TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Stemann, Jan A1 - Holldack, K. A1 - Sekine, R. A1 - Lipiec, E. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Thermal treatment of chromium (III) oxide with carbonates analyzed by far-infrared spectroscopy PY - 2015 SN - 0003-7028 SN - 1943-3530 VL - 69 IS - 10 SP - 1210 EP - 1214 PB - Society for Applied Spectroscopy CY - Frederick, Md. AN - OPUS4-34635 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Radtke, Martin A1 - Reinholz, Uwe A1 - Schäfers, F. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Chemical state of chromium, sulfur, and iron in sewage sludge ash based phosphorus fertilizers N2 - As an essential element of all life forms, phosphorus (P) is vital to the fertilizer industry. With decreasing quantity and quality of phosphate rock resources, recycling P-fertilizers from wastewater is of increasing interest. The P-fertilizer products of a recently developed thermochemical process for P recovery from sewage sludge ash (SSA) were investigated by chromium, sulfur, and iron K-edge X-ray near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. This paper focuses the formation and prevention of toxic chromium(VI) and toxic sulfides during the thermochemical processes. Reducing conditions prevent the oxidation of chromium(III) in the SSA to toxic chromium(VI). Sulfides formed under the reducing conditions are nontoxic iron sulfides. Hematite (Fe2O3) present in the SSA is reduced to magnetite (Fe3O4). A gentle post-treatment at 400 °C under oxidizing conditions converts the iron sulfides into plant-available iron sulfates. This oxidative post-treatment does not form undesired chromium(VI) compounds. KW - X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy KW - Phosphorus recovery KW - Sewage sludge ash KW - Chromium KW - Sulfur KW - Iron PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b00678 SN - 2168-0485 VL - 3 IS - 10 SP - 2376 EP - 2380 PB - ACS Publ. CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-34166 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - ext. Bambery, Keith A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - ext. Lipiec, Ewelina A1 - ext. Lekki, Janusz A1 - ext. Tobin, Mark A1 - ext. Whelan, Donna A1 - ext. Wood, Bayden A1 - ext. Kwiatek, Wojciech T1 - Synchrotron FTIR microspectroscopy coupled with Principal Component Analysis shows evidence for the cellular bystander effect T2 - 9th Asia Oceania Forum for Synchrotron Radiation Research (AOFSRR 2015) CY - Melbourne, Australia DA - 2015-11-25 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-35231 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Steckenmesser, D. A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Steffens, D. T1 - Phosphorus recycling of sewage sludge through the combination of low-temperature-conversion and thermochemical post-treatment T2 - 2nd European Sustainable Phosphorus Conference CY - Berlin, Gemany DA - 2015-03-05 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-32816 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Steckenmesser, D. A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Steffens, D. T1 - Phosphorrecycling mittels einer Kombination aus Niedertemperaturkonvertierung und thermochemischer Nachbehandlung von Klärschlamm T2 - Jahrestagung der Deutschen Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft (DGB) CY - München, Deutschland DA - 2015-09-05 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-34627 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Eicher, N. A1 - Hermann, L. A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Mallon, J. A1 - Schaaf, M. A1 - Stemann, J. T1 - Comparative review of ash processes N2 - This report gives technological information about processes for the recovery of phosphorus from sewage sludge ash including mass- and energy balance, process conditions and product quality. The information in this report aim at giving an overview on different concepts for the recovery of phosphorus from sewage sludge ash and are intended to allow a general qualitative comparison between the different technical approaches. This report also describes the technological backgrounds of the processes that were furthermore investigated by life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost (LCC) analysis. However, most process data stated in this report are site specific data. The LCA/LCC study includes the definition of a common base line for all processes, detailed process modeling and plausibility assessments. Results of the LCA/LCC-studies are reported in deliverables D9.2 und D10.1. PY - 2015 UR - http://p-rex.eu/uploads/media/P-REX_D4_1_Comparative_review_of_ash_processes.pdf SP - 1 EP - 30 AN - OPUS4-34858 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - THES A1 - Brehme, Sven T1 - Neue phosphorhaltige Polyester für den halogenfreien Flammschutz von kompaktem, glasfaserverstärktem und geschäumtem Polybutylenterephthalat N2 - Phosphorhaltige Alternativen haben halogenhaltige Flammschutzmittel für PBT zunehmend verdrängt. Die meisten der verwendeten Flammschutzmittel verschlechtern jedoch die mechanischen Eigenschaften des PBT oder neigen zum Ausblühen. Trotz ihrer gängigen Verwendung fehlt ein grundlegendes Verständnis für den Einfluss der chemischen Struktur der Flammschutzmittel auf das Brandverhalten und die Eigenschaften des Werkstoffs. Ebenso lückenhaft ist das Wissen über den Einfluss der Makrostruktur des Werkstoffs auf dessen Brandverhalten und die Flammschutzanforderungen. Als Alternative zu den gängigen niedermolekularen Flammschutzadditiven werden in dieser Arbeit phosphorhaltige Polyester als Flammschutzmittel für kompaktes, glasfaserverstärktes und geschäumtes PBT vorgestellt und ihr Pyrolyse- und Brandverhalten analysiert. Nicht nur die Makrostruktur des PBT, sondern auch die chemische Struktur der phosphorhaltigen Polyester wurde gezielt variiert, um entsprechende Struktur-Eigenschaftsbeziehungen ableiten zu können. Das glasfaserverstärkte PBT zeigt eine höhere Entflammbarkeit, der PBT Integralschaum ein höheres Risiko durch Flammenausbreitung als kompaktes PBT. Das Vorhandensein von Verbrückungen und P-O-Carom.-Bindungen im Phosphorsubstituenten der phosphorhaltigen Polyester erhöht deren Rückstandsbildung bzw. Aktivität in der kondensierten Phasen. Die Art der aktiven Flammschutzmechanismen entscheidet darüber, welche Brandrisiken reduziert werden. Als einer der phosphorhaltigen Polyester bildet PET-P-DOPO einen nicht mischbaren Blend mit PBT. Es hat eine gute Flammschutzwirkung und verschlechtert die mechanischen Eigenschaften nicht so stark wie gängige Flammschutzmittel. PET-P-DOPO birgt dabei das Potential, die mechanischen Eigenschaften und die Flammschutzwirkung durch eine Verbesserung der Mischbarkeit und eine Erhöhung des Phosphorgehaltes noch weiter zu optimieren. Für PBT Integralschaum ist PET-P-DOPO weniger geeignet. In glasfaserverstärktem PBT übertrifft PET-P-DOPO die gängigen Flammschutzmittel, selbst wenn diese mit höherem Phosphorgehalt eingesetzt werden. Die Ergebnisse tragen wesentlich zum Verständnis der grundlegenden Struktur- Eigenschaftsbeziehungen im Flammschutz von Polymeren bei. Sie ermöglichen die Vorhersage spezieller Anforderungen an die Flammschutzmittel aus der Makrostruktur des Werkstoffs. Weiterhin erlauben sie eine gezieltere Auswahl und Optimierung bestehender Flammschutzmittel durch die Anpassung ihrer chemischen Struktur sowie das gezielte Design neuer Flammschutzmittel für bestimmte Anwendungen bzw. Schutzziele. Mit PET-P-DOPO wurde außerdem eine vielversprechende Alternative zu gängigen Additiven im Flammschutz von PBT gefunden. N2 - Phosphorus-containing alternatives have increasingly substituted halogen-containing flame retardants in the flame retardancy of PBT. Unfortunately, most of the flame retardants deteriorate the mechanical properties of PBT or tend to bloom. Despite their common usage, a detailed understanding of how burning behaviour and material properties are influenced by the chemical structure of the flame retardants is still missing. The knowledge about the influence of the material's macrostructure on burning behaviour and flame retardancy demands is incomplete, too. In this study, phosphorus polyesters are presented as an alternative to commonly used low-molecular additives for the flame retardancy of compact, glass fibre reinforced and foamed PBT. The pyrolysis and burning behaviour of these polyesters is discussed. The macrostructure of PBT as well as the chemical structure of the phosphorus polyesters was systematically varied to deduce the corresponding structure-property relationships. Glass fibre reinforced PBT has a higher flammability than compact PBT, while PBT integral foam has a higher risk of flame spread. The presence of bridging groups and P-O-Carom.-bonds in the phosphorus substituent of the phosphorus polyesters increases their charforming ability and their condensed-phase activity, respectively. The nature of the active flame-retardancy mechanisms determines the fire risks, which are reduced. One of the phosphorus polyesters, PET-P-DOPO, forms an immiscible blend with PBT. PET-P-DOPO has a good flame-retardancy performance and deteriorates the mechanical properties less than common flame retardants. Additionally, it still has the potential for further optimisation. An improved miscibility and a higher phosphorus Content would improve the mechanical properties and the flame-retardancy performance, respectively. PET-P-DOPO is less suited to flame retard PBT integral foam. In glass fibre reinforced PBT, however, PET-P-DOPO outperforms common flame-retardant additives even if they are used with a higher phosphorus content than PET-P-DOPO. The results essentially contribute to the understanding of fundamental structure-property relationships in flame retardancy of polymers. They permit to predict specific flameretardancy demands from the material's macrostructure. Furthermore, the results allow a more specific selection and optimisation of existing flame retardants through the modification of their chemical structure and a targeted design of new flame retardants for specific applications or protection goals, respectively. A promising alternative to common additives for the flame retardancy of PBT was found with PET-P-DOPO. T3 - BAM Dissertationsreihe - 127 KW - Struktur-Eigenschaftsbeziehung KW - Flammschutz KW - phosphorhaltige Polyester KW - Polybutylenterephthalat KW - halogenfrei PY - 2015 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-4892 SN - 978-3-9816668-7-8 VL - 127 SP - 1 EP - 160 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-489 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - THES A1 - Mieller, Björn T1 - Modellierungsansätze und neue Brennhilfsmittelkonzepte für die LTCC-Drucksintertechnologie N2 - Niedrigsinternde Glas-Keramik-Komposite (LTCC, low temperature co-fired ceramics) werden erfolgreich als kompakte, mehrlagige Schaltungsträger in der Automobilindustrie und Hochfrequenztechnik eingesetzt. Dazu werden sie mit Verfahren der Folien- und Multilayertechnik verarbeitet und gemeinsam mit aufgedruckten Metallisierungen bei Temperaturen bis 900 °C co-gesintert. Besonders bei hohen Anforderungen an die Reproduzierbarkeit der Sinterschwindung hat sich das Sintern mit axialer Druckunterstützung etabliert, wodurch unter anderem die Schwindung in der Ebene der Einzelfolien unterdrückt werden kann. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, die LTCC-Drucksintertechnologie unter zwei Gesichtspunkten weiterzuentwickeln: • Erarbeitung eines einfachen und praktikablen Verfahrens zur Modellierung und Simulation des Verfahrens, • prozessintegrierte Erzeugung maßgeschneiderter, speziell dünnfilmfähiger Oberflächenstrukturen. Für die Simulation der Sinterung wurde das Modell der Mastersinterkurve ausgewählt. Die Eignung des Modells zur Beschreibung von LTCC-Werkstoffen wird zunächst ohne Druckunterstützung nachgewiesen. Dabei werden die Mastersinterkurven von frei gesinterten Pulverpresslingen und Folienlaminaten, deren Schwindung in der Ebene unterdrückt ist, quantitativ gegenübergestellt. Außerdem wird eine Methode vorgeschlagen und experimentell bestätigt, mit der die Schwindungsfehlpassung von Werkstoffkombinationen bei druckloser Co-Sinterung von berechnet werden kann. Die Modellierung der druckunterstützten Sinterung basiert auf thermomechanischen Analysen eines verbreitet angewendeten, kommerziellen LTCC-Werkstoffs (DuPont GreenTape DP951) im Druckbereich von 2 kPa bis 500 kPa. Die Auswertung der Messwerte und Entwicklung der Mastersinterkurven erfolgt unter Berücksichtigung der Kriechverformung des Werkstoffs unter Druck und wird durch grundlegende Untersuchungen zur für dieses Modell obligatorischen Bestimmung der Aktivierungsenergie ergänzt. Mit einer konstanten Aktivierungsenergie von 400 kJ/mol werden Mastersinterkurven für verschiedene Drücke aufgestellt und mit Anpassungsfunktionen modelliert. Die mit Hilfe der Anpassungsfunktionen simulierten Sinterkurven stimmen gut mit den Messungen überein. Das Modell wird als geeignet und praktikabel bewertet. Die prozessintegrierte Erzeugung maßgeschneiderter Oberflächenstrukturen erfolgt über die im Drucksinterprozess eingesetzten Brennhilfsmittel. Zur Einstellung gewünschter Rautiefen auf den gesinterten Oberflächen werden Opferfolien aus Al2O3 mit unterschiedlichen Partikelgrößenverteilungen und eine Opferfolie aus hexagonalem BN vorgestellt, die über Rückstandsschichten auf der LTCC-Oberfläche die Oberflächenstruktur bestimmen. Der Zusammenhang von Opferfolieneigenschaften und Oberflächencharakteristika wird an verschiedenen LTCC-Werkstoffen beschrieben. Die Rauheit einer druckgesinterten LTCC-Oberfläche kann über die Partikelgröße der Opferfolien gezielt verändert werden. Zur Herstellung dünnfilmkompatibler, rückstandsfreier Oberflächen im Drucksinterprozess wird glasartiger Kohlenstoff als Brennhilfsmittel eingeführt. Damit wird eine Regelung des Sauerstoffpartialdrucks während des Brandes erforderlich. Eine vollständige thermische Entbinderung der Grünfolien ist aufgrund von Kohlenstoffrückständen auf den Partikeloberflächen erst oberhalb 500 °C möglich. Einflüsse der Prozessparameter Druck und Haltezeit auf die resultierende Oberflächenstruktur werden aufgeklärt und optimale Prozessfenster für die untersuchten Werkstoffe angegeben. Mit dem entwickelten Verfahren können zum ersten Mal verschiedene LTCC-Substrate mit dünnfilmfähigen Oberflächen nacharbeitsfrei durch Drucksintern hergestellt werden. Die Ergebnisse zur Modellierung und Simulation leisten einen wertvollen Beitrag zur Einsparung von Energie, Zeit und Kosten bei der Gestaltung von Drucksinterprozessen. Die erarbeiteten Brennhilfsmittelkonzepte können ressourcenaufwändige Nacharbeit teilweise ersetzen und eröffnen durch die Dünnfilmeignung der Oberflächen neue Anwendungsgebiete der Drucksintertechnologie in der Sensor und Mikrosystemtechnik. T3 - BAM Dissertationsreihe - 136 KW - Glaskohlenstoff KW - low temperature co-fired ceramics KW - LTCC KW - Drucksintern KW - Mastersinterkurve KW - Opferfolie PY - 2015 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-5106 N1 - Geburtsname von Mieller, Björn: Brandt, Björn - Birth name of Mieller, Björn: Brandt, Björn VL - 136 SP - 1 EP - 119 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-510 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Phosphorus fertilizer from sewage sludge ashes by thermochemical treatment - Benefits and challenges N2 - Mineral phosphorus (P) fertilizers are solely produced from phosphate rock. Europe completely depends on imports since there are no relevant phosphate rock deposits on the continent. Furthermore, phosphate rock is contaminated with heavy metals such as Cd and U that pollute the farmlands and pose environmental risks. Sewage sludge ash (SSA) might be a promising source for recycling fertilizer since it contains large amounts of P (up to 13 %). However, fertilizer from SSA has to comply with the respective ordinances, particularly the heavy metal limit values stated in the fertilizer ordinance, and requires sufficient P bioavailability. Thus, we conducted a complete survey of SSA from German mono-incineration facilities and developed a thermochemical treatment for SSA to reduce toxic elements and increase P bioavailability. T2 - RAMIRAN 2015 - 16th International conference Rural-Urban Symbiosis CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 08.09.2015 PY - 2015 SN - 978-3-941492-95-0 SP - TA EP - O_20, 33 AN - OPUS4-34311 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Herzel, Hannes T1 - Phasenreaktionen bei der thermochemischen Behandlung von Klärschlammaschen mit Natrium- oder Kaliumverbindungen - Versuche mit Aschen und Modellsubstanzen T2 - DMG Workshop Sektion Angewandte Mineralogie in Umwelt und Technik CY - Bad Windsheim, Germany DA - 2015-02-25 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-32724 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Phosphorus Fertilizer from Sewage Sludge Ashes by thermochemical treatment - Benefits and Challenges T2 - RAMIRAN 2015 - 16th International Conference Rural-Urban Symbiosis CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 2015-09-08 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-34359 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ostermann, Markus A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Mory, D. A1 - Kühn, A. A1 - Wedell, R. T1 - Prozessanalytik mittels RFA und LIBS bei der Düngemittelgewinnung aus Klärschlammaschen T2 - Anakon 2015 CY - Gräz, Östereich DA - 2015-03-23 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-33138 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Thermochemical treatment of sewage sludge ash for P-fertilizer production T2 - European Sustainable Phosphorus Conference 2015 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2015-03-05 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-32725 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ostermann, Markus A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Mory, D. A1 - Kühn, A. T1 - Online-Prozessanalytik von Wertstoffen aus Klärschlammaschen T2 - Hannovermesse 2015 CY - Hannover DA - 2015-04-13 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-33139 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Tasks of Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) in Brasilian-German project ASHES T2 - Fraunhofer Workshop: Project Ashes - Recycling of nutrients form residues of thermo-chemical processing of bagasse/straw CY - Sao Paulo, Brazil DA - 2015-09-29 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-34932 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ostermann, Markus A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Kühn, A. A1 - Wedell, R. A1 - Mory, D. T1 - Integrierte Systeme (RFA und LIBS) zur Düngemottelgewinnung und zum Management der Bodenfruchtbarkeit T2 - 11. Kolloquium AK Prozessanalytik CY - Wien, Austria DA - 2015-12-01 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-35061 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - ext. Ehbrecht, A. A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Krüger, Oliver T1 - Technische Prozesse zur Phosphorrückgewinnung aus Klärschlammaschen T2 - 8. CMM Tagung Material - Prozesse - Systeme CY - Karlsruhe, Deutschland DA - 2015-10-07 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-34475 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ostermann, Markus A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Kühn, A. A1 - Wedell, R. A1 - Mory, D. T1 - Einsatz der RFA und LIBS zur Düngemittelgewinnung aus Klärschlammaschen T2 - Prozessnahe Röntgenanalytik PRORA 2015 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2015-11-12 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-35060 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Krüger, Oliver T1 - Phosphorus flows in German sewage sludge ashes and potential recovery technologies T2 - Mining the Technosphere CY - Wien, Austria DA - 2015-10-01 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-34473 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - ext. Stemann, Jan A1 - ext. Nättorp, Anders T1 - P-Recovery Technologies and Products T2 - P-REX workshop CY - Amsterdam, Netherlands DA - 2015-06-11 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-34360 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Matzen, Melissa A1 - Kandola, B. A1 - Huth, Christian A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Influence of flame retardants on the melt dripping behaviour of thermoplastic polymers N2 - Melt flow and dripping of the pyrolysing polymer melt can be both a benefit and a detriment during a fire. In several small-scale fire tests addressing the ignition of a defined specimen with a small ignition source, well-adjusted melt flow and dripping are usually beneficial to pass the test. The presence of flame retardants often changes the melt viscosity crucially. The influence of certain flame retardants on the dripping behaviour of four commercial polymers, poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT), polypropylene (PP), polypropylene modified with ethylene-propylene rubber (PP-EP) and polyamide 6 (PA 6), is analysed based on an experimental monitoring of the mass loss due to melt dripping, drop size and drop temperature as a function of the furnace temperature applied to a rod-shaped specimen. Investigating the thermal transition (DSC), thermal and thermo-oxidative decomposition, as well as the viscosity of the polymer and collected drops completes the investigation. Different mechanisms of the flame retardants are associated with their influence on the dripping behaviour in the UL 94 test. Reduction in decomposition temperature and changed viscosity play a major role. A flow limit in flame-retarded PBT, enhanced decomposition of flame-retarded PP and PP-EP and the promotion of dripping in PA 6 are the salient features discussed. KW - Fire retardant KW - Viscosity KW - Melt dripping KW - Reaction-to-small-flame KW - UL 94 PY - 2015 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-338941 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma8095267 SN - 1996-1944 VL - 8 IS - 9 SP - 5621 EP - 5646 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-33894 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Frasca, Daniele A1 - Schulze, Dietmar A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Multilayer Graphene Elastomer Nanocomposites T2 - International Rubber Conference IRC 2015 CY - Nüremberg, Germany DA - 2015-06-29 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-33624 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Langfeld, Kirsten A1 - Wilke, Antje A1 - Sut, Aleksandra A1 - Greiser, Sebastian A1 - Ulmer, B. A1 - Andrievici, V. A1 - Limbach, P. A1 - Bastian, Martin A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Halogen-free fire retardant styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene-based thermoplastic elastomers using synergistic aluminium diethylphosphinate-based combinations N2 - Multicomponent flame retardant systems containing aluminum diethylphosphinate in thermoplastic styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene elastomers are investigated (oxygen index, UL 94, cone calorimeter, and mechanical testing). Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, scanning electron microscopy, and elemental analysis illuminate the interactions in the condensed phase. Thermoplastic styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene elastomers are a challenge for flame retardancy (peak heat release rate at 50 kW m-2 > 2000 kW m-2, oxygen index = 17.2 vol%, no UL-94 horizontal burn rating) since it burns without residue and with a very high effective heat of combustion. Adding aluminum diethylphosphinate results in efficient flame inhibition and improves the reaction to small flame, but it is less effective in the cone calorimeter. Its efficacy levels off for amounts >~25 wt%. As the most promising synergistic system, aluminum diethylphosphinate/melamine polyphosphate was identified, combining the main gas action of aluminum diethylphosphinate with condensed phase mechanisms. The protection layer was further improved with several adjuvants. Keeping the overall flame retardant content at 30 wt%, aluminum diethylphosphinate/melamine polyphosphate/titanium dioxide and aluminum diethylphosphinate/melamine polyphosphate/boehmite were the best approaches. An oxygen index of up to 27 vol% was achieved and a horizontal burn rating in UL 94 with immediate self-extinction; peak heat release rate decreased by up to 85% compared to thermoplastic styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene elastomers, to <300 kW m-2. KW - Flame retardancy KW - Aluminium phosphinate KW - Thermoplastic elastomers KW - Cone calorimetry KW - Flammability PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1177/0734904114565581 SN - 0734-9041 SN - 1530-8049 VL - 33 IS - 2 SP - 157 EP - 177 PB - Sage CY - London AN - OPUS4-32692 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Frasca, Daniele A1 - Schulze, Dietmar A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Huth, Christian A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Multifunctional multilayer graphene/elastomer nanocomposites N2 - Elastomers are usually reinforced and employed in different applications. Various different nanoparticles, including layered silicates, carbon nanotubes, and expanded graphite, are currently being used as nanofiller. Multilayer Graphene (MLG) is proposed as promising nanofiller to improve the functional properties of Chlorine-Isobutylene-Isoprene Rubber (CIIR), Nitrile-Butadiene Rubber (NBR), Natural Rubber (NR) and Styrene–Butadiene Rubber (SBR) at low concentrations. MLG is constituted by only approximately 10 graphene sheets. Nanocomposites with extremely low MLG content (3 phr) showed evident improvement in rheological, mechanical and curing properties. The Young's modulus of the nanocomposites increased more than twice in comparison with the unfilled rubbers. MLG also improved the weathering resistance of the different rubbers. The nanocomposites conserved their initial mechanical properties against weathering exposure. KW - Elastomer KW - Nanocomposite KW - Multilayer graphene PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.07.050 SN - 0014-3057 SN - 1873-1945 VL - 71 SP - 99 EP - 113 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-33843 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yin, Huajie A1 - Dittrich, Bettina A1 - Farooq, Muhammad A1 - Kerling, S. A1 - Wartig, K.-A. A1 - Hofmann, D. A1 - Huth, Christian A1 - Okolieocha, C. A1 - Altstädt, V. A1 - Schönhals, Andreas A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Carbon-based nanofillers/poly(butylene terephthalate): thermal, dielectric, electrical and rheological properties N2 - The influence of distinct carbon based nanofillers: expanded graphite (EG), conducting carbon black (CB), thermally reduced graphene oxide (TRGO) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) on the thermal, dielectric, electrical and rheological properties of polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) was examined. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of PBT nanocomposites is independent of the filler type and content. The carbon particles act as nucleation agents and significantly affect the melting temperature (Tm), the crystallization temperature (Tc) and the degree of crystallinity of PBT composites. PBT composites with EG show insulating behaviour over the tested concentration range of 0.5 to 2 wt.-% and hardly changed rheological behaviour. CB, CNT and TRGO induce electrical conductivity to their particular PBT composites by forming a conducting particle network within the polymer matrix. CNT reached the percolation threshold at the lowest concentration (<0.5 wt.-%), followed by TRGO (<1 wt.-%) and CB (<2 wt.-%). With the formation of a particle network, the flow behaviour of composites with CB, CNT and TRGO is affected, i.e., a flow limit occurs and the melt viscosity increases. The degree of influence of the carbon nanofillers on the rheological properties of PBT composites follows the same order as for electrical conductivity. Electrical and rheological results suggest an influence attributed to the particle dispersion, which is proposed to follow the order of EG<< CBα || <0 0 1>sp . However, also the discovered precipitated particles are characterized by the same crystallographic orientation relationship to the respective ferritic parent grain. The habit of the precipitates is best described by a lath morphology with their main axis parallel to <1 0 0> of ferrite. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) in scanning electron microscope (SEM) have been applied to characterize the oxide layer in micrometer scale. The clearly smaller precipitates were subsequently investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Specimens have been prepared by focused ion-beam (FIB) milling at an area previously characterized by EBSD. They cover the ferritic base material, but mainly the precipitation zone and the Fe–Cr spinel layer. Energy filtered selected area diffraction (SAD) in the conventional (C)TEM and high-angle annular dark field (HAADF) imaging in the scanning (S)TEM mode were employed in the characterization of the specimens. T2 - PTM 2015 - International conference on solid-solid phase transformations in inorganic materials CY - Whistler, BC, Canada DA - 28.06.2015 KW - Precipitation KW - Nano-crystals KW - Oxidation KW - Phase transformation KW - EBSD KW - TEM PY - 2015 SP - 379 EP - 386 AN - OPUS4-34444 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Timme, Sebastian A1 - Hörold, Andreas A1 - Trappe, Volker A1 - Korzen, Manfred A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Shells in Fire: Structural Integrity In Intermediate-Scale T2 - FRPM 2015, 15th European Meeting on Fire Retardancy and Protection of Materials CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2015-06-22 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-33628 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lorenzetti, A. A1 - Dittrich, Bettina A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Bruschetta, A. A1 - Roso, M. A1 - Hrelja, D. T1 - Effect of Expansion Rate and Intercalaton Compounds on Flame Retardancy of Expandable Graphite in Polyurethane Rigid Foams T2 - FRPM 2015, 15th European Meeting on Fire Retardancy and Protection of Materials CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2015-06-22 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-33631 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sut, Aleksandra A1 - Greiser, Sebastian A1 - Jäger, Christian A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Solid-state NMR Identifying the Chemistry Behind Synergy in Flame Retardant Polymers T2 - FRPM 2015, 15th European Meeting on Fire Retardancy and Protection of Materials CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2015-06-22 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-33625 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mieller, Björn A1 - Rabe, Torsten T1 - New Setter Materials for the Pressure-Assisted Sintering of Low Temperature Co-Fired Ceramics T2 - 14th International Conference of the European Ceramic Society - ECERS 2015 CY - Toledo, Spain DA - 2015-06-21 PY - 2015 N1 - Geburtsname von Mieller, Björn: Brandt, B. - Birth name of Mieller, Björn: Brandt, B. AN - OPUS4-33568 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Dittrich, Bettina A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Wartig, K.-A. A1 - Mülhaupt, R. T1 - Graphene - Adjuvant for Halogen-Free Flame Retardants? T2 - FRPM 2015, 15th European Meeting on Fire Retardancy and Protection of Materials CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2015-06-22 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-33627 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - From Know-how to Challenges in Bench-scale Fire Testing: A Polymer Researcher's Viewpoint T2 - Workshop Small Scale Fire Testing, (FRPM 2015) CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2015-06-21 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-33630 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - BAM Elastomer-Referenzmaterialien: Herstellung, Charakterisierung und weltweiter Vertrieb T2 - 32. Tagung der DKG Bezirksgruppe Ost CY - Berlin DA - 2015-05-27 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-33287 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Vogl, Jochen A1 - Mieller, Björn A1 - Noordmann, J. A1 - Rienitz, O. A1 - Kaltenbach, A. A1 - Malinovskiy, D. T1 - Absolute Mg isotope ratio measurements T2 - Final Project meeting SIB09 ELEMENTS CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2015-06-23 PY - 2015 N1 - Geburtsname von Mieller, Björn: Brandt, B. - Birth name of Mieller, Björn: Brandt, B. AN - OPUS4-33600 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Frasca, Daniele A1 - Schulze, Dietmar A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Rubber/Multilayer Graphene Nanocomposites T2 - 32. Tagung der DKG Bezirksgruppe Ost CY - Berlin DA - 2015-05-27 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-33274 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mieller, Björn A1 - Paulick, C. A1 - Rehmer, Birgit A1 - Rabe, Torsten T1 - Bursting Tensile Strength Testing of brazed joints formed by Reactive Air Brazing with Novel Composite Tapes T2 - EUROMAT 2015 CY - Warsaw, Poland DA - 2015-09-20 PY - 2015 N1 - Geburtsname von Mieller, Björn: Brandt, B. - Birth name of Mieller, Björn: Brandt, B. AN - OPUS4-34298 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schlingmann, T. A1 - Becker, J. A1 - Terlinde, G. A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - The Effect of Increased Mg Content on the Strength of Al_Cu_Li Alloys T2 - EUROMAT 2015 CY - Warschau, Polen DA - 2015-09-20 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-34295 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana T1 - Polymer Characterization by Multidimensional Techniques T2 - Analysis and Characterization of Polymers CY - Toulouse, France DA - 2015-09-07 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-34108 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Morys, Michael A1 - Illerhaus, Bernhard A1 - Sturm, Heinz A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Revealing the inner secrets of intumescent chars by advanced small scale tests combined with µ-CT N2 - Testing of intumescent coatings for Steel is usually done in intermediate scale or even full scale experiments and is hence quite expensive. We developed two complementary small scale tests, simulating fully developed Tire. First is a strongly modified electrical muffle furnace, which is now able to follow the Standard temperature-time curve (according EN 1363-1) for 90 min in a very accurate manner. Düring the experiment backside temperatures are recorded and the growth of the char is observed with a custom made high temperature endoscope. Second is a testing apparatus based on a propane-oxygen-bumer for direct severe flame impingement of coated samples, reaching temperatures far above 1500 °C. Our small scale samples are coated Steel plates of a size of 75 x 75 x 2 mm3. The structure-propertyrelation between additives, thermal properties and morphology of the char were examined using a well determined series of samples consisting of basic composition mixed with different additives. With the burner-testing-apparatus we studied the behavior of a high performance coating, which shows a transformation of the carbonaceous char into a ceramic foam at temperatures as high as 1600 °C. Nondestructive micro-computed tomography was used to characterize the morphology of the char. According to the structure of the foams we used different analytic methods like cell-detection or wallthickness-analysis. Additional scanning electron and optical microscopy were performed. The combination of the CT-data with the measured backside temperatures of the different samples provides us a deep understanding of the interaction between isolating properties and morphology of intumescent chars. T2 - Fire and materials 2015 - 14th International conference and exhibition CY - San Francisco, CA, USA DA - 02.02.2015 PY - 2015 SP - 478 EP - 483 PB - Interscience Communications AN - OPUS4-32710 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Ulmer, Bernhard A1 - Wilke, Antje A1 - Andrievici, V. A1 - Langfeld, Kirsten A1 - Limbach, Patrick A1 - Sut, Aleksandra A1 - Bastian, Martin A1 - Hörold, Andreas A1 - Kretzschmer, K. T1 - Mission Impossible: Halogen-free flame retardant SEBS T2 - 14th Conference Trends in Fire Safety and Innovative Flame Retardants for Plastics CY - Würzburg, Germany DA - 2015-03-18 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-32886 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Morys, Michael A1 - Illerhaus, Bernhard A1 - Sturm, Heinz A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Revealing the inner secrets of intumescent chars by advanced small scale tests combined with µ-CT T2 - 14th International Conference Fire and Materials 2015 CY - San Francisco, USA DA - 2015-02-02 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-32631 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mieller, Björn A1 - Rabe, Torsten T1 - Druckunterstützendes Sintern glaskeramischer Komposite mit Opferfolie aus hexagonalem Bornitrid T2 - 90. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Keramischen Gesellschaft (DKG) CY - Bayreuth, Deutschland DA - 2015-03-15 PY - 2015 N1 - Geburtsname von Mieller, Björn: Brandt, B. - Birth name of Mieller, Björn: Brandt, B. AN - OPUS4-32851 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana T1 - Liquid Chromatography at Critical Conditions - advantages and shortcomings T2 - Arbeitskreis Polymeranalytik CY - Fraunhofer-Institut für Betriebsfestigkeit und Systemzuverlässigkeit LBF Darmstadt DA - 2015-03-20 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-32937 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana A1 - Matzen, Melissa A1 - Radke, Wolfgang T1 - Structure Analysis of Oligomers by Online UHPLC/ ESI-TOF-MS T2 - ANAKON 2015 CY - Graz, Austria DA - 2015-03-23 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-32936 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mieller, Björn A1 - Rabe, Torsten T1 - Structuring of LTCC Substrates by a Combination of Pressure-Assisted Sintering and Hot-Embossing T2 - IMAPS/ACerS 11th International Conference and Exhibition on Ceramic Interconnect and Ceramic Microsystem Technologies (CICMT 2015) CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 2015-04-20 PY - 2015 N1 - Geburtsname von Mieller, Björn: Brandt, B. - Birth name of Mieller, Björn: Brandt, B. AN - OPUS4-33090 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mieller, Björn A1 - Rabe, Torsten T1 - Compilation and evaluation of the pressure-assisted master sintering surface for low-temperature cofired ceramics N2 - Pressure-assisted sintering (PAS) is an established procedure for the production of low-temperature cofired ceramics (LTCC) without lateral shrinkage and minimal shrinkage tolerances for automotive and high-frequency applications. To develop a feasible model for the prediction of densification during that process, master sintering curves (MSCs) for the commercial LTCC DP951 were generated from thermomechanical analysis (TMA) data in the pressure regime from 2 to 500 kPa. Strain mainly related to creep deformation of the LTCC was identified by evaluation of the strain rate and was discarded for the determination of MSC parameters. It was found that no creep occurred at any pressure up to a relative density of 0.9. Different pressure levels can be modeled with the same activation energy of 400 kJ/mol. Densification curves predicted by the model were in good agreement with experimental data. Based on MSCs, the pressure-assisted master sintering surface was compiled to illustrate the influence of pressure on densification. The results show that the MSC approach is a suitable method to feasibly predict the densification of LTCC during PAS. KW - LTCC KW - Low temperature co-fired ceramics KW - Master sintering curve KW - Activation energy KW - DP951 PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.13732 SN - 0002-7820 SN - 1551-2916 N1 - Geburtsname von Mieller, Björn: Brandt, B. - Birth name of Mieller, Björn: Brandt, B. VL - 98 IS - 11 SP - 3503 EP - 3508 PB - Blackwell Publishing CY - Malden AN - OPUS4-34795 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo A1 - Eggeler, Gunther A1 - Pöthkow, Kai A1 - Pätsch, Olaf A1 - Hege, H. C. T1 - Three-Dimensional Characterization of Superdislocation Interactions in the High Temperture and Low Stress Creep Regime of Ni-Base Superalloy Single Crystals T2 - 13th International Conference on Creep and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures (CREEP 2015) CY - Toulouse, France DA - 2015-05-31 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-34517 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo A1 - Göbenli, Gülcan A1 - Eggeler, Gunther T1 - High Temperature and Low Stress (011)<01-1> Shear Creep Deformation of the Single Crystal Ni-Based Superalloy LEK 94 - elementary softening and deformation processes T2 - 17th International Conference on the Strength of Materials (ICSMA17) CY - Brno, Czech Republic DA - 2015-10-01 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-34516 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Vogl, Jochen A1 - Noordmann, J. A1 - Rienitz, O. A1 - Mieller, Björn T1 - Certification of an isotope reference material (IRM) for magnesium: Determination of SI traceable isotope ratios T2 - 14th International Symposium on Biological and Environmental Reference Materials (BERM 14) CY - National Harbor, Maryland 20745 USA DA - 2015-10-11 PY - 2015 N1 - Geburtsname von Mieller, Björn: Brandt, B. - Birth name of Mieller, Björn: Brandt, B. AN - OPUS4-34483 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -