, due to diminished count rates and signal-to-noise ratio. Differences in absolute offset are attributed to the surface roughness of the LDPE induced by sample preparation. We further assess the usability of LDPE as a secondary reference material and comment on its performance in the presence of issues such as variable dark noise, x-ray warm up times, inaccuracy at low count rates, and underlying spectrometer problems. In response to participant feedback and the results of the study, we provide an updated LDPE intensity calibration protocol to address the issues highlighted in the interlaboratory study. We also comment on the lack of implementation of a consistent and traceable intensity calibration method across the community of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) users and, therefore, propose a route to achieving this with the assistance of instrument manufacturers, metrology laboratories, and experts leading to an international standard for XPS intensity scale calibration. KW - X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy KW - Transmission function KW - Intensity scale calibration KW - Reference spectra KW - Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1116/6.0000577 VL - 38 IS - 6 SP - 063208 AN - OPUS4-51655 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Campbell, C. G. A1 - Jordon Astorga, D. A1 - Dümichen, Erik A1 - Celina, M. T1 - Thermoset materials characterization by thermal desorption or pyrolysis based gas chromatography-mass spectrometry methods N2 - Thermoset materials characterization is often limited to solid state analytical techniques such as IR, NMR, DSC, TGA and mechanical testing. Alternatively, their off-gassing behavior can also be evaluated using GC based techniques such as TD-GC-MS, allowing this method to be applied to thermoset materials analyses such as identification, aging characterization, and formulation optimization. As an overview, common thermoset materials were evaluated by analyzing their gaseous degradation products via TGA-based pyrolysis and subsequent TD-GC-MS for the identification of representative volatile signatures. It is thereby possible to distinguish different classes of phenolic materials or cured epoxy resins, as well as their amine or anhydride curatives. Additionally, this method enabled quantification of a volatile fragment (bisphenol A, BPA) which is associated with oxidation of epoxy/amine thermoset materials. The amount of evolved BPA increased linearly with aging time and this trend exhibits linear Arrhenius behavior over the temperature range (80–125 °C) studied, in agreement with oxidation sensitivies based on oxygen consumption data. Further, TD-GC-MS was used to explore how off-gassing of residual anhydride curative from an epoxy/anhydride material depends on formulation stoichiometry. Even in formulations that theoretically contained enough epoxy to consume all anhydride (1:1 stoichiometry), an imperfect final cure state resulted in residual anhydride which could evolve from the material. For such materials, a slightly epoxy-rich formulation is required to ensure that the material contains no residual unreacted anhydride. Analysis of volatiles generated by thermal exposure is an attractive characterization approach enabling compositional analysis as well as complementary diagnostics for materials degradation. KW - Polymer analysis/characterization KW - Thermal desorption mass spectrometry KW - Thermoset composition KW - Volatiles from thermosets KW - Degradation signatures PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.109032 VL - 174 SP - 109032 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50435 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Agostini, G. A1 - Radnik, Jörg T1 - Spectroscopy in Catalysis N2 - Knowledge-based catalyst development is always an interaction between preparation, analysis and catalytic testing. Only if these three factors fit together can success be expected. For the analytic side of this triangle, spectroscopic methods play a crucial role. Whereas with diffraction, scattering and microscopy, decisive insights into the structure and morphology of the catalysts can be obtained, spectroscopy produces new knowledge about the chemical nature of the catalyst, e.g., its bonding and valence states. KW - Spectroscopy KW - Catalysis KW - Operando KW - In situ PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506507 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10040408 VL - 10 IS - 4 SP - 408 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-50650 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sachse, René A1 - Pfüger, Mika A1 - Velasco-Vélez, Juan-Jesús A1 - Sahre, Mario A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Bernicke, Michael A1 - Bernsmeier, Denis A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Krumrey, Michael A1 - Strasser, Peter A1 - Kraehnert, Ralph A1 - Hertwig, Andreas T1 - Assessing optical and electrical properties of highly active IrOx catalysts for the electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction via spectroscopic ellipsometry N2 - Efficient water electrolysis requires highly active electrodes. The activity of corresponding catalytic coatings strongly depends on material properties such as film thickness, crystallinity, electrical conductivity, and chemical surface speciation. Measuring these properties with high accuracy in vacuum-free and nondestructive methods facilitates the elucidation of structure−activity relationships in realistic environments. Here, we report a novel approach to analyze the optical and electrical properties of highly active oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts via spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). Using a series of differently calcined, mesoporous, templated iridium oxide films as an example, we assess the film thickness, porosity, electrical resistivity, electron concentration, electron mobility, and interband and intraband transition energies by modeling of the optical spectra. Independently performed analyses using scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, ellipsometric porosimetry, X-ray reflectometry, and absorption spectroscopy indicate a high accuracy of the deduced material properties. A comparison of the derived analytical data from SE, resonant photoemission spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy with activity measurements of the OER suggests that the intrinsic activity of iridium oxides scales with a shift of the Ir 5d t2g sub-level and an increase of p−d interband transition energies caused by a transition of μ1-OH to μ3-O species. KW - Spectroscopic ellipsometry KW - Electrocatalysis KW - Oxygen evolution reaction KW - Mesoporous iridium oxide films KW - Non-destructive ambient analysis KW - Intrinsic OER activity KW - Complementary methodology and metrology PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-516288 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.0c03800 SN - 2155-5435 VL - 10 IS - 23 SP - 14210 EP - 14223 PB - American Chemical Society AN - OPUS4-51628 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - von Preetzmann, N. A1 - Eckmann, P. A1 - Tuma, Dirk A1 - Richter, M. T1 - Thermodynamics of LNG N2 - Densities of eight gravimetrically prepared ternary and quaternary gas mixtures consisting of methane, ethane, propane, and partially nitrogen were investigated along the four isotherms of –250, –230, –210, and –190 °F at pressures of 350, 500, 650, and 1000 psig using a cryogenic single-sinker densimeter. The experimental densities were compared to densities calculated by various models, namely the EOS-LNG fundamental Helmholtz equation of state, the COSTALD correlation, the Lee-Kessler-Plöcker equation of state, and the Peng-Robinson equation of state. The best performance was shown by the EOS-LNG equation of state which is capable of predicting the liquid densities within the specified uncertainty of the model of 0.05 %. The other models, however, showed significant differences that disqualify for calculation within the p,T-region investigated of the gas mixtures. KW - Density measurement KW - Liquefied natural gas-like mixtures KW - Cryogenic state KW - Single-sinker densimeter KW - Equations of state PY - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 55 AN - OPUS4-50741 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hahn, Marc Benjamin A1 - Smales, Glen Jacob A1 - Seitz, H. A1 - Solomun, Tihomir A1 - Sturm, Heinz T1 - Ectoine interaction with DNA: Influence on ultraviolet radiation damage N2 - Ectoine is a small zwitterionic osmolyte and compatible solute, which does not interfere with cell metabolism even at molar concentrations. Plasmid DNA (pUC19) was irradiated with ultraviolet radiation (UV-C at 266 nm) under quasi physiological conditions (PBS) and in pure water in the presence and absence of ectoine (THP(B)) and hydroxyectoine (THP(A)). Different types of UV induced DNA damage were analysed: DNA single-strand breaks (SSBs), abasic sites and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs). A complex interplay between these factors was observed with respect to the nature and occurrence of DNA damage with 266 nm photons. In PBS, the cosolutes showed efficient protection against base damage, whilst in pure water, a dramatic shift from SSB damage to base damage was observed when cosolutes were added. To test whether these effects are caused by ectoine binding to DNA, further experiments were conducted: small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), surface-plasmon resonance (SPR) measurements and Raman spectroscopy. The results show, for the first time, a close interaction between ectoine and DNA. This is in stark contrast to the assumption made by preferential exclusion models, which are often used to interpret the behaviour of compatible solutes within cells and with biomolecules. It is tentatively proposed that the alterations of UV damage to DNA are attributed to ectoine influence on nucleobases through the direct interaction between ectoine and DNA. KW - Ectoine KW - DNA KW - Radiation damage KW - Radiation protection KW - SSB KW - DNA damage KW - DNA protection KW - Compatible solute KW - Zwitterion KW - Hydroxyectoine KW - Salt KW - PBS KW - UV absorption KW - DNA strand-break KW - DNA base damage KW - Ectoine UV absorption KW - Ectoine DNA protection KW - Excited states KW - UV irradiation KW - UV-A KW - UV-B KW - UV-C KW - 266nm KW - UV photons KW - Ectoine-DNA binding KW - Raman spectroscopy KW - UV-Vis KW - Radical scavenger KW - OH scavenger KW - Hydroxyl radicals KW - CPD KW - Abasic site KW - Agarose gel electrophorese KW - SYBR gold KW - DNA melting temperature KW - Counterions KW - Preferential exclusion KW - Cancer KW - Therapy KW - UV protection KW - Sunscreen PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-505772 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d0cp00092b SN - 1463-9076 SN - 1463-9084 VL - 22 IS - 13 SP - 6984 EP - 6992 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge AN - OPUS4-50577 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Garcia-Fernandez, J. A1 - Turiel, D. A1 - Bettmer, J. A1 - Jakubowski, Norbert A1 - Panne, Ulrich A1 - Rivas Garcia, L. A1 - Llopis, J. A1 - Sanchez-Gonzalez, C. A1 - Montes-Bayon, M. T1 - In vitro and in situ experiments to evaluate the biodistribution and cellular toxicity of ultrasmall iron oxide nanoparticles potentially used as oral iron supplements N2 - Well-absorbed iron-based nanoparticulated materials are a promise for the oral management of iron deficient anemia. In this work, a battery of in vitro and in situ experiments are combined for the evaluation of the uptake, distribution and toxicity of new synthesized ultrasmall (4 nm core) Fe2O3 nanoparticles coated with tartaric/adipic acid with potential to be used as oral Fe supplements. First, the in vitro simulated gastric acid solubility studies by TEM and HPLC-ICP-MS reveal a partial reduction of the core size of about 40% after 90 min at pH3. Such scenario confirms the arrival of the nanoparticulate material in the small intestine. In the next step, the in vivo absorption through the small intestine by intestinal perfusion experiments is conducted using the sought nanoparticles in Wistar rats. The quantification of Fe in the NPs Suspension before and after perfusion shows Fe absorption levels above 79%, never reported for other Fe treatments. Such high absorption levels do not seem to compromise cell viability, evaluated in enterocytes-like models (Caco-2 and HT-29) using cytotoxicity, ROS production, genotoxicity and lipid peroxidation tests. Moreover, regional differences in terms of Fe concentration are obtained among different parts of the small intestine as duodenum>jejunum>ileum. Complementary transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show the presence of the intact particles around the intestinal microvilli without significant tissue damage. These studies show the high potential of these NP preparations for their use as oral management of anemia. KW - Iron nanoparticles KW - Anemia KW - ICP-MS KW - In vitro KW - In situ PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/17435390.2019.1710613 VL - 14 IS - 3 SP - 388 EP - 403 PB - Taylor & Francis Online CY - London AN - OPUS4-50314 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - You, Zengchao A1 - Nirmalananthan-Budau, Nithiya A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Panne, Ulrich A1 - Weidner, Steffen T1 - Separation of polystyrene nanoparticles bearing different carboxyl group densities and functional groups quantification with capillary electrophoresis and asymmetrical flow field flow fractionation N2 - Two sets of polystyrene nanoparticles (PSNPs) with comparable core sizes but different carboxyl group densities were made and separated using asymmetric flow field flow fractionation (AF4), capillary electrophoresis (CE), and the off-line hyphenation of both methods. Our results revealed the significant potential of two-dimensional off-line AF4-CE hyphenation to improve the separation and demonstrated for the first time, the applicability of CE to determine the functional group density of nanoparticles (NPs). Compared to the result acquired with conductometric titration, the result obtained with synthesized 100 nm sized PSNPs revealed only a slight deviation of 1.7%. Commercial 100 nm sized PSNPs yielded a deviation of 4.6 %. For 60 nm sized PSNPs, a larger deviation of 10.6 % between both methods was observed, which is attributed to the lower separation resolution. KW - Nanoparticle KW - A4F KW - Capillary electrophoresis KW - Carboxyl group PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461392 VL - 1626 SP - 461392 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-51080 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - You, Zengchao A1 - Jakubowski, Norbert A1 - Panne, Ulrich A1 - Weidner, Steffen T1 - Separation of polysterene nanoparticles with different coatings using 2D off-line coupling of asymmetrical flow field flow fractionation and capillary electrophoresis N2 - The successful off-line coupling of asymmetrical flow field flow fractionation (AF4) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) for Separation of nanoparticles (NPs) with different surface coatings was shown. Two mixtures of polystyrene nanoparticles (PS-NPs) with comparable core sizes (20 nm and 50 nm) but different coatings (no coating/carboxyl-coated) were studied. Separation in either method resulted in non-baseline resolved or non-separated peaks. In contrast, two-dimensional off-line coupling of AF4 and CE resulted in clearly separated regions in their 2 D plots and can obviouly improve separation resolution. T2 - FFF 2020 CY - Wien, Austria DA - 23.02.2020 KW - Capillary electrophoresis KW - Nanoparticle PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50487 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zarinwall, A. A1 - Waniek, Tassilo A1 - Saadat, R. A1 - Braun, U. A1 - Sturm, Heinz A1 - Garnweitner, G. T1 - Comprehensive Characterization of APTES Surface Modifications of Hydrous Boehmite Nanoparticles N2 - Hydrous boehmite (γ-AlOOH) nanoparticles (BNP) show great potential as nanoscale filler for the fabrication of fiber reinforced nanocomposite materials. Notably, the particle−matrix interaction has been demonstrated to be decisive for improving the matrix-dominant mechanical properties in the past years. Tailoring the surface properties of the nanofiller enables to selectively design the interaction and thus to exploit the benefits of the nanocomposite in an optimal way. Here, an extensive study is presented on the binding of (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES), a common silane surface modifier, on BNP in correlation to different process parameters (concentration, time, temperature, and pH). Furthermore, a comprehensive characterization of the modified BNP was performed by using elemental analysis (EA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) coupled with mass spectrometry (TGA-MS), and Kaiser’s test (KT). The results show an increasing monolayer formation up to a complete surface coverage with rising APTES concentration, time, and temperature, resulting in a maximal grafting density of 1.3 molecules/nm². Unspecific multilayer formation was solely observed under acidic conditions. Comparison of TGA-MS results with data recorded from EA, TGA, and KT verified that TGA-MS is a convenient and highly suitable method to elucidate the ligand binding in detail. KW - Boehmite KW - Nanoparticle KW - Surface KW - APTES KW - Functionalization KW - BET KW - TGA KW - Grafting KW - Nanocomposite KW - Silane PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02682 VL - 37 IS - 1 SP - 171 EP - 179 PB - ACS Publications AN - OPUS4-51954 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hachenberger, Y. U. A1 - Rosenkranz, D. A1 - Kriegel, Fabian L. A1 - Krause, B. A1 - Matschaß, René A1 - Reichardt, P. A1 - Tentschert, J. A1 - Laux, P. A1 - Jakubowski, Norbert A1 - Panne, Ulrich A1 - Luch, A. T1 - Tackling Complex Analytical Tasks: An ISO/TS-Based Validation Approach for Hydrodynamic Chromatography Single Particle Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry N2 - Nano-carrier systems such as liposomes have promising biomedical applications. Nevertheless, characterization of these complex samples is a challenging analytical task. In this study a coupled hydrodynamic chromatography-single particle-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HDC-spICP-MS) approach was validated based on the technical specification (TS) 19590:2017 of the international organization for standardization (ISO). The TS has been adapted to the hyphenated setup. The quality criteria (QC), e.g., linearity of the calibration, transport efficiency, were investigated. Furthermore, a cross calibration of the particle size was performed with values from dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Due to an additional Y-piece, an online-calibration routine was implemented. This approach allows the calibration of the ICP-MS during the dead time of the chromatography run, to reduce the required time and enhance the robustness of the results. The optimized method was tested with different gold nanoparticle (Au-NP) mixtures to investigate the characterization properties of HDC separations for samples with increasing complexity. Additionally, the technique was successfully applied to simultaneously determine both the hydrodynamic radius and the Au-NP content in liposomes. With the established hyphenated setup, it was possible to distinguish between different subpopulations with various NP loads and different hydrodynamic diameters inside the liposome carriers. KW - Single particle ICP-MS KW - Nanoparticle characterization KW - Nano-carrier KW - Iposomes KW - Hydrodynamic chromatography (HDC) KW - Validation PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506609 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13061447 VL - 13 IS - 6 SP - 1 EP - 14 CY - Basel, Switzerland AN - OPUS4-50660 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rosenkranz, Daniel A1 - Kriegel, F. L. A1 - Mavrakis, E. A1 - Pergantis, S. A. A1 - Reichardt, Ph. A1 - Tentschert, J. A1 - Jakubowski, Norbert A1 - Laux, P. A1 - Panne, Ulrich T1 - Improved validation for single particle ICP-MS analysis using a pneumatic nebulizer / microdroplet generator sample introduction system for multi-mode nanoparticle determination N2 - This study reports on the development of a single-particle (sp) inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) technique suitable for the multi-mode determination of nanoparticle (NP) metal mass fraction and number concentration. The described technique, which is based on a dual inlet System consisting of a pneumatic nebulizer (PN) and a microdroplet generator (MDG), allows for the sequential introduction of ionic metal calibrant solutions and nanoparticle suspensions via all combinations of the two inlets; thus allowing for a combination of three independent modes of analysis. A novel interface, assembled using standard analytical components (a demountable quartz ICP-MS torch, flexible nonconducting silicon tubing and various connectors), was used to interface the dual inlet system to an ICP-MS. The interface provided improved functionality, compared to a previous design. It is now possible to conveniently exchange and introduce standard solutions and samples via all inlet combinations, analyze them, and also wash the sample inlet systems while the whole setup is still connected to an operating ICP-MS. This setup provided seamless and robust operation in a total of three analysis modes, i.e. three ways to independently determine the metal mass fraction and NP number concentration. All three analyses modes could be carried out within a single analytical run lasting approximately 20 min. The unique feature of the described approach is that each analysis mode is based on a different. KW - Nanomaterials KW - Nanoparticles KW - Single particle ICP-MS KW - Microdroplet generator PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2019.11.043 VL - 1099 SP - 16 EP - 25 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-50361 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Geoerg, Paul A1 - Schumann, Jette A1 - Holl, Stefan A1 - Holl, Maik A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja T1 - The influence of individual impairments in crowd dynamics N2 - The importance of empirical relations to quantify the movement of pedestrians through a facility has increased during the last decades since performance-based design methods became more common. Bottlenecks are of special interest because of their importance for egress routes and as they result in a reduced capacity. The empirical relations as the density-dependent movement speed or flow rate were derived by studies under laboratory conditions, which were usually conducted with populations of homogeneous characteristics forbetter control of influencing variables. If individual characteristics of a crowd become more heterogeneous, individuals were forced to adapt their individual movement and control individual manoeuvring. These unintended interactions lead to a different shape of the fundamental empirical relations. Here, we present results from a movement study under well-controlled boundary conditions in which participants with and without different characteristics of disabilities participated. To consider the effect of different heterogeneities on the capacity of a facility, fundamental diagrams are generated using the Voronoi method. If participants with visible disabilities (such as using assistive devices) are part of a crowd, significant differences relating to the shape of the empirical Relations and the capacities are found. This indicates that the heterogeneity of a Population leads to an increased interpersonal interaction which results in influenced movement characteristics. KW - Engineering egress data KW - Heterogeneity KW - Human behaviour KW - Movement characteristics KW - Pedestrian dynamics PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-508943 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.2789 SN - 0308-0501 VL - 45 IS - 4 SP - 529 EP - 542 PB - Wiley Online Libary CY - New Jersey, USA AN - OPUS4-50894 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bucar, K. A1 - Malet, J. A1 - Stabile, L. A1 - Pražnikar, J. A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Žitnik, M. T1 - Statistics of a Sharp GP2Y Low-Cost Aerosol PM Sensor Output Signals N2 - In this work, we characterise the performance of a Sharp optical aerosol sensor model GP2Y1010AU0F. The sensor was exposed to different environments: to a clean room, to a controlled atmosphere with known aerosol size distribution and to the ambient atmosphere on a busy city street. During the exposure, the output waveforms of the sensor pulses were digitised, saved and a following offline analysis enabled us to study the behaviour of the sensor pulse-by-pulse. A linear response of the sensor on number concentration of the monosized dispersed PSL particles was shown together with an almost linear dependence on particle diameters in the 0.4 to 4 micrometer range. The gathered data about the sensor were used to predict its response to an ambient atmosphere, which was observed simultaneously with a calibrated optical particle counter. KW - Aerosol KW - Partikel KW - Aerosolsensor KW - Luftgüte KW - Umweltmessung PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-517466 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/s20236707 SN - 1424-8220 VL - 20 IS - 23 SP - 6707 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Schweiz AN - OPUS4-51746 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Juds, Carmen A1 - Schmidt, J. A1 - Weller, Michael G. A1 - Lange, Thorid A1 - Beck, Uwe A1 - Conrad, T. A1 - Boerner, H. G. T1 - Combining phage display and next-generation sequencing for materials sciences: A case study on probing polypropylene surfaces N2 - Phage display biopanning with Illumina next-generation sequencing (NGS) is applied to reveal insights into peptide-based adhesion domains for polypropylene (PP). One biopanning round followed by NGS selects robust PP-binding peptides that are not evident by Sanger sequencing. NGS provides a significant statistical base that enables motif analysis, statistics on positional residue depletion/enrichment, and data analysis to suppress false-positive sequences from amplification bias. The selected sequences are employed as water-based primers for PP-metal adhesion to condition PP surfaces and increase adhesive strength by 100% relative to nonprimed PP. KW - Polymers KW - Polypropylene KW - Glue KW - Plastics KW - Surface Activation KW - Primer KW - Peptide Library KW - Epoxy KW - Solid-binding Peptides KW - Functionalization KW - Polymer-binding Peptides KW - Adhesion KW - Material-binding Peptides KW - Adhesives PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.0c03482 SN - 0002-7863 SN - 1520-5126 VL - 142 IS - 24 SP - 10624 EP - 10628 PB - ACS CY - Washington, DC, USA AN - OPUS4-51123 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - de Carvello, J. M. F. A1 - Schmidt, Wolfram A1 - Kühne, Hans-Carsten A1 - Fiorotti Peixoto, R. A. T1 - Influence of high-charge and low-charge PCE-based superplasticizers on Portland cement pastes containing particle-size designed recycled mineral admixtures N2 - Design : and use of engineered recycled mineral admixtures obtained from industrial and mineral waste are promising strategies to increase the range of materials suitable for use in cement-based composites. In this work, Portland cement-blended pastes containing mineral admixtures designed for improving particle packing were evaluated in the presence of low- and high-charge polycarboxylate-based superplasticizers. The powders were obtained from basic oxygen furnace slag, iron ore tailings, quartz mining tailings, and quartzite mining tailings. The zeta-potentials of the particles were obtained via electrophoretic mobility. The flow properties were evaluated by rheological tests performed in a Couette type rheometer. The hydration kinetics was evaluated by isothermal calorimetry and an adapted method based on the Vicat needle test. The high-charge PCE and the finer mineral admixtures produced more stable blends. Coarser mineral admixtures led to increased flowability and delayed hydration compared to finer ones. Steel slag powders presented the most significant plasticizer effects, but also the largest setting delays and segregation tendency. Quartz-rich superfines reduced the setting delays caused by the superplasticizers. In summary, both superplasticizers were effective in improving flow properties, but the high-charge PCE was effective in preventing segregation in pastes containing mineral admixtures coarser and heavier than cement. KW - Engineered recycled mineral admixtures KW - Rheology KW - PCE-Based superplasticizer KW - Steel slag KW - Mining tailing PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101515 VL - 32 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-58395 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - de Carvello, J. M. F. A1 - Carvalho Fontes, W. A1 - de Azevedo, C. F. A1 - Brigolini, G. J. A1 - Schmidt, Wolfram A1 - Fiorotti Peixoto, R. A. T1 - Enhancing the eco-efficiency of concrete using engineered recycled mineral admixtures and recycled aggregates N2 - Non-conventional densely packed concrete mixtures are proposed and evaluated in this paper using engineered recycled mineral admixtures and recycled aggregates obtained from steel slag, quartz mining tailings, and quartzite mining tailings. High fines content sand-concretes containing coarser- and finer-than-cement recycled powders were designed to obtain blends with broader particle-size ranges and improved packing density. As a result, compressive strength up to 99 MPa, cement intensity up to 2.33 kg/m³/MPa, and consumption of recycled material up to 95 vol% were obtained. Compressive strengths up to 66 MPa and cement intensity up to 2.34 kg/m³/MPa were also obtained with the addition of coarse aggregates to such sand-concrete mixtures, with consumption of recycled material up to 96.5%. The results launch new insights on the role of recycled admixtures and aggregates on the mixture design of cement-based composites regarding efficiency improvement and technological performance. KW - Low-cement concrete KW - Recycled mineral admixture KW - Basic oxygen furnace slag KW - Quartzite mining tailing KW - Packing density PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120530 VL - 257 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-58401 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Silva, C. P. A1 - Carvalho, T. A1 - Schneider, Rudolf A1 - Esteves, V. I. A1 - Lima, D. L. D. T1 - ELISA as an effective tool to determine spatial and seasonal occurrence of emerging contaminants in the aquatic environment N2 - During the last two decades, studies related to the occurrence and fate of emerging contaminants in the aquatic environment have received great attention from the international scientific community. The monitoring of the presence of these compounds is particularly important since they are known to induce adverse effects in aquatic environments, even at extremely low concentrations. This work aimed to apply a simple and effective methodology, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), in the monitoring of 17a-ethinylestradiol (EE2) and 17b-estradiol (E2) (a synthetic and a natural hormone, respectively), carbamazepine (CBZ, an antiepileptic), cetirizine (CET, an antihistamine) and caffeine (CAF, a stimulant) in water matrices with differing salinity and organic matter contents. ELISA was proven to be a valid and practical tool, especially for screening purposes in contrast to traditional chromatographic techniques which are prohibitively expensive for an application on a broader base. The main originality of this work was to establish seasonal and spatial effects on the occurrence of the referred contaminants by using the effectiveness of ELISA to screen those compounds in samples with different characteristics. This work reports both the seasonal and spatial quantification of the referred contaminants in the aquatic environment of the central region of Portugal, with concentrations ranging as follows: 5–87 ng L-1, for E2, 2–17 ng L-1, for EE2, 10–1290 ng L-1, for CBZ, 10–190 ng L-1, for CET, and 62–6400 ng L-1, for CAF. KW - Estrogen KW - Estradiol KW - Ethinylestradiol KW - Carbamazepine KW - Portugal KW - Wasser PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D0AY00426J SN - 1759-9679 VL - 12 IS - 19 SP - 2517 EP - 2526 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry RSC CY - London AN - OPUS4-51340 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Füllenbach, L.C. A1 - Perez, J. P. H. A1 - Freeman, H.M. A1 - Thomas, A.N. A1 - Mayanna, S. A1 - Parker, J. E. A1 - Göttlicher, J. A1 - Steininger, R. A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Benning, L.G. A1 - Oelkers, E.H. T1 - Nanoanalytical Identification of Siderite Dissolution-Coupled Pb Removal Mechanisms from Oxic and Anoxic Aqueous Solutions N2 - Lead(II) is a toxic pollutant often found in metalcontaminated soils and wastewaters. In acidic aqueous environments, Pb(II) is highly mobile. Chemical treatment strategies of such systems therefore often include neutralization agents and metal sorbents. Since metal solubility and the retention potential of sorbents depend on the redox state of the aqueous system, we tested the efficiency of the naturally occurring redox-sensitive ferrous iron carbonate mineral siderite to remove Pb(II) from acidic aqueous solutions in batch experiments under oxic and anoxic conditions over a total of 1008 h. Siderite dissolution led to an increase in reactive solution pH from 3 to 5.3 and 6.9, while 90 and 100% of the initial aqueous Pb(II) (0.48 × 10−3 mol kg−1) were removed from the oxic and anoxic systems, respectively. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy, combined with X-ray absorption and photoelectron spectroscopy, indicated that under oxic conditions, Pb(II) was consumed by cerussite precipitation and inner-sphere surface complexation to secondary goethite. Under anoxic conditions, Pb(II) was removed by the rapid precipitation of cerussite. This efficient siderite dissolution-coupled sequestration of Pb(II) into more stable solid phases demonstrates this potential method for contaminated water Treatment regardless of the redox environment. KW - Siderite KW - X-ray absorption spectroscopy KW - X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy KW - Wastewater treatment PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.0c00180 VL - 4 IS - 11 SP - 1966 EP - 1977 PB - ACS Publication AN - OPUS4-51961 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Altmann, Korinna A1 - Sturm, Heinz T1 - Realitätsnahe Referenzmaterialien für die Mikroplastik-Analytik und Vergleichsuntersuchungen N2 - Zur Validierung und Harmonisierung von verschiedenen Methoden in der Mikroplastik-Analytik werden polymere Referenzmaterialien benötigt. In diesem Vortrag wird dargestellt, was bisher an der BAM zu Referenzmaterialien für die Mikroplastik-Analytik entwickelt wurde, wo es hingehen soll und ein Überblick über bisher gelaufene Vergleichsuntersuchungen gebracht. T2 - Kick-off Meeting "Mikroplastik in Lebensmitteln" CY - Online meeting DA - 03.12.2020 KW - Mikroplastik KW - Referenzmaterial KW - Vergleichsuntersuchungen KW - Ringversuche PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51743 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lozano-Martín, D. A1 - Akubue, G. U. A1 - Moreau, A. A1 - Tuma, Dirk A1 - Chamorro, C. R. T1 - Accurate experimental (p, rho, T) data of the (CO2 + O2) binary system for the development of models for CCS processes N2 - The limited availability of accurate experimental data in wide ranges of pressure, temperature, and composition is the main constraining factor for the proper development and assessment of thermodynamic models and equations of state. In the particular case of carbon capture and storage (CCS) processes, there is a clear need for data sets related to the (carbon dioxide + oxygen) mixtures that this work aims to address. This work provides new experimental (p, rho, T) data for three binary (CO2 + O2) mixtures with mole fractions of oxygen x(O2) = (0.05, 0.10, and 0.20) mol/mol, in the temperature range T = (250 to 375) K and pressure range p = (0.5 to 13) MPa. The measurements were performed with a high-precision single-sinker densimeter with magnetic suspension coupling. The density data were obtained with estimated expanded relative uncertainties of 0.02 % for the highest densities and up to 0.3 % for the lowest ones.The results were compared to the corresponding results calculated by the current reference equations of state for this kind of mixtures, namely the EOS-CG (combustion gases) and the GERG-2008 equation of state, respectively. The EOS-CG yields better estimations in density than the GERG-2008 equation of state. The results from the EOS-GC model show no systematic temperature dependence. For the GERG-2008 model, however, this criterion is significantly less fulfilled. KW - carbon capture and storage KW - single-sinker densimeter KW - equation of state PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2020.106210 SN - 0021-9614 VL - 150 SP - 106210 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-50925 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Arinchtein, A. A1 - Schnack, R. A1 - Kraffert, K. A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Dietrich, P. A1 - Sachse, René A1 - Krähnert, R. T1 - Role of Water in Phase Transformations and Crystallization of Ferrihydrite and Hematite N2 - The oxides, hydroxides, and oxo-hydroxides of iron belong to the most abundant materials on earth. They also feature a wide range of practical applications. In many environments, they can undergo facile phase transformations and crystallization processes. Water appears to play a critical role in many of these processes. Despite numerous attempts, the role of water has not been fully revealed yet. We present a new approach to study the influence of water in the crystallization and phase transformations of iron oxides. The approach employs model-type iron oxide films that comprise a defined homogeneous nanostructure. The films are exposed to air containing different amounts of water reaching up to pressures of 10 bar. Ex situ analysis via scanning electron microscopy, Transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction, and X-ray diffraction is combined with operando near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to follow water-induced changes in hematite nd ferrihydrite. Water proves to be critical for the nucleation of ematite domains in ferrihydrite, the resulting crystallite orientation, and the underlying crystallization mechanism. KW - Iron oxide KW - Ferrihydrite KW - Hematite KW - Water KW - NAP-XPS KW - High pressure PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c05253 VL - 12 SP - 38714 EP - 38722 PB - ACS Publication AN - OPUS4-51201 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Rühle, Bastian A1 - Bresch, Harald T1 - Perspective of BAM on Advanced Materials N2 - A brief perspective of BAM on advanced materials is presented including examples for nanomaterials and other systems presenting advanced materials with special emphasis on characterization methods used in different division of BAM for the determination of functional or safety parameters of such materials. In this respect, also ongoing activities of the capacity building project nanoplatform of BAM aiming at the development of nanometer-sized reference materials are briefly summarized. T2 - BfR Workshop zu Advanced Materials CY - Online meeting DA - 04.11.2020 KW - Quality assurance KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Core/shell particle KW - Characterization KW - Measurement uncertainty KW - Method KW - Nano particle PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51620 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Kersting, R. A1 - Hagenhoff, B. A1 - Bennet, Francesca A1 - Ciornii, Dmitri A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan T1 - MinimUm Information Requirements for Electron Microscopy and Surface analysis Data For Risk Assessment of Nanoforms N2 - The European legislation has responded to the wide use of nanomaterials in our daily life and defined the term “nanoform” in the Annexes to the REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization of Chemicals) Regulation. Now specific information of the nanomaterials is required from the companies when registering the appropriate materials in a dossier. In the context of REACH eleven physicochemical properties were considered as relevant, of which the following six are essential for registration of nanoforms (priority properties): chemical composition, crystallinity, particle size, particle shape, chemical nature of the surface (“surface chemistry”), and specific surface area (SSA). A key role is the reliable, reproduceable and traceable character of the data of these priority properties. In this context, we want to discuss which ‘analytical’ information is exactly required to fulfill these conditions. Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) were chosen as the most popular surface analytical methods. Both methods allow a detailed understanding of the surface chemistry with an information depth below ten nanometers. As a rather bulk method for the analysis of nanoforms, Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA) in the version with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) is considered for the quick identification of the main chemical elements present in the sample. Furthermore, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) results are discussed which provide results on particle size and shape. Thus, four of the six priority properties can be obtained with these methods. T2 - Nanosafe 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 17.11.2020 KW - Risk assessment KW - Nanomaterials KW - Standardization KW - Regulation PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51612 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stockmann, Jörg M. A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Bütefisch, S. A1 - Busch, I. A1 - Weimann, T. A1 - Passiu, C. A1 - Rossi, A. A1 - Unger, Wolfgang T1 - Reference material for the determination of the field of view of small-area X-ray photoelectron spectrometers N2 - Small-area/spot photoelectron spectroscopy (SAXPS) is a powerful tool for the investigation of small surface features like microstructures of electronic devices, sensors or other functional surfaces. For evaluating the quality of such microstructures, it is crucial to know whether a small signal in a spectrum is an unwanted contamination of the field of view (FoV), defined by the instrument settings, or it originated from outside. The aperture has a major influence on the signal-contribution from the outside. For the evaluation of the FoV, we determined the Au4f intensities measured with the center of the FoV aligned with the center of the spot and normalized to the Au4f intensity determined on the Au-film. With this test specimen, it was possible to characterize the FoV: The signal-contribution from the outside is reduceable down to lower than 50 %, when the aperture is 30 % of the structure dimension for our Kratos AXIS Ultra DLD system. T2 - Kratos User's Meeting 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 21.09.2020 KW - Small-area XPS KW - Field of View KW - Imaging XPS KW - Reference Material PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51412 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Radnik, Jörg T1 - Analytical & Characterisation Excellence in nanomaterial risk assessment: A tiered approach N2 - The work packages of the EU H2020 project ACEnano are presented and their activities in standardization and guidance for regulators and SMEs. T2 - ISO/TC 229 Strategy meeting CY - Online meeting DA - 10.11.2020 KW - Nanomaterials KW - Standardization KW - Risk assessment PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51611 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Kjaervik, Marit A1 - Unger, Wolfgang T1 - Surface chemical analysis surface chemical analysis of cells and biofilms N2 - The status of the planned technical report "Surface characterization of biomaterials" will be presented. T2 - ISO TC201 Meeting CY - Online meeting DA - 05.09.2020 KW - X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy KW - X-ray spectroscopy KW - Biomaterials KW - Standardization PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51197 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Becker, Roland T1 - Non-invasive cancer detection using volatile biomarkers: Is urine superior to breath? N2 - In recent years numerous reports have highlighted the options of chemical breath analysis with regard to noninvasive cancer detection. Certain volatile organic compounds (VOC) supposedly present in higher amounts or in characteristic patterns have been suggested as potential biomarkers. However, so far no clinical application based on a specific set of compounds appears to exist. Numerous reports on the capability of sniffer dogs and sensor arrays or electronic noses to distinguish breath of cancer patients and healthy controls supports the concept of genuine cancer-related volatile profiles. However, the actual compounds responsible for the scent are completely unknown and there is no correlation with the potential biomarkers suggested on basis of chemical trace analysis. It is outlined that specific features connected with the VOC analysis in breath – namely small concentrations of volatiles, interfering background concentrations, considerable sampling effort and sample instability, impracticability regarding routine application - stand in the way of substantial progress. The underlying chemicalanalytical challenge can only be met considering the severe susceptibility of VOC determination to these adverse conditions. Therefore, the attention is drawn to the needs for appropriate quality assurance/quality control as the most important feature for the reliable quantification of volatiles present in trace concentration. Consequently, the advantages of urine as an alternative matrix for volatile biomarker search in the context of diagnosing lung and other cancers are outlined with specific focus on quality assurance and practicability in clinical chemistry. The headspace over urine samples as the VOC source allows adapting gas chromatographical procedures well-established in water analysis. Foremost, the selection of urine over breath as non-invasive matrix should provide considerably more resilience to adverse effects during sampling and analysis. The most important advantage of urine over breath is seen in the option to partition, dispense, mix, spike, store, and thus to dispatch taylor-made urine samples on demand for quality control measures. Although it is still open at this point if cancer diagnosis supported by non-invasively sampled VOC profiles will ultimately reach clinical application the advantages of urine over breath should significantly facilitate urgently required steps beyond the current proof-of-concept stage and towards standardisation. KW - VOC KW - Breath KW - Urine KW - Lung cancer KW - Volatile organic compounds PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110060 VL - 143 SP - 110060 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-51066 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Pohl, Rainer A1 - Casperson, Ralf A1 - Ehlers, Henrik A1 - Pelkner, Matthias T1 - Elektromagnetische zerstörungsfreie Prüfverfahren N2 - Übersicht über die die im FB 8.4 bearbeiteten elektromagnetischen Prüfverfahren mit den Schwerpunkten bildgebende Wirbelstromprüfung, sensorbasierte Streuflussprüfung, magnetische Materialcharakterisierung und Sondenentwicklung. KW - Wirbelstromprüfung KW - Wirbelstromsenoren KW - GMR-Sensoren KW - Magnetische Materialcharakterisierung PY - 2020 SP - 1 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-51033 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Casperson, Ralf T1 - Datenformate für die zerstörungsfreie Prüfung N2 - Der Vortrag gibt eine Übersicht über die Versuche der Vergangenheit, ein standardisiertes Datenformat für die zerstörungsfreie Prüfung zu etablieren. T2 - 4. Sitzung DGZfP FA ZfP 4.0 UA Schnittstellen CY - Stockelsdorf, Germany DA - 19.02.2020 KW - ZfP KW - Datenformat KW - TRAPPIST KW - STEP KW - NDTML KW - DICONDE KW - HDF5 PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50448 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pelkner, Matthias A1 - Casperson, Ralf A1 - Pohl, Rainer T1 - Wirbelstromprüfung von Komposit-Druckbehältern N2 - Komposit-Druckgefäße für den Gefahrguttransport sowie für Wasserstoff-und Erdgasfahrzeuge bestehen aus einem lasttragenden Komposit und einer gasdichten, metallischen oder polymeren Barriereschicht (Liner). Zur Untersuchung der Integrität der Druckflaschen wurde die Wirbelstromprüfung eingesetzt. Hierbei wurden verschiedene Frequenzbereiche angewendet, um so die unterschiedlichen Materialien untersuchen zu können. Ziel der Untersuchungen war es, alterungsbedingte Schädigungen rechtzeitig zu detektieren. Der Vortrag stellt diese Ergebnisse vor. T2 - Carbon United - Gemeinsame Sitzung 3er-AG Zerstörungsfreie Werkstoff- u. Bauteilprüfung, Verbindungstechnik, Engineering CY - Online meeting DA - 07.12.2020 KW - Wirbelstromprüfung KW - CFK KW - Druckbehälter PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51892 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gerrits, Ruben A1 - Pokharel, R. A1 - Breitenbach, Romy A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Feldmann, Ines A1 - Schuessler, J.A. A1 - von Blanckenburg, F. A1 - Gorbushina, Anna A1 - Schott, J. T1 - How the rock-inhabiting fungus K. petricola A95 enhances olivine dissolution through attachment N2 - Free-living and mycorrhizal fungi are able to enhance the weathering of rock and other solid substrates. Deciphering the exact mechanisms of these natural processes requires their experimental simulation. Moreover, by performing these simulations with genetically amenable rock-weathering fungi, one can knock-out certain fungal traits and consequently identify their weathering-relevant function. Here, the effect of the rock-inhabiting fungus, Knufia petricola A95, on the dissolution kinetics of an Fe-bearing olivine (Mg1.86Fe0.19SiO4) is investigated at 25 °C and pH 6 using reproducible batch and mixed flow experiments. The availability of a melanin-deficient mutant (ΔKppks) of K. petricola A95, which produces more extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) than the wild type (WT), enables the comparative study of the role of melanin and EPS in olivine dissolution. In abiotic dissolution experiments, the olivine dissolution rate decreased considerably over time at pH 6 but not at pH 3.5. This inhibition of abiotic olivine dissolution at pH 6 was most likely caused by the in-situ oxidation of ferrous Fe and/or the precipitation of ferric hydroxides at the olivine surface. In corresponding biotic experiments at pH 6, both the wild type K. petricola and its melanin-deficient mutant ΔKppks solubilised and bound significant amounts of Fe released by olivine dissolution. Fe oxidation and precipitation were thus prevented and olivine dissolution proceeded faster than in the abiotic experiments. By sequestering Fe directly at the olivine surface, the attached wild type K. petricola cells were particularly efficient at preventing the oxidation of Fe at the mineral surface: the slowdown of olivine dissolution almost completely disappeared. The attachment capacity of these wild type cells is most likely mediated by wild type-specific EPS. Our presented experimental systems allow the oxidation of mineral-released Fe and include a rock-inhabiting fungus, thus simulating chemical, physical and biological conditions that set dissolution rates in a way that is relevant to natural ecosystems. KW - Black fungi KW - Bio-weathering KW - Forsterite KW - Knock-out mutant KW - Extracellular polymeric substances KW - Melanin Adhesion PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509332 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2020.05.010 VL - 282 SP - 76 EP - 97 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50933 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bennet, Francesca A1 - Müller, Anja A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Hachenberger, Y. A1 - Jungnickel, H. A1 - Laue, P. A1 - Luch, A. A1 - Tentschert, J. T1 - Preparation of Nanoparticles for ToF-SIMS and XPS Analysis N2 - Nanoparticles have gained increasing attention in recent years due to their potential and application in different fields including medicine, cosmetics, chemistry, and their potential to enable advanced materials. To effectively understand and regulate the physico-chemical properties and potential adverse effects of nanoparticles, validated measurement procedures for the various properties of nanoparticles need to be developed. While procedures for measuring nanoparticle size and size Distribution are already established, standardized methods for analysis of their surface chemistry are not yet in place, although the influence of the surface chemistry on nanoparticle properties is undisputed. In particular, storage and preparation of nanoparticles for surface analysis strongly influences the analytical results from various methods, and in order to obtain consistent results, sample preparation must be both optimized and standardized. In this contribution, we present, in detail, some standard procedures for preparing nanoparticles for surface analytics. In principle, nanoparticles can be deposited on a suitable substrate from suspension or as a powder. Silicon (Si) Wafers are commonly used as substrate, however, their cleaning is critical to the process. For sample preparation from suspension, we will discuss drop-casting and spin-coating, where not only the cleanliness of the substrate and purity of the suspension but also its concentration play important roles for the success of the preparation methodology. For nanoparticles with sensitive ligand shells or coatings, deposition as powders is more suitable, although this method requires particular care in fixing the sample. KW - Titania nanoparticles KW - X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy KW - Secondary ion mass spectrometry KW - Surface chemisttry PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-520103 UR - https://www.jove.com/video/61758 DO - https://doi.org/10.3791/61758 VL - 163 SP - e61758 AN - OPUS4-52010 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hahn, Marc Benjamin A1 - Zutta Villate, J. M. T1 - Ejemplos de simulaciónes de Montecarlo La desintegración radioactiva N2 - A walkthrough how to setup radioactive sources in monte-carlo particle scattering simulations and perform different types of scorings. N2 - En esta presentación desarrollaremos un ejemplo de aplicación para la dispersión de partículas utilizando el método de simulación de Monte- Carlo. Se discutirá el caso de las nanopartículas de oro radiactivo y los diferentes tipos del scoring. T2 - Seminar of the bioanalysis group CY - Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellin, Columbia DA - 27.02.2020 KW - MCS KW - Geant4-DNA KW - Geant4 KW - Radioactive nanoparticle KW - Radioactive decay KW - Particle scattering simulations KW - Particle scattering simulation KW - Topas KW - Monte-Carlo simulations KW - Desintegracion radioactiva KW - Método de Montecarlo KW - Geant4 KW - nanoparticula PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50472 LA - spa AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hahn, Marc Benjamin T1 - Simulaciónes de Montecarlo II: El scoring en las superficies N2 - En esta presentación desarrollaremos un ejemplo de aplicación para la dispersión de partículas utilizando el método de simulación de Monte- Carlo. Se discutirá el caso de las nanopartículas de oro radiactivo y como obtener informacions sobre diferente tipos de particulas pasando las superfices. T2 - Seminar of the bioanalysis group CY - Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellin, Colombia DA - 16.03.2020 KW - Geant4 KW - Geant4-DNA KW - MCS KW - Particle scattering simulation KW - Particle scattering simulations KW - Radioactive decay KW - Radioactive nanoparticle KW - Desintegracion radioactiva KW - Geant4 KW - Monte-Carlo simulations KW - Método de Montecarlo KW - Topas KW - nanoparticula PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50564 LA - spa AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hahn, Marc Benjamin T1 - Temperature effects in the Object Oriented Micromagnetic Framework (OOMMF) - OOMMF input parameter files for Tc determination N2 - To simulate the movement of the macroscopic magnetic moment in ferromagnetic systems under the influence of elevated temperatures, the stochastic version of the Landau-Lifshitz (LL) or the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation with a spin density of one per unit cell has to be used. To apply the stochastic LL to micromagnetic simulations, where the spin density per unit cell is generally higher, a conversion has to be performed. OOMMF sample files MIF) are provided which can be used to determine the Curie temperature for the classical bulk magnets, iron, nickel and cobalt. KW - OOMMF KW - Temperature KW - Micromagnetism KW - Thetaevolve KW - Ferromagnetism KW - Exchange interaction KW - LLG KW - Landau Lifshitz equation KW - Magnetic moment KW - Magnetic nanoparticles KW - Object oriented micromagnetic framework KW - Stochastic Landau Lifshitz Gilbert equation KW - Temperature scaling PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.26272/opus4-51169 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-51169 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hahn, Marc Benjamin T1 - Hands on: Particle scattering simulations A practical introduction N2 - A practical introduction is given for the necessary steps to start with particle scattering simulations based on Geant4/Topas. T2 - Seminar of the bioanalysis group CY - Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Columbia DA - 04.02.2020 KW - Geant4 KW - Geant4-DNA KW - MCS KW - Monte-Carlo simulations KW - Simulations KW - Particle scattering simulation KW - Scattering KW - Topas PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50333 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hahn, Marc Benjamin T1 - Setup of a Particle Scattering Simulation environment N2 - A step by step introduction to the setup of a particle scattering simulation is given. Followed by an installation session. T2 - Seminar of the bioanalysis group CY - Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellin, Columbia DA - 12.02.2020 KW - Geant4 KW - Geant4-DNA KW - MCS KW - Monte-Carlo simulations KW - Particle scattering simulations KW - Scattering KW - Simulations KW - Debian KW - Linux KW - Topas KW - C++ KW - Topas-nbio KW - Git KW - Cmake PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50366 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hahn, Marc Benjamin T1 - DNA basierte Dosimetrie N2 - We propose the development of a standardized DNA based dosimeter. This dosimeter will improve the comparability between the results of different laboratories in radiation research. Compared to conventional methods in dosimetry, this Approach provides direct access to the relation between radiation interaction and biological damage. Moreover, it enables the systematic investigation of the relation between the microscopic characteristics of radiation and DNA damage over a wide dose range. T2 - Zertkom CY - Online meeting DA - 13.05.2020 KW - DNA KW - Dosimetrie KW - Dosimetry KW - Effective dose KW - Energy dose KW - Energiedosis KW - Equivalent dose KW - Absorbed dose PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50779 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hahn, Marc Benjamin T1 - TOPAS cell model with nanoparticles N2 - These files contain cell models for TOPAS/Geant4 and the inclusion of nano particles in particle scattering simulations. A simple spherical cell with nanoparticles can be generated in a fast manner. The user has the option to include the following organelles: nucleus, mitochondria, cell membrane. Additionally nanoparticles can be included in the cytosol and at the surface of the nucleus and/or the mitochondria. The C++ classes in this repository extend the functionality of the TOPAS (http://www.topasmc.org/) Monte-Carlo program, which is itself a wrapper of the Geant4 MCS Toolkit (http://geant4.org). The sourcecode together with examples and scorers are provided. "If you use this extension please cite the following literature: Hahn, M.B., Zutta Villate, J.M. "Combined cell and nanoparticle models for TOPAS to study radiation dose enhancement in cell organelles." Sci Rep 11, 6721 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-85964-2 " KW - Monte-Carlo simulation KW - MCS KW - Geant4 KW - TOPAS KW - TOPAS-nBio KW - Dosimetry KW - Nanoparticles KW - Nanoparticle KW - AuNP KW - Gold KW - Microdosimetry KW - Targeted nanoparticle KW - Simulation KW - Particle scattering KW - Cell KW - Nucleus KW - Mitochondria KW - Cancer therapy KW - Radiation therapy PY - 2020 UR - https://github.com/BAMresearch/TOPAS-CellModels UR - https://github.com/MarcBHahn/TOPAS-CellModels DO - https://doi.org/10.26272/opus4-51150 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-51150 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hahn, Marc Benjamin T1 - Particle Scattering Simulations with Geant4: An Overview N2 - A brief overview over the capabilities of Geant4 is provided together with some example applications T2 - Seminar of the bioanalysis group CY - Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Columbia DA - 03.02.2020 KW - Geant4 KW - Geant4-DNA KW - MCS KW - Simulation KW - Monte-Carlo simulation KW - Particle scattering simulation KW - Dosimetry KW - Xrays KW - Electrons KW - Radiation PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50332 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Afantitis, A. A1 - Melagraki, G. A1 - Isigonis, P. A1 - Tsoumanis, A. A1 - Varsou, D. D. A1 - Valsami-Jones, E. A1 - Papadiamantis, A. A1 - Ellis, L.-J. A. A1 - Sarimveis, H. A1 - Doganis, P. A1 - Karatzas, P. A1 - Tsiros, P. A1 - Liampa, I. A1 - Lobaskin, V. A1 - Greco, D. A1 - Serra, A. A1 - Kinaret, P. A. S. A1 - Saarimäki, L. A. A1 - Grafström, R. A1 - Kohonen, P. A1 - Nymark, P. A1 - Willighagen, E. A1 - Puzyn, T. A1 - Rybinska-Fryca, A. A1 - Lyubartsev, A. A1 - Jensen, K. A. A1 - Brandenburg, J. G. A1 - Lofts, S. A1 - Svendsen, C. A1 - Harrison, S. A1 - Maier, D. A1 - Tamm, K. A1 - Jänes, J. A1 - Sikk, L. A1 - Dusinska, M. A1 - Longhin, E. A1 - Rundén-Pran, E. A1 - Mariussen, E. A1 - El Yamani, N. A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Tropsha, A. A1 - Cohen, Y. A1 - Lesczynski, J. A1 - Hendren, C. O. A1 - Wiesner, M. A1 - Winkler, D. A1 - Suzuki, N. A1 - Yoon, T. H. A1 - Choi, J.-S. A1 - Sanabria, N. A1 - Gulumian, M. A1 - Lynch, I. T1 - NanoSolveIT Project: Driving nanoinformatics research to develop innovative and integrated tools for in silico nanosafety assessment N2 - Nanotechnology has enabled the discovery of a multitude of novel materials exhibiting unique physicochemical (PChem) properties compared to their bulk analogues. These properties have led to a rapidly increasing range of commercial applications; this, however, may come at a cost, if an association to long-term health and environmental risks is discovered or even just perceived. Many nanomaterials (NMs) have not yet had their potential adverse biological effects fully assessed, due to costs and time constraints associated with the experimental assessment, frequently involving animals. Here, the available NM libraries are analyzed for their suitability for integration with novel nanoinformatics approaches and for the development of NM specific Integrated Approaches to Testing and Assessment (IATA) for human and environmental risk assessment, all within the NanoSolveIT cloud-platform. These established and well-characterized NM libraries (e.g. NanoMILE, NanoSolutions, NANoREG, NanoFASE, caLIBRAte, NanoTEST and the Nanomaterial Registry (>2000 NMs)) contain physicochemical characterization data as well as data for several relevant biological endpoints, assessed in part using harmonized Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) methods and test guidelines. Integration of such extensive NM information sources with the latest nanoinformatics methods will allow NanoSolveIT to model the relationships between NM structure (morphology), properties and their adverse effects and to predict the effects of other NMs for which less data is available. The project specifically addresses the needs of regulatory agencies and industry to effectively and rapidly evaluate the exposure, NM hazard and risk from nanomaterials and nano-enabled products, enabling implementation of computational ‘safe-by-design’ approaches to facilitate NM commercialization. KW - Nanoinformatics KW - Hazard assessment KW - (Quantitative) Structure-Active Relationships KW - Safe-by-design KW - Predictive modelling PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-505952 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj.2020.02.023 VL - 18 SP - 583 EP - 602 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-50595 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Shiflett, M. B. A1 - Magee, J. W. A1 - Tuma, Dirk ED - Shiflett, M. B. T1 - Important Developments in the History of Ionic Liquids from Academic Curiosity to Commercial Processes and Products N2 - Twenty years ago, research involving ionic liquids was a minor field of interest, and only a few chemists and even fewer engineers were interested in salts with melting points near room temperature. In April 2000, the first NATO advanced research workshop on ionic liquids was held in Heraklion, Crete. The conference was the first international meeting devoted to ionic liquids and attracted most of the active researchers at that time. Following that meeting, activity in the field began to flourish and the first books and international conferences devoted to ionic liquids began to appear. By the end of 2018, more than 80,000 scientific papers had been published, and 17,000 patents were applied for in the field of ionic liquids! This book provides an overview of the current and emerging industrial applications of ionic liquids covering the core processes and products, the practical implementation and technical challenges involved, and the potential future directions for Research and development. The individual chapters were written by leading scientists in the field from industry and academia to address specific processes and products that are or will be soon commercialized. Examples include the use of a chloroaluminate ionic liquid as a next-generation alkylation catalyst to a new class of capillary gas chromatography (GC) columns with stationary phases based on ionic liquids. Over the past twenty years, there has been a growing realization that ionic liquids have moved from being mere academic curiosities to having genuine applications in fields as wide-ranging as advanced materials, biotechnology, catalysis, pharmaceuticals, renewable fuels, and sustainable energy. There are many optimistic indications that ionic liquids are on their way to becoming a commercial success story. This first book on “Commercial Applications of Ionic Liquids” provides over 50 applications that are either at the pilot scale or have been commercialized, which indicates that an exciting new chapter in the field of ionic liquids is about to begin! KW - Ionic Liquids KW - Historical Developments KW - Advanced Materials PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-030-35245-5 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35245-5_1 SN - 2196-6990 SP - 3 EP - 29 PB - Springer CY - Cham AN - OPUS4-50453 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kulka, M.W. A1 - Nie, C. A1 - Nickl, P. A1 - Kerkhoff, Y. A1 - Garg, A. A1 - Salz, D. A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Grunwald, I. A1 - Haag, R. T1 - Surface-Initiated Grafting of Dendritic Polyglycerol from Mussel-Inspired Adhesion-Layers for the Creation of Cell-Repelling Coatings N2 - Biofouling is a major challenge in the application of textiles, biosensors, and biomedical implants. In the current work, a straightforward method for the solvent-free polymerization of antifouling dendritic polyglycerol (dPG) from mussel-inspired dendritic polyglycerol (MI-dPG) coatings on hydrophilic titanium dioxide (TiO2) and hydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is reported. Surface characterization is performed by static water contact angle (CA) measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Significant lower CA values are obtained after dPG grafting from MI-dPG-coated TiO2 and MI-dPG coated PDMS. Furthermore, XPS shows a time-dependent increase of the CO bond content upon dPG grafting from MI-dPG-coated TiO2 and MI-dPG-coated PDMS. Analysis of the surface morphology by SEM shows a clear time-dependent increase in the surface roughness upon dPG grafting from MI-dPG-coated TiO2 and MIdPG-coated PDMS. When the viability of two adhesive cell types is studied via LIVE/DEAD staining, a strong reduction in the cell density is observed after the dPG grafting from MI-dPG-coated TiO2 and MI-dPG-coated PDMS (a decrease of >95% in all cases). The combined results show that biocompatible but highly cell-repelling surfaces are efficiently constructed via the grafting of dPG from MI-dPG-coated TiO2 and MI-dPG-coated PDMS. KW - Repelling surface coatings KW - Dendritic polyglycerol KW - Mussel-inspired adhesives KW - Surface-initated grafting PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-516590 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.202000931 SN - 2196-7350 VL - 7 IS - 24 SP - 931 PB - Wiley VCH AN - OPUS4-51659 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Winckelmann, Alexander A1 - Abad Andrade, Carlos Enrique A1 - Richter, Silke A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian A1 - Riedel, Jens A1 - Vogel, Jochen A1 - Panne, Ulrich T1 - Next level lithium isotope analysis by atomic absorption spectrometry in combination with machine learning N2 - An alternative method for lithium isotope amount ratio analysis is proposed by combining atomic absorption spectrometry with spectra data analysis by machine leaning. It is based on the well-known isotope shift of around 15 pm for the electronic transition at wavelength 670.7845 nm which can be measured by a high-resolution continuum source atomic absorption spectrometer (HR-CS-AAS). For isotope amount ratio analysis, a scalable three boosting machine learning algorithm (XGBoost) was employed and calibrated with a set of samples with a 6Li isotope amount fraction ranging from 99% to 6%. The absolute Li isotope amount fractions of these calibration samples were previously measured by multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) and used as ab-initio data for the machine learning algorithm. Validation of the machine leaning model was performed with two standard reference materials (LSVEC and IRMM-016). The procedure was employed for the isotope amount ratio determination of a set of stock chemicals (Li2CO3, LiNO3, LiCl, LiOH, and LiF) as well as a BAM candidate LiMNC cathode reference material. Achieved uncertainties are one order of magnitude higher than those obtained by MC-ICP-MS. This precision and accuracy is nonetheless sufficient to resolve natural occurring variations in Lithium isotope ratios. Also, the LiMNC material was analyzed by HR-CS-AAS with and without matrix purification. The results are comparable within statistical error. T2 - Make and Measure 2020 CY - Online Meeting DA - 15.10.2020 KW - Lithium batteries KW - HR-CS-AAS KW - Machine learning KW - Isotope analysis KW - Spectrometry PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51541 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lozano-Martín, D. A1 - Martín, M. C. A1 - Chamorro, C. R. A1 - Tuma, Dirk A1 - Segovia, J. J. T1 - Speed of sound for three binary (CH4 + H2) mixtures from p = (0.5 up to 20) MPa at T = (273.16 to 375) K N2 - Speed of sound is one of the thermodynamic properties that can be measured with least uncertainty and is of great interest in developing equations of state. Moreover, accurate models are needed by the H2 industry to design the transport and storage stages of hydrogen blends in the natural gas network. This research aims to provide accurate data for (CH4 + H2) mixtures of nominal (5, 10, and 50) mol-% of hydrogen, in the p = (0.5 up to 20) MPa pressure range and with temperatures T = (273.16, 300, 325, 350, and 375) K. Using an acoustic spherical resonator, speed of sound was determined with an overall relative expanded (k = 2) uncertainty of 220 parts in 10^6 (0.022%). Data were compared to reference equations of state for natural gas-like mixtures, such as AGA8-DC92 and GERG-2008. Average absolute deviations below 0.095% and percentage deviations between 0.029% and up to 0.30%, respectively, were obtained. Additionally, results were fitted to the acoustic virial equation of state and adiabatic coefficients, molar isochoric heat capacities and molar isobaric heat capacities as perfect-gas, together with second and third acoustic virial coefficients were estimated. Density second virial coefficients were also obtained. KW - Speed of sound KW - Acoustic resonator KW - Heat capacity PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.12.012 SN - 0360-3199 VL - 45 IS - 7 SP - 4765 EP - 4783 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-50454 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Benettoni, P. A1 - Stryhanyuk, H. A1 - Wagner, S. A1 - Hachenberger, Y. A1 - Jungnickel, H. A1 - Tentschert, J. T1 - Analytical and Characterisation Excellence in nanomaterial risk assessment: A tiered approach Task2.5 N2 - The final results of Task 2.5 "Optimization of sample preparation for characterization of ENPs using TOF-SIMS under real-life conditions (a.) UfZ: polymer template; b.) BAM: pressing of pellets)" were presented. T2 - ACEnano General Meeting CY - Amsterdam, The Netherlands DA - 05.03.2020 KW - Nanoparticles KW - ToF-SIMS KW - Preparation PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50572 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Saleh, Maysoon I. A1 - Rühle, Bastian A1 - Wang, Shu A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - You, Yi A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute T1 - Assessing the protective effects of different surface coatings on NaYF4:YB3+, Er3+, upconverting nanoparticles in buffer and DMEM N2 - We studied the dissolution behavior of β NaYF4:Yb(20%), Er(2%) UCNP of two different sizes in biologically relevant media i.e., water (neutral pH), phosphate buffered saline (PBS), and Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM) at different temperatures and particle concentrations. Special emphasis was dedicated to assess the influence of different surface functionalizations, particularly the potential of mesoporous and microporous silica shells of different thicknesses for UCNP stabilization and protection. Dissolution was quantified electrochemically using a fluoride ion selective electrode (ISE) and by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). In addition, dissolution was monitored fluorometrically. These experiments revealed that a thick microporous silica shell drastically decreased dissolution. Our results also underline the critical influence of the chemical composition of the aqueous environment on UCNP dissolution. In DMEM, we observed the formation of a layer of adsorbed molecules on the UCNP surface that protected the UCNP from dissolution and enhanced their fluorescence. Examination of this layer by X ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and mass spectrometry (MS) suggested that mainly phenylalanine, lysine, and glucose are adsorbed from DMEM. These findings should be considered in the future for cellular toxicity studies with UCNP and other nanoparticles and the design of new biocompatible surface coatings. KW - Fluorescence KW - Lifetime KW - Method KW - Quantification KW - Stability KW - Coating KW - Surface chemistry KW - Lanthanide KW - Fluoride KW - Electrochemistry KW - ICP-OES KW - Upconversion KW - Nano KW - Particle KW - Aging KW - Quality assurance KW - Mass spectrometry KW - XPS PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-515984 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-76116-z SN - 2045-2322 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 19318-1 EP - 19318-11 PB - Springer Nature CY - London AN - OPUS4-51598 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stockmann, Jörg M. A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Bütefisch, S. A1 - Busch, I. A1 - Weimann, T. A1 - Passiu, C. A1 - Rossi, A. A1 - Unger, Wolfgang T1 - New Test Specimen for the Determination of the Field of View of Small-Area XPS N2 - Small-area/spot photoelectron spectroscopy (SAXPS) is a powerful tool for the investigation of small surface features like microstructures of electronic devices, sensors or other functional surfaces. For evaluating the quality of such microstructures, it is crucial to know whether a small signal in a spectrum is an unwanted contamination of the field of view (FoV), defined by the instrument settings, or it originated from outside. The aperture has a major influence on the signal-contribution from the outside. For the evaluation of the FoV, we determined the Au4f intensities measured with the center of the FoV aligned with the center of the spot and normalized to the Au4f intensity determined on the Au-film. With this test specimen, it was possible to characterize the FoV: The signal-contribution from the outside is reduceable down to lower than 50 %, when the aperture is 30 % of the structure dimension for our Kratos AXIS Ultra DLD system. T2 - Kratos User's Meeting 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 21.09.2020 KW - Small Area XPS KW - Reference Material KW - Imaging XPS KW - Field of View PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51413 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Radnik, Jörg T1 - Minimale Anforderungen an Referenzdaten anhand von Beispielen aus der Elektronenmikroskopie und Oberflächenanalytik N2 - In dem Vortrag werden, anhand ausgewählten Beispielen aus der Elektronenmikroskopie und Oberflächenanalytik (EDX und XPS), die minimalen Anforderungen an Referenzdaten für zuverlässige und reproduzierbare Ergebnisse (z.B. Partikelgrößenverteilung, Elementzusammensetzung) vorgestellt und diskutiert. T2 - Workshop "Referenzdaten" CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 13.03.2020 KW - Referenzdaten KW - Nanopartikel KW - Elektronenmikroskopie KW - Oberflächenanalytik KW - Standardarbeitsanweisung KW - SOP KW - Standardisierung PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50571 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nordholt, Niclas A1 - van Heerden, J. H. A1 - Bruggeman, F. J. T1 - Biphasic Cell-Size and Growth-Rate Homeostasis by Single Bacillus subtilis Cells N2 - The growth rate of single bacterial cells is continuously disturbed by random fluctuations in biosynthesis rates and by deterministic cell-cycle events, such as division, genome duplication, and septum formation. It is not understood whether, and how, bacteria reject these growth-rate disturbances. Here, we quantified growth and constitutive protein expression dynamics of single Bacillus subtilis cells as a function of cell-cycle progression. We found that, even though growth at the population level is exponential, close inspection of the cell cycle of thousands of single Bacillus subtilis cells reveals systematic deviations from exponential growth. Newborn cells display varying growth rates that depend on their size. When they divide, growth-rate Variation has decreased, and growth rates have become birth size independent. Thus, cells indeed compensate for growth-rate disturbances and achieve growth-rate homeostasis. Protein synthesis and growth of single cells displayed correlated, biphasic dynamics from cell birth to division. During a first phase of variable duration, the absolute rates were approximately constant and cells behaved as sizers. In the second phase, rates increased, and growth behavior exhibited characteristics of a timer strategy. These findings demonstrate that, just like size homeostasis, growth-rate homeostasis is an inherent property of single cells that is achieved by cell-cycle-dependent rate adjustments of biosynthesis and growth. KW - Bacterial cell cycle KW - Single cell microbiology KW - Bacillus subtilis KW - Growth-rate homeostasis KW - Biphasic growth PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-510689 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.04.030 VL - 30 IS - 12 SP - 2238 EP - 2247 PB - Cell Press AN - OPUS4-51068 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tu, Z. A1 - Donskyi, Ievgen A1 - Qiao, H. A1 - Zhu, Z. A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Hackenberger, C. P. R. A1 - Chen, W. A1 - Adeli, M. A1 - Haag, R. T1 - Graphene Oxide-Cyclic R10 Peptide Nuclear Translocation Nanoplatforms for the Surmounting of Multiple-Drug Resistance N2 - Multidrug resistance resulting from a variety of defensive pathways in Cancer has become a global concern with a considerable impact on the mortality associated with the failure of traditional chemotherapy. Therefore, further research and new therapies are required to overcome this challenge. In this work, a cyclic R10 peptide (cR10) is conjugated to polyglycerol-covered nanographene oxide to engineer a nanoplatform for the surmounting of multidrug resistance. The nuclear translocation of the nanoplatform, facilitated by cR10 peptide, and subsequently, a laser-triggered release of the loaded doxorubicin result in efficient anticancer activity confirmed by both in vitro and in vivo experiments. The synthesized nanoplatform with a combination of different features, including active nucleus-targeting, highloading capacity, controlled release of cargo, and photothermal property, provides a new strategy for circumventing multidrug resistant cancers. KW - Graphen Oxide KW - Nanoplatform KW - Cancer PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-510061 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202000933 VL - 30 IS - 35 SP - 2000933 PB - Wiley VCH AN - OPUS4-51006 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN ED - Panne, Ulrich T1 - BAM Report 2019 T1 - BAM report 2019 N2 - Dieser BAM-Report erscheint zwischen zwei historischen Jubiläen: dem 30. Jahrestag des Mauerfalls am 9. November 1989 und dem der staatlichen Einheit Deutschlands am 3. Oktober 1990. Für unser Land bedeuten beide Daten eine glückliche Zäsur. Und auch für die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), die in den Jahren der Teilung ihren Sitz im westlichen Teil Berlins behalten hatte, waren sie mit guten Veränderungen verbunden: Zur BAM sind über 500 Wissenschaftler*innen des ostdeutschen Amtes für Standardisierung, Messwesen und Warenprüfung sowie aus den Instituten der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Berlin-Adlershof dazugekommen. Die BAM hat damals neue Tätigkeitsschwerpunkte gewonnen, vor allem auf dem Gebiet der Analytischen Chemie, und konnte sich als Teil des sich auch heute noch rasant entwickelnden Wissenschaftsstandortes Berlin-Adlershof positionieren. Blicken wir heute auf die bewegten und bewegenden Monate vor 30 Jahren zurück, so tun wir dies aus einer deutlich veränderten Gegenwart: Aktuell beschäftigen uns große gesellschaftliche Herausforderungen wie die digitale Transformation, Energiesicherheit, demografische Veränderungen und der Klimawandel. Berlin ist inmitten dieser Herausforderungen ein Ort der Innovation und des Aufbruchs in der Mitte Europas. Dafür steht beispielhaft die Ansiedlung des Werner von Siemens Centre for Industry & Science, das in den kommenden Jahren im Nordwesten der Stadt wachsen wird. Die BAM ist auch hier Partner des Zukunftsprojekts. Sicherheit in Technik und Chemie zu gewährleisten - unser Kernauftrag bleibt inmitten dieses beschleunigten Wandels unverändert gültig. Aber er bezieht sich heute auf die Sicherheit von Nanopartikeln, von Werkstücken aus dem 3D-Drucker oder die Speicher von Wasserstoffautos und morgen auf ganz neue Technologien. Dazu forschen wir in unseren fünf Themenfeldern Energie, Infrastruktur, Umwelt, Material und Analytical Sciences weltweit vernetzt. Über alle Umbrüche hinweg leitet uns dabei eine Idee: Sicherheit macht Märkte. Technologischer Wandel, Kreativität und Erfinder*innengeist ermöglichen den Wohlstand unserer Gesellschaft. Zugleich aber gilt: Erst die Verlässlichkeit neuer Technologien und Materialien schafft das Vertrauen der Menschen in den Wandel und sichert so langfristig unsere Zukunft. N2 - This BAM Report will be published between two historical events: the 30th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall on 9 November 1989 and the 30th anniversary of German unification on 3 October 1990. Not only were these two dates joyful turning-points for our country, they also brought about positive changes for the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), which kept its headquarters in the western part of Berlin during the years of division. More than 500 scientists from the East German Amt für Standardisierung, Messwesen und Warenprüfung (Office for Standardisation, Metrology and Product Testing) and from the institutes of the Academy of Sciences in Berlin Adlershof joined BAM. At that time BAM added new areas of activity, especially in the field of analytical chemistry, and was able to position itself as part of the still rapidly developing Berlin Adlershof science centre. If we look back today at the eventful and moving months 30 years ago, we do so from a vastly different present. We are currently dealing with major societal challenges such as digital transformation, energy security, demographic shifts and climate change. In the midst of these challenges, Berlin is a place of innovation and new beginnings at the heart of Europe. This is exemplified by the Werner von Siemens Centre for Industry & Science, which will grow in the northwest of the city in the coming years. Ensuring safety in technology and chemistry remains our core mission amid this accelerated change. While today we focus on the safety of nanoparticles, components made by 3D printers or storage devices for hydrogen cars, tomorrow we will tackle other new technologies. To this end, we are conducting research in our five focus areas of energy, infrastructure, environment, materials and analytical sciences with partners worldwide. One idea guides us through all these changes: safety creates markets. Technological developments, creativity and innovation make the prosperity of our society possible. However, it is the reliability of new technologies and materials that creates trust in change and thus secures our future long-term. T3 - BAM Reports/Jahresberichte - 2019 PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506376 SN - 0934-9456 SN - 2627-0153 SN - 2940-7532 N1 - Volltext (PDF) in deutsch und englisch - Full text (PDF) in German and English. VL - 2019 SP - 1 EP - 122 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-50637 LA - mul AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weigert, Florian A1 - Müller, A. A1 - Häusler, I. A1 - Geißler, Daniel A1 - Skroblin, D. A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute T1 - Combining HR‑TEM and XPS to elucidate the core–shell structure of ultrabright CdSe/CdS semiconductor quantum dots N2 - Controlling thickness and tightness of surface passivation shells is crucial for many applications of core–shell nanoparticles (NP). Usually, to determine shell thickness, core and core/shell particle are measured individually requiring the availability of both nanoobjects. This is often not fulfilled for functional nanomaterials such as many photoluminescent semiconductor quantum dots (QD) used for bioimaging, solid state lighting, and display technologies as the core does not show the applicationrelevant functionality like a high photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield, calling for a whole nanoobject approach. By combining high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), a novel whole nanoobject approach is developed representatively for an ultrabright oleic acid-stabilized, thick shell CdSe/CdS QD with a PL quantum yield close to unity. The size of this spectroscopically assessed QD, is in the range of the information depth of usual laboratory XPS. Information on particle size and monodispersity were validated with dynamic light scattering (DLS) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and compared to data derived from optical measurements. In addition to demonstrating the potential of this novel whole nanoobject approach for determining architectures of small nanoparticles, the presented results also highlight challenges faced by different sizing and structural analysis methods and method-inherent uncertainties. KW - Photoluminescence KW - Single particle KW - Microscopy KW - Particle architecture KW - Thickness KW - SAXS KW - Shell KW - XPS KW - TEM KW - Semiconductor KW - Quantum dot KW - Photophysics KW - Quantum yield PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-517911 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77530-z VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 20712 PB - Springer Nature AN - OPUS4-51791 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Broicher, Cornelia A1 - Zeng, F. A1 - Pfänder, N. A1 - Frisch, M. A1 - Bisswanger, T. A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Stockmann, Jörg M. A1 - Palkovits, S. A1 - Beine, A. K. A1 - Palkovits, R. T1 - Iron and Manganese Containing Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction - Unravelling Influences on Activity and Stability N2 - Hydrogen economy is a central aspect of future energy supply, as hydrogen can be used as energy storage and fuel. In order tomake water electrolysis efficient, the limiting oxygen evolution reaction (OER) needs to be optimized. Therefore, C-based composite materials containing earth-abundant Fe and Mn were synthesized, characterized and tested in the OER. For pyrolysis temperatures above 700°C N-rich multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) are obtained. Inside the tubes Fe3C particles are formed, Fe and Mn oxides are incorporated in the carbon matrix and metal spinel nanoparticles cover the outer surface. The best catalyst prepared at 800°C achieves a low overpotential of 389 mV (at 10 mA/cm2) and high stability (22.6 h). From electrochemical measurements and characterization it can be concluded that the high activity is mainly provided by MWCNT, Fe3C and the metal oxides in the conductive carbon matrix. The metal spinel nanoparticles in contrast protect the MWCNT from oxidation and thereby contribute to the high stability. KW - Oxygen Evolution Reaction KW - Carbon Nanotubes KW - Stability PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-513955 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.202000944 VL - 12 IS - 21 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Wiley Online Libary AN - OPUS4-51395 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Solomun, Tihomir A1 - Hahn, Marc Benjamin A1 - Smiatek, J. T1 - Raman spectroscopic signature of ectoine conformations in bulk solution and crystalline state N2 - Recent crystallographic results revealed conformational changes of zwitterionic ectoine upon hydration. By means of confocal Raman spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations, we present a detailed study of this transformation process as part of a Fermi resonance analysis. The corresponding findings highlight that all resonant couplings are lifted upon exposure to water vapor as a consequence of molecular binding processes. The importance of the involved molecular groups for water binding and conformational changes upon hydration is discussed. Our approach further Shows that the underlying rapid process can be reversed by carbon dioxide saturated atmospheres. For the first time, we also confirm that the conformational state of ectoine in aqueous bulk solution coincides with crystalline ectoine in its dihydrate state, thereby highlighting the important role of a few bound water molecules. KW - Fermi resonance KW - Ectoine hydration KW - DFT calculations of Raman spectra KW - Position of carboxylate group PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509855 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.202000457 SN - 1439-4235 SN - 1439-7641 VL - 21 IS - 17 SP - 1945 EP - 1950 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-50985 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hünger, K.-J. A1 - Kositz, M. A1 - Danneberg, M. A1 - Radnik, Jörg T1 - Enrichment of aluminium in the near‐surface region of natural quartzite rock after aluminium exposure N2 - Alkali–silica reaction (ASR) is an ongoing problem that causes damage to concrete constructions and reduces their durability. Therefore, minimizing this undesired reaction is of great interest for both safety and economic reasons. Additives containing high aluminium content are very effective in reducing the release of silica and enhancing the durability of concrete; however, the mechanism for this effect is still under discussion. In this study, an enrichment of aluminium in the near‐surface region was observed for natural quartzite rock after storage in Al (OH)3 and metakaolin as aluminium sources, from which we conclude that the formation of aluminosilicate sheets of a few nanometres inhibits the silica release; this hypothesis is supported by high‐resolution spectra of Al 2p, Si 2p and O 1s. KW - Alkali-silica reaction KW - Quartzite rock KW - X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-519394 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.6918 SN - 0142-2421 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - Wiley VCH AN - OPUS4-51939 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Müller, Anja A1 - Heinrich, Thomas A1 - Tougaard, S. A1 - Werner, W. S. M. A1 - Hronek, M. A1 - Kunz, Valentin A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Stockmann, Jörg M. A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Benemann, Sigrid A1 - Nirmalananthan-Budau, Nithiya A1 - Geißler, Daniel A1 - Sparnacci, K. A1 - Unger, Wolfgang T1 - Correction to "Determining the thickness and completeness of the shell of polymer core-shell nanoparticles by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, secondary ion mass spectrometry, and transmission scanning electron microscopy" N2 - This is a corrigendum to the original article "Determining the thickness and completeness of the shell of polymer core-shell nanoparticles by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, secondary ion mass spectrometry, and transmission scanning electron microscopy" that was published in "The journal of physical chemistry C", vol. 123 (2019), no. 49 pp. 29765-29775. PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-505451 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c00027 SN - 1932-7447 SN - 1932-7455 VL - 124 IS - 6 SP - 3923 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-50545 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN ED - Panne, Ulrich T1 - BAM Report 2020/21 - 150 Jahre Wissenschaft mit Wirkung T1 - BAM report 2020/21 - 150 years science with impact N2 - Liebe Leserin, lieber Leser, die Explosion war bis an den Stadtrand von Berlin zu hören, als am 25. Mai 1894 auf dem Tempelhofer Feld etwa 70 mit Wasserstoff gefüllte Gasflaschen der "königlich-preußischen Luftschiffer-Kompagnie" detonierten. Auch wenn zum Glück niemand verletzt wurde: Die Explosion führte schlagartig vor Augen, welche Gefahren eine neue Technologie mit sich bringen kann. Um weitere Unfälle wie diesen zu vermeiden, beauftragte die Regierung Adolf Martens, den Leiter der "Mechanisch-Technischen Versuchsanstalt", mit einem Gutachten. 1871 - vor 150 Jahren - hatte die Einrichtung in Berlin ihre Arbeit aufgenommen. Anfangs war sie nicht mehr als ein bescheidenes Laboratorium zur Prüfung der "Festigkeit von Eisen und Stahl". Rasch entwickelte sie sich jedoch zu einer unverzichtbaren Begleiterin des Fortschritts. Heute, anderthalb Jahrhunderte später, bestimmen nicht mehr nur Schadensanalysen, sondern Megatrends wie die Globalisierung, die Digitalisierung oder Nachhaltigkeit viele der Forschungsprojekte und hoheitlichen Aufgaben, mit denen sich die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) beschäftigt, die aus der "Mechanisch-Technischen Versuchsanstalt" hervorging und 1954 gegründet wurde. Um den globalen, wirtschaftlichen und technischen Herausforderungen unserer Zeit zu begegnen, forscht, prüft, bewertet und berät die BAM heute unter anderem zu nachhaltigen Baustoffen, zur Sicherheit von Lithiumbatterien oder zur effizienten Nutzung erneuerbarer Energien. Und nicht zufällig widmen wir uns wieder intensiv der sicheren Verwendung von Wasserstoff - dem Schüsselelement für eine emissionsfreie Zukunft. All dies geht heute nur national und international vernetzt, mit Partner*innen in Wissenschaft, Wirtschaft und Verwaltung, denn unsere Aufgaben überschreiten oft Ländergrenzen und fast immer Fachdisziplinen. Und sie bedürfen der Verständigung mit der Gesellschaft und der Politik über Ziele und Standards. Lassen Sie uns daher gemeinsam an den globalen Herausforderungen für die Sicherheit in unserer Zeit arbeiten. Lassen Sie uns Potenziale, die in Zukunftstechnologien stecken, gemeinsam heben. Und lassen Sie uns 150 Jahre BAM, also 150 Jahre Wissenschaft mit Wirkung, feiern. Mehr dazu erfahren Sie hier im BAM Report 2020/21 und auf unserer Jubiläums-Website www.150.BAM.de. N2 - Dear Readers, the explosion could be heard as far as the outskirts of Berlin when about 70 gas cylinders filled with hydrogen belonging to the "Royal Prussian Airship Company" detonated on the Tempelhof Field on 25 May 1894. Even though fortunately nobody was injured, the explosion made it very clear what dangers can accompany any new technology. In order to prevent further accidents like this, the government commissioned Adolf Martens, head of the "Mechanical and Technical Research Institute" to prepare an expert report. The institute started its work in Berlin in 1871 - 150 years ago. At first it was no more than a modest laboratory that tested the "strength of iron and steel". However, it quickly developed into an indispensable companion of progress. Today, one and a half centuries later, the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) that arose from the "Mechanical and Technical Research Institute" and was founded in 1954, deals with research projects and statutory tasks many of which are not only characterised by damage analysis but also by megatrends such as globalisation, digitalisation or sustainability. In order to meet the global, economic and technical challenges of our times, BAM performs research, tests and evaluations and among other things, provides advice on sustainable building materials, lithium battery safety or the efficient use of renewable energy. It is no coincidence that we are again devoting ourselves rigorously to the safe use of hydrogen - the key element for an emission-free future. Today, all this can only be achieved through national and international networking with partners in science, industry and government because our tasks often transgress national borders and the specialist disciplines, and goals and standards habitually require agreement with society and politicians. Let us therefore work together on the global challenges for safety in our time. Together we can leverage the potential that future technologies offer. Let us celebrate 150 years of BAM, or 150 years of science with impact. More information can be found in the 2020/21 BAM Report and on our anniversary website at www.150.BAM.de. T3 - BAM Reports/Jahresberichte - 2020/21 PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-522568 SN - 0934-9456 SN - 2627-0153 SN - 2940-7532 N1 - Volltext (PDF) in deutsch und englisch - Full text (PDF) in German and English. VL - 2020/21 SP - 1 EP - 128 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-52256 LA - mul AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stockmann, Jörg M. A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Bütefisch, S. A1 - Busch, I. A1 - Weimann, T. A1 - Passiu, C. A1 - Rossi, A. A1 - Unger, Wolfgang T1 - A new test specimen for the determination of the field of view of small-area X-ray photoelectron spectrometers N2 - Small-area/spot photoelectron spectroscopy (SAXPS) is a powerful tool for the investigation of small surface features like microstructures of electronic devices, sensors or other functional surfaces, and so forth. For evaluating the quality of such microstructures, it is often crucial to know whether a small signal in a spectrum is an unwanted contamination of the field of view (FoV), defined by the instrument settings, or it originated from outside. To address this issue, the d80/20 parameter of a line scan across a chemical edge is often used. However, the typical d80/20 parameter does not give information on contributions from the long tails of the X-ray beam intensity distribution or the electron-optical system as defined by apertures. In the VAMAS TWA2 A22 project “Applying planar, patterned, multi-metallic samples to assess the impact of analysis area in surface-chemical analysis,” new test specimen was developed and tested. The here presented testing material consists of a silicon wafer substrate with an Au-film and embedded Cr circular and square spots with decreasing dimensions from 200 μm down to 5 μm. The spot sizes are traceable to the length unit due to size measurements with a metrological SEM. For the evaluation of the FoV, we determined the Au4f intensities measured with the center of the FoV aligned with the center of the spot and normalized to the Au4f intensity determined on the Au-film. With this test specimen, it was possible to characterize, as an example, the FoV of a Kratos AXIS Ultra DLD XPS instrument. T2 - ECASIA 2019 CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 15.09.2019 KW - Field of view KW - Reference material KW - Selected area XPS KW - Small-area XPS KW - Small-spot XPS PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509902 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.6831 SN - 1096-9918 VL - 52 IS - 12 SP - 890 EP - 894 PB - John Wiley & Sons Ltd AN - OPUS4-50990 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Baynosa, M. L. A1 - Mady, A. H. A1 - Nguyen, V. Q. A1 - Kumar, D. R. A1 - Sayed, M. S. A1 - Tuma, Dirk A1 - Shim, J.-J. T1 - Eco-friendly synthesis of recyclable mesoporous zinc ferrite@reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite for efficient photocatalytic dye degradation under solar radiation N2 - Zinc ferrite and graphene composites have attracted considerable attention in wastewater treatment. In this work, a magnetically separable mesoporous composite of ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles (NPs) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was prepared through a simple and eco-friendly method with pure water as solvent and without the need for subsequent thermal treatment. Uniformly dispersed ZnFe2O4 NPs on the surface of rGO sheets exhibited good crystallinity and a large BET specific surface area. These factors contributed to good photocatalytic performance of the composite for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) under simulated solar-light radiation, increased adsorptivity, increased separation efficiency of the photo-excited charges on the surface of the catalyst, and broadened light-absorption range of the composite. Efficient interfacial interaction between the ZnFe2O4 NPs and rGO sheets resulted in synergistic effects. The magnetically separable ZnFe2O4@rGO nanocomposite proved an efficient and stable catalyst in three consecutive photodegradation cycles for MB dye in aqueous solution under solar radiation. In addition, the synthesis method proposed in this study could be scaled-up easily due to the simplicity of the process, the lack of a toxic reagent, and the use of low temperatures. KW - Zinc ferrite KW - Reduced graphene oxide KW - Nanocomposite KW - Wastewater PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2019.11.018 SN - 0021-9797 VL - 561 SP - 459 EP - 469 PB - Elsevier B. V. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-50211 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kempf, A. A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai T1 - Influence of sub-cell structure on the mechanical properties of AlSi10Mg manufactured by laser powder bed fusion N2 - AlSi10Mg is one of the most applied alloys for laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) technology, due to its great possibilities for implementing new lightweight concepts such as in automotive industries. For the component design it is necessary to know about the mechanical properties and the mechanical behaviour. The many published strength properties of LPBF processed AlSi10Mg show significant differences up to approximately 225 MPa in ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and 195 MPa in yield strength (YS). To understand these varying properties, a ring trial was carried out manufacturing specimens on 6 LPBF machines with different parameters and build-up strategies. They were studied in the as-built (AB) condition and after heat treatment at 300 °C for 30 min, respectively. For examining the mechanical properties, tensile tests and hardness measurements were carried out. The microstructure was characterized by optical light microscopy (OM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The identified differences in strength properties were discussed based on the 4 strengthening mechanism known for metallic materials and at the background of material defects. It was found that the size of the typical sub-cell structure of LPBF AlSi10Mg affected substantially the mechanical properties in the AB condition, in which with decreasing sub-cell size strength increased. If heat treatment was applied, the strength properties decreased and did not differ anymore. Since annealing led to coarsened sub-cells, whereas the grains itself did not change in size, the influence of sub-cell structure on strength was further confirmed. In addition, acicular precipitates in the AB condition were observed at specimens from one LPBF machine showing the lowest tensile elongation. KW - Laser powder bed fusion KW - AlSi10Mg KW - Mechanical properties KW - Microstructure PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.138976 VL - 776 SP - Paper 138976, 12 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-50316 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lederer, J. A1 - Syc, M. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Quina, M. A1 - Hyks, J. A1 - Huber, F. A1 - Funari, V. A1 - Fellner, J. A1 - Braga, R. A1 - Bontempi, E. A1 - Bogush, A. A1 - Blasenbauer, D. T1 - What waste management can learn from the traditional mining sector: Towards an integrated assessment and reporting of anthropogenic resources N2 - Many organizations in Europe collect data and perform research on municipal solid waste and the secondary raw materials that can be produced from them through recycling, urban mining, or landfill mining.However, the information generated and presented thereby is often highly aggregated, while research activities are many a time isolated. Both reduce the usability of the data and information generated. In order to better structure the knowledge generation on secondary raw materials production from municipal solid waste, we suggest to learn from the traditional raw materials mining Industry how to perform an integrated assessment and reporting of anthropogenic resources. This is exemplarily shown for the case of the anthropogenic resource municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash and airpollution control residues. A network of expert institutions from countries throughout Europe was build up to compile the information on legal and technological aspects for the recovery of different secondary raw materials from these residues, including construction minerals, metals, and salts. We highlight in our article the strength of the combined knowledge of an expert network not only on legal and technological, but also local and site-specific aspects of the recovery of secondary raw materials. By doing so, we hope to kick-off a discussion for how to organize and implement a structure for a better management of knowledge on anthropogenic resources, in order to provide a sustainable supply of secondary raw materials for a greener and more circular economy. KW - Waste management KW - Resources KW - Mining PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.05.054 VL - 113 SP - 154 EP - 156 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-50876 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schridewahn, S. A1 - Spranger, F. A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai A1 - Merklein, M. T1 - Verbesserung des tribologischen Einsatzverhaltens von Presshärtewerkzeugen durch Laserimplantation titanbasierter Hartstoffpartikel N2 - In der Automobilindustrie stellt das Presshärteverfahren eine Schlüsseltechnologie zur ressourceneffizienten Herstellung sicherheitsrelevanter Karosserie-komponenten dar. Während der Umformoperation treten jedoch hohe Reibungs- und Verschleißerscheinungen an den interagierenden Werkzeug- und Werkstückwirkflächen auf, die sowohl die Bauteilqualität als auch die Maschinenstandzeit nachhaltig beeinträchtigen. Um die bestehenden Verfahrensgrenzen zu erweitern, wird daher eine Modifikation der Presshärtewerkzeuge mittels Laserimplantation angestrebt. Hierbei werden in die Werkzeugoberfläche keramische Hartstoffpartikel anhand eines gepulsten Laserstrahles eingebettet, infolgedessen kuppelförmige sowie höchstfeste Strukturen im Mikrometerbereich entstehen. Die Auswahl geeigneter Hartstoffmaterialien stellt jedoch ein entscheidendes und bisweilen limitierendes Kriterium dar, um defektfreie sowie verschleißresistente Oberflächenmodifikationen zu generieren. In diesem Zusammenhang wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit unterschiedliche titanbasierte Hartstoffpartikel auf presshärtespezifische Werkzeugstähle laserimplantiert und anschließend mittels modifizierten Pin-on-Disk-Tests hinsichtlich ihres tribologischen Einsatzverhaltens untersucht. Um die Wirksamkeit des Laserimplantationsverfahrens zu evaluieren, wurden zudem Verschleißuntersuchungen an unmodifizierten Werkzeugoberflächen durchgeführt und mit den erzielten Ergebnissen der lokal dispergierten Topographien verglichen. T2 - 15. Erlanger Workshop Warmblechumformung 2020 CY - Erlangen, Germany DA - 17.11.2020 KW - Laserimplantation KW - Werkzeugmodifikation KW - Presshärten KW - Tribologie PY - 2020 SP - 1 AN - OPUS4-53692 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schridewahn, S. A1 - Spranger, F. A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai A1 - Merklein, M. T1 - Laser Implantation of Niobium and Titanium-Based Particles on Hot Working Tool Surfaces for Improving the Tribological Performance within Hot Stamping N2 - Within the scope of this work, a laser implantation process has been used, in order to improve the tribological performance of hot stamping tools. This surface engineering Technology enables the generation of dome-shaped, elevated and highly wear resistant microfeatures on tool surfaces in consequence of a localized dispersing of hard ceramic particles via pulsed laser radiation. As a result, the topography and material properties of the tool and thus the tribological interactions at the blank-die interface are locally influenced. However, a suitable selection of hard ceramic particles is imperative for generating defect-free surface features with a high share of homogenously disturbed particles. For this purpose, different niobium (NbB2 and NbC) as well as titanium-based (TiB2 and TiC) materials were embedded on hot working tool specimens and subsequently analyzed with regard to their resulting shape and mechanical properties. Afterwards, modified pin-on-disk tests were carried out by using conventional and laser-implanted tool surfaces, in order to evaluate the wear and friction behavior of both tooling systems. KW - Surface modification KW - Triobology KW - Laser implantation PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/DDF.404.117 SN - 1662-9507, VL - 404 SP - 117 EP - 123 PB - Trans Tech Publications Ltd. AN - OPUS4-53690 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Heßmann, Jennifer A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai T1 - Prozesssimulation elektromagnetischer Kräfte zum Fügen artungleicher Werkstoffe N2 - Prozesssimulation zur Eingrenzung der elektromagnetischen Kräfte zum gezielten Verdrängen einer laserstrahlinduzierten Schmelze zum Fügen artungleicher Materialien. Berechnung der Lorentzkraftverteilung im Schmelzbad. Abschätzung der Temperaturentwicklung beim Verdrängungsprozess. T2 - Assistentenseminar der WGF 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 01.09.2020 KW - Stahl und Aluminium KW - Artungleiche Werkstoffe KW - Elektromagnetische Schmelzbadbeeinflussung KW - Fügetechnologie KW - Laserstrahlschweißen PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-96144-141-9 VL - 370 SP - 51 EP - 60 PB - DVS Media GmbH AN - OPUS4-53927 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mohr, Gunther A1 - Scheuschner, Nils A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai T1 - In situ heat accumulation by geometrical features obstructing heat flux and by reduced inter layer times in laser powder bed fusion of AISI 316L stainless steel N2 - Material qualification for laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) processes are often based on results derived from additively manufactured (AM) bulk material or small density cubes, although it is well known that the part geometry has a tremendous influence on the heat flux and, therefore, on the thermal history of an AM component. This study shows experimentally the effect of simple geometrical obstructions to the heat flux on cooling behavior and solidification conditions of 316L stainless steel processed by L-PBF. Additionally, it respects two distinct inter layer times (ILT) as well as the build height of the parts. The cooling behavior of the parts is in-situ traced by infrared (IR) thermography during the built-up. The IR signals reveal significant differences in cooling conditions, which are correlated to differences in melt pool geometries. The acquired data and results can be used for validation of computational models and improvements of quality assurance. KW - Selective laser beam melting KW - Thermography KW - Melt pool depth KW - Inter layer time KW - Ppreheating temperature KW - Additive Manufacturing PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-512549 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2020.09.030 VL - 94 SP - 155 EP - 160 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-51254 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Khan, K. A1 - Mohr, Gunther A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai A1 - De, A. T1 - Probing a novel heat source model and adaptive remeshing technique to simulate laser powder bed fusion with experimental validation N2 - A finite element method based three-dimensional heat transfer model with adaptive remeshing is presented to simulate the building of multiple tracks and layers in laser powder bed fusion of metallic powders with enhanced computational competence. A dimensional analysis is undertaken to define the heat source dimensions as function of laser parameters and properties of alloy powder. The computational model is used to calculate the melt pool cross sections for multiple combinations of laser power and scanning velocities considering multi-track-multi-layer builds of SS316L powder. The computed results are verified extensively with the corresponding experimentally measured ones. The model is utilized further to examine its ability to predict defects such as melt track discontinuity and incomplete fusion between neighboring tracks and layers. Overall, the adaptive remeshing and the proposed heat source expression could significantly enhance the model competence by reducing the computational time and memory while maintaining the accuracy of results in simulating laser powder bed fusion of multiple tracks and layers. KW - Selective laser melting (SLM) KW - Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) KW - Adaptive remeshing KW - SS316L alloy KW - Pool dimensions KW - Melt pool defects PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2020.109752 VL - 181 SP - 109752 PB - Elsevier B. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-50703 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Portella, Pedro Dolabella A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander A1 - Evans, Alexander A1 - Altenburg, Simon A1 - Ehlers, Henrik A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai A1 - Mohr, Gunther T1 - Monitoring additive manufacturing processes by using NDT methods N2 - In this presentation we discuss the online monitoring of metallic AM parts produced by the Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) process by using optical, thermographic and electromagnetic methods. In a first approach we present the detection of defects generated during the process and discuss how to improve these methods for the optimization of design and production of metallic AM parts. T2 - ABENDI - Workshop CY - Online meeting DA - 19.11.2020 KW - Additive Fertigung PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-52042 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mohr, Gunther A1 - Altenburg, Simon A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai T1 - Einfluss der Zwischenlagenzeit und der Bauteilhöhe auf die resultierenden Eigenschaften laserstrahlgeschmolzener austenitischer Stahlbauteile N2 - Das pulverbettbasierte selektive Laserstrahlschmelzen (engl. laser powder bed fusion, L-PBF) ist die am weitesten verbreitete additive Fertigungstechnologie für die Herstellung metallischer Komponenten. Unter der Vielzahl an Einflussfaktoren auf die Qualität und die mechanischen Eigenschaften von L PBF-Bauteilen hat die Zwischenlagenzeit (engl. inter layer time, ILT) bisher kaum Beachtung in der wissenschaftlichen Literatur gefunden, obwohl sie je nach Bauraumausnutzungsgrad stark variieren kann. In diesem Vortrag werden Ergebnisse einer Studie präsentiert, die den Einfluss der ILT in Kombination mit der Bauteilhöhe und unter Berücksichtigung verschiedener Volumenenergiedichten am Beispiel der austenitischen Stahllegierung AISI 316L untersucht. Die Fertigungsprozesse wurden in situ mittels Thermographiekamera überwacht, sodass Informationen über das Abkühlverhalten der Bauteile während des Prozesses gewonnen werden konnten. Es wurden signifikante Effekte der ILT und der Bauteilhöhe auf Wärmeakkumulation, Mikrostruktur, Schmelzbadgeometrie und Härte festgestellt. Ferner konnte ein Anstieg von Defektdichten bei einem gegenseitigen Wechselspiel aus Bauteilhöhe und ILT aufgezeigt werden. Die Zwischenlagenzeit wurde somit als kritischer Faktor für die L-PBF-Fertigung von Realbauteilen identifiziert. T2 - DGM Fachtagung "Werkstoffe und Additive Fertigung" CY - Online meeting DA - 13.05.2020 KW - Laser Powder Bed Fusion KW - Additive Fertigung KW - Zwischenlagenzeit KW - In-situ Monitoring PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50788 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schirdewahn, S. A1 - Spranger, Felix A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai A1 - Merklein, M. T1 - Localized Laser Dispersing of Titanium-Based Particles for Improving the Tribological Performance of Hot Stamping Tools N2 - Within the scope of this work, a new surface engineering technology named laser implantation has been investigated, in order to improve the tribological performance of hot stamping tools. This technique is based on manufacturing highly wear-resistant, separated, and elevated microfeatures by embedding hard ceramic particles into the tool surface via pulsed laser radiation. Hence, the topography and material properties of the tool are modified, which influences the thermal and tribological interactions at the blank-die interface. To verify these assumptions and to clarify the cause–effect relations, different titanium-based particles (TiB2, TiC, TiN) were laser-implanted and subsequently analyzed regarding to their geometrical shape and mechanical properties. Afterwards, quenching tests as well as tribological experiments were carried out by using titanium-diboride as the most promising implantation material for reducing the tribological load due to high hardness value of the generated implants. Compared to conventional tooling systems, the modified tool surfaces revealed a significantly higher wear resistance as well as reduced friction forces while offering the possibility to adjust the thermal interactions at the blank-die interface. Based on these results, a tailored tool surface modification can be pursued in future research work, in order to enhance the effectiveness of the hot stamping technology. KW - Hot stamping KW - Tribology KW - Surface modification KW - Localized laser dispersing PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-510981 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp4030068 VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - 68 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-51098 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mohr, Gunther A1 - Altenburg, Simon A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai T1 - Effects of inter layer time and build height on resulting properties of 316L stainless steel processed by laser powder bed fusion N2 - Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) is the most prominent additive manufacturing (AM) technology for metal part production. Among the high number of factors influencing part quality and mechanical properties, the inter layer time (ILT) between iterative melting of volume elements in subsequent layers is almost completely unappreciated in the relevant literature on L-PBF. This study investigates the effect of ILT with respect to build height and under distinct levels of volumetric energy density (VED) using the example of 316L stainless steel. In-situ thermography is used to gather information on cooling conditions during the process, which is followed by an extensive metallographic analysis. Significant effects of ILT and build height on heat accumulation, sub-grain sizes, melt pool geometries and hardness are presented. Furthermore, the rise of defect densities can be attributed to a mutual interplay of build height and ILT. Hence, ILT has been identified as a crucial factor for L-PBF of real part components especially for those with small cross sections. KW - Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) KW - Laser beam melting (LBM) KW - Selective laser melting (SLM) KW - Dwell-time KW - Thermography PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-503300 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101080 SN - 2214-8604 VL - 32 SP - 101080-1 EP - 101080-13 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-50330 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mohr, Gunther A1 - Nowakowski, Susanna A1 - Altenburg, Simon A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai T1 - Experimental Determination of the Emissivity of Powder Layers and Bulk Material in Laser Powder Bed Fusion Using Infrared Thermography and Thermocouples N2 - Recording the temperature distribution of the layer under construction during laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) is of utmost interest for a deep process understanding as well as for quality assurance and in situ monitoring means. While having a notable number of thermal monitoring approaches in additive manufacturing (AM), attempts at temperature calibration and emissivity determination are relatively rare. This study aims for the experimental temperature adjustment of an off-axis infrared (IR) thermography setup used for in situ thermal data acquisition in L-PBF processes. The temperature adjustment was conducted by means of the so-called contact method using thermocouples at two different surface conditions and two different materials: AISI 316L L-PBF bulk surface, AISI 316L powder surface, and IN718 powder surface. The apparent emissivity values for the particular setup were determined. For the first time, also corrected, closer to real emissivity values of the bulk or powder surface condition are published. In the temperature region from approximately 150 °C to 580 °C, the corrected emissivity was determined in a range from 0.2 to 0.25 for a 316L L-PBF bulk surface, in a range from 0.37 to 0.45 for 316L powder layer, and in a range from 0.37 to 0.4 for IN718 powder layer. KW - Emisssivity KW - Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) KW - Selective Laser Melting (SLM) KW - Additive Manufacturing (AM) KW - Process monitoring KW - Infrared thermography PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-516148 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/met10111546 VL - 10 IS - 11 SP - 1546 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Schweiz AN - OPUS4-51614 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander A1 - Altenburg, Simon A1 - Sprengel, Maximilian A1 - Sommer, Konstantin A1 - Mohr, Gunther A1 - Fritsch, Tobias A1 - Mishurova, Tatiana A1 - Serrano Munoz, Itziar A1 - Evans, Alexander A1 - Hofmann, M. A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Separation of the Formation Mechanisms of Residual Stresses in LPBF 316L N2 - Rapid cooling rates and steep temperature gradients are characteristic of additively manufactured parts and important factors for the residual stress formation. This study examined the influence of heat accumulation on the distribution of residual stress in two prisms produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) of austenitic stainless steel 316L. The layers of the prisms were exposed using two different border fill scan strategies: one scanned from the centre to the perimeter and the other from the perimeter to the centre. The goal was to reveal the effect of different heat inputs on samples featuring the same solidification shrinkage. Residual stress was characterised in one plane perpendicular to the building direction at the mid height using Neutron and Lab X-ray diffraction. Thermography data obtained during the build process were analysed in order to correlate the cooling rates and apparent surface temperatures with the residual stress results. Optical microscopy and micro computed tomography were used to correlate defect populations with the residual stress distribution. The two scanning strategies led to residual stress distributions that were typical for additively manufactured components: compressive stresses in the bulk and tensile stresses at the surface. However, due to the different heat accumulation, the maximum residual stress levels differed. We concluded that solidification shrinkage plays a major role in determining the shape of the residual stress distribution, while the temperature gradient mechanism appears to determine the magnitude of peak residual stresses. KW - Additive Manufacturing KW - Laser Powder Bed Fusion KW - LPBF KW - AISI 316L KW - Online Process Monitoring KW - Thermography KW - Residual Stress KW - Neutron Diffraction KW - X-ray Diffraction KW - Computed Tomography PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-512903 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/met10091234 VL - 10 IS - 9 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-51290 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heßmann, Jennifer A1 - Bachmann, Marcel A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai T1 - Numerical and experimental investigation of controlled weld pool displacement by electromagnetic forces for joining dissimilar materials N2 - In order to reduce CO2 emissions, an increasing interest in lightweight construction exists in the automotive industry, especially the multi-material-design approach. The main construction materials here are steels and aluminium alloys. Due to their different physical material properties and limited mutual solubility, these two materials cannot be joined thermally without difficulty. This paper presents a new joining approach for dissimilar materials. It uses electromagnetic displacement of a laser-generated melt pool to produce overlap joints between 1 mm steel (1.0330) and 2 mm aluminium alloy (EN AW 5754). Contactless induced Lorentz forces are generated by an alternating current (AC) magnet system. The controlled displacement of the aluminium alloy melt into the hole of the overlying steel sheet is investigated through numerical and experimental studies. The numerical results are compared with cross sections and thermocouple measurements. For the first time, it is possible to achieve a reproducible controlled melt pool displacement on thin sheets to produce overlap joints between dissimilar materials. KW - Displacement KW - Laser beam welding KW - Dissimilar materials KW - Joining technology KW - Electromagnetic field KW - Lorentz force KW - Numerical investigation PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-516640 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/met10111447 VL - 10 IS - 11 SP - 1447 EP - 1462 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Schweiz AN - OPUS4-51664 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schirdewahn, S. A1 - Spranger, Felix A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai A1 - Merklein, M. T1 - Localized dispersing of TiB2 and TiN particles via pulsed laser radiation for improving the tribological performance of hot stamping tools N2 - The aim of this study is to increase the tribological performance of hot stamping tools by using a laser implantation process. This technique allows the fabrication of separated, elevated and dome-shaped microfeatures on the tool surface in consequence of a localized dispersing of ceramic particles via pulsed laser radiation. Hence, the topography and material properties of the tool are modified, which influences the tribological interactions at the blank-die interface. However, an appropriate selection of ceramic particles is an essential prerequisite, in order to obtain tailored and highly wear resistant surface features. In this regard, different titanium-based hard particles (TiB2 and TiN) were laser-implanted on hot working tool specimens and subsequently tested by means of a modified pin-on-disk test regarding to their wear and friction behavior. KW - Surface modification KW - Tribology KW - Laser implantation KW - Hot working tool steel KW - Hot stamping PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-514171 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2020.09.069 VL - 94 SP - 901 EP - 904 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-51417 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander A1 - Altenburg, Simon A1 - Sprengel, Maximilian A1 - Sommer, Konstantin A1 - Mohr, Gunther A1 - Fritsch, Tobias A1 - Mishurova, Tatiana A1 - Serrano Munoz, Itziar A1 - Evans, Alexander A1 - Hofmann, Michael A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Separation of the Formation Mechanisms of Residual Stresses in LPBF 316L N2 - Rapid cooling rates and steep temperature gradients are characteristic of additively manufactured parts and important factors for the residual stress formation. This study examined the influence of heat accumulation on the distribution of residual stress in two prisms produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) of austenitic stainless steel 316L. The layers of the prisms were exposed using two different border fill scan strategies: one scanned from the centre to the perimeter and the other from the perimeter to the centre. The goal was to reveal the effect of different heat inputs on samples featuring the same solidification shrinkage. Residual stress was characterised in one plane perpendicular to the building direction at the mid height using Neutron and Lab X-ray diffraction. Thermography data obtained during the build process were analysed in order to correlate the cooling rates and apparent surface temperatures with the residual stress results. Optical microscopy and micro computed tomography were used to correlate defect populations with the residual stress distribution. The two scanning strategies led to residual stress distributions that were typical for additively manufactured components: compressive stresses in the bulk and tensile stresses at the surface. However, due to the different heat accumulation, the maximum residual stress levels differed. We concluded that solidification shrinkage plays a major role in determining the shape of the residual stress distribution, while the temperature gradient mechanism appears to determine the magnitude of peak residual stresses. T2 - MLZ User Meeting 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 08.12.2020 KW - Computed tomography KW - Neutron diffraction KW - X-ray diffraction KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Residual stress KW - Thermography KW - LPBF KW - Laser Powder Bed Fusion PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51793 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Syc, M. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Hyks, J. A1 - Braga, R. A1 - Biganzoli, L. A1 - Costa, G. A1 - Funari, V. A1 - Grosso, M. T1 - Metal recovery from incineration bottom ash: state-of-the-art and recent developments N2 - Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) is one of the leading technologies for municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment in Europe. Incineration bottom ash (IBA) is the main solid residue from MSWI, and its annual European production is about 20 million tons. The composition of IBA depends on the composition of the incinerated waste; therefore, it may contain significant amounts of ferrous and non-ferrous (NFe) metals as well as glass that can be recovered. Technologies for NFe metals recovery have emerged in IBA treatment since the 1990s and became common practice in many developed countries. Although the principles and used apparatus are nearly the same in all treatment trains, the differences in technological approaches to recovery of valuable components from IBA – with a special focus on NFe metals recovery – are summarized in this paper. KW - Bottom ash KW - Metal recovery KW - Waste-to-energy KW - Non-ferrous metals KW - Iron scrap PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-504927 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122433 SN - 0304-3894 VL - 393 SP - 122433 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-50492 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schreiner, V. C. A1 - Fernandez, D. A1 - Vermeirssen, E. L. M. A1 - Bandow, Nicole A1 - Munoz, K. A1 - Schäfer, R. B. T1 - Corrigendum to “Calibration and field application of passive sampling for episodic exposure to polar organic pesticides in streams” [Environ. Pollut. 194 (2014) 196-202] N2 - The authors regret that the sampling rates were miscalculated as a result of flaws in the R script. Using a R script algorithm (Schreiner et al., 2020) sampling rates changed up to 45% (Table 1). KW - Passive sampling KW - Pesticides PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115335 SN - 0269-7491 VL - 265 IS - Part B SP - 115335 EP - 115335 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-51227 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Schatten, R. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Terytze, K. T1 - Novelle der BBodSchV – Perspektiven für die Verwertung von Bodenmaterial N2 - Der Verwertung von Bodenmaterialien wird auf Grund des Volumens dieses Stoffstromes eine hohe umweltpolitische Bedeutung beigemessen. Dabei ist unter Gewährleistung des Vorsorge- und Nachhaltigkeitsprinzips eine möglichst hochwertige Verwertung anzustreben, um natürliche Ressourcen zu schonen und die Beseitigung von Abfällen weitestgehend zu vermeiden. Die vorgesehene Novelle der BBodSchV enthält in den Paragraphen 6 bis 8 neue Vorgaben hinsichtlich des Auf- und Einbringens von Bodenmaterialien unterhalb oder außerhalb einer durchwurzelbaren Bodenschicht. So soll die Möglichkeit eingeräumt werden, Bodenmaterialien mit Feststoffgehalten von regulierten Stoffen zwischen dem einfachen und doppelten Vorsorgewert einer weiteren Verwertung zuzuführen unter der Voraussetzung, dass die Eluatwerte eingehalten werden. Im Rahmen eines Forschungsvorhabens des Umweltbundesamtes (FKZ: 3716 74 203 0) wurden unterschiedliche Bodenmaterialien (Baggergut, Bankettschälgut, Stadt- und Auenböden, Bergematerial), die unter diese Kriterien fallen, mit besonderem Fokus auf PAK hinsichtlich ihres Verwertungspotentials untersucht. Dabei wurden auch die Auswirkungen der Umstellung des Elutionsverfahrens von einem Wasser-Feststoffverhältnis (W/F) von 10 l/kg auf ein W/F von 2 l/kg auf die Einstufung von Bodenmaterialien betrachtet. Insbesondere für die Stoffgruppe der PAK konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich mit Verabschiedung der neuen Regelungen zusätzliche Verwertungsmöglichkeiten von Bodenmaterialien außerhalb der durchwurzelbaren Bodenschicht eröffnen und deren Deponierung teilweise vermieden werden kann. KW - Bodenmaterialien KW - Verwertung KW - Novelle BBodSchV KW - Vorsorgewerte KW - Eluatwerte KW - PAK PY - 2020 SN - 0942-3818 VL - 2020 IS - 4 SP - 133 EP - 140 PB - Erich Schmidt Verlag CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-51090 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fritzsche, André A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Influence of welding parameters on electromagnetic supported degassing of die-casted and wrought aluminum N2 - Laser beam welding of aluminum die casting is challenging. A large quantity of gases (in particular, hydrogen) is absorbed by aluminum during the die-cast manufacturing process and is contained in the base material in solved or bound form. After remelting by the laser, the gases are released and are present in the melt as pores. Many of these metallurgic pores remain in the weld seam as a result of the high solidification velocities. The natural (Archimedean) buoyancy is not sufficient to remove the pores from the weld pool, leading to process instabilities and poor mechanical properties of the weld. Therefore, an electromagnetic (EM) system is used to apply an additional buoyancy component to the pores. The physical mechanism is based on the generation of Lorentz forces, whereby an electromagnetic pressure is introduced into the weld pool. The EM system exploits the difference in electrical conductivity between poorly conducting pores (inclusions) and the comparatively better conducting aluminum melt to increase the resulting buoyancy velocity of the pores. Within the present study, the electromagnetic supported degassing is investigated in dependence on the laser beam power, welding velocity, and electromagnetic flux density. By means of a design of experiments, a systematic variation of these parameters is carried out for partial penetration laser beam welding of 6mm thick sheets of wrought aluminum alloy AlMg3 and die-cast aluminum alloy AlSi12(Fe), where the wrought alloy serves as a reference. The proportion of pores in the weld seams is determined using x-ray images, computed tomography images, and cross-sectional images. The results prove a significant reduction of the porosity up to 70% for both materials as a function of the magnetic flux density. T2 - ICALEO 2019 CY - Orlando, FL, USA DA - 07.10.2019 KW - Laser beam welding KW - Electromagnetic supported degassing KW - Die-casted aluminum PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.2351/7.0000064 VL - 32 IS - 2 SP - 022031-1 EP - 022031-8 PB - AIP Publishing AN - OPUS4-50728 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Blasón Gonzalez, Sergio A1 - Madia, Mauro T1 - Determination of the fatigue limit and initial crack length by means of fracture mechanics N2 - The fatigue design of metallic components is usually based on two different approaches, namely total life and damage tolerance. The former takes into account both the initiation and propagation stages. The latter is based on fracture mechanics and needs an initial defect, which propagates until the critical size under cyclic loading, provided it is large enough. In this case, a residual life rather than a total life is obtained. The overall lifetime of a cyclically loaded structure involves four consecutive stages: a) crack initiation; b) propagation of microstructurally short cracks; c) propagation of physically/mechanically short cracks; d) propagation of long cracks. Considering the propagation from the short crack regime, the damage tolerance approach can be extended to adequately calculate the total life of a component. The fatigue strength of metallic materials containing defects depends on the non-propagation condition of small cracks emanating from these defects. In this work, the presence of mechanically short cracks from the beginning of the component's life is considered. Consequently, the methodology of analysis must be able to treat adequately local ligament yielding effects typical for short cracks and must include the thorough description of the crack closure effect up to the long-crack regime. In the analysis based on long cracks, the linear-elastic condition is mostly satisfied which allows the use of the linear elastic parameter ΔK for describing the crack driving force. On the contrary, this assumption is not adequate for mechanically short cracks because the crack depth is in the order of the plastic zone. Instead, an elastic-plastic driving force should be considered. Furthermore, the gradual build-up of the plasticity-induced crack closure effect must be considered, which implies a transition from the intrinsic (effective) threshold value, ΔKth,eff, to the long-crack threshold, ΔKth,LC. The effective component is a material parameter which is dependent on the elastic properties and crystal lattice. The gradual build-up of crack-closure is described by ΔKth,op which is a function of the plastic properties, grain-size, environment conditions, load ratio and crack-depth. The crack closure can be characterized experimentally by the so-called cyclic R-curve. Some other crack closure effects, such as roughness or oxide-debris induced, might be incorporated as well. The knowledge of the cyclic R-curve can be useful to determine the largest non-propagating crack size at the material fatigue limit. This is realised by means of the so-called cyclic R-curve analysis: The tangent criterion between the driving force and the cyclic R-curve define the transition between crack arrest and propagation. In this regard, a0 is defined as that crack depth which will only grow into a non-propagating crack due to the development of crack closure. The procedure outlined briefly here has been successfully applied to the determination of the fatigue limits of steel weldments. Considering the stochastic distribution of the weld geometric parameters (namely, weld toe radius, the flank angle, and the excess weld metal) it is possible to perform a full probabilistic cyclic R-curve analysis and determine this way the statistical distribution of the initial crack size at the weld toe at the fatigue limit. T2 - Virtual Conference on Mechanical Fatigue CY - Online meeting DA - 09.09.2020 KW - Cyclic R-curve KW - Fracture Mechanics KW - Fatigue Strength KW - Short Crack Propagation PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51238 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kempf, A. A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai T1 - Einfluss der Porosität auf die Duktilitätseigenschaften von additiv gefertigtem AlSi10Mg N2 - Die Werkstoffeigenschaften im selektiven Laserstrahlschmelz-Verfahren hergestellter Bauteile werden von einer Vielzahl technologischer Parameter beeinflusst, sodass sich die Fertigungsgüte verschiedener Anlagen voneinander unterscheiden kann. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit untersucht, inwiefern sich durch verschiedene nachgelagerte Wärmebehandlungen die Mikrostruktur und die quasistatischen Festigkeitseigenschaften von Proben aus der Aluminiumlegierung AlSi10Mg, die mit verschiedenen Anlagen, Pulvern, Belichtungsstrategien und Prozessparametern gefertigt wurden, harmonisieren lassen. Die Versuche zeigten u.a., dass die erheblichen Festigkeitsunterschiede im Ausgangszustand unabhängig von der angewendeten Wärmebehandlungsroute aufgehoben wurden. Dennoch wurden signifikante Unterschiede in der Duktilität ermittelt. Anhand umfangreicher Bruchflächenanalysen konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die in der Bruchfläche ermittelte Porosität eine lineare Korrelation zu der Bruchdehnung aufwies. T2 - 5. Tagung des DVM-Arbeitskreises Additiv gefertigte Bauteile und Strukturen CY - Online meeting DA - 04.11.2020 KW - Duktilität KW - Additive Fertigung KW - Laser powder bed fusion KW - AlSi10Mg KW - Festigkeit PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51656 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mohr, Gunther A1 - Scheuschner, Nils A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai T1 - In situ heat accumulation by geometrical features obstructing heat flux and by reduced inter layer times in laser powder bed fusion of AISI 316L stainless steel N2 - Material qualification for laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) processes are often based on results derived from additively manufactured (AM) bulk material or small density cubes, although it is well known that the part geometry has a tremendous influence on the heat flux and, therefore, on the thermal history of an AM component. This study shows experimentally the effect of simple geometrical obstructions to the heat flux on cooling behavior and solidification conditions of 316L stainless steel processed by L-PBF. Additionally, it respects two distinct inter layer times (ILT) as well as the build height of the parts. The cooling behavior of the parts is in-situ traced by infrared (IR) thermography during the built-up. The IR signals reveal significant differences in cooling conditions, which are correlated to differences in melt pool geometries. The acquired data and results can be used for validation of computational models and improvements of quality assurance. T2 - 11th CIRP Conference on Photonic Technologies (LANE 2020) CY - Online meeting DA - 07.09.2020 KW - Additive Manufacturing PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51255 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Altenburg, Simon A1 - Scheuschner, Nils A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane A1 - Mohr, Gunther A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai T1 - Thermography in laser powder bed fusion of metals: time over threshold as feasible feature in thermographic data N2 - Thermography is one on the most promising techniques for in-situ monitoring for metal additive manufacturing processes. The high process dynamics and the strong focus of the laser beam cause a very complex thermal history within the produced specimens, such as multiple heating cycles within single layer expositions. This complicates data interpretation, e.g., in terms of cooling rates. A quantity that is easily calculated is the time a specific area of the specimen is at a temperature above a chosen threshold value (TOT). Here, we discuss variations occurring in time-over-threshold-maps during manufacturing of a defect free cuboid specimen. T2 - 15th Quantitative InfraRed Thermography conference CY - Online meeting DA - 21.09.2020 KW - Additive Manufacturing KW - Process monitoring KW - Thermography KW - L-PBF KW - Time over threshold PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51630 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sprengel, Maximilian A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander A1 - Evans, Alexander A1 - Mohr, Gunther A1 - Kromm, Arne A1 - Bruno, Giovanni A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas T1 - Using Neutron Diffraction to Monitor Stress Relaxation in Additively Manufactured 316L N2 - The relaxation of residual stress in laser powder bed fused stainless steel 316L parts was monitored using monochromatic and time-of-flight neutron diffraction. T2 - ISIS student meeting CY - Online meeting DA - 26.10.2020 KW - Stainless Steel KW - Residual Stress KW - Additive Manufacturing PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51469 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Küttenbaum, Stefan T1 - Beurteilung von Bestandsbauwerken mit zerstörungsfrei gemessenen Daten - Erprobung eines neuen Konzepts an der Regenbrücke Roding N2 - Fortwährend besteht ein wesentlicher Bedarf an Nachrechnungen von bestehenden Brückenbauwerken. Die Zuverlässigkeit der Berechnungsergebnisse hängt insbesondere von der Anzahl und von der Qualität der einbezogenen Informationen ab. Durch die Anwendung von zerstörungsfreien Prüfmethoden können quantitative Informationen gesammelt werden, die für die Beurteilung der Tragwerke sowohl relevant als auch ausreichend genau sind. Die gemessenen Daten können explizit in probabilistische Berechnungsmodelle für die Nachrechnung einer Brücke einfließen. Dadurch wird das Modell sukzessive an die Realität angenähert — in anderen Worten: "zugeschärft". Die Zuverlässigkeit der Ergebnisse der Nachrechnung steigt. In diesem Posterbeitrag wird ein entwickeltes Konzept für die Verwendung von Messergebnissen (anstelle von deterministischen Informationen und Annahmen) im statischen Nachweis zusammengefasst. Am Fallbeispiel einer Spannbetonbrücke werden die Vorteile des dargestellten Ansatzes aufgezeigt. Die Messgrößen (hier die Positionen der Längsspannglieder) und die Messstrategien können anhand von Sensitivitätsanalysen definiert und die Anforderungen an die Messergebnisse aus der statischen Berechnung spezifiziert werden. Die Auswirkungen a) der Messunsicherheit auf die Tragwerkszuverlässigkeit sowie b) von gegenüber den vor den Messungen verfügbaren Informationen abweichenden Messwerten sind am Beispiel der Lokalisierung der Längsspannglieder durch Ultraschall- und Radarmessungen dargestellt. T2 - Fachtagung Bauwerksdiagnose 2020 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 13.02.2020 KW - Spannbetonbrücke KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung KW - Messung KW - Nachrechnung PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-504014 AN - OPUS4-50401 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Küttenbaum, Stefan A1 - Maack, Stefan T1 - Nutzung von ZfP-Daten bei der Nachrechnung von Spannbetonbrücken N2 - Der Vortrag umfasst methodische Ansätze sowie Fallbeispiele zur Nachrechnung von Betonbrücken unter Einbeziehung von gütebewerteten, zerstörungsfreien Inspektionsergebnissen. T2 - Seminar "Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung" der Technischen Universität München CY - Online meeting DA - 09.07.2020 KW - ZfPStatik KW - Ultraschall KW - Radar KW - Nachrechnung PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50999 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lutz, C. A1 - Hampel, S. A1 - Ke, X. A1 - Beuermann, S. A1 - Turek, T. A1 - Kunz, U. A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana A1 - Radtke, Martin A1 - Fittschen, U. T1 - Evidence for redox reactions during vanadium crossover inside the nanoscopic water-body of Nafion 117 using X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy N2 - A major source of capacity fade of the common vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) is the vanadium ion transport through the separator. However, different transport models disagree significantly in the diffusion coefficient for the different V species and the influence of different transport mechanisms. The underlying hypothesis of this work is that reactions inside the membrane are partly responsible for these discrepancies. Accordingly, it was investigated if redox reactions inside the nanoscopic water body of Nafion 117 can occur. X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (XANES) was used to distinguish between the different V species inside hydrated Nafion 117 and novel PVDF-based membranes. It was validated that the speciation of vanadium can be performed using the pre-edge peak energy and intensity. The experiments were performed as follows: strips of the membrane were exposed from one site to a V3+ solution (green) and from the other site to a VO2+ solution (yellow). The ions could diffuse into the membrane from both sides. A change of color of the membrane strip was observed. The blue color in the middle of the strip indicated that VO2+ was formed where V3+ and VO2+ got in contact. Using XANES this reaction inside Nafion was proven. KW - PVDF-Based membrane KW - VRFB KW - Vanadium speciation KW - XANES KW - Nafion 117 PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.229176 VL - 483 SP - 229176 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-51719 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kulow, Anicó A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana A1 - Reinholz, Uwe A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Streli, C. A1 - Hampel, S. A1 - Fittschen, U. A1 - Radtke, Martin T1 - Full field X-ray fluorescence imaging with coded apertures N2 - Our aim is to develop a simple and inexpensive method for full field X-ray fluorescence imaging.We combine an energy-dispersive array detector with a coded aperture to obtain high resolution images. To obtain the information from the recorded image a reconstruction step is necessary. The reconstruction methods we have developed, were tested on simulated data and then applied to experimental data. The first tests were carried out at the BAMline @ BESSY II. This method enables the simultaneous detection of multiple elements, which is important e.g. in the field of catalysis. T2 - CONEXS 2020 CY - Newcastle, UK DA - 18.02.2020 KW - X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy KW - Coded apertures KW - Imaging KW - Iterative reconstruction PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50461 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gluth, Gregor A1 - Bertmer, M. A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana A1 - Radtke, Martin A1 - Dietzel, M. A1 - Ukrainczyk, N. A1 - Grengg, C. T1 - Sulfuric acid resistance of copper-doped and plain metakaolin-based alkali-activated materials studied by 29Si, 27Al and 1H MAS NMR, and Cu K-edge XANES spectroscopy N2 - Alkali-activated materials have been repeatedly reported to exhibit high acid resistance, but no generally accepted hypothesis regarding the underlying mechanisms has emerged yet. To contribute to this issue, K-waterglass-activated metakaolin specimens, with and without the addition of CuSO4·5H2O in the starting mix, were exposed to either a chemically aggressive sewer environment (mortars) or sulfuric acid (pastes). The mode of copper incorporation in the materials and the formation of copper phases in the corroded layers were studied by XANES at the Cu K-edge, and 29Si, 27Al and 1H MAS NMR was employed to understand the processes during acid attack. Copper was found as a spertiniite-like phase in the as-cured materials, while in the deterioration layers of the pastes it was present as copper sulfate. In the corroded regions of the mortars, unequivocal identification of Cu phases was not possible, but the results were reconcilable with the presence of copper carbonate hydroxide. The solid-state NMR results revealed virtually complete dissolution of the K-A-S-H gel and the formation of silica gel, interpreted to be a central mechanism determining the acid resistance. No significant differences between the microstructural alterations of the pastes with and without Cu addition on (chemical) sulfuric acid attack were observed. T2 - 74th RILEM Annual Week & 40th Cement and Concrete Science Conference CY - Online meeting DA - 31.08.2020 KW - Alkali-activated materials KW - Sulfuric acid resistance KW - Sewer structures PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51198 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Küttenbaum, Stefan A1 - Maack, Stefan T1 - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung im Bauwesen - eine zuverlässige Informationsquelle N2 - Inhalt der Präsentation: - Einführung in das Prinzip der Laufzeitmessung - Vorteile bei der Anwendung von Volumenverfahren an Spannbetonbrücken - Möglichkeiten zur Beurteilung der Leistungsfähigkeit von ZfP-Verfahren und zur Verwendung der Messergebnisse in probabilistischen Nachweisen von Bestandstragwerken T2 - Fachtagung ZfPStatik 2020 CY - Munich, Germany DA - 18.02.2020 KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung im Bauwesen KW - Messunsicherheit KW - Nachrechnung KW - Beurteilung von Bestandstragwerken PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50417 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Aratsu, K. A1 - Takeya, R. A1 - Pauw, Brian Richard A1 - Hollamby, M.J. A1 - Kitamoto, Y. A1 - Shimizu, N. A1 - Takagi, H. A1 - Haruki, R. A1 - Adachi, S. A1 - Yagai, S. T1 - Supramolecular copolymerization driven by integrative self-sorting of hydrogen-bonded rosettes N2 - Molecular recognition to preorganize noncovalently polymerizable supramolecular complexes is a characteristic process of natural supramolecular polymers, and such recognition processes allow for dynamic self-alteration, yielding complex polymer systems with extraordinarily high efficiency in their targeted function. We herein show an example of such molecular recognition-controlled kinetic assembly/disassembly processes within artificial supramolecular polymer systems using six-membered hydrogen-bonded supramolecular complexes (rosettes). Electron-rich and poor monomers are prepared that kinetically coassemble through a temperature-controlled protocol into amorphous coaggregates comprising a diverse mixture of rosettes. Over days, the electrostatic interaction between two monomers induces an integrative self-sorting of rosettes. While the electron-rich monomer inherently forms toroidal homopolymers, the additional electrostatic interaction that can also guide rosette association allows helicoidal growth of supramolecular copolymers that are comprised of an alternating array of two monomers. Upon heating, the helicoidal copolymers undergo a catastrophic transition into amorphous coaggregates via entropy-driven randomization of the monomers in the rosette. KW - Self-assembly KW - Coaggregation KW - Scattering KW - Simulation KW - AFM PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506555 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15422-6 VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - Article number: 1623 PB - Springer Nature AN - OPUS4-50655 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hunter, R. D. A1 - Rowlandson, J. L. A1 - Smales, Glen Jacob A1 - Pauw, Brian Richard A1 - Ting, V. P. A1 - Kulak, A. A1 - Schnepp, Z. T1 - The effect of precursor structure on porous carbons produced by iron-catalyzed graphitization of biomass N2 - This paper reports a systematic study into the effect of different biomass-derived precursors on the structure and porosity of carbons prepared via catalytic graphitization. Glucose, starch and cellulose are combined with iron nitrate and heated under a nitrogen atmosphere to produce Fe3C nanoparticles, which catalyze the conversion of amorphous carbon to graphitic nanostructures. The choice of organic precursor provides a means of controlling the catalyst particle size, which has a direct effect on the porosity of the material. Cellulose and glucose produce mesoporous carbons, while starch produces a mixture of micro- and mesopores under the same conditions and proceeds via a much slower graphitization step, generating a mixture of graphitic nanostructures and turbostratic carbon. Porous carbons are critical to energy applications such as batteries and electrocatalytic processes. For These applications, a simple and sustainable route to those carbons is essential. Therefore, the ability to control the precise structure of a biomass-derived carbon simply through the choice of precursor will enable the production of a new generation of energy materials. KW - SAXS KW - Porous carbons KW - Graphitization KW - Iron nanoparticles KW - Catalysis KW - Gas sorption PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-515531 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ma00692k VL - Royal Society of Chemistry SP - 1 EP - 11 AN - OPUS4-51553 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zettner, Alina A1 - Gojani, Ardian A1 - Schmid, Thomas A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. T1 - Evaluation of a Spatial Heterodyne Spectrometer for Raman Spectroscopy of Minerals N2 - Spatial heterodyne spectroscopy (SHS) is a novel spectral analysis technique that is being applied for Raman spectroscopy of minerals. This paper presents the theoretical basis of SHS and its application for Raman measurements of calcite, quartz and forsterite in marble, copper ore and nickel ore, respectively. The SHS measurements are done using a broadband (518–686 nm) and resolving power R ≈ 3000 instrument. The spectra obtained using SHS are compared to those obtained by benchtop and modular dispersive spectrometers. It is found that SHRS performance in terms of resolution is comparable to that of the benchtop spectrometer and better than the modular dispersive spectrometer, while the sensitivity of SHRS is worse than that of a benchtop spectrometer, but better than that of a modular dispersive spectrometer. When considered that SHS components are small and can be packaged into a handheld device, there is interest in developing an SHS-based Instrument for mobile Raman spectroscopy. This paper evaluates the possibility of such an application. KW - Forsterite KW - Spatial heterodyne spectrometer KW - Interferometric spectroscopy KW - Fourier transform spectroscopy KW - Raman spectroscopy KW - Calcite KW - Quartz PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-504624 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/min10020202 VL - 10 IS - 2 SP - 202 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Switzerland AN - OPUS4-50462 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sänger, Johanna Christiane A1 - Pauw, Brian Richard A1 - Sturm, Heinz A1 - Günster, Jens T1 - First time additively manufactured advanced ceramics by using two-photon polymerization for powder processing N2 - Methods and materials are presented here, which enable the manufacturing of fine structures using a 3D-printing method known as two-photon polymerization (2PP). As traditional photolithography methods for structuring ceramic slurries do not function with 2PP, due to light scattering on ceramic particles, a novel water-based photoresist with high ceramic loading of extremely well dispersed ceramic nano particles was developed. This photoresist is basically a ceramic slurry containing a photocurable agent and a photoinitiator to be crosslinkable with the 780 nm wavelength femtosecond laser light source of the 2PP machine. It is demonstrated that it is possible to gain a highly transparent and low viscous slurry suitable for 2PP processing. This work shows the development of the slurry, first printing results and the post-printing processes required to form three dimensional ceramic microstructures consisting of alumina toughened zirconia (ATZ). KW - 3D-printing KW - Two-photon polymerization KW - 2PP KW - Ceramic nano particles KW - Slurry KW - Alumina toughened zirconia KW - ATZ KW - Additive manufacturing KW - SchwarzP cells KW - Nano-ceramic-additive-manufacturing photoresin KW - NanoCAM PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-517441 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceram.2020.100040 VL - 4 SP - 100040 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-51744 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - INPR A1 - Tscheuschner, Georg A1 - Schwaar, Timm A1 - Weller, Michael G. T1 - Fast Confirmation of Antibody Identity by MALDI-TOF-MS Fingerprints N2 - Thousands of antibodies for diagnostic and other analytical purposes are on the market. However, it is often difficult to identify duplicates, reagent changes, and to assign the correct original publications to an antibody. This slows down scientific progress and might even be a cause of irreproducible research and a waste of resources. Recently, activities were started to suggest the sole use of recombinant antibodies in combination with the open communication of their sequence. In this case, such uncertainties should be eliminated. Unfortunately, this approach seems to be rather a long-term vision since the development and manufacturing of recombinant antibodies remain quite expensive in the foreseeable future. Also, nearly all commercial antibody suppliers may be reluctant to publish the sequence of their antibodies, since they fear counterfeiting. De-novo sequencing of antibodies is also not feasible today for a reagent user without access to the hybridoma clone. Nevertheless, it seems to be crucial for any scientist to have the opportunity to identify an antibody undoubtedly to guarantee the traceability of any research activity using antibodies from a third party as a tool. For this purpose, we developed a method for the identification of antibodies based on a MALDI-TOF-MS fingerprint. To circumvent lengthy denaturation, reduction, alkylation, and enzymatic digestion steps, the fragmentation was performed with a simple formic acid hydrolysis step. Eighty-nine unknown monoclonal antibodies were used for this study to examine the feasibility of this approach. Although the molecular assignment of peaks was rarely possible, antibodies could be easily recognized in a blinded test, simply from their mass-spectral fingerprint. A general protocol is given, which could be used without any optimization to generate fingerprints for a database. We want to propose that in most scientific projects relying critically on antibody reagents, such a fingerprint should be established to prove and document the identity of the used antibodies and to assign a specific reagent to a datasheet of a commercial supplier, a public database record or an antibody ID. KW - Reproducibility KW - Quality Control KW - Traceability KW - Diagnostics KW - ELISA KW - Immunoassay PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506590 DO - https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202002.0207.v1 SN - 2310-287X SP - 1 EP - 17 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-50659 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tscheuschner, Georg A1 - Schwaar, Timm A1 - Weller, Michael G. T1 - Fast Confirmation of Antibody Identity by MALDI-TOF MS Fingerprints N2 - Thousands of antibodies for diagnostic and other analytical purposes are on the market. However, it is often difficult to identify duplicates, reagent changes, and to assign the correct original publications to an antibody. This slows down scientific progress and might even be a cause of irreproducible research and a waste of resources. Recently, activities were started to suggest the sole use of recombinant antibodies in combination with the open communication of their sequence. In this case, such uncertainties should be eliminated. Unfortunately, this approach seems to be rather a long-term vision since the development and manufacturing of recombinant antibodies remain quite expensive in the foreseeable future. Nearly all commercial antibody suppliers also may be reluctant to publish the sequence of their antibodies, since they fear counterfeiting. De novo sequencing of antibodies is also not feasible today for a reagent user without access to the hybridoma clone. Nevertheless, it seems to be crucial for any scientist to have the opportunity to identify an antibody undoubtedly to guarantee the traceability of any research activity using antibodies from a third party as a tool. For this purpose, we developed a method for the identification of antibodies based on a MALDI-TOF MS fingerprint. To circumvent lengthy denaturation, reduction, alkylation, and enzymatic digestion steps, the fragmentation was performed with a simple formic acid hydrolysis step. Eighty-nine unknown monoclonal antibodies were used for this study to examine the feasibility of this approach. Although the molecular assignment of peaks was rarely possible, antibodies could be easily recognized in a blinded test, simply from their mass-spectral fingerprint. A general protocol is given, which could be used without any optimization to generate fingerprints for a database. We want to propose that, in most scientific projects relying critically on antibody reagents, such a fingerprint should be established to prove and document the identity of the used antibodies, as well as to assign a specific reagent to a datasheet of a commercial supplier, public database record, or antibody ID. KW - Reproducibility KW - Quality Control KW - Traceability KW - Diagnostics KW - Hybridoma KW - Monoclonal Antibody KW - Recombinant Antibody PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506611 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/antib9020008 SN - 2310-287X VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - 1 EP - 17 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-50661 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. A1 - Sennikov, P. G. A1 - Kornev, R. A. A1 - Polyakov, V. S. T1 - Equilibrium calculations for plasmas of volatile halides of III, IV and VI group elements mixed with H2 and H2 + CX4 (X = H, Cl, F) relevant to PECVD of isotopic materials N2 - The composition of hydrogen and hydrogen-methane plasmas containing ~10% of BX₃, SiX₄, GeX₄ (X = F, Cl), SF₆, MoF₆ and WF₆ is calculated for the temperature range ~300-4000 K using the equilibrium chemical model. The calculations provide valuable information about thermodynamic parameters (pressure, temperature) needed for condensation of pure elements (in H₂ plasma) and their carbides (in H₂ + CH₄ plasma) and about intermediate reaction products. Using volatile fluorides for plasma chemical deposition alleviates obtaining monoisotopic elements and their isotopic compounds because fluorine is monoisotopic. PECVD is promising method for one-step conversion of fluorides to elemental isotopes and their carbides. For fluorides, further insight is needed into properties of plasmas supported by different types of discharges. KW - Plasma chemistry KW - Modeling chemical reactions KW - Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition KW - Reduction of volatile chlorides and fluorides by hydrogen PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-020-07295-2 VL - 326 IS - 1 SP - 407 EP - 421 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht AN - OPUS4-51144 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. A1 - Sennikov, P. T1 - Laser induced gas breakdown in reactive mixtures containing halides of boron and silicon: diagnostics and modeling N2 - We run two pilot LIP experiments in reactive gas mixtures. First, LIP is excited in BCl3 or BF3 plus H2 or CH4 to evaluate the efficiency of deposition of solid boron and boron carbide, materials that are largely used for refractory coatings. Second, we investigate a possibility of synthesis of fluorochlorosilanes SiFxCl4-x (x = 1, 2, 3) by LIP induced in SiF4+SiCl4 gas mixtures. Using fluorochlorosilanes with different combinations of F and Cl in the SiFxCly molecule may add flexibility in processes of silicon deposition and etching. The gases used and solid deposits are analyzed by optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and IR and mass spectrometry (MS). We also model the laser induced plasma by performing static equilibrium chemistry calculations to see whether desired reaction products are thermodynamically favorable and dynamic calculations of the expanding plasma plume to see how and where the products form. T2 - International Workshop on Laser Induced breakdown Spectroscopy CY - Online meeting DA - 01.12.2020 KW - Silicon halides KW - Chemical vapor deposition KW - Laser induced dielectric breakdown KW - Hydrogen reduction PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51725 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Rasch, Fabian A1 - Erdmann, Kerstin A1 - Brödner, Doris A1 - Wilke, Olaf T1 - Weiterentwicklung des Prüfwertes für Ultrafeinstaubpartikel beim Umweltzeichen Blauer Engel für Drucker N2 - Berichtet wird über ein abgeschlossenes Folgeprojekt zu vorangegangenen Forschungsprojekte zum gleichen Thema. In diesem Projekt wurde das Messverfahren und der Prüfwert für die Partikelemission aus Bürogeräten (siehe Vergabegrundlage DE-UZ 205, Anhang S-M) validiert und weiterentwickelt. Dies geschah erstens durch Auswertung der Qualität der im Zuge der Antragsbearbeitung für das Umweltzeichen beim RAL vorgelegten Prüfberichte der zugelassenen Prüfinstitute und - basierend darauf - durch Erarbeitung von technisch-methodischen Veränderungsvorschlägen für die Prüfung der chemischen Emissionen, inklusive der Partikelemissionen. Zweitens wurde zur Beurteilung der Veränderung der Emissionen aktueller gegenüber älteren Geräte-generationen ein nicht repräsentativer Pool von table-top-Laserdruckern aufgebaut und die chemischen Emissionen wurden gemäß DE-UZ-205, Anhang S-M gemessen. Ergänzend wurde eine quantitative chemische Analyse der anorganischen Feststoffe - insbesondere der Metalle - in den emittierten Aerosolen vorgenommen die Feststoffgehalte um 2 Massen-% ergaben. Diese Ergebnisse wurden gemeinsam mit neueren wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen zur gesundheitlichen Bewertung der Emissionen aus Laserdruckern ausgewertet, es besteht kein Handlungsbedarf hinsichtlich einer Veränderung von Prüfkriterien und Prüfwerten. Drittens wurde untersucht und bestätigt, dass mit dem Ziel eines zukünftigen Umweltzeichens das Emissionsverhalten Kunststoff verarbeitender 3D-FDM-Drucker und/oder die darin verarbeiteten Verbrauchsmaterialien (Filamente) mit dem für Laserdrucker entwickelten Mess- und Prüfschema charakterisiert und quantifiziert werden können. Untersuchungen an Stereo-lithografie (SLA)-Druckern und Vorrichtungen zur Nach-Aushärtung (Curing Units) ergaben keine nachweisbaren Partikelemissionen. KW - Blauer Engel KW - Bürogeräte mit Druckfunktion KW - Emissionen KW - Aerosole KW - Schadgase PY - 2020 UR - https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/weiterentwicklung-des-pruefwertes-fuer SN - 1862-4804 VL - 217 SP - 5 EP - 82 PB - Umweltbundesamt CY - Dessau-Roßlau AN - OPUS4-51745 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kayser, Y. A1 - Gross, A. A1 - Hönicke, P. A1 - Osan, J. A1 - Pollakowski-Herrmann, B. A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Beckhoff, B. T1 - Reliable chemical analysis of aerosols by reference-free X-ray spectrometry for monitoring airborne particulate matter N2 - The physical and chemical analysis of aerosols using reliable and physically traceable methods is important for the thorough investigation of airborne particles to support a better understanding of their origin as well as their health and climate impacts. Within the European Metrology Research AeroMet project,the aim of hysikalisch–Technische Bundesanstalt’s (PTB) X-ray spectrometry group is to develop and establish traceable and reliable X-ray methods to measure the elemental mass deposition per unit area, the elemental composition,and the chemical binding state of particulate matter supported by a flat substrate. This approach can substantially contribute to support quantitative analytical methods during on-site measurement campaigns where portable Instrumentation is employed by qualifying suitable calibration samples for commercial analytical X-ray instruments and by investigating samples collected during the field campaign. KW - AEROMET project KW - X-Ray analysis KW - TXRF KW - Aerosols KW - Particles KW - Air pollution KW - Elemental composition PY - 2020 UR - https://www.spectroscopyonline.com/view/reliable-chemical-analysis-of-aerosols-by-reference-free-x-ray-spectrometry-for-monitoring-airborne-particulate-matter SN - 0887-6703 VL - 35 IS - 10 SP - 42 EP - 46 PB - MJH Life Sciences CY - Cranbury, NJ AN - OPUS4-53357 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Costa, Elena A1 - Climent Terol, Estela A1 - Gawlitza, Kornelia A1 - Wan, Wei A1 - Weller, Michael G. A1 - Rurack, Knut T1 - Optimization of analytical assay performance of antibody-gated indicator-releasing mesoporous silica particles N2 - Antibody-gated indicator delivery (gAID) systems based on mesoporous silica nano- and microparticle scaffolds are a promising class of materials for the sensitive chemical detection of small-molecule analytes in simple test formats such as lateral flow assays (LFAs) or microfluidic chips. Their architecture is reminiscent of drug delivery systems, only that reporter molecules instead of drugs are stored in the voids of a porous host particle. In addition, the pores are closed with macromolecular “caps” through a tailored “gatekeeping” recognition chemistry so that the caps are opened when an analyte has reacted with a “gatekeeper”. The subsequent uncapping leads to a release of a large number of indicator molecules, endowing the system with signal amplification features. Particular benefits of such systems are their modularity and adaptability. With the example of the immunochemical detection of type-I pyrethroids by fluorescent dye-releasing gAID systems, the influence of several tuning modes on the optimisation of such hybrid sensory materials is introduced here. In particular, different mesoporous silica supports (from nano- and microparticles to platelets and short fibres), different functionalisation routes and different loading sequences were assessed. The materials’ performances were evaluated by studying their temporal response behaviour and detection sensitivity, including the tightness of pore closure (through the amount of blank release in the absence of analyte) and the release kinetics. Our results indicate that the better the paratope-accommodating Fab region of the antibody “cap” fits into the host material's pore opening, the better the closing/opening mechanism can be controlled. Because such materials are well-suited for LFAs, performance assessment included a test-strip format besides conventional assays in suspension. In combination with dyes as indicators and smartphones for read-out, simple analytical tests for use by untrained personnel directly at a point-of-need such as an aeroplane cabin can be devised, allowing for sensitivities down to the μg kg−1 range in <5 min with case-required selectivities. KW - Antibody-gated indicator delivery KW - Lateral flow assay KW - SBA-15 KW - SBA-16 KW - Type-I pyrethroids KW - Phenothrin KW - Permethrin KW - Etofenprox KW - Amplification KW - Biosensors KW - Immunoassays KW - Mesoporous particles KW - Optical detection PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-517053 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d0tb00371a VL - 8 IS - 22 SP - 4950 EP - 4961 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry AN - OPUS4-51705 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Climent Terol, Estela A1 - Biyikal, Mustafa A1 - Gröninger, Delia A1 - Weller, Michael G. A1 - Martínez Mánez, R. A1 - Rurack, Knut T1 - Multiplex‐Nachweis von Analyten auf einem einzelnen Teststreifen mit Antikörper‐gesteuerten und Indikator freisetzenden mesoporösen Nanopartikeln N2 - Vor dem Hintergrund der einzigartigen Modularität, hohen Empfindlichkeit und Selektivität von Antikörper‐gesteuerten Indikatorfreisetzungssystemen (gAID‐Systemen) wurde hier ein Multiplex‐Assay für drei organische Explosivstoffmoleküle (TATP, TNT, PETN) entwickelt, der es erlaubt, die Analyten gleichzeitig in flüssiger Phase mit einem einzelnen Teststreifen und einem Fluoreszenzlesegerät bzw. Smartphone als Detektor in Konzentrationen bis in den unteren ppb‐Bereich in <5 min nachzuweisen. Alle drei Systeme, darunter die hier neu entwickelten Systeme für TNT und PETN, tolerieren zudem nicht nur gepufferte wässrige Modelllösungen, sondern auch komplexere Matrices. Neben einem konventionellen Teststreifen mit einem Kanal erlaubte uns die Anwendung von Wachsdrucktechnologie das Herstellen von mehrkanaligen Streifen mit vergleichbarer analytischer Leistungsfähigkeit, was das enorme Potenzial der modular aufgebauten, hybriden Biosensormaterialien im Hinblick auf eine für den Endanwender maßgeschneiderte Vor‐Ort‐Analytik unterstreicht. KW - Multiplex KW - Gesteuerten Nanopartikeln KW - Explosiven PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-518431 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.202009000 SN - 1521-3757 SN - 0044-8249 VL - 132 IS - 52 SP - 24071 EP - 24078 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-51843 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kratzig, A. A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - Menneken, M. A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Early Stage of Corrosion Formation on Pipeline Steel X70 Under Oxyfuel Atmosphere at Low Temperature N2 - The early stage of corrosion formation on X70 pipeline steel under oxyfuel atmosphere was investigated by applying a simulated gas mixture (CO2 containing 6700 ppmv O2, 100 ppmv NO2, 70 ppmv SO2 and 50 ppmv H2O) for 15 h at 278 K and ambient pressure. Short-term tests (6 h) revealed that the corrosion starts as local spots related to grinding marks progressing by time and moisture until a closed layer was formed. Acid droplets (pH 1.5), generated in the gas atmosphere, containing a mixture of H2SO4 and HNO3, were identified as corrosion starters. After 15 h of exposure, corrosion products were mainly X-ray amorphous and only partially crystalline. In-situ energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD) results showed that the crystalline fractions consist primarily of water-bearing iron sulfates. Applying Raman spectroscopy, water-bearing iron nitrates were detected as subordinated phases. Supplementary long-term tests exhibited a significant increase in the crystalline fraction and formation of additional water-bearing iron sulfates. All phases of the corrosion layer were intergrown in a nanocrystalline network. In addition, numerous globular structures have been detected above the corrosion layer, which were identified as hydrated iron sulphate and hematite. As a type of corrosion, shallow pit formation was identified, and the corrosion rate was about 0.1 mma−1. In addition to in-situ EDXRD, SEM/EDS, TEM, Raman spectroscopy and interferometry were used to chemically and microstructurally analyze the corrosion products. KW - Corrosion KW - CCUS KW - In-situ ED-XRD KW - CO2 pipeline transport KW - Oxyfuel KW - Carbon steel KW - Impurities PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506303 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8040421 SN - 2227-9717 VL - 8 IS - 4 SP - 421-1 EP - 421-19 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-50630 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hille, Falk A1 - Sowietzki, D. A1 - Makris, R. T1 - Luminescence-based early detection of fatigue cracks N2 - Classic non-destructive fatigue crack detection methods reveal the state of the fatigue damage evolution at the moment of application, generally not under operational conditions. The here introduced crack luminescence method realizes a clear visibility of the occurred and growing crack in loaded components during operation. Different established experiments show that due to the sensitive coating a crack Formation can be detected even in early stage under the premise the crack reached the surface. The coating consists of two layers with different properties and functions. The bottom layer emits light as fluorescence under UV radiation. The top layer covers the fluorescing one and prevents the emitting of light in case of no damage at the surface. In case of surface crack occurrence, the luminescent light is clearly noticeable by visual observations and also by standard camera equipment which makes automated crack detection possible as well. It is expected that crack luminescence can increase structural safety as well as reduce costs and time for inspections and preventive maintenance. KW - Coating KW - Fatigue KW - Crack damage detection KW - Luminescence PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-510517 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.338 SN - 2214-7853 SP - 1 EP - 5 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-51051 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Beck, Joana T1 - Rezension: Konformität von Produkten ‐ Gesetzliche Anforderungen, Konformitätsbewertungen, Konformitätsdokumente, Prüfbescheinigungen N2 - Im europäischen Warenhandel kommt es durch immer mehr EU‐Vorschriften und damit verbundener Verschärfung gesetzlicher Anforderungen zu deutlich höherer Nachfrage von Konformitätserklärungen. Davon hängt nicht nur die Sicherheit der Endverbraucher sondern überhaupt die Einfuhrerlaubnis für Produkte ab. Um in diesem Wirrwarr an Regularien herauszufinden, welchen Vorschriften ein spezielles Produkt unterliegt und welche Konformitätsdokumente von wem auszustellen sind, gibt der Autor mit diesem Buch einen ersten Überblick zu den derzeit existierenden Regularien und den geforderten Konformitätsdokumenten. Auch wenn das Buch sich nicht unbedingt als Leitfaden für Produkthersteller eignet, hat der Autor hier zahlreiche nützliche Informationen zur Konformität von Produkten zusammengetragen und interpretiert, um dem Leser etwas Durchblick auf diesem komplexen Gebiet zu verschaffen. KW - Konformität KW - Qualitätsmanagement PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-503731 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070026 SN - 1521-4176 SN - 0947-5117 VL - 71 IS - 2 SP - 3 PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-50373 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - THES A1 - Aristia, Gabriela T1 - Polyaniline/Silicon Dioxide Composite-Based Coating for Corrosion Protection in Geothermal Systems N2 - Geothermal energy is one of the cleanest renewable alternatives to reduce the dependency on fossil fuel [1, 2]. Despite its promising future, its implementation faces various challenges, one of them being corrosion processes. To implement this energy, hot fluids are pumped from a geothermal well. These hot fluids originate from deep within the earth, so consist of different ionic species and gases in a wide range of temperatures, which lead to their corrosive nature. In terms of geothermal energy resources, Indonesia is at the forefront, with the highest preserved geothermal energy in the world of about 29 GWe and 312 potential geothermal locations [3]. Geothermal wells in Sibayak (North Sumatera), Indonesia, belong to young stratovolcanoes and have operating temperatures varying from 36 °C at the near ground surface to 310 °C at the bottom of the well, which is liquid-dominated with acidic and saline properties [4, 5]. Therefore, this geothermal fluid creates an aggressive environment that is conducive to corrosion of the powerplant infrastructure. Parts of the geothermal powerplant infrastructure, such as pipelines and heat exchangers, are commonly made of metals, e.g. carbon steel and stainless steel. Consequently, they may undergo corrosion and scaling when exposed to the geothermal fluid, especially for carbon steel. To ensure the safety and longevity of a geothermal powerplant, the infrastructure is constructed of expensive corrosion resistant alloys [6–10], e.g., titanium and Ni-Cr based alloys, or carbon steel which needs to be protected by coatings or inhibitors. To address the corrosion of carbon steel in the geothermal environment, artificial geothermal water was used to simulate a geothermal well in Sibayak, Indonesia, with pH 4 and a saline composition of 1,500 mg/l Cl-, 20 mg/l SO42-, 15 mg/l HCO3-, 200 mg/l Ca2+, 250 mg/l K+, and 600 mg/l Na+. Carbon steel underwent the most severe corrosion at 150°C in an oxygen-containing solution with a corrosion rate of 0.34 mm/year, which is approximately ten times higher than that in the absence of dissolved oxygen. In all conditions, pitting corrosion was observed, which necessitate a protection strategy on carbon steel. In order to promote a cost effective and locally available option, this work focused on an easily applicable coating which utilized local resources. Toward developing such protective coating based on the locally available resources in Indonesia which can yield good corrosion resistance and thermal stability in geothermal environment, two additional components, i.e. polyaniline (PANI) and silicon dioxide, were used to modify an alkyd-based commercial coating. The selection of the alkyd-based coating as a matrix focused on the industrial convenience basis, where the coating application procedure should be simple and easy to apply within reasonable costs. The alkyd-based coating underwent severe blistering when exposed to the artificial geothermal water at 70 and 150°C due to the reaction between CaCO3 (as one of its components) and the artificial geothermal water, as well as a possible alkyd hydrolysis in the initial stage of exposure. In the oxygen-free solution, the degradation was controlled by chemical and thermal reactions, whereas in the aerated condition, oxidization at the coating surface further accelerated polymer degradation. PANI was chosen as one of the anticorrosion pigments which was widely developed over the past decades. To investigate the interaction between PANI and the artificial geothermal water, PANI film was electrochemically deposited on the carbon steel surface and exposed to the artificial geothermal water. Electrochemically synthesized oxalate-doped PANI was protective against corrosion of carbon steel in artificial geothermal water at room temperature. The mechanism involved an exchange of electroactive species within the coating layer, as confirmed by electrochemical impedance spectra. Interaction of ionic species, such as Cl-, Na+, Ca2+ from the artificial geothermal water, with the outer layer of PANI is suggested both at 25°C and 150°C, based on the EDX spectra of the coating surface after exposure to the artificial geothermal water. Thus, the protection mechanism of PANI is not solely based on the physical barrier layer properties, but rather associated with the redox mediated properties of PANI, which selectively allow ionic species intrusion from the electrolyte into the PANI layer. Although PANI is a promising candidate as an anticorrosion coating, its morphological characterization reveals that electrochemically deposited PANI is not stable for an application at 150°C. Therefore, another approach was used to promote better protective behavior of PANI by dispersing chemically synthesized PANI in the alkyd-based coating. To enhance the thermal stability of the coating, silicon dioxide (SiO2) was added, which was able to prolong the sustainability of coated metals until 28 days compared to the unmodified alkyd-based coating, which underwent a change in color to brown/orange only within 7 days of exposure. This improvement might be associated with the role of SiO2 to proportionate the thermal expansion coefficient of the coating system to be compatible with that of carbon steel. Although the coating is thermally enhanced, the electrolyte might still intrude through the coating resulting in the change of coating color after 28 days of exposure in the artificial geothermal water. When PANI was added, the coating system provided an active corrosion protection on the carbon steel surface. The chemical and morphological characterization of the PANI-alkyd and SiO2-alkyd coating system showed that coatings were improved, and no blisters were observed, albeit the degradation continued. Based on the results of exposure tests, the combined coating system was further investigated. The combinational coating of PANI/SiO2-alkyd was used with 2 wt% of PANI and 15 wt% of SiO2. Electrochemical tests indicated cathodic protection at 150°C, as the Ecorr of PANI/SiO2 remained approximately 400 mV lower than the carbon steel potential. The impedance spectra of the combinational coating of PANI/SiO2 showed a continuous decrease in the absolute impedance value over time. A significant decrease was observed within one day of exposure, followed by a slow gradual decrease, which might be associated with water absorption in the coating. FTIR spectra revealed that several peaks associated with the organic portion of the coatings were reduced after the specimens were exposed for 6 months. However, the absorption peaks related to the inorganic portion of the coatings remained stable until 6 months. Morphological characterization of the combinational coating of PANI/SiO2 showed that there were no blisters or significant discoloration of coatings after long-term exposure for 6 months in artificial geothermal water at 150°C, indicating that the chemical degradation does not significantly affect the functionality of the coating. This clearly shows the durability of PANI/SiO2 coating in the geothermal condition, suggesting that this coating can be used for such geothermal application. However, further testing of this coating should be conducted in a real geothermal environment on-site to ensure safety and viability. KW - Geothermal KW - Corrosion KW - Coating KW - Polyaniline KW - Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:188-refubium-26704-6 UR - https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/26704 DO - https://doi.org/10.17169/refubium-26461 SP - 1 EP - 175 CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-51281 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Viefhues, Eva A1 - Döhler, M. A1 - Hille, Falk A1 - Mevel, L. T1 - Fault detection for linear parameter varying systems under changes in the process noise covariance N2 - Detecting changes in the eigenstructure of linear systems is a comprehensively investigated subject. In particular, change detection methods based on hypothesis testing using Gaussian residuals have been developed previously. In such residuals, a reference model is confronted to data from the current system. In this paper, linear output-only systems depending on a varying external physical parameter are considered. These systems are driven by process noise, whose covariance may also vary between measurements. To deal with the varying parameter, an interpolation approach is pursued, where a limited number of reference models – each estimated from data measured in a reference state – are interpolated to approximate an adequate reference model for the current parameter. The problem becomes more complex when the different points of interpolation correspond to different noise conditions. Then conflicts may arise between the detection of changes in the eigenstructure due to a fault and the detection of changes due to different noise conditions. For this case, a new change detection approach is developed based on the interpolation of the eigenstructure at the reference points. The resulting approach is capable of change detection when both the external physical parameter and the process noise conditions are varying. This approach is validated on a numerical simulation of a mechanical system. T2 - 21st IFAC World Congress CY - Online meeting DA - 13.07.2020 KW - Linear parameter varying systems KW - Fault detectionchanging KW - Process noise KW - Subspace-based residual KW - Model interpolation PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-524652 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2020.12.868 SN - 2405-8963 VL - 53 IS - 2 SP - 13668 EP - 13673 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-52465 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Patrick A1 - Schneider, Ronald A1 - Viefhues, Eva A1 - Said, Samir A1 - Herrmann, Ralf A1 - Baeßler, Matthias T1 - Vibration-based Structural Health Monitoring of a Reinforced Concrete Beam Subjected to Varying Ambient Conditions Using Bayesian Methods N2 - Inspection and maintenance contribute significantly to the lifetime cost of bridges. There is significant potential in using information obtained through structural health monitoring to update predictive models of the condition and performance of such structures, and thus ena-ble an improved decision-making regarding inspection and maintenance activities. Within the AISTEC project funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, we develop vibration-based structural health monitoring systems aimed at continuously provid-ing information on the structural condition of bridges. Environmental variations such as changing ambient temperatures can significantly influence the dynamic characteristics of bridges and thus mask the effect of structural changes and damages. It remains a challenge to account for such influences in structural health monitoring. To study the effect of ambient temperatures on the dynamic characteristics of beam structures, we monitor the vibration response of a reinforced concrete beam in the uncracked and cracked state at varying tem-peratures in a climate chamber. We postulate a set of competing parameterized probabilistic structural models, which explicitly account for the effect of varying ambient temperatures on the mechanical properties of the system. We then combine the information provided by the structural models with the information contained in the recorded vibration data to learn the parameters of the temperature-dependent structural models and infer the plausible state of the beam using Bayesian system identification and model class selection. T2 - EURODYN 2020, XI International Conference on Structural Dynamics CY - Online meeting DA - 23.11.2020 KW - Bayesian methods KW - Environmental effects KW - Structural health monitoring PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51732 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - THES A1 - Schneider, Ronald T1 - Time-variant reliability of deteriorating structural systems conditional on inspection and monitoring data N2 - The current practice of operating and maintaining deteriorating structural systems ensures acceptable levels of structural reliability, but it is not clear how efficient it is. Changing the current prescriptive approach to a risk-based approach has great potential to enable a more efficient management of such systems. Risk-based optimization of operation and maintenance strategies identifies the strategy that optimally balances the cost for controlling deterioration in a structural system with the achieved risk reduction. Inspections and monitoring are essential parts of operation and maintenance strategies. They are typically performed to reduce the uncertainty in the structural condition and inform decisions on future operation and maintenance actions. In risk-based optimization of operation and maintenance strategies, Bayesian updating is used to include information contained in inspection and monitoring data in the prediction of the structural reliability. All computations need to be repeated many times for different potential inspection and monitoring outcomes. This motivates the development of robust and efficient approaches to this computationally challenging task. The reliability of deteriorating structural systems is time-variant because the loads on them and their capacities change with time. In most practical applications, the reliability analysis of deteriorating structural systems can be approached by dividing their lifetime into discrete time intervals. The time-variant reliability problem can then be represented by a series of time-invariant reliability problems. Using this methodology as a starting point, this thesis proposes a novel approach to compute the time-variant reliability of deteriorating structural systems for which inspection and monitoring data are available. The problem is formulated in a nested way in which the prediction of the structural condition is separated from the computation of the structural reliability conditional on the structural condition. Information on the structural condition provided by inspections and monitoring is included in the reliability assessment through Bayesian updating of the system deterioration model employed to predict the structural condition. The updated system reliability is obtained by coupling the updated deterioration model with a probabilistic structural model utilized to calculate the failure probability conditional on the structural condition. This approach is the first main outcome of this thesis and termed nested reliability analysis (NRA) approach. It is demonstrated in two numerical examples considering inspected and monitored steel structures subject to high-cycle fatigue. An alternative – recently developed – approach, which also follows the strategy of discretizing time, describes deteriorating structural systems with hierarchical dynamic Bayesian networks (DBN). DBN combined with approximate or exact inference algorithms also enable the computation of the time-variant reliability of deteriorating structural systems conditional on information provided by inspection and monitoring data. In this thesis – as a proof of concept – a software prototype is developed based on the DBN approach, which can be used to assess the reliability of a corroding concrete box girder for which half-cell potential measurements are available. This is the second main outcome of this thesis. Both approaches presented in this thesis enable an integral reliability analysis of inspected and monitored structures that accounts for system effects arising from (a) the correlation among deterioration states of different structural elements, (b) the interaction between element deterioration and system failure, and (c) the indirect information gained on the condition of all unobserved structural elements from inspecting or monitoring the condition of some structural elements. Thus, both approaches enable a systemwide risk-based optimization of operation and maintenance strategies for deteriorating structural systems. The NRA approach can be implemented relatively easily with subset simulation, which is a sequential Monte Carlo method suitable for estimating rare event probabilities. Subset simulation is robust and considerably more efficient than crude Monte Carlo simulation. It is, however, still sampling-based and its efficiency is thus a function of the number of inspection and monitoring outcomes, as well as the value of the simulated event probabilities. The current implementation of the NRA approach performs separate subset simulation runs to estimate the reliability at different points in time. The efficiency of the NRA approach with subset simulation can be significantly improved by exploiting the fact that failure events in different years are nested. The lifetime reliability of deteriorating structural systems can thus be computed in reverse chronological order in a single subset simulation run. The implementation of the DBN approach is much more demanding than the implementation of the NRA approach but it has two main advantages. Firstly, the graphical format of the DBN facilitates the presentation of the model and the underlying assumptions to stakeholders who are not experts in reliability analysis. Secondly, it can be combined with exact inference algorithms. In this case, its efficiency neither depends on the number of inspection and monitoring outcomes, nor on the value of the event probabilities to be calculated. However, in contrast to the NRA approach with subset simulation, the DBN approach with exact inference imposes restrictions on the number of random variables and the dependence structure that can be implemented in the model. T3 - BAM Dissertationsreihe - 168 KW - Reliability KW - Structural systems KW - Deterioration KW - Bayesian analysis KW - Inspection KW - Monitoring KW - Zuverlässigkeit KW - Tragstrukturen KW - Schädigungsprozesse KW - Bayes'sche Analyse KW - Inspektion KW - Monitoring PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-512977 SN - 1613-4249 VL - 168 SP - 1 EP - 188 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-51297 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - García-González, M. A1 - Blasón Gonzalez, Sergio A1 - García-García, I. A1 - Lamela-Rey, M. J. A1 - Fernández-Canteli, A. A1 - Álvarez-Arenal, Á. T1 - Optimized planning and evaluation of dental implant fatigue testing: A specific software application N2 - Mechanical complications in implant-supported fixed dental prostheses are often related to implant and prosthetic design. Although the current ISO 14801 provides a framework for the evaluation of dental implant mechanical reliability, strict adherence to it may be difficult to achieve due to the large number of test specimens which it requires as well as the fact that it does not offer any probabilistic reference for determining the endurance limit. In order to address these issues, a new software program called ProFatigue is presented as a potentially powerful tool to optimize fatigue testing of implant-supported prostheses. The present work provides a brief description of some concepts such as load, fatigue and stress-number of cycles to failure curves (S-N curves), before subsequently describing the current regulatory situation. After analyzing the two most recent versions of the ISO recommendation (from 2008 and 2016), some limitations inherent to the experimental methods which they propose are highlighted. Finally, the main advantages and instructions for the correct implementation of the ProFatigue free software are given. This software will contribute to improving the performance of fatigue testing in a more accurate and optimized way, helping researchers to gain a better understanding of the behavior of dental implants in this type of mechanical test. KW - Dental materials KW - Prostheses KW - Implants KW - Reference standards KW - Software KW - Cyclic loading KW - Fatigue KW - Lifetime KW - S-N curve KW - Staircase method PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-516268 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/biology9110372 SN - 2079-7737 VL - 9 IS - 11 SP - 372-1 EP - 372-12 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-51626 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Barqawi, Haitham A1 - Chubarenko, B. A1 - Esiukova, E. A1 - Putna-Nimane, I. A1 - Barda, I. A1 - Strode, E. A1 - Purina, I. ED - Köppen, S. ED - Reckermann, M. T1 - EI‐GEO environmental impact of geosynthetics in aquatic systems N2 - EI‐GEO is a multinational research project (Germany, Latvia, Russia) funded under the ERA.Net RUS Plus Call 2017. Aim of the project is the investigation whether geosynthetics in hydraulic engineering applications could be a source of microplastics (MPs) and other contaminants to the aquatic environment causing negative effects to aquatic organisms. Whereas the behavior of geosynthetics in landfill engineering is well studied and documented since decades, little is known on application in applications such as coastal protection or ballast layers for wind energy plants. However, due to the rapid expansion of offshore wind energy, rising water levels and more extreme weather conditions as a result of climate change more and more hydraulic engineering projects will be realized in the future. Applied methods are artificial ageing of geosynthetics in environmental simulation chambers, storage of samples under environmental condition for comparison with laboratory simulation, sample characterization by microscopic methods and ecotoxicological testing of water in contact with geosynthetics. In parallel a case study at the Baltic Sea shore at Kaliningrad Oblast (Russia) will be performed. The aim of study is to estimate the level of pollution of the beaches by geosynthetic debris and identify the possible sources. T2 - 3rd Baltic Earth Conference CY - Online meeting DA - 02.06.2020 KW - Geosynthetics KW - Micro plastic KW - Hydraulic engineering PY - 2020 UR - https://www.baltic-earth.eu/hel2020/material/3rd_BalticEarth_Conference_Proceedings.pdf SN - 2198-4247 SP - 151 EP - 152 PB - International Baltic Earth Secretariat Publications CY - Geesthacht AN - OPUS4-50881 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Blasenbauer, D. A1 - Huber, F. A1 - Lederer, J. A1 - Quina, M. A1 - Blanc-Biscarat, D. A1 - Bogush, A. A1 - Bontempi, E. A1 - Blondeau, J. A1 - Chimenos, J. A1 - Dahlbo, H. A1 - Fagerqvist, J. A1 - Giro-Paloma, J. A1 - Hjelmar, O. A1 - Hyks, J. A1 - Keaney, J. A1 - Lupsea-Toader, M. A1 - O’Caollai, C. A1 - Orupõld, K. A1 - Pajak, T. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Svecova, L. A1 - Syc, M. A1 - Uvang, R. A1 - Vaajasaari, K. A1 - van Caneghem, J. A1 - van Zomeren, A. A1 - Vasarevičius, S. A1 - Wégner, K. A1 - Fellner, J. T1 - Legal situation and current practice of waste incineration bottom ash utilisation in Europe N2 - Almost 500 municipal solid waste incineration plants in the EU, Norway and Switzerland generate about 17.6 Mt/a of incinerator bottom ash (IBA). IBA contains minerals and metals. Metals are mostly separated and sold to the scrap market and minerals are either disposed of in landfills or utilised in the construction sector. Since there is no uniform regulation for IBA utilisation at EU level, countries developed own rules with varying requirements for utilisation. As a result from a cooperation network between European experts an up-to-date overview of documents regulating IBA utilisation is presented. Furthermore, this work highlights the different requirements that have to be considered. Overall, 51 different parameters for the total content and 36 different parameters for the emission by leaching are defined. An analysis of the defined parameter reveals that leaching parameters are significantly more to be considered compared to total content parameters. In order to assess the leaching behaviour nine different leaching tests, including batch tests, up-flow percolation tests and one diffusion test (monolithic materials) are in place. A further discussion of leaching parameters showed that certain countries took over limit values initially defined for landfills for inert waste and adopted them for IBA utilisation. The overall utilisation rate of IBA in construction works is approximately 54 wt%. It is revealed that the rate of utilisation does not necessarily depend on how well regulated IBA utilisation is, but rather seems to be a result of political commitment for IBA recycling and economically interesting circumstances. KW - Bottom ash KW - Leaching tests KW - Utilisation PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-500161 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.11.031 SN - 0956-053X VL - 102 SP - 868 EP - 883 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-50016 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane A1 - Altenburg, Simon A1 - Scheuschner, Nils T1 - Prozessüberwachung in der additiven Fertigung von Metallen - das Projekt ProMoAM N2 - Prozessüberwachung in der additiven Fertigung von Metallen - das Projekt ProMoAM. In diesem Vortrag wird das gesamte Projekt vorgestellt. Dabei wird auf die Thermografie im LMD und L-PBF Prozess näher eingegangen. Hierbei werden sowohl stationäre als auch mit bewegte Systeme vorgestellt. T2 - Webinar: Inline-Messtechnik und –Prozessüberwachung CY - Online meeting DA - 01.07.2020 KW - Pulverbettverfahren KW - Laser Metal Deposition KW - Thermografie KW - Optische Tomografie PY - 2020 UR - https://quality-engineering.industrie.de/webinarreihe-additive-verfahren/#Inline-Messtechnik AN - OPUS4-50962 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mohr, Gunther A1 - Altenburg, Simon A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander A1 - Heinrich, Ph. A1 - Baum, D. A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai T1 - In-Situ Defect Detection in Laser Powder Bed Fusion by Using Thermography and Optical Tomography—Comparison to Computed Tomography N2 - Among additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, the laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) is one of the most important technologies to produce metallic components. The layer-wise build-up of components and the complex process conditions increase the probability of the occurrence of defects. However, due to the iterative nature of its manufacturing process and in contrast to conventional manufacturing technologies such as casting, L-PBF offers unique opportunities for in-situ monitoring. In this study, two cameras were successfully tested simultaneously as a machine manufacturer independent process monitoring setup: a high-frequency infrared camera and a camera for long time exposure, working in the visible and infrared spectrum and equipped with a near infrared filter. An AISI 316L stainless steel specimen with integrated artificial defects has been monitored during the build. The acquired camera data was compared to data obtained by computed tomography. A promising and easy to use examination method for data analysis was developed and correlations between measured signals and defects were identified. Moreover, sources of possible data misinterpretation were specified. Lastly, attempts for automatic data analysis by data Integration are presented. KW - Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) KW - Selective laser melting (SLM) KW - Additive manufacturing (AM) KW - Process monitoring KW - Infrared thermography KW - Optical tomography KW - Computed tomography (CT) KW - Data fusion KW - Lack-of-fusion PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-502417 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/met10010103 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 103 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Schweiz AN - OPUS4-50241 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Altenburg, Simon A1 - Scheuschner, Nils A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander A1 - Mohr, Gunther A1 - Heinrich, P. A1 - Baum, D. A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai T1 - In-situ Prozessüberwachung in der additiven Fertigung von Metallen mittels optischer Verfahren N2 - Einer der aussichtsreichsten Ansätze, die Qualität und Sicherheit der gefertigten Teile in der metallbasierten additiven Fertigung (AM) zu erhöhen und die Notwendigkeit aufwändiger und zeitintensiver, zerstörender oder zerstörungsfreier Prüfungen (ZfP) nach der Fertigung zu verringern, liegt in dem Einsatz von in-situ Prozessüberwachungstechniken. Bereits jetzt werden erste Messsysteme zur Kontrolle der Energiequelle, des Bauraums, des Schmelzbades und der Bauteilgeometrie kommerziell angeboten. Weitere ZfP Verfahren, wie z.B. die aktive und passive Thermografie, werden in der Literatur als geeignet für die in-situ Anwendung angesehen, allerdings gibt es noch wenig konkrete praktische Umsetzungen, da die Möglichkeiten und individuellen Grenzen dieser Methoden, angewendet auf AM, noch nicht ausreichend erforscht sind. Aus diesem Grund verfolgt die BAM mit dem Projekt „Process Monitoring of AM“ (ProMoAM) im Themenfeld Material das Ziel, Verfahren des Prozessmonitorings zur in-situ Bewertung der Qualität additiv gefertigter Metallbauteile weiterzuentwickeln. Im Beitrag wird zunächst das Projekt vorgestellt und anschließend der Fokus auf eine Messserie gelegt, in der Probekörper aus dem austenitischen Edelstahl 316L mit lokal variierenden Prozessparametern mittels selektiven Laserschmelzen (L-PBF) aufgebaut wurden. Der Bauprozess wurde hierbei durch das maschineneigene, koaxial arbeitende Photodiodensystem (Melt-Pool-Monitoring), einer Mittelwellen-Infrarotkamera und einer optischen Tomografiekamera im sichtbaren Wellenlängenbereich (Langzeitbelichtung für die Dauer eines Lagenaufbaus mit einer CMOS-Kamera mit hoher Ortsauflösung) simultan überwacht. Als Referenz für diese Methoden wurden die Probekörper mittels Computertomografie untersucht. Für die dabei anfallenden teils großen Datenmengen wurden Algorithmen für ein effizientes Preprocessing entwickelt. Es wurden Merkmale der Messdaten in Korrelation zu Fehlern und Inhomogenitäten extrahiert, welche für die einzelnen Methoden vergleichend vorgestellt und diskutiert werden. T2 - 5. Tagung des Arbeitskreises Additiv gefertigte Bauteile und Strukturen CY - Online meeting DA - 04.11.2020 KW - Additive Fertigung KW - Prozessüberwachung KW - Thermografie KW - Optische Tomografie KW - Computertomografie KW - L-PBF KW - AM KW - CT KW - In-situ PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51627 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Birke, V. A1 - Fischer, M. A1 - Mamat, B. A1 - Egloffstein, T. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Innovation Network PerFluSan N2 - Per und polyfluorierte Alkylsubstanzen (PFAS) werden im Rahmen ihres breiten industriellen Einsatzes in die Umwelt ein­gebracht, wo sie aufgrund ihrer kritischen Eigen­schaften ein Problem darstellen. Der nach­haltige Schutz von Mensch und Umwelt vor dieser Stoff­gruppe ist eine wichtige Zukunfts­­aufgabe. Verfügbare PFAS-Reinigungs- und -Sanierungs­verfahren sind jedoch teuer und oftmals unzul­änglich. PerFluSan möchte einen entscheidenden Beitrag zur Lösung dieses Problems leisten, indem hier neue PFAS-Sanierungs­verfahren für Böden und Wässer, sowie innovative analytische Methoden zum PFAS-Nachweis entwickelt werden. Die lang­fristige Vision ist es, PerFluSan zu einer nationalen Anlauf­stelle der PFAS-Thematik auszubauen, die mit Hilfe der Synergien zwischen den PerFluSan-Akteuren alle Aspekte der Problematik ganz­heitlich, nachhaltig und effektiv adressiert. N2 - Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) are transferred into the environment as part of their broad industrial use, where they pose a problem due to their critical properties. The sustainable protection of people and the environment from this group of substances is an important task for the future. However, available PFAS removal and remediation processes are expensive and often inadequate. PerFluSan would like to make a relevant contribution to solve this problem by developing new PFAS remediation methods for soils and water, as well as innovative analytical methods for PFAS detection. The long-term vision is to develop PerFluSan into a national contact point for the PFAS topic, which uses synergies between the PerFluSan actors to address all aspects of the problem holistically, sustainably and effectively. T2 - International Online – Conference PFAS - Dealing with contaminants of emerging concern CY - Online meeting DA - 30.11.2020 KW - Perfluorierte Verbindungen KW - Sanierung KW - PFAS PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51700 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Spranger, Felix A1 - Schirdewahn, S. A1 - Kromm, Arne A1 - Merklein, M. A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai T1 - On the influence of TiB2, TiC, and TiN hard particles on the microstructure of localized laser dispersed AISI D2 tool steel surfaces N2 - The control of friction and wear is a major concern in many industrial applications. A promising method for tailored surface modification is the so-called laser implantation technique. This method combines surface texturing and material optimization in one processing step by a localized dispersing of hard ceramic particles using pulsed laser radiation. Wear resistant, protruding micrometric features (implants) with defined geometry can be created in a deterministic pattern where needed on highly stressed surfaces, i.e., on forming or cutting tools. However, in order to maintain the implants over the tool’s lifetime, a suitable selection of hard ceramic particles is a prerequisite. They must provide a defect-free metal matrix composite with a high share of homogeneously distributed particles and, especially, high implant hardness. In this study, TiN, TiC, and TiB2 hard particles were compared as implant materials for the first time. By a systematic variation of pulse power and pulse duration, their dispersing behavior and influence on the material properties of AISI D2 tool steel were investigated. Although all powder materials had grain sizes smaller than 10 μm, it was possible to disperse them by pulsed laser radiation and to obtain defect-free protruding implants. The highest share of dispersed particles (∼64%) was observed for TiB2. By scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, it was also shown that a significant share of the preplaced particles was dissolved by the laser beam and precipitated as nanometer sized particles within the matrix during solidification. These in situ formed particles have a decisive influence on the material properties. While the TiN and TiC implants have shown maximum hardness values of 750 and 850 HV1, the TiB2 implants have shown the highest hardness values with more than 1600 HV1. By x-ray diffraction, it was possible to ascribe the lower hardness values of TiC and TiN implants to high amounts of retained austenite in the metal matrix. By implanting TiB2, the formation of retained austenite was successfully suppressed due to the in situ formation of TiC particles, which was proven by electron backscatter diffraction. In conclusion, all the implant materials are basically suitable for laser implantation on AISI D2 tool steel. However, TiB2 has shown the most promising results. T2 - ICALEO 2019 CY - Orlando, FL, USA DA - 07.10.2019 KW - Laser implantation KW - Surface texturing KW - AISI D2 KW - TiB2 KW - TiN KW - TiC KW - Retained Austenite KW - Localized laser dispersing PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.2351/7.0000059 VL - 32 IS - 2 SP - 022028 EP - 022028-9 PB - AIP Publishing AN - OPUS4-50712 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Altenburg, Simon A1 - Scheuschner, Nils A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane A1 - Mohr, Gunther A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai T1 - Thermography in laser powder bed fusion of metals: time over threshold as feasible feature in thermographic data N2 - Thermography is one on the most promising techniques for in-situ monitoring of metal additive manufacturing processes. Especially in laser powder bed fusion processes, the high process dynamics and the strong focus of the laser beam cause a very complex thermal history within the produced specimens, such as multiple heating cycles within single layer expositions. This complicates data interpretation, e.g., in terms of cooling rates. A quantity that is easily calculated is the time a specific area of the specimen is at a temperature above a chosen threshold value (TOT). Here, we discuss variations occurring in time-over-threshold-maps during manufacturing of an almost defect free cuboid specimen. T2 - 15th Quantitative InfraRed Thermography conference CY - Online meeting DA - 21.09.2020 KW - Additive Manufacturing KW - Process monitoring KW - Thermography KW - L-PBF KW - Time over threshold PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.21611/qirt.2020.005 SP - 1 EP - 5 PB - QIRT Council CY - Quebec, Canada AN - OPUS4-52014 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bandow, N. A1 - Aitken, M. D. A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Piechotta, Christian A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Stephan, Ina T1 - Using Environmental Simulations to Test the Release of Hazardous Substances from Polymer-Based Products: Are Realism and Pragmatism Mutually Exclusive Objectives? N2 - The potential release of hazardous substances from polymer-based products is currently in the focus of environmental policy. Environmental simulations are applied to expose such products to selected aging conditions and to investigate release processes. Commonly applied aging exposure types such as solar and UV radiation in combination with water contact, corrosive gases, and soil contact as well as expected general effects on polymers and additional ingredients of polymer-based products are described. The release of substances is based on mass-transfer processes to the material surfaces. Experimental approaches to investigate transport processes that are caused by water contact are presented. For tailoring the tests, relevant aging exposure types and release quantification methods must be combined appropriately. Several studies on the release of hazardous substances such as metals, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, flame retardants, antioxidants, and carbon nanotubes from polymers are summarized exemplarily. Differences between natural and artificial exposure tests are discussed and demonstrated for the release of flame retardants from several polymers and for biocides from paints. Requirements and limitations to apply results from short-term artificial environmental exposure tests to predict long-term environmental behavior of polymers are presented. KW - Environmental simulations KW - Polymer-based products KW - Artificial weathering KW - Degradation KW - Leaching KW - Soil contact PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509310 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13122709 SN - 1996-1944 VL - 13 IS - 12 SP - Paper 2709, 22 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Switzerland AN - OPUS4-50931 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Abis, M. A1 - Bruno, M. A1 - Kuchta, K. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Grönholm, R. A1 - Hoppe, M. A1 - Fiore, S. T1 - Assessment of the Synergy between Recycling and Thermal Treatments in Municipal Solid Waste Management in Europe N2 - In 2018, the production of Municipal SolidWaste (MSW) in EU-28 reached 250.6 Mt, with the adoption of different management strategies, involving recycling (48 wt %), incineration and thermal valorization (29 wt %) and landfilling (23 wt %). This work was based on the analysis of the baseline situation of MSW management in EU-28 in 2018, considering its progress in 2008–2018, and discussed the possible improvement perspectives based on a framework involving incineration and recycling as the only possible alternatives, specifically evaluating the capability of already-existing incineration plants to fulfill the EU needs in the proposed framework. The results of the assessment showed two main crucial issues that could play a pivotal role in the achievement of Circular Economy action plan targets: the need to increase the recycling quotas for specific MSW fractions through the separate collection, and therefore the improvement of definite treatment process chains; the optimization of the recovery of secondary raw materials from incineration bottom ash, involving the Recycling of ferrous and nonferrous metals and the mineral fraction. Both issues need to find an extensive application across all member states to decrease the actual differences in the adoption of sustainable MSW management options. KW - Bottom ash KW - Circular economy KW - Waste treatment KW - Recycling PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-520285 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/en13236412 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 13 IS - 23 SP - 6412 EP - 6412 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-52028 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Potential use of incineration bottom ash in construction – Evaluation of the environmental impact N2 - Knowledge of the long-term leaching behavior of potentially harmful substances is crucial for the assessment of the environmental compatibility of reusing municipal solid-waste incineration bottom ash (MSWI BA) in construction, i.e., as a road base layer. BA fractions obtained from wet-processing aiming at the improvement of environmental quality were used to investigate the mobility of relevant substances. Eluates from laboratory-scaled leaching procedures (column percolation and lysimeters) were analyzed to learn about the long-term release of substances. Unsaturated conditions and artificial rainwater (AR) were used in the lysimeter tests to simulate field conditions. In addition, batch test eluates were generated at usual liquid-to-solid ratios (L/S) for compliance testing purposes. A variety of cations and anions was measured in the eluates. The wet treatment reduces the leaching of chloride and particularly sulfate by more than 60%. The release of typical contaminants for the treated MSWI BA such as the heavy metals Cu and Cr was well below 1% in the conducted leaching tests. An increase in the Sb concentration observed in the lysimeter experiments starting at L/S 0.75 L/kg and in the column experiment at L/S 4 L/kg is assumed to be related to decreasing concentrations of Ca and thus to the dissolution of sparingly soluble calcium antimonate. The same leaching mechanism applies with V, but the concentration levels observed are less critical regarding relevant limit values. However, on the long term the behavior of Sb could be problematic for the application of MSWI BA in construction. KW - MSWI bottom ash KW - Leaching KW - Batch tests KW - Lysimeter KW - Antimony PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-508421 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-020-01086-2 SN - 1877-2641 VL - 11 IS - 12 SP - 7055 EP - 7065 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-50842 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kempf, A. A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai T1 - Einfluss der Porosität auf die Duktilitätseigenschaften von additiv gefertigtem AlSi10Mg N2 - Die Werkstoffeigenschaften im selektiven Laserstrahlschmelz-Verfahren hergestellter Bauteile werden von einer Vielzahl technologischer Parameter beeinflusst, sodass sich die Fertigungsgüte verschiedener Anlagen voneinander unterscheiden kann. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit untersucht, inwiefern sich durch verschiedene nachgelagerte Wärmebehandlungen die Mikrostruktur und die quasistatischen Festigkeitseigenschaften von Proben aus der Aluminiumlegierung AlSi10Mg, die mit verschiedenen Anlagen, Pulvern, Belichtungsstrategien und Prozessparametern gefertigt wurden, harmonisieren lassen. Die Versuche zeigten u.a., dass die erheblichen Festigkeitsunterschiede im Ausgangszustand unabhängig von der angewendeten Wärmebehandlungsroute aufgehoben wurden. Dennoch wurden signifikante Unterschiede in der Duktilität ermittelt. Anhand umfangreicher Bruchflächenanalysen konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die in der Bruchfläche ermittelte Porosität eine lineare Korrelation zu der Bruchdehnung aufwies. T2 - 5. Tagung des Arbeitskreises Additiv gefertigte Bauteile und Strukturen CY - Online Meeting DA - 04.11.2020 KW - Wärmebehandlung KW - Additive Fertigung KW - Laser powder bed fusion KW - AlSi10Mg KW - Ringversuch PY - 2020 SN - 2509-8772 VL - 405 SP - 93 EP - 104 AN - OPUS4-51657 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - THES A1 - Jürgens, Maria T1 - Verhalten des hochwarmfesten Stahles P92 unter zyklischen thermo-mechanischen Bedingungen in lastflexiblen Dampfkraftwerken N2 - Die Erzeugung von Erneuerbaren Energien unterliegt starken Schwankungen, die von konventionellen Kraftwerken ausgeglichen werden müssen, um das Stromnetz stabil zu halten. Für die konventionellen Kraftwerke bedeutet dies eine zunehmend zyklische Fahrweise, die zu häufigeren Last- und Temperaturwechseln führt. Von den eingesetzten Werkstoffen fehlen Daten zum Verhalten unter zyklischer Fahrweise. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es daher, für P92, einen als Rohrleitungswerkstoff eingesetzten hochwarmfesten Stahl, zu untersuchen, welche Auswirkungen zyklische Fahrweisen auf die Schädigungsprozesse und Lebensdauern haben. Da durch den zyklischen Betrieb eine verstärkte Schädigung durch Ermüdungsprozesse zu erwarten ist, wurden dehnungskontrollierte isotherme (LCF) und nicht-isotherme (TMF) Ermüdungsversuche mit und ohne Haltezeit bei verschiedenen Temperaturen bzw. Temperaturintervallen durchgeführt. Mit den Haltezeitversuchen soll dabei das Kriech-Ermüdungs-Verhalten untersucht werden. Bei den TMF-Versuchen wurde zusätzlich die Temperaturrate variiert, um näher an den realen Lastwechselgeschwindigkeiten zu prüfen. Schließlich wurden auf Basis der durchgeführten LCF- und TMF-Versuche betriebsnahe Versuchsprozeduren entwickelt, um unterschiedliche Betriebsmodi in einem Versuch abzubilden. Die durchgeführten mechanischen Versuche stellen eine umfangreiche Basis zu Ermüdungsdaten an P92 dar. Neben der Abhängigkeit der Lebensdauer von Temperatur, Temperaturintervall und –rate, sowie Dehnung und Haltezeit, konnte auch das Entfestigungsverhalten genauer charakterisiert werden. Sowohl Haltezeiten als auch das Reduzieren der Temperaturrate können die Lebensdauer erheblich verringern. Dabei kommt es gerade bei vermeintlich kleinen Dehnungen, bei denen die Streckgrenze nur leicht überschritten wird, zu einer Lebensdauerreduzierung. Haltezeiten verstärken zudem die zyklische Entfestigung. Die fraktographische Analyse der Proben hat ergeben, dass es keinen direkten Zusammenhang zwischen der Entfestigung und der Bildung von Nebenrissen gibt. Stattdessen zeigen EBSD- und TEM-Untersuchungen, dass es zur Bildung einer Subkornstruktur kommt und die Entfestigung auf dem Verschwinden von Kleinwinkelkorngrenzen beruht. Während bei den LCF-Proben eine reine Ermüdungsschädigung vorliegt, konnte bei einigen TMF-Proben eine kriechdominierende Schädigung nachgewiesen werden. Die betriebsnahen Zyklen zeigen, dass sich mit den durchgeführten Versuchen das reale Betriebsverhalten gut abschätzen lässt. Da es jedoch auch Parameterkombinationen gibt, bei denen keine Änderung des Entfestigungs- und Lebensdauerverhaltens auftritt, sollte genau bekannt sein, welche Belastungen in einem Bauteil auftreten. KW - P92 KW - LCF KW - TMF KW - Energiewende KW - Kriechermüdung KW - Energy transition KW - Creep-fatigue PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.14279/depositonce-10538 SP - 1 EP - 144 CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-51571 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kulow, Anicó A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana A1 - Reinholz, Uwe A1 - Streli, C. A1 - Radtke, Martin T1 - On the way to full-field X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy imaging with coded apertures N2 - Imaging with X-rays is a challenging field, due to the optical properties of X-rays. The fabrication of appropriate optics is usually expensive and requires an elaborate manufacturing process. One simpler and less expensive possibility of imaging high energy radiation is coded aperture imaging, a technique well established in astrophysics and also used in nuclear medicine or radiation detection, e.g., for nuclear decommissioning. Our aim is to adapt coded aperture imaging for X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy in the nearfield. In this work we show theoretical considerations and preliminary simulations of Image formation through a coded aperture and three different reconstruction methods to prepare the experiments. We used a new mask based on an inverted modified uniformly redundant array (MURA) that could be used for the construction of a decoding mask for all investigated geometrical arrangements. The most commonly used reconstruction method, convoluting the detected image with a Decoding mask, does not always deliver satisfactory results. This is more noticeable for small distances between the object, mask and detector. Hence, we developed two new reconstruction methods, one based on iterative algebraic optimization and another one based on a genetic algorithm. Both show good performance even in those cases where the convolution method fails. This provides a basis for further investigations of the ideal parameters for near field coded aperture imaging and refinements of the algorithms. We performed first measurements with a coded aperture at the BAMline at BESSY II and could successfully reconstruct a test object from the obtained recorded images. KW - X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy KW - Coded aperture KW - Imaging KW - Iterative reconstruction PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ja00232d VL - 35 IS - 2 SP - 347 EP - 356 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge AN - OPUS4-50459 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Radtke, Martin T1 - Von Ägypten bis Hiddensee Analyse von Gold mit Synchrotronstrahlung III N2 - Gold ist eines der sieben schon im Altertum bekannten Metalle und wurde wg. seines Glanzes und seiner Seltenheit von alters her als Tauschmittel und zur Herstellung von Schmuck benutzt. Außerdem ist es einfach bearbeitbar und weitestgehend gegen chemische Einflüsse resistent. Die Untersuchungen von Gold mit synchrotronstrahlungsangeregter Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse sind zerstörungsfrei und geben Auskunft über die in der untersuchten Probe vorhandenen chemischen Elemente. Bei den hier vorgestellten Untersuchungen an der BAMline stehen Fragestellungen wie Herkunft, Herstellungsverfahren und Zusammengehörigkeit von Goldfunden im Vordergrund. Die verschiedenen Fragestellungen werden an einer Reihe von Beispielen erläutert die vom Wikingerschatz aus Hiddensee über die Himmelsscheibe von Nebra bis hin zu Funden aus Ägypten langen. Der Fund von Bernstorf wird ausführlich diskutiert. T2 - Vorlesung FU Berlin Einführung in die Archäometrie CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 06.11.2020 KW - Synchrotron KW - BAMline KW - XRF KW - Gold KW - Archäometrie PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51893 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Fittschen, U. A1 - Lutz, C. A1 - Beuermann, S. A1 - Turek, T. A1 - Kunz, U. A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana A1 - Radtke, Martin T1 - Element Species Determination in Polymer Electrolyte Membranes N2 - Polymer electrolyte membranes (PEM) are polymers which act as separator in an electrochemical cell and allow ionic charge flow to close the circuit. Widely used membranes are perfluorinated sulfonic-acid (PFSA) ionomers (e.g. Nafion™), a class of ion-conducting polymers with remarkable ion conductivity and chemical-mechanical stability. A nanoscopic water system around the sulfonic acid capped side-chains of the otherwise hydrophobic polymer allows the ion transport. Only approx. 14 molecules of water per sulfonic group are present in the fully hydrated state. In vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB) ideally only protons are transported. The weak ion selectivity of Nafion™ is the main cause for the transportation of vanadium, briefly vanadium crossover, in VRFBs a system we have investigated more closely, lately. The consequences of crossover are a concentration imbalance and a self-discharge of the battery, which leads to a decrease of the capacity. The development of efficient energy storage systems is crucial for the transformation towards a renewable energy based economy. The VRFB has a great potential as a commercial electrochemical energy storage system due to properties including, but not limited to, no cross-contamination, a long cycle-life and a theoretically unlimited capacity. VRFB consists of two half-cells, which are linked to electrolyte tanks and separated by a membrane. The membrane plays a major role in overall cell performance. So far, vanadium transportation models, which include diffusion, migration, electroosmotic convection and pressure gradients, are inconsistent. There is no agreement in the literature on the diffusion coefficients of vanadium species (e.g. published diffusion coefficients of V2+ are located between 3.13·10-12 m²s-1 and 9.44·10-12 m²s-1) indicate that thevanadium crossover is not well understood and there is a lack on a more fundamental level. Since the membrane transport is the rate-determining step of the crossover as well as of the proton exchange it is extremely important to understand these phenomena on a fundamental level. This will eventually allow us to design better membranes. Alternative materials need to show equivalent performance compared with Nafion™ and ideally be more selective regarding ion cross-membrane transport.There are several options to approach the chemistry i.e. the interaction of dissolved and bound ions inside the confined water body of ionomeric membranes. Vanadium ions are a versatile model as UV/VIS data can be used to distinguish between the 5 species V2+, V3+, VO2+, VO2+ and V2O33+ of the electrolyte. Infrared spectroscopy has been applied to study the interaction of sulfonic groups and the ions. Molecular dynamic modeling is another approach to study the distribution and distances of ions. We now introduce X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (XANES) to study species and species changes inside Nafion™ and a novel membrane based on poly(1,1-difluoroethylene) (PVDF). We evaluated the methods and investigated the influence of irradiation, temperature and hydration on the measurements. T2 - Denver X-Ray Conference CY - Online meeting DA - 03.08.2020 KW - Batteries KW - BAMline KW - XANES PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51910 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lutz, C. A1 - Beuermann, S. A1 - Turek, T. A1 - Kunz, U. A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana A1 - Radtke, Martin A1 - Fittschen, U. T1 - Investigation on Vanadium Crossover in Nafion ™ and Novel PVDF Based Membranes for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries N2 - Vanadium redoxflow batteries (VRFB)are currently one of the most promising candidates for stationary energys torage.For large scale applications the ion conducting membranes currently in use need to be improved. Ideally,they need to become more cost efficient and selective regarding the vanadium crossover.For a better understanding of the vanadium crossover, the development of reliable analytical methods and procedures, that elucidate uptake and transport of vanadium ions in the membrane, is necessary. First, we present the uptake of V2+,V3+,VO2+, VO2+ and V2O33+ in Nafion™ and in a novel membrane based onpoly(1,1-difluoroethylene)(PVDF). In preliminary discharge/charge experiments the ETFE-based membrane, the precursor of PVDF-based membrane, performed comparable to Nafion™. The methods of choice for speciation are UV/Vis and X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (XANES). According to the results, V2O33+, formed from VO2+ and VO2+, diffuses also into the membrane. In present models, the diffusion of V2O33+ is neglected. In addition,we study whether reactions could take place inside the membranes’ nanoscopic water body using XANES. Exposing Nafion™ from one site with V3+a nd from the other site with VO2+ realized the experiment. The results verified that VO2+ was formed inside the membrane. However,in present models reactions inside the membrane are neglected, too. T2 - Denver X-Ray Conference CY - Online meeting DA - 03.08.2020 KW - Batteries KW - BAMline KW - XANES KW - VRF PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51909 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kulow, Anicó A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana A1 - Reinholz, Uwe A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Hampel, S. A1 - Fittschen, U.E.A. A1 - Streli, C. A1 - Radtke, Martin T1 - Comparison of three reconstruction methods based on deconvolution, iterative algorithm and neural network for X-ray fluorescence imaging with coded apertures N2 - X-ray imaging methods are used in many fields of research, as they allow a non-destructive Investigation of the elemental content of various samples. As for every imaging method, for X-ray imaging the optics are of crucial importance. However, these optics can be very expensive and laborious to build, as the requirements on surface roughness and precision are extremely high. Angles of reflection and refraction are often in the range of a few mrad, making a compact design hard to achieve. In this work we present a possibility to simplify X-ray imaging. We have adapted the coded aperture method, a high energy radiation imaging method that has its origins in astrophysics, to full field X-ray fluorescence imaging. In coded aperture imaging, an object is projected through a known mask, the coded aperture, onto an area sensitive detector. The resulting image consists of overlapping projections of the object and a reconstruction step is necessary to obtain the information from the recorded image. We recorded fluorescence images of different samples with an energy-dispersive 2D detector (pnCCD) and investigated different reconstruction methods. With a small coded aperture with 12 holes we could significantly increase the count rate compared to measurements with a straight polycapillary optic. We show that the reconstruction of two different samples is possible with a deconvolution approach, an iterative algorithm and a neural network. These results demonstrate that X-ray fluorescence imaging with coded apertures has the potential to deliver good results without scanning and with an improved count rate, so that measurement times can be shortened compared to established methods. KW - X-ray fluorescence imaging KW - Coded apertures KW - Imaging KW - Elemental mapping KW - Image reconstruction PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ja00146e VL - 35 IS - 7 SP - 1423 EP - 1434 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - United Kingdom AN - OPUS4-51518 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Radtke, Martin T1 - Artificial intelligence for spectroscopy examples from BAMline N2 - Various applications for artificial intelligence in the context of spectroscopy will be presented. in particular, examples from bamline will be featured. After a short introduction to synchrotron radiation, artificial intelligence algorithms for the quantification of X-ray fluorescence measurement are discussed. In the second example, information retrieval by natural language processing is reviewed. As a last example the reconstruction of measurements with the X-ray color camera and coded apertures is presented. T2 - Seminar Strahlenphysikalische Anwendungen in Technik und Medizin CY - ATi Wien, Austria DA - 22.01.2020 KW - Machine learning KW - Natural language processing KW - Neural networks KW - Synchrotron KW - BAMline PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51891 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Radtke, Martin A1 - Reinholz, Uwe A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana T1 - SRXRF examples from the BAMline N2 - Synchrotron radiation sources with their unique properties in terms of intensity, polarization and adjustability offer a wide range of possibilities in materials research. A basic introduction about the creation and special properties of synchrotron radiation will be given. Examples of current work at BAMline, the high-energy measuring facility of the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing at the synchrotron BESSY, are used to illustrate the possibilities and limitations of existing measuring methods. T2 - Better with Scattering CY - Online meeting DA - 16.03.2020 KW - Synchrotron KW - BAMline KW - XRF PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51895 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Maack, Stefan T1 - Nutzung von ZfP-Daten bei der Nachrechnung von Brücken - Beispiel Regenbrücke Roding N2 - Im Laufe des Lebenszyklus einer Brücke kann es erforderlich sein, diese hinsichtlich der Tragfähigkeit neu zu bewerten. Ursächlich hierfür sind beispielsweise sich ändernde Einwirkungen, wie steigende Verkehrslasten oder auch neuere Erkenntnisse, die beim ursprünglichen Bauwerksentwurf noch nicht berücksichtigt wurden. Die aufgeführten Ursachen treten hierbei meisten nach mehreren Jahrzehnten der Nutzung des Bauwerkes auf. In Deutschland findet eine planmäßige Neubewertung für Brückenbauwerken des Bundes und der Länder auf Basis der im Mai 2011 eingeführten Nachrechnungsrichtline statt. Neben der Neubewertung zur Gewährleistung der Zuverlässigkeit im laufenden Betrieb ist es insbesondere im Rahmen des Abbruches von Bauwerken wichtig Resttragfähigkeiten beurteilen zu können. Die Zuverlässigkeit der Berechnungsergebnisse hängt insbesondere von der Anzahl und von der Qualität der einbezogenen Informationen ab. Durch die Anwendung von zerstörungsfreien Prüfmethoden können quantitative Informationen gesammelt werden, die für die Beurteilung der Tragwerke sowohl relevant als auch ausreichend genau sind. Die gemessenen Daten können explizit in probabilistische Berechnungsmodelle für die Nachrechnung einer Brücke einfließen. Dadurch wird das Modell sukzessive an die Realität angenähert — in anderen Worten: "zugeschärft". Die Zuverlässigkeit der Ergebnisse der Nachrechnung steigt. In diesem Beitrag wird an einem konkreten Beispiel der gegenwärtige Stand von Technik und Forschung für ausgewählte Fragstellungen gezeigt. Im Rahmen der erstellten Abbruchstatik einer vorgespannten Brücke aus Beton wurden Ergebnisse der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung verwendet, um Spanngliedlagen für eine Beprobung zu detektieren. Darüber hinaus wurden die Messergebnisse mit wissenschaftlichen Methoden (Phasenauswertung) ausgewertet, um den Zustand der Verpressung der Spannglieder beurteilen zu können. Weiterhin werden die gewonnenen Messdaten der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung verwendet, um den Nachweis zu erbringen, dass auf deren Grundlage eine zuverlässigere Beurteilung der Tragfähigkeit des Bauwerkes erfolgen kann. Hierfür werden die ersten Ergebnisse der Voruntersuchungen für den Biegenachweis der vorgespannten Brücke präsentiert. T2 - Fachtagung Bauwerksdiagnose 2020 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 13.02.2020 KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung KW - Brückenbauwerke KW - Nachrechnungsrichtlinie KW - Abbruchstatik PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-504471 AN - OPUS4-50447 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kool, L. A1 - Dekker, F. A1 - Bunschoten, A. A1 - Smales, Glen Jacob A1 - Pauw, Brian Richard A1 - Velders, A. H. A1 - Saggiomo, V. T1 - Gold and silver dichroic nanocomposite in the quest for 3D printing the Lycurgus cup N2 - The Lycurgus cup is an ancient glass artefact that shows dichroism as it looks green when a white light is reflected on it and a red colouring appears when a white light is transmitted through it. This peculiar dichroic effect is due to silver and gold nanoparticles present in the glass. In this research we show the synthesis of dichroic silver nanoparticles and their embedding in a 3D printable nanocomposite. The addition of gold nanoparticles to the silver nanoparticle composite, gave a 3D printable nanocomposite with the same dichroism effect of the Lycurgus cup. KW - SAXS KW - Au KW - Ag KW - Nanocomposite KW - 3D printing PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-501831 DO - https://doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.11.2 SP - 16 EP - 23 AN - OPUS4-50183 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schneider, Ronald A1 - Herrmann, Ralf A1 - Simon, Patrick A1 - Hille, Falk A1 - Said, Samir A1 - Baeßler, Matthias T1 - Sensorbasiertes Monitoring der Maintalbrücke Gemünden N2 - Monitoringsysteme erfassen kontinuierlich Bauwerksdaten wie z.B. Bauwerksbeschleunigungen, auf deren Grundlage Bauwerksschäden mit Hilfe von SHM-Methoden quantifiziert werden können. Mit den gewonnenen Informationen über den aktuellen Bauwerkszustand können Vorhersagen des Bauwerkszustandes und der Bauwerkszuverlässigkeit aktualisiert und erforderliche Inspektionen und Instandhaltungsmaßnahmen vorausschauend geplant werden. Im BMBF-Forschungsvorhaben AISTEC entwickeln der Fachbereich 7.2 „Ingenieurbau“ innovative Monitoringverfahren zur Systemidentifikation und automatischen Detektion, Lokalisierung und Quantifizierung von Schäden an Infrastrukturbauwerken anhand von gemessenen dynamischen und statischen Bauwerksdaten. Im Rahmen dieses Projektes werden die Verfahren an der Maintalbrücke bei Gemünden angewendet, welche Teil der ICE-Strecke Hannover-Würzburg ist. In diesem Vortrag wird das für die Maintalbrücke Gemünden geplante und umgesetzte Monitoingsystem vorgestellt. T2 - 4. Verbundtreffen AISTEC CY - Weimar, Germany DA - 24.09.2020 KW - Zivile Sicherheit KW - Brücken KW - Structural Health Monitoring PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51333 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nerger, Deborah A1 - Moosavi, Robabeh A1 - Bracklow, F. A1 - Hering, M. A1 - Kühn, T. A1 - Curbach, M. A1 - Hille, Falk A1 - Rogge, Andreas ED - Papadrakakis, M. ED - Fragiadakis, M. ED - Papadimitriou, C. T1 - Impact damage characterization at RC plates with planar tomography and FEM N2 - Prediction of dynamic effects of reinforced concrete structures under impact loading is a technical challenge. This is a consequence of the great variability of the physical properties resulting from the wide adaptability of reinforced concrete and a consequence of the wide range of impact loading. Experiments and numerical investigations are normally used on a small scale to address the problem. In this paper, impact tests on reinforced conrete plates with the lateral dimensions of 1.5 m x 1.5 m and a thickness of 30 cm are presented. In bending reinforcement, besides the velocity two properties are varied, the diameter and the spatial distribution of the rebars. Experiments are performed at the Otto-Mohr-Laboratory of the Institute of Concrete Structures of the Technische Universit¨at Dresden. Due to the accelerated fall of the impactor the velocity ranges between 20 and 70 m/s. In addition to the measured quantities such as bearing forces, accelerations are also measured at 4 different positions on and under the plate, as well as the deflection at several positions. The measured data are used for the analysis of the damage form and the numerical examinations with the program Ansys Autodyn and the material model after Drucker-Prager. Numerical investigations support the tests, with detailed analysis of individual effects. These numerical computations and the planar tomographic investigations were carried out at BAM in Berlin. With the help of planar tomographic evaluation, the damaged structure is made visible and compared with the numerical results. Influences of the bending reinforcement are explained on the basis of damage evaluation in the local area and on selected measured values. In addition to the test evaluation, the tomographic and numerical methods are presented. T2 - XI International Conference on Structural Dynamics (EURODYN 2020) CY - Online meeting DA - 23.11.2020 KW - Post-impact evaluation KW - Damage characterization KW - Planar tomography KW - Drucker-Prager KW - Ansys Autodyn PY - 2020 SN - 978-618-85072-2-7 VL - 1 SP - 2521 EP - 2543 PB - Institute of Structural Analysis and Antiseismic Research, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Greece CY - Athens, Greece AN - OPUS4-51769 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Review: Biofuels: Alternative Feedstocks and Conversion Processes for the Production of Liquid and Gaseous Biofuels N2 - his fully updated examination of sustainable processes for gaseous and liquid biofuels production, published for the second time within the series “Biomass, Biofuels, Biochemicals”, provides 33 contributions made by 120 authors. They present a holistic view of biofuels in research, operation, scale‐up and application. Comparing to the first edition, all chapters have been updated and new chapters covering topics of current interest, including sustainability and biohydrogen have been added. By its wide overview on existing technologies, this book provides state‐of‐the‐art information and knowledge to the desired readership, like post‐graduates, researchers in the area of biofuels, wastewater treatment, alternate energy sources, renewable energy from biomass, chemical and biochemical engineers, microbiologists, biotechnologists working in academic and research institutes as well as in industry and governmental agencies. KW - Biofuel PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070074 SN - 1521-4176 SN - 0947-5117 VL - 71 IS - 7 SP - 1230 EP - 1231 PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-50961 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Patrick A1 - Schneider, Ronald A1 - Viefhues, Eva A1 - Said, Samir A1 - Herrmann, Ralf A1 - Baeßler, Matthias ED - Papadrakis, M. ED - Fragiadakis, M. ED - Papadimitriou, C. T1 - Vibration-based Structural Health Monitoring of a Reinforced Concrete Beam Subjected to Varying Ambient Conditions Using Bayesian Methods N2 - Inspection and maintenance contribute significantly to the lifetime cost of bridges. There is significant potential in using information obtained through structural health monitoring to update predictive models of the condition and performance of such structures, and thus ena-ble an improved decision-making regarding inspection and maintenance activities. Within the AISTEC project funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, we develop vibration-based structural health monitoring systems aimed at continuously provid-ing information on the structural condition of bridges. Environmental variations such as changing ambient temperatures can significantly influence the dynamic characteristics of bridges and thus mask the effect of structural changes and damages. It remains a challenge to account for such influences in structural health monitoring. To study the effect of ambient temperatures on the dynamic characteristics of beam structures, we monitor the vibration response of a reinforced concrete beam in the uncracked and cracked state at varying tem-peratures in a climate chamber. We postulate a set of competing parameterized probabilistic structural models, which explicitly account for the effect of varying ambient temperatures on the mechanical properties of the system. We then combine the information provided by the structural models with the information contained in the recorded vibration data to learn the parameters of the temperature-dependent structural models and infer the plausible state of the beam using Bayesian system identification and model class selection. T2 - EURODYN 2020, XI International Conference on Structural Dynamics CY - Online meeting DA - 23.11.2020 KW - Structural health monitoring KW - Bayesian methods KW - Environmental effects PY - 2020 SN - 978-618-85072-2-7 SN - 978-618-85072-0-3 SP - 1254 PB - Institute of Structural Analysis and Antiseismic Research, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) CY - Athens, Greece AN - OPUS4-51590 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Thiele, Marc A1 - Baeßler, Matthias T1 - Fatigue crack detection methods for high-cyclic loaded steel structures and challenges in mechanical testing N2 - For the generation of renewable energy offshore wind farms play an important role. The majority of these wind generators are connected to steel foundation structures. Steady increasing power output of these wind turbines leads to new challenges as well for engineers of the related support structures. Caused by the high-cyclic loading of these structures by wind and waves fatigue plays a very important role. Besides the consideration of fatigue within the design process it is additionally an important topic and challenge to monitor the existing steel structures relating to potential fatigue cracks occurring during their lifetime. This plays a role for a fundamental understanding of mechanisms as investigated in testing but also for inspection in real structures. Since the structures of the offshore wind generators are very large and in addition partially under water effective and reliable methods for fatigue crack detection are required. This contribution will present results of recent investigations on different crack detection methods applied on high-cycle fatigue tests on small welded steel samples as well as on welded steel components. The comparison of these measurements will show what are the advantages and disadvantages of the different methods and which method is potentially more suitable for the application on real offshore wind structures. It is outlined where challenges for detection methods exist. Furthermore, in this context the resulting challenges for the execution of material testing especially caused by the increasing dimensions of wind energy converters will by exemplarily presented. T2 - EERA JP Wind & SETWind Online Annual Event 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 14.09.2020 KW - Fatigue KW - Crack detection KW - Steel structures PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51356 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Seifert, Lando T1 - Review: Steel‐Reinforced Concrete Str‐uctures: Assessment and Repair of Corrosion N2 - In 2019 CRC Press published the "Steel‐Reinforced Concrete Structures" as a paperback. This book does not vary in terms of content from the hardback publication of 2008. But it is first reviewed here in corrosion news. The book provides eight of nine chapters in which the author discusses technical aspects of assessment and repair of steel‐reinforced concrete structures. To sum up, this book is recommended for students and people involved with the assessment and repair of reinforced‐concrete structures, who want to get a quick introduction into the different aspects of the field. Readers also learn much about the economic interactions besides the topic. However, for experienced technicians and corrosion experts, this book may not be exact enough in both the electrochemical description of deterioration processes and the practical aspects of repair and control methods. Despite that, the discussions of the author are scientifically correct. KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070084 SN - 1521-4176 SN - 0947-5117 VL - 71 IS - 8 SP - 1408 EP - 1409 PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-51075 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Baeßler, Matthias A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo A1 - Geißler, Peter T1 - Computational Geomechanics for Offshore Wind N2 - Simulations for the Safety and Efficiency of Foundations in the Offshore Wind Energy Production. T2 - Poster Challenge - EERA JP Wind Online Annual Event 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 14.09.2020 KW - Numerical simulations KW - Marine geomechanics KW - Offshore wind energy PY - 2020 UR - https://www.eerajpwind.eu/events/eera-jp-wind-setwind-annual-event-2020/ AN - OPUS4-51280 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. A1 - Gaft, M. A1 - Nagli, L. A1 - Raichlin, Y. T1 - Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) of BaF2-Tm3+ N2 - Our recent study was focused on the emission from Laser Induced Plasma (LIP) at the delay times of tenths of microseconds after the laser pulse. At these long delays, the spectrum is dominated by the broadband molecular emission and plasma induced luminescence (PIL) produced by a luminescent matrix; only solitary atomic emission lines can be seen. Barium fluoride BaF2 activated by thulium (Tm) is a famous scintillator that presents the promising object for LIP in terms of both the potential for BaF molecular emission and Tm3+ PIL. The detection of molecular and PIL bands presents a new opportunity for analysis of halogens and rare-earth elements, which are the difficult objects for LIBS. In this paper, we show that the UV, Green, Extreme Red, and Infrared molecular bands from BaF and blue luminescence from Tm3+ are present in the LIP emission spectra while the detection of atomic Emission from F I and Tm I was impossible with the same experimental setup. Thus, the detection of molecular emission and PIL can be more sensitive than the traditional detection of Emission from atoms and ions. KW - BaF KW - Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) KW - Rare-Earth elements (Tm3+) KW - Plasma-induced luminescence PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2020.105767 VL - 164 SP - 105767 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-50360 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Huan, Y. A1 - Gojani, Ardian A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. A1 - Wang, X. A1 - Liu, D. A1 - Rong, M. T1 - Dynamics of laser-induced plasma splitting N2 - The dynamics of laser-induced plasma plume splitting is investigated using spatiotemporal plasma imaging and spectrometry in this paper. Plasma plume splitting into fast and slow components is clearly observed using plasma optical emission as time evolves. The spatial resolved plasma spectra are used to investigate the plasma species distribution, which reveals that the charged copper ions, which radiate at wavelength range 485 nm - 504 nm, are merely present in the fast component. In order to further interpret the mechanism, the pressure-dependent and laser energy-dependent plume splitting are analyzed. Based on the results, the charge separation field is proposed to explain this phenomenon. This work can be of importance for such areas as laser induced breakdown spectroscopy, laser-induced ion source formation, pulse laser deposition, film growth, and nanoscale synthesis. KW - Spectroscopy KW - Laser induced plasma KW - Splitting KW - Imaging PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2019.105832 SN - 0143-8166 VL - 124 SP - 1 EP - 5 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-48746 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. A1 - Sennikov, P. A1 - Kornev, R. A1 - Ermakov, A. A1 - Shkrunin, V. T1 - Laser Induced Plasma for Chemical Vapor Deposition: Theory and Experiment N2 - A possibility of deposition from laser-induced plasma (LIP) is investigated in search for an economic and simple method to obtain isotopic compounds from enriched gaseous precursors. A breakdown in mixtures of BCl3 and BCl3 with hydrogen, argon, and methane are studied both theoretically and experimentally. Calculations of expanding plasma of different composition are performed with the use of the fluid dynamic code coupled to the equilibrium chemistry solver. Condensed phases of boron, boron carbide, and graphite are predicted showing maximum concentrations in peripheral zones of the plasma. In experiment LIP is induced in mixtures BCl3, Н2+BCl3, H2+Ar+BCl3, H2+BCl3+CH4, BF3, Н2+BF3, H2+Ar+BF3, and H2+Ar+BF3. The gases are analyzed before, during, and after laser irradiation by optical and mass spectroscopic methods. The composition of reaction products is found to be close to that predicted theoretically. The conversion of precursor gases BCl3 and BF3 into gaseous and condensed products is 100% for BCl3 and 80% for BF3. Solid deposits of up to 30 mg are obtained from all the reaction mixtures. FTIR analysis of BCl3+H2+CH4 deposits points to a presence of condensed boron and boron carbide that are also predicted by the model. Both calculations and preliminary experimental results suggest the chemical vapor deposition by LIP is promising for conversion of gaseous enriched precursors into elemental isotopes and their isotopic compounds. T2 - International Online Meeting on Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (IIOMLIBS) CY - Online meeting DA - 06.07.2020 KW - Chemical vapor deposition KW - Laser induced plasma PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50994 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pauw, Brian Richard A1 - Snow, T. T1 - Everything and the kitchen sink: correcting X-ray data for everything N2 - Recorded at the Better with Scattering workshop 2020, this talk highlights the complete set of data correction steps that we do for the MAUS, and how they can be used elsewhere too. This links well with the talk in this series by Dr. Tim Snow, and also highlights the details of the background subtraction that needs to be done. T2 - Better with Scattering workshop 2020 CY - BAM, Berlin, Germany DA - 16.03.2020 KW - Small angle scattering KW - Data corrections PY - 2020 UR - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hp4qziOxZFk AN - OPUS4-51018 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Galbacs, G. A1 - Keri, A. A1 - Kalomista, I. A1 - Kovacs-Szeles, E. A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. T1 - Deuterium analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using polyatomic species: An experimental study supported by plasma chemistry modeling N2 - based on the use of the signal from hydrogen-containing polyatomic ions formed in the inductively coupled plasma. Prior to analytical experiments, a theoretical study was performed to assess the concentration of polyatomic species present in an equilibrium Ar-O-D-H plasma, as a function of temperature and stoichiometric composition. It was established that the highest sensitivity and linearity measurement of D concentration in a wide range can be achieved by monitoring the ions of D2 and ArD, at masses 4 and 42, respectively. Results of the calculations are in good agreement with the experiments. Signal stability, spectral interferences, as well as the effect of plasma parameters were also assessed. Under optimized conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) was found to be 3 ppm atom fraction for deuterium when measured as ArD (in calcium and potassium free water), or 78 ppm when measured as D2. The achieved LOD values and the 4 to 5 orders of magnitude dynamic range easily allow the measurement of deuterium concentrations at around or above the natural level, up to nearly 100% (or 1 Mio ppm) in a standard quadrupole ICP-MS instrument. An even better performance is expected from the method in high resolution ICP-MS instruments equipped with low dead volume sample introduction systems KW - ICP MS KW - Deuterium KW - Deuterium enriched water PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2020.01.011 VL - 1104 SP - 28 EP - 37 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-50777 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. T1 - Plasma Fundamentals and Diagnostics N2 - This course will provide an introduction to plasma diagnostic techniques. The major focus of the course will be on the discussions of the practical procedures as well as the underlying physical principles for the measurements of plasma fundamental characteristics (e.g., temperatures, thermodynamic properties, and electron number density). Particular emphasis will be placed on inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry, but other analytical plasmas will also be used as examples when appropriate. Selected examples on how one can manipulate the operating conditions of the plasma source, based on the results of plasma diagnostic measurements, to improve its performance used for spectrochemical analysis will also be covered. Topics to be covered include thermal equilibrium, line profiles, temperatures, electron densities, excitation processes, microreactions, pump and probe diagnostics, tomography, temporal and spatial resolution. Basis of plasma computer modeling will be presented. T2 - Winter Plasma Conference CY - Tucson, AZ, USA DA - 10.01.2020 KW - Plasma modeling KW - Thermal equilibrium KW - Plasma processes KW - Electron number density KW - Temperatures KW - Emission line profiles KW - Spatial information PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50324 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. A1 - Sennikov, P. A1 - Kornev, R. A1 - Ermakov, A. A1 - Shkrunin, V. T1 - Laser Induced Dielectric Breakdown for Chemical Vapor Deposition by Hydrogen Reduction of Volatile Boron Halides BCl3 and  BF3 N2 - A possibility of deposition from laser-induced plasma is investigated in search for an economic and simple method for obtaining isotopic compounds from enriched gaseous precursors although no isotopic compounds are used in this the proof-of-principle work. A breakdown in mixtures of BCl3 and BCl3 with hydrogen, argon, and methane are studied both theoretically and experimentally. Equilibrium chemistry calculations show the deposition of boron, boron carbide, and carbon is thermodynamically favorable in BCl3 systems and only carbon in BF3 systems. Dynamic calculation of expanding plasma is performed using fluid dynamics coupled with equilibrium chemistry. Condensed phases of boron, boron carbide, and graphite are predicted with maximum concentrations in peripheral zones of the plasma. In experiment, plasma is induced in mixtures BCl3, H2 + BCl3, H2 + Ar + BCl3, H2 + BCl3 + CH4, BF3, H2 + BF3, H2 + Ar + BF3, and H2 + Ar + BF3. The gases are analyzed before, during, and after laser irradiation by optical and mass spectrometry methods. The results show the composition of reaction products close to that predicted theoretically. The conversion of precursor gases BCl3 and BF3 into gaseous and condensed products is 100% for BCl3 and 80% for BF3. Solid deposits of up to 30 mg are obtained from all reaction mixtures. Due to technical reasons only FTIR characterization of the BCl3 + H2 + CH4 deposit is done. It points to presence of condensed boron and boron carbide predicted by the model. Overall, the calculations and preliminary experimental results imply the chemical vapor deposition with laser induced plasma is promising for conversion of gaseous enriched precursors into elemental isotopes and their isotopic compounds. KW - Boron halides KW - Chemical vapor deposition KW - Laser induced dielectric breakdown, Hydrogen reduction PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11090-020-10096-w VL - 40 IS - 5 SP - 1145 EP - 1162 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-50968 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gottlieb, Cassian A1 - Gojani, Ardian A1 - Völker, Tobias A1 - Günther, Tobias A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. A1 - Wilsch, Gerd A1 - Günster, Jens T1 - Investigation of grain sizes in cement-based materials and their influence on laser-induced plasmas by shadowgraphy and plasma imaging N2 - The effect of particle grain sizes in different cement-based mixtures on the laser-induced plasma evolution is studied using two experimental methods: (i) temporal and spatial evolution of the laser-induced shock wave is investigated using shadowgraphy and two-dimensional plasma imaging, and (ii) temporal and spatial distribution of elements in the plasma is investigated using two-dimensional spectral imaging. This study is motivated by the interest in applying laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for chemical analysis of concrete, and subsequently obtain information related to damage assessment of structures like bridges and parking decks. The distribution of grain sizes is of major interest in civil engineering as for making concrete different aggregate grain sizes defined by a sieving curve (64mm to 0.125 mm) are needed. Aggregates up to a size of 180 μm can be excluded from the data set, therefore only the amount of small aggregates with a grain size below 180 μm must be considered with LIBS. All components of the concrete with a grain size smaller than 0.125mm are related to the flour grain content. Tested samples consisted of dry and hardened cement paste (water-cement ratio w/z=0.5), which served as a reference. Aggregate mixtures were made by adding flour grains (size 40 μm) and silica fume (size 0.1 μm) in different ratios to cement: 10%, 30%, 50% and 60%, all combined to the remaining percentage of dry or hydrated cement. The visualization results show that a dependance in the evolution of the plasma as a function of sample grain size can be detected only in the initial stages of the plasma formation, that is, at the initial 3 μs of the plasma life. Spectral information reveals the elemental distribution of the silicon and calcium in plasma, in both neutral and ionized form. Here also, a significant effect is observed in the first 1 μs of the plasma lifetime. KW - LIBS KW - Cement-based materials KW - Particle size KW - Shadowgraphy KW - Plasma imaging PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2020.105772 VL - 165 SP - 105772 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-50319 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gojani, Ardian A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. T1 - Combined Raman and LIBS using Spatial Heterodyne Spectrometer with High Repetition Rate Laser N2 - Spatial heterodyne spectroscopy is used for Raman and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of six rocks with various mineral content, using high repetition rate diode-pumped solid state lasers. While LIBS data are obtained for all samples, Raman signal was determined only for half of those. This work shows that it is possible to combine LIBS and Raman spectrometry into a single instrument consisting of a DPSS laser for excitation and SHS for spectral recording. For better results and gain from complementary spectrochemical information that the system provides, it is necessary to optimize light collection. T2 - 2020 Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry CY - Tucson, Arizona, USA DA - 13.01.2020 KW - Laser-Induced Background Spectroscopy KW - Spatial heterodyne spectroscopy KW - Raman spectroscopy PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50265 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pauw, Brian Richard T1 - Basics and applications of good SAXS: Quantifying the fine structure of lots of materials N2 - In contrast to the crisp, clear images you can get from electron microscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) patterns are rather featureless. These patterns, however, contain averaged structural information of all of the finest material structures that were illuminated by the X-ray beam. With careful and precise investigation, and supplementary information from complementary techniques, this bulk material structure can be quantified to reveal structural information spanning four or even five decades in size. Additionally, while the data correction and analysis is complex, sample preparation is very straightforward, also allowing for in-situ and operando measurements to be performed without breaking a sweat. In the right hands, then, this technique can be the most powerful tool in your analytical arsenal. T2 - OpTecBB webinar within the scope of the focus area Optical Analytics CY - Online meeting DA - 27.05.2020 KW - Small-angle scattering KW - Introduction KW - Application KW - Saxs KW - Nanomaterials KW - Nanostructure PY - 2020 UR - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mXkYL3dSsTY UR - https://optecbb.de/veranstaltungen/veranstaltung/webinar-basics-and-applications-of-good-saxs-1238/ AN - OPUS4-50879 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Képeš, E. A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. A1 - Pořízka, P. A1 - Kaiser, J. T1 - Tomography of double-pulse laser-induced plasmas in the orthogonal geometry N2 - The temporal evolution of laser-induced plasmas is studied in the orthogonal double-pulse arrangement. Both the pre-ablation mode (an air spark is induced above the sample surface prior to the ablation pulse) and the re-heating mode (additional energy is delivered into the plasma created by the ablation pulse) is considered. The plasmas are investigated in terms of the temporal evolution of their electron density, temperature, and volume. The plasma volumes are determined using a time-resolved tomography technique based on the Radon transformation. The reconstruction is carried out for both white-light and band-pass filtered emissivities. The white-light reconstruction corresponds to the overall size of the plasmas. On the other hand, the band-pass emissivity reconstruction shows the distribution of the atomic sample species (Cu I). Moreover, through spectrally resolved tomographic reconstruction, the spatial homogeneity of the electron density and temperature of the plasmas is also investigated at various horizontal slices of the plasmas. Our results show that the pre-ablation geometry yields a more temporally stable and spatially uniform plasma, which could be beneficial for calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) approaches. On the contrary, the plasma generated in the re-heating geometry exhibits significant variations in electron density and temperature along its vertical axis. Overall, our results shed further light on the mechanisms involved in the LIBS signal enhancement using double-pulse ablation. KW - Laser-induced plasma KW - Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy KW - Double-pulse laserinduced breakdown spectroscopy KW - Plasma tomography KW - Radon reconstruction PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2020.06.078 SN - 0003-2670 SN - 0378-4304 VL - 1135 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-51142 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pauw, Brian Richard T1 - The dark side of science N2 - This talk explores the various ways in which bad science can proliferate in the current academic environment, and what can be done to recognize and (maybe) correct it. T2 - Better with Scattering workshop 2020 CY - BAM, Berlin, Germany DA - 16.03.2020 KW - Scientific rigor KW - Academic fraud KW - Academic metrics PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51017 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pauw, Brian Richard T1 - A brief history of scattering N2 - Recorded on the first day of the Better with Scattering workshop. In this video, I explore some of the highlights of the development of small-angle X-ray scattering over its long history. I discuss developments on the technical side, analytical methods, detectors, data quality and data management. T2 - Better with Scattering workshop 2020 CY - BAM, Berlin, Germany DA - 16.03.2020 KW - Small angle scattering KW - History PY - 2020 UR - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mFH6P4tZbyM AN - OPUS4-51015 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pauw, Brian Richard A1 - Smales, Glen Jacob T1 - More of the same, please! Standardizing a perfectionist X-ray Scattering methodology for labs and synchrotrons N2 - After a colleague sent me a more useful measurement from a laboratory instrument than what I could get from the beamline, I knew it was time to reassess my life's choices. Over the course of several subsequent post-doc and permanent positions around lab instruments, I managed to refine a flexible, comprehensive methodology for data collection, correction and analysis which can be applied to many X-ray scattering investigations at the lab and at the synchrotron. With the help of friends at round places, this methodology was implemented and put into production, and has been delivering high-quality data since then. Now, we have almost all possible data corrections (for X-ray scattering) implemented, and are improving the hardware to deliver higher-quality metadata to enable the corrections to be performed to a higher accuracy. Simultaneously, we have set up a mini-large facility at BAM with the MAUS, the Multi-scale Analyzer for Ultrafine Structures. The MAUS combines the freedom of a laboratory instrument, with the spectrum of users of a beamline: besides measuring our own samples, and performing our own machine and methodology developments, we have opened this instrument for collaboration with fellow scientists from within BAM and from external institutes and universities. Here, we provide a comprehensive support for these collaborations, guiding the user from concept to sample selection, to interpretation and analysis. In 2019, we have supported over 30 different projects this way, leading to seven co-authored publications involving the MAUS in that year alone. As the MAUS uses the latest iteration of our comprehensive measurement methodology, the data quality is unmatched by any other lab instrument, and fully traceable to boot. The freedom of the laboratory allows for more proof-of-principle experimentation than what is possible at the synchrotron. Therefore, the MAUS provides a good first (and sometimes final) step towards many experimental materials science investigations, nicely complementing the capabilities of the synchrotron. If and when more flux is needed, the step to the synchrotron is now smaller than ever, in particular with the same method T2 - Symposium on large scale facilities CY - BAM, Berlin, Germany DA - 09.03.2020 KW - Small angle scattering KW - Methodology KW - X-ray scattering PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51014 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pauw, Brian Richard A1 - Breßler, Ingo T1 - McSAS for SAS analysis: Usage, Benefits and Potential Pitfalls N2 - This talk introduces McSAS, code for analysis of scattering patterns to extract particle size distributions. It highlights how it works, how it should be used, and when it may (not) be applied T2 - Better with Scattering workshop 2020 CY - BAM, Berlin, Germany DA - 16.03.2020 KW - Small angle scattering KW - Software KW - Analysis PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51019 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pauw, Brian Richard T1 - X-ray generation N2 - This talk was recorded during the 2020 Better with Scattering workshop held at BAM in Berlin. This educational talk explains the various ways in which X-rays can be generated in the lab as well as at the synchrotron, with benefits and drawbacks for all. T2 - Better with Scattering workshop 2020 CY - BAM, Berlin, Germany DA - 16.03.2020 KW - Small angle scattering KW - X-ray instrumentation KW - X-ray generation PY - 2020 UR - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hze3PvcK7es AN - OPUS4-51016 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pauw, Brian Richard A1 - Smales, Glen Jacob A1 - Breßler, Ingo T1 - The SPONGE N2 - This software tool is intended to calculate X-ray scattering patterns from 3D objects described by an STL file. The fundamentals and use example(s) are shown. T2 - Better with Scattering workshop 2020 CY - BAM, Berlin, Germany DA - 16.03.2020 KW - Small angle scattering KW - Software KW - Simulation PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51020 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sennikov, P. A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. A1 - Kornev, R. A1 - Nazarov, V. A1 - Polyakov, V. A1 - Shkrunin, V. T1 - Hydrogen Reduction of MoF6 and Molybdenum Carbide Formation in RF Inductively Coupled Low‑Pressure Discharge: Experiment and Equilibrium Thermodynamics Consideration N2 - The physical plasma parameters, temperature and electron number density, are studied in the RF-IC (RF inductively coupled) discharge at a reduced pressure of 3 Torr in mixtures of MoF6 with Ar, H2 and CH4. The emission spectra of mixtures are investigated. It is shown that in the presence of argon, the concentration of free electrons in plasma and dissociation rate of MoF6 increase. A main role of molecular hydrogen is the generation of atomic hydrogen that binds atomic fuorine and leads to the formation of gaseous and solid products. Exhaust gas mixtures exiting the reactor are analyzed by mass spectrometry. It is shown that for all cases, the conversion of MoF6 into reaction products is close to 100%. A thermodynamic analysis of the equilibrium composition of MoF6 systems with Ar, H2 and CH4 was carried out and the obtained results are in good agreement with experimentally observed composition of the solid and gas phases. Analysis of solid deposits from mixture MoF6/H2/Ar revealed the presence of molybdenum powder and large amount of amorphous MoFx. The deposit obtained from mixtures with methane, MoF6/H2/Ar/CH4, contained crystalline molybdenum carbide, Mo3C2. KW - Molybdenum carbide KW - RF ICP discharge KW - Reduction of MoF6 KW - Thermodynamic KW - Molybdenum PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11090-020-10138-3 SN - 0272-4324 VL - 41 IS - 2 SP - 673 EP - 690 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-51569 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. A1 - Sennikov, P. A1 - Kornev, R. A1 - Ermakov, A. A1 - Shkrunin, V. A1 - Polyakov, V. T1 - Laser induced dielectric breakdown for synthesis of chlorofluorosilanes N2 - Tetrafluorosilane (SF4) and tetrachlorosilane (SiCl4) plasmas have been widely used as a source of either F or Cl for etching silicon or as a source of silicon for deposition of Si-based materials. Using different combinations of F and Cl in molecules of chlorofluorosilane SiFxCly adds additional flexibility in realization of these processes. Direct synthesis of SiFxCl4-x (x=1, 2, 3) from SiF4 and SiCl4 is thermodynamically forbidden under standard conditions. This restriction is removed in low-temperature plasmas studied in this work: a laser induced dielectric breakdown (LIDB) plasma and steady-state inductively-coupled plasma (ICP). The plasmas differ in many respects including energy content, temperature, and electron density that lead to different ionization/excitation states of plasma species, which are observed from plasma optical emission spectra. IR spectroscopy and mass-spectrometry confirm the formation of three chlorofluorosilanes, SiF3Cl, SiF2Cl2, and SiFCl3 that constitute ~60% in products of LIDB plasma and split 50/50 between SiF3Cl, SiFCl3 and SiF2Cl2. Experimental observations are verified by equilibrium static calculations via the minimization of Gibbs free energy and by dynamic calculations via the chemical-hydrodynamic plasma model of a spherically expanding plasma plume. The both types of calculations qualitatively agree with the results of spectroscopic analysis and reproduce dominant presence of SiF2Cl2 as the temperature of the gas approaches the room temperature. KW - Chemical-hydrodynamic modeling KW - Chlorofluorosilanes KW - Laser induced dielectric breakdown KW - Inductively coupled plasma KW - Equilibrium chemical modeling PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluchem.2020.109692 VL - 241 SP - 109692 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-51646 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Qiu, Yan A1 - Yu, H. A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. A1 - Li, J. A1 - Wu, Q. A1 - Zhang, Z. A1 - Li, X. T1 - Measurement of trace chromium on structural steel surface from a nuclear power plant using dual-pulse fiber-optic laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy N2 - Remote and on-line measurement of chromium on structural steel surface in nuclear power plants is critical for protection against fluid accelerated corrosion. To improve the insufficient sensitivity of fiber-optic laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy toward trace element detection, a dual-pulse spectral enhancement system is set up. In an iron matrix, for the purpose of improving sensitivity of trace chromium analysis and reducing the self-absorption of iron, the effects of key parameters are investigated. The optimal values of the parameters are found to be: 450 ns inter-pulse delay, 700 ns gate delay, 30 mJ/6 mJ pulse energy ratio, and 19.8 mm lens-to-sample distance (corresponding to a 799 μm laser focused spot size). Compared to the single-pulse system, the shot number of dual-pulse ablation is limited for reducing surface damage. After the optimization of the dual-pulse system, the signal-to-noise ratio of the trace chromium emission line has been improved by 3.5 times in comparison with the single-pulse system, and the self-absorption coefficient of matrix iron has been significantly reduced with self-reversal eliminated. The number of detectable lines for trace elements has more than doubled thus increasing the input for spectral calibration without significantly increasing the ablation mass. Three calibration methods including internal standardization, partial least squares regression and random forest regression are employed to determine the chromium and manganese concentrations in standard samples of low alloy steel, and the limit of detection is respectively calculated as 36 and 515 ppm. The leave-one-out cross validation method is utilized to evaluate the accuracy of chromium quantification, and the concentration mapping of chromium is performed on the surface of a steel sample (16MND5) with a relative error of 0.02 wt.% KW - Fiber-optic laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (FO-LIBS) KW - Dual-pulse KW - Parameter optimization KW - Spectral enhancement KW - Self-absorption coefficient KW - Concentration mapping PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.147497 SN - 0169-4332 VL - 533 IS - 147497 SP - 1 EP - 29 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-51143 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pauw, Brian Richard T1 - The Dark Side of Science N2 - An overview of the dark side of science: what it is, how it occurs, and what you can do to understand it and fight for the light side. T2 - First training event of the ITN-Project GW4SHM CY - Online meeting DA - 23.11.2020 KW - Scientific rigor KW - Scientific misconduct KW - Data manipulation KW - Image manipulation PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51830 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Straße, Anne A1 - Scheuschner, Nils A1 - Altenburg, Simon A1 - Pignatelli, Giuseppe A1 - Baensch, Franziska A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. A1 - Meierhofer, Christiane A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - In-situ Prozessüberwachung beim Laser-Pulver-Auftragschweißen (LPA) mittels Thermographie, optischer Emissionsspektroskopie (OES) und Schallemission (AE) N2 - In diesem Vortrag wird ein Überblick über die in-situ Messverfahren gegeben, die im Rahmen des Projektes ProMoAM an der LPA- Anlage eingesetzt wurden. Im Speziellen sind das die Thermographie, die optische Emissionsspektroskopie (OES) und die Akustische Emission (AE). T2 - 41. Assistentenseminar der WGF e.V. CY - Online meeting DA - 02.09.2020 KW - Schallemission KW - Laser-Pulver-Auftragschweißen KW - Thermographie KW - Optische Emissionsspektroskopie PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51273 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gojani, Ardian A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. T1 - Räumlich aufgelöste Heterodyne-Spektroskopie N2 - Die räumlich aufgelöste Heterodyn-Spektroskopie (SHS) kombiniert dispersive und interferometrische Techniken zur Gewinnung spektroskopischer Informationen und kann in einem anpassbaren Instrument realisiert werden. SHS wird für die chemische Analyse von verschiedenen Materialien mit Hilfe der Laser-induzierten Plasmaspektroskopie (LIBS) und der Raman-Spektroskopie eingesetzt. KW - Raman spectroscopy KW - Spatial heterodyne spectroscopy KW - Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy PY - 2020 UR - https://analyticalscience.wiley.com/do/10.1002/was.00080118/full VL - 5 SP - 2 EP - 4 PB - Wiley CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-51397 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Smales, Glen Jacob A1 - Pauw, Brian Richard T1 - Introduction to SAXS N2 - A simplified introductions to small-angle scattering (SAXS), to put across the main concepts and not get bogged down in equations. T2 - Better with Scattering workshop 2020 CY - BAM, Berlin, Germany DA - 16.03.2020 KW - SAXS KW - WAXS KW - MOFs KW - Data analysis KW - Nano PY - 2020 UR - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_YY9XtQfANk AN - OPUS4-51021 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Pauw, Brian Richard A1 - Smales, Glen Jacob T1 - Complete set of raw and processed datasets, as well as associated Jupyter notebooks for analysis, associated with manuscript entitled: "The MOUSE project: a practical approach for obtaining traceable, wide-range X-ray scattering information" N2 - This dataset is a complete set of raw, processed and analyzed data, complete with Jupiter notebooks, associated with the manuscript mentioned in the title. In the manuscript, we provide a "systems architecture"-like overview and detailed discussions of the methodological and instrumental components that, together, comprise the "MOUSE" project (Methodology Optimization for Ultrafine Structure Exploration). Through this project, we aim to provide a comprehensive methodology for obtaining the highest quality X-ray scattering information (at small and wide angles) from measurements on materials science samples. KW - X-ray scattering KW - Measurement methodology KW - Traceability derivation KW - Multi-scale measurements KW - Systems architecture KW - Nanomaterials PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4312953 PB - Zenodo CY - Geneva AN - OPUS4-51825 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pignatelli, Giuseppe A1 - Strasse, Anne A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. A1 - Altenburg, Simon A1 - Scheuschner, Nils T1 - Optical emission spectroscopy as monitoring tool for ded N2 - This presentstion explains how optical emission spectroscopy can be exploited to on line monitor a DED printing production. This technique is tested printing on a substrate with artificial defects. T2 - 1st Workshop on In-situ Monitoring and Microstructure Development in Additive Manufacturing CY - Online meeting DA - 10.12.2020 KW - Monitoring KW - Spectroscopy KW - Analytical chemistry KW - Additive manufacturing PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51877 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gaft, M. A1 - Nagli, L. A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. A1 - Raichlin, Y. T1 - Review on recent advances in analytical applications of molecular emission and modelling N2 - The review mainly deals with two topics that became important in applications of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) in recent years: the emission of halogen- and rare-earth-containing molecules and selective excitation of molecules by molecular laser-induced fluorescence (MLIF). The first topic is related to the emission of alkaline-earth diatomic halides MX, M = Ca, Mg, Ba, Sr and X = F, Cl, Br, and I and rare-earth element (REE) oxides LaO, YO, and ScO. These molecules form in laser-induced plasma (LIP) soon after its ignition and persist for a long time, emitting broad bands in a visible part of the spectrum. They are best detected after relatively long delay times when emission from interfering plasma species (atoms and ions) has already been quenched. Such behavior of molecular spectra allows of using, for their detection, inexpensive CCD detectors equipped with simple electronic or mechanical shutters and low-resolution spectrometers. A main target for analysis by molecular spectroscopy is halogens; these elements are difficult to detect by atomic spectroscopy because their most intense atomic lines lie in the vacuum UV. Therefore, in many situations, emission from CaF and CaCl may provide a substantially more sensitive detection of F and Cl than emission from elemental F and Cl and their ions. This proved to be important in mining and concrete industries and even Mars exploration. A similar situation is observed for REEs; their detection by atomic spectroscopy sometimes fails even despite the abundance of atomic and ionic REEs' lines in the UV-VIS. For example, in minerals and rocks with low concentrations of REEs, emission from major and minor mineral elements hinders the weak emission from REEs. Many REEs do not form molecules that show strong emission bands in LIP but can still be detected with the aid of LIP. All REEs except La, Y, and Sc exhibit long-lived luminescence in solid matrices that is easily excited by LIP. The luminescence can be detected simultaneously with molecular emission of species in LIP within the same time and spectral window. The second topic is related to the combination of MLIF and LIBS, which is a technique that was proved to be efficient for analysis of isotopic molecules in LIP. For example, the characteristic spectral signals from isotopic molecules containing 10B and 11B are easier to detect with MLIF-LIBS than with laser ablation molecular isotopic spectrometry (LAMIS) because MLIF provides strong resonance excitation of only targeted isotopes. The technique is also very efficient in detection of halogen molecules although it requires an additional tunable laser that makes the experimental setup bulky and more expensive. KW - Plasma induced luminescence KW - Molecular emission KW - Laser induced plasma KW - Plasma modeling KW - Molecular analysis KW - LIBS PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2020.105989 VL - 173 SP - 105989 PB - Elsevier B. V. AN - OPUS4-51420 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nerger, Deborah A1 - Hille, Falk A1 - Moosavi, Robabeh A1 - Grunwald, Marcel A1 - Redmer, Bernhard A1 - Kühn, T. A1 - Hering, M. A1 - Bracklow, F. T1 - Post-impact evaluation at RC plates with planar tomography and FEM N2 - Due to the wide range of applications, the easy production and the large field of use, reinforced concrete (RC) is a widespread building material. This variety of applications is reflected in a wide range of physical material properties. Not only therefor it still is a technical challenge to provide all necessary test conditions for experimentally reproducing dynamic effects under impact loading of RC structures. In this paper we present investigations on the thicknesses of RC plates under low and medium high velocity impact loading by a flat-tipped impactor. The planar tomography setup at BAM is used to visualize the impact damage and to characterize the damage features such as cracks, scabbing and spalling. Further, the comparison of tomography results with those of an applied numeric simulation analysis is used to verify the numeric models for future damage prognosis under impact loading. Using the results of both, the tomographic as well as the FE analysis, different damage features were investigated and compared regarding their validity. Crack damage plays a leading part and the significance of summarized crack values as well as their distribution is analyzed. The total damage value but also the determined damage distribution both provide an input for describing damage as a function of the impactor velocity and plate thickness. KW - Reinforced concrete structure KW - Post-impact evaluation KW - Damage characterization KW - Ansys Autodyn KW - Drucker-Prager KW - Planar tomography PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.05.671 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-51115 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Herrmann, Ralf A1 - Hille, Falk A1 - Said, Samir A1 - Sterthaus, Jens A1 - Müller, Karsten A1 - Quercetti, Thomas A1 - Wille, Frank A1 - Paffenholz, J.-A. A1 - Baeßler, Matthias ED - Papadrakakis, M. ED - Fragiadakis, M. ED - Papadimitriou, C. T1 - Implementing a Structural Health Monitoring system using digital models of the BAM large drop test facility in Horstwalde N2 - At the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) full scale specimens for nuclear transport and storage containers (casks) are tested for their structural integrity in a series of drop tests on the Test Site Technical Safety in Horstwalde, 50 km south of Berlin. These drop tests cause a major stress not only on the casks, but also on the steel tower structure of the test facility, itself. The load pattern makes the structure very interesting for detailed investigation. The focus of the monitoring lies on the bolted joints of the flange connections that are a typical connection for cylindrical elements if welding is technical or economical unfavorable. The definition of the monitoring takes was done by investigating the existing documents and inspection results accompanied by building an initial digital representation of the structure, consisting of two finite element (FE) models and a geometrical 3D point cloud representation. As a first step the structures behavior during static and dynamic loading was analyzed using measurement data and an updated numerical FE Model. The idea behind is to use models for a digital planning and operation/evaluation of the structural health monitoring. A static FE simulation and a dynamic FE simulation are generated, to investigate how the structure behaves under the load conditions. T2 - XI International Conference on Structural Dynamics (EuroDyn 2020) CY - Online meeting DA - 23.11.2020 KW - Structural Health Monitoring KW - Drop Tests KW - System Identification KW - Digital Models KW - BIM PY - 2020 UR - https://generalconferencefiles.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/eurodyn_2020_ebook_procedings_vol1.pdf SN - 978-618-85072-0-3 VL - 1 SP - 1293 EP - 1304 PB - Institute of Structural Analysis and Antiseismic Research CY - Athen AN - OPUS4-51592 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Seifert, Lando T1 - Review: Concrete Repair to EN 1504: Diagnosis, Design, Principles and Practice N2 - In 2019 CRC Press published the “Concrete Repair to EN 1504” as paperback. This issue does not differ in terms of content from the hardback publication of 2014. Like the previous version, the book covers both detailed background information on repair procedures of reinforced concrete structures and provides a reference work for technicians and people who are involved with the maintenance of these structures, according to EN 1504. The book presents a high number of figures and tables, i.e., approximately one illustration per page. For readers who prefer a more comfortable to handle paperback, the book is recommended; however, the hardback from 2014 is still up‐to‐date. KW - Corrosion KW - Concrete KW - Bridge PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070064 SN - 1521-4176 SN - 0947-5117 VL - 71 IS - 6 SP - 1036 PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-50838 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - INPR A1 - Ahmadi, Samim A1 - Lecompagnon, Julien A1 - Hirsch, Philipp Daniel A1 - Burgholzer, P. A1 - Jung, P. A1 - Caire, G. T1 - Laser excited super resolution thermal imaging for nondestructive inspection of internal defects N2 - A photothermal super resolution technique is proposed for an improved inspection of internal defects. To evaluate the potential of the laser-based thermographic technique, an additively manufactured stainless steel specimen with closely spaced internal cavities is used. Four different experimental configurations in transmission, reflection, stepwise and continuous scanning are investigated. The applied image post-processing method is based on compressed sensing and makes use of the block sparsity from multiple measurement events. This concerted approach of experimental measurement strategy and numerical optimization enables the resolution of internal defects and outperforms conventional thermographic inspection techniques. KW - Super resolution KW - Photothermal KW - Imaging KW - Compressed sensing KW - Internal defects KW - Nondestructive testing PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-518866 DO - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2007.03341 SN - 2331-8422 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Cornell University CY - Ithaca, NY AN - OPUS4-51886 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ahmadi, Samim A1 - Burgholzer, P. A1 - Jung, P. A1 - Caire, G. A1 - Ziegler, Mathias T1 - Super resolution laser line scanning thermography N2 - In this paper we propose super resolution measurement and post-processing strategies that can be applied in thermography using laser line scanning. The implementation of these techniques facilitates the separation of two closely spaced defects and avoids the expected deterioration of spatial resolution due to heat diffusion. The experimental studies were performed using a high-power laser as heat source in combination with pulsed thermography measurements (step scanning) or with continuous heating measurements (continuous scanning). Our work shows that laser line step scanning as well as continuous scanning both can be used within our developed super resolution (SR) techniques. Our SR techniques make use of a compressed sensing based algorithm in post- processing, the so-called iterative joint sparsity (IJOSP) approach. The IJOSP method benefits from both - the sparse nature of defects in space as well as from the similarity of each measurement. In addition, we show further methods to improve the reconstruction quality e.g. by simple manipulations in thermal image processing such as by considering the effect of the scanning motion or by using different optimization algorithms within the IJOSP approach. These super resolution image processing methods are discussed so that the advantages and disadvantages of each method can be extracted. Our contribution thus provides new approaches for the implementation of super resolution techniques in laser line scanning thermography and informs about which experimental and post-processing parameters should be chosen to better separate two closely spaced defects. KW - Super resolution KW - Laser thermography KW - Compressed sensing KW - Laser scanning KW - Joint sparsity PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509796 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2020.106279 SN - 0143-8166 VL - 134 SP - 106279 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50979 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - INPR A1 - Ahmadi, Samim A1 - Hauffen, Jan Christian A1 - Kästner, L. A1 - Jung, P. A1 - Caire, G. A1 - Ziegler, Mathias T1 - Learned block iterative shrinkage thresholding algorithm for photothermal super resolution imaging N2 - Block-sparse regularization is already well-known in active thermal imaging and is used for multiple measurement based inverse problems. The main bottleneck of this method is the choice of regularization parameters which differs for each experiment. To avoid time-consuming manually selected regularization parameters, we propose a learned block-sparse optimization approach using an iterative algorithm unfolded into a deep neural network. More precisely, we show the benefits of using a learned block iterative shrinkage thresholding algorithm that is able to learn the choice of regularization parameters. In addition, this algorithm enables the determination of a suitable weight matrix to solve the underlying inverse problem. Therefore, in this paper we present the algorithm and compare it with state of the art block iterative shrinkage thresholding using synthetically generated test data and experimental test data from active thermography for defect reconstruction. Our results show that the use of the learned block-sparse optimization approach provides smaller normalized mean square errors for a small fixed number of iterations than without learning. Thus, this new approach allows to improve the convergence speed and only needs a few iterations to generate accurate defect reconstruction in photothermal super resolution imaging. KW - Iterative shrinkage thresholding algorithm KW - Neural network KW - Deep learning KW - Active thermography KW - Photothermal super resolution PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-525364 DO - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2012.03547 SN - 2331-8422 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Cornell University CY - Ithaca, NY AN - OPUS4-52536 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ahmadi, Samim A1 - Lecompagnon, Julien A1 - Hirsch, Philipp Daniel A1 - Burgholzer, P. A1 - Jung, P. A1 - Caire, G. A1 - Ziegler, Mathias T1 - Laser excited super resolution thermal imaging for nondestructive inspection of internal defects N2 - A photothermal super resolution technique is proposed for an improved inspection of internal defects. To evaluate the potential of the laser-based thermographic technique, an additively manufactured stainless steel specimen with closely spaced internal cavities is used. Four different experimental configurations in transmission, reflection, stepwise and continuous scanning are investigated. The applied image post-processing method is based on compressed sensing and makes use of the block sparsity from multiple measurement events. This concerted approach of experimental measurement strategy and numerical optimization enables the resolution of internal defects and outperforms conventional thermographic inspection techniques. KW - Super Resolution KW - Laser Thermography KW - Non Destructive Testing KW - Comressed Sensing KW - Inverse Problem KW - Thermography PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-519016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77979-y VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 22357 PB - Springer Nature AN - OPUS4-51901 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ziegler, Mathias A1 - Ahmadi, Samim A1 - Hirsch, Philipp Daniel A1 - Lecompagnon, Julien A1 - Hassenstein, Christian A1 - Thiel, Erik A1 - Pech May, Nelson Wilbur T1 - Using spatial and temporal shaping of laser-induced diffuse thermal wave fields in thermography N2 - The diffuse nature of thermal waves is a fun-damental limitation in thermographic nonde-structive testing. In our studies we investigated different approaches by shaping the thermal wave fields which result from heating. We have used high-power laser sources to heat metallic samples. Using these spatial and temporal shaping techniques leads to a higher detection sensitivity in our measurements with the infra-red camera. In this contribution we show our implementation of shaping laser-induced diffuse thermal wave fields and the effect on the defect reconstruction quality. T2 - SMSI 2020 Conference CY - Online meeting DA - 22.06.2020 KW - Thermal wave KW - Diffusion KW - High-power laser KW - Thermography KW - Spatiotemporal shaping PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.5162/SMSI2020/C5.1 SP - 179 EP - 180 AN - OPUS4-50897 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Thummerer, G. A1 - Mayr, G. A1 - Hirsch, Philipp Daniel A1 - Ziegler, Mathias A1 - Burgholzer, P. T1 - Photothermal Image Reconstruction in Opaque Media with Virtual Wave Backpropagation N2 - Thermographic reconstruction of defects that lie in the bulk of a sample is a difficult task because entropy production during heat diffusion leads to information loss. To reconstruct defects one has to solve an inverse heat conduction problem. The quality of the reconstruction is closely related to the information content of the observed data set that is reflected by the decreasing ability to spatially resolve a defect with growing defect depth. In this work we show a 2D reconstruction of rectangular slots with different width-to-depth ratios in a metallic sample. For this purpose, we apply the virtual wave concept and incorporate positivity and sparsity as prior information to overcome the diffusion-based information loss partially. The reconstruction is based on simulated and experimental pulse thermography data. In the first reconstruction step, we compute a virtual wave field from the surface temperature data. This allows us, in the second step, to use ultrasonic backpropagation methods for image reconstruction. KW - Virtual wave concept KW - Thermography KW - Photothermal Technique KW - Image reconstruction PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506166 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2020.102239 VL - 112 SP - 102239 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Netherlands AN - OPUS4-50616 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ahmadi, Samim A1 - Hirsch, Philipp Daniel A1 - Lecompagnon, Julien A1 - Hassenstein, Christian A1 - Jung, P. A1 - Caire, G. A1 - Ziegler, Mathias T1 - New techniques in super resolution photothermal imaging for nondestructive testing N2 - In this work we focus on our most recent studies to super resolution (SR) laser thermography. The goal of SR nondestructive testing methods is to facilitate the separation of closely spaced defects. We explain how to combine laser scanning with SR techniques. It can be shown that stepwise as well as continuous scanning techniques are applicable. Finally, we discuss the effect of experimental parameters and im-age processing techniques to find the optimal SR technique which leads to the highest reconstruction quality within laser thermography. T2 - SMSI 2020 Conference CY - Online meeting DA - 22.06.2020 KW - Super resolution KW - Laser thermography KW - Nondestructive testing KW - Laser scanning KW - Photothermal imaging PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.5162/SMSI2020/C4.1 SP - 169 EP - 170 AN - OPUS4-50895 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Heßmann, Jennifer A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Entwicklung einer neuartigen Fügetechnologie N2 - Vorstellung einer neuartigen Fügetechnologie für artungleiche Werkstoffe (Aluminium und Stahl) mit Hilfe von Laserstrahlschweißen und elektromagnetischer Schmelzbadbeeinflussung. T2 - Assistentenseminar CY - Braunlage, Germany DA - 25.09.2019 KW - Laserstrahlschweißen KW - Artungleiche Werkstoffe KW - Elektromagnetische Schmelzbadbeeinflussung KW - Fügetechnologie KW - Stahl und Aluminium PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-96144-071-9 VL - 357 SP - 34 EP - 43 PB - DVS Media GmbH CY - Deutschland, Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-51052 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Puthiyaveettil, N. A1 - Thomas, K. R. A1 - Myrach, Philipp A1 - Ziegler, Mathias A1 - Rajagopal, P. A1 - Balasubramaniamam, K. T1 - Defect detection in steel bars up to 600 °C using laser line thermography N2 - Crack detection in steel bars at high surface temperatures is a critical problem in any manufacturing industry. Surface breaking cracks are the major problems during the billet casting. Many NDT techniques are proven its capability in crack detection at room temperature. Here, we are demonstrating the possibility of exposure of cracks using laser line thermography at higher surface temperatures (up to 600 °C). A continuous-wave (CW) laser is used to excite the sample kept at higher surface temperatures. The temperature distribution over the sample due to the laser line scanning is captured using a temperature calibrated infrared (IR) thermal camera. The response of the sample temperature in crack detection is investigated using a validated FE model. The impact of the oxide layer in crack detection is investigated by using two types of samples; one without any oxide layer and the second is with the oxide layer. The influence of laser power in the detection of defects at high temperatures is studied. 3D numerical models were developed for the cases; when the sample is with oxide layer and without any oxide layer for a better understanding of physics. The surface temperature rise due to laser heating is higher for the scaled sample compared to the no-scale sample. The presence of the oxide layer above the parent metal will reduce the reflectivity of the surface. Lower reflectivity will lead to increased absorption of incident energy so that the surface temperature rise will be higher than the surface with no scale. Thermal contrast linearly depends on laser power, which means higher laser power will increase the defect detectability even at a higher surface temperature. KW - Laser thermography KW - High temperature KW - Modeling KW - Surface cracks KW - Non-destructive testing PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infrared.2020.103565 SN - 1350-4495 VL - 111 SP - 103565 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-51573 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Fabry, Çağtay A1 - Hirthammer, Volker A1 - Pittner, Andreas A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - WelDX – Entwicklung und Anwendung eines einheitlichen Dateiformates für das Lichtbogenschweißen N2 - Ziel des WelDX Forschungsvorhabens ist es, den Austausch wissenschaftlicher Forschungsdaten aus dem Bereich der Schweißtechnik auf Basis eines einheitlichen Open Source Dateiformates zu ermöglichen und damit die Einhaltung und Dokumentation geeigneter Qualitätsstandards zu fördern. Im Zuge der Projektarbeit wird die Zusammenarbeit und der Wissenstransfer schweißtechnischer Institute zunächst auf nationaler Ebene gefördert und die Bildung eines von der Fachcommunity getragenen Kuratoriums zur Betreuung und Weiterentwicklung des Dateiformates und der Ausarbeitung zugehöriger Qualitätsstandards angestrebt. T2 - DVS AG V 2.8 Workshop "Lichtbogenphysik" CY - Krefeld, Germany DA - 10.03.2020 KW - Schweißen KW - Forschungsdatenmanagement KW - Open science KW - Open data KW - Digitalisierung PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50679 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Fabry, Çağtay A1 - Pittner, Andreas A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - WelDX file format for arc welding research data N2 - Scientific welding data covers a wide range of physical domains and timescales and are measured using various different sensors. Complex and highly specialized experimental setups at different welding institutes complicate the exchange of welding research data further. The project aims to simplify the exchange and quality assurance of scientific welding data by establishing a common open source file format. T2 - QPTDat Workshop OpenScience CY - Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany DA - 23.01.2020 KW - Welding KW - Research data management KW - Open science KW - Open data KW - Digitalization PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50677 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pittner, Andreas A1 - Fabry, Çağtay A1 - Hirthammer, Volker A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Open Science in der Schweißtechnik N2 - Darstellung der aktuellen Situation sowie des Potenzials von Forschungsdatenmanagement und OpenScience in der Schweißtechnik. T2 - WelDX - Open Science Seminar CY - BAM Berlin, Germany DA - 04.03.2020 KW - Digitalisierung KW - Schweißtechnik KW - OpenScience KW - Forschungsdatenmanagement PY - 2020 UR - https://www.bam.de/Content/DE/Veranstaltungen/2020/2020-03-09-weldx-open-science-seminar.html AN - OPUS4-51857 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Fabry, Çağtay A1 - Hirthammer, Volker A1 - Pittner, Andreas A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - WelDX - Forschungsdaten beim Metallschutzgasschweißen N2 - Ziel des WelDX Forschungsvorhabens ist es, den Austausch wissenschaftlicher Forschungsdaten aus dem Bereich der Schweißtechnik auf Basis eines einheitlichen Open Source Dateiformates zu ermöglichen und damit die Einhaltung und Dokumentation geeigneter Qualitätsstandards zu fördern. Im Zuge der Projektarbeit wird die Zusammenarbeit und der Wissenstransfer schweißtechnischer Institute zunächst auf nationaler Ebene gefördert und die Bildung eines von der Fachcommunity getragenen Kuratoriums zur Betreuung und Weiterentwicklung des Dateiformates und der Ausarbeitung zugehöriger Qualitätsstandards angestrebt. Der Vortrag gibt eine Übersicht zur Motivation, der technischen Umsetzung des Dateiformates sowie möglicher Anwendungsfälle. T2 - WelDX Open Science Seminar CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 04.03.2020 KW - Schweißen KW - Forschungsdatenmanagement KW - Open science KW - Open data KW - Digitalisierung PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50678 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Radtke, Martin A1 - Reinholz, Uwe A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana T1 - Trace element analysis with synchrotron radiation N2 - Trace elements are chemical elements whose concentration in a material is very low. The exact definition depends on the application and varies for example between 100 micrograms per gram in analytical chemistry and 1000 micrograms per gram in geology. The ability to detect trace elements fast and quantitatively is of great importance in many areas of science and technology. With its high brilliance and flexibility in the excitation conditions, synchrotron radiation is an ideal tool for detecting traces even in small sample quantities. In this contribution I will report about the use of X-ray fluorescence(XRF)for qualitative and quantitative element sensitiveanalysis. In addition to the fundamentals of XRF and its quantification methods, the advantages and problems of different geometries like e.g. microXRF, Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence (TXRF)or Double Dispersive XRF (D²XRF) will be discussed. Practical examples from BAMline from the research fields of medicine, geology and archaeometry will complete the lecture. T2 - Denver X-Ray Conference CY - Online meeting DA - 03.08.2020 KW - Synchrotron KW - BAMline KW - XRF PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51890 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Radtke, Martin T1 - Machine learning: examples from BAMline N2 - Various applications for artificial intelligence in the context of spectroscopy will be presented. in particular, examples from BAMline will be presented. After a short introduction to synchrotron radiation, artificial intelligence algorithms for the quantification of X-ray fluorescence measurement are discussed. In the second example, information retrieval by natural language processing is discussed. T2 - Analytical Academy CY - Online meeting DA - 02.06.2020 KW - Machine learning KW - BAMline KW - XRF KW - Synchrotron PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51898 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Radtke, Martin T1 - X-Ray fluorescence with synchrotron radiation basics and applications N2 - In this talk, the features of X-ray fluorescence analysis with synchrotron radiation will be presented. First, the basics of the origin of synchrotron radiation and X-ray fluorescence analysis and the experimental setup will be discussed. Then, examples of trace element detection, micrometer resolution, and application of the X-ray color camera will be shown. T2 - HZB Photon school 2020 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 09.03.2020 KW - Synchrotron KW - BAMline KW - XRF KW - Machine learning PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51894 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Fittschen, U. A1 - Hampel, S. A1 - Till, H. A1 - Gross, A. A1 - Kulow, Anicó A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana A1 - Reinholz, Uwe A1 - Ingerle, D. A1 - Streli, C. A1 - Radtke, Martin T1 - Improving surface sensitive XRF using ink jet printing and information from the angle dependent signal N2 - Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence (TXRF) is a small footprint, ressource efficient micro-analytical tool for trace elemental determination. However, depending on the matrix TXRF is also challenging in several ways: the preparation of a representative aliquot maybe difficult for slurries, shading effects and matrix effects may occur and the applicability of an IS maybe hampered by interferences (fitting may be impaired as well) or inhomogeneities. It is therefore crucial to understand and if applicable mitigate the influence of the before mentioned phenomena. We have used the small volume approach using pL droplets to study shading in TXRF previously.Using this approach thin specimens in a favorable geometry are prepared with a well defined morphology; this way minimizing matrix effects and shading. To be used as standard it is also necessary to determine the delivered elemental amounts. Here we will present on the performance of a commercial ink-jet printer cartridge to deliver defined volumes and elemental amounts. The microscopic specimens obtained have been successfully applied to determine relative sensitivities in TXRF and prepare references to study coded apertures in grazing incidence full field micro-XRF.The homogeneous lateral distribution of analyte and IS may be probed by micro-XRF, to obtain information on alikeness of analyte and IS. To study the alikeness of the in depth distribution (film-like or particle-like) angle scans can deliver valuable data. Here we present first results on angle scans using a prototype GIXRF set up and a commercial TXRF instrument. T2 - Denver X-Ray Conference CY - Online meeting DA - 03.08.2020 KW - TXRF KW - Coded Aperture PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51913 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Maack, Stefan A1 - Bertovic, Marija A1 - Radtke, Martin A1 - et al., ED - Wahlster, W. ED - Winterhalter, C. T1 - Deutsche Normungsroadmap künstliche Intelligenz N2 - Rund ein Jahr haben DIN und DKE in einem gemeinsamen Projekt mit dem Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie und zusammen mit ca. 300 Fachleuten aus Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft, öffentlicher Hand und Zivilgesellschaft an der Normungsroadmap Künstliche Intelligenz gearbeitet. Eine hochrangige Steuerungsgruppe unter dem Vorsitz von Prof. Wolfgang Wahlster hat die Erarbeitung koordiniert und begleitet. Ziel der Roadmap ist die frühzeitige Entwicklung eines Handlungsrahmens für die Normung und Standardisierung, der die internationale Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der deutschen Wirtschaft unterstützt und europäische Wertmaßstäbe auf die internationale Ebene hebt. KW - Künstliche Intelligenz KW - Normung KW - Roadmap PY - 2020 UR - https://www.din.de/resource/blob/772438/ecb20518d982843c3f8b0cd106f13881/normungsroadmap-ki-data.pdf VL - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 232 PB - Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN) CY - Berlin ET - 1. AN - OPUS4-51733 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Radtke, Martin A1 - Rakotondrajoa, A. T1 - Machine learning based quantification of synchrotron radiation-induced X-ray fluorescence measurements - a case study N2 - In this work, we describe the use of artificial neural networks for the quantification of X-ray fluorescence measurements. The training data were generated using Monte Carlo simulation, which avoided the use of adapted reference materials. The extension of the available data set by means of an ANN to generate additional data was demonstrated. Particular emphasis was put on the comparability of simulated and experimental data and how the influence of deviations can be reduced. The search for the optimal hyperparameter, manual and automatic, is also described. For the presented case, we were able to train a network with a mean absolute error of 0.1 weight percent for the synthetic data and 0.7 weight percent for a set of experimental data obtained with certified reference materials. KW - Machine learning KW - BAMline KW - XRF KW - Synchrotron KW - Neural network PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-519008 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-2153/abc9fb SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - IOP Publishing AN - OPUS4-51900 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Antimony in incineration bottom ash – Leaching behavior and conclusions for treatment processes N2 - Antimony (Sb) is used in industrial products mainly as flame retardant in plastic material. Due to such additives in plastics, about a half of Sb ends up in municipal solid waste incineration at the end-of-life and consequently in relevant amounts in the generated bottom ash. In contact with water, the initial leachability is low, as antimonates form sparingly soluble compounds with Ca2+. Following the carbonation of the incineration bottom ash (IBA) during the proceeding ageing the pH in the leachates decreases. With decreasing concentration of Ca in the eluate the solution equilibrium changes and antimonates dissolve. In Germany it is intended to regulate Sb in IBA with the planned implementation of the so called Mantelverordnung (MantelVO, containing provisions on the utilisation of mineral waste) in the near future. The limit values set in the draft might be critical for IBA and therefore pose a risk for the utilisation of the mineral fraction of IBA in the well-established recycling routes. T2 - SUM 2020 – 5th Symposium on Urban Mining and Circular Economy CY - Online meeting DA - 18.11.2020 KW - Bottom ash KW - Leaching KW - Antimony PY - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 4 AN - OPUS4-51622 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Szymoniak, Paulina A1 - Pauw, Brian Richard A1 - Qu, Xintong A1 - Schönhals, Andreas T1 - Competition of nanoparticle-induced mobilization and immobilization effects on segmental dynamics of an epoxy-based nanocomposite N2 - The complex effects of nanoparticles on a thermosetting material based on an anhydride cured DGEBA/Boehmite nanocomposite with different particle concentrations is considered. A combination of X-ray scattering, calorimetry, including fast scanning calorimetry as well as temperature modulated calorimetry and dielectric spectroscopy, was employed to study the structure, the vitrification kinetics and the molecular dynamics of the nanocomposites. For the first time in the literature for an epoxy-based composite a detailed analysis of the X-ray data was carried out. Moreover, the unfilled polymer was found to be intrinsically heterogeneous, showing regions with different crosslinking density, indicated by two separate dynamic glass transitions. The glass transition temperature decreases with increasing nanoparticle concentration, resulting from a change in the crosslinking density. Moreover, on the one hand, for nanocomposites the incorporation of nanofiller increased the number of mobile segments for low nanoparticle concentrations, due to the altered crosslinking density. On the other hand, for higher loading degrees the number of mobile segments decreased, resulting from the formation of an immobilized interphase (RAF). The simultaneous mobilization and immobilization of the segmental dynamics cannot be separated unambiguously. Taking the sample with highest number of mobile segments as reference state it was possible to estimate the amount of RAF. KW - Nanocomposite PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d0sm00744g SN - 1744-683X VL - 16 IS - 23 SP - 5406 EP - 5421 PB - Royal Chemical Society AN - OPUS4-50883 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Cano Murillo, Natalia A1 - Ghasem Zadeh Khorasani, Media A1 - Silbernagl, Dorothee A1 - Hahn, Marc Benjamin A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Sturm, Heinz T1 - Cover image for the article "Nanomechanical study of polycarbonate/boehmite nanoparticles/epoxy ternary composite and their interphases" N2 - The image designed by Natalia Cano Murillo and colleagues shows the cross section of a ternary composite (boehmite/polycarbonate/epoxy, 80μm x 80μm). The surface was measured by AFM kelvin probe microscopy, yielding the surface potential which is shown as 3D‐surface and contour lines. The sample was further subjected to AFM force spectroscopy with a lateral resolution of 1μm², yielding the local Young's modulus, projected in false colors on the 3D surface. The ternary system, containing boehmite nanoparticles, shows a broad distribution of modulus, desirable for optimized macroscopic mechanical properties, such as high stiffness as well as toughness. KW - Boehmite KW - Epoxy KW - Polycarbonate KW - AFM KW - BNP PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/app.50400 SN - 0021-8995 SN - 1097-4628 VL - 138 IS - 12 SP - 1 PB - Wiley CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-51831 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Grevel, K.-D. A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Dachs, E. A1 - Benisek, A. A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Majzlan, J. T1 - Thermodynamic properties of calcium alkali phosphates Ca(Na,K)PO4 N2 - Calcium alkali phosphates Ca(Na,K)PO4 are main constituents of bioceramics and thermochemically produced phosphorus fertilizers because of their bioavailability. Sparse thermodynamic data are available for the endmembers CaNaPO4 and CaKPO4. In this work, the missing data were determined for the low-temperature phase modifications of the endmembers CaNaPO4 and CaKPO4 and three intermediate Ca(Na,K)PO4 compositions. Standard enthalpy of formation ranges from - 2018.3 ± 2.2 kJ mol-1 to - 2030.5 ± 2.1 kJ mol-1 and standard entropy from 137.2 ± 1.0 J mol-1 K-1 to 148.6 ± 1.0 J mol-1 K-1 from sodium endmember b-CaNaPO4 to potassium endmember b0-CaKPO4. Thermodynamic functions are calculated up to 1400 K for endmembers and the sodium-rich intermediate phase b-Ca(Na0.93K0.07)PO4. Functions above 640 K are extrapolated because of the phase transition from low- to high-temperature phase. Impurities in the synthesized intermediate phases c-Ca(Na0.4K0.6)PO4 and c-Ca Na0.35K0.65)PO4 and one additional phase transition around 500 K impeded the determination of high-temperature thermodynamic functions. In general, data for phase transition temperatures agree with the previously reported phase diagrams. KW - Formation enthalpy KW - Heat capacity KW - Phase transformation KW - Bioceramics KW - Phosphorus fertilizer KW - Entropy PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-507640 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-04615-5 VL - 55 SP - 8477 EP - 8490 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-50764 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Herzel, Hannes T1 - Phosphorus recovery in Germany – recent developments N2 - The recent developments of phosphorus recovery in Germany were presented. The funding program RePhoR was introduced with focus on the demonstration project R-Rhenania that is coordinated by BAM. T2 - Green Deal 2020 conference CY - Online-Meeting DA - 14.12.2020 KW - Phopshorus recovery KW - Waste water treatment KW - Recycling fertiliser PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51837 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Dombinov, V. A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Willbold, S. A1 - Levandowski, G. V. A1 - Meiller, M. A1 - Müller, F. A1 - Zang, J. W. A1 - da Fonseca-Zang, W. A. A1 - Jablonowski, N. D. A1 - Schrey, S. D. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Soybean Fertilized by P-Phases from Bagasse-Based Materials: P-Extraction Procedures, Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films (DGT), and X-ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD) N2 - The Brazilian sugarcane industry produced around 173 million tons (Mt) of bagasse in 2018. Bagasse is a by-product of juice extraction for ethanol and sugar production and is combusted in order to generate power, producing up to 10 Mt of ash per year. This ash contains various concentrations of plant nutrients, which allow the ash to be used as a crop fertilizer. However, the concentration and extractability of phosphorus (P), an essential plant nutrient, are low in bagasse ash. To increase the P content, we co-gasified and co-combusted bagasse with P-rich chicken manure. The resulting ash was thermochemically post-treated with alkali additives (Na2SO4 and K2SO4) to increase the availability of P to plants. We aimed to: (i) investigate the effect of thermochemical post-treatment of co-gasification residue and co-combustion ash on P availability to soybeans, (ii) explore the potential of chemical extraction methods (citric acid, neutral ammonium citrate, formic acid, and Mehlich-I) and diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) to predict the availability of P to soybeans, and (iii) identify the responsible P-phases using X-ray diffraction . We evaluated P availability to soybeans growing in Brazilian Oxisol soil in two independent greenhouse pot experiments. The positive effect of thermochemical treatment on P availability from gasification residue was confirmed through the observation of increased P uptake and biomass in soybean plants. These findings were confirmed by chemical extraction methods and DGT. The gasification residue contained whitlockite as its main P-bearing phase. Thermochemical post-treatment converted whitlockite into highly soluble CaNaPO4. In contrast, co-combustion ash already contained highly soluble Ca(Na,K)PO4 as its main P-bearing phase, making thermochemical post-treatment unnecessary for increasing P availability. In conclusion, increased extractability and availability of P for soybeans were closely connected to the formation of calcium alkali phosphate. Our findings indicate that this combined methodology allows for the prediction of P-fertilization effects of ash. KW - Sugar cane bagasse KW - Chicken manure ash KW - Thermochemical treatment KW - Nutrient KW - Plant availability PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509735 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060895 VL - 10 SP - 895 EP - 6 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-50973 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bhattacharya, Biswajit A1 - Michalchuk, Adam A1 - Silbernagl, Dorothee A1 - Rautenberg, Max A1 - Schmid, Thomas A1 - Feiler, Torvid A1 - Reimann, K. A1 - Ghalgaoui, A. A1 - Sturm, Heinz A1 - Paulus, B. A1 - Emmerling, Franziska T1 - A Mechanistic Perspective on Plastically Flexible Coordination Polymers N2 - Mechanical flexibility in single crystals of covalently bound materials is a fascinating and poorly understood phenomenon. We present here the first example of a plastically flexible one-dimensional (1D) coordination polymer. The compound [Zn(m-Cl)2(3,5-dichloropyridine)2]n is flexible over two crystallographic faces. Remarkably, the single crystal remains intact when bent to 1808. A combination of microscopy, diffraction, and spectroscopic studies have been used to probe the structural response of the crystal lattice to mechanical bending. Deformation of the covalent polymer chains does not appear to be responsible for the observed macroscopic bending. Instead, our results suggest that mechanical bending occurs by displacement of the coordination polymer chains. Based on experimental and theoretical evidence, we propose a new model for mechanical flexibility in 1D coordination polymers. Moreover, our calculations propose a cause of the different mechanical properties of this compound and a structurally similar elastic material KW - Coordination polymer KW - Flexible crystals KW - Mechanical properties KW - Plastic deformation PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-504755 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201914798 VL - 59 IS - 14 SP - 5557 EP - 5561 PB - Wiley-VCH AN - OPUS4-50475 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Baeßler, Matthias A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo A1 - Victor, A. A1 - Lüddecke, F. ED - Triantafyllidis, T. T1 - Stability and large deformations of slender structures supported by soil materials N2 - The stability and geometric nonlinearities of slender structures are a major topic in structural design. While this topic is most relevant in the field of Structural Engineering, e.g. for steel or concrete structures, only few applications take the role of soil-structure-interaction explicitly into account. The focus of this paper is placed on the impact of soil support and its modelling for the buckling analysis based on examples both for pile foundations and for railway track stability. The general interaction between steel design and the geotechnical input will be addressed. The paper discusses and summarizes a range of subtopics based on experience and current research at the author’s institute. KW - Buckling soil-structure-interaction offshore piles track PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-030-28515-9 SN - 978-3-030-28516-6 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28516-6 SN - 1613-7736 SN - 1860-0816 VL - 91 SP - 355 EP - 369 PB - Springer CY - Cham, Switzerland AN - OPUS4-49166 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Ackermann, H. A1 - Pötzsch, Sina A1 - Weltschev, Margit A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Plum, W. T1 - Entwicklung einer Prüfmethode zur Bewertung der Materialbeständigkeit von Bauteilen in Mitteldestillatanwendungen N2 - Im Vorhaben wurde eine forcierte Prüfmethode zur Bestimmung der Beständigkeit von metallenen Werkstoffen gegenüber Brennstoffen aus Mitteldestillaten und Gemischen aus Mitteldestillat und paraffinischen Kohlenwasserstoffen, die jeweils Fettsäuremethylester (FAME) als biogene Komponente enthalten, entwickelt. Bei der Prüfmethode werden Prüfkörper des jeweiligen Werkstoffes in speziellen Prüfmedien ausgelagert. Die Zusammensetzung von zwei Prüfmedien wurde im Vorhaben erarbeitet. Diese Prüfmedien erfassen die Effekte der Alterung des FAME, die zu erwarten sind, wenn der Brennstoff länger als 2 Jahre im Feld lagert. Sie decken den Bereich bis 20 % (V/V) FAME-Anteil ab. Die Auslagerung kann bei geringem Aufwand unter Atmosphärendruck durchgeführt werden. Die Eignung einer Auswahl von metallenen Werkstoffen und Polymerwerkstoffen, die für Versorgungsanlagen für Mitteldestillat relevant sind, wurde durch Auslagerung in folgenden nicht gealterten Brennstoffen bestimmt: Heizöl EL schwefelarm (B0), Heizöl EL schwefelarm mit 20 % (V/V) FAME (B20), FAME (B100) und hydriertes Pflanzenöl (HVO). Die Werkstoffe wurden auch in einem 1 Jahr gealterten B20 und einem 8 Jahre gealtertem B10 ausgelagert. Die Temperatur bei der Auslagerung betrug 50 °C für die metallenen Werkstoffe und 40 °C und 70 °C für die Polymerwerkstoffe. Die Ergebnisse der Beständigkeitsbewertung wurden in Beständigkeitslisten zusammengefasst. Die mit B20 erhaltenen Bewertungen gelten generell für Gemische aus Heizöl EL schwefelarm und FAME mit einem FAME-Gehalt bis 20 % (V/V). Sie sind auch auf Gemische aus Dieselkraftstoff und FAME mit einem FAME-Gehalt bis 20 %(V/V) übertragbar. Die forcierte Prüfmethode kann insbesondere KMUs bei der Weiterentwicklung von bestehenden Produkten und der Entwicklung von neuen Produkten als ein kostengünstiger Schnelltest zur Überprüfung der Werkstoff- und Bauteilbeständigkeit gegenüber Mitteldestillaten mit hohem FAME-Anteil dienen. Sie kann für die Hersteller die Sicherheit erhöhen, dass Bauteile die Freigabeprüfungen der Bauaufsicht bestehen, wobei die Freigabe jedoch nur für Deutschland gültig ist. Die Erkenntnisse des Forschungsvorhabens können in eine harmonisierte Europäische Norm für alternative Brenn- und Kraftstoffe einfließen. Diese ist für die Bauteilhersteller die Voraussetzung für die Erschließung des europäischen Marktes.   N2 - Within this project, a forced test method was developed to determine the resistance of metallic materials to middle distillate fuels and mixtures of middle distillate and paraffinic hydrocarbons both with fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) as a biogenic component. In the method, specimens of the material are immersed in special test media. The compositions of two test media were developed within the project. These test media include the influence of aging of the FAME which is to be expected after a storage of the fuel exceeding 2 years in the field. They cover a range of up to 20 % (v/v) FAME content. The exposure test can be carried out at ambient pressure with little effort. Suitability of selected metallic and polymer materials relevant for middle distillate supply systems was determined by exposure to the following non-aged fuels: low-sulfur light fuel oil (B0), low-sulfur light fuel oil with 20 % (v/v) FAME (B20), FAME (B100) and hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO). The materials were also exposed in the 1-year-aged B20 and 8-year-aged B10. Test temperature was 50 °C for metallic materials and 40 °C and 70 °C for polymers. Resulting materials resistances were summarized in resistance tables. Resistances obtained in B20 are valid for any mixture of low-sulfur light fuel oil and FAME containing up to 20 % (v/v) FAME. They are also transferable to mixtures of diesel and FAME having a FAME content of up to 20 % (v/v). This method with special test media is a cost-effective rapid test for checking resistance of materials to middle distillates having a high FAME content. It can support SMEs manufacturing components for supply systems in further development of existing and new products. It increases the manufacturers' certainty that components will pass approval tests of authorities. Results of this research project can be incorporated into a harmonized European standard for alternative fuels. This is the prerequisite for component manufacturers to access the European market. KW - Heizöl KW - FAME KW - Biobrennstoff PY - 2020 UR - https://dgmk.de/publikationen/ SN - 978-3-947716-14-2 SN - 0937-9762 SP - 1 EP - 153 PB - DGMK CY - Hamburg AN - OPUS4-51110 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Yevtushenko, O. A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa A1 - Bettge, Dirk T1 - Corrosive CO2-stream components, challenging for materials to be used in CC(U)S applications N2 - This contribution provides current findings regarding materials susceptibility for CCUS applications. Basing on results gathered in 2 German long-term projects (COORAL and CLUSTER) suitable materials are introduced as well as dominating impurities of the CO2 stream and corrosion mechanisms. Investigations cover the whole CCUS process chain and provide the following recommendations for certain parts. Commercially available carbon steels are suitable for compression and pipelines as long as moisture content and impurities are limited (water 50 to 100 ppmv, SO2 and NO2 ca. 100 ppmv). Corrosion rates increase with increasing water content (0.2 – 20 mm/a). Condensation of acids and therefore droplet formation is always possible, even at low water contents. A low SO2 content within the CO2-stream might be more important than a low water content. Cr13-steels showed a general susceptibility to shallow pitting and pitting. So, they seem to be not suitable for CCUS applications. Low alloyed steels showed better corrosion behavior (predictable uniform corrosion). For direct contact with saline aquifer fluids only high alloyed steels shall be used. T2 - WCO Webinar on the occasion of Corrosion Awareness Day - Corrosion and Low-Carbon Energies CY - Frankfurt, Germany DA - 24.04.2020 KW - CO2-corrosion KW - CCUS KW - Pipeline KW - Carbon Capture PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50699 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Baeßler, Matthias A1 - Rackwitz, F. A1 - Lüddecke, F. T1 - Recap: Main Results of the BUMP Study and Relevance for VERBATIM N2 - Zusammenfassung des Forschungsprojekts BUMP hinsichtlich der Relevanz für das Projekt VERBATIM N2 - BUMP had been a theoretical prestudy on open issues for the pile tip buckling of large monopiles. The presentation summarizes the main results and considers the impact for the ongoing VERBATIM project. VERBATIM is set up as a mainly experimental verification project for pile buckling. T2 - Kick-Off Projekt VERBATIM CY - BAM, Berlin, Germany DA - 23.01.2020 KW - Buckling piles circular shells PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50515 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schneider, Ronald A1 - Simon, Patrick A1 - Herrmann, Ralf A1 - Baeßler, Matthias T1 - Kontinuierliches Bauwerksmonitoring – Sensor-basiert (AP4) N2 - Kontinuierliche sensorbasierte Bauwerksmessungen leisten einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Sicherheit von Verkehrsbauwerken. Hierzu werden im Vorhaben AISTEC Referenzbauwerke und Referenzverfahren untersucht mit Schwerpunkt auf den Einfluss klimatischer Bedingungen. Der Vortrag stellt den aktuellen Projektstand des FB 7.2 vor. T2 - 3. Verbundtreffen AISTEC CY - Online meeting DA - 05.05.2020 KW - Zivile Sicherheit KW - Brücken KW - Structural Health Monitoring PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50796 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Rezension: Halliday Physik für natur‐ und ingenieurwissenschaftliche Studiengänge – Lehr‐ und Übungsbuch N2 - Die von Stephan W. Koch herausgegebene Übersetzung der erweiterten zehnten Auflage von ,,Fundamentals of Physics“ liefert ein Schwergewicht geballten Physikwissens und Übungsmaterial. Die Bücher bieten nicht nur Studierenden hilfreiches Lernmaterial, sondern sind auch für allgemein Physik‐Interessierte ein wertvolles Nachschlagewerk. Wer sich bereits mit dem umfassenderen „großen Bruder“ vertraut gemacht hat und diesen nutzt, findet im Lehrbuch nichts Neues. Jedoch liefert das Übungsbuch im Vergleich zum Arbeitsbuch von 2018 neue und übersichtlichere Übungsbeispiele. Die neue Auflage wurde didaktisch komplett neu strukturiert und einige Kapitel vollständig überarbeitet. Ein Novum stellt dabei die modulare Organisation dar, bei der jeder Abschnitt mit Lernzielen und Schlüsselideen beginnt. Kontrollfragen im Text tragen entscheidend zum Rekapitulieren des Gelesenen bei. Jedes Kapitel endet mit einer Zusammenfassung und Fragen zum vermittelten Stoff. Als Ergänzung dient das ausführliche Übungsbuch mit Aufgaben und Lösungen zu den jeweiligen Kapiteln des Lehrbuches. Die 37 Kapitel machen verständlich mit den einzelnen Gebieten der Physik vertraut. KW - Physik KW - Thermodynamik PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070066 SN - 1521-4176 SN - 0947-5117 VL - 71 IS - 6 SP - 3 EP - 4 PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-50839 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Aristia, Gabriela T1 - Geothermie aus dem Vulkan – sicher und wirtschaftlich N2 - Indonesien gilt aufgrund seiner vielen Vulkane als einer der Hotspots für Geothermie. Doch Salz und Hitze setzen den Geothermie‐Anlagen zu und gefährden ihre Sicherheit und Wirtschaftlichkeit. Ein Team an der BAM hat günstigen, lokal verfügbaren Baustahl jetzt so beschichtet, dass ein nachhaltiger und sicherer Betrieb der Geothermie‐Kraftwerke möglich ist ‐ auch unter Extrembedingungen. Das BAM‐Team will das Beschichtungssystem nun den Anwendern in Indonesien zur Verfügung stellen, damit es unter Realbedingungen in einem Geothermie‐Kraftwerk getestet werden kann. Der Schutz vor Korrosion ist mitentscheidend, weil sie die Lebensdauer dieser Kraftwerke bestimmt. Unsere Arbeit könnte die Effizienz der Energieproduktion mit Geothermie wesentlich verbessern. KW - Geothermie KW - Korrosion PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070086 SN - 1521-4176 SN - 0947-5117 VL - 71 IS - 8 SP - 1 EP - 2 PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-51074 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Review: Advanced Coating Materials N2 - This book by Scrivener Publishing contains 14 chapters written by 82 leading scientists, experienced in the field of coatings. They demonstrate mechanisms, usage and manipulation of cutting‐edge coating methods. Each chapter is well structured and ends with a conclusion, highlighting the content. The book is divided into 3 parts: “Materials and Methods”, “Coating Materials Nanotechnology” and “Advanced Coating Technology and Applications”. Finally, this book provides a comprehensive insight into innovative research in advanced coating materials and state‐of‐the‐art technologies, without being a real textbook. It fulfills its intension of being beneficial both for technicians and scientists. KW - Corrosion KW - Coating KW - Protection PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070044 SN - 1521-4176 SN - 0947-5117 VL - 71 IS - 4 SP - 675 EP - 676 PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-50629 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Rezension: Zerstörungsfreie Werkstück- und Werkstoffprüfung N2 - Das 1988 erstmalig erschienene und bewährte Fachbuch wurde auf den neuesten Stand gebracht und im Rahmen der „Kontakt & Studium“‐Serie der Technischen Akademie Esslingen als Band 243 neu aufgelegt. In 12 Kapiteln bieten die 12 erfahrenen Autoren einen Überblick über die gebräuchlichsten Formen zerstörungsfreier Prüfverfahren als Grundlage für die Dokumentation der Produktqualität während des gesamten Herstellungsprozesses und deren elementare Bedeutung für die Produkthaftung. Dieses Lehrbuch dient nicht nur Universitäts‐Studierenden, sondern bietet auch jedem interessierten Leser einen Überblick der gebräuchlichen Verfahren. KW - Werkstoffprüfung KW - ZFP PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070076 SN - 1521-4176 SN - 0947-5117 VL - 71 IS - 7 SP - 3 PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-50959 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Rezension: Materialkunde der Nichteisenmetalle und ‐legierungen N2 - Die Werkstoffklasse der Nichteisenmetalle gewinnt wegen ihrer unzähligen Anwendungsmöglichkeiten nicht nur im Maschinen‐ und Anlagenbau eine immer größere technische und wirtschaftliche Bedeutung, sodass es unabdingbar ist, insbesondere Studierenden der Material‐ und Werkstoffwissenschaften und des Maschinenbaus, den aktuellen Wissensstand auf diesem Gebiet zu vermitteln. Mit dieser Neuerscheinung veröffentlicht der Wiley‐VCH‐Verlag ein solches Lehrbuch. Kompakt und übersichtlich machen die beiden Autoren den Leser in 10 Kapiteln auf verständliche Art mit dieser Thematik vertraut. Dabei kommt ihnen ihre durch langjährige Lehrtätigkeit erworbene didaktische Erfahrung sehr zugute. Alles in allem bietet dieses Lehrbuch durch seinen von den Natur‐, über Material‐ zu Ingenieurwissenschaften weitgespannten Bogen einen interessanten und übersichtlichen Einstieg in die Welt der am häufigsten verwendeten Nichteisenmetalle, wobei es keinen Anspruch auf Vollständigkeit erhebt. KW - Werkstoffprüfung KW - Legierung KW - Korrosion PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070086 SN - 1521-4176 VL - 71 IS - 8 SP - 4 PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-51073 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Review: Magnesium and its Alloys – Technology and Applications N2 - The first edition of this book, published within the series “Materials Science – Metals and Alloys”, provides broad knowledge of this interesting and widely applied metal from manufacturing and production to finishing and application in 13 chapters, written by 29 contributors. Each chapter is separately concluded and ends with references used. This book fulfills its intention of conveying comprehensive and cutting‐edge knowledge of magnesium alloys. It is useful for practicing engineers, researchers and students searching for an instructional and reference source. KW - Magnesium KW - Magnesium Alloy PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070074 SN - 1521-4176 SN - 0947-5117 VL - 71 IS - 7 SP - 1229 EP - 1230 PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-50960 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Viefhues, Eva A1 - Döhler, M. A1 - Hille, Falk A1 - Mevel, L. T1 - Fault detection for linear parameter varying systems under changes in the process noise covariance N2 - Detecting changes in the eigenstructure of linear systems is a comprehensively investigated subject. In particular, change detection methods based on hypothesis testing using Gaussian residuals have been developed previously. In such residuals, a reference model is confronted to data from the current system. In this paper, linear output-only systems depending on a varying external physical parameter are considered. These systems are driven by process noise, whose covariance may also vary between measurements. To deal with the varying parameter, an interpolation approach is pursued, where a limited number of reference models -- each estimated from data measured in a reference state -- are interpolated to approximate an adequate reference model for the current parameter. The problem becomes more complex when the different points of interpolation correspond to different noise conditions. Then conflicts may arise between the detection of changes in the eigenstructure due to a fault and the detection of changes due to different noise conditions. For this case, a new change detection approach is developed based on the interpolation of the eigenstructure at the reference points. The resulting approach is capable of change detection when both the external physical parameter and the process noise conditions are varying. This approach is validated on a numerical simulation of a mechanical system. T2 - IFAC World Congress 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 11.07.2020 KW - Linear parameter varying systems KW - Fault detection KW - Changing process noise KW - Subspace-based residual KW - Model interpolation PY - 2020 SP - 13858 AN - OPUS4-51617 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Keserović, Amela A1 - Beck, Joana A1 - Sarmiento Klapper, Helmut A1 - Boduch, A. A1 - Dimper, Matthias A1 - Stoljarova, A. A1 - Faes, W. A1 - Zimmer, S. T1 - Metallic Materials for Geothermal Applications N2 - The aim of the work presented was the evaluation of corrosion resistance of various materials in geothermal Waters as a base to create a catalogue of suitable materials for applications in (not only) German geothermal power plants. Users shall be enabled to have a basis for designing such facilities. High alloyed corrosion resistant alloys are suitable and do not cause copper or lead deposition. They shall be chosen for future design of the piping system, either in massive or in cladded form, if crevices formation with non-metallic materials can be prevented! T2 - IFPEN-Workshop: Corrosion in Low-Carbon Energies CY - Online meeting DA - 03.11.2020 KW - Geothermal KW - Corrosion KW - Saline brine PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51511 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nerger, Deborah A1 - Moosavi, Robabeh A1 - Bracklow, F. A1 - Hering, M. A1 - Kühn, T. A1 - Curbach, M. A1 - Hille, Falk A1 - Rogge, Andreas T1 - Impact damage characterization at RC plates with planar tomography and FEM N2 - Prediction of dynamic effects of reinforced concrete structures under impact loading is a technical challenge. This is a consequence of the great variability of the physical properties resulting from the wide adaptability of reinforced concrete and a consequence of the wide range of impact loading. Experiments and numerical investigations are normally used on a small scale to address the problem. In this paper, impact tests on reinforced conrete plates with the lateral dimensions of 1.5 m x 1.5 m and a thickness of 30 cm are presented. In bending reinforcement, besides the velocity two properties are varied, the diameter and the spatial distribution of the rebars. Experiments are performed at the Otto-Mohr-Laboratory of the Institute of Concrete Structures of the Technische Universit¨at Dresden. Due to the accelerated fall of the impactor the velocity ranges between 20 and 70 m/s. In addition to the measured quantities such as bearing forces, accelerations are also measured at 4 different positions on and under the plate, as well as the deflection at several positions. The measured data are used for the analysis of the damage form and the numerical examinations with the program Ansys Autodyn and the material model after Drucker-Prager. Numerical investigations support the tests, with detailed analysis of individual effects. These numerical computations and the planar tomographic investigations were carried out at BAM in Berlin. With the help of planar tomographic evaluation, the damaged structure is made visible and compared with the numerical results. Influences of the bending reinforcement are explained on the basis of damage evaluation in the local area and on selected measured values. In addition to the test evaluation, the tomographic and numerical methods are presented. T2 - XI International Conference on Structural Dynamics (EURODYN 2020) CY - Online meeting DA - 23.11.2020 KW - Post-impact evaluation KW - Damage characterization KW - Planar tomography KW - Drucker-Prager KW - Ansys Autodyn PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51768 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Herrmann, Ralf A1 - Hille, Falk A1 - Said, Samir A1 - Sterthaus, Jens A1 - Müller, Karsten A1 - Quercetti, Thomas A1 - Wille, Frank A1 - Paffenholz, J.-A. A1 - Baeßler, Matthias T1 - Implementing a Structural Health Monitoring System using Digital Models of the BAM Large Drop Test Facility N2 - At the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) full scale specimens for nuclear transport and storage containers (casks) are tested for their structural integrity in a series of drop tests on the Test Site Technical Safety in Horstwalde, 50 km south of Berlin. These drop tests cause a major stress not only on the casks, but also on the steel tower structure of the test facility, itself. The load pattern makes the structure very interesting for detailed investigation. The focus of the monitoring lies on the bolted joints of the flange connections that are a typical connection for cylindrical elements if welding is technical or economical unfavorable. The definition of the monitoring takes was done by investigating the existing documents and inspection results accompanied by building an initial digital representation of the structure, consisting of two finite element (FE) models and a geometrical 3D point cloud representation. As a first step the structures behavior during static and dynamic loading was analyzed using measurement data and an updated numerical FE Model. The idea behind is to use models for a digital planning and operation/evaluation of the structural health monitoring. A static FE simulation and a dynamic FE simulation are generated, to investigate how the structure behaves under the load conditions. T2 - XI International Conference on Structural Dynamics (EuroDyn 2020) CY - Online meeting DA - 23.11.2020 KW - Structural Health Monitoring KW - System Identification KW - Digital Twin KW - Point Cloud KW - Drop Test PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51734 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Rezension: Polymere ‐ Chemie und Strukturen; Herstellung, Charakterisierung und Werkstoffe N2 - Polymere sind aus unserem Alltag nicht mehr wegzudenken. Häufig haben wir mit Plexiglas, Dichtmassen, Klebestreifen und vielen Verpackungsmaterialien zu tun. Aber auch Spezialanwendungen (z.B. in der Pharmazie) bilden Einsatzbereiche dieser Werkstoffe. Der Vermittlung der Grundlagen polymerer Werkstoffe in den Studienfächern Chemie, Materialwissenschaften und der Ingenieur‐ und Lebenswissenschaften haben sich die Autoren verschrieben, wobei sie zur verständlichen Anschauung bewusst auf das Beispiel Styrol als „Versuchskaninchen“ zurückgreifen. Dieses Lehrbuch wird seinem Anspruch gerecht, einen leichten Einstieg in die Polymerwissenschaften zu ermöglichen. Es liefert eine Übersicht über die Polymerklassen Thermoplaste, Duroplaste und Elastomere mit ihren Eigenschaften und zeigt, welche Synthesestrategie zu dem Produkt mit den gewünschten Eigenschaften führt. Anhand von Beispielen aus dem Alltag werden gängige Vertreter verständlich vorgestellt. KW - Polymerwerkstoff PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070126 SN - 1521-4176 VL - 71 IS - 12 SP - 2 EP - 3 PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-51777 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Rezension: Schweißen im Stahlbau, Normen für die Herstellerqualifikation nach DIN EN 1090‐1 N2 - Schlosserei‐, Metall‐ und Stahlbaubetriebe müssen seit Juli 2012 für tragende Bauteile aus Stahl und Aluminium, die als Bauprodukte in Verkehr gebracht werden sollen, einen Konformitätsnachweis nach DIN EN 1090‐1 erbringen. Mit der sechsten Auflage des Normen‐Handbuches „Schweißen im Stahlbau“ setzen das Deutsche Institut für Normung e.V. (DIN) und der Deutsche Verband für Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren e.V. (DVS) ihre bewährte Strategie fort, die dieses Thema betreffenden aktuellen Normen und Regelwerke durch J. W. Mußmann in gut aufbereiteter Form kompakt zusammenzustellen. KW - Korrosion KW - Schweißen KW - Schweißnaht PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070116 SN - 1521-4176 SN - 0947-5117 VL - 71 IS - 11 SP - 3 EP - 4 PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-51512 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Review: Materials Informatics -Metals, Tools and Applications N2 - Since data processing has now also found its way into materials science, there has been a great demand from users for a corresponding textbook. This book provides a guide to the latest advances of materials informatics and data mining for materials science. 46 authors introduce readers to methods, present tools and case studies to illustrate the power of materials informatics within this new field of application. KW - Corrosion KW - Materials behavior PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070114 SN - 1521-4176 SN - 0947-5117 VL - 71 IS - 11 SP - 1928 EP - 1929 PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-51513 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Review: Science, Technology and Applications of Metals in Additive Manufacturing N2 - Often 3D‐printing and additive manufacturing are mentioned as the 3rd industrial revolution. In this conjunction this book provides a brief overview on additively manufactured metal pieces. This book fulfills its intension to serve as an educational guide, providing a holistic picture encompassing science, technology and applications for the real‐life use of Metal Additive Manufacturing. KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Corrosion KW - Material properties PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070114 SN - 1521-4176 SN - 0947-5117 VL - 71 IS - 11 SP - 1929 EP - 1930 PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-51514 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Review: Corrosion Atlas Case Studies - 2019 Edition N2 - This edition, published as first issue within the series “Corrosion Atlas”, provides 181 corrosion case studies, collected from 29 contributors. These Corrosion Atlas Case Studies provide a helpful tool required for engineers in their daily life to quickly determine and solve their equipment's corrosion problems by compact theoretical background and vivid examples. It fulfills the intension of the editors to be “the first centralized collection of case studies containing challenges paired directly with solutions together in one location”. KW - Corrosion KW - Failure KW - Water-bearing PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070054 SN - 1521-4176 SN - 0947-5117 VL - 71 IS - 5 SP - 859 PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-50757 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Viefhues, Eva A1 - Döhler, M. A1 - Hille, Falk A1 - Mevel, L. T1 - Fault detection for linear parameter varying systems under changes in the process noise covariance N2 - Detecting changes in the eigenstructure of linear systems is a comprehensively investigated subject. In particular, change detection methods based on hypothesis testing using Gaussian residuals have been developed previously. In such residuals, a reference model is confronted to data from the current system. In this paper, linear output-only Systems depending on a varying external physical parameter are considered. These systems are driven by process noise, whose covariance may also vary between measurements. To deal with the varying parameter, an interpolation approach is pursued, where a limited number of reference models { each estimated from data measured in a reference state { are interpolated to approximate an adequate reference model for the current parameter. The problem becomes more complex when the different points of interpolation correspond to different noise conditions. Then con icts May arise between the detection of changes in the eigenstructure due to a fault and the detection of changes due to different noise conditions. For this case, a new change detection approach is developed based on the interpolation of the eigenstructure at the reference points. The resulting approach is capable of change detection when both the external physical parameter and the process noise conditions are varying. This approach is validated on a numerical simulation of a mechanical system. T2 - 21st IFAC World Congress CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 13.07.2020 KW - Linear parameter varying systems KW - Fault detection KW - Changing process noise KW - Subspace-based residual KW - Model interpolation PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-52366 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Rezension: Einführung in die Physikalische Chemie N2 - Unabhängig vom im Chemieunterricht erworbenen Wissensstand der Studienanfänger liefert dieses, in der Reihe „De Gruyter Studium“ erschienene Lehrbuch einen Einstieg in die Physikalische Chemie. Basierend auf den Erfahrungen seiner Lehrtätigkeit für Erstsemester der Fachrichtung Chemie an der Universität des Saarlandes geht der Autor auf beinahe alle Themengebiete der Physikalischen Chemie ein, wobei die Schwerpunkte auf klassischer Thermodynamik und Grundlagen der chemischen Bindung liegen. Dieses Lehrbuch ist nicht nur für Studierende im Bachelorstudium der Chemie sowohl im Haupt‐ als auch im Nebenfach geeignet. Es liefert zudem Interessierten anderer Fachrichtungen einen übersichtlichen und verständlichen Einstieg in die komplexe Welt der Physikalischen Chemie und sorgt für ein Grundverständnis. KW - Elektrochemie PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070126_2 SN - 1521-4176 SN - 0947-5117 VL - 71 IS - 12 SP - 3 EP - 4 PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-51779 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Review: What Went Wrong? Case Histories of Process Plant Disasters and How They Could Have Been Avoided N2 - Plant and process safety are very important within the daily business not only in industry. Within its 6th edition complete analysis of design, operational, and management causes of process plant accidents and disasters are collected by Paul Amyotte basing on Trevor Kletz's legacy. Examples shall help readers in understanding what went wrong, why it went wrong and how to avoid similar tragedies without having to experience the loss incurred by others and themselves. Each main part ends with an opportunity for reflection to recall the lessons learned from the examples shown. This collection of, unfortunately, spectacular failure cases fulfills its intension of being the ultimate resource of experienced‐based analysis and guidance for safety and loss prevention professionals. Everyone who is dealing with process and/or plant safety shall have taken at least a look into this book. KW - Failure KW - Damage cases PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070124_2 SN - 1521-4176 SN - 0947-5117 VL - 71 IS - 12 SP - 2084 EP - 2085 PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-51781 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Review: Electrochemical Energy Storage ‐ Physics and Chemistry of Batteries N2 - Currently, storage of electric energy is becoming more and more interesting in terms of applicability and efficiency. One way is the electrochemical storage by already well‐developed battery‐systems. This textbook provides an introduction into physical and chemical processes necessary for battery application. This book fulfills its intension to serve graduate students of electrical engineering as an introduction into the field of batteries. Even students and interested readers of other faculties might find an introduction in physical and chemical background of batteries. KW - Batteries PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070124 SN - 1521-4176 SN - 0947-5117 VL - 71 IS - 12 SP - 2084 EP - 2085 PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-51780 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Weltschev, Margit A1 - Pötzsch, Sina A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Bewertung der Beständigkeit von metallenen und polymeren Werkstoffen in Mitteldestillatanwendungen mit Zusatz von Biodiesel N2 - Für Bauteile (Komponenten) von Versorgungsanlagen für flüssige Brenn- und Kraftstoffe muss die Beständigkeit der metallenen Werkstoffe und Polymere nachgewiesen werden. Im Anwendungsfall von Heizöl mit 20 % biogenen Anteilen in Form von Rapsölfettsäuremethylester (FAME, Biodiesel) ist es für eine konservative Beurteilung des Korrosionssystems Werkstoff/Medium/Umgebung wichtig, die Alterungseffekte des Mediums einzubeziehen. Entwicklung eines Prüfverfahrens für die Untersuchung der Beständigkeit von metallenen Werkstoffen und Polymeren in Heizöl und Heizöl-Biodiesel-Blends, das für eine Vorauswahl der Werkstoffe und zum Nachweis der Beständigkeit im Hinblick auf die bauaufsichtlichen Zulassungsverfahren geeignet ist. Ein Schwerpunkt wird bei den metallenen Werkstoffen auf der Erprobung von Messmethoden liegen, mit denen sich in kurzer Versuchszeit ein Korrosionsangriff detektieren lässt. T2 - Seminar: Ausgewählte Kapitel der Werkstofftechnik an der Bergischen Universität Wuppertal CY - Wuppertal, Germany DA - 24.01.2020 KW - Heizöl-20% Biodiesel-Blend KW - Beständigkeitsuntersuchungen KW - Metallene Werkstoffe KW - Polymerwerkstoffe PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50298 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Rezension: Kurzlehrbuch Physikalische Chemie: für natur‐ und ingenieurwissenschaftliche Studiengänge N2 - Wem das Standardwerk der Physikalischen Chemie „Der Atkins“ zunächst zu überwältigend erscheint, dem gelingt mit diesem, nunmehr in der fünften Auflage erschienenen, Kurzlehrbuch sicherlich der Einstig in die Thematik. Studierenden im Bachelor‐ und Mastergang bietet es ein sehr hilfreiches Nachschlagewerk während des Studiums und zur Prüfungsvorbereitung. Die vielfältigen Übungen und Anwendungen am Ende jedes Kapitels, besser gesagt von jedem Fokus, tragen entscheidend zum Verständnis und Überprüfen des Gelernten bei. Sogenannte „Toolkits“ wiederholen an den entsprechenden Stellen inprägnanter Form mathematische Herangehensweisen und Techniken, die das Textverständnis unterstützen. Bei der Überarbeitung der vorherigen Ausgabe flossen nicht nur Anmerkungen von Lehrenden, sondern auch wertvolle Einblicke aus der Sicht der Lernenden, ein, was sich im Aufbau des Buches widerspiegelt. Dieses didaktisch und inhaltlich sehr gut aufgebaute Lehrbuch erfüllt auf jeden Fall seine Intension und weckt die Neugierde auf das im Frühjahr 2020 erscheinende dazugehörige Arbeitsbuch. KW - Elektrochemie KW - Korrosion PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070036 SN - 1521-4176 SN - 0947-5117 VL - 71 IS - 3 SP - 3 PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-50490 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Review: Nanopatterned and Nanoparticle‐Modified Electrodes N2 - Since nanoscience has a tremendous impact on the development of electrochemistry, Wiley‐VCH paid attention to that by publishing thisbook as volume 17 within the series “Advances in Electrochemical Science and Engineering”. This collection of “nanoaspects”on electrodes provides a helpful overview on principles and current findings to readers interested in such applications. It fulfills its intention of being “a valuable resource for researchers working in such fields as electrochemistry, materials science, spectroscopy, analytical and medicinal chemistry”. KW - Electrochemistry KW - Nanoparticle PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070014 SN - 1521-4176 SN - 0947-5117 VL - 71 IS - 1 SP - 179 EP - 180 PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-50205 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Review: Materials Handbook–A Concise Desktop Reference N2 - This concise reference book,consisting of 2 volumes, provides “key scientific and technical properties and data” for “materials scientists, metallurgists, engineers,chemists, and physicists as well as academic staff, technicians, and students” dealing with such kind of materials. Within its 3rd edition the previous work was extended by a chapter on occupational health and safety issues of materials, beside of the update of whole content. Within 22 chapters materials properties and data are summarized in many tables. Some facts are illustrated by drawings and diagrams for better understandability. Each chapter ends with a part on further reading arranged accordingly. KW - Corrosion KW - Materials KW - Corrosivity KW - Resistance PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070034 SN - 1521-4176 SN - 0947-5117 VL - 71 IS - 3 SP - 509 PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-50489 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Review: Polymer Coatings ‐ A Guide to Chemistry, Characterization, and Selected Applications N2 - This book grew out of a course on polymer coatings held by the author at the university. It shall serve as an introduction to the wide field of polymer coatings. It is not intended to cover completely all facts on polymer coatings. All chapters are well structured. Selected figures and formulas illustrate the content and contribute to a good understandability. At the end of each chapter some hints for further reading are provided. Finally, the book fulfills its intention to introduce into the topic by providing basics on science and technology of polymer coatings, suitable for chemists in industry, materials scientists, polymer chemists and physical chemists. KW - Corrosion KW - Coating KW - Polymer PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070024 SN - 1521-4176 SN - 0947-5117 VL - 71 IS - 2 SP - 321 EP - 322 PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-50374 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Omidalizarandi, M. A1 - Herrmann, Ralf A1 - Kargoll, B. A1 - Marx, S. A1 - Paffenholz, J. A1 - Neumann, I. T1 - A validated robust and automatic procedure for vibration analysis of bridge structures using MEMS accelerometers N2 - Today, short- and long-term structural health monitoring (SHM) of bridge infrastructures and their safe, reliable and cost-effective maintenance has received considerable attention. From a surveying or civil engineer’s point of view, vibration-based SHM can be conducted by inspecting the changes in the global dynamic behaviour of a structure, such as natural frequencies (i. e. eigenfrequencies), mode shapes (i. e. eigenforms) and modal damping, which are known as modal parameters. This research work aims to propose a robust and automatic vibration analysis procedure that is so-called robust time domain modal parameter identification (RT-MPI) technique. It is novel in the sense of automatic and reliable identification of initial eigenfrequencies even closely spaced ones as well as robustly and accurately estimating the modal parameters of a bridge structure using low numbers of cost-effective micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) accelerometers. To estimate amplitude, frequency, phase shift and damping ratio coefficients, an observation model consisting of: (1) a damped harmonic oscillation model, (2) an autoregressive model of coloured measurement noise and (3) a stochastic model in the form of the heavy-tailed family of scaled t-distributions is employed and jointly adjusted by means of a generalised expectation maximisation algorithm. Multiple MEMS as part of a geo-sensor network were mounted at different positions of a bridge structure which is precalculated by means of a finite element model (FEM) analysis. At the end, the estimated eigenfrequencies and eigenforms are compared and validated by the estimated parameters obtained from acceleration measurements of high-end accelerometers of type PCB ICP quartz, velocity measurements from a geophone and the FEM analysis. Additionally, the estimated eigenfrequencies and modal damping are compared with a well-known covariance driven stochastic subspace identification approach, which reveals the superiority of our proposed approach. We performed an experiment in two case studies with simulated data and real applications of a footbridge structure and a synthetic bridge. The results show that MEMS accelerometers are suitable for detecting all occurring eigenfrequencies depending on a sampling frequency specified. Moreover, the vibration analysis procedure demonstrates that amplitudes can be estimated in submillimetre range accuracy, frequencies with an accuracy better than 0.1 Hz and damping ratio coefficients with an accuracy better than 0.1 and 0.2 % for modal and system damping, respectively. KW - Vibration analysis KW - Automatic modal parameters identification KW - MEMS KW - FEM analysis KW - Bridge monitoring PY - 2020 UR - https://www.degruyter.com/view/journals/jag/14/3/article-p327.xml DO - https://doi.org/10.1515/jag-2020-0010 SN - 1862-9016 VL - 14 IS - 3 SP - 1 EP - 28 PB - De Gruyter CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-51338 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nerger, Deborah A1 - Moosavi, Robabeh A1 - Bracklow, F. A1 - Hering, M. A1 - Kühn, T. A1 - Curbach, M. A1 - Hille, Falk A1 - Rogge, Andreas T1 - Planar tomography and numerical analysis for damage characterization of impact loaded RC plates N2 - The damage analysis of reinforced concrete (RC) is of high interest for reasons of effective maintenance and structural safe-ty of buildings. The damage structures of RC plates loaded by an impact were investigated, applying X-ray planar tomogra-phy and finite element method (FEM). Planar tomography allows getting three-dimensional information of the RC elements and the damage including crack, spalling and scabbing. The FEM model validated on the tomography data justifies the appli-cation for further predictions of the damage description. In this study, we investigated concrete plates of three different thick-ness subjected to impacts at different low- and medium-velocity, whereby the used impactor had a flat tip, which resulted in small penetrations on the front side and scabbing on the rear side. In order to quantify the damage, the damage volume and its distribution through the plate were computed and the correlations between degree of damage and impact velocity were found out. KW - Impact KW - Damage characterization KW - Planar tomography KW - Numeric simulation KW - Reinforced concrete structure PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/cend.202000017 VL - 8 SP - 1 EP - 19 PB - Wiley AN - OPUS4-51117 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - Knauer, S. A1 - Yevtushenko, O. T1 - CO2-stream impurities and their effects on corrosion susceptibility of materials to be used in CCUS systems N2 - Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) is a promising technology to reach the target for reduction of CO2 emissions. Crucial points for a sustainable and future-proof CCUS system are reliability and cost efficiency of the whole process chain, including separation of CO2 from the source, compression of CO2, its subsequent transportation to the injection site and injection into geological formations, e.g. aquifers. Recent studies have shown that even at a very low concentration of impurities, condensation of sulfuric and nitric acids in dense phase CO2 are possible and observable. Thus, impact of impure CO2 stream toward corrosion susceptibility of materials to be used in CCUS system need to be considered. In this talk, basing on results achieved from two German long-term projects (COORAL and CLUSTER), the dominating impurities of the CO2 stream and corrosion mechanisms are addressed. Investigations cover the whole CCUS process chain and provide a material recommendation for certain parts. T2 - Corrosion in Low-Carbon Energies - IFPEN-Lyon CY - Online meeting DA - 03.11.2020 KW - Corrosion KW - CCUS KW - Carbon dioxide PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51509 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Stoljarova, A. A1 - Regenspurg, S. T1 - Deposition of Brine Components on Materials in Geothermal Conditions T1 - ОСАЖДЕНИЕ КОМПОНЕНТОВ ГЕОТЕРМИЧЕСКИХ ВОД НА МАТЕРИАЛЫ В ГЕОТЕРМАЛЬНЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ N2 - Since geothermal wells are a feasible energy source to replace fossil fuel supply, many technologies have been developed to take advantage of geothermal energy. Nevertheless, service conditions in geothermal facilities are in many cases extreme in terms of corrosion due to the chemical composition of hydrothermal fluids and temperatures. Therefore, materials selection based on preliminary material qualification is essential to guarantee a secure and reliable operation of the facilities. During operation of a geothermal research facility in Groß Schönebeck copper and lead effects have been found downhole. Occurring mechanisms and measures to prevent precipitation or scaling needed to be investigated as well as potential influences of such precipitates on corrosion resistance of metallic materials used for equipment. This contribution deals with the evaluation of the corrosion behavior of carbon steel and corrosion resistant alloys in copper and/or lead containing artificial geothermal water, simulating the conditions in the Northern German Basin. The behavior of these materials in an artificial geothermal water obtained by electrochemical measurements and exposure tests are presented. While carbon steel exhibits precipitation and deposition, higher alloyed material shows different response to such species and a higher resistance in saline geothermal water. Basing on these results the suitability of the investigated corrosion resistant alloy is given for use in such conditions, whereas carbon steel creates difficulties due to its susceptibility to Cu- and Pb-precipitation. N2 - Поскольку геотермальные скважины являются реальным источником энергии для замены поставок ископаемого топлива, было разработано множество технологий для использования преимуществ геотермальной энергии. Тем не менее, условия эксплуатации на геотермальных установках во многих случаях являются экстремальными с точки зрения коррозии из-за химического состава гидротермальных жидкостей и температур. Таким образом, выбор материалов на основе предварительной квалификации имеет важное значение для обеспечения безопасной и надежной работы геотермальных объектов. Во время работы исследовательской установки в Грос Шёнебек (Groß Schönebeck) в скважине было обнаружено воздействие меди и свинца. Необходимо изучить возникшие механизмы и меры для предотвращения депозиции или образования коррозии, а также потенциальное влияние таких осаждений на коррозионную стойкость металлов, используемых для оборудования. Этот доклад посвящен оценке коррозионного поведения углеродистой стали и коррозионно-стойких сплавов в геотермальной воде, содержащей медь и / или свинец, моделирующей условия в Северогерманском бассейне (North German basin). Представлено поведение этих металлических материалов в геотермальной воде, полученной путем электрохимических измерений и испытаний на воздействие. В то время как углеродистая сталь демонстрирует коррозию и отложения, высоколегированный материал демонстрирует более высокую стойкость в соленой геотермальной воде. На основании этих результатов пригодность исследуемого коррозионно-стойкого сплава дана для использования в данных условиях, тогда как углеродистая сталь создает трудности из-за ее восприимчивости к депозиции солей меди и свинца. T2 - ХV International Conference Problems of Corrosion and Corrosion Protection of Materials “CORROSION-2020” CY - Online meeting DA - 15.10.2020 KW - Copper KW - Lead KW - Corrosion KW - Steel KW - Geothermal PY - 2020 UR - http://www.ipm.lviv.ua/corrosion2020/ AN - OPUS4-51438 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Pötzsch, Sina A1 - Weltschev, Margit T1 - Entwicklung einer Prüfmethode zur Bewertung der Materialbeständigkeit von Bauteilen in Mitteldestillatanwendungen N2 - Im DGMK-Projekt 780 wurde eine forcierte Prüfmethode entwickelt zur Bestimmung der Beständigkeit von metallenen Werkstoffen gegenüber Brennstoffen aus Mitteldestillaten und Gemischen aus Mitteldestillat und paraffinischen Kohlenwasserstoffen, die jeweils Fettsäuremethylester (FAME) als biogene Komponente enthalten. Bei der Prüfmethode werden Proben des Werkstoffes in einem speziellen Prüfmedien ausgelagert. Die Zusammensetzung von zwei Prüfmedien wurde im Vorhaben erarbeitet. Die Prüfmedien decken für den FAME-Anteil einen Bereich von bis zu 20 % (V/V) ab. Die Auslagerung kann bei geringem Aufwand unter Atmosphärendruck durchgeführt werden. Die Eignung einer Auswahl von metallenen Werkstoffen und Polymerwerkstoffen, die für Versorgungsanlagen für Mitteldestillat relevant sind, wurde durch Auslagerung in folgenden nicht gealterten Brennstoffen bestimmt: Heizöl EL schwefelarm (B0), Heizöl EL schwefelarm mit 20 % (V/V) FAME (B20), FAME (B100) und hydriertes Pflanzenöl (HVO). Die Temperatur bei der Auslagerung betrug 50 °C für die metallenen Werkstoffe und 40 °C und 70 °C für die Polymerwerkstoffe. Die Ergebnisse der Beständigkeitsbewertung wurden in Beständigkeitslisten zusammengefasst. Die mit dem B20 erhaltenen Werkstoffbeständigkeiten gelten generell für Gemische aus Heizöl EL schwefelarm und FAME mit einem FAME-Gehalt bis zu 20 % (V/V). Sie sind auch auf Gemische aus Dieselkraftstoff und FAME mit einem FAME-Gehalt bis 20 %(V/V) übertragbar. Die forcierte Prüfmethode kann insbesondere KMUs bei der Weiterentwicklung von bestehenden Produkten und der Entwicklung von neuen Produkten als ein kostengünstiger Schnelltest zur Überprüfung der Werkstoff- und Bauteilbeständigkeit gegenüber Mitteldestillaten mit hohem FAME-Anteil dienen. Sie kann für die Hersteller die Sicherheit erhöhen, dass Bauteile die Freigabeprüfungen der Bauaufsicht bestehen, wobei die Freigabe aber nur für Deutschland gültig ist. Die Erkenntnisse des Forschungsvorhabens können in eine harmonisierte Europäischen Norm für alternative Brenn- und Kraftstoffe einfließen. Diese ist für die Bauteilhersteller die Voraussetzung für die Erschließung des europäischen Marktes. T2 - Sitzung des DGMK-Fachausschusses "Brennstoffe" CY - Online Meeting DA - 22.09.2020 KW - Korrosion KW - Biobrennstoff KW - Heizöl KW - FAME PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51300 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Weltschev, Margit A1 - Pötzsch, S. A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Compatibility of polymers with aged heating oil containing 10 % and 20 % biodiesel under static conditions N2 - Biodiesel is viewed as a major source of energy. In areas such as the European Un-ion, where 80 % of the oil-based fuel is imported, there is also the desire to reduce dependence on external oil supplies. Materials compatibility is a major concern whenever the fuel composition is changed. The question arises of whether polymeric materials are resistant to heating oil with 20 % biodiesel (B20) in comparison to pure heating oil. The polarity of biodiesel increases its solvency and facilitates permeation and extrac-tion. Solvation, swelling and/or extraction lead to changes in the physical properties. Extraction alters the fuel chemistry. These chemical changes could also accelerate the degradation (hydrolysis and oxidation) of the polymeric material with the loss of additives and stabilizers. Exposure tests to determine the resistance of polymers frequently used for compo-nents in middle distillate facilities, such as ACM, FKM, HNBR, PA, PE, POM, PUR and PVC in heating oil and a blend of heating oil and 20 % biodiesel (B20) were al-ready performed. The objective of this research was to determine the resistance of these polymers in 8-year aged heating oil blend B10 and 1-year aged blend B20 at 40 °C. Mass, tensile strength, breaking elongation and Shore hardness A (D) of the test specimens were determined before and after exposure for 84 (42) days in the test fuels under static conditions. There is not determined a threshold for the reduction in tensile properties and Shore hardness in the international standards. Therefore, a threshold of 15 % was deter-mined for the evaluation of the compatibility. A significant reduction in Shore hardness was determined after exposure of ACM and PUR test specimens in 1-year aged B20. The tensile strength of PUR test specimens in 1-year aged B20 was reduced by more than 50 %, and the breaking elongation by more than 30 %. A decrease in breaking elongation was measured for POM test specimens after ex-posure to 1-year aged B20 by 25 % (limited resistance). 8-year aged B10 had a stronger effect than 1-year aged B20 on the polymers. ACM test specimens were softened by B10 resulting in a drop of Shore hardness by over 20 %. B10 reduced tensile strength and breaking elongation of PUR test specimens by over 50 %. In contrast, the breaking elongation of POM was increased by over 270 %. It can be concluded that the polymers HNBR, FKM, PA6, PE and PVC are resistant in 1-year aged B20 whereas ACM and POM are limited resistant. PUR is not re-sistant. HNBR, FKM, PA6, PE and PVC are resistant in 8-year aged B10, whereas PUR and POM are not resistant, and ACM just limited resistant. T2 - EUROCORR 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 07.09.2020 KW - Aged heating oil with 10% and 20% biodiesel KW - Resistance of polymers KW - Tensile properties KW - Shore hardness PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51240 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Rezension: Analytik - Daten, Formeln, Übungsaufgaben N2 - Seit seiner erstmaligen Veröffentlichung im Jahre 1894 als „Logarithmische Rechentafeln für Chemiker“ und ab 1982 als „Rechentafeln für die chemische Analyse“ begleitet der „Küster‐Thiel“ Generationen nicht nur von Laborantinnen und Laboranten sowie Studierende hilfreich bei der analytischen Arbeit. Mit der 108. Auflage änderte sich 2016 der Titel dieses in der „Studium“‐Reihe des De Gruyter Verlages herausgegebenen Standardwerkes ein weiteres Mal. Die 109. Auflage des Klassikers der chemischen Analytik‐Literatur setzt die Tradition fort, mit zahlreichen anschaulichen Erklärungen, Beispiele und Rechnungen Chemikern, Physikern und Ingenieurswissenschaftlern an Universitäten und Fachhochschulen; Auszubildenden und Laboranten ein übersichtliches und aktuelles Arbeitsmittel für den analytischen Alltag zur Verfügung zu stellen. Nutzern früherer Ausgaben wird der Umstieg auf die neue Ausgabe empfohlen, damit auch sie auf dem neuesten Stand arbeiten können. KW - Analyse KW - Labor KW - Formeln KW - Laborarbeit PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070106 SN - 1521-4176 SN - 0947-5117 VL - 71 IS - 10 SP - 2 EP - 3 PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-51415 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Review: Corrosion‐Resistant Linings and Coatings N2 - This book introduces to aspects to be considered when dealing with coatings and linings. Philip A. Schweitzer covers and compares a variety of specific coatings and their applications. In 18 chapters he divided the content into two main parts: linings and coatings. All professionals involved in design and maintenance processes get by this book a compact survey of necessary considerations which needs to be done when applying surface protection measures. The literature references at the end of some chapters support the readers finding additional information about the special topic, mainly written by the author himself. Since this newly issued paperback edition is a 1:1 re‐print of the 2001 hardcover version, neither current publications are referenced, nor revisions were made. KW - Corrosion KW - Lining KW - Coating KW - Elastomer PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070094 SN - 1521-4176 SN - 0947-5117 VL - 71 IS - 9 SP - 1592 EP - 1593 PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-51167 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Review: Corrosion of Linings and Coatings: Cathodic and Inhibitor Protection and Corrosion Monitoring N2 - This paperback issue of the 2007 hardcover version within the “Corrosion Engineering Handbook” series presents various materials and methods for controlling and protecting against corrosion instead of using expensive alloys to construct a tank or processing vessel. This book is a very comprehensive collection of the current knowledge about applied linings and coatings. So, it fulfills its intension, “that regardless of what is being built, … information for … whoever is responsible for the selection of material of construction will be found in this book to enable them to avoid unnecessary loss of material through corrosion”, to a very large extent. KW - Corrosion KW - Coating KW - Lining KW - Cathodic protection PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070104 SN - 1521-4176 SN - 0947-5117 VL - 71 IS - 10 SP - 1756 EP - 1757 PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-51414 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gehrenkemper, Lennart A1 - Simon, Fabian A1 - Roesch, Philipp A1 - Fischer, Emily A1 - von der Au, Marcus A1 - Pfeifer, Jens A1 - Cossmer, Antje A1 - Wittwer, Philipp A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Meermann, Björn T1 - Organically bound fluorine in river water - A methode comparison of CIC and HR-CS-GFMAS N2 - Abstract: Since it is unknown for many applications, which PFASs are used and how they enter the environment, target analysis-based methods reach their limits. The two most frequently used sum parameters are the adsorbable organically bound fluorine (AOF) and the extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF). Both can be quantified using either combustion ion chromatography (CIC) or high resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS). Here we provide an insight on the advantageous and disadvantageous of both sum parameters and both detection methods. Our study is based on the analysis of surface water samples. Next to total fluorine (TF) analysis, AOF and EOF were determined as well as CIC and HR-CS-GFMAS are compared and results are comparatively discussed. Fluorine mass balancing revealed that, the AOF/TF proportion was higher than the EOF/TF proportion. The AOF made up 0.14–0.81% of TF and the EOF 0.04–0.28% of TF. Although, organically bound fluorine represents only a small portion of TF, PFASs are of worldwide concern, because of their extreme persistence and their bioaccumulation potential. The EOF-HR-CS-GFMAS method turned out to be more precise and sensitive than the AOF-CIC method and is a promising tool for future monitoring studies/routine analysis of PFASs in the environment. T2 - SALSA Make and Measure 2020: Advanced Characterization of Materials CY - Online meeting DA - 15.10.2020 KW - High resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS) KW - Combustion ion chromatography (CIC) KW - Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) KW - Adsorbable organically bound fluorine (AOF) KW - Extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF) KW - Surfacewaters PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-52451 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Gehrenkemper, Lennart A1 - Simon, Fabian A1 - Roesch, Philipp A1 - Fischer, E. A1 - von der Au, Marcus A1 - Pfeifer, Jens A1 - Cossmer, Antje A1 - Wittwer, Philipp A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Meermann, Björn T1 - Correction to: Determination of organically bound fluorine sum parameters in river water samples - Comparison of combustion ion chromatography (CIC) and high resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS) N2 - The article “Determination of organically bound fluorine sum parameters in river water samples - Comparison of combustion ion chromatography (CIC) and high resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS)” was originally published Online First without Open Access. After publication in volume 413, issue 1, page 103–115 of the journal “Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry”, the authors decided to opt for Open Choice and to make the article an Open Access publication. Therefore, the copyright of the article has been changed to © The Author(s) 2021 and the article is forthwith distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-021-03675-z SN - 1618-2650 SP - 1 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-53453 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Hoffmann, Marie A1 - Taube, Mareike A1 - Krüger, O. A1 - Baran, R. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Uranium and thorium species in phosphate rock and sewage sludge ash based phosphorus fertilizers N2 - Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for all forms of life and is thus often applied as phosphate rock-based P-fertilizers in agriculture to enable continuous farming. However, these P-fertilizers contain also hazardous uranium (U) and thorium (Th), up to 660 and 220 mg/kg, respectively. On the contrary, novel P-fertilizers made from sewage sludge (ash) contain only low mass fractions of U and Th. In addition to the total amount of U and Th in P-fertilizers, their mobility and bioavailability is important, which depends to a large extent on their chemical state, especially oxidation state and chemical bonding. Thus, we analyzed their chemical state in various P-fertilizers by U and Th L3-edge HERFD-XANES spectroscopy. Phosphate rocks and sewage sludge-based P-fertilizers contain mainly U(IV) compounds which have only a low bioavailability. In contrast, acidic treatment of phosphate rock to produce super phosphates lead to an oxidation to U(VI) compounds (including formation of uranium phosphates) with a strongly increased bioavailability. On the contrary, all analyzed P-fertilizers contain Th in form of strongly insoluble phosphates and oxides with a low bioavailability. Additionally performed water extractions and Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films (DGT) experiments support these findings. KW - Phosphorus fertilizer KW - Sewage sludge KW - X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy KW - Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films (DGT) KW - Extraction PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121100 SN - 0304-3894 VL - 382 SP - 121100, 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-48872 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Leaching behavior of Antimony in MSWI bottom ash N2 - Bottom ash (BA) from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) contains harmful substances such as heavy metals, chloride and sulfate which are mobilized in contact with water. Standardized leaching tests are used to measure the extent of mobilization. It is known that fresh bottom ash displays elevated concentrations of various heavy metals such as lead or zinc due to the formation of hydroxo complexes as a result of high pH values of 12 and above. Storage of BA is accompanied by ageing processes, mainly the reaction of CaO and Ca(OH)2 with CO2 leading to lower pH values in contact with water around 11. Usually heavy metals concentrations are minimum at these conditions. Knowledge of the long-term leaching behavior of potentially harmful substances is crucial for the assessment of the environmental compatibility of reusing municipal solid-waste incineration bottom ash (MSWI BA) in construction, i.e., as a road base layer. BA fractions obtained from wet-processing aiming at the improvement of environmental quality were used to investigate the mobility of relevant substances. Eluates from laboratory-scaled leaching procedures (column percolation and lysimeters) were analyzed to learn about the long-term release of substances. Unsaturated conditions and artificial rainwater were used in the lysimeter tests to simulate field conditions. In addition, batch test eluates were generated at usual liquid-to-solid ratios (L/S) for compliance testing purposes. A variety of cations and anions was measured in the eluates. The wet treatment reduces the leaching of chloride and particularly sulfate by more than 60%. The release of typical contaminants for the treated MSWI BA such as the heavy metals Cu and Cr was well below 1% in the conducted leaching tests. An increase in the Sb concentration was observed in the lysimeter experiments starting at L/S 0.75 L/kg and in the column experiment at L/S 4 L/kg is assumed to be related to decreasing concentrations of Ca and thus to the dissolution of sparingly soluble calcium antimonate. The same leaching mechanism applies with V, but the concentration levels observed are less critical regarding relevant limit values. However, on the long term the behavior of Sb could be problematic for the application of MSWI BA as secondary building material. T2 - MINEA Final Conference CY - Bologna, Italy DA - 20.02.2020 KW - Antimony KW - Bottom ash KW - Leaching KW - Solubility PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50450 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Roesch, Philipp A1 - Wittwer, Philipp A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Detailed Investigation of Perfluoroalkyl Surfactant Contaminated Soil Samples by Combustion Ion Chromatography - Development of EOF and AOF as Reference Values in Environmental Analysis N2 - Per- and polyfluoralkyl surfactants (PFASs) are industrially produced surface chemicals used in daily applications that have gained public and political attention due their unnaturally high appearance in drinking water, nourishments and soils. Their chemical structures exhibit both lipophilic and hydrophilic properties, leading to a highly inert and persistent character. Various PFASs have shown to be bioaccumulative in plants and animals, and some have been characterized as highly toxic when ingested. When exposed to the environment, PFASs slowly get mobilized by natural water resources, leading to contamination of large areas of soil and natural water sources. While PFASs contamination of drinking water has been investigated intensively, perfluoralkyl contamination of soils has been rarely examined as of yet. At the same time, an increasing amount of PFASs contamination sites are being discovered worldwide, calling for a sophisticated strategy towards analytical characterization. Since the number of known PFASs already exceeds 4700, the established sum parameters like extractable organic fluorine (EOF) and adsorbable organic fluorine (AOF) are key elements to fully survey the impact of exposure. Simultaneously, innovative soil remediation strategies are required to contain environmental destruction and to minimize further spreading of contaminants. Addressing these challenges requires suitable analytical devices that are capable of mobilizing PFASs in the solid as well as in the liquid phase. The use of combustion ion chromatography (CIC) enables analysis of both immobile and volatile PFASs and allows the detection of both total fluorine (TF) and EOF or AOF of a given soil or aqueous sample. Based on preliminary results, the clean-up of a PFAS contaminated solid matrix is monitored via EOF detection over time. Additionally, we demonstrate the pH dependency of hydrogen fluoride absorption on active carbon (AC) and found a simple organic additive to be an effective fluoride scavenger. The presented findings can be contributive with regard to future AOF/EOF sum parameter development and application. T2 - DECHEMA Symposium Strategien zur Boden- und Grundwassersanierung 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 23.11.2020 KW - PFAS KW - SPE extraction KW - Combustion ion chromatography KW - Organo fluorine analysis KW - Soil extraction KW - Sewage extraction PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51978 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Roesch, Philipp A1 - Wittwer, Philipp A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - CIC & HR-GFMAS: Über Summenparameter in der PFAS-Analytik - Entwicklung von AOF-Parametern anhand Combustion Ion Chromatography N2 - Kurzzsammenfassung der bisherigen Ergebnisse der Vorhaben 4320 und 4390 beim Netzwerktreffen des PerFluSan Netzwerks T2 - Netzwerktreffen PerFluSan CY - Online meeting DA - 19.11.2020 KW - PFAS KW - PFC KW - AOF KW - EOF PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51625 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zirnstein, Benjamin A1 - Schulze, Dietmar A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Combination of phosphorous flame retardants and aluminum trihydrate in multicomponent EPDM composites N2 - Ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) Rubbers with the flame retardants tris(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate, ammonium polyphosphate, polyaniline, and aluminum trihydroxide were prepared and analyzed in this study. The homogenous dispersion of the fillers in the rubber matrix was confirmed by scanning electron microscope. To investigate the interplay of the different flame retardants, the flame retardants were varied systematically. The comprehensive study sought combinations of flame retardants that allow high loadings of flame retardants without deterioration of the physical and mechanical properties of the EPDM rubber. The eight EPDM rubbers were investigated via thermogravimetric analysis and pyrolysis gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer (Py GC/MS) to investigate the potential synergistic effects. In the Py-GC/MS experiments, 27 pyrolysis products were identified. Furthermore, UL 94, limiting oxygen index, FMVSS 302, glow wire tests, and cone calorimeter tests were carried out. In the cone calorimeter test the EPDM rubbers R-1AP and R-1/2P achieved an increase in residue at flameout of 76% and a reduction in total heat evolved of about 35%. Furthermore, the compounds R-1AP and R-1/2P achieved a reduction in MARHE to about 150 kW m−1, a reduction of over 50% compared to the unprotected rubber R. KW - EPDM KW - Rubber KW - Aluminum hydroxide (ATH) KW - Phosphorous flame retardant PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-502859 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.25280 SN - 1548-2634 VL - 60 IS - 2 SP - 267 EP - 280 PB - Wiley AN - OPUS4-50285 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cao, L. A1 - Thome, P. A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo A1 - Somsen, C. A1 - Cailletaud, G. A1 - Eggeler, G. T1 - On the influence of crystallography on creep of circular notched single crystal superalloy specimens N2 - The present work contributes to a better understanding of the effect of stress multiaxiality on the creep behavior of single crystal Ni-base superalloys. For this purpose we studied the creep deformation and rupture behavior of double notched miniature creep tensile specimens loaded in three crystallographic directions [100], [110] and [111] (creep conditions: 950 °C and 400 MPa net section stress). Crystal plasticity finite element method (CPFEM) was used to analyze the creep stress and strain distributions during creep. Double notched specimens have the advantage that when one notch fails, the other is still intact and allows to study a material state which is close to rupture. No notch root cracking was observed, while microstructural damage (pores and micro cracks) were frequently observed in the center of the notch root region. This is in agreement with the FEM results (high axial stress and high hydrostatic stress in the center of the notched specimen). Twinning was observed in the notch regions of [110] and [111] specimens, and <112> {111} twins were detected and analyzed using orientation imaging scanning electron microscopy. The present work shows that high lattice rotations can be detected in SXs after creep fracture, but they are associated with the high strains accumulated in the final rupture event. KW - Single crystal Ni-Base superalloys KW - Double notched creep specimen KW - Stress distribution KW - Lattice rotation KW - Cracks PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506060 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.139255 SN - 0921-5093 VL - 782 SP - 139255 PB - Elsevier B. V. AN - OPUS4-50606 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zorn, R. A1 - Szymoniak, Paulina A1 - Kolmangadi, Mohamed Aejaz A1 - Wolf, M. A1 - Alentiev, D. A1 - Bermeshev, M. A1 - Böhning, Martin A1 - Schönhals, Andreas T1 - Low frequency vibrational density of state of highly permeable super glassy polynorbornenes – The Boson peak N2 - Inelastic incoherent neutron time-of flight scattering was employed to measure the low frequency density of states for a series of addition polynorbornenes with bulky side groups. The rigid main chain in combination with the bulky side groups give rise to a microporosity of these polymers in the solid state. The microporosity characterized by the BET surfaces area varies systematically in the considered series. Such materials have some possible application as active separation layer in gas separation membranes. All investigated materials show excess contributions to the Debye type density of states characteristic for glasses known as Boson peak. The maximum position of the Boson peak shifts to lower frequency values with increasing microporosity. Data for PIM-1 and Matrimid included for comparison are in good agreement to this dependency. This result supports the sound wave interpretation of the Boson peak. KW - Polynorbornes KW - Neutron Scattering PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d0cp03360j SN - 1463-9076 VL - 22 IS - 33 SP - 18381 EP - 18387 PB - Royal Chemical Society AN - OPUS4-51165 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Szymoniak, Paulina T1 - Spatial Inhomogeneity, Interfaces and Complex Vitrification Behavior of Epoxy and Corresponding Nanocomposites by Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy and Hyphenated Calorimetry N2 - Polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) with inorganic nanofillers dispersed in a polymer matrix have been widely studied from the 1990s, since the pioneering work by Toyota Central Research. The possibility of producing advanced tailor-made, light weight and low-cost materials, inspired academic and commercial research towards numerous potential applications, facilitating PNCs to become a billion-dollar global industry. The introduction of nanoparticles (NPs) to a polymer matrix is expected to result in improved properties. The outstanding performance of PNCs is determined not only by the characteristics of the used components but also by their phase morphology, including the dispersion of NPs and interfacial properties. Understanding of structure-property relationships is particularly important for polymer nanocomposites with high industrial significance, such as epoxy-based materials reinforced with inorganic nanofillers. These PNCs have been successfully adopted by the marine, automotive and aerospace industries, although they are still rarely studied on a fundamental level. Therefore, this thesis aims for a detailed understanding of the structure, molecular mobility and vitrification kinetics first, of two epoxy-based materials with different network structures and second, of the corresponding nanocomposites with different alumina-based nanofillers. The first system considered (EP/T-LDH) was based on bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (DGEBA) cured with diethylenetriamine (DETA) and taurine-modified layered double hydroxide (T-LDH) NPs. The taurine molecule bears additional functionalities that could enhance the interactions between the matrix and the nanofiller, improving the interphase formation. The seconds system (EP/BNP) was based on DGEBA and methyl tetrahydrophtalic acid anhydride (MTHPA) as a hardener, reinforced with boehmite nanoparticles (BNPs). The comparison of the two systems enables for a comparative study on the effect of different hardeners and the morphology and modification of the alumina-based nanofillers on the material behavior. The materials were investigated employing complementary techniques with different sensitivities and frequency windows. The following methodology was used: transmission electron microscopy (TEM), small – and wide – angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS), broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS), calorimetry in a form of conventional DSC and fast scanning calorimetry (FSC), as well as specific heat spectroscopy (SHS) in a form of temperature modulated DSC, temperature modulated FSC and static FSC by calculating the thermal relaxation rates from the cooperativity approach. The FSC method (based on adiabatic chip calorimetry to probe micrometer-sized samples) was successfully employed in this work, exploiting all its possibilities for the first time in literature for a PNC. Moreover, a systematic analysis technique was established to overcome the problem of vague glass transition regions observed for highly loaded PNCs in the heat flow and heat capacity curves. First, TEM, SAXS/WAXS and indirectly BDS and SHS were employed to obtain the information about the approximate morphology of the PNCs. It was found that epoxy-based materials exhibit a structural heterogeneity in a form of regions with different average crosslinking density. This was indicated by multiple-peak scattering pattern of the polymer matrix and two distinct α-processes (dynamic glass transition) related to the cooperative fluctuation of the epoxy network found by BDS and SHS. This was described for the first time for epoxy-based materials. The two α-relaxations were evidenced differently for the two systems, which is related to different network structures and dipole moments due to the employed hardeners. Nevertheless, structural heterogeneity is an intrinsic feature of these materials, independent of the type of hardener used for the network formation and nanofiller. In addition, matrix inhomogeneities were more pronounced with increasing nanoparticle content. Furthermore, a powerful new technique was applied for X-ray scattering data, using Monte Carlo fits, to describe the NPs dispersion throughout the whole sample volume (as opposed to the local investigations performed by most researches). Additional structural information of the two systems was extracted by BDS and SHS, such as qualitative and quantitative estimation of polymer segments physically adsorbed and/or chemically bonded onto the nanoparticles. Due to the immobilized character of this interphase with respect to the cooperative segmental motions, it is denoted as a rigid amorphous fraction (RAF). For instance, on the contrary to EP/BNP, for EP/T-LDH a dielectrically active process was found, related to the localized fluctuations within RAF. Moreover, the amount of RAF in EP/T-LDH was reaching up to 40 wt % of the system, whereas in EP/BNP it ranged between 1-7 wt %. In the latter case the presence of NPs was found to simultaneously increase and decrease the number of mobile segments, due to the interphase formation and changes in crosslinking density. The difference between the two systems was ascribed to the presence of additional amine functionalities in the T-LDH nanofiller. Second, employing BDS and SHS, a systematic study on the effect of NPs on the segmental dynamics was performed. For example, depending on the nanofiller, the α-processes related to regions with higher crosslinking density was found to shift to higher and lower temperatures with increasing T-LDH and BNPs concentration, respectively. The observed difference is due to the different synergism of the polymer matrix with the nanofiller. Third, a detailed investigation of the vitrification kinetics was performed with DSC and FSC. The concentration dependence of the glass transition temperature was found, similar to the behavior of the α-processes. It was shown that, in parallel to the detected main glass transition, epoxy-based materials can exhibit an additional low temperature vitrification mechanism. As expected from the two distinct α-processes, this behavior was however not discussed in prior studies for an unfilled network former. This finding was correlated to the structural heterogeneity evidenced by other techniques. This thesis, dealing with an in-depth research on the epoxy-based materials that are already successfully employed in numerous applications underlines the necessity of more fundamental research in this field. It shines light on the complexity of these systems and contributes to defining how the structure-property relationships can be determined by combining multiple experimental techniques and analytical methodology. T2 - PhD defense CY - Online meeting DA - 18.12.2020 KW - Interfaces KW - Nanocomposites KW - Rigid amorphous fraction KW - TMDSC KW - BDS PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-52035 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Szymoniak, Paulina A1 - Omar, Hassan A1 - Qu, Xintong A1 - Schönhals, Andreas T1 - Resolving the mystery of the molecular dynamics of epoxy-based materials using broadband dielectric spectroscopy and hypheneated calorimetry N2 - A detailed calorimetric and dielectric study on two epoxy-based nanocomposite system was performed employing bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (DGEBA) cured with diethylenetriamine (DETA) and methyl tetrahydrophtalic acid anhydride (MTHPA) aas the polymer matrix and taurine-modified MgAL layered double hydroxide (T-LDH) and boehmite as nanofiller. The molecular dynamics investigation revealed an intrinsic structural heterogeneity of the epoxy materials. Moreover the polymer/particle interphase was qualitatively and quantitavely investigated. T2 - Online International Dielectric Society 2020 Workshop CY - Online meeting DA - 28.09.2020 KW - Interfaces KW - Nanocomposites KW - Rigid amorphous fraction KW - BDS KW - TMDSC PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51492 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Herzel, Hannes T1 - R-Rhenania - Modifiziertes Rhenania Phosphat aus Klärschlammasche für Bayern N2 - In Bayern wird Klärschlamm aus der kommunalen Abwasserreinigung weitgehend verbrannt. Monoverbrennungsanlagen - ausschließlich für kommunalen Klärschlamm - gibt es in Altenstadt, München, Gendorf, Straubing, Neu-Ulm und zukünftig auch in Augsburg. Die Anlage in Altenstadt verbrennt jährlich ca. 55.000 t Klärschlamm-Trockensubstanz und produziert dabei rund 15.000 t phosphatreiche Aschen. Die Asche aus Altenstadt wird zurzeit überwiegend direkt landwirtschaftlich genutzt. Aufgrund der niedrigen Schadstoffgehalte ist diese Nutzung nach den düngemittelrechtlichen Regelungen gesetzlich zulässig. Um der Intention der neuen Düngeverordnung (26. Mai 2017) nach hocheffizienten, d.h. gut pflanzenverfügbaren Düngemitteln zu entsprechen, ist eine Aufbereitung der Klärschlammasche geplant. Im Rahmen des R-Rhenania Projektes errichten der Betreiber der Klärschlammverbrennungsanlage Altenstadt in Bayern Emter GmbH - und der Düngemittelhersteller sePura GmbH gemeinsam eine AshDec®-Demonstrationsanlage, die im Jahr 2023 den Betrieb aufnehmen soll. Das angewandte AshDec®-Verfahren schließt die Phosphate in der Klärschlammasche thermisch im Drehrohrofen auf und macht diese für Pflanzen vollständig verfügbar. Gleichzeitig werden Schadstoffe wie Arsen, Blei und Cadmium entfernt. Den thermischen Aufschluss kennt man bereits vom erfolgreichen, aber nicht mehr produzierten Düngemittel „Rhenania-Phosphat“, das auf der Basis von Rohphosphaten hergestellt wurde. Die geplante Anlage wird neben den Aschen aus Altenstadt zusätzlich die Aschen aus weiteren bayerischen Verbrennungsanlagen verwerten und für eine Kapazität von 30.000 Jahrestonnen Asche ausgelegt sein. Der Projektpartner sePura plant den produzierten Dünger vollständig in Bayern zu verwerten. Dies verringert die Umweltbelastung durch lange Transportwege und fördert die Regionalität des Vorhabens. T2 - RePhoR Auftaktveranstaltung CY - Online meeting DA - 03.11.2020 KW - Klärschlammasche PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51608 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Pauw, Brian Richard A1 - Szymoniak, Paulina T1 - Dataset and Jupyter worksheet interpreting the (results from) small- and wide-angle scattering data from a series of boehmite/epoxy nanocomposites. Accompanies the publication "Competition of nanoparticle-induced mobilization and immobilization effects on segmental dynamics of an epoxy-based nanocomposite" N2 - Dataset and Jupyter worksheet interpreting the (results from) small- and wide-angle scattering data from a series of boehmite/epoxy nanocomposites. Accompanies the publication "Competition of nanoparticle-induced mobilization and immobilization effects on segmental dynamics of an epoxy-based nanocomposite", by Paulina Szymoniak, Brian R. Pauw, Xintong Qu, and Andreas Schönhals. Datasets are in three-column ascii (processed and azimuthally averaged data) from a Xenocs NanoInXider SW instrument. Monte-Carlo analyses were performed using McSAS 1.3.1, other analyses are in the Python 3.7 worksheet. Graphics and result tables are output by the worksheet. KW - Small angle scattering KW - X-ray scattering KW - Nanocomposite KW - Polymer nanocomposite KW - Boehmite KW - Analysis KW - SAXS/WAXS PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4321087 PB - Zenodo CY - Geneva AN - OPUS4-51829 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bresch, Sophie A1 - Mieller, Björn A1 - Schönauer-Kamin, D. A1 - Moos, R. A1 - Reimann, T. A1 - Giovannelli, F. A1 - Rabe, Torsten T1 - Influence of pressure and dwell time on pressure‐assisted sintering of calcium cobaltite N2 - Calcium cobaltite Ca3Co4O9, abbreviated Co349, is a promising thermoelectric material for high‐temperature applications in air. Its anisotropic properties can be assigned to polycrystalline parts by texturing. Tape casting and pressure‐assisted sintering (PAS) are a possible future way for a cost‐effective mass‐production of thermoelectric generators. This study examines the influence of pressure and dwell time during PAS at 900°C of tape‐cast Co349 on texture and thermoelectric properties. Tape casting aligns lentoid Co349. PAS results in a textured Co349 microstructure with the thermoelectrically favorable ab‐direction perpendicular to the pressing direction. By pressure variation during sintering, the microstructure of Co349 can be tailored either toward a maximum figure of merit as required for energy harvesting or toward a maximum power factor as required for energy harvesting. Moderate pressure of 2.5 MPa results in 25% porosity and a textured microstructure with a figure of merit of 0.13 at 700°C, two times higher than the dry‐pressed, pressureless‐sintered reference. A pressure of 7.5 MPa leads to 94% density and a high power factor of 326 µW/mK2 at 800°C, which is 11 times higher than the dry‐pressed reference (30 MPa) from the same powder. KW - Hot pressing KW - Texture KW - Thermoelectric properties PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-515973 DO - https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.17541 SN - 0002-7820 VL - 104 IS - 2 SP - 917 EP - 927 PB - Wiley Periodicals LLC AN - OPUS4-51597 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bresch, Sophie A1 - Mieller, Björn A1 - Moos, Ralf A1 - Rabe, Torsten T1 - Improved thermoelectric properties of CaMnO3 and Ca3Co4O9 by increasing the driving force for sintering N2 - Thermoelectric materials can convert waste heat directly into electrical power by utilizing the Seebeck effect. Calcium cobaltite (Ca3Co4O9, p-type) and calcium manganate (CaMnO3, n-type) are two of the most promising oxide thermoelectric materials. The performance of these materials is evaluated by the power factor PF = S²∙σ and the figure of merit ZT = (PF ∙ T) / κ, demanding high Seebeck coefficient S, high electrical conductivity σ and low thermal conductivity κ. The latter two are increasing with increasing relative sinter density. According to theory, the relative density of ceramics can be improved by increasing the driving force for sintering. This study investigates different approaches to increase the driving force for sintering of Ca3Co4O9 and CaMnO3 to improve densities and thermoelectric properties. The following approaches were applied: minimizing the energy input during powder synthesis by calcination, fine milling of the powder, using reaction-sintering without a powder synthesis step, and adding a transient liquid phase by sinter additives. All different approaches led to an increased densification and thus higher electrical conductivity and higher PF. Thermal conductivity increased as well but not to the same extent. E.g. reaction-sintering increased the densification of Ca3Co4O9 (p-type) and CaMnO3 (n-type). Consequently, the electrical conductivities improved by about 100 % for both oxides leading to superior power factors (PF = 230 µW/mK² for CaMnO3). Although the thermal conductivity increased as well by 8 %, the figures of merit (ZT) were significantly higher compared to conventionally sintered bars. The addition of 4 wt% CuO as a sinter additive to CaMnO3 lowers the sinter temperature from above 1250 °C to below 1100 °C and increases the relative density. Due to the increased density, both electrical conductivity and PF increased by more than 200 % even though the sintering temperature was 150 K lower. T2 - Electroceramics XVII CY - Online meeting DA - 24.08.2020 KW - Thermoelectrics KW - Reaction sintering KW - Sintering additives PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51163 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bresch, Sophie A1 - Mieller, Björn A1 - Moos, Ralf A1 - Rabe, Torsten T1 - Reaction sintering and sintering additives for cost-effective production of thermoelectric oxides N2 - Thermoelectric oxides attract much interest recently. Although their thermoelectric properties are inferior to non-oxides, they exhibit distinct advantages. Thermoelectric oxides are stable in air at higher temperatures, their raw materials are less toxic, and more abundant. To enhance attractivity of these materials for industrial applications, production costs need to be reduced. Conventionally, the legs of thermoelectric generators are sintered from green bodies of previously synthesized powder. Reaction-sintering is a fabrication method without a powder synthesis step, as the final phase is formed during the sintering from a raw material mixture. Moreover, the reduction of chemical potential during reaction-sintering is effective as an additional driving force for sintering. We show that reaction-sintering increases the densification of CaMnO3 (n-type, Sm doped). Consequently, the electrical conductivities improved by about 100 % leading to superior power factors (PF = 230 µW/mK² for CaMnO3). Another approach to reduce the production costs is to lower the sintering temperature by adding sinter additives. The addition of 4 wt% CuO to CaMnO3 lowers the sinter temperature from 1250 °C to 1050 °C. The achieved power factor PF = 264 µW/mK is more than two times higher as reported in literature for the same dopant. T2 - Virtual Conference on Thermoelectrics (VCT) CY - Online meeting DA - 21.07.2020 KW - Thermoelectrics KW - Reaction sintering KW - Sintering additives KW - Calcium manganate KW - Calcium cobaltite PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51070 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sonnenburg, Elke A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - Sommer, Kontantin A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo T1 - Präparation, Kontrastierung und Darstellung des Gefüges von additiv gefertigtem austenitischem Stahl 316L N2 - Der weit verbreitete austenitische Stahl 316L soll auch mittels additiver Fertigung verarbeitet werden (316L-AM). Zur Entwicklung optimaler Aufbauverfahren ist ein detailliertes Verständnis des Gefüges notwendig. Das additiv aufgebaute Gefüge zeigt eine Mikrostruktur, die geprägt ist von sehr hohen Abkühlraten und gerichtetem Kornwachstum. Mittels klassischer Metallographie können die Charakteristika des Gefüges wie Körner, Subkörner und Schmelzlinien sichtbar gemacht werden. Mittels EBSD werden Kristallorientierungen ermittelt und bildhaft aufbereitet. Die Feinstruktur der Körner wird im REM in der Übersicht aufgelöst. Erst im TEM kann bei hoher Vergrößerung die Natur der Zellstruktur quantitativ ermittelt werden. T2 - Metallographie 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 16.09.2020 KW - Präparation KW - Kontrastierung KW - Additiv gefertigter Stahl PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51245 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - THES A1 - Herzel, Hannes T1 - Phase reaction during thermochemical treatment of sewage sludge and biomass ashes with alkali compounds to increase nutrient plant availability N2 - Das Element Phosphor ist für Pflanzen, Tiere und Menschen essenziell. Um die Phosphorversorgung für Pflanzen in der Landwirtschaft zu gewährleisten, werden Phosphordünger eingesetzt. Die Nährstoffe werden hauptsächlich durch Wirtschaftsdünger (Gülle, Jauche, Stallmist) zurückgeführt. Zusätzlich werden in der konventionellen Landwirtschaft mineralische Phosphordünger eingesetzt, die vorwiegend aus dem fossilen Rohstoff Phosphorit gewonnen werden. Um die Abhängigkeit von fossilen Rohstoffen zu reduzieren, sollen nährstoffhaltige Rest- und Abfallstoffe zur Phosphordünger aufbereitet werden. In Abwasserkläranlagen fällt phosphorreicher Klärschlamm als Abfallstoff an. Der größte Anteil des Klärschlammes wird in Steinkohlekraftwerken, Zementwerken oder in Monoklärschlammverbrennungsanlagen verbrannt. Die Klärschlammaschen aus den Monoverbrennungsanlagen enthalten bis zu 12 Gew.-% Phosphor und sind daher für die Düngerherstellung geeignet. Ein geeignetes Verfahren zur Aufbereitung der Klärschlammaschen ist die thermochemische Behandlung im Drehrohrofen. Mit dem sogenannten AshDec®-Prozess, kann ein Phosphordünger hergestellt werden. Aktuell wird eine großtechnische Anlage in Altenstadt (Bayern) geplant, die im Jahr 2023 den Betrieb aufnehmen soll. Der zentrale Bestandteil ist die Phasenumwandlung von schlecht pflanzenverfügbaren Phosphaten in der Klärschlammasche (vorwiegend das Calciumphosphat Whitlockit und Aluminiumphosphat) zu gut pflanzenverfügbaren Calciumalkaliphosphaten im Produkt. Um dies zu erzielen, werden die Aschen mit Natrium- und/oder Kalium-Verbindungen gemischt und einer thermochemischen Behandlung bei 800-1000 °C zugeführt. Um die Pflanzenverfügbarkeit und Düngewirkung von Phosphaten abschätzen zu können, ist die chemische Extraktionsmethode mit neutraler Ammoniumcitratlösung geeignet. In der Dissertation werden die (Phosphor-)Phasenreaktionen und die Prozessbedingungen des thermochemischen Verfahrens untersucht, um das Verfahren gezielt zu modifizieren und die Wirtschaftlichkeit zu steigern. Die Zielphasen der thermochemischen Behandlung sind die Calciumalkaliphosphate CaNaPO4 und CaKPO4, und deren Mischphasen Ca(Na,K)PO4, welche in der Publikation 3.1 synthetisiert wurden. Für diese Calciumalkaliphosphate wurden die thermodynamischen Daten der Standardbildungsenthalpie, Standardentropie, Wärmekapazität und die Wärmemenge der Phasenumwandlung bestimmt (Publikation 3.1). Bei der thermochemischen Behandlung von Klärschlammaschen wurden als Additive Natrium- und Kaliumsulfat bei verschiedenen Temperaturen getestet. Der Einsatz von Kaliumadditiven ist erwünscht, um den Marktwert des Produktes durch die Produktion eines Phosphor-Kalium-Düngers zu erhöhen. Zusätzlich wird eine möglichst geringe Prozesstemperatur angestrebt, bei der die erwünschten Calciumalkaliphosphate gebildet werden. In den Publikationen 3.2 und 3.3 wird gezeigt, dass für Klärschlammaschen eine komplette Phasenumwandlung zu Calciumnatriumphosphaten ab 875 °C in Laborversuchen (Korundtiegel) mit dem Additiv Natriumsulfat erzielt werden kann. Der Einsatz von Kaliumsulfat erforderte notwendige Reaktionstemperaturen von über 1100 °C. Diese unterschiedlichen Reaktionstemperaturen hängen mit den Schmelzpunkten von Natriumsulfat (890 °C) und Kaliumsulfat (1070 °C) zusammen. Um Kaliumsulfat in den Prozess bei niedrigen Temperaturen zu integrieren, wurden Natriumsulfat und Kaliumsulfat vor der Behandlung gemischt. Dies führte zu einer Schmelzpunkterniedrigung und resultierte in Reaktionstemperaturen zwischen 900 °C bis 1000 °C für die untersuchten Mischungen von Natrium- und Kaliumsulfat (Publikation 3.3). Die Zusammensetzung der Calciumalkaliphosphate Ca(Na,K)PO4 war anders als erwartet. Bei der Phasenanalytik stellte sich heraus, dass bei geringem und mittlerem Anteil von Kaliumsulfat im Alkali-Additiv nur Calciumnatriumphosphate mit sehr geringen Kaliumgehalten gebildet wurden. Erst bei einem hohen Anteil von Kaliumsulfat in der Mischung der Alkalisulfate konnten kaliumhaltige Calciumalkaliphosphate nachgewiesen werden (u.a. (Ca0.9Mg0.1)(Na0.6K0.4)PO4). Dieser geringere Einbau von Kalium in die Calciumalkaliphosphate hängt mit den zusätzlich stattfindenden Reaktionen zwischen den Alkalien und den Silikaten zusammen. Es ist bekannt, dass die zugegebenen Alkalisulfate zuerst mit Silikaten und anschließend mit den Phosphaten reagieren. Silikate bauen bevorzugt Kalium ein, deswegen konnten erst kaliumhaltige Phosphate gebildet werden, wenn die Reaktion mit den Silikaten abgeschlossen war. Dies führte zu einem geringeren Kaliumanteil in den gebildeten Phosphaten im Vergleich zum Kaliumanteil der verwendeten Alkaliadditive. Das in Silikaten gebundene Kalium ist wahrscheinlich schlecht für die Pflanzen verfügbar. Dies könnte den Einsatz der produzierten Phosphor-Kalium-Dünger einschränken. Der bevorzugte Kaliumeinbau in Silikaten konnte auch in Kalkulationen mit den thermodynamischen Daten aus der Publikation 3.1 gezeigt werden. Mittels Phasenanalytik vor und nach der chemischen Extraktion, konnte die Zugehörigkeit zu verschiedenen Modifikationen der Calciumalkaliphosphaten sicher bestimmt werden und eine ungefähre Zusammensetzung dieser Calciumalkaliphosphate abgeschätzt werden. So konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die Modifikation vom CaNaPO4 ungefähr 10 % Magnesium einbauen kann. Wenn mehr Magnesium eingebaut wird, bildet sich die Phase (Ca,Mg)NaPO4, die eine vergleichbare Struktur wie die bekannte Phase (Ca0.72Mg0.28)NaPO4 aufweist. Dieses magnesiumreiche Calciumnatriumphosphat entstand vermutlich, wenn entweder erhöhte Anteile an Kalium eingebaut wurden (Ca0.8Mg0.2)(Na0.85K0.15)PO4 (Publikation 3.3) oder die Phasenumwandlung vom Calciumphosphat Whitlockit zum Calciumalkaliphosphat CaNaPO4 noch nicht abgeschlossen war (Publikation 3.2). Wenn mehr Kalium eingebaut wird, dann entsteht eine Phase (u.a. (Ca0.9Mg0.1)(Na0.6K0.4)PO4) ähnlich zu den Mischphasen aus der Publikation 3.1. In den Publikationen 3.4 und 3.5 wurden keine Klärschlammaschen untersucht, sondern Biokohlen aus Modellklärschlämmen (Publikation 3.5) und Biomasseaschen (Publikation 3.4) aus der Vergasung oder Verbrennung einer Mischung aus Zuckerrohrbagasse und Hühnertrockenkot. Die thermochemischen Produkte der Biokohlen bzw. Biomasseaschen enthielten das gewünschte CaNaPO4 und hatten eine hohe Düngewirkung in Pflanzenwachstumsversuchen mit Sojapflanzen bzw. Gräsern. KW - AshDec KW - Recycling fertilizer KW - Calcium alkali phosphate PY - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 186 CY - Jena AN - OPUS4-54724 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fortini, Renata A1 - Meyer-Plath, A. A1 - Kehren, D. A1 - Gernert, U. A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo A1 - Sturm, Heinz T1 - Measurement of flexural rigidity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes by Dynamic Scanning Electron Microscopy N2 - In this work the flexural rigidity of individual large diameter multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was investigated. The bending modulus were obtained by detecting the resonance frequencies of mechanically excited cantilevered carbon nanotubes using the so-called dynamic scanning electron microscopy technique, and applying the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory. For the nanotubes studied, we determined a modulus of up to 160 GPa. This agrees with values reported by other authors for MWCNTs produced by catalytic chemical vapor deposition, however, it is 6-8 times smaller than values reported for single and multi-walled carbon nanotubes produced by arc-discharge synthesis. Toxicological studies with carbon nanotubes have been showing that inhaled airborne nanofibers that reach the deep airways of the respiratory system may lead to serious, asbestos-like lung diseases. These studies suggested that their toxicity critically depends on the fiber flexural rigidity, with high rigidity causing cell lesions. To complement the correlation between observed toxicological effects and fiber rigidities, reliable and routinely applicable measurement techniques for the flexural rigidity of nanofibers are required. KW - Flexural rigidity KW - Bending modulus KW - Resonance frequency KW - Carbon nanotubes KW - Fiber toxicology PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-514190 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/fib8050031 SN - 2079-6439 VL - 8 IS - 5 SP - 31 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-51419 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tomiak, F. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Wolf, M. A1 - Drummer, D. T1 - Particle Size Related Effects of Multi-Component Flame-Retardant Systems in poly(butadiene terephthalate) N2 - Aluminum tris (diethylphosphinate) (AlPi) is known to have an efficient flame-retardant effect when used in poly(butadiene terephthalates) (PBT). Additionally, better flame-retardant effects can be achieved through the partial substitution of AlPi by boehmite in multi-component systems, which have been shown to be an effective synergist due to cooling effects and residue formation. Although the potential of beneficial effects is generally well known, the influence of particle sizes and behavior in synergistic compositions are still unknown. Within this paper, it is shown that the synergistic effects in flammability measured by limiting oxygen index (LOI) can vary depending on the particle size distribution used in PBT. In conducting thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measurements, it was observed that smaller boehmite particles result in slightly increased char yields, most probably due to increased reactivity of the metal oxides formed, and they react slightly earlier than larger boehmite particles. This leads to an earlier release of water into the system enhancing the hydrolysis of PBT. Supported by Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), we propose that the later reactions of the larger boehmite particles decrease the portion of highly flammable tetrahydrofuran in the gas phase within early burning stages. Therefore, the LOI index increased by 4 vol.% when lager boehmite particles were used for the synergistic mixture. KW - Flame retardants KW - Aluminum diethylphosphinate KW - Boehmite KW - Poly(butadiene terephthalates) (PBT) KW - Mechanical properties PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509286 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12061315 SN - 2073-4360 VL - 12 IS - 6 SP - 1315 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-50928 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Günther, Martin A1 - Levchik, S. V. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Bubbles and collapses: Fire phenomena of flame-retarded flexible polyurethane foams N2 - Flexible polyurethane foams (FPUF) are easy to ignite and exhibit rapid flame spread. In this paper, the fire phenomena of two standard foam formulations containing tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (FR-2) and a halogen-freepoly (ethyl ethylene phosphate) (PNX), respectively, as flame retardants are compared. A multimethodological approach is proposed which combines standard fire tests as well as new investigatory approaches. The thermophysical properties of the foams were determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TG), reaction to small flames was studied by means of the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL 94 HBF test, and the burning behavior was investigated with the cone calorimeter. Further, temperature development in burning cone calorimeter samples was monitored using thermocouples, and rheological measurements were performed on pyrolyzed material, delivering insight into the dripping behavior of the foams. This paper gives comprehensive insight into the fire phenomena of flame-retarded FPUFs that are driven by the two-step decomposition behavior of the foams. LOI and UL 94 HBF tests showed a reduced flammability and reduced tendency to drip for the flame-retarded foams. TG and cone calorimeter measurements revealed that the two-step decomposition behavior causes two stages during combustion, namely structural collapse and pool fire. The flame-retardant mode of action was identified to take place primarily during the foam collapse and be based mainly on flame inhibition. However, some condensed-phase action was been measured, leading to significantly increased melt viscosity and improved dripping behavior for foams containing PNX. KW - Burning behavior KW - Flame retardant KW - Flexible PU foam PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-512145 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.4939 SN - 1042-7147 SN - 1099-1581 VL - 31 IS - 10 SP - 2185 EP - 2198 PB - Wiley Online Libary AN - OPUS4-51214 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pu, Y. A1 - Lawrence, M. J. A1 - Celorrio, V. A1 - Wang, Q. A1 - Gu, M. A1 - Sun, Z. A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo A1 - Russell, A. E. A1 - Huang, L. A1 - Rodriguez, P. T1 - Nickel confined in 2D earth-abundant oxide layers for highly efficient and durable oxygen evolution catalysts N2 - Low cost, high-efficiency catalysts towards water splitting are urgently required to fulfil the increasing demand for energy. In this work, low-loading (<20 wt%) Ni-confined in layered metal oxide anode catalysts (birnessite and lepidocrocite titanate) have been synthesized by facile ion exchange methodology and subjected to systematic electrochemical studies. It was found that Ni-intercalated on K-rich birnessite (Ni-KMO) presents an onset overpotential (ηonset) as low as 100 mV and overpotential at 10 mA cm−2 (η10) of 206 mV in pH = 14 electrolyte. By combining electrochemical methods and X-ray absorption and emission spectroscopies (XAS and XES), we demonstrate Ni sites are the active sites for OER catalysis and that the Mn3+ sites facilitate Ni intercalation during the ion-exchange process, but display no observable contribution towards OER activity. The effect of the pH and the nature of the supporting electrolyte on the electrochemical performance was also evaluated. KW - Confined catalyst KW - Low-loading KW - Layered manganese oxide KW - Oxygen evolution reaction KW - Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-515027 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TA04031B SN - 2050-7496 SN - 2050-7488 VL - 8 IS - 26 SP - 13340 EP - 13350 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - London AN - OPUS4-51502 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Roesch, Philipp A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Reductive Defluorination and Mechanochemical Decomposition of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs): From Present Knowledge to Future Remediation Concepts N2 - Over the past two decades, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have emerged as worldwide environmental contaminants, calling out for sophisticated treatment, decomposition and remediation strategies. In order to mineralize PFAS pollutants, the incineration of contaminated material is a state-of-the-art process, but more cost-effective and sustainable technologies are inevitable for the future. Within this review, various methods for the reductive defluorination of PFASs were inspected. In addition to this, the role of mechanochemistry is highlighted with regard to its major potential in reductive defluorination reactions and degradation of pollutants. In order to get a comprehensive understanding of the involved reactions, their mechanistic pathways are pointed out. Comparisons between existing PFAS decomposition reactions and reductive approaches are discussed in detail, regarding their applicability in possible remediation processes. This article provides a solid overview of the most recent research methods and offers guidelines for future research directions. KW - PFAS KW - Reductive defluorination KW - Reductive decomposition KW - Mechanochemistry KW - Remediation PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-513811 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197242 VL - 17 IS - 19 SP - 1 EP - 22 PB - MDPI AG CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-51381 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Wiesler, F. A1 - Hund-Rinke, K. A1 - George, E. A1 - Greef, J.-M. A1 - Holz, F. A1 - Hölze, L.E. A1 - Hülsbergen, K.-J. A1 - Martin, S. A1 - Severin, K. A1 - Spielvogel, S. A1 - Geiger, P. A1 - Nawotke, C. A1 - Kehlenbeck, H. A1 - Schenkel, H. A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Bloem, E. A1 - Frank, D. A1 - Goldbach, H.E. A1 - Heene, M. A1 - Kratz, S. A1 - Kruse, A. A1 - Möller, K. A1 - Pinnekamp, J. A1 - Schoumans, O.F. A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Wulf, S. T1 - Recyclingphosphate in der Düngung – Nutzen und Grenzen N2 - Weltweit werden etwa 80–85 % aller abgebauten Rohphosphate für die Produktion von Düngemitteln verwendet. Bei noch steigendem Bedarf an Phosphor (P) geht man derzeit davon aus, dass die weltweiten P-Reserven noch über 200 Jahre ausreichen. Um den P-Vorrat langfristig abzusichern, sollte der in Reststoffen enthaltene Phosphor möglichst umfänglich genutzt werden. Dieser Forderung trägt das von der Bundesregierung 2012 erstmals beschlossene Deutsche Ressourceneffizienzprogramm ProgRess Rechnung. Rohphosphat wird auch seitens der Europäischen Kommission aufgrundseiner ökonomischen Bedeutung und des unsicheren Angebots als „kritischer Rohstoff“ eingestuft. Vor diesem Hintergrund hat die Bundesregierung in der Verordnung zur Neuordnung der Klärschlammverwertung vom 27. September 2017 in Deutschland eine verpflichtende technische Rückgewinnung von Phosphor für Abwasserbehandlungsanlagen ab einer Ausbaugröße von 100.000 Einwohnerwerten (12 Jahre nach Inkrafttreten der Verordnung) bzw. ab einer Ausbaugröße von über 50.000 Einwohnerwerten (15 Jahre nach Inkrafttreten der Verordnung) vorgeschrieben. Die Verordnung enthält keine Vorgaben hinsichtlich der anzuwendenden Technologie bei der Phosphorrückgewinnung. Ausgenommen von der Rückgewinnungspflicht sind Klärschlämme mit niedrigen Phosphorgehalten (weniger als 20 Gramm Phosphor je Kilogramm Klärschlamm-Trockenmasse). Auch die im Jahre 2017 verabschiedeten neuen Rechtsvorschriften für die Düngung verlangen zukünftig einen nachhaltigen und ressourceneffizienten Umgang mit Nährstoffen bei der landwirtschaftlichen Erzeugung und schränken die P-Zufuhr insbesondere auf hoch versorgten Böden ein (Düngeverordnung vom 26. Mai 2017). Dies wird zu einem mehr am Pflanzenbedarf orientierten und ggf. vermehrt überbetrieblichen Einsatz von wirtschaftseigenen Düngern führen. Um den politischen und gesetzlichen Anforderungen gerecht zu werden, müssen einerseits wirksame und kosteneffiziente technische Verfahren zum P-Recycling (weiter)entwickelt werden. Andererseits müssen die Recyclingprodukte die Anforderungen für eine direkte Verwendung in der Landwirtschaft oder als Rohstoff für die Herstellung von Düngemitteln erfüllen. In dem vorliegenden Standpunkt wird zunächst der potenzielle Beitrag von Reststoffen zur Deckung des P-Bedarfs in der deutschen Pflanzenproduktion geschätzt. Für die wichtigsten Reststoffe werden technische Verfahren zur P-Rückgewinnung bzw. Aufarbeitung skizziert. Auf Basis der Anforderungen der Landwirtschaft bzw. der Düngemittelindustrie an die P-Recyclingprodukte werden deren Herstellungsverfahren bewertet. Schließlich wird der Regelungs- und Forschungsbedarf formuliert. KW - Phosphor KW - Düngemittel KW - Diffusive Gradients in thin films (DGT) PY - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 19 PB - Bundesministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft (BMEL) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-51011 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gehrenkemper, Lennart A1 - Simon, Fabian A1 - Roesch, Philipp A1 - Fischer, E. A1 - von der Au, Marcus A1 - Pfeifer, Jens A1 - Cossmer, Antje A1 - Wittwer, Philipp A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Meermann, Björn T1 - Determination of organically bound fluorine sum parameters in river water samples - Comparison of combustion ion chromatography (CIC) and high resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS) N2 - In this study, we compare combustion ion chromatography (CIC) and high resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS) with respect to their applicability for determining organically Bound fluorine sum parameters. Extractable (EOF) and adsorbable (AOF) organically bound fluorine as well as total fluorine (TF) were measured in samples fromriver Spree in Berlin, Germany, to reveal the advantages and disadvantages of the two techniques used as well as the two established fluorine sum Parameters AOF and EOF. TF concentrations determined via HR-CS-GFMAS and CIC were comparable between 148 and 270 μg/L. On average, AOF concentrations were higher than EOF concentrations, with AOF making up 0.14–0.81% of TF (determined using CIC) and EOF 0.04–0.28% of TF (determined using HR-CSGFMAS). The results obtained by the two independent methods were in good agreement. It turned out that HR-CS-GFMAS is a more sensitive and precise method for fluorine analysis compared to CIC. EOF and AOF are comparable tools in Risk evaluation for the emerging pollutants per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances; however, EOF is much faster to conduct. KW - High resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS) KW - Combustion ion chromatography (CIC) KW - Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) KW - Adsorbable organically bound fluorine (AOF) KW - Extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF) KW - Surface waters PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-515351 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-020-03010-y SN - 1618-2650 VL - 413 IS - 28 SP - 103 EP - 115 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-51535 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Sekine, R. A1 - Huang, J. A1 - Steckenmesser, D. A1 - Steffens, D. A1 - Huthwelker, T. A1 - Borca, C. A1 - Pradas del Real, A. A1 - Castillo-Michel, H. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Effects of a nitrification inhibitor on nitrogen species in the soil and the yield and phosphorus uptake of maize N2 - Phosphorus (P) resource availability is declining and the efficiency of applied nutrients in agricultural soils is becoming increasingly important. This is especially true for P fertilizers from recycled materials, which often have low plant availability. Specific co-fertilization with ammoniumcan enhance P plant availability in soils amended with these P fertilizers, and thus the yield of plants. To investigate this effect, we performed a pot experiment with maize in slightly acidic soil (pH 6.9) with one water-soluble (triple superphosphate [TSP]) and two water-insoluble (sewage sludge-based and hyperphosphate [Hyp]) P fertilizers and anammoniumsulfate nitrate with or without a nitrification inhibitor (NI). The dry matter yield of maize was significantly increased by the NI with the Hyp (from 14.7 to 21.5 g/pot) and TSP (from 40.0 to 45.4 g/pot) treatments. Furthermore, P uptake was slightly increased in all three P treatments with the NI, but not significantly. Olsen-P extraction and P K-edge micro-X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy showed that apatite-P of the water insoluble P fertilizers mobilized during the plant growth period. In addition, novel nitrogen (N) K-edge micro-XANES spectroscopy and the Mogilevkina method showed that the application of an NI increased the fixation of ammonium in detectable hot spots in the soil. Thus, the delay in the nitrification process by the NI and the possible slow-release of temporarily fixed ammoniumin the soil resulted in a high amount of plant available Ammonium in the soil solution. This development probably decreases the rhizosphere pH due to release of H+ by plants during ammoniumuptake, whichmobilizes phosphorus in the amended soil and increases the dry matter yield of maize. This is especially important for water-insoluble apatite-based P fertilizers (conventional and recycled), which tend to have poor plant availability. KW - Fertilzer KW - Phosphorus recovery KW - Ammonium KW - Nitrification inhibitor KW - XANES spectroscopy KW - Diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136895 SN - 1879-1026 VL - 715 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-50477 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Hoffmann, Marie A1 - Krüger, O. A1 - Murzin, V. A1 - Caliebe, W. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Chromium (VI) in phosphorus fertilizers determined with the diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) technique N2 - Phosphorus (P) fertilizers from secondary resources became increasingly important in the last years. However, these novel P-fertilizers can also contain toxic pollutants such as chromium in its hexavalent state (Cr(VI)). This hazardous form of chromium is therefore regulated with low limit values for agricultural products even though the correct determination of Cr(VI) in these fertilizers may be hampered by redox processes, leading to false results. Thus, we applied the novel diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) technique for Cr(VI) in fertilizers and compared the results with the standard wet chemical extraction method (German norm DIN EN 15192) and Cr K-edge X-ray Absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. We determined an overall good correlation between the wet chemical extraction and the DGT method. DGT was very sensitive and for most tested materials selective for the analysis of Cr(VI) in P-fertilizers. However, hardly soluble Cr(VI) compounds cannot be detected with the DGT method since only mobile Cr(VI) is analyzed. Furthermore, Cr K-edge XANES spectroscopy showed that the DGT binding layer also adsorbs small amounts of mobile Cr(III) so that Cr(VI) values are overestimated. Since certain types of the P fertilizers contain mobile Cr(III) or partly immobile Cr(VI), it is necessary to optimize the DGT binding layers to avoid aforementioned over- or underestimation. Furthermore, our investigations showed that the Cr K-edge XANES spectroscopy technique is unsuitable to determine small amounts of Cr(VI) in fertilizers (below approx. 1% of Cr(VI) in relation to total Cr). KW - Phosphorus fertilizer KW - Sewage sludge ash KW - Diffusive Gradients in thin films (DGT) KW - Chemical extraction KW - XANES spectroscopy PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509578 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08761-w SN - 0944-1344 VL - 27 SP - 24320 EP - 24328 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-50957 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gentzmann, Marie A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Gäbler, H.-E. A1 - Huthwelker, T. T1 - Investigation and comparison of Scandium species in different European bauxite residues by combination of novel analytocall tools N2 - In recent times, as the need for new high-tech materials is growing steadily to fulfil future sustainability goals, more and more looks turn towards industrial waste streams as potential sources of valuable metals. Bauxite residue (BR), accumulating during alumina production, is one of the major waste streams in the metal industry. Suitable re-use possibilities for BR are intensively investigated including approaches for the recovery of scandium (Sc). This transition metal, even though rarely recognized by the broader audience yet, has recently gained the interest of e.g. aerospace industries and SOFC-producers since its use is strongly improving the performance and durability of the respective materials. Even though many sources classify Sc as one of the REE, there are many aspects, such as its ionic radius, which significantly differentiate Sc from the REE and cause its behaviour to be distinct as well. The large ionic potential (radius/charge) causes Sc to be incompatible in most rock forming minerals, which results in generally low concentrations in the earth’s crust and rare occurrences of natural Sc-deposits. The general occurrence of enriched concentrations of Sc in some BRs compared to the earth’s crust is known for some time now and has especially been investigated for Greek materials. However, the (geo)chemical and mineralogical behaviour, the Sc speciation, the association and the variation of Sc occurrences in BRs of different origin is still not fully understood. This study aims to gain better knowledge on the different kinds of Sc-occurrences and their possible impact on future recovery schemes. We therefore apply a diverse set of analytical methods including novel measurement techniques such as X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy as well as standard techniques such as electron microprobe analyses, and Raman spectroscopy on BRs from Germany, Hungary and Greece. Information on the local distribution of Sc is determined by high-resolution laser ablation – inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) mappings. Sc in Greek BR seems to have an affinity towards Fe-Phases such as Goethite and Hematite. However, whereas some of these phases show distinct enrichment of Sc, others are particularly barren, which might be a result of the different input materials. By means of XANES measurements it was possible to show that Sc in the Greek samples occurs adsorbed on the surface of those Fe-Phases, likely in the form of amorphous Sc-hydroxide or -oxyhydroxide or can be incorporated into the crystal lattice as well. The general affinity of Sc to those kinds of phases has been reported for natural rocks such as laterites before, where similar investigations were made using the XANES method [8]. Likewise, the Fe-association has been observed for Greek BR by Vind et al. [7]. Hungarian BRs show similar results as the Greek samples and LA-ICP-MS mappings show distinct Sc enrichment rims surrounding mineral particles. In German BR, Fe as well as Ti-phases occur to be partially enriched in Sc. Depending on the original primary bauxite, the source rock of the bauxite and the bauxite processing route, it is likely that many different parameters influence the occurrence and species of Sc in the BR. Theoretically, it either can therefore remain within its original carrier or can be partially or fully redistributed within the BR. Since the processing of the bauxite involves elevated temperatures, pressure and dissolving reagents, it is however very likely that some of the Sc will be redistributed and adsorb on mineral surfaces of smaller and larger particles, making beneficiation steps rather ineffective. The study shows that there is no general rule defining how Sc is associated mineralogically or chemically within BRs. Therefore, the effective development of a recovery method needs a case specific background knowledge on the Sc-species present in the BR of interest. This research has received funding from the European Community’s Horizon 2020 Programme SCALE (H2020/2014-2020) under grant agreement n° 730105. T2 - 3rd European Rare Earth Resources Conference (ERES) 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 06.10.2020 KW - Red Mud KW - Scandium KW - Bauxite Residue PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51570 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Roesch, Philipp A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - 8. Netzwerktreffen PerFluSan N2 - Vorstellung der Projektarbeit der BAM auf dem 8. Netzwerktreffen PerFluSan in Dresden T2 - 8. Netzwerktreffen PerFluSan CY - Fraunhofer IKTS, Dresden, Germany DA - 09.03.2020 KW - PFC KW - Sanierung KW - Kontamination KW - Boden PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50552 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Straub, D. A1 - Schneider, Ronald A1 - Bismut, E. A1 - Kim, H.-J. T1 - Reliability analysis of deteriorating structural systems N2 - Reliability analysis of deteriorating structural systems requires the solution of time-variant reliability problems. In the general case, both the capacity of and the loads on the structure vary with time. This analysis can be approached by approximation through a series of time-invariant reliability problems, which is a potentially effective strategy for cases where direct solutions of the time-variant reliability problem are challenging, e.g. for structural systems with many elements or arbitrary load processes. In this contribution, we thoroughly Review the formulation of the equivalent time-invariant reliability problems and extend this approximation to structures for which inspection and monitoring data is available. Thereafter, we present methods for efficiently evaluating the reliability over time. In particular, we propose the combination of sampling-based methods with a FORM (first-order reliability method) approximation of the series system reliability problem that arises in the computation of the lifetime reliability. The framework and algorithms are demonstrated on a set of numerical examples, which include the computation of the reliability conditional on inspection data. KW - Monitoring KW - Reliability KW - Deterioration KW - Structural systems KW - Bayesian analysis KW - Inspection PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2019.101877 VL - 82 SP - Paper 101877, 1 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-48952 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Herzel, Hannes T1 - Modifiziertes Rhenania Phosphat auf Klärschlammasche für Bayern N2 - Es wurde das Projekt R-Rhenania MODIFIZIERTES RHENANIA PHOSPHAT AUS KLÄRSCHLAMMASCHE FÜR BAYERN mit seinen Inhalten und der Projektstruktur vorgestellt. T2 - 6. P-Rück-Kongress: Phosphor - ein kritischer Rohstoff mit Zukunft CY - Online meeting DA - 25.11.2020 KW - Phosphorrückgewinnung KW - Klärschlammasche PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51667 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kolmangadi, Mohamed Aejaz A1 - Szymoniak, Paulina A1 - Smales, Glen Jacob A1 - Alentiev, D. A1 - Bermeshev, M. A1 - Böhning, Martin A1 - Schönhals, Andreas T1 - Molecular Dynamics of Janus Polynorbornenes: Glass Transitions and Nanophase Separation N2 - For the first time, dielectric and calorimetric investigations of an homologous series of Janus polynorbornenes with rigid main backbones and flexible -Si(OR)3 side groups, of differing length alkyl chains (R = Propyl, Butyl, Hexyl, Octyl, Decyl) is reported. Generally, this class of polymers has some potential for applications in the field of gas separation membranes. Two dielectrically active processes are observed at low temperatures, denoted as β- and α- relaxation. The former can be assigned to localized fluctuations, whilst the latter is related to the glassy dynamics of the flexible -Si(OR)3 side groups, creating a nanophase separation in both the alkyl chain rich and backbone rich domains. This is confirmed through temperature modulated DSC measurements and X-ray scattering experiments. The glass transition temperatures of the backbone rich domains, which are beyond or near to their degradation temperatures in terms of conventional DSC, are determined for the first time using Fast Scanning Calorimetry employing both fast heating and cooling rates. This is complimented with scattering experiments that show how the size of the alkyl chain rich domains increases with chain length. Alongside these results, a significant conductivity contribution was observed for all poly(tricyclononenes) with -Si(OR)3 side groups, which is interpreted in terms of a percolation model. KW - Polynorbornenes KW - Broadband Dielectric Spectrscopy KW - Advanced calorimetry PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01450 VL - 53 IS - 17 SP - 7410 EP - 7419 PB - ACS AN - OPUS4-51196 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Goedecke, Caroline A1 - Dittmann, Daniel A1 - Eisentraut, Paul A1 - Wiesner, Yosri A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Klack, Patrick A1 - Braun, Ulrike T1 - Evaluation of thermoanalytical methods equipped with evolved gas analysis for the detection of microplastic in environmental samples N2 - Microplastic particles are currently detected in almost all environmental compartments. The results of detection vary widely, as a multitude of very different methods are used with very different requirements for analytical validity. In this work four thermoanalytical methods are compared and their advantages and limitations are discussed. One of them is thermal extraction-desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry (TED-GC/MS), an analysis method for microplastic detection that has become established in recent years. In addition, thermogravimetric analysis coupled with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (TGA-FTIR) and mass spectrometry (TGA-MS) were applied, two methods that are less common in this field but are still used in other research areas. Finally, microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC) was applied, a method not yet used for microplastic detection. The presented results are taken from a recently published interlaboratory comparison test by Becker et al. (2020). Here a reference material consisting of suspended matter and specified added polymer masses was examined, and only the results of the recoveries were presented. In the present paper, however, the results for the individual polymers are discussed in detail and individual perspectives for all instruments are shown. It was found that TED-GC/MS is the most suitable method for samples with unknown matrix and unknown, variable kinds and contents of microplastic. TGA-FTIR is a robust method for samples with known matrix and with defined kinds of microplastic. TGA-MS may offer a solution for the detection of PVC particles in the future. MCC can be used as a very fast and simple screening method for the identification of a potential microplastic load of standard polymers in unknown samples. KW - Microplastic KW - TED-GC/MS KW - TGA-MS KW - TGA-FTIR KW - MCC KW - Thermal analysis PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-516687 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2020.104961 VL - 152 SP - 104961 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-51668 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stephan-Scherb, Christiane A1 - Menneken, Martina A1 - Weber, Kathrin A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo A1 - Nolze, Gert T1 - Elucidation of orientation relations between Fe-Cr alloys and corrosionproducts after high temperature SO2 corrosion N2 - The early stages of corrosion of Fe-Cr-model alloys (2 and 9 % Cr) were investigated after exposure at 650 °C in0.5 % SO2containing gas by electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM). The impact of the grain orientation of the base alloy on the orientation relations of the corrosion productsis presented. After 2 min–5 min exposure the formation of a multi-layered corrosion zone was discovered. Aclear orientation relationship between ferrite and the (Fe,Cr)3O4 spinel could be demonstrated. The obtainedresults show the importance of the grain orientation on oxidation resistance. KW - Iron KW - TEM KW - SEM KW - High temperature corrosion PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-508911 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2020.108809 VL - 174 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-50891 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Markwart, J. C. A1 - Battig, Alexander A1 - Urbaniak, T. A1 - Haag, K. A1 - Koschek, K. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Wurm, F. R. T1 - Intrinsic flame retardant phosphonate-based vitrimers as a recyclable alternative for commodity polymers in composite materials N2 - Recycling of crosslinked fiber-reinforced polymers is difficult. Moreover, as they are often based on flammable resins, additional additives are needed. So-called “vitrimers” open the possibility of Recycling and reprocessing and repairing with dynamically crosslinked chemistries. To date, vitrimer-based composites still need flame retardant additives, such as organophosphates. An additive-free vitrimer composite has not been reported. Herein, we synthesized an intrinsic flame-retardant vitrimer, relying on vinylogous polyurethanes containing covalently installed phosphonates as flame-retardant units and prepared glassfiber-reinforced composites. We studied recycling and flame retardant properties and compared the data to phosphorus-free vitrimers and conventional epoxy resins (with and without additive flame retardant). Our phosphonate-based vitrimer proved in first tests, a flame retardant effect comparable to commercial flame retardant resins. The bending strength and bending modulus for the phosphorus-vitrimer glass fiber composites were comparable to glass fiber composites with permanently cross-linked epoxies. In summary, we were able to prove that the covalent installation of phosphonates into vitrimers allows the preparation of recyclable and intrinsic flame retardant composites that do not need flame retardant additives. We believe this concept can be expanded to other polymer networks and additives to generate recyclable and sustainable high-performance materials. KW - Vitrimer KW - Flame retardant KW - Recyclable KW - Organophosphonate KW - Polyurethane PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-510889 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d0py00275e VL - 11 IS - 30 SP - 4933 EP - 4941 AN - OPUS4-51088 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Epping, Ruben A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana A1 - Panne, Ulrich A1 - Hiller, W. A1 - Gruendling, T. A1 - Staal, B. A1 - Lang, C. A1 - Lamprou, A. T1 - Simultaneous characterization of poly(acrylic acid) andpolysaccharide polymers and copolymers N2 - Copolymer products that result from grafting acrylic acid and other hydrophilicmonomers onto polysaccharides have recently gained significant interest in researchand industry. Originating from renewable sources, these biodegradable, low toxicity,and polar copolymer products exhibit potential to replace polymers from fossil sourcesin several applications and industries. The methods usually employed to character-ize these copolymers are, however, quite limited, especially for the measurement ofbulk properties. With more sophisticated applications, for example, in pharmaceu-tics requiring a more detailed analysis of the chemical structure, we describe a newapproach for this kind of complex polymers. Our approach utilizes chromatographyin combination with several detection methods to separate and characterize reactionproducts of the copolymerization of acrylic acid and chemically hydrolyzed starch.These samples consisted of a mixture of homopolymer poly (acrylic acid), homopoly-mer hydrolyzed starch, and – in a lower amount – the formed copolymers. Several chro-matographic methods exist that are capable of characterizing either poly (acrylic acid)or hydrolyzed starch. In contrast, our approach offers simultaneous characterization ofboth polymers. The combination of LC and UV/RI offered insight into the compositionand copolymer content of the samples. Size exclusion chromatography experimentsrevealed the molar mass distribution of homopolymers and copolymers. FTIR inves-tigations confirmed the formation of copolymers while ESI-MS gave more details onthe end groups of hydrolyzed starches and poly (acrylic acids). Evidence of copolymerstructures was obtained through NMR measurements. Finally, two-dimensional chro-matography led to the separation of the copolymers from both homopolymers as wellas the additional separation of sodium clusters. The methods described in this work area powerful toolset to characterize copolymerization products of hydrolyzed starch andpoly(acrylic acid). Together, our approach successfully correlates the physicochemicalproperties of such complex mixtures with their actual composition. KW - 2D chromatography KW - LC-MS KW - SEC KW - Renewable copolymers KW - Grafting PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-508873 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/ansa.202000044 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Wiley-VCH Verlag-GmbH&Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-50887 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rabe, Sebastian A1 - Klack, Patrick A1 - Bahr, Horst A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Assessing the fire behavior of woods modified by N-methylol crosslinking, thermal treatment, and acetylation N2 - Wood products are often treated by different techniques to improve their longevity when used as building materials. Most of the time, the goal is to increase their resistance to weathering effects, deformations in material dimensions or biotic decomposition. These wood treatment techniques have a significant impact on pyrolysis and burning behavior. The general effects of three different common wood treatments on flame retardancy were investigated by comparing treated woods with their untreated counterparts and with other kinds of wood. While the acetylation of beech leads to a slightly increased fire hazard, the thermal treatment of wood and crosslinking of cellulose microfibrils dimethyloldihydroxy-ethyleneurea show a limited flame retarding effect. Switching to woods with a higher lignin content, and thus higher char yield, however, results in a more pronounced improvement in flame retardancy performance. This article delivers a comprehensive and balanced assessment of the general impact of different wood modifications on the fire behavior. Further, it is a valuable benchmark for assessing the flame retardancy effect of other wood modifications. KW - Acetylation KW - Cone claorimeter KW - DMDHEU KW - Heat of combustion KW - Thermal treatment KW - Wood modification PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-507397 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.2809 SN - 1099-1018 SN - 0308-0501 VL - 44 IS - 4 SP - 530 EP - 539 PB - Wiley Online Libary AN - OPUS4-50739 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Höhne, Patrick A1 - Mieller, Björn A1 - Rabe, Torsten T1 - Advancing spray granulation by ultrasound atomization N2 - The influence of the atomization technique on the suitability of granules for dry pressing is the focus of the presented investigations. Therefore, destabilized alumina, zirconia, and zirconia toughened alumina (ZTA) slurries were spray dried and the obtained granules were used to fabricate green and finally sintered bodies for evaluation. Granules made in a laboratory spray dryer with a two-fluid nozzle served as a reference. An ultrasonic atomizer was integrated into the same spray dryer and the influence on the granule properties was evaluated. Untapped bulk density, granule size distribution, and flowability are among the evaluated granule-related properties as well as the granule yield which is used as an indicator of the process efficiency. Yield and flowability as most important granule properties are clearly improved when atomization is realized with ultrasound. The investigated sinter body properties include porosity, sinter body density, and biaxial strength and are as well positively affected by switching the atomization technique to ultrasound. Therefore, the Approach to improve the compressibility of granules by ultrasonic atomization, which leads to an improved microstructure, density, and strength of sintered bodies, has proven to be successful for single-component ceramics (alumina and zirconia) as well as for the multicomponent ceramic ZTA. KW - Alumina KW - Granules KW - Spray drying KW - Ultrasound KW - Zirconia KW - Zirconia-toughened alumina PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-510696 DO - https://doi.org/10.1111/ijac.13534 VL - 17 IS - 5 SP - 2212 EP - 2219 AN - OPUS4-51069 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Günther, Martin A1 - Lorenzetti, A. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - From Cells to Residues: Flame-Retarded Rigid Polyurethane Foams N2 - Rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) exhibit short times to ignition as well as rapid flame spread and are therefore considered to be hazardous materials. This paper focuses on the fire phenomena of RPUFs, which were investigated through a multimethodological approach. Water-blown polyurethane (PUR) foams without flame retardants (FRs) as well as waterblown PUR foams containing triethyl phosphate as a gas phase-active FR were examined. The aim of this study is to clarify the influence of the FR on the fire phenomena during combustion of the foams. Additionally, materials’ densitieswere varied to range from 30 to 100 kg/m3. Thermophysical properties were studied bymeans of thermogravimetry; fire behavior and flammability were investigated via cone calorimeter and limiting Oxygen index, respectively. During the cone calorimeter test, the temperature development inside the burning specimens was monitored with thermocouples, and cross sections of quenched specimens were examined visually, giving insight into the morphological changes during combustion. The present paper delivers a comprehensive study, illuminating phenomena occurring during foam combustion and the influence of a FR active in the gas phase. The superior fire performance of flameretarded PUR foams was found to be based on flame inhibition, and on increased char yield leading to a more effective protective layer. It was proven that in-depth absorption of radiation is a significant factor for estimation of time to ignition. Cross sections investigated with the electron scanning microscope exhibited a pyrolysis front with an intact foam structure underneath. The measurement of temperature development inside burning specimens implied a shift of burning behavior towards that of non-cellular materials with rising foam density. KW - Polyurethane KW - Rigid foams KW - Fire behavior PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/00102202.2019.1634060 SN - 0010-2202 SN - 1563-521X VL - 192 IS - 12 SP - 2209 EP - 2237 PB - Taylor & Francis AN - OPUS4-51483 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rabe, Sebastian A1 - Sanchez-Olivares, G. A1 - Pérez-Chávez, R. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard ED - Laoutid, F. T1 - Natural Keratin and Coconut Fibres from Industrial Wastes in Flame Retarded Thermoplastic Starch Biocomposites N2 - Natural keratin fibres derived from Mexican tannery waste and coconut fibres from coconut processing waste were used as fillers in commercially available, biodegradable thermoplastic starch-polyester blend to obtain sustainable biocomposites. The morphology, rheological and mechanical properties as well as pyrolysis, flammability and forced flaming combustion behaviour of those biocomposites were investigated. In order to open up new application areas for these Kinds of biocomposites, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was added as a flame retardant. Extensive flammability and cone calorimeter studies revealed a good flame retardance effect with natural fibres alone and improved effectiveness with the addition of APP. In fact, it was shown that replacing 20 of 30 wt. % of APP with keratin fibres achieved the same effectiveness. In the case of coconut fibres, a synergistic effect led to an even lower heat release rate and total heat evolved due to reinforced char residue. This was confirmed via scanning electron microscopy of the char structure. All in all, these results constitute a good approach towards sustainable and biodegradable fibre reinforced biocomposites with improved flame retardant properties. KW - Biomaterials KW - Biodegradation KW - Calorimetry KW - Composites KW - Flame retardance PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-03928-350-7 SN - 978-3-03928-351-4 SP - 45 EP - 66 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-50738 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Famy, A. A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo A1 - Schönhals, Andreas T1 - Effect of Silver Nanoparticles on the Dielectric Properties and the Homogeneity of Plasma Poly(acrylic acid) Thin Films N2 - For the first time, structure−electrochemical relationships of thin films of a plasma-polymerized acrylic acid/carbon dioxide AA/CO2 (75/25%) copolymer modified by implanted silver nanoparticles are discussed. The pulsed plasma polymerization of AA/CO2 was utilized and adjusted to obtain a maximal amount of COOH Groups forming an almost uncross-linked polymer structure. The prepared polymer layer is rinsed by a silver nitrate solution to impregnate Ag+ ions. This step is followed by its reduction of Ag+ with NaBH4 as a chemical route in comparison to the reduction by sunlight as an ecofriendly photoreduction method. The chemical composition and morphology of the topmost surface layer of the AA/CO2 polymer thin film were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. Moreover, the molecular mobility, conductivity, and thermal stability of the polymer layer were analyzed using broadband dielectric spectroscopy. The dielectric properties of the AA/ CO2 polymer thin film were studied in the presence of Ag+ ions or Ag0. It was found that a cross-linked polymer layer with a smooth surface and high conductivity was obtained in the presence of Ag+/ Ag0. KW - Nanoparticles PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c06712 SN - 1932-7447 VL - 124 IS - 41 SP - 22817 EP - 22826 PB - ACS AN - OPUS4-51468 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Baumann, Maria A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana A1 - Weidner, Steffen A1 - Wold, C. A1 - Uliyanchenko, E. T1 - Characterization of copolymers of polycarbonate and polydimethylsiloxane by 2D chromatographic separation, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and FTIR spectroscopy N2 - The structure and composition of polycarbonate polydimethylsiloxane copolymer (PC-co-PDMS) was investigated by applying various analytical approaches including chromatographic separation methods, spectrometric, and spectroscopic detection techniques. In particular, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and liquid adsorption chromatography operating at different conditions (e.g. using gradient solvent systems) were used to achieve separations according to molar mass and functionality distribution. The coupling of both techniques resulted in fingerprint two-dimensional plots, which could be used to easily compare different copolymer batches. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry was applied for structural investigations. The different ionization behavior of both comonomers, however, strongly limited the applicability of this technique. In contrast to that, Fourier-transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy could be used to quantify the amount of PDMS in the copolymer at different points in the chromatogram. The resulting methodology was capable of distinguishing PC-co-PDMS copolymer from PC homopolymer chains present in the material. KW - FTIR KW - Liquid chromatography KW - Mass spectrometry KW - Gradient elution KW - Polycarbonate-co-dimethylsiloxane copolymer PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/1023666X.2020.1820170 VL - 25 IS - 7 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Taylor & Francis AN - OPUS4-51369 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Günther, Martin T1 - Flame retardancy of polyurethanes N2 - Polyurethanes (PU) represent one of the most versatile classes of plastics. They are processed and used as thermoplastic, elastomer, and thermoset. The requirements regarding flammability are correspondingly versatile. Depending on the material and the field of application, specific fire tests have to be fulfilled. This paper describes the different concepts used to fulfil these requirements by choosing the right raw materials and flame retardants. KW - Polyurethane KW - Flame retardant KW - Foam KW - Flammability KW - Pyrolysis KW - Cone calorimeter PY - 2020 VL - 17 IS - 1 SP - 44 EP - 48 PB - Dr. Gupta AN - OPUS4-50737 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Flammschutz für Polymere in der Elektrotechnik N2 - Das Brandverhalten stellt wie das elektrische Isolationsverhalten, die geringen elektrischen Verluste, die Verarbeitbarkeit und Formbarkeit eine der wesentlichen Schlüsseleigenschaften im Eigenschaftsprofil von Polymerwerkstoffen in der Elektrotechnik dar. Dabei bedarf es einer Ausrüstung der Polymere mit Flammschutzmittel. Die Entwicklung von immer effizienteren, synergistischen und multifunktionalen Multikomponentensystemen ist dabei eine herausragende Quelle für Innovation. Die Verbesserung der werkstoff- und anwendungsspezifischen Flammschutzlösungen bestimmen die aktuellen und zukünftigen Polymermaterialien in der Elektrotechnik mit. Der Vortrag stellt anhand von Beispielen einige der erfolgreichen Konzepte dar. Es wird versucht, über das wissenschaftlich systematische Verständnis Grundprinzipien und Lösungsstrategien zu verdeutlichen. T2 - Vortrag des Monats Oktober 2020, Neue Materialien Bayreuth GmbH CY - Bayreuth, Germany DA - 06.10.2020 KW - Flammschutzmittel KW - Elektrotechnik KW - Brandtests KW - Synergie KW - Multikomponentensysteme PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51410 LA - mul AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mrkwitschka, Paul A1 - Mieller, Björn A1 - Rabe, Torsten A1 - Markötter, Henning T1 - Machine learning assisted characterization of a Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic (LTCC) module measured by synchrotron computed tomography. N2 - The 5G technology promises real time data transmission for industrial processes, autonomous driving, virtual and augmented reality, E-health applications and many more. The Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramics (LTCC) technology is well suited for the manufacturing of microelectronic components for such applications. Still, improvement of the technology such as further miniaturization is required. This study focuses on the characterization of inner metallization of LTCC multilayer modules, especially on the vertical interconnect access (VIA). Critical considerations for this characterization are delamination, pore clustering in and at the edge of the VIA, deformation, and stacking offset. A LTCC multilayer consisting of a glassy crystalline matrix with silver based VIAs was investigated by synchrotron x-ray tomography (CT). The aim of this study is to propose a multitude of structural characteristic values to maximize the information gained from the available dataset. Data analysis has been done with the open source software ImageJ as well as several additional plugins. The high-resolution CT data was evaluated through 2D slices for accessibility reasons. The segmentation of all 2000 slices to assess the different regions e.g. pores, silver and glass ceramic was done by a supervised machine learning algorithm. A quantitative evaluation of shape, deformation, and porosity of the VIA with respect to its dimensions is presented and the suitability of the characterization approach is assessed. T2 - 54. Metallographie Tagung CY - Online meeting DA - 16.09.2020 KW - Machine Learning KW - LTCC KW - Synchrotron Tomography PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51299 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mieller, Björn T1 - Practical breakdown voltage calculations using dielectric breakdown strength reference values N2 - Dielectric breakdown is a catastrophic failure of ceramic substrates and insulators. The use of dielectric breakdown strength (DBS) reference values for the dimensioning of such components is not straightforward, as the DBS depends on sample thickness and electrode area. This fact also hampers a valid comparison of data taken from different literature sources. Based on the empirically confirmed proportionality of DBS to the reciprocal square root of sample thickness and an approach to account for the influence of electrode area on the failure probability, a practical equation is derived to calculate the breakdown voltage for arbitrary sample thickness and electrode area from one set of DBS reference data. To validate the equation, the AC DBS of commercial alumina substrates with thicknesses ranging from 0.3 mm to 1.0 mm was performed using different printed electrodes with varying areas. The breakdown voltages comprise a range from 18 kV for thick samples to 8.5 kV for thin samples, resulting in DBS values from 17 kV/mm for 1.0 mm thick samples to 29 kV/mm for 0.3 mm thin samples, all made from the same material. The influence of electrode area is comparatively smaller. The results calculated with the proposed equation are in reasonable accordance with the measured data. Thus, the equation can be applied for a proper comparison of literature DBS data measured in different setups and for a reasonable estimation of breakdown voltages in DBS tests and applications based on reference data. T2 - Electroceramics Conference XVII CY - Online meeting DA - 24.08.2020 KW - Ceramics KW - Dielectric breakdown KW - Weibull distribution PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51151 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sonnenburg, Elke A1 - Sommer, Konstantin A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo T1 - Präparation, Kontrastierung und Darstellung des Gefüges von additiv gefertigtem austenitischem Stahl 316L N2 - Der weit verbreitete austenitische Stahl 316L soll auch mittels additiver Fertigung verarbeitet werden (316L-AM). Zur Entwicklung optimaler Aufbauverfahren ist ein detailliertes Verständnis des Gefüges notwendig. Das additiv aufgebaute Gefüge zeigt eine Mikrostruktur, die geprägt ist von sehr hohen Abkühlraten und gerichtetem Kornwachstum. Mittels klassischer Metallographie können die Charakteristika des Gefüges wie Körner, Subkörner und Schmelzlinien sichtbar gemacht werden. Mittels EBSD werden Kristallorientierungen ermittelt und bildhaft aufbereitet. Die Feinstruktur der Körner wird im REM in der Übersicht aufgelöst. Erst im TEM kann bei hoher Vergrößerung die Natur der Zellstruktur quantitativ ermittelt werden. T2 - Metallographie 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 16.09.2020 KW - Präparation KW - Kontrastierung KW - Additiv gefertigter Stahl PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51244 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ávila Calderón, Luis Alexander A1 - Rehmer, Birgit A1 - Schriever, Sina A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo A1 - Sommer, Konstantin A1 - Mohr, Gunther A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Kriech- und Bruchverhalten von additiv hergestelltem austenitischem Stahl 316L. Vergleich zum konventionellen Werkstoff. N2 - Eine kritische Aufgabe im Rahmen der Etablierung von Prozess-Struktur-Eigenschafts-Performance-Beziehungen bei der additiven Fertigung (AM) von Metallen ist die Ermittlung von zuverlässigen und gut dokumentierten Kennwerten zum Materialverhalten sowie das Schaffen von Wissen über die Struktur-Eigenschafts-Korrelation. Schließlich ist dies die Grundlage für die Entwicklung gezielterer Prozessoptimierungen und zuverlässigerer Lebensdauer-Vorhersagen. In diesem Zusammenhang zielt dieser Beitrag darauf ab, Daten und Erkenntnisse über das Kriechverhalten des austenitischen Edelstahls 316L zu liefern, der mittels Laser-Powder-Bed-Fusion (L-PBF) hergestellt wird. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, wurden Proben aus konventionellem warmgewalztem sowie AM-Material gemäß den bestehenden Normen für konventionelles Material geprüft und vor und nach dem Versagen mikrostrukturell charakterisiert. Die Probekörper wurden aus einzelnen Blöcken des AM-Materials gefertigt. Die Blöcke wurden mit einer Standard-Scan- und Aufbaustrategie hergestellt und anschließend wärmebehandelt. Das Kriechverhalten wird anhand der Kriechlebensdauer und ausgewählter Kriechkurven und Kennwerte beschrieben und vergleichend bewertet. Der Einfluss von Defekten und Mikrostruktur auf das Materialverhalten wird anhand von zerstörenden und zerstörungsfreien Auswertungen an ausgewählten Proben analysiert. Der AM-Werkstoff zeigt kürzere Kriechlebensdauern, erreicht das sekundäre Kriechstadium deutlich schneller und bei geringerer Dehnung und weist eine geringere Kriechduktilität im Vergleich zu seinem konventionellen Gegenstück auf. Das Kriechschädigungsverhalten des AM-Werkstoffs ist eher mikrostruktur- als defektgesteuert und ist durch die Bildung intergranularer Kriechrisse gekennzeichnet. Als kritische Merkmale werden die Versetzungsdichte sowie die Versprödung der Korngrenzen identifiziert. Die Mikro-Computertomographie (µCT) erweist sich als Alternative zur Metallographie, um die Kriechschädigung zu analysieren. T2 - Sitzung des DGM-Arbeitskreises Mechanisches Werkstoffverhalten bei hoher Temperatur CY - Online meeting DA - 07.10.2020 KW - 316L KW - Kriechen KW - Additive Fertigung KW - Mikrostruktur KW - Mikro-Computertomographie PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51824 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Battig, Alexander A1 - Markwart, J. C. A1 - Wurm, F. R. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Sulfur's role in the flame retardancy of thio-ether–linked hyperbranched polyphosphoesters in epoxy resins N2 - Hyperbranched polyphosphoesters are promising multifunctional flame retardants for epoxy resins. These polymers were prepared via thiol-ene polyaddition reactions. While key chemical transformations and modes of actions were elucidated, the role of sulfur in the chemical composition remains an open question. In this study, the FR-performance of a series of phosphorus-based flame retardant additives with and without sulfur (thioethers or sulfones) in their structure are compared. The successful synthesis of thio-ether or sulfone-containing variants is described and verified by 1H and 31P NMR, also FTIR and MALDI-TOF. A decomposition process is proposed from pyrolytic evolved gas analysis (TG-FTIR, Py-GC/MS), and flame retardancy effect on epoxy resins is investigated under pyrolytic conditions and via fire testing in the cone calorimeter. The presence of sulfur increased thermal stability of the flame retardants and introduced added condensed phase action. Likely, Sulfur radical generation plays a key role in the flame-retardant mode of action, and sulfones released incombustible SO2. The results highlight the multifunctionality of the hyperbranched polymer, which displays better fire performance than its low molar mass thio-ether analogue due to the presence of vinyl groups and higher stability than its monomer due to the presence of thio-ether groups. KW - Phosphoester KW - Hyperbranched KW - Sulfur KW - Thio-ether KW - Flame retardant KW - Epoxy resin PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109390 SN - 0014-3057 VL - 122 SP - 109390 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50238 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tan, Yi A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Klack, Patrick A1 - Kukofka, Tobias A1 - Ruder, J. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Durability of the flame retardance of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer cables: Comparing different flame retardants exposed to different weathering conditions N2 - Scientific publications addressing the durability of the flame retardance of cables during their long-term application are rare and our understanding lacks. Three commercial flame retardants, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum diethyl phosphinate (AlPi-Et), and intumescent flame retardant based on ammonium polyphosphate, applied in ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) model cables, are investigated. Different artificial aging scenarios were applied: accelerated weathering (UV-irradiation/temperature/rain phases), humidity exposure (elevated temperature/humidity), and salt spray exposure. The deterioration of cables’ surface and flame retardancy were monitored through imaging, color measurements, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and cone calorimeter investigations. Significant degradation of the materials’ surface occurred. The flame retardant EVA cables are most sensitive to humidity exposure; the cable with AlPi-Et is the most sensitive to the artificial aging scenarios. Nevertheless, substantial flame retardance persisted after being subjected for 2000 h, which indicates that the equivalent influence of natural exposure is limited for several years, but less so for long-term use. KW - Durability KW - Flame retardant KW - Cable KW - Weathering KW - Cone calorimeter PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/APP.47548 SN - 0021-8995 VL - 137 IS - 1 SP - 47548 PB - Wiley AN - OPUS4-50237 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Günther, Martin T1 - Flammschutz von Polyurethanen N2 - Polyurethane (PU) bilden eine der vielseitigsten Klassen der Polymerwerkstoffe. Kein anderer Kunststoff wird sowohl als Thermoplast, als Elastomer wie auch als Duroplast verarbeitet und eingesetzt. Entsprechend vielfältig sind auch die Anforderungen an den Flammschutz. Je nach Material und Anwendung müssen spezifische Brandnormen erfüllt werden. Der vorliegende Aufsatz gibt einen Überblick über die verfügbaren Ansätze, um durch geeignete Auswahl der Rohstoffe und der Flammschutzmittel diese verschiedensten Anforderungen an das Brandverhalten zu erfüllen. KW - Polyurethan KW - Flammschutz KW - Pyrolyse KW - Schaum KW - Cone calorimeter PY - 2020 VL - 20 IS - 1 SP - 48 EP - 53 PB - Dr. Gupta AN - OPUS4-50736 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mrkwitschka, Paul A1 - Mieller, Björn A1 - Rabe, Torsten A1 - Markötter, Henning ED - Petzow, G. ED - Mücklich, F. T1 - Machine learning assisted characterization of a Low Temperature Cofired Ceramic (LTCC) module measured by synchrotron computed tomography N2 - The 5G technology promises real time data transmission for industrial processes, autonomous driving, virtual and augmented reality, E-health applications and many more. The Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramics (LTCC) technology is well suited for the manufacturing of microelectronic components for such applications. Still, improvement of the technology such as further miniaturization is required. This study focuses on the characterization of inner metallization of LTCC multilayer modules, especially on the vertical interconnect access (VIA). Critical considerations for this characterization are delamination, pore clustering in and at the edge of the VIA, deformation, and stacking offset. A LTCC multilayer consisting of a glassy crystalline matrix with silver based VIAs was investigated by synchrotron x-ray tomography (CT). The aim of this study is to propose a multitude of structural characteristic values to maximize the information gained from the available dataset. Data analysis has been done with the open source software ImageJ as well as several additional plugins. The high-resolution CT data was evaluated through 2D slices for accessibility reasons. The segmentation of all 2000 slices to assess the different regions e.g. pores, silver and glass ceramic was done by a supervised machine learning algorithm. A quantitative evaluation of shape, deformation, and porosity of the VIA with respect to its dimensions is presented and the suitability of the characterization approach is assessed. T2 - 54. Metallographie Taagung CY - Online meeting DA - 16.09.2020 KW - Machine Learning KW - LTCC KW - Synchrotron Tomography PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-88355-422-8 VL - 54 SP - 136 EP - 141 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Materialkunde e.V CY - Sankt Augustin AN - OPUS4-51298 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Raschpichler, C. A1 - Goroncy, C. A1 - Langer, B. A1 - Antonsson, E. A1 - Wassermann, B. A1 - Graf, C. A1 - Klack, Patrick A1 - Lischke, T. A1 - Rühl, E. T1 - Surface Properties and Porosity of Silica Particles Studied by Wide-Angle Soft X-ray Scattering N2 - Wide-angle soft X-ray scattering on free silica particles of different porosity prepared in a beam is reported. The explored q region is mostly dominated by features due to surface roughness and bulk porosity. A comprehensive experimental and theoretical analysis of silica particles of different porosity is presented for various incident photon energies. A correlation analysis, based on the theory of Porod, is used to test the validity of exact Mie theory in different pore density limits. The ability of the discrete dipole scattering model (DDSCAT) to resolve local effects, caused by various pore distributions, is discussed. Characteristic differences between the soft X-ray scattering patterns of the particle samples of different surface properties and porosity are detected. For all mentioned cases, it was confirmed that the effective radius concept of the Guinier model can be successfully extended to Mie theory and DDSCAT in describing the additive contributions of the primary particles, including a thin inhomogeneous solvent-rich surface shell and empty bulk pores. Close agreement, within ±15%, between the calculated and observed pore sizes and porosity values is reached. The influence of pores is alternatively described either in terms of secondary Mie scattering, which is modulated by the local internal electrical field within the particles, or by an independent Mie scattering process induced by the incident field on isolated pores. It is found that for the typical pore/particle size ratios the latter approach presents the best choice. KW - Wide-Angle Soft X‑ray Scattering KW - Silica KW - Porosity PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c04308 SN - 1932-7447 SN - 1932-7455 VL - 124 SP - 16663 EP - 16674 AN - OPUS4-51089 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ma, S. A1 - Xiao, Y. A1 - Zhou, F. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Chan, Yin Yam A1 - Korobeinichev, O. P. A1 - Trubachev, S. A. A1 - Hu, W. A1 - Ma, C. A1 - Hu, Y. T1 - Effects of novel phosphorus-nitrogen-containing DOPO derivative salts on mechanical properties, thermal stability and flame retardancy of flexible polyurethane foam N2 - In this work, a series of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) derivative salts containing phosphorus and nitrogen were synthesized, and their effects on mechanical properties, thermal stability and flame retardancy of flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF) were investigated. Studies have shown that the addition of DOPO derivatives will increase the tensile strength, compression set, and compression hardness of FPUF, but it will lead to a decrease in elongation at break. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the initial decomposition temperature of FPUF containing DOPO derivatives was reduecd, but the char reside was significantly improved. A series of combustion tests indicated that the addition of DOPO derivative salts can improve the flame retardancy of FPUF, of which 10-hydroxy-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10 phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide dicyandiamide salt (D-DICY) exhibited the best flame retardancy. When the load of D-DICY was 20 phr, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of foam reached 24.5%, and the peak heat release rate and total heat release were decreased by 55.7% and 52.9%, respectively. Furthermore, based on the analysis of the gas phase combustion products and the char residue of the condensed phase, the possible flame retardant mechanism was proposed. KW - Flexible polyurethane foam KW - DOPO derivative salts KW - Mechanical properties KW - Thermal stability KW - Flame retardancy PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109160 SN - 0141-3910 VL - 177 SP - 109160 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50740 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kling, I. C. S. A1 - Pauw, Brian Richard A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo A1 - Archanjo, B. S. A1 - Simão, R. A. T1 - Development and characterization of starch film and the incorporation of silver nanoparticles N2 - Starch is one of the biopolymers being used for bioplastic synthesis. For production, starch can be combined with different plasticizers, starches from different plant sources and even with nanomaterials to improve or to add film properties. The challenge of adding these, e.g. in the form of silver nanoparticles (AgNp) is to determine the concentration so as to avoid impairing the properties of the film, agglomeration or altering the visual characteristics of the film. In this study, a starch film synthesis route and the incorporation of silver nanoparticles has been proposed in order not to alter the properties of the film while maintaining the transparency and a clear colour of the starch film. The results showed that the proposed synthesis route is promising, efficient, reproducible, fast and the film has good mechanical properties. T2 - Semana MetalMat & Painal PEMM 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 23.11.2020 KW - Biofilm KW - Starch KW - Starch nanoparticle KW - Silver nanoparticle PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51828 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Kebelmann, Katharina ED - Hu, Y. ED - Wang, X. T1 - Fire testing for the development of flame retardant polymeric materials N2 - Flame retarded polymeric materials are used in various applications in which a certain fire behavior is demanded. Protection goals are defined, such as limited flammability in terms of hindered sustained ignition or limited contribution to a fire, and these protection levels are tested with defined specimens or components in defined fire scenarios, that is to say, different fire tests. Passing a specific fire test by meeting whatever its demands is often the most important development goal, so the parameters of the different fire tests vary widely to emphasize different fire properties. Some fire tests are used to screen or provide a general assessment of flame retardant polymers during development, while other fire tests and tailored experiments are performed to address special phenomena or understand the flame retardancy modes of action. For all fire testing, the devil is in the details – demanding know-how and crucial efforts to manage the quality of investigations and advanced interpretation. This chapter aims to offer a structured overview of all these aspects. KW - Fire testing KW - Flame retardant KW - Fire retardant KW - Flammability KW - Ignition KW - Oxygen index KW - Cone calorimeter KW - UL 94 KW - Developing fire KW - Uncertainty KW - Fire resistance PY - 2020 SN - 978-1-138-29578-7 SP - 35 EP - 55 PB - CRC Press AN - OPUS4-50236 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Morys, Michael A1 - Häßler, Dustin A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Hothan, Sascha T1 - Beyond the standard time-temperature curve: Assessment of intumescent coatings under standard and deviant temperature curves N2 - Nowadays there are intumescent coatings available for diverse applications. There is no established assessment of their protection performance besides the standard time-temperature curve, but natural fire scenarios often play an important role. A reliable straightforward performance-based assessment is presented. The effective thermal conductivity per thickness is calculated based on intermediate-scale fire tests. The optimum thermal insulation, the time to reach it, and the time until contingent failure of the coating are used for an assessment independent of the heating curve. The procedure was conducted on four different commercially intumescent coatings for steel construction, one solvent-based, one waterborne, one epoxy-based, and a bandage impregnated with a waterborne coating. The performance was studied under four different but similar shaped heating curves with different maximum temperatures (standard time-temperature curve, hydrocarbon curve and two self-designed curves with reduced temperature). The thermal protection performance is crucially affected by the residue morphology. Therefore, a comprehensive morphology analysis, including micro-computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy, was conducted on small-scale residues (7.5 x 7.5 cm2). Two different types of inner structures and the residue surface after different heat exposures were discussed in terms of their influence on thermal protection performance. KW - Intumescence KW - Coating KW - Computed tomography KW - Small scale KW - Heating curves KW - Residue morphology PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.102951 SN - 0379-7112 VL - 112 SP - 102951 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50334 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Turski Silva Diniz, Analice A1 - Huth, Christian A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Dripping and decomposition under fire: Melamine cyanurate vs. glass fibres in polyamide 6 N2 - Manipulating the melt dripping of thermoplastics makes a fire scenario more or less dangerous. Yet, a detailed understanding of this phenomenon has remained a question mark in studies of the flammability of plastics. In this work, the individual and collective impacts of additives on the dripping behaviour of polyamide 6 (PA6) were studied. A set of materials compounded with melamine cyanurate (MCA) and glass fibre (GF) was investigated. Under UL 94 vertical test conditions, the dripping during first and second ignition was quantified and investigated in detail. The number, size and temperature of the drops were addressed, and the materials and their drops evaluated with respect to such aspects as their averaged molecular weight, thermal decomposition and rheological properties. PA6 with V-2 classification improved to V-0 with the addition of MCA, and achieved HB in the presence of GF. PA6/GF/MCA achieved V-2. Non-flaming drops of PA6/MCA consisted of oligomeric fragments. Flaming drops of PA6/GF showed a more pronounced decomposition of PA6 and an increased GF content. The dripping behaviour of PA6/GF/MCA can be understood as a combination of the influence of both additives. The results showed nicely that dripping under fire is neither a straightforward material property nor a simple additive influence, but the complex response of the material influenced by the interaction and competition of different phenomena. KW - Dripping KW - UL 94 KW - Polyamide 6 KW - Melamine cyanurate KW - Glass fibre KW - Flame retardant PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.109048 SN - 0141-3910 VL - 171 SP - 109048 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50239 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Weidner, Steffen A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana A1 - Kricheldorf, H. T1 - Polymer mass spectrometry at BAM with special emphasis on MALDI and ESI N2 - Since its introduction mass spectrometric techniques like Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/ionization (MALDI) and Electrospray Ionization (ESI) have become indispensable for synthetic polymer analyses. Ideally, various polymer properties (monomer structure, masses, mass distribution, end groups) can be determined simultaneously. However, in real life these experiments are always affected by important structural parameters and instrumental limitations. A short introduction focussing on latest findings with respect to ionisation principles and mechanisms will be given. Recent results from our group will be presented and efforts to avoid common drawbacks of polymer mass spectrometry will be discussed. In this regard, MALDI - Imaging mass spectrometry and the 2D hyphenation of MS with different chromatographic separation techniques were especially useful, since they can provide additional information and reduce the complexity of polymer analyses. T2 - 21. European Symposium on Polymer Spectroscopy CY - Linz, Austria DA - 13.01.2020 KW - Mass spectrometry KW - MALDI-TOF MS KW - ESI-TOF MS KW - Polymer PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50260 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Flammschutz für technische Kunststoffte für elektronische Anwendungen N2 - Das Brandverhalten stellt wie das ausgezeichnete elektrische Isolationsverhalten, die geringen elektrischen Verluste, die Verarbeitbarkeit und Formbarkeit eine der wesentlichen Schlüsseleigenschaften im Eigenschaftsprofil von Polymerwerkstoffen in der Elektronik und der Elektrotechnik dar. Dabei bedarf es einer Ausrüstung der Polymerwerkstoffe mit Flammschutzmittel. Die Entwicklung von immer effizienteren, synergistischen und multifunktionalen Multikomponentensystemen ist dabei eine herausragende Quelle für Innovation. Die Entwicklung und Verbesserung der werkstoff- und anwendungsspezifischen Flammschutzlösungen bestimmen die aktuellen und zukünftigen Polymermaterialien in der Elektronik und Elektrotechnik mit. Der Vortrag stellt anhand von Beispielen einige der erfolgreichen Konzepte dar. Es wird versucht, über das wissenschaftlich-systematische Verständnis Grundprinzipien und vielversprechende Lösungsstrategien zu verdeutlichen. T2 - Kunststoff trifft Elektronik, KUZ Kunststoffzentrum in Leipzig CY - Leipzig, Germany DA - 29.01.2020 KW - Flame retardant KW - Ssynergy KW - Flame retardant mode of action KW - UL 94 KW - Cone calorimeter PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50495 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Suárez Ocano, Patricia A1 - Fries, S. G. A1 - López-Galilea, I. A1 - Ruttert, B. A1 - Theisen, W. A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo T1 - Microstructural characterization of the AlMo 0.5 NbTa 0.5 ZrTi refractory complex concentrated alloy N2 - A set of some unexpected and interesting microstructures has put the so-called complex concentrated alloys (CCAs) in the eye of the scientific community and the AlMo0.5NbTa0.5TiZr refractory (r)CCA, aimed at substituting Ni-base superalloys in gas turbine applications, belongs to this alloy family. The AlMo0.5NbTa0.5TiZr rCCA was studied by SEM, EDX, EBSD and TEM, showing the presence of a nanoscopic basket-wave structure inside the grains, with two BCC phases. Additionally, thermodynamic calculations on the AlMo0.5NbTa0.5TiZr alloy were done with two different proprietary databases that anticipate two BCC-disordered phases with distinct constitutions as well as an HCP phase. T2 - Symposium on Advanced Mechanical and Microstructural Characterization of High-Entropy Alloys CY - Bochum, Germany DA - 03.02.2020 KW - High Entropy Alloy KW - EBSD KW - Microstructure Characterization PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-50729 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Vogl, Jochen A1 - Rienitz, O. A1 - Rosner, M. A1 - Mieller, Björn A1 - Kasemann, S. A1 - Kraft, R. A1 - Malinovskiy, D. A1 - Meixner, A. A1 - Noordmann, J. A1 - Rabb, S. A1 - Schuessler, J. A. A1 - Vocke, R. D. T1 - Calibration of Mg isotope amount ratios and delta values N2 - In the past, δ26/24Mg measurements were referenced to NIST SRM 980, the initial zero of the δ26/24Mg scale. With the development of MC-ICPMS, the detection of small but measurable isotopic differences in different chips of SRM 980 became apparent. To solve this problem a suite of magnesium isotope reference materials, ERM-AE143, -AE144 and -AE145, has been certified in a first study by applying an ab initio calibration for absolute Mg isotope ratios without any a priori assumptions, a procedure which fulfils all requirements of a primary method of measurement. We could achieve for the first time measurement uncertainties for isotope amount ratios close to the typical precision of magnesium delta values, δ26/24Mg, which are at the 0.1 ‰ level (2SD). In addition, it was demonstrated that commonly used fractionation laws are invalid for correcting Mg isotope ratios in multi-collector ICPMS as they result in a bias which is not covered by its associated uncertainty. Depending on their type, fractionation laws create a bias up to several per mil, with the exponential law showing the smallest bias between 0.1 ‰ to 0.7 ‰. With these isotope reference materials, it is possible to establish SI-traceability for magnesium delta measurements. To realize this, we organized a second study within which five expert laboratories participated to cross-calibrate all available magnesium isotope standards, which are NIST SRM 980, IRMM-009, ERM-AE143, ERM-AE144, ERM-AE145 and the standards DSM3 and Cambridge-1. The mean δ26/24Mg values for the individual iRMs, calculated from the laboratory means show 2 SD reproducibilities varying between 0.025 and 0.093 ‰. Propagated measurement uncertainties suggest a standard uncertainty of about 0.1‰ for δ26/24Mg determinations (2SD). Thus, SI traceability for magnesium isotope amount ratios and delta values is demonstrated to be established. T2 - 53rd annual conference of the DGMS including 27th ICP-MS User's Meeting CY - Münster, Germany DA - 01.03.2020 KW - Isotope ratio KW - Delta value KW - Metrology KW - Magnesium KW - Magnesium isotope ratios PY - 2020 N1 - Geburtsname von Mieller, Björn: Brandt, B. - Birth name of Mieller, Björn: Brandt, B. AN - OPUS4-50549 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hajian, A. A1 - Konegger, T. A1 - Bielecki, K. A1 - Mieller, Björn A1 - Rabe, Torsten A1 - Schwarz, S. A1 - Zellner, C. A1 - Schmid, U. T1 - Wet chemical porosification with phosphate buffer solutions for permittivity reduction of LTCC substrates N2 - The wireless high-frequency technology requires a robust, cost-effective, and highly integrated substrate technology offering the capability for areas of tailored permittivity. The wet-chemical porosification of low temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) substrates offers such an approach by locally embedding air. Porosification of LTCC in both extremely acidic and alkaline media has been investigated in previous works. However, for improving the available knowledge on the porosification of LTCC with H3PO4 as a standard and a widely used etching solution, the impact of solution concentration was systematically investigated and a substantial improvement in the etching performance was achieved. Moreover, in the present study, for the first time, the intermediate pH values, and the impact of pH as a key parameter on the etching process have been investigated. For this purpose, the applicability of phosphate buffer solution (PBS) as a prospective novel etchant mixture for the porosification of a commercially available LTCC tape (Ceramtape GC) was explored. Valuable information about surface morphology, crystalline composition, and the pore structure of the etched LTCCs was gathered employing scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and mercury porosimetry measurements. Based on these findings, the performance of PBS-based etchant systems towards the generation of porous LTCCs combining high depths of porosification with acceptable surface characteristics for subsequent metallization is demonstrated. Based on the obtained results, by application of a 0.2 mol L−1 solution of PBS, the effective relative permittivity of test samples with a thickness of approximately 600 µm and a porosification depth of 186 µm from each side, could be reduced up to 10% of its initial “as fired” value. Also, based on the measurement results and by measuring the depth of porosification, the permittivity of the etched layer was estimated to show a reduction of up to 22% compared to the initial “as fired” value. KW - LTCC KW - Porosification KW - Wet chemical etching KW - Permittivity reduction PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.158059 SN - 0925-8388 VL - 863 SP - 158059 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-51800 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana A1 - Epping, Ruben T1 - Microstructure characterization of oligomers by analysis of UPLC / ESI-TOF-MS reconstructed ion chromatograms N2 - It is a well-known story that copolymers beside their molar mass distribution (MMD) can exhibit a functionality type distribution (FTD), a copolymer composition distribution (CCD), a monomer sequence distribution (MSD) and additionally different topologies within one sample. Small, often isobaric heterogeneities in topology or microstructure can usually not be simply separated chromatographically or distinguished by any common detector. Nowadays a wide range of different analytical separation techniques and multi-detection possibilities are available. The challenge consists in a clever combination of these techniques with a specific approach of data analysis. In this presentation different liquid chromatographic separation modes were combined with Electrospray Time-of-Flight mass spectrometry. The online coupling allows the analysis of reconstructed ion chromatograms (RIC) of each degree of polymerization. While a complete separation often cannot be achieved, the derived retention times and peak widths lead to information on the existence and dispersity of heterogeneities in microstructure or topology, that are otherwise inaccessible This method is suitable to detect small differences in e. g. branching, topology, monomer sequence or tacticity and could potentially be used in production control of oligomeric products or other routinely done analyses to quickly indicate deviations from set parameters. Based on a variety of examples e.g. the topology elucidation of branched EO-PO copolymers, the possibilities and limitations of this approach were demonstrated. T2 - Analyticon 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 05.11.2020 KW - Microstructure KW - Copolymer KW - LC-MS PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51540 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ávila Calderón, Luis Alexander A1 - Rehmer, Birgit A1 - Schriever, Sina A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo A1 - Sommer, Konstantin A1 - Mohr, Gunther A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Creep and fracture behavior of conventionally and additively manufactured stainless steel 316L N2 - A critical task within the frame of establishing process-structure-property-performance relationships in additive manufacturing (AM) of metals is producing reliable and well-documented material behavior’s data and knowledge regarding the structure-property correlation, including the role of defects. After all, it represents the basis for developing more targeted process optimizations and more reliable predictions of performance in the future. Within this context, this contribution aims to close the actual gap of limited historical data and knowledge concerning the creep behavior of the widely used austenitic stainless steel 316L, manufactured by Laser-Powder-Bed-Fusion (L-PBF). To address this objective, specimens from conventional hot-rolled and AM material were tested under application-relevant conditions according to existing standards for conventional material, and microstructurally characterized before and after failure. The test specimens were machined from single blocks from the AM material. The blocks were manufactured using a standard scan and build-up strategy and were subsequently heat-treated. The creep behavior is described and comparatively assessed based on the creep lifetime and selected creep curves and characteristic values. The effect of defects and microstructure on the material’s behavior is analyzed based on destructive and non-destructive evaluations on selected specimens. The AM material shows shorter creep lives, reaches the secondary creep stage much faster and at a lower strain, and features lower creep ductility compared to its conventional counterpart. The creep damage behavior of the AM material is more microstructure than defect controlled and is characterized by the formation and accumulation of single intergranular damage along the whole volume. Critical features identified are the grain morphology and the grain-boundary as well as the dislocation’s density. Micro-computed tomography (µCT) proves to be an alternative to metallography to analyze the creep damage. T2 - ASTM International Conference on Additive Manufacturing 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 16.11.2020 KW - 316L KW - Creep behavior KW - Laser powder bed fusion KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Microstructure PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51823 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Cornelsen Sampaio Kling, I. A1 - Pauw, Brian Richard A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo A1 - Archanjo, B. S. A1 - Simão, R. A. T1 - Development and characterization of starch film and the incorporation of silver nanoparticles N2 - Starch is one of the biopolymers being used for bioplastic synthesis. For production, starch can be combined with different plasticizers, starches from different plant sources and even with nanomaterials to improve or to add film properties. The challenge of adding these, e.g. in the form of silver nanoparticles (AgNp) is to determine the concentration so as to avoid impairing the properties of the film, agglomeration or altering the visual characteristics of the film. In this study, a starch film synthesis route and the incorporation of silver nanoparticles has been proposed in order not to alter the properties of the film while maintaining the transparency and a clear colour of the starch film. The results showed that the proposed synthesis route is promising, efficient, reproducible, fast and the film has good mechanical properties. T2 - Semana MetalMat & Painal PEMM 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 23.11.2020 KW - Biofilm KW - Silver nanoparticle KW - Starch KW - Starch nanoparticle PY - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 2 AN - OPUS4-51940 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Suárez Ocano, Patricia A1 - Fries, S. G. A1 - Lopez-Galilea, I. A1 - Ruttert, B. A1 - Theissen, W. A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo T1 - Effect of the heat treatment in the microstructure of a refractory chemically complex alloy N2 - A set of some unexpected and interesting microstructures has put the so-called complex concentrated alloys (CCAs) in the eye of the scientific community. The AlMo0.5NbTa0.5TiZr refractory (r)CCA, aimed at substituting Ni-base superalloys in gas turbine applications, belongs to this alloy family. After a two-stage heat treatment, this rCCA morphologically resembles the typical a two-phase microstructure of the latter. The objective of this work consists in determining the effect of the two stages of the heat treatment on the microstructure of the AlMo0.5NbTa0.5TiZr alloy to eventually improve it in terms of homogeneity and porosity. T2 - Third International Conference on High Entropy Materials (2020) CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 27.09.2020 KW - Annealing KW - Hot isostatic pressing KW - Refractory chemically complex alloy KW - Microstructure PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-53386 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -