TY - CONF A1 - Perret, Birgit A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Stöß, K. A1 - Diederichs, J. A1 - Ciesielski, M. A1 - Döring, M. A1 - Krämer, J. A1 - Altstädt, V. T1 - Novel phosphorus-based flame retardants for epoxy resins and carbon fiber composites: Decomposition mechanisms and fire behavior T2 - 21th Annual Conference Recent Advances in Flame Retardancy of Polymeric Materials CY - Stamford, CT, USA DA - 2010-05-24 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-21431 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jäger, Christian A1 - Karrasch, Andrea A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Thermal Decomposition of Flame-Retarded Polycarbonat / Silicon Rubber Blends: A Solid-State NMR Investigation T2 - Festkörper-NMR-Methoden und Anwendungen in der Materialforschung, Seminar der Universität Tübingen CY - Bad Hindelang, Germany DA - 2010-07-18 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-21679 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kempel, Florian A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja A1 - Butler, K.M. A1 - Onate, E. A1 - Idelsohn, S.R. A1 - Rossi, R. A1 - Marti, J.M. T1 - Numerical simulation of polymeric materials in UL 94 test: competition of gasification and melt flow/dripping T2 - Interflam 2010 CY - Nottingham, England DA - 2010-07-05 PY - 2010 N1 - Geburtsname von Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja: Hofmann, A. - Birth name of Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja: Hofmann, A. AN - OPUS4-21722 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kempel, Florian A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja A1 - Linteris, G.T. A1 - Lyon, R.E. A1 - Walters, R.N. A1 - Stoliarov, S. I. T1 - Numerical simulation of polymer materials in standard fire tests: pyrolysis and the impact of residue formation T2 - Interflam 2010 CY - Nottingham, England DA - 2010-07-05 PY - 2010 N1 - Geburtsname von Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja: Hofmann, A. - Birth name of Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja: Hofmann, A. AN - OPUS4-21721 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jäger, Christian A1 - Karrasch, Andrea A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Thermal Decomposition of Flame-Retarded Polycarbonat / Silicon Rubber Blends: A Solid-State NMR Investigation T2 - 52. Rocky Mountain Conference on Analytical Chemistry CY - Snowmass, CO, USA DA - 2010-08-01 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-21680 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Perret, Birgit A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Wawrzyn, Eliza A1 - Richter, K. H. A1 - Seefeldt, Henrik T1 - Halogen-free flame retarded Bisphenol a polycarbonate blends T2 - 10th European Symposium on Polymer Blends CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 2010-03-07 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-21034 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Weiß, André A1 - Mohr, F. A1 - Kleemeier, M. A1 - Hartwig, A. A1 - Braun, Ulrike T1 - Flame retarded epoxy resins by adding layered silicate in combination with the conventional protection-layer-building flame retardants melamine borate and ammonium polyphosphate N2 - The pyrolysis and flammability of phosphonium-modified layered silicate epoxy resin nanocomposites (EP/LS) were evaluated when LS was combined with two flame retardants, melamine borate (MB) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP), that also act via a surface protection layer. Thermogravimetry (TG), TG coupled with Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (TG-FTIR), oxygen index (LOI), UL 94 burning chamber (UL 94) and cone calorimeter were used. The glassy coating because of 10 wt % MB during combustion showed effects in the cone calorimeter test similar to nanodispersed LS, and somewhat better flame retardancy in flammability tests, such as LOI and UL 94. Adding APP to EP resulted in intumescent systems. The fire retardancy was particularly convincing when 15 wt % APP was used, especially for low external heat flux, and thus, also in flammability tests like LOI and UL 94. V0 classification is achieved when 15 wt % APP is used in EP. The flame retardancy efficiency of the protection layers formed does not increase linearly with the MB and APP concentrations used. The combination of LS with MB or APP shows antagonism; thus the performance of the combination of LS with MB or APP, respectively, was disappointing. No optimization of the carbonaceous-inorganic surface layer occurred for LS-MB. Combining LS with APP inhibited the intumescence, most probably through an increase in viscosity clearly above the value needed for intumescent behavior. KW - Nanocomposites KW - Fire retardance KW - Thermosets KW - Organoclay KW - Ammonium polyphosphate KW - Melamine borate PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/app.32512 SN - 0021-8995 SN - 1097-4628 VL - 118 IS - 2 SP - 1134 EP - 1143 PB - Wiley InterScience CY - Hoboken, NJ AN - OPUS4-21725 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fandrich, Nick A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana A1 - Weidner, Steffen A1 - Pfeifer, Dietmar A1 - Staal, B. A1 - Thünemann, Andreas A1 - Laschewsky, A. T1 - Characterization of new amphiphilic block copolymers of N-vinyl pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate, 1 - analysis of copolymer composition, end groups, molar masses and molar mass distributions N2 - New amphiphilic block copolymers consisting of N-vinyl pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate were synthesized via controlled radical polymerization using a reversible addition/fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT)/macromolecular design via the interchange of xanthates (MADIX) system. The synthesis was carried out in 1,4-dioxane as process solvent. In order to get conclusions on the mechanism of the polymerization the molecular structure of formed copolymers was analysed by means of different analytical techniques. 13C NMR spectroscopy was used for the determination of the monomer ratios. End groups were analysed by means of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. This technique was also used to determine possible fragmentations of the RAFT end groups. By means of a combination of size exclusion chromatography, 13C NMR and static light scattering molar mass distributions and absolute molar masses could be analysed. The results clearly show a non-ideal RAFT mechanism. KW - Amphiphiles KW - Block copolymers KW - Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) KW - N-vinyl pyrrolidone KW - Reversible addition/fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.200900466 SN - 1022-1352 SN - 1521-3935 VL - 211 IS - 8 SP - 869 EP - 878 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-21905 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Bahr, Horst A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Recknagel, Christoph T1 - Short communication: Fire risks of burning asphalt N2 - Eyewitnesses describe burning pavement surfaces in extreme fire scenarios. However, it was believed that the pavement plays a negligible role in comparison to other items feeding such an extreme fire at the same time. The asphalt mixtures used differ widely, thus raising the question as to whether this conclusion holds for all kinds of such materials. Three different kinds of asphalt mixtures were investigated with the aim of benchmarking the fire risks. Cone calorimeter tests are performed at an irradiance of 70kWm-2. All three investigated asphalts burn in extreme fire scenarios. The fire response (fire load, time to ignition, maximum heat release rate and smoke production) is quite different and varies by factors of up to 10 when compared to each other. The fire load per mass is always very low due to the high content of inert minerals, whereas the effective heat of combustion of the volatiles is quite typical of non-flame retarded organics. The heat release rate and fire growth indices are strongly dependent on the fire residue and thus the kind of mineral filler used. Comparing with polymeric materials, the investigated Mastic Asphalt and Stone Mastic Asphalt may be called intrinsically flame resistant, whereas the investigated Special Asphalt showed a pronouncedly greater fire risk with respect to causing fire growth and smoke. Thus the question is raised as to whether the use of certain kinds of asphalts in tunnels must be reconsidered. Apart from the binder used, the study also indicates varying the kind of aggregate as a possible route to eliminate the problem. KW - Asphalt KW - Cone calorimeter KW - Fire behaviour PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.1027 SN - 0308-0501 SN - 1099-1018 VL - 34 IS - 7 SP - 333 EP - 340 PB - Heyden CY - London AN - OPUS4-22172 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Bahr, Horst A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Weathering resistance of halogen-free flame retardance in thermoplastics N2 - The influence of weathering on the fire retardancy of polymers is investigated by means of a cone calorimeter test, before and after artificial weathering. The surface degradation was monitored using different techniques (ATR–FTIR, microscopy, colour measurement). Different kinds of polymeric materials were chosen, all as they are used in practice: polycarbonate (PC) blends, polyamide (PA) and polypropylene (PP) flame-retarded with arylphosphate, melamine cyanurate (MC) and intumescent formulation based on ammonium polyphosphate (APP), respectively. All samples show material degradation at the surface due to weathering. No significant weathering influence occurs on the flame retardancy when it is a bulk property, as was observed for aryl phosphates in PC blends and MC in PA. When the fire retardancy is dominated by a surface mechanism, dependence on the duration of weathering is detected: for intumescent formulations based on ammonium APP in PP, a worsening in the formation of the intumescent network was observed. KW - Fire retardancy KW - Weathering resistance KW - Degradation KW - Intumescence KW - Cone calorimeter PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.08.020 SN - 0141-3910 SN - 1873-2321 VL - 95 IS - 12 SP - 2421 EP - 2429 PB - Applied Science Publ. CY - London AN - OPUS4-22612 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -