TY - RPRT A1 - Vogl, Jochen A1 - Becker, Dorit A1 - Koenig, Maren A1 - Yim, Y.-H. A1 - Lee, K.-S. A1 - Goenaga-Infante, H. A1 - Malinowskiy, D. A1 - Hill, S. A1 - Ren, T. A1 - Wang, J. A1 - Vocke, R. D. A1 - Murphy, K. A1 - Nonose, N. A1 - Rienitz, O. A1 - Noordmann, J. T1 - Certification Report for the Isotopic Reference Materials ERM-AE142 and ERM-EB400 N2 - Lead (Pb) isotope amount ratios are commonly used in applications ranging from archaeology and forensic sciences to terrestrial and extra-terrestrial geochemistry. Despite their utility and frequency of use, only three certified isotope amount ratio reference materials are currently available for Pb: NIST SRMs 981, 982 and 983. Because SRM 981 has a natural Pb isotopic composition, it is mainly used for correcting instrumental mass discrimination or fractionation. This means that, at present, there are no other certified isotope reference materials with natural Pb isotopic composition that could be used for validating or verifying an analytical procedure involving the measurement of Pb isotope amount ratios. To fill this gap, two new reference materials, both certified for their Pb isotopic composition, have been produced together with a complete uncertainty assessment. These new reference materials offer SI traceability and an independent means of validating or verifying analytical procedures used to produce Pb isotope amount ratio measurements. ERM-EB400 is a bronze material containing a nominal Pb mass fraction of 45 mg/kg. ERM-AE142 is a high purity solution of Pb with a nominal mass fraction of 100 mg/kg. Both materials have been specifically produced to assist analysts in verifying or validating their analytical procedures. Note that while one of these reference materials requires the chemical separation of Pb from its matrix (ERM-EB400), the other does not (ERM-AE142). Details on the certification of these isotope reference materials are provided in this report. KW - Lead isotopic composition KW - Isotope ratio KW - Reference material KW - Mass spectrometry PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-392060 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-39206 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst T1 - State-of-the-art ultrasonic monitoring of concrete N2 - Ultrasonic methods are well established in various aspects of concrete testing. They are used for imaging the interior geometry of constructions, estimation of concrete strength or monitoring lab investigations. However, so far the detection of distributed damages, especially in an early stage, has been almost impossible. The arrival of new technologies as embedded transducers and sensitive data processing techniques adopted from seismology has opened new field of work. Recent research has been focused to detect changes in concrete elements induced by stress, temperature, moisture or chemical attacks by permanent monitoring. Techniques as Coda Wave Interferometry can resolve changes in ultrasonic velocity in the order of 1*10-5. In addition, many researchers believe that the investigation of nonlinear effects can be used to characterize damages. The presentation will give a wrap up of ultrasonic techniques currently used in practice. This will include echo based methods as multi-channel/multi-offset imaging of structural elements using commercial and prototype devices. Imaging methods as SAFT and RTM will be shortly discussed. The focus will be on the emerging techniques used for monitoring. New types of sensors will be presented as well as the devices used in laboratory and field applications. Insight will be given on the various influence factors on ultrasonic signals and various ways of feature extraction and data processing. The results of lab experiments will be shown to demonstrate the detection of various kind of damages from mechanical load, ASR, corrosion to fatigue. The experiences with or first installations in real constructions (bridges, tunnel) will also be presented. T2 - CBIR Research Seminar, University of Technology Sydney CY - Sydney, Australia DA - 05.12.2016 KW - Ultrasound KW - Concrete KW - Monitoring KW - Imaging PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38730 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Galindo Guerreros, Julio Cesar A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst A1 - Mackens, S. A1 - Fechner, Th. T1 - Crosshole and downhole seismics: a new quality assurance tool for jet grout columns N2 - Sealing and strengthening of the subsoil by grout injection is a major issue in the field of geotechnical engineering. One commonly applied method is jet grouting, which allows creating columns of grouted soil by eroding and mixing the in-situ soil with a thin cement suspension. A general difficulty linked with this method is in predicting the resulting column diameter and its material strength. In this paper, we illustrate the application of a newly developed non-destructive quality assurance tool used to determine the diameter of jet grout columns. This approach incorporates standard crosshole and downhole seismic measurements. To demonstrate its effectiveness, we tested the new approach within two-dimensional finite-difference numerical simulations. Additional field tests showed that this tool is also applicable in real site conditions. For this purpose, three jet grout columns were produced with different process parameters in a depth between 3 and 10 m. The evaluated diameters were within 1 and 1.5 m, slightly deviating from the previously predicted range by the jet grouting contractor. Moreover, we were able to detect the base of the columns at a 10-m depth with no significant difficulties. On the other hand, unsaturated, less compacted sands between the groundwater level and surface considerably affected the seismic data, hence complicating the detection of the top of the columns. KW - Jet grouting KW - Quality assurance PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.3997/1873-0604.2016042 SN - 1569-4445 IS - 14 SP - 493 EP - 501 PB - EAGE CY - Houton, NL AN - OPUS4-38977 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst T1 - State-of-the-art of Ultrasonic Monitoring of Concrete N2 - Ultrasonic methods are well established in various aspects of concrete testing. They are used for imaging the interior geometry of constructions, estimation of concrete strength or monitoring lab investigations. However, so far the detection of distributed damages, especially in an early stage, has been almost impossible. The arrival of new technologies as deep penetration ultrasonic echo devices, new imaging techniques, embedded transducers for permanent monitoring and sensitive data processing techniques adopted from seismology have opened new fields of work. Recent research has been focused to detect changes in concrete elements induced by stress, temperature, moisture or chemical attacks. KW - Ultrasound KW - Concrete KW - Monitoring KW - Imaging PY - 2016 IS - 10 SP - 15 EP - 18 AN - OPUS4-38728 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst T1 - State-of-the-art of ultrasonic monitoring of concrete N2 - Ultrasonic methods are well established in various aspects of concrete testing. They are used for imaging the interior geometry of constructions, estimation of concrete strength or monitoring lab investigations. However, so far the detection of distributed damages, especially in an early stage, has been almost impossible. The arrival of new technologies as embedded transducers and sensitive data processing techniques adopted from seismology has opened new field of work. Recent research has been focused to detect changes in concrete elements induced by stress, temperature, moisture or chemical attacks by permanent monitoring. Techniques as Coda Wave Interferometry can resolve changes in ultrasonic velocity in the order of 1*10-5. In addition, many researchers believe that the investigation of nonlinear effects can be used to characterize damages. The workshop will give a wrap up of ultrasonic techniques currently used in practice. This will include echo based methods as multi-channel/multi-offset imaging of structural elements using commercial and prototype devices. Imaging methods as SAFT and RTM will be shortly discussed. The focus will be on the emerging techniques used for monitoring. New types of sensors will be presented as well as the devices used in laboratory and field applications. Insight will be given on the various influence factors on ultrasonic signals and various ways of feature extraction and data processing. The results of lab experiments will be shown to demonstrate the detection of various kind of damages from mechanical load, ASR, corrosion to fatigue. The experiences with or first installations in real constructions (bridges, tunnel) will also be presented. T2 - The 8th Australian Network of Structural Monitoring Annual Workshop CY - Melbourne, Australia DA - 29.11.2016 KW - Ultrasound KW - Concrete KW - Monitoring KW - Imaging PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38727 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Maack, Stefan A1 - Zoёga, Andreas T1 - Lösung bautechnischer Fragestellungen mit der ZfPBau-Toolbox N2 - Darstellung verschiedener praxisrelevanter zerstörungsfreier Prüfverfahren im Bauwesen. T2 - Fachtagung Bauwerksdiagnose Praktische Anwendungen Zerstörungsfreier Prüfungen und Zukunftsaufgaben CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 25.02.2016 KW - zerstörungsfreie Prüfung im Bauwesen PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-39295 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst T1 - Progress in non-destructive testing and monitoring of concrete N2 - The presentation will give an overview on non-destructive testing techniques being developed at the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Germany (BAM). This includes ultrasonic methods, ground penetration radar, Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), infrared thermography, pile testing, sensor technology and building scanner. A focus of the talk will be ultrasonic methods, which are well established in various aspects of concrete testing. They are used for imaging the interior geometry of constructions, estimation of concrete strength or monitoring lab investigations. However, so far the detection of distributed damages, especially in an early stage, has been almost impossible. The arrival of new technologies as embedded transducers and sensitive data processing techniques adopted from seismology has opened new field of work. Recent research has been focused to detect changes in concrete elements induced by stress, temperature, moisture or chemical attacks by permanent monitoring. Techniques as Coda Wave Interferometry can resolve changes in ultrasonic velocity in the order of 1*10-5. In addition, many researchers believe that the investigation of nonlinear effects can be used to characterize damages. The presentation will give a wrap up of ultrasonic techniques currently used in practice. This will include echo based methods as multi-channel/multi-offset imaging of structural elements using commercial and prototype devices. Imaging methods as SAFT and RTM will be shortly discussed. The focus will be on the emerging techniques used for monitoring. New types of sensors will be presented as well as the devices used in laboratory and field applications. Insight will be given on the various influence factors on ultrasonic signals and various ways of feature extraction and data processing. The results of lab experiments will be shown to demonstrate the detection of various kind of damages from mechanical load, ASR, corrosion to fatigue. The experiences with our first installations in real constructions (bridges, tunnel) will also be presented. T2 - CIES Research Seminar, University of New South Wales CY - Sydney, Australia DA - 13.12.2016 KW - Ultrasound KW - Concrete KW - Monitoring KW - Imaging PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38731 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Vogl, Jochen T1 - Roadmap for purity determination N2 - A Roadmap for the purity Determination of pure metallic elements is presented. The roadmap distinguishes between different approaches for the purity determination and list theindividual steps for each Approach which are necessary to successfully apply These approaches. T2 - CCQM IAWG Meeting CY - Daejeon, South Korea DA - 04.10.2016 KW - Traceability KW - Purity determination PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38590 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Reuter, U. A1 - Taffe, A. A1 - Maack, Stefan T1 - Messung von Bauteildicken an Brückenquerschnitten mit Ultraschallecho zur weiteren Verwendung in statischen Berechnungen zur verbesserten Ermittlung des Eigengewichts N2 - Mit zunehmenden Alter und wachsenden Verkehr treten vermehrt Verschleißerscheinungen an Brückenbauwerken auf. Um in der Zukunft dem weiter steigendem Straßenverkehr gewachsen zu sein, muss besonders der Zustand der Bestandsbrücken vor 1985 erfasst und beurteilt werden. Im Rahmen der Nachrechnungsrichtlinie von Straßenbrücken können genauere Kenntnisse über das Eigengewicht eines Brückenbauwerks dazu genutzt werden, um den entsprechenden Teilsicherheitsbeiwert auf der Einwirkungsseite der statischen Berechnung abzusenken und dadurch die Realität genauer abzubilden. Mit Hilfe des Ultraschallechoverfahrens wurden die Bauteildicken an einem Brückensegment der Spandauer-Damm-Brücke auf dem TTS der BAM ermittelt und zur Berechnung des Eigengewichtes weiter verwendet. Zeitgleich wurde dabei untersucht, wie dicht das Messraster gewählt werden muss, damit bei einem möglichst geringen Messaufwand dennoch zuverlässig Bauteildicken abgeschätzt werden können. Auf Grundlage der ausgewerteten Messdaten wurde für die verschiedenen Messpunktabstände die jeweilige Masse des Bauteils berechnet. Zur Überprüfung der Genauigkeit der Ergebnisse wurde das Brückensegment als Ganzes gewogen. Des Weiteren wurden die ermittelten Bauteildicken und Massen des Brückensegmentes nach der Methode des GUMs (Guide to the Expression of uncertainty in measurement) statistisch bewertet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, das Bauteildicken bis auf 96 % genau mit dem Ultraschallechoverfahren ermittelt werden können. Dabei offenbarte die statistische Auswertung, dass das Eigengewicht von der Rohdichte des Betons und den mit Ultraschallechoverfahren ermittelten Bauteildicken maßgebend beeinflusst werden. Daher sollte einer genaueren Bestimmung der Rohdichte zur Abschätzung des Eigengewichts nach der vorgestellten Methode besondere Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt werden. Die Masterarbeit (Titel s.o.) entstand im Sommersemester 2015 an der HTW Berlin in Kooperation mit der BAM und ist in der Bibliothek der HTW Berlin verfügbar. T2 - Fachtagung Bauwerksdiagnose Praktische Anwendungen Zerstörungsfreier Prüfungen und Zukunftsaufgaben CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 25.02.2016 KW - Brücke KW - Nachrechnungsrichtlinie KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-39297 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Maiwald, Michael T1 - Die Technologie-Roadmap „Prozess-Sensoren 4.0“ – Chancen für neue Automatisierungskonzepte und neue Geschäftsmodelle N2 - Derzeit finden gravierende Veränderungen im Umfeld der Informations- und Kommunikationstechnik statt, die eine große Chance für die optimierte Prozessführung und Wertschöpfung mit darauf abgestimmten vernetzt kommunizierenden Sensoren bieten. Diese Art „smarte“ Sensoren stellen Dienste innerhalb eines Netzwerks bereit und nutzen Informationen daraus. Dieses ist die Voraussetzung für die Realisierung von Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) innerhalb zukünftiger Automatisierungskonzepte für die Prozessindustrie, wie sie auch durch das Zukunftsprojekt „Industrie 4.0“ adressiert werden. Smarte Prozess-Sensoren ermöglichen neue Geschäftsmodelle für Anwender, Gerätehersteller, Dienstleister. T2 - SICK Prozessindustrie-Tage 2016 CY - Gelsenkirchen, Germany DA - 22.09.2016 KW - Roadmap KW - Prozess-Sensoren 4.0 KW - Prozessanalytik KW - Smart Sensors KW - Automatisierung KW - Prozessindustrie PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37390 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Meyer, Klas A1 - Ruiken, J.-P. A1 - Illner, M. A1 - Paul, Andrea A1 - Müller, D. A1 - Esche, E. A1 - Repke, J.-U. A1 - Maiwald, Michael T1 - Prozessanalytik für die moderne Verfahrenstechnik – Online-NMR- und -Raman-Spektroskopie im mizellaren Stoffsystem N2 - Homogen katalysierte Reaktionen sind wichtige Werkzeuge der chemischen Industrie. Milde Reaktionsbedingungen und hohe Selektivitäten führen zu einer energie- und ressourcenschonenden Produktion. Ein bedeutender Prozessschritt ist die Hydroformylierung. Hier kommen Kobalt- und Rhodiumkomplexe mit mehrzähnigen Liganden zum Einsatz, die zumeist in wässriger Lösung vorliegen. Die Anwendbarkeit beschränkt sich demnach auf kurzkettige Edukte mit hinreichender Wasserlöslichkeit. T2 - ProcessNet-Jahrestagung und 32. DECHEMA-Jahrestagung der Biotechnologen 2016 CY - Aachen, Germany DA - 12.09.2016 KW - Hydroformylierung KW - Mizellen KW - NMR-Spektroskopie KW - Raman-Spektroskopie KW - Chemometrie KW - Prozesssensoren KW - Prozessanalytik KW - Industrie PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37388 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Maiwald, Michael T1 - Current activities to implement the technology roadmap „Process Sensors 4.0“ N2 - As presented at the NAMUR general meeting 2015, the technology roadmap "Process Sensors 4.0" identifies the necessary requirements as well as the communication abilities of such process sensors. We report on the progress of discussions in trialogue between users, software and device manufacturers as well as the research. An important key is the definition of an appropriate and uniform topology for such smart sensors, which will be driven forward in a new NAMUR AK 3.7 "smart sensors" in mutual exchange with device and software manufacturers and research institutions. T2 - NAMUR General Meeting 2016 CY - Bad Neuenahr, Germany DA - 10.11.2016 KW - Prozess-Sensoren KW - Prozess-Sensoren 4.0 KW - Prozess-Spektroskopie KW - Process analytical technology PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38228 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Maiwald, Michael T1 - Die Technologie-Roadmap „Prozess-Sensoren 4.0“ – Chancen für neue Automatisierungskonzepte und neue Geschäftsmodelle N2 - Die auf der NAMUR HS 2015 vorgestellte Technologie-Roadmap „Prozess-Sensoren 4.0“ zeigt die nötigen Anforderungen an Prozess-Sensoren sowie an deren Kommunikations-fähigkeiten auf. Eine Topologie für smarte Sensoren, das Zusammenwirken mit daten- und modellbasierte Steuerungen bis hin zur Softsensorik sowie weitere Anforderungen an Sensoren sind heute noch nicht angemessen beschrieben. Wir müssen jetzt schnell die Weichen für eine smarte und sichere Kommunikationsarchitektur stellen, um zu einer störungsfreien Kommunikation aller Sensoren auf Basis eines einheitlichen Protokolls zu kommen, welches alle Sensoren ausgeben und verstehen. KW - Prozess-Sensoren KW - Prozess-Sensoren 4.0 KW - Industrie 4.0 KW - OPC UA KW - Prozessanalytik KW - Prozessindustrie KW - Automatisierung PY - 2016 UR - https://www.di-verlag.de/de/atp-plus-Smart-Sensors SN - 2510-3911 VL - 01 IS - 1 SP - 12 EP - 21 PB - DIV Deutscher Industrieverlag GmbH CY - München AN - OPUS4-38229 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Paul, Andrea A1 - Meyer, Klas A1 - Ruiken, J.-P. A1 - Müller, D. A1 - Esche, E. A1 - Wozny, G. A1 - Illner, M. A1 - Bremser, Wolfram A1 - Maiwald, Michael T1 - Raman Spektroskopie zur kontinuierlichen Überwachung einer Hydroformylierungsreaktion N2 - Der Beitrag beinhaltet die Vorstellung eines gemeinsamen Projekts zwischen der BAM und der TU Berlin (Process Dynamics and Operations Group). Mittels Raman Spektroskopie werden Hydroformylierungsreaktionen in einer Miniplant der TU prozessbegleitend untersucht. Kalibrationsstrategien, Laboruntersuchungen sowie Vorhersagen von Prozessmessungen basierend auf chemometrischen Modellen werden vorgestellt. Zum gegenwärtigen Zeitpunkt wird die Strategie als erfolgsversprechend bewertet, jedoch sind weitere Untersuchungen insbesondere zum Einfluss der Microemulsion auf die Ramanspektren notwendig. T2 - 12. PAT ERFA CY - Mainz / Ingelheim, Germany DA - 20.09.2016 KW - Raman Spektroskopie KW - Online KW - Multivariate Datenanalyse KW - Miniplant PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37469 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Meyer, Klas A1 - Kipphardt, Heinrich A1 - Maiwald, Michael T1 - High-pressure qNMR spectroscopy in condensed- and gas-phase towards determination of impurities and compositions of gas mixtures N2 - Recent technical developments of NMR instruments such as in acquisition electronics and probe design allow detection limits of components in liquid mixtures in the lower ppm range (approx.. 5–10 ppm amount of substance). The major advantage of quantitative NMR spectroscopy (qNMR) is that it is a direct ratio method of analysis without the need of calibration. This means that the signal for a specific NMR-active nucleus (e.g., a proton) in an analyte can be compared and quantified by reference to a different nucleus of a separate compound, comparable to a counting of spins in the active volume of the spectrometer. A special application of qNMR in technical mixtures is the observation in the gas phase, which is rarely applied compared to liquid and solid NMR studies. Because of the low density it results in a reduced sensitivity, which can be improved by applying pressure. Therefore a high-pressure NMR setup was developed based on a commercially available NMR tube made of zirconia. This is currently tested up to 20 MPa, but can be extended up to 100 MPa with regard to pressure rating of its components. This work shows results of gas-phase application on natural-gas like reference gas mixtures produced at BAM, as well as investigations on liquefied petroleum gas mixtures (LPG) with high accuracy provided in constant-pressure piston cylinders. T2 - 35th Meeting of the CCQM-Gas Analysis Working Group, Workshop "Cutting edge research for gas metrology" CY - Caparica, Portugal DA - 13.10.2016 KW - Quantitative NMR spectroscopy KW - Gas-phase NMR KW - Reference gas mixtures KW - Liquefied petroleum gas PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37803 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kern, Simon A1 - Meyer, Klas A1 - Gräßer, Patrick A1 - Guhl, Svetlana A1 - Paul, Andrea A1 - Maiwald, Michael T1 - Ugly spectra and lousy interfaces – challenges for compact NMR spectroscopy in process control N2 - With the introduction of advanced process analytical technology, the closeness of key process variables to their limits can be directly controlled and the product can be classified or even released in real time. Compact NMR instruments can make NMR spectroscopy accessible in industrial and harsh environments for process control. T2 - ProcessNet-Jahrestagung und 32. DECHEMA-Jahrestagung der Biotechnologen 2016 CY - Aachen, Germany DA - 12.09.2016 KW - Industrie 4.0 KW - Online NMR spectroscopy KW - Reaction monitoring KW - Smart sensors PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37405 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Maiwald, Michael A1 - Schmid, Thomas A1 - Rühlmann, Madlen A1 - Büchele, Dominique A1 - Ostermann, Markus T1 - Smart sensors and smart reference materials – an approach to the industrial internet of things N2 - The BAM targets within Bonares I4S are adaption of two online sensors being optimised for mobile applications: A LIBS spectrometer (Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) as well an a XRF spectrometer (X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy). Beyond , the certification of soil reference materials is scope of I4S at BAM. Therefore, a managable relational database structure is needed, based on a modular Architecture, which is dedicated to spectroscopy. The requirements to such a database are discussed. T2 - International Expert Workshop on Data Standards CY - Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR), Berlin, Germany DA - 12.10.2016 KW - Bonares KW - Process Analytical Technology KW - Database KW - Laboratory Information Management System KW - Intelligence for Soil PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37907 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Maiwald, Michael ED - Maiwald, Michael T1 - Trends in der Prozessanalytik N2 - Aktuell wird von der Prozessindustrie die Weiterentwicklung einiger Messaufgaben und Technologien als sehr bedeutend eingeschätzt. Dazu zählen Infrarot-Kaskadenlaser, die Online-Analyse von Partikeln und Emulsionen, neuartige NIR/MIR-Spektroskopiemodule und deren Miniaturisierung sowie die Weiterentwicklung und Kostenvergünstigung der Raman-Spektroskopie. Heute wie morgen müssen Prozess-Sensoren zuerst die Aufgabe des robusten Messens und der Generierung von Prozessinformationen erfüllen. KW - Prozessanalytik KW - Sensoren KW - Trends KW - Process Analytical Technology PY - 2016 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cite.201690036/full DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.201690036 SN - 0009-286X VL - 88 IS - 6 SP - 683 EP - 683 PB - Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-38090 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF ED - Maiwald, Michael T1 - Tagungsband - 12. Kolloquium Prozessanalytik Berlin N2 - Das 12. Kolloquium würdigt mit dem diesjährigen Schwerpunkt auf der Pharma- und Lebensmittel-technologie zwei technisch-wissenschaftliche Bereiche, die sich zum einen die Aufgabe gestellt haben, für jeden und jede Krankheit etwas parat zu haben, und zum anderen daran arbeitet, nicht nur den Hunger zu bekämpfen, sondern täglich auch eine unermessliche Auswahl an Lebensmitteln für eine ausgewogene Ernährung zu liefern. In beiden Arbeitsgebieten bestehen nach wie vor große Herausforderungen. Phamaka etwa stehen bei weitem nicht überall auf der Welt in gleichmäßiger Qualität und bezahlbar zur Verfügung. Auch die noch immer schnell wachsende Bevölkerung sowie der fortschreitende Klimawandel stellen die Lebensmittel-produzierende Industrie sowie die Erzeuger vor die immer größer werdende Aufgabe, nachhaltigere und insbesondere ergiebigere Verfahren zu entwickeln und umzusetzen. Die Pro-zessanalytik kann und wird an diesen Stellen ihren Beitrag leisten. Die Anforderungen an die Prozessanalytik für die Pharma- und Lebensmittelproduktion weisen viele Parallelen auf. So sind beide Bereiche heutzutage regulatorischen Anforderungen unterworfen, die auf der Basis einer risikobasierten Vorgehensweise beruhen, womit Entwicklungs-, Herstellungs- und Qualitätssicherungsprozesse sowohl für die Produzenten als auch für die überwachenden Behörden deutlich verbessert und beschleunigt worden sind. Diese erfreuliche Entwicklung hat ihr Ende aber noch lange nicht gefunden und die die Verfahren befinden sich noch immer in einem starken Wandel. Dennoch haben sie bereits jetzt dazu beigetragen, dass zum Beispiel viele Produktionsmaschinen und Teilanlagen ihre Prozessanalytik bereits an Bord haben, wie etwa der Mähdrescher mit eingebauter Online-Spektroskopie und GPS-Kartierung für das Precision Farming oder die Gefriertrocknungsanlage mit 100%-Trocknungskontrolle am vereinzelten Produkt. Das 12. Kolloquium greift die wichtigsten Herausforderungen auf und spannt eine Diskussionslinie entlang der technologie- und verbrauchergetriebenen Herstellungsverfahren, von Phenotyping und Digital Farming über rote und grüne Biotechnologie bis hin zur Laborautomation unter Einsatz der Hochdurchsatz-Experimentation. Die in der Pharma- und Lebensmittelherstellung gesteckten Ziele sind hoch und entsprechend groß sind die zu erwartenden Vorteile: Im sogenannten Real Time Release wird die Qualität des finalen (Zwischen-)Produktes ausschließlich aus In-Prozess-Kontrollen oder Prozessdaten abgeleitet. Für jede produzierte Charge lässt sich die Konformität zu akzeptierten Qualitätsmerkmalen aufzeigen und diese damit ohne weitere Endkontrolle freigeben. Der konsequente Einsatz von Real Time Release ist eine der wesentlichen Voraussetzungen für die kontinuierliche Produktion (Continuous Manufacturing), die die Pharmazeutische Industrie eines Tages adaptieren wird. Im historischen Rückblick haben sich fast ausnahmslos alle Zweige der Produktion in der Prozessindustrie mehr und mehr hin zu einer kontinuierlichen Produktion gewandelt. Man kann davon ausgehen, dass die Qualitätssicherungskosten bei konsequenter Implementierung von PAT von derzeit ca. 30 % in zukünftig einen kleinen einstelligen Prozentbereich der COGS gesenkt werden können. Gleichzeitig führt der Erkenntnisgewinn zur Verbesserung der Produkte selbst sowie ihrer Herstellungsprozesse. Die Qualität wird sozusagen intrinsisch eingebaut. So kann die Sicherheit für den Verbraucher sogar noch gesteigert werden und der Kostenanstieg im Gesundheitssystem wird deutlich gedämpft. T2 - 12. Kolloquium Arbeitskreis Prozessanalytik CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 28.12.2016 KW - Kolloquium Prozessanalytik KW - Process Analytical Technology KW - Prozessanalytik KW - Pharmazeutische Chemie KW - Lebensmitteltechnologie KW - Lebensmittelproduktion KW - Medikamente PY - 2016 SP - 1 EP - 104 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-38560 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kern, Simon A1 - Meyer, Klas A1 - Maiwald, Michael T1 - NMR-Spektroskopie im Feld - Eine neue Online-Methode für die Prozesskontrolle N2 - Flexible, modulare Produktionsanlagen auf der Basis von verfahrenstechnischen Teilmodulen stellen einen vielversprechenden Ansatz für die kontinuierliche Produktion von Fein- und Spezialchemikalien dar. Der Schwerpunkt des Horizont-2020-Projekts der Europäischen Kommission CONSENS (Integrated Control and Sensing) liegt in der Implementierung von innovativen Sensorkonzepten zur Prozessüberwachung und -regelung innerhalb von containerbasierten modularen Produktionsan lagen. In diesem Artikel wird die Feldintegration eines Online-NMR-Sensors als smartes Modul für die Prozesskontrolle beschrieben. Dieses Modul basiert auf einem kommerziell erhältlichen Niederfeld-NMRSpektrometer, das zurzeit für die Anwendung im Laborbereich erhältlich ist. Für die Feldintegration wurde ein ATEX-zertifiziertes, explosionsgeschütztes Gehäuse entwickelt sowie Automationsschemen für den unbeaufsichtigten Betrieb und für die spektrale Datenauswertung erstellt. Nachdem die Machbarkeit und Leistungsfähigkeit des Sensorkonzeptes in Laborexperimente an einer aromatischen Substitutionsreaktion bereits erfolgreich demonstriert wurde, ist die Inbetriebnahme des NMR-Sensormoduls in industrieller Umgebung für 2017 geplant. KW - Prozessanalytik KW - Reaction monitoring KW - Industrie 4.0 KW - Online-NMR-Spektroskopie KW - CONSENS KW - Prozess-Sensoren PY - 2016 SN - 2190-4111 VL - 58 IS - 12 SP - 21 EP - 25 PB - DIV Deutscher Industrieverlag GmbH CY - München AN - OPUS4-38675 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Maiwald, Michael T1 - Industrie 4.0 aus Sicht der NAMUR - Die Technologie-Roadmap "Prozess-Sensoren 4.0" und danach ... N2 - Es wurde die Anforderungen an die Kommunikatoion von Analysengeräten für eine zukünftige Topologie nach Industrie 4.0 gemeinsam mit dem ZVEI-Arbeitskreis "Kommunikationstechnik für Analysatoren" (KfA) diskutiert. Ziel des Arbeitskreises ist es, kommunikationstechnische Trends für Prozess-Analysengeräte zu beobachten und zu bewerten. Im Bedarfsfall hat dieser Arbeitskreis die Aufgabe, Analysatoren für neue Kommunikationstechniken tauglich zu machen und die dafür notwendige Anschlusstechnik (inkl. Hardware-Interface und Software) zu entwickeln. Die Arbeiten werden in der Regel im Rahmen eines Firmenkonsortiums in gemeinschaftlichen Entwicklungsprojekten durchgeführt. Eine enge Zusammenarbeit mit verschiedenen Bus-Nutzerorganisationen mit der VDI/VDE-Gesellschaft Mess- und Automati-sierungstechnik (GMA)und mit der Interessengemeinschaft Prozessleittechnik der chemischen und pharmazeutischen Industrie (NAMUR) ist hierfür Grundvoraussetzung. T2 - Kolloquium des ZVEI-Arbeitskreises "Kommunikationstechnik für Analysatoren" CY - Reute, Germany DA - 17.11.2016 KW - Industrie 4.0 KW - ZVEI KW - Kommunikation für Analysengeräte KW - Kommunikation KW - Prozessanalytik KW - Prozess-Sensoren PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38358 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF ED - Maiwald, Michael T1 - 10. Interdisziplinäres Doktorandenseminar N2 - Das 10. Interdisziplinäre Doktorandenseminar wendet sich an Arbeitskreise, die auf den Gebieten der Prozessanalytik, Sensoren, Datenauswertung, Automation und angrenzenden Fachthemen tätig sind. Sie wurde wie immer organisiert von den Arbeitskreisen „Prozessanalytik“, „Chemo- und Biosensoren“, „Chemometrik und Qualitätsmanagement“ sowie „Elektrochemie“ der GDCh-Fachgruppe „Analytische Chemie“ in Kooperation mit den kreativen jungen Verfahrensingenieuren (kjVIs). Die Fachvorträge zeichneten sich durch ihre Vielfalt an Themen und Anwendungsmöglichkeiten aus. Für alle Themen zeichnet sich gleichermaßen der Trend ab, dass neben dem Erzeugen analytischer oder sensorischer Daten auch ein intelligentes Datenmanagement gefordert ist, um die Informationen zu Entscheidungsdaten zu verarbeiten und entsprechend zu präsentieren. Auch die Poster zeigten eine große Vielfalt an Forschungsbereichen. Von der Charakterisierung und Identifizierung von Pollen mit Hilfe von SERS, MALDI-TOF-MS und neuronalen Netzen, über Bioprozessüberwachung/-Regelung von CHO-Zellkultivierungen, bis hin zur Prozesskontrolle an hoch trüben Polymerdispersionen mit PDW-Spektroskopie, wurde ein breites Themenspektrum präsentiert.“ T2 - 10. Doktorandentagung CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 28.02.2016 KW - Doktorandentagung KW - Prozessanalytik KW - Sensoren PY - 2016 SP - 1 EP - 34 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin, Germany AN - OPUS4-36149 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Meyer, Klas A1 - Ruiken, J.-P. A1 - Kraemer, B. A1 - Illner, M. A1 - Müller, D. A1 - Esche, E. A1 - Paul, Andrea A1 - Wozny, G. A1 - Maiwald, Michael T1 - Quantitative NMR spectroscopy of technical mixtures and gases from elevated to high-pressure N2 - Recent technical developments of NMR instruments such as in acquisition electronics and probe design allow detection limits of components in liquid mixtures in the lower ppm range (approx.. 5–10 ppm amount of substance). The major advantage of quantitative NMR spectroscopy (qNMR) is that it is a direct ratio method of analysis without the need of calibration. This means that the signal for a specific NMR-active nucleus (e.g., a proton) in an analyte can be compared and quantified by reference to a different nucleus of a separate compound, comparable to a counting of spins in the active volume of the spectrometer. Technical mixtures can be investigated online directly next to a process setup by using flow probes. This makes it a promising method for process analytical applications, especially during process development in laboratory and pilot plant scale. With the growing market of Benchtop devices based on permanent magnets nowadays an integration of NMR spectroscopy in an industrial environment becomes reasonable. A special application of qNMR in technical mixtures is the observation in the gas phase, which is rarely applied compared to liquid and solid NMR studies. Because of the low density it results in a reduced sensitivity, which can be improved by applying pressure. Therefore a high-pressure NMR setup was developed based on a commercially available NMR tube made of zirconia. This is currently tested up to 20 MPa, but can be extended up to 100 MPa with regard to pressure rating of its components. This work shows results of gas-phase application on natural-gas like reference gas mixtures produced at BAM, as well as investigations on liquefied gas mixtures with high accuracy provided in piston cylinders. Besides that amine gas treatment and hydroformylation in a microemulsion represent two other examples of applications in process analytical technology. These show the potential of combination of online NMR spectroscopy with other spectroscopic methods, especially during model development for data evaluation. T2 - Presentation at Statoil Research Center CY - Trondheim, Norway DA - 27.05.2016 KW - Quantitative NMR spectroscopy KW - Process analytical technology KW - Gas-phase NMR PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36330 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Meyer, Klas A1 - Gräßer, Patrick A1 - Zientek, Nicolai A1 - Maiwald, Michael A1 - Paul, Andrea A1 - Kern, Simon T1 - Field integration of benchtop NMR instruments for online monitoring and process control of a modular industrial reaction step N2 - Online monitoring and process control requires fast and noninvasive analytical methods, which are able to monitor the concentration of reactants in multicomponent mixtures with parts-per-million resolution. Online NMR spectroscopy can meet these demands when flow probes are directly coupled to reactors, since this method features a high linearity between absolute signal area and sample concentration, which makes it an absolute analytical comparison method being independent on the matrix. Due to improved magnet design and field shimming strategies portable and robust instruments have been introduced to the market by several manufacturers during the last few years. First studies with this technology showed promising results to monitor chemical reaction in the laboratory. Within the project CONSENS, the continuous production of high-value products in small production scale is advanced by introducing benchtop NMR spectroscopy. CONSENS is a research and innovation project on integrated control and sensing for sustainable operation of flexible intensified processes. This poster will present the first steps of the process integration of a benchtop NMR instrument for a lithiation process and outlines further fields of activity and potential challenges. Hereby, the following issues are going to be addressed: explosion-proof housing for the spectrometer, automation of signal processing (data pretreatment, evaluation and communication to the control system), flow cells and measuring conditions. Furthermore, first online spectra of the lithiation reaction in batch mode were acquired in lab scale. The reaction was performed in a 25 mL glass reactor with thermal jackets for temperature control of the reaction mixture. The Li-HMDS was dosed stepwise by using a glass syringe. First spectra in the proton and fluorine domain were recorded online using a flowrate of 3.5 mL min–1 and a simple 5 mm polytetrafluoroethylene tube (PTFE) as a flow cell. T2 - 4th Practical Applications of NMR in Industry Conference (PANIC) CY - Houston, Texas, USA DA - 15.02.2016 KW - Reaction monitoring KW - Online NMR spectroscopy PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-354427 AN - OPUS4-35442 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Maiwald, Michael A1 - Sperling, M. A1 - Huber, C. A1 - Hayen, H. A1 - Teutenberg, T. A1 - Belder, D. A1 - Karst, U. A1 - Hagenhoff, B. A1 - Vogel, M. T1 - Prozessanalytik: Spektroskopie und Miniaturisierung N2 - Forderungen nach höherer Geschwindigkeit und die Komplexität der Fragen geben der analytischen Chemie neue Impulse. So nutzt die Prozessanalytik gepulste Ramanspektrometer, die Elemente Arsen und Quecksilber dominieren die Forschung in der Speziesanalytik, und die Omics-Techniken entwickeln sich zu Multi-Omics-Ansätzen. Ambiente MS-Techniken benötigen keine aufwendige Probenvorbereitung, multidimensionale Trenntechniken werden verstärkt in der Routine eingesetzt, und Chip-basierte Trennungen fallen durch Schnelligkeit auf. Molekülspektroskopie und Massenspektrometrie dominieren die bildgebenden Verfahren, und die Lateralauflösung der ToF-Sekundärionenmassenspektrometrie hat sich bei Oberflächenuntersuchungen verbessert. KW - Prozessanalytik KW - Quanten-Kaskadenlaser KW - Photonendichtewellen-Spektroskopie KW - Gepulste Ramanspektrometer KW - Partikelmesstechnik KW - Prozesssensoren PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-361371 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/nadc.20164046080/abstract DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/nadc.20164046080 SN - 1868-0054 VL - 64 IS - 5 SP - 497 EP - 508 PB - Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-36137 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kern, Simon A1 - Meyer, Klas A1 - Paul, Andrea A1 - Maiwald, Michael T1 - Online low-field NMR spectroscopy of an industrial lithiation reaction step for process control N2 - Online monitoring and process control requires fast and noninvasive analytical methods, which are able to monitor the concentration of reactants in multicomponent mixtures with parts-per-million resolution. Online NMR spectroscopy can meet these demands when flow probes are directly coupled to reactors, since this method features a high linearity between absolute signal area and sample concentration, which makes it an absolute analytical comparison method being independent on the matrix. Due to improved magnet design and field shimming strategies portable and robust instruments have been introduced to the market by several manufacturers during the last few years. First studies with this technology showed promising results to monitor chemical reaction in the laboratory. Within the project CONSENS, the continuous production of high-value products in small production scale is advanced by introducing benchtop NMR spectroscopy. CONSENS is a research and innovation project on integrated control and sensing for sustainable operation of flexible intensified processes. This poster will present the first steps of the process integration of a benchtop NMR instrument for a lithiation process and outlines further fields of activity and potential challenges. Hereby, the following issues are going to be addressed: explosion-proof housing for the spectrometer, automation of signal processing (data pretreatment, evaluation and communication to the control system), flow cells and measuring conditions. Furthermore, first online spectra of the lithiation reaction in batch mode were acquired in lab scale. The reaction was performed in a 25 mL glass reactor with thermal jackets for temperature control of the reaction mixture. The Li-HMDS was dosed stepwise by using a glass syringe. First spectra in the proton and fluorine domain were recorded online using a flowrate of 3.5 mL min–1 and a simple 5 mm polytetrafluoroethylene tube (PTFE) as a flow cell. T2 - 10. Interdisziplinaeres Doktorandenseminar Fachgruppe "Analytische Chemie" der GDCh CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 28.02.2016 KW - Online NMR Spectroscopy KW - Reaction monitoring PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-354443 AN - OPUS4-35444 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian A1 - Ostermann, Markus T1 - Anwendung von RFA und FOES zur Homogenitätsuntersuchung von Referenzmaterialien N2 - Die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) produziert seit vielen Jahren zertifizierte Referenzmaterialien und ist seit 2016 auch als Referenzmaterialhersteller nach ISO Guide 34 akkreditiert. Vor jeder Zertifizierungskampagne eines zukünftigen Referenzmaterials, welches im Batch zertifiziert wird, steht ein Homogenitätstest. Dabei spielt die Richtigkeit des verwendeten Analysenverfahrens nur eine untergeordnete Rolle. Viel wichtiger ist, dass ein Verfahren mit möglichst hoher Präzision eingesetzt wird. Wichtig ist außerdem, dass die für den Homogenitätstest eingesetzte Probemenge der Mindestmenge des ZRMs bei der zukünftigen analytischen Nutzung des Materials entspricht. Für kompaktes Material bieten sich Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse (RFA) und Funkenemissionsspektrometrie (FOES) als Analysenverfahren an. Die RFA kann darüber hinaus auch für pulverförmige Materialien eingesetzt werden. Im Vortrag werden verschiedene Beispiele für die Verwendung der genannten Analysenmethoden für Homogenitätsuntersuchungen aus der Praxis eines Referenzmaterialherstellers beschrieben. T2 - 23. Anwendertreffen Röntgenfluoreszenz- und Funkenemissionsspektrometrie CY - Dortmund, Germany DA - 01.03.2016 KW - Referenzmaterial KW - Funkenemission KW - Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37426 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst T1 - Levee inspection - geophysics between science, standards, reliability and budgets N2 - Numerous case histories show evidence that geophysical methods are valuable tools for levee inspection and monitoring. National and international standards and recommendations recommend the use of geophysics for a variety of tasks. However, in some cases reported have been flaws missed or false indications given. Due to the larger variety in type, size and construction of levees and the even larger variety of potential tasks and targets the success of geophysical surveys still pretty much depends on the available budget and the experience and capabilities of the clients and contractors involved. It is strongly recommended that all relevant parties agree on the detailed objectives of the survey, required accuracy and reliability of the results and any follow up measures. For the most common tasks more research and practical work using techniques as POD (probability of detection), which are well established in other fields of non-destructive testing, would be of benefit. T2 - SAGEEP 2016 CY - Denver, CO, USA DA - 20.03.2016 KW - Levee KW - Geophysics KW - Inspection PY - 2016 SP - paper levees 07, 1 EP - 4 AN - OPUS4-35705 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst A1 - Abraham, O. A1 - Mooney, M. T1 - Special Issue on Geophysics for Non-destructive Testing in Civil Engineering Foreword N2 - Foreword to a special issue of "Near Surface Geophysics" on the application of geophysical techniques to non-destructive testing in civil engineering KW - geophysics non-destructive testing PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.3997/1873-0604.2016043 SN - 1569-4445 VL - 14 IS - 6 SP - 479 EP - 480 PB - EAGE CY - Houton, NL AN - OPUS4-38984 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Vogl, Jochen A1 - Rienitz, Olaf A1 - Noordmann, Janine A1 - Meyer, Christian T1 - Platin- und Palladium-Analytik mit ID-ICPMS N2 - Zertifizierung von Pt und Pd-Spikes und deren Anwendung auf die Quantifizierung von Pd und Pt in Kfz-Emissionen T2 - 15. Edelmetallforum CY - Freising, Germany DA - 14.03.2016 KW - PGE KW - Emissionen KW - IDMS KW - ICPMS PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-35572 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Grohmann, Maria A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst A1 - Buske, S. T1 - Anwendung der Reverse-Time Migration auf Ultraschall-Echo-Daten in der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung N2 - Das Ultraschall-Echo-Verfahren ist eine klassische zerstörungsfreie Prüftechnik zur Bestimmung der Bauteilgeometrie sowie zur Lokalisierung von Einbauteilen und Fehlstellen. Der aktuelle Stand der Technik bei den Abbildungsverfahren ist die SAFT-Rekonstruktion (Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique). Diese Gruppe von Verfahren weist u.a. Schwierigkeiten bei der Darstellung von steilen Grenzflächen auf und verarbeitet nur die primären Reflexionen am abzubildendem Objekt korrekt. Als Alternative werden seit einiger Zeit Migrationsmethoden aus dem Bereich der Geophysik evaluiert. Am Beispiel eines Stahlbetonfundamentes wurden in einer Vorarbeit die Kirchhoff-Migration und die Reverse-Time-Migration (RTM) getestet. Die strahlenbasierten Algorithmen der Kirchhoff-Migration und SAFT-Rekonstruktion sind eng miteinander verwandt. Die RTM hingegen basiert auf der numerischen Lösung der vollständigen Wellengleichung. Durch Kreuzkorrelation von zeitlich vorwärts- und rückwärtsmodellierten Wellenfeldern erzeugt die RTM die migrierte Abbildung. Für die Durchführung der RTM wurde ein 2D akustischer Code verwendet. Beide Migrationsmethoden wurden an auf Basis der akustischen Wellengleichung generierten synthetischen 2D-Daten sowie an realen Ultraschallmessdaten getestet. Letztere wurden mit Scherwellenprüfköpfen an der Fundamentplatte aufgenommen. Ein Vergleich der Migrationsergebnisse mit den Ergebnissen der SAFT-Rekonstruktion zeigte besonders für die RTM eine deutliche Verbesserung in der Abbildung der Bauteilgeometrie. Die Vorstudie an der Fundamentplatte lieferte somit den Nachweis, dass geophysikalische Migrationsverfahren auf reale Ultraschall-Messdaten anwendbar sind. Jedoch zeigten sich vereinzelt starke Artefakte und systembedingt Schwierigkeiten bei der Abbildung dreidimensionaler Strukturen. Nunmehr wird vom akustischen Code auf einen elastischen Code umgestellt, da die eigentlichen Ultraschallmessungen mit elastischen Wellen erfolgen. In einem ersten Schritt wurde dies mit dem Softwarepaket Madagascar realisiert und an einem einfachen 2D-Modell getestet. Dabei fanden verschiedene Quellanregungen Anwendung. Des Weiteren wurden zwei Abbildungsbedingungen evaluiert. Ergebnisse der Kreuzkorrelation der Verschiebungskomponenten der zeitlich vorwärts-und rückwärtsmodellierten Wellenfelder wurden mit Resultaten der Kreuzkorrelation der Skalar- und Vektorpotentiale beider Wellenfelder verglichen. T2 - 76. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Geophysikalischen Gesellschaft CY - Münster, Germany DA - 14.03.2016 KW - Ultrasonic echo technique KW - Synthetic aperture focusing technique (SAFT) KW - Reverse-time migration PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-35840 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sieber, Sarah A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst A1 - Grohmann, Maria T1 - Image denoising of ultrasonic echo data acquired on concrete N2 - Ultrasonic echo testing has become a common method in civil engineering for the investigation of concrete structures. The detection of inhomogeneities, reinforcing elements and the geometry of the object is required for quality assurance and Inspection. This assessment depends on the quality of ultrasonic images which can be improved by using Reverse Time Migration (RTM) rather than the standard method, Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique (SAFT). Although RTM provides a better mapping of circular objects and (dipping) reflectors, the image is corrupted by migration noise. To suppress the image noise, we have tested various filter methods in the spatial domain, frequency domain as well as in the curvelet domain on ultrasonic RTM images. We found that either a spatial edge detection filter in combination with a lowpass filter (Laplacian of Gaussian filter) or two lowpass filter with different filter parameters (Difference of Gaussian filter) removed artefacts. An additional smoothing was obtained by applying the first generation curvelet transform after downsampling the image matrix and adding Gaussian noise. The proposed filter scheme is able to suppress RTM noise and enhance the image quality such that the objective interpretation of ultrasonic images for Quality assessment of concrete specimen is simplified. T2 - 76. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Geophysikalischen Gesellschaft CY - Münster, Germany DA - 14.03.2016 KW - Ultrasonic echo technique KW - Reverse-time migration KW - Image Denoising KW - Curvelet Transform PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-35839 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst T1 - Levee inspection - geophysics between science, standards, reliability and budgets N2 - Numerous case histories show evidence that geophysical methods are valuable tools for levee inspection and monitoring. National and international standards and recommendations recommend the use of geophysics for a variety of tasks. However, in some cases reported have been flaws missed or false indications given. Due to the larger variety in type, size and construction of levees and the even larger variety of potential tasks and targets the success of geophysical surveys still pretty much depends on the available budget and the experience and capabilities of the clients and contractors involved. It is strongly recommended that all relevant parties agree on the detailed objectives of the survey, required accuracy and reliability of the results and any follow up measures. For the most common tasks more research and practical work using techniques as POD (probability of detection), which are well established in other fields of non-destructive testing, would be of benefit. T2 - SAGEEP 2016 CY - Denver, CO, USA DA - 20.03.2016 KW - Levee KW - Inspection KW - Geophysics PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-35707 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst A1 - Bearce, R. A1 - Mooney, M. A1 - Galindo Guerreros, Julio Cesar A1 - Mackens, S. A1 - Fechner, T. T1 - Innovative seismic and resistivity tools for determining the diameter of jet grouting columns N2 - Jet grouting is used for soil improvement, foundation support and groundwater low control all over the world. It is well accepted and subject of standardization in many countries. However, some issues with the method remain. As the grout columns are produced in the subsurface without visual control in an often inhomogeneous soil, the prediction of the column’s diameter is still a challenge. All methods applied so far have their limitations. The approach presented in this study is twofold. At Colorado School of Mines a resistivity probe has been developed, which is pushed into the fresh grout directly after production. ERT sections are measured and inverted. Given some background information is available, the diameter of the columns can be evaluated. At BAM the focus has been on post-production investigations using seismic borehole methods. After hardening of the concrete seismic waves are sent through the column downhole (sensors placed in a casing in the column’s axis, source on top) and crosshole (source and sensor in boreholes on opposite sides of the column). We have developed a scheme to evaluate the diameter of the column based on travel time measurements without calibration. As this method is eventually more time and cost intensive we assume its application mainly for test columns. These are casted and dug out for visual inspection to determine appropriate grouting parameters. Our method would replace the often very cost intensive visual inspection. Both approaches have been tested at three test columns produced at BAM’s test site at Horstwalde, Germany and on an actual constructions site. Both methods have been in good agreement with the diameters predicted by the jet grouting contractors, which were confirmed in one case by mechanical measurements. T2 - SAGEEP 2016 CY - Denver, CO, USA DA - 20.03.2016 KW - Jet grouting KW - Diameter KW - Quality assurance KW - Seismic PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-35708 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Knackmuß, J. A1 - Maack, Stefan A1 - Creutzburg, R. T1 - Comparative visualization of the geometry of a hollow box girder using 3D-LiDAR Part 1: Cross sectional area N2 - With the mandatory introduction of the directive for recalculation of bridges in May 2011 in Germany, the administrations of the federal and state governments have a duty to demonstrate the stability of their bridge inventory. The requisite verification will be realized under consideration of the new increased traffic loads on the construction, in a four-step process. Particularly in older bridges the verification succeeds only using the computational resources of the original structural design. One option these reserves to be considered is the exact determination of the dead weight of the bridge. Since the existing as-built documents of the construction often digress significantly from the real dimensions, there are two options to resolve the issue. In addition to the technically very complicated and relatively expensive method of weighing the construction, the calculation can also be done indirectly through a combined process of photogrammetric measurement and non-destructive testing. On a practical case study will be demonstrated how the solution of this problem can succeed. For this is done in the first step to scan in detailed the inner topography of a part of the construction by a 3D laser scanner. The results of these tests are compared with the existing stock plans of the building. The aim of this study is to determine the dead weight of structure. Therefore, in the first part of this work sectional plans were extracted of the technical drawing and the point cloud to calculate the area of the interior. Based on the calculated areas in the sectional planes, the volume calculation should take place in the next step. T2 - IS&T International Symposium on Electronic Imaging 2016 CY - San Francisco (CA), USA DA - 14.02.2016 KW - Laserscanner KW - LiDAR KW - NDT KW - Bridge PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38830 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Vogl, Jochen T1 - Applicability of CCQM-P149 to support CMCs N2 - The presentation describes the limitations of CCQM-P149 to be used for supporting CMCs and it gives possibilities and applications where CCQM-P149 can provide additional Support. T2 - CCQM IAWG Meeting CY - Daejeon, South Korea DA - 04.10.2016 KW - CCQM KW - CMC KW - Purity assessment PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38586 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Vogl, Jochen T1 - Applicability of CCQM-P149 to support CMCs N2 - CCQM-P149 is an attempt to obtain a snapshot on actual procedures the NMIs and DIs within CCQM-IAWG applied to the purity characterization of their “fit for purpose” elemental Standards. This presentation describes how the results of CCQM-P149 may be used to underpin calibration and measurement capabilities being claimed in the BIPM database. T2 - CCQM IAWG Meeting CY - Paris, France DA - 18.04.2016 KW - metrology KW - purity KW - traceability PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36064 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ertel, Jens-Peter A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst A1 - Grohmann, Maria T1 - Advances in pile integrity testing N2 - For decades, the low-strain impact integrity testing using a hammer blow is well established as a method of quality assurance for various pile types. However, this method has its limitations. Our research and development focuses on improving the excitation signal using a shaker system in contrast to the standard hammer method. Another approach is to increase the amount of sensors used during testing. The purpose is to identify the direction of wave propagation which gives advantages under difficult conditions, such as piles below structures. Pile integrity testing (PIT) using a shaker system was performed on two 11 m long piles of 90 cm in diameter. While one pile was intact, the other one showed a flaw at approx. 3.5 m below pile top, which was confirmed by standard PIT in 2012. A logarithmic sweep between 500 Hz and 1 KHz of 0.1 s was used as the input signal, being vertically injected into the pile. Prior to that, simulations on similar pile geometries showed that the depth of the pile toe as well as flaws within the pile can be extracted by applying regularized deconvolution. The result is the impulse response in the time domain. The application of deconvolution on the measured signals shows that it is possible to identify the pile length but it is more difficult to clearly extract the flaw’s position in the pile. Additional digital signal processing techniques and the improvement of the regularized deconvolution method as well as the experimental setup need to be investigated. Another way to improve the PIT method is to use a multichannel sensor arrangement. By arranging several accelerometers vertically along the accessible part of the pile shaft, it is possible to distinguish between downward and upward traveling waves. Furthermore, it is possible to estimate the unknown wave speed, which gives the possibility of more accurate pile length calculations. The method was evaluated successfully during a measurement campaign of a slab foundation with subjacent piles. In 20 of 28 cases the pile length could be detected accurately. KW - Pile integrity testing KW - Pile length KW - CEFIT KW - Deconvolution KW - Simulation PY - 2016 UR - http://nsg.eage.org/publication/publicationdetails/?publication=86879 SN - 1569-4445 SN - 1873-0604 VL - 14 IS - 6 SP - 503 EP - 512 PB - EAGE Publications AN - OPUS4-37837 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Maack, Stefan A1 - Holst, R. T1 - Rekonstruktion des Bestandsplans im Zuge der Nachrechnung der Brücke über die Leine bei Schwarmstedt N2 - Der aktuell im Rahmen der Nachrechnungsrichtlinie geforderte Nachweis von Tragfähigkeit, Gebrauchstauglichkeit und Ermüdung der Brückenbauwerke im Bestand der Länder und des Bundes stellt eine enorme Herausforderung dar. Insbesondere bei unvollständigen oder fehlenden Bestandsplänen der Bauwerke sind Maßnahmen erforderlich, um die erforderlichen Informationen zu beschaffen. Ein wirkungsvolles Instrument können hierfür die zerstörungsfreien Prüfverfahren des Bauwesens sein. In dem präsentierten Forschungsprojekt erfolgte die Rekonstruktion eines Bestandsplanes direkt auf die Anforderungen des mit der Nachrechnung beauftragten Ingenieurbüros. Darüber hinaus wurde der Entwurf eines Leitfadens erstellt, der im Falle von unvollständigen oder fehlenden Bestandsplänen die Grundlagen für die Beauftragung und Durchführung der Nachrechnung schafft. T2 - Fachtagung Bauwerksdiagnose 2016 - Praktische Anwendungen Zerstörungsfreier Prüfungen und Zukunftsaufgaben CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 25.02.2016 KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung KW - Nachrechnungsrichtlinie KW - Brücken PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-388355 UR - http://www.bauwerksdiagnose2016.de/Portals/bwd2016/BB/vortrag%206.pdf SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für zerstörungsfreie Prüfung e.V. CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-38835 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Vogl, Jochen T1 - IDMS Training N2 - Based on its proven records especially in reference material certification, isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) is considered as one of the most powerful and most accurate methods for determining amounts of substance. Contrary to other calibration approaches, IDMS does not directly suffer from long-time changes or drifts in instrument sensitivity. Moreover, provided isotopic exchange between the sample and spike is ensured, losses of analyte do not affect the analytical result. Both advantages are based on the fact that IDMS only requires isotope ratio measurements and isotope ratios are largely unaffected by instrumental drift, setup or by matrix, unless an isobaric interference is present. The Consultative Committee for Amount of Substance (CCQM), the world's highest institution for metrology in chemistry, considers IDMS as the most important “Primary Method of Measurement” for amount determination. The total combined uncertainty, according to ISO and EURACHEM guidelines, can easily be calculated via the IDMS equations. Applying it correctly, IDMS has the potential to be a primary method of measurement yielding SI traceable values in the most direct way with combined uncertainties significantly smaller than obtainable by other methods. In general it can be stated that IDMS is the most important reference method for elemental and elemental species analysis, offering highest accuracy and precision or smallest measurement uncertainties, when properly applied. Thus IDMS represents by far the best suited reference method for RM characterisation. Due to its universal applicability IDMS offers sufficient potential to follow future needs in analytical chemistry as well as in the RM sector. This presentation will demonstrate the basic principle of IDMS and will show its Pros and Cons as well as its pitfalls. Possible sources of errors and bias are mentioned and correction models will be discussed. Notice will be given to metrological aspects such as traceability and uncertainty. Differences in the application of thermal ionization mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry are discussed as well as differences between different types of mass spectrometers. This will be illustrated by practical examples from various fields. T2 - Workshop and practical training on isotope dilution mass spectrometry CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 22.02.2016 KW - Isotope dilution mass spectrometry KW - Primary method of measurement KW - Certification PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-40029 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Isleyen, A. A1 - Vogl, Jochen A1 - Nikolic, D. A1 - Jotanovic, A. A1 - Näykki, T. A1 - Perkola, N. A1 - Horvat, M. A1 - Zon, A. A1 - Bulska, E. A1 - Ochsenkühn-Petropoulou, M. A1 - Zan, S. Z. A1 - Bilsel, M. A1 - Hafner, K. A1 - Jacimovic, R. A1 - Gazevic, L. T1 - Matrix reference materials for environmental analysis N2 - Reliable analysis of chemical indicators in water, sediment and soil samples for the purpose of environmental pollution assessment poses one of the greatest analytical challenges, having in mind the complexity of sample matrix and low concentrations of pollutants. Organics (pesticides, PAHs, PFOS, etc.) and heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Ni, Pb and As) represent target parameters. Laboratories performing sampling and tests in this field regulated by respective EU directives, need strong support in order to establish a quality system. It is necessary to provide appropriate calibrators i.e. matrix CRMs relates to the unique sample matrices representing typical samples in the geomorphological and anthropological sense. In addition to that, bearing in mind the complexity and instability of environmental samples, it is very difficult to obtain appropriate referents materials with no local providers. Our project is aiming to develop capacity to produce CRMs for environmental analysis by transferring the theoretical and practical know-how between the partners and combining their skills to focus on environmental CRM production in accordance with ISO Guide 34. Our project will have an impact on environmental monitoring in the partnering countries and on the scientific community, who will use the newly developed reference materials. Furthermore, partners will develop strategies for producing new CRMs either on their own or in cooperation. This will lead to regional CRM producers serving scientific and official laboratories. T2 - 2nd International Congress of Chemists and Chemical Engineers of Bosnia and Herzegovina CY - Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina DA - 21.10.2016 KW - CRM KW - Environmental analysis KW - Quality system PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-40028 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mair, Georg A1 - Scholz, Irene A1 - Schönfelder, Thorsten T1 - The residual strength of breathing air composite cylinders toward the end of their service life - a first assessment of a real-life sample N2 - Applications by fire brigades expose the composite cylinders to harsh temperature and handling conditions. Standards have been used for certifying composite cylinders, which are designed for transport of dangerous goods and do not reflect service conditions specific to fire brigades. In this paper, the residual safety of a design type (fully wrapped with aluminum and carbon fiber composite) at the end of their service life of 15 yrs is analyzed. One sample underwent hydraulic load cycle (LC) tests, another conventional burst tests, and the third slow burst tests (SBTs). The statistical evaluation and the handling of an unexpected high amount of early failures are shown. KW - Composite cylinders KW - End of life KW - Slow burst test KW - Residual strength KW - Sample testing KW - Probabilistic KW - Distribution function PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4033878 SN - 0094-9930 SN - 1528-8978 VL - 138 IS - 6 SP - PVT-15-1030, 1 EP - 9 PB - American Society of Mechanical Engineers CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-33157 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Anita T1 - Gefahrgutverpackungen aus Wellpappe nach dem Versand N2 - In der BAM kommen zahlreiche Gefahrgutverpackungen aus aller Welt an. Als zuständige Behörde für deren Zulassung in Deutschland haben wir untersucht, ob diese Wellpappkisten auch nach dem Transport noch die Anforderungen erfüllen. T2 - ERFA Verpackungen 2016 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 20.09.2016 KW - Gefahrgutverpackungen KW - Prüfung PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38167 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Anita T1 - Stapeldruck- und Stauchwiderstandsprüfung bei Kunststoffverpackungen N2 - Im Regelwerk für Gefahrgutverpackungen ist die statische Stapeldruckprüfung vorgesehen, in der Praxis wird der dynamische Stauchwiderstand angewendet. Wie kann man beides zueinander bringen ? - Ergebnisse einer Arbeitsgruppe und eine geplante BAM-Allgemeinverfügung. T2 - ERFA Verpackungen 2016 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 20.09.2016 KW - Gefahrgutverpackungen KW - Prüfung KW - Stapeldruckprüfung PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38172 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Anita A1 - Bethke, John A1 - Burckhart, Andreas T1 - Die neuen Sachkundigen N2 - IBC- Die BAM hat ihre Gefahrgutregel (GGR) 002 einer Revision unterzogen. In der nun vorliegenden 6.Fassung ist festgelegt, wie bisherige Sachkundige "kleine" Inspektionen durchführen können. KW - Gefahrgut KW - IBC KW - Inspektion KW - Inspektionsstelle PY - 2016 SN - 0016-5808 IS - 6 SP - 28 EP - 29 PB - Storck Verlag Hamburg CY - Hamburg AN - OPUS4-38164 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg T1 - Wasserstoff als Energieträger - Technik und Bedeutung der Druckspeicherung N2 - Der Vortrag führt kurz in die Entwicklung der Primärenergiequellen in D und die Bedeutung der Energie für Mobilität und deren Speichermöglichkeiten ein. Er greift kurz den geschlossenen Charakter des H2-Kreislaufes auf, und stellt die Universalität des Wasserstoffs in der Energieversorgung dar. Er zeigt die Entwicklung der Speichermethoden auf und stellt deren Leistungsfähigkeit gegenüber. Am Beispiel wird der Aufbau eines modernen CGH2-Hochdruckspeichers erläutert und die von der Entwicklung bis zum Lebensende erforderlichen Arbeitsschritte dargelegt. Darauf aufbauend wird für jeden Arbeitsschritt dargestellt, welche zugehörigen Kompetenzen über die gesamte BAM verteilt verfügbar sind. Ergänzend werden die zerstörenden und die nicht zerstörenden Prüfverfahren gegenübergestellt, die gemeinsam ihren Beitrag zur Betriebssicherheit leisten. Analog werden die Bewertungsverfahren klassischer Art (deterministisch) und das der BAM (probabilistisch) verglichen und das Entwicklungspotential des letzteren bzgl. der Effizienz im Wasserstofftransport am Beispiel der Wasserstoffbatteriefahrzeuge aufgezeigt. Der Vortrag endet mit drei Fragen an die Beiräte. T2 - 2. Sitzung des Beirates „Energie“ CY - BAM, Berlin, Germany DA - 03.05.2016 KW - Wasserstoff als Energieträger KW - Energiequelle KW - Energiespeicher KW - Wasserstoff-Druckspeicherung KW - Mobilität KW - Sicherheit PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-39147 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg T1 - In-service degradation - a lack of knowledge N2 - The slides explain different meanings and aspects of degradation; the relevant slides show effects to be measured by destructive tests and their graphical evaluation in SPCs T2 - Follow-up Workshop on Statistical Safety Assessment of Composite Cylinders from Mass Production CY - BAM Berlin, Germany DA - 05.10.2016 KW - Artifical aging KW - Gaseous filling KW - Combined distribution KW - Extrapolation of degradation KW - Confidence level KW - End of life PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38954 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg A1 - Saul, Herbert T1 - UN-service life checks by statistical methods N2 - This slides explain the functionality and the procedure of the UN-service life checks as they are operated by BAM as German authority. These are based on the probabilistic approach including evaluation of current safety level and its comparison with assessments of different status of degrdation including extrapolation towards end of safe service life. The similarity to the approach for determiantion of retest periods by BAM is explained. T2 - Follow-up Workshop on Statistical Safety Assessment of Composite Cylinders from Mass Production CY - BAM-Berlin, Germany DA - 05.10.2016 KW - Life time determination KW - UN-service life check KW - Periodic insepction KW - Trace of degradation KW - Acceptance of failure rates PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38955 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg T1 - The sample performance chart & its use for the display of degradation N2 - Display and graphical interpretation of statistically evaluated sample properties; Including assessment of degradation respectivelly aging T2 - Follow-up Workshop on Statistical Safety Assessment of Composite Cylinders from Mass Production CY - BAM Berlin, Germany DA - 05.10.2016 KW - Sample performance chart KW - Mean strength KW - Scatter value KW - Degradation PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38952 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg T1 - Potential of PA - Aspects related to battery-vehicles N2 - While concluding the previous presentations, it is explained why and how a statistical approach, in general, and in the meaning of the UN-service life, in detail, would help to improve safety and economic aspects of hydrogen supply by trailer vehicles. T2 - Follow-up Workshop on Statistical Safety Assessment of Composite Cylinders from Mass Production CY - BAM-Berlin, Germany DA - 05.10.2016 KW - Hydrogen energy KW - Storage and transport KW - Efficiency in transportation KW - Hydraulic proof testing KW - Sample testing PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38956 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg T1 - Gas als Energieträger - Die Kompetenz der BAM in Fragen der sicheren Druckspeicherung N2 - Der Impulsvortrag zeigt zunächst Wasserstoff und weitere Anwendungen von Gasen als Energieträger auf, die auf der Druckspeicherung basieren. Dies leitet über zum Aspekt der Risikokommunikation und dessen Bezug zum Beurteilungskonzept der BAM. Die Kompetenz der BAM bzgl. Wasserstoff in der Beratung, der Prüfung und der Forschung wird kurz umrissen. Im Ergebnis werden auf dieser Basis Fragen zur Wasserstoffsicherheit aufgezeigt, an deren Beantwortung die BAM erfolgreich und öffentlichkeitswirksam arbeiten könnte. T2 - Workshop Themenfeld Energie CY - BAM, Berlin, Germany DA - 11.10.2016 KW - Wasserstoff als Energieträger KW - Risiko KW - Prüfverfahren PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-39182 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - John, Sebastian T1 - Lebensdauerabschätzung von Composite-Druckgefäßen / COD-AGE N2 - Ermittlung von Kennwerten und Modelbildung zur Lebensdauerabschätzung von Composite-Druckgefäßen. T2 - 3. Workshop Themenfeld Material CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 12.10.2016 KW - Composite-Druckgefäße KW - Lebensdauer KW - FEM KW - Bruchmechanik PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-39090 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mair, Georg A1 - Becker, Ben A1 - Duffner, Eric A1 - Saul, Herbert A1 - Schoppa, André T1 - Composite gas cylinders - Probabilistic analysis of minimum load cycle requirements N2 - Gas cylinders made of composite materials receive growing popularity in light-weight applications. Current standards are mostly based on safety determination relying on minimum amounts of endured load cycles and a minimum burst pressure of a small number of specimens. This paper investigates the possibilities of a probabilistic strength assessment for safety improvements as well as cost and weight savings. The probabilistic assessment is based on destructive testing of small sized samples. The influence of sample size on uncertainty of the assessment is analysed. Furthermore, methods for the assessment of in-service ageing (degradation) are discussed and displayed in performance charts. KW - Cycle strength KW - Degradation KW - End of life KW - Lucky punch area KW - Slow burst test KW - Statistical assessment PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.06.067 SN - 0360-3199 SN - 1879-3487 VL - 42 IS - 11 SP - 7474 EP - 7484 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-38949 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg A1 - Duffner, Eric A1 - Saul, Herbert A1 - Schoppa, André A1 - Becker, Ben A1 - Scholz, Irene A1 - Sczcepaniak, Mariusz T1 - Step by step assessment of test results from composite cylinders N2 - Repetition of the main aspects about the assessment of sample test results of the 1st and 2nd workshop on statistical safety assessment T2 - Follow-up Workshop on Statistical Safety Assessment of Composite Cylinders from Mass Production CY - BAM Berlin, Germany DA - 05.10.2016 KW - Cycle strength KW - Slow burst test KW - Statisitcal evaluation KW - GAUSSian net PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38951 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg A1 - Scholz, Irene A1 - Saul, Herbert T1 - Summary - Recollection and common anaylsis N2 - The set of slides summarises the expectations of participants discussed during the opening session. Then the most important aspects of the presentations during the first two days are compiled. At the end the conclusions coming out of a joint discussion are presented. This show what participants expect BAM to do for implementation of the PA in near future. T2 - Follow-up Workshop on Statistical Safety Assessment of Composite Cylinders from Mass Production CY - BAM-Berlin, Germany DA - 05.10.2016 KW - Life time determination KW - Determination of periodic inspection KW - Probabilistic approval approach KW - Degradation KW - Monte-Carlo-experiment KW - Failure rate-pressureVolume-curve KW - Acceptance rate KW - Complexity of PA KW - Industrial needs PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38958 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - de Miguel, N. A1 - Mair, Georg A1 - Acosta, B. A1 - Szczepaniak, Mariusz A1 - Moretto, P. T1 - Hydraulic and pneumatic pressure cycle life test results on composite reinforced tanks for hydrogen storage N2 - Current standards governing the design, qualification and in-service inspection of carbon fibre composite cylinders do not facilitate to optimise cylinder design. The requirements have been adapted from standards for metallic cylinders and cannot easily quantify the degradation processes in composite materials. In this article, the results of hydraulic and hydrogen pressure cycle life tests performed on composite reinforced tanks with a metal liner (type 3) and with a high density polymer liner (type 4) are shown. Moreover, the degradation measured by means of residual strength of the tanks after the cycling tests have been compared. It has been found that the most critical aging for metal based composite cylinder is the gaseous cycling while type 4 designs seem to be more sensitive to hydraulic cycling at high temperature. T2 - ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference CY - Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada DA - 17.07.2016 KW - Composite reinforced tanks KW - Compressed hydrogen storage KW - Design and qualification standards KW - Pressure cycle life tests KW - Safety factors PY - 2016 SN - 978-0-7918-5035-0 VL - 1A SP - 63568-1 EP - 63568-10 PB - ASME CY - Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada AN - OPUS4-36275 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Becker, Ben A1 - Mair, Georg A1 - Klauke, André T1 - Einfluss der Unsicherheiten von Stichprobenprüfungen auf die Sicherheitsbewertung von Composite-Druckgefäßen N2 - Viele Konzepte zur Sicherheitsbewertungen beruhen auf der Untersuchung weniger, oder einzelner Prüfergebnisse. Aber auch im Fall umfangreicherer statistischer Untersuchungen können nur begrenzte Stichproben untersucht werden. Mittelwerte und Streuung kleiner Stichproben weichen mehr oder weniger von den wahren Eigenschaften des untersuchten Baumusters ab. Solche Abweichungen werden derzeit nicht oder nur sehr vage berücksichtigt. In diesem Aufsatz wird der Einfluss der Unsicherheiten aus Stichproben anhand der Bewertung von Composite-Druckgefäßen durch Berst- und Lastwechselprüfungen dargestellt. KW - Akzeptanzwahrscheinlichkeit KW - GTR 13 KW - Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit KW - Langsame Berstprüfung KW - Stichprobenumfang KW - Lastwechselprüfung PY - 2016 SN - 2191-0073 VL - 6 IS - 7/8 SP - 27 EP - 33 PB - Springer-VDI-Verlag CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-37061 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg A1 - Becker, Ben T1 - Analyse von Vorschriften mit probabilistischen Methoden N2 - Durch Anwendung der Monte-Carlo-Simulation auf das SPC-Arbeitsdiagramm der BAM lässt sich darstellen, in welchem Umfang aktuelle Mindestanforderungen in den Zulassungsvorschriften bereits im Neuzustand Baumuster akzeptieren, die keine hirneichende Zuverlässigkeit (Sicherheit) aufweisen. Dies ist hier exemplarisch u. a. am Beispiel der Wasserstofffahrzeug-GTR dargestellt. T2 - Sonderausschuss Gasfahrzeuge des FKT des BMVI CY - BMVI- Bonn, Germany DA - 27.09.2016 KW - Wasserstofffahrzeug KW - Berstfestigkeit KW - Mindestfestigkeiten KW - Streuung KW - Probabilistischer Ansatz KW - Sample Performance Chart PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37818 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Becker, Ben A1 - Mair, Georg T1 - Risks and safety level of composite cylinders N2 - The increasing amount of composite transport systems for hydrogen leads to new and there-fore unknown potential hazards for general public. Due to lack of experience, risks of new technologies tend to be rated as higher than existing familiar applications. An approach for probabilistic safety assessment of technologies or products requires the definition of minimal acceptable reliability levels. This ensures that the probability of a critical failure with a certain consequence is limited to an acceptable risk. But what is the acceptable risk and which risk results from specific probabilities of occurrence and consequences? This is always a very complex question. The following example is based on a probabilistic approach for safety as-sessment of composite cylinders developed at the BAM (Federal Institute for Materials Re-search and Testing). T2 - WHEC 2016 CY - Saragossa, Spain DA - 12.06.2016 KW - Hydrogen storage composite cylinder safety PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36640 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg A1 - Becker, Ben T1 - Probabilistic safety analysis of CPVs – Comparison PA vs. ISO 11119 and GTR13 N2 - The presentation shows the basics on the graphic comparison of deterministic regulations and probabilistic safety requirements. In doing so, unsafe but approvable areas in the BAM-SPC (sample performance chart) becomes obvious; as the area of not approveable but safe strength properties does. Finally the semi-porbabilistic approach of GTR#13 (global technical regulation for hydrogen vehicles) is analysed. Relevant figures show again potential of saving material and unsafe areas in case of high scatter at end of life. T2 - PHASE convention 2016; dissimination event of the COPERNIC project (COst and PERformaNce Improvement for Cgh2 composite tanks; EU FP7) CY - De Hoorn in Leuven, Belgium DA - 24.05.2016 KW - Composite cylinders KW - Reliability KW - Deterministic KW - Degradation KW - End of life PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36255 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Becker, Ben A1 - Mair, Georg T1 - Risks and safety level of composite cylinders N2 - The increasing amount of composite transport systems for hydrogen leads to new and therefore unknown potential hazards for general public. Due to lack of experience, risks of new technologies tend to be rated as higher than existing familiar applications. An approach for probabilistic safety assessment of technologies or products requires the definition of minimal acceptable reliability levels. This ensures that the probability of a critical failure with a certain consequence is limited to an acceptable risk. But what is the acceptable risk and which risk results from specific probabilities of occurrence and consequences? This is always a very complex question. The following example is based on a probabilistic approach for safety assessment of composite cylinders developed at the BAM (Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing). T2 - WHEC 2016 CY - Saragossa, Spain DA - 13.06.2016 KW - Hydrogen composite cylinder risk consequence PY - 2016 VL - 2016 SP - 41 EP - 42 AN - OPUS4-36666 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg T1 - Partial Substitution of inspections By Statistical Methods N2 - There are several aspects that - dependent from the design of a pressure receptacle - cannot be checked by the currently mandatory inspection methods. Therefore, in some cases destructive tests are needed as alternatives. This requires the operation of statistical evaluation methods. How it works and why it is necessary is shown for the examples of so called over-moulded cylinders and concerning composite cylinders. T2 - Gemeinsame Tagung der ECE der Vereinten Nationen CY - Geneva, Switzerland DA - 19.09.2016 KW - probabilistic tools KW - over-moulded cylinders KW - composite-cylinders PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37819 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Duffner, Eric A1 - Mair, Georg A1 - Schoppa, André A1 - Szczepaniak, Mariusz T1 - Full-scale bonfire test N2 - Explanation of the test setup, intention and assessment of a Full-Scale Bonfire Test T2 - Follow-up Workshop on statistical safety assessment CY - BAM TTS, Horstwalde, Germany DA - 05.10.2016 KW - Full scale bonfire test KW - Composite cylinder PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37836 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Uckert, Danilo A1 - Matzak, Kathrin A1 - Kühn, Hans-Joachim A1 - Rehmer, Birgit A1 - Peter, Frauke A1 - Fedelich, Bernard A1 - Falkenberg, Rainer A1 - Haftaoglu, Cetin A1 - Kindrachuk, Vitaliy A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Extension of existing material and computational models for lifetime prediction of exhaust turbocharger hot parts under thermoemechanical loading N2 - In this project, the transfer of material and computational models to a different material class, i. e. to an austenitic cast iron with spherical graphite, was studied to predict the lifetime of exhaust turbocharger hot parts under TMF load. Therefore, the alloy EN-GJSA-XNiSiCr35-5-2 (Ni-Resist D-5S) was chosen. Firstly, an experimental database was established for this material because it was insufficient at the beginning of the project. Tensile, creep, LCF and TMF tests were carried out, which served the calibration of the models. The TMF tests were used to validate the deformation model. The investigated material showed a strongly deviating behavior under TMF conditions compared to the ferritic SiMo alloys investigated in the previous project: Ni-Resist exhibited a comparable strength under OP- and IP-TMF loading, while the ferritic alloys showed a distinct higher strength under IP-TMF load. Evidence for creep damage was found for Ni-Resist with increasing temperatures and hold times under tensile load. This is also a distinct difference to the SiMo alloys. The stress-strain behavior of the LCF and TMF tests is well described by the model for the new material in most cases. The same is true for the lifetime prediction, which is within a factor of two, except for 900 °C. The model was verified by a thermal shock test of an exhaust man-ifold. The aim of the simulation was in particular to predict the crack locations. An accurate prediction of the cycle number was not expected, as the component is afflicted with a casting skin, while the test pieces were not. The predominant number of experimentally determined locations were predicted. A fundamental objective of this project was to study the effect of HCF vibrations on the TMF lifetime experimentally in further detail and to extend the existing lifetime model to account for superimposed HCF load. In a first step, the database of the previous project based on SiMo 4.05 was considerably extended to determine the different influencing parameters. A proce-dure was developed which reproduces the lifetime reduction by the superimposed HCF vibra-tions during a TMF cycle. It is assumed that the superimposed HCF load accelerates the crack propagation considerably after exceeding a certain crack length. The time when the accelera-tion occurs, is significant for the lifetime reduction. This approach allows predicting the lifetimes in good agreement with the experiments for both materials. T2 - FVV Frühjahrstagung 2016 CY - Bad Neuenahr DA - 14.04.2016 KW - Simulation KW - Ermüdung KW - LCF KW - TMF KW - Schädigung KW - Modellierung PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-35756 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - Jann, Oliver T1 - Emissions of very volatile organic compounds (VVOC) from particle boards N2 - The latest version of the German AgBB evaluation scheme (2015) for construction products includes some VVOC, e.g. formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone. For these VVOC so-called LCI values (lowest concentration of interest) were derived which are used for the calculation of the so-called R-value (risk index, see reference 1 for the calculation). Test chamber measurements of particle boards show that the emissions of VVOC might have significant impact on the R-value and therefore for the health evaluation. T2 - Indoor Air 2016, The 14th international conference of Indoor Air Quality and Climate CY - Gent, Belgium DA - 03.07.2016 KW - Formaldehyde KW - AgBB evaluation scheme KW - VVOC KW - Particle board KW - OSB KW - Emission test chamber PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37033 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - Jann, Oliver T1 - Emissions of very volitale organic compounds (VVOC) from particle boards N2 - The latest version of the German AgBB evaluation scheme (2015) for construction products includes some VVOC, e.g. formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone. For these VVOC so-called LCI values (lowest concentration of interest) were derived which are used for the calculation of the so-called R-value (risk index, see reference 1 for the calculation). Test chamber measurements of particle boards show that the emissions of VVOC might have significant impact on the R-value and therefore for the health evaluation. T2 - The 14th international conference of Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Indoor Air 2016 CY - Gent, Belgium DA - 03.07.2016 KW - Formaldehyde KW - AgBB evaluation scheme KW - Particle board KW - OSB KW - VVOC KW - Emission test chamber PY - 2016 SP - Paper 965, 1 AN - OPUS4-37030 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Richter, Janine A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - Jann, Oliver T1 - Grundlagen und Hintergrundinformation im UFOPLAN-Vorhaben FKZ 3714953100 N2 - Zur Definition geeigneter Prüfbedingungen und zur Auswahl geeigneter Holzwerkstoffe für die im Vorhaben (UFOPLAN-Vorhaben Standardisierte Formaldehyd- und VOC-Messungen bei Holzwerkstoffen FKZ 3714 95 310 0) geplanten Untersuchungen wurde eine Recherche zu Forschungsergebnissen bezüglich realer Bedingungen (Luftwechsel, Beladung, klimatische Bedingungen im Sommer) durchgeführt. Zu bekannten Fällen von Überschreitungen wurde recherchiert, welche Produkte als Emissionsquellen in Frage kommen. Unter diesem Gesichtspunkt wurden auch Berichte abgeschlossener Forschungsvorhaben ausgewertet. T2 - 2. Fachbeirat zum UFOPLAN-Vorhaben Standardisierte Formaldehyd- und VOC-Messungen bei Holzwerkstoffen (FKZ 3714 95 310 0) CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 14.06.2016 KW - Formaldehyd KW - Holzwerkstoffe KW - VOC KW - Prüfverfahren PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38768 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Richter, Janine A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - Jann, Oliver T1 - Standardisierte Formaldehyd- und VOC-Messungen N2 - Der Innenraumluftrichtwert für Formaldehyd in Höhe von 0,1 ppm ist durch das BfR bestätigt worden und bleibt bis auf weiteres bestehen. Die Prüfbedingungen für Formaldehydemissionen aus Holzwerkstoffen dagegen sind nicht mehr aktuell. Das Prüfverfahren für Holzwerkstoffe gilt seit 1991 und basiert auf dem Gebäudestandard von 1984. Eine Definition und Anpassung der Prüfbedingungen an moderne „dichtere“ Bauweise ist notwendig. Es zeigt sich, dass für Verbraucherinnen und Verbraucher eine Unterscheidung von formaldehydbelasteten und -unbelasteten Produkten in der Praxis schwierig ist. Es kann zu fehlerhaftem Einsatz und nicht fachgerechter Verarbeitung der Holzwerkstoffe kommen. Das Ziel des Vorhabens ist die möglichst sichere Einhaltung des Schutzniveaus durch die Anpassung der Prüfbedingungen an den heutigen Gebäudestandard. Aktuelle Versuche und Ergebnisse des Projektes werden vorgestellt. Ergänzende Screening-Versuche (Prüfkammermessungen) weisen Formaldehydemissionen bei verschiedenen Holzwerkstoffen aus dem Handel nach. Für die betrachteten OSB-Platten sind die FA-Emissionen im Allgemeinen geringer als für die untersuchten Spanplatten. Die OSB-Platten zeigen höhere Emissionen für Aceton und Hexanal als die Spanplatten. An ausgewählten Werkstoffen wurden Versuche zu den Auswirkungen einer individuellen Bearbeitung und Messungen unter veränderten Prüfbedingungen durchgeführt. Zum einem wurde schrittweise der Luftwechsel von 1 bis 0,2 1/h reduziert. Zum anderen wurden die Werkstoffe unter sommerlichen Bedingungen vermessen. Die Reduzierung des Luftwechsels ruft einen Anstieg der Formaldehyd-Konzentration hervor, dieser Effekt ist jedoch für einige VOCs stärker ausgeprägt. Bei Luftwechseln von 0,2-0,3 1/h, welche in der Praxis in Gebäuden erreicht werden können, ist eine Überschreitung des Formaldehyd-Grenzwertes von 0,1 ppm vor allem für Spanplatten möglich. Die VOC-Emission steigt unter sommerlichen Bedingungen an, es zeigt sich aber ein schnelles Abklingen nach kurzer Zeit. Die erhöhte Formaldehydemission bleibt über einen längeren Zeitraum erhalten. Die Bearbeitung von unbeschichteten Holzwerkstoffen (in mehrere Teile zersägt) führt zu einem kurzzeitigen Anstieg der FA- und VOC-Emission, nach einer bestimmten Abklingzeit (wenige Tage) wird erneut der Ausgangswert erreicht. Es wurden weiterhin Messungen zu Kombinationen aus OSB- und Spanplatten und einem Holzmöbel durchgeführt. Trotz Erhöhung der Beladung und Beibehalten des Luftwechsels konnte nur ein geringer Anstieg der Formaldehyd- und VOC-Konzentration beobachtet werden. Es erfolgte keine Addition der Einzelkonzentration. T2 - 2. Fachbeirat zum UFOPLAN-Vorhaben Standardisierte Formaldehyd- und VOC-Messungen bei Holzwerkstoffen (FKZ 3714 95 310 0) CY - Berlin, Deutschland DA - 14.06.2016 KW - Formaldehyd KW - Holzwerkstoffe KW - VOC KW - Prüfverfahren PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38754 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Wilke, Olaf T1 - Aerosol- und Gasemissionen aus 3D-Druckern (Additive manufacturing) N2 - Kunststoffverarbeitende 3D-Drucker (FDM-Drucker) werden im Hobbybereich und in der beruflichen Ausbilldung immer beliebter und sind mittlerweile weit verbreitet. Es wird häufig noch nicht ausreichend beachtet, dass von diesen Geräten im Betrieb in erheblichen Mengen Gase und Partikel in die Umgebung emittiert werden. Der Vortrag berichtet über einen Vergleich des Emissions-verhaltens verschiedener Materialien für 3D-Drucker und stellt diese in Zusammenhang mit anderen Innenraum-Emissionsquellen. T2 - 30. Palas Aerosol Technologie Seminar CY - Karlsruhe, Germany DA - 19.09.2016 KW - 3D-Drucker KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Partikelemissionen KW - Fused deposition modeling (FDM) PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37684 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - Pech, Anja A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Jann, Oliver T1 - Analysis of very volatile organic compounds (VVOC) with thermal desorption GC-MS N2 - Most VVOC were rarely considered in the evaluation of construction products. (Salthammer, 2014) In Germany this will change because the latest version of the German AgBB scheme for health evaluation (2015) now include VVOC, e.g. ethyl acetate and ethanol. In this study selected compounds were tested with the procedure described in ISO 16017 and a method for measuring VVOC with thermal desorption was developed. Three different adsorbents Tenax TA, Carbograph 5TD and Carbopack X were tested to analyse VVOC according to ISO 16017. For the tested VVOC, Carbograph 5TD showed the best results under the chosen analytical conditions. T2 - Indoor Air 2016, The 14th international conference of Indoor Air Quality and Climate CY - Gent, Belgium DA - 03.07.2016 KW - Thermal desorption KW - VVOC KW - Carbograph 5TD KW - Carbopack X PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37037 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - Richter, Janine A1 - Jann, Oliver T1 - Standardisierte Formaldehyd- und VOC-Messungen N2 - Der Innenraumluftrichtwert für Formaldehyd in Höhe von 0,1 ppm ist durch das BfR bestätigt worden und bleibt bis auf weiteres bestehen. Die Prüfbedingungen für Formaldehydemissionen aus Holzwerkstoffen dagegen sind nicht mehr aktuell. Das Prüfverfahren für Holzwerkstoffe gilt seit 1991 und basiert auf dem Gebäudestandard von 1984. Eine Definition und Anpassung der Prüfbedingungen an moderne „dichtere“ Bauweise ist notwendig. Es zeigt sich, dass für Verbraucherinnen und Verbraucher eine Unterscheidung von formaldehydbelasteten und -unbelasteten Produkten in der Praxis schwierig ist. Es kann zu fehlerhaftem Einsatz und nicht fachgerechter Verarbeitung der Holzwerkstoffe kommen. Das Ziel des Vorhabens ist die möglichst sichere Einhaltung des Schutzniveaus durch die Anpassung der Prüfbedingungen an den heutigen Gebäudestandard. Es werden das Projekt (UFOPLAN-Vorhaben FKZ 3714 95 310 0) und erste Messergebnisse vorgestellt. Erste Messungen von Holzwerkstoffen im laufenden Vorhaben unter „worst case“-Bedingungen (erhöhte Beladung, geringer Luftwechsel) zeigen hohe Formaldehyd-Emissionen. T2 - 1. Fachbeirat zum UFOPLAN-Vorhaben Standardisierte Formaldehyd- und VOC-Messungen bei Holzwerkstoffen (FKZ 3714 95 310 0) CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 15.01.2016 KW - Formaldehyd KW - Holzwerkstoffe KW - Prüfverfahren PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38753 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mull, Birte A1 - Sauerwald, T. A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Brödner, Doris A1 - Schultealbert, C. T1 - Development of a reproducibly emitting reference material for volatile organic compounds N2 - The aim of this study is the development of a reproducibly emitting reference material for volatile organic compounds (VOC). The first part of the work was carried out with styrene, for which supporting materials were successfully selected, doped and analyzed in test chambers. T2 - Indoor Air 2016 The 14th international conference of Indoor Air Quality and Climate CY - Ghent, Belgium DA - 03.07.2016 KW - Quality control KW - Emission test chamber KW - Indoor air KW - Quality assurance PY - 2016 SN - 978-0-9846855-5-4 AN - OPUS4-36849 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Oberemm, A. A1 - Hansen, Ulf A1 - Böhmert, L. A1 - Meckert, C. A1 - Braeuning, A. A1 - Thünemann, Andreas A1 - Lampen, A. T1 - Proteomic responses of human intestinal Caco-2 cells exposed to silver nanoparticles and ionic silver N2 - Even although quite a number of studies have been performed so far to demonstrate nanoparticle-specific effects of substances in living systems, clear evidence of these effects is still under debate. The present study was designed as a comparative proteomic analysis of human intestinal cells exposed to a commercial silver nanoparticle reference material and ions from AgNO3. A two-dimensional gel electrophoresis/MALDI mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomic analysis was conducted after 24-h incubation of differentiated Caco-2 cells with non-cytotoxic and low cytotoxic silver concentrations (2.5 and 25 µg ml−1 nanosilver, 0.5 and 5 µg ml−1 AgNO3). Out of an overall number of 316 protein spots differentially expressed at a fold change of ≥ 1.4 or ≤ −1.4 in all treatments, 169 proteins could be identified. In total, 231 spots were specifically deregulated in particle-treated groups compared with 41 spots, which were limited to AgNO3-treatments. Forty-four spots (14 %) were commonly deregulated by both types of treatment. A considerable fraction of the proteins differentially expressed after treatment with nanoparticles is related to protein folding, synthesis or modification of proteins as well as cellular assembly and organization. Overlays of networks obtained for particulate and ionic treatments showed matches, indicating common mechanisms of combined particle and ionic silver exposure and exclusive ionic silver treatment. However, proteomic responses of Caco-2 cells treated with higher concentrations of silver species also showed some differences, for example regarding proteins related to fatty acid and energy metabolism, suggesting an induction of also some different molecular mechanisms for particle exposure and ionic treatment. KW - Nanoparticle KW - Nanosilver KW - Silver PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.3231 SN - 1099-1263 VL - 36 SP - 404 EP - 413 PB - Wiley CY - Chichester AN - OPUS4-35301 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schott, M. A1 - Szczerba, Wojciech A1 - Posset, U. A1 - Vuk, A.S. A1 - Beck, M. A1 - Riesemeier, Heinrich A1 - Thünemann, Andreas A1 - Kurth, D. G. T1 - In operando XAFS experiments on flexible electrochromic devices based on Fe(II)-metallo-supramolecular polyelectrolytes and vanadium oxides N2 - Flexible electrochromic devices (ECDs) based on Fe(II)-metallo-supramolecular polyelectrolytes (Fe-MEPE) and vanadium oxide are studied in operando by means of x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy. The ECDs are blue-purple in the colored state at 0.0 V and become light yellow when a voltage of 1.6 V is applied. The XAFS studies at the K-edge of Fe(II) reveals that the absorption edge is shifted toward higher energies by 1.8 eV in the transparent state. Comparison of two different ECDs and different charge cycles demonstrates the reversibility and repeatability of the process. We attribute the shift to a charge transfer and a change of oxidation state of the ions from Fe2+ to Fe3+. The transition is not accompanied by a noticeable structural change of the octahedral coordination geometry as confirmed by analysis of the extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) data. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - Metallo-supramolecular polyelectrolytes KW - Vanadium oxide KW - Electrochromism KW - Electrochromic device KW - Cyclic voltammetry KW - XAFS PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2015.10.015 SN - 0927-0248 VL - 147 SP - 61 EP - 67 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam [u.a.] AN - OPUS4-35251 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hansen, Ulf A1 - Thünemann, Andreas T1 - Considerations using silver nitrate as a reference for in vitro tests with silver nanoparticles N2 - Most in vitro tests regarding the cellular toxicology of nanoparticulate metals compare particle to associated metal ion exposure. However. it is also a fact. that for example silver ions are reduced by sugars or transformed to silver chloride by chloride salts which are abundant components of cell culture media. These reactions are likely to either complicate or even invalidate comparisons between effects of ions and particles. Here. we present a fast and quantitative method to determine particle formation and numbers in different cell culture media with non-destructive small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Silver nitrate with a concentration of25 (.Jg Ag mL -I was dissolved for up to 24 h at 37 'C in Dulbeccos Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) with and without 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and a solution ofO-glucose (4.5 (.Jg mL -1). respectively. Silver nanopartides were observed in all Solutions after 5 min. The cell culture media displayed a limited particle-growth. FBS showed an effect on the polydispersity of the generated particles but after 5 min the overall particle size was nearly equal in FBS and non FBS supplemented medium. Particles in D-glucose were precipitating after 10 min. Particulate silver concentration was between 3 and 4 (.Jg mL -1 in both cell culture media (CCM). These results should be taken into account when performing silver ion-toxicity experiments in relevant media. KW - Silver nanoparticles KW - In vitro tests KW - Silver nitrate KW - SAXS KW - DLS KW - SEM PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2016.03.014 SN - 0887-2333 VL - 34 SP - 120 EP - 122 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-35844 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sieg, H. A1 - Krause, B. A1 - Lichtenstein, D. A1 - Böhmert, L. A1 - Kästner, Claudia A1 - Hansen, Ulf A1 - Tentschert, J. A1 - Laux, P. A1 - Braeuning, A. A1 - Thünemann, Andreas A1 - Luch, A. A1 - Lampen, A. T1 - Artificial digestion of aluminium-containing nanomaterials and their effects on the gastrointestinal tract in vitro N2 - Although aluminium is one of the most common elements in the biosphere, up to now little is known about its impact on human health. aluminium and its chemical derivatives are highly abundant in food, food contact materials and consumer products. Humans are exposed to aluminium via the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract). Exposition can change substantially due to consumer behavior since aluminium is also a compound of numerous food additives. Recently, aluminium exposition is increasingly considered to cohere with cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Lately, due to an increasing attentiveness on this topic, limiting values for food additives have been tightened by the EFSA. However, cellular effects of aluminium and especially aluminium-containing nanomaterials, that represent a significant part of chemicals found in food products, are widely unknown and in the focus of our research activities, for example in the bilateral SolNanoTOX project. We established an in vitro simulation system of the GI tract, where nanomaterials undergo the different physiological, chemical and proteinbiochemical conditions of saliva, gastric juice and the intestine. The artificially digested nanomaterials, as well as soluble aluminium chloride as ionic control substance, were subjected to several analytical and biochemical methods to characterize their change of appearance and their cytotoxic effects on intestinal cellular models. We observed the fate of the nanomaterials during typical pH-values of saliva, gastric and intestinal juice with Dynamic light scattering measurements and ICP-MS in the single particle mode. After observable disappearance at pH 2 the particles recovered in the simulated intestinal fluid. The simulation of the GI tract, mainly the change of pH settings, can lead to a certain chemical activation of aluminium that can increase bioavailability in the intestine after oral uptake of aluminium-containing food products. In vitro assays like CTB, MTT and cellular impedance measurements showed that there were no acute cytotoxic effects measurable after a period up to 48h after incubation, comparable to undigested particles. In contrast, high amounts of aluminium ions showed synergistic effects on cell viability compared to non-digested aluminium ions. Although toxicological potential of Al ions to healthy tissue appears to be low, increased hazardous potential cannot be ruled out to pre-damaged tissue and can have a relevance in risk assessment for special consumer groups with for example chronical intestinal inflammation or dietary eating behavior combined with high exposure to Al-containing food products. T2 - 82nd Annual Meeting of the German Society for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 29.02.2016 KW - Nanoparticles KW - Digestion KW - SAXS KW - Cytotoxicity PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36026 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sieg, H. A1 - Kästner, Claudia A1 - Krause, B. A1 - Lichtenstein, D. A1 - Böhmert, L. A1 - Burel, A. A1 - Chevance, S. A1 - Tentschert, J. A1 - Laux, P. A1 - Braeuning, A. A1 - Thünemann, Andreas A1 - Gauffre, F. A1 - Estrela-Lopis, I. A1 - Fessard, V. A1 - Luch, A. A1 - Lampen, A. T1 - Impact of (artificial) digestion on Al-containing nanomaterials and their physico-chemical characteristics N2 - Aluminium and its chemical derivatives are highly abundant in food, food contact materials and consumer products. Up to now little is known about its derivatization and uptake during digestion and its impact on human health. As part of the SolNanoTOX project, different aluminium species were investigated during an artificial digestion process that mimics the saliva, the stomach and the intestine regarding pH-values, duration time, chemical environment and enzymatic composition. Two different nanomaterials (Al, Al2O3) and a soluble ionic AlCl3 control were digested and investigated by different analytical methods regarding core radius, hydrodynamic diameter, agglomeration and dissolution behavior in biological media. The fate of nanoparticles during typical pH-values of saliva, gastric and intestinal juice was studied with dynamic light scattering (DLS), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and ICP-MS in the single particle mode. After disappearance at pH 2 the nanoparticles were detected again in the intestinal fluid, as measured by DLS. During all artificial digestion stages Al nanoparticles had a constant average SAXS radius. In contrast, the radii of Al2O3 nanoparticles changed concentration-dependently. Highest radii were observed in the stomach fluid while intestinal fluid was found to cause full recovery of the primary particles. Dissolution of digested nanoparticles in cell culture media showed a bimodal size distribution of primary particles and aggregates. In summary, simulation of the gastrointestinal tract, mainly the change of pH settings, has provided evidence that the bioavailability of Al is likely to increase during the passage of the gut after oral uptake of aluminium-containing food products. T2 - 8th International Nanotoxicology Congress CY - Boston, MA, USA DA - 01.06.2016 KW - Artificial digestion KW - SAXS KW - DLS PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36919 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kästner, Claudia A1 - Thünemann, Andreas T1 - Aggregation and deaggregation of silver nanoparticles - what does your gut say? N2 - Due to the increasing utilization of silver nanoparticles in consumer related products, many studies focus on investigations regarding their toxicological potential. This includes investigations concerning uptake, distribution and excretion of the particles. So far, little attention was paid to changes of physical and chemical properties in the human body. During processes like digestion, the question arises whether they can pass this barrier in a nanoscale form. In this study we analytically monitored the changes in the size distribution of silver nanoparticles during an artificial digestion process with the help of small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). Therefore, we synthesized polyacrylic acid stabilized ultra-small silver nanoparticles with a radius of 3 nm and a size distribution width of 18%. The artificial digestion process mimics the gastro-intestinal passage and simulates the oral, gastric and small intestinal conditions. Additionally, food components like oil, starch, glucose and skimmed milk powder are used to provide a preferably realistic environment. In absence of any food components the low pH initiates aggregation of the particles in the stomach. However, the particles unexpectedly stabilize in a defined cluster form with a mean radius of 12 nm. By the use of the food components oil and starch we observed that the particles are dispersed again. Now we found a bimodal size distribution of primary particles and aggregates. In contrast to that, with skimmed milk powder only a slight aggregation occurs in the stomach. In the gastric tract the particle distribution is stabilized at a mean volume weighted radius of 5 nm. Hence, skimmed milk powder acts as a colloidal stabilizer. For comparison we also used silver nitrate as a control substance. Surprisingly, we observed a formation of nanoparticles already in the saliva. During the digestion process the distribution narrows and finally in the intestine it shows a stable distribution with a mean volume weighted radius of 3 nm and a small fraction of aggregates. These results indicate that the silver nanoparticles can pass the biological barriers of the digestion process in a nanoscale form but undergo a transformation in the size distribution. However, even from pure silver nitrate nanoparticle formation can be observed. This sketches a complex mechanism in which not only food components but also silver ions cause changes in nanoparticle size and aggregation. T2 - 11th International Conference on Biological Barriers CY - Saarbrücken, Germany DA - 07.03.2016 KW - digestion KW - small-angle X-ray scattering KW - silver nanoparticles PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-35539 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kästner, Claudia A1 - Thünemann, Andreas T1 - Artificial Digestion of Colloidal Silver Monitored by Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering N2 - In the last decade the utilization of silver nanoparticles in consumer related products is enhanced. Therefore, many studies focus on investigations regarding their toxicological potential. This includes investigations concerning uptake, distribution and excretion of the particles. So far, little attention was paid to changes of physical and chemical properties in the human body. During processes like digestion, the question arises whether they can pass this barrier in a nanoscale form. In this study we analytically monitored the changes in the size distribution of colloidal silver during an artificial digestion process with the help of small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). Therefore, we synthesized polyacrylic acid stabilized ultra-small silver nanoparticles with a radius of 3 nm and a size distribution width of 18%. The artificial digestion process mimics the gastro-intestinal passage and simulates the oral, gastric and small intestinal conditions. Additionally, food components like oil, starch, glucose and skimmed milk powder are used to provide a preferably realistic environment. In absence of any food components the low pH initiates aggregation of the particles in the stomach. However, the particles unexpectedly stabilize in a defined cluster form with a mean radius of 12 nm. By the use of the food components oil and starch we observed that the particles are dispersed again. Now we found a bimodal size distribution of primary particles and aggregates. In contrast to that, with skimmed milk powder only a slight aggregation occurs in the stomach. In the gastric tract the particle distribution is stabilized at a mean volume weighted radius of 5 nm. Hence, skimmed milk powder acts as a colloidal stabilizer. For comparison we also used silver nitrate as a control substance. Surprisingly, we observed a formation of nanoparticles already in the saliva. During the digestion process the distribution narrows and finally in the intestine it shows a stable distribution with a mean volume weighted radius of 3 nm and a small fraction of aggregates. These results indicate that the silver nanoparticles can pass the digestion process in a nanoscale form but undergo a transformation in the size distribution. However, even from pure silver nitrate nanoparticle formation can be observed. This sketches a complex mechanism in which not only food components but also silver ions cause changes in nanoparticle size and aggregation. T2 - 6th International Colloids Conference CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 19.06.2016 KW - SAXS KW - Artificial digestion KW - Silver nanoparticles PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36888 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Thünemann, Andreas T1 - Advanced Tools in Small-Angle Scattering for Nanotechnology Research T2 - Workshop on Soft Matter and Functional Materials of the HZB Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2016-12-03 PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-35027 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Unger, Jörg F. A1 - Titscher, Thomas A1 - Hirthammer, Volker A1 - Huschke, Philip A1 - Otto, Peter A1 - Pohl, Christoph T1 - The importance of multiphysics and multiscale modeling of concrete to understand its complex macroscopic properties N2 - Concrete is a complex material. Its properties evolve over time, especially at early age, and are dependent on environmental conditions, i.e. temperature and moisture conditions, as well as the composition of the material. This leads to a variety of macroscopic phenomena such as hydration/solidification/hardening, creep and shrinkage, thermal strains, damage and inelastic deformations. Most of these phenomena are characterized by specific set of model assumptions and often an additive decomposition of strains into elastic, plastic, shrinkage and creep components is performed. Each of these phenomena are investigated separately and a number of respective independent models have been designed. The interactions are then accounted for by adding appropriate correction factors or additional models for the particular interaction. This paper discusses the importance of reconsider even in the experimental phase the model assumptions required to generalize the experimental data into models used in design codes. It is especially underlined that the complex macroscopic behaviour of concrete is strongly influenced by its multiscale and multiphyscis nature and two examples (shrinkage and fatigue) of interacting phenomena are discussed. T2 - International RILEM Conference on Materials, Systems and Structures in Civil Engineering CY - Lyngby, Denmark DA - 22.08.2016 KW - Multiscale KW - Concrete KW - Multiphysics PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38652 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Huschke, Philip A1 - Unger, Jörg F. T1 - A mesoscale finite element model for fiber reinforced concrete N2 - Strain hardening ultra high performance fibre reinforced cementitious composites (UH-PFRCC) exhibit increased strength, ductility, and energy absorption capacity when compared to their quasi-brittle, unreinforced counterparts. A mesoscale finite element model can depict the underlying causes for the structural response of UHPFRC and thus help to optimize the fibre content, the fibre dimensions, and the fibre orientation. Furthermore, it facilitates the investigation of strain rate effects in UHPFRCC under dynamic loading. The mesoscale model can either be used directly or as a representative volume element for a macroscale model. This work proposes a two-dimensional and a three- dimensional mesoscale finite element model to simulate the structural response of strain hardening UHPFRCC. The mesoscale model employs an implicit gradient enhanced damage model, proposed by Peerlings et al., for the cement matrix and a local bond stress-slip model, proposed by Elige-hausen, Popov, and Bertero, for the bond between the cement matrix and the steel fibres. The steel fibres are modeled discretely as one-dimensional truss elements that are coupled to the cement matrix via bond elements. The implementation of hooked end fibres is realized in the constitutive equations of the bond elements. The tensile stress-strain response of UHPFRCC is a consequence of local matrix cracking and bond failure. Both phenomena can be depicted when modeling the cement matrix, the steel fibres, and the fibre-to-matrix bond explicitly. In this work, the parameters for the constitutive equations of each constituent are determined through uniaxial Tension tests, bending tests, and fibre pullout tests. Additionally, UHPFRCC specimens are simulated with the same parameters and compared to experimental results. T2 - ECCOMAS 2016 CY - Crete, Greece DA - 05.06.2016 KW - FEM KW - Softening KW - Damage PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38648 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Weber, Mike A1 - Kömmling, Anja A1 - Jaunich, Matthias A1 - Wolff, Dietmar A1 - Zencker, Uwe A1 - Völzke, Holger A1 - Schulze, Dietmar T1 - Testing and numerical simulation of elastomeric seals under consideration of time dependent effects N2 - Due to delays in the siting procedure to establish a deep geological repository for spent nuclear fuel and high level waste and in construction of the already licensed Konrad repository for low and intermediate level waste, extended periods of interim storage will become more relevant in Germany. BAM is involved in most of the cask licensing procedures and is responsible for the evaluation of cask-related long-term safety issues. Elastomeric seals are widely used as barrier seals for containers for low and intermediate level radioactive waste. In addition they are also used as auxiliary seals in spent fuel storage and transportation casks (dual purpose casks (DPC)). To address the complex requirements resulting from the described applications, BAM has initiated several test programs for investigating the behavior of elastomeric seals. These include experiments concerning the hyperelastic and viscoelastic behavior at different temperatures and strain rates, the low temperature performance down to -40°C, the influence of gamma irradiation and the aging behavior. The first part of the paper gives an overview of these tests, their relevant results and their possible impact on BAM’s work as a consultant in the framework of approval and licensing procedures. The second part presents an approach of the development of a finite element model using the finite element code ABAQUS®. The long-term goal is to simulate the complex elastomeric behavior in a complete lid closure system under specific operation and accident conditions. T2 - ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference (PVP2016) CY - Vancouver, BC, Canada DA - 17.07.2016 KW - Elastomeric seals KW - Testing KW - Low temperature behavior KW - Aging KW - Simulation KW - Time dependent effects PY - 2016 SN - 978-0-7918-5045-9 VL - 7 SP - Paper 63192, 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-37046 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg A1 - Kluge, Martin T1 - Current work at BAM on composite-cylinders in fire N2 - The presentation gives information about several activities of BAM on the issue of fire engulfment tests of onboard gas storage systems. T2 - Advisory Board of the SUPERGEN Challenge project "Integrated safty strategies for onboard H2-storage" CY - Hangzhou, China DA - 19.04.2016 KW - Fire engulfment tests KW - Competence of BAM KW - Car crash KW - Gas explosion PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-35958 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Mair, Georg T1 - Sicherheitsbewertung von Composite-Druckgasbehältern - Potential statistischer Methoden jenseits aktueller Vorschriften N2 - Das Buch zeigt einen alternativen Weg der Sicherheitsbeurteilung von Druckbehältern aus Faserverbundwerkstoffen. Dies ist insbesondere für die Mobilität der Zukunft und die zugehörige Energieversorgung mit Bio-/Erdgas und Wasserstoff von Interesse. Mit statistischen Methoden gelingt es, die Sicherheit auch jenseits der Grenzen aktueller Vorschriften fundiert zu beurteilen. Es wird dargelegt wie eine probabilistische sicherheitsbeurteilung als Alternative aussehen könnte. Dieser Ansatz basiert auf neuen Verfahren der zerstörenden Prüfung und statistischer Auswertung relevanter Festigkeitseigenschaften. Hierzu zählen die langsame Berstprüfung und ein spezielles Arbeitsdiagramm zur Auswertung von Stichproben. Darüber hinaus erlaubt der Ansatz die Quantifizierung der Degradation im Betrieb und zeigt Wege zur Abschätzung der Lebensdauer. Sicherheit wird diskutiert als Kombination von Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit und Konsequenz. N2 - A detailed analysis of current approval requirements and relevant safety assessment methods for gas cylinders is given. With a focus on composite cylinders for storing compressed natural gas and hydrogen, this book demonstrates how current regulations and standards limit the ability to reduce cost and weight. Based on this data, it then highlights the potential offered by a new, probabilistic safety assessment standard. After addressing the economic potential of probabilistic safety assessment, the book details working procedures and the improvement of cycling and (slow) burst tests as methods for residual strength assessment. This is followed by methods for the statistical evaluation of test data, as well as considerations of samples size and character of distribution. A definition of sample strength is elaborated in terms of the “Sample Performance Chart” developed by the author. On this basis, safety is discussed as a property of service life and interpreted as an issue of degradation, before aspects of artificial aging for simulating the reliability level at end of life are discussed. Lastly, the book considers testing and inspection aspects: quality of production, degradation prediction by means of destructive sample tests parallel to operation, retesting periods, and correcting for under- and overestimates of safe lifetime. Presented in schematic diagrams, illustrations and tables, this information will enable manufacturers and operators to use this new approach in practice and support the improvement of current regulations and standards. KW - Sicherheitsbewertung KW - safety assessment KW - Streuung KW - scatter KW - Probabilistischer Ansatz KW - probabilistic approach KW - Gasspeicherung KW - gas storage KW - Faserverbundwerkstoffe KW - composite materials (FRP) PY - 2016 SN - 978-3-662-48131-8 SN - 978-3-662-48132-5 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48132-5 SP - VII - XIX, 1 EP - 303 PB - Springer Vieweg CY - Berlin Heidelberg ET - 1 AN - OPUS4-35664 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg A1 - Becker, Ben A1 - Duffner, Eric A1 - Scholz, Irene T1 - Probabilistic approval approach - Safety and economic aspects of minimum burst and load cycle requirements N2 - This presentation provides the main issue of a probabilistic based safety assessment. It shows the differences in terms of survival rate between some current deterministic standards and the probabilistic approach. It deals with three test procedures: slow burst test, cycle test and fire engulfment test. T2 - INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE HYDROGEN BRIDGE 2016 - Safety of high-pressure hydrogen storage CY - Hangzhou, China DA - 21st APRIL 2016 KW - Slow burst test KW - Cycle strength KW - End of life KW - Degradation KW - Lucky punch area PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-35960 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg T1 - Probabilistic safety assessment of composite gas cylinders - Safety and economic aspects of minimum burst and load cycle requirements N2 - This presentation shows the most important steps for developing the probabilistic approach PA with a lot of detailed information on test results. It discusses the necessitiy of performing a slow burst test, to which amount degradation can be accepted and how these interacts with aspects of costs etc. T2 - SAE - Fuel Cell Safety Task Force CY - Torrance, CA, USA DA - 8th March 2016 KW - Saving effort KW - Sample performance chart KW - Degradation KW - Lucky punch arey KW - Confidence level KW - Survival rate PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-35961 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF ED - Saul, Herbert ED - Mair, Georg T1 - Proceedings Follow-up Workshop on Statistical Safety Assessment of Composite Cylinders from Mass Production N2 - Printed collection of important information about the workshop, wellcome of the president, list of participants, literature and a lot of documents and work sheets in addition to the elictronically distributed presentations T2 - Follow-up Workshop on Statistical Safety Assessment of Composite Cylinders from Mass Production CY - BAM Berlin, Germany DA - 05.10.2016 KW - Composite cylinders KW - Probabilistic approach KW - Statistical assessment PY - 2016 SP - 1 EP - 90 PB - Eigenverlag CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-38948 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rehmer, Birgit A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Kühn, Hans-Joachim T1 - Thermo-mechanical fatigue of heat resistant austenitic cast iron EN-GJSA-NiSiCr35-5-2 (Ni-Resist D-5S) N2 - Austenitic cast iron was primarily used as material for pumps and mountings due to their excellent corrosion resistance. Certain grades, especially those with spherical graphite morphology, offer also a good high temperature strength and a high scaling resistance, which opened new fields of application e.g. for casing part of gas turbines, exhaust manifolds and turbo chargers. For such applications, a high ductility and creep resistance is beneficial, as exhibited by the studied alloy EN-GJSA-XNiSiCr35-5-2. Its high Ni-content produces the austenitic matrix, while Cr increases strength, hardness and scaling resistance. The alloy is standardized according to DIN EN 13835 with respect to chemical composition and mechanical properties (strength, elongation at fracture, Young's modulus, hardness and impact energy) at room temperature. However, data on mechanical properties at high temperature were rarely published in the open literature. In a recently completed research project, we comprehensively characterized the alloy EN-GJSA-XNiSiCr35-5-2 in terms of its temperature dependent mechanical behavior concerning strength and to isothermal as well as non-isothermal fatigue behavior. The results were used to calibrate a material and lifetime model. TMF tests were carried out with a constant minimum temperature (Tmin = 400 °C) and varying maximum temperatures (Tmax = 700 °C, 800 °C, 900 °C) with hold times of 180 s at Tmax and two phase angles (in-phase (IP), 180° out-of-phase (OP)). The investigated alloy showed a strongly deviating TMF behavior as compared to ferritic SiMo alloys investigated in a previous project: the austenitic material exhibits a comparable strength under OP- and IP-TMF loading, while the ferritic alloys showed a distinct higher strength under IP- than under OP-TMF load. At Tmax = 700 °C and 900 °C, the lifetime of Ni-Resist in IP-tests is slightly longer than that of OP-tests, while it is vice versa at Tmax = 800 °C. The IP-tests at Tmax = 900 °C show a comparable lifetime as OP-tests at Tmax = 700 °C and 800 °C, which was unexpected for such a high testing temperature. When plotting the stress range versus N it becomes clear that the behavior at Tmax = 900 °C is different from the other investigated temperatures: at 700 °C and 800 °C the stress-curve exhibits a range of stabilized stress for both phase angles. This is also true for the OP-tests at Tmax = 900 °C. However, all IP-tests at Tmax = 900 °C show a continuous cyclic softening from the beginning on. The stiffness of the test pieces decrease continuously with increasing number of cycles and their surfaces show numerous cracks. Complementary metallographic investigations showed that beside classical fatigue damage with cracks initiated at the surface, intergranular creep damage was found in the volume of the test pieces. Pores and cracks are formed at grain boundaries perpendicular to the applied load. This is also a distinct difference to the SiMo alloys. T2 - 3rd International Workshop on Thermo-mechanical Fatigue CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 27.04.2016 KW - cast iron. fatigue KW - cyclic softening PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-35912 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Uckert, Danilo A1 - Matzak, Kathrin A1 - Kühn, Hans-Joachim A1 - Rehmer, Birgit A1 - Peter, Frauke A1 - Fedelich, Bernard A1 - Falkenberg, Rainer A1 - Haftaoglu, Cetin A1 - Kindrachuk, Vitaliy T1 - Erweiterung bestehender Werkstoff- und Rechenmodelle zur Lebensdauervorhersage für Abgasturbolader-Heißteile unter thermomechanischer Ermüdungsbeanspruchung N2 - In diesem Forschungsvorhaben erfolgte eine Überprüfung der Übertragbarkeit der Werkstoff- und Rechenmodelle für die Lebensdauervorhersage von ATL-Heißteilen unter TMF-Beanspruchung auf eine andere Werkstoffklasse, d. h. auf eine austenitische Gusseisenlegierung mit Kugelgraphit. Dafür wurde die Legierung EN-GJSA-XNiSiCr35-5-2 (Ni-Resist D-5S) ausgewählt. Zunächst wurde für diesen Werkstoff eine experimentelle Datenbasis geschaffen, da diese vor Beginn des Vorhabens nicht ausreichend war. Dazu wurden Zug-, Kriech-, LCF- und TMF-Versuche durchgeführt, die der Kalibrierung der Modelle dienten. Unter TMF-Belastung zeigte der untersuchte Werkstoff ein stark abweichendes Verhalten von den im vorangegangenen Vorhaben untersuchten ferritischen SiMo-Legierungen: Der Werkstoff Ni-Resist zeigte insgesamt eine vergleichbare Festigkeit unter OP- und IP-Bedingungen, während die ferritischen Legierungen unter IP-Beanspruchung eine deutlich höhere Festigkeit aufweisen. Mit zunehmenden Temperaturen und Haltezeiten unter Zugspannungen wurden dagegen beim Werkstoff Ni-Resist Hinweise auf Kriechschädigung gefunden, die schädigungsrelevant sind. Auch dies ist ein deutlicher Unterschied zu den SiMo-Legierungen. Das Spannungs-Verformungs-Verhalten in den LCF- und TMF-Versuchen wird durch das Modell auch für den neuen Werkstoff überwiegend gut beschrieben. Das Gleiche gilt für die Lebensdauervorhersage, die mit Ausnahme der Prüftemperatur 900 °C innerhalb eines Fak-tors zwei liegt. Eine Verifikation des Modells erfolgte mit Hilfe eines Bauteilversuchs an einem Abgassammler, der abwechselnd mit heißem und kaltem Gas durchströmt wurde. Ziel der Bauteilsimulation war insbesondere die Vorhersage der Rissbildungsorte. Eine Vorhersage der exakten Lebensdauer wurde nicht erwartet, da das Bauteil mit einer Gusshaut behaftet war, während die für die Kalibrierung des Lebensdauermodells verwendeten Versuche an bearbeiteten, glatten Proben ohne Gusshaut durchgeführt wurden. Die überwiegende Anzahl der experimentell ermittelten Rissorte wurden vorhergesagt. Schließlich war ein wesentliches Ziel des Vorhabens, den Einfluss von HCF-Schwingungen auf die TMF-Lebensdauer vertieft experimentell zu untersuchen und das bereits bestehende Lebensdauermodell auf HCF-Überlagerung zu erweitern. Dazu wurde zunächst die Daten-basis aus dem Vorgängervorhaben am Bespiel von SiMo 4.05 deutlich ausgebaut, um die verschiedenen Einflussparameter zu erfassen. Es wurde ein Ansatz entwickelt, in dem die Lebensdauerminderung durch die überlagerten HCF-Schwingungen abgebildet wird. Dabei wird davon ausgegangen, dass ab einer bestimmten Risstiefe die Überlagerung der HCF-Schwingungen die Rissausbreitung stark beschleunigt. Der Zeitpunkt, wann diese Beschleunigung eintritt, wird als maßgeblich für die Lebensdauerminderung angesehen. Mit diesem Ansatz lassen sich die Lebensdauern für beide Werkstoffe in guter Übereinstimmung mit dem Experiment vorhersagen. T2 - Informationstagung Turbomaschinen, Frühjahr 2016 CY - Bad Neuenahr, Germany DA - 13.04.2016 KW - Ermüdung KW - LCF KW - Modellierung KW - Schädigung KW - Simulation KW - TMF PY - 2016 VL - Heft R575 SP - 1 EP - 35 AN - OPUS4-35823 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Fedelich, Bernard A1 - Kühn, Hans-Joachim A1 - Rehmer, Birgit A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit ED - Iacoviello, Francesco T1 - Modeling the lifetime reduction due to the superposition of TMF and HCF loadings in cast iron alloys N2 - The superposition of small amplitude, high frequency loading cycles (HCF) to slow, large amplitude loading cycles (TMF) can significantly reduce the fatigue life. In this work, the combined TMF+HCF loading has been experimentally investigated for a cast iron alloy. In particular, the influence of the HCF frequency of the HCF amplitude and of the location of the superposed HCF cycles has been assessed. It was observed that the HCF frequency has a limited impact on the TMF fatigue life. On the other side, the HCF-strain amplitude has a highly non-linear influence on the TMF fatigue life. A simple estimate for the fatigue life reduction due to the superposed HCF cycles has been derived from fracture mechanics considerations. It is assumed that the number of propagation cycles up to failure can be neglected after a threshold for the HCF loading has been reached. The model contains only two adjustable parameters and can be combined with any TMF life prediction model. The model predictions are compared with the test results for a large range of TMF+HCF loading conditions. T2 - 21st European Conference on Fracture, ECF21 CY - Catania, Italy DA - 20.06.2016 KW - Thermomechanical Fatigue (TMF); High Cycle Fatigue (HCF); Cast iron; Fatigue assessment PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-369550 DO - https://doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.prostr.2016.06.274 VL - 2 SP - 2190 EP - 2197 PB - Elsevier CY - Radarweg 29, 1043 NX Amsterdam, The Netherlands, AN - OPUS4-36955 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Fedelich, Bernard A1 - Grützner, Stephan A1 - Rehmer, Birgit T1 - Constitutive modeling and lifetime prediction for a conventionally cast Ni-base superalloy under TMF loading N2 - Under cyclic thermomechanical loading, various effects such as strain accumulation, creep damage, ageing, fatigue etc. may occur in the material of a gas turbine blade. Depending on the loading conditions, all these effects contribute to reduce the lifetime of the component. Subject of the present work is the development of a material model to describe the mechanical effects mentioned above and to subsequently predict lifetimes by using simulated stress strain data. Starting point for deformation modeling is the well known viscoplastic model after Chaboche, which provides descriptions of isotropic and kinematic hardening, as well as dynamic and static recovery. The evolution equation for kinematic hardening model has been modified following the proposal of Ohno/Wang to better predict stress controlled cyclic strain accumulation, i.e. ratchetting. A damage variable has been included to represent tertiary creep according to the concept of Kachanov. Finally, the static recovery has been modified following Kindrachuk to account for strain induced ageing. The models parameters have been calibrated using isothermal test data only. The constitutive model has been validated by comparing experimental with predicted TMF stress-strain hystereses. Lifetime prediction is done with the TMF lifetime model proposed by Riedel. The model assumes that fatigue life is controlled by the propagation of short cracks. Besides pure fatigue, it takes the local creep deformations at the crack tip into account. The model is applied to a broad variety of isothermal and non isothermal tests over temperatures up to 950°C and different loading conditions. The evaluation shows that throughout satisfying results can be achieved using a limited number of model parameters for the whole test data base. T2 - 3rd International Workshop on Thermo-mechanical fatigue CY - BAM, Berlin, Germany DA - 27.04.2016 KW - TMF KW - Nickel base superalloy KW - Fatigue life assessment KW - Constitutive law PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-35994 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pulz, Robert A1 - Rehmer, Birgit A1 - Schneider, G.A. A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Thermal shock study on different advanced ceramics by laser irradiation in different media N2 - The thermal shock behavior of three commercial-advanced ceramics (SSiC, MgO–PSZ, Al2O3) is characterized in air and vacuum applying a laser thermal shock. The available testing system permits the reproducible setting of defined temperature profiles in thin disks and allows a heating-up thermal shock in various media. Due to the accurate determination of the time- and space-resolved temperature distribution, the local stress state can be calculated as a function of time. It is shown that the thermal shock strength is highest for SSiC and lowest in Al2O3 with MgO–PSZ in between. The approach presented in this work allows quantifying the stress state at failure in terms of tangential tensile stress. The investigated environment does not affect the thermal shock resistance under the studied experimental conditions. KW - Laser-thermal shock KW - Advanced ceramic KW - Stress distribution KW - Thermal shock stress KW - Weibull statistics PY - 2016 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adem.201500162/full DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201500162 SN - 1438-1656 VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - 132 EP - 140 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-33456 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Völzke, Holger T1 - Zusätzliche Anforderungen und Sicherheitsnachweise für eine verlängerte Zwischenlagerung von BE- und HAW-Behältern N2 - Bisherige Betriebserfahrungen und Erkenntnisse lassen die grundsätzliche Eignung der Transport- und Lagerbehälter auch über 40 Jahre hinaus erwarten. Eine Verlängerung der genehmigten Zwischenlagerdauer erfordert eine Neugenehmigung. Hierbei sind die zu diesem Zeitpunkt sicherheitstechnisch relevanten Eigenschaften der tatsächlich vorhandenen Inventare und Behälter zu berücksichtigen. Sicherheitstechnische Nachweise sind auf Grundlage belastbarer Daten und Erkenntnisse zu führen. Diese müssen rechtzeitig verfügbar sein (z.B. Betriebserfahrungen oder zusätzliche F&E-Programme z.B. zu Behälterdichtsystemen oder Inventarverhalten). Alterungsmanagementprogramme und periodische Sicherheits-überprüfungen während der Zwischenlagerung haben sowohl für die verlängerte Zwischenlagerung als auch für nachfolgende Transporte eine erhebliche Bedeutung.Die Schaffung eines spezifischen Regelwerks für die verlängerte Zwischenlagerung von Transport- und Lagerbehältern und deren nachfolgendem Abtransport unter Berücksichtigung der Anforderungen aus beiden Verwendungsbereichen erscheint sinnvoll. Eine verlängerte Zwischenlagerung dient ausschließlich der Überbrückung bis zur Endlagerung. Hierbei sollten die bestehenden Behälter und Inventare frühzeitig in die Überlegungen zur Definition von Anforderungen für die Endlagerung einbezogen werden. Die internationalen Entwicklungen und Untersuchungen im Bereich der längerfristigen Zwischenlagerung sollten zur Nutzung von Synergieeffekten weiter verfolgt, ausgewertet und mitgestaltet werden. T2 - Endlager-Symposium 2016 CY - Munich, Germany DA - 04.02.2016 KW - Verlängerte Zwischenlagerung KW - Extended interim storage KW - Bestrahlte Brennelemente KW - Spent Nuclear Fuel KW - Behälter für radioaktive Stoffe KW - Radioactive waste containers PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-35413 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Völzke, Holger T1 - Research activities at BAM related to extended spent fuel and HLW storage N2 - This presentation starts with a brief overview about the current situation of spent nuclear fuel and high level waste storage in Germany followed by a discussion of the expected timeline towards final disposal. Furthermore an overview is presented about research programmes for radioactive waste disposal and also extended interim storage issues due to the delay of the national repository siting procedure. In the second part of the presentation BAM research activities related to extended interim storage are addressed. This includes the status and preliminary results of proactive R&D projects concerning metal seals, degradation effects of polymers used as neutron shielding materials and finally elastomer seals. T2 - RIC 2016 - 28th Annual regulatory information conference CY - North Bethesda, Maryland, USA DA - 08.03.2016 KW - Spent Fuel KW - Extended interim storage KW - Radioactive waste KW - Degradation effects PY - 2016 UR - https://ric.nrc-gateway.gov/docs/abstracts/volzkeh-w22-hv.pdf AN - OPUS4-35614 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Portella, Pedro Dolabella A1 - Klinger, Christian A1 - Wallstabe, R. A1 - Helmerich, Rosemarie A1 - Zunkel, Astrid A1 - Erning, Johann Wilhelm T1 - Failure analysis and prevention - an interdisciplinary approach N2 - The advent of the Industrial Revolution was accompanied by several accidents of dramatic dimensions. The analysis of these events was the fundament for the continuous improvement in the reliability of technical systems. In the year 1871 the Prussian state created a technical institution dedicated for this task – the origin of BAM. Failure analysis and prevention is until today a central objective of our institute; due to its complex nature an interdisciplinary task. In our talk we will present an overview of the activities of BAM in the area of failure analysis; especial attention will be given to the corrosion aspects in the analysis of these cases. T2 - INTERCORR 2016 CY - Búzios, RJ, Brazil DA - 16.05.2016 KW - Failure analysis KW - Failure prevention PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36235 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Fedelich, Bernard A1 - Kühn, Hans-Joachim A1 - Rehmer, Birgit A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Experimental and analytical investigation of the TMF-HCF lifetime behavior of two cast iron alloys N2 - The superposition of small amplitude, high frequent loading cycles (HCF) to the slow, large amplitude, TMF loading cycles can significantly reduce the TMF life, i.e. the number of TMF blocks until failure. In this work, the combined TMF-HCF loading has been experimentally investigated for two cast iron alloys. Both alloys contain globular graphite nodules but the first one has a ferritic while the second one has an austenitic crystal structure. In particular, the influence of the HCF frequency, of the HCF loading amplitude and of the location of the superposed HCF cycles has been investigated. It was observed that the HCF frequency has a limited impact on the TMF fatigue life. In other words, the number of superposed HCF-cycles has only a slight influence on the TMF fatigue life, which contradicts the linear damage accumulation rule concept. On the other side, the HCF-strain amplitude has a highly non-linear influence on the TMF fatigue life. The experimental results can be understood in terms of a fracture mechanics based damage mechanism [1]: Cracks readily initiate due to the TMF loading and the duration of the growth of the cracks up to a few mm controls the fatigue life. If HCF-loading cycles are superposed, cyclic crack propagation dramatically accelerates at some stage. This stage is related to the existence of a threshold for crack growth under pure HCF-conditions and largely controls the fatigue life of the combined loading. The previous ideas have been expressed in a model that can be very simply applied to provide the fatigue life reduction factor due to the superposed HCF cycles. It only contains two additional adjustable parameters and can be combined with any TMF model. T2 - 3rd International Workshop on Thermo-mechanical fatigue CY - BAM, Berlin, Germany DA - 27.04.2016 KW - TMF KW - HCF KW - Cast iron KW - Fatigue life assessment PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-35996 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa A1 - Völzke, Holger A1 - Kasparek, Eva-Maria A1 - Wolff, Dietmar T1 - Technical Requirements for High Level Waste Disposal Containers with regard to their Retrievability during Operation and Recovery after Repository Closure N2 - The Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) in Germany has gathered extensive expertise over decades in the fields of design testing and safety assessment of transport and storage containers for radioactive materials. On behalf of the German commission for the disposal of highly radioactive waste, BAM had been assigned the elucidation of requirements for high level waste disposal containers specifically in terms of their retrievability from deep geological formations during repository operation and recovery after its closure over a period of time between 500 to 1000 years. The output of the initial assessment is presented taking into account the frame of the current German repository site selection procedure together with the definition of repository conditions corresponding to the potential deep geological formations to be considered for disposal. This presentation addresses the spectrum of relevant stress factors for disposal containers and reflects their relevance and consequences during the repository operation phase including the emplacement and their potential retrieval. In addition, further aspects and consequences for container recovery after repository closure are discussed taking into consideration potential repository conditions of different geological formations. Finally, potential disposal container concepts are briefly addressed comparing the consequences of an improvement of existing dual purpose casks versus completely new disposal canister designs adjusted to the specific geological conditions of the host rock formation. Pros and cons of these two concepts are depicted in order to address major challenges. However, precise container design concepts cannot be consolidated before repository conditions and derived specific container requirements are designated. T2 - 7th IGD-TP Exchange Forum CY - Cordoba, Spain DA - 25.10.2016 KW - Radioactive waste KW - Disposal KW - Container KW - Safety requirements PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-41062 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Scheuerlein, C. A1 - Rehmer, Birgit A1 - Finn, Monika A1 - Uhlemann, Patrick A1 - Savary, F. A1 - Lackner, F. T1 - Mechanical properties of the HL-LHC 11 Tesla Nb3Sn magnet constituent materials N2 - A test campaign was launched to determine the mechanical properties of the HL-LHC 11 T Nb₃Sn magnet components in order to accurately model the mechanical properties in Finite Element simulations that predict the stress and strain distribution in these magnets. Static and dynamic test methods have been applied for determining elastic materials behavior, and highly accurate Young’s moduli are obtained with the dynamic methods resonance and impulse excitation. These non-destructive methods also enable temperature dependent modulus measurements during in situ heat cycles. T2 - Applied Superconductivity Conference CY - Denver, USA DA - 04.09.2016 KW - Young´s modulus KW - Tensile KW - Compression KW - Temperature dependence PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37922 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Völzke, Holger A1 - Sorenson, K. B. T1 - Issues on Aging of Spent Fuel Storage Systems N2 - The Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) and Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) in September 2012 to foster technical collaborations in the areas associated with the backend of the commercial nuclear fuel cycle. Specifically, the focus is on packaging, transportation, and storage of commercial spent nuclear fuel. The institutes meet about twice each year, alternating between institutes. This provides the opportunity for staff members from the host organization more exposure to technical issues that are of concern internationally and to collaborate with technical experts working on similar problems. Since 2012, the focus of the meetings has been on technical issues associated with extended dry storage and subsequent transportation of commercial spent fuel. Topics range from hydride effects on cladding integrity, spent fuel response during Normal Conditions of Transport (NCT), finite element analyses of fuel and cask response to accident conditions, bolt and seal behavior over extended periods of time, and corrosion associated with bolts, metallic seals, and stainless steel canisters. This MOU has provided an effective leverage for technical collaboration. For example, SNL is funding (through DOE), Savannah River National Laboratories (SRNL) to look at bolt and seal degradation issues. SRNL has an MOU with BAM to collaborate on bolt and seal degradation during extended storage. Likewise, Sandia and BAM are collaborating with the EC Joint Research Center on an International Nuclear Energy Research Initiative (I-NERI) to investigate spent fuel behavior when subjected to mechanical loadings. This important work will provide insight into failure mechanisms, as well as spent fuel release fractions, given a breach of the cladding wall. This presentation provides an overview of high ranked technical issues associated with extended storage and subsequent transportation, as well as the work underway at BAM and SNL that are addressing these issues. T2 - 7th US/German Workshop on Salt Repository Research, Design, and Operation CY - Washington, DC, USA DA - 07.09.2016 KW - Spent Fuel KW - Ageing KW - Storage PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37318 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -