TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Pawlowski, Kristin A1 - Perret, Birgit T1 - Flame retardancy mechanisms in Halogen-Free PC/ABS Blends N2 - For applications such as in electronical engineering and transportation the fire behavior of PC/ABS is a key property and hence the flame retardancy of polycarbonate (bisphenol A)/acrylonitrilebutadienestyrene blends (PC/ABS) is a key challenge. Within the search for halogen-free flame retardants the development of phosphorus-based systems plays an important role. In the last decades aryl phosphates, such as triphenyl phosphate (TPP), resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) (RDP) and bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BDP) were proposed successfully for PC/ABS.1,2 Nowadays, predominantly different systems based on RDP and BDP in combination with poly(tetrafluoroethylene)(PTFE) are used. However, halogen-free flame retarded PC/ABS blends show high growth rates and it is a highly innovative field, which means that several products have been launched to the market in the last 5 – 10 years. In order to invent the next generation of PC/ABS, the scientific understanding of mechanisms and the comprehensive description of the resulting performance is recognized as a possible key towards an aimed or tailored development. T2 - 235th ACS National Meeting CY - New Orleans, LA, USA DA - 2008-04-06 PY - 2008 AN - OPUS4-17631 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Flame Retardancy Mechanisms of Aluminium Phosphinate in Combination with Melamine Cyanurate in Glass-Fibre-Reinforced Poly(1,4-butylene terephthalate) N2 - The flame retardancy mechanisms of aluminium diethylphosphinate (AlPi) and its combination with melamine cyanurate (MC) in glass-fibre-reinforced poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT/GF) were analysed using TGA including evolved gas analysis (TGA-FTIR), cone calorimeter measurements using various irradiations, flammability tests (limited oxygen index, LOI, UL 94) and chemical analyses of residues (FTIR, SEM/EDX). AlPi decomposed mainly through the formation of diethylphosphinic acid and aluminium phosphate and influenced the decomposition of the PBT only slightly. AlPi acted mainly through flame inhibition. A halogen-free V-0 PBT/GF material was achieved with a LOI of 44%. Additional charring influenced the flammability. MC decomposed independently of the polymer and showed some fuel dilution effects. KW - Flame retardance KW - Metal phosphinate KW - Polyester KW - Pyrolysis KW - Thermogravimetric analysis PY - 2008 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.200700330 SN - 1438-7492 SN - 1439-2054 VL - 293 IS - 3 SP - 206 EP - 217 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-17122 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Braun, Ulrike T1 - Understanding Fire Retardancy Mechanisms in Composites: A Key for Future Development T2 - 5th International Conference on Composites In Fire (CIF5) CY - Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom DA - 2008-07-10 KW - Fire retardancy KW - Composites KW - Flame Retardants KW - Phosphinate PY - 2008 SP - 01-1 - 01-10 CY - Newcastle upon Tyne, UK AN - OPUS4-17716 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Sturm, Heinz A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Flame retardancy mechanisms of aluminium phosphinate in glass-fibre reinforced polyester T2 - Flame Retardants 2008 Conference CY - London, UK DA - 2008-02-12 PY - 2008 SN - 978-0-9556548-1-7 SP - 133 EP - 140 PB - Interscience Communications CY - London, UK AN - OPUS4-17785 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Fandrich, Nick A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana A1 - Weidner, Steffen A1 - Pfeifer, Dietmar A1 - Thünemann, Andreas A1 - Laschewski, A. A1 - Staal, B. T1 - Characterisation of new blocky copolymers of N-vinyl pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate by using of liquid chromatography and hyphenated techniques T2 - ExTech-HTC-Public Safety and Security Symposia CY - Bruges, Belgium DA - 2008-01-30 PY - 2008 AN - OPUS4-16398 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Karrasch, Andrea A1 - Jäger, Christian A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Thermal decomposition of PDMS in flame-retarded bisphenol-A polycarbonate: A solid-state NMR investigation T2 - GDCh-Tagung Magnetische Resonanz 2008 CY - Regensburg, Germany DA - 2008-09-22 PY - 2008 AN - OPUS4-17831 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Pawlowski, Kristin A1 - Perret, Birgit T1 - Flame Retardancy Mechanisms in Halogen-Free PC/ABS Blends KW - Fire Retardancy KW - PC/ABS KW - Arylphosphates KW - Cone Calorimeter KW - UL 94 KW - LOI KW - TG-FTIR PY - 2008 SN - 0743-0515 VL - 98 SP - 245 EP - 246 PB - Division of Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering, American Chemical Society CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-17625 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Braun, Ulrike T1 - Understanding fire retardancy mechanisms in composites: A key for future development T2 - Fifth International Conference on Composites in Fire CY - Newcastle upon Tyne, England DA - 2008-07-10 PY - 2008 AN - OPUS4-17701 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana T1 - Synthesis and characterization of Polylactides by coupling of liquid chromatographic methods with MALDI-TOF-MS T2 - Kick-Off-Meeting; Bioabbaubare Verpackungen aus Polylactid CY - Darmstadt, Germany DA - 2008-05-08 PY - 2008 AN - OPUS4-17895 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Sturm, Heinz A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Flame retardancy mechanisms of aluminium phosphinate in glass-fibre reinforced polyester T2 - Flame Retardants 2008 CY - London, England DA - 2008-02-12 PY - 2008 AN - OPUS4-16672 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Pawlowski, Kristin T1 - Phosphorus-containing flame retarded polymeric materials T2 - Makromolekulares Kolloquium Freiburg CY - Freiburg, Germany DA - 2008-02-28 PY - 2008 AN - OPUS4-16702 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Karrasch, Andrea A1 - Jäger, Christian A1 - Wawrzyn, Eliza A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Thermal decomposition behaviour of flame-retarded Bisphenol-a Polycarbonate: a solid-state NMR investigation T2 - Polydays 2008, Freie Universität Berlin CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2008-10-01 PY - 2008 N1 - Geburtsname von Wawrzyn, Eliza: Pikacz, E. - Birth name of Wawrzyn, Eliza: Pikacz, E. AN - OPUS4-17960 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Balabanovich, Aliaksandr A1 - Artner, J. A1 - Ciesielski, M. A1 - Döring, M. A1 - Perez, R.M. A1 - Sandler, J.K.W. A1 - Altstädt, V. T1 - Pyrolysis and fire behaviour of epoxy systems containing a novel 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide-(DOPO)-based diamino hardener N2 - Highly soluble 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide-(DOPO)-based diamino hardener (2), bearing its amino groups directly on the DOPO framework, is investigated with respect to its use as a reactive flame retardant in thermosets. A mechanism for decomposition of the corresponding phosphorus-modified epoxy resin system based on a diglycidylether of bisphenol A DGEBA and 2 (DGEBA/2) is proposed and compared to the systems using DGEBA and 4,4'-diaminodiphenylsulfon (DGEBA/DDS) and to a similar system based on the structurally comparable non-reactive DOPO-based compound (DGEBA/DDS/1). Additive 1 changed the decomposition characteristics of the epoxy resin only slightly and phosphorus was released. Incorporating 2 induces two-step decomposition and most of the phosphorus remains in the residue. Furthermore, the fire behaviour of neat epoxy resin systems and a representative carbon fibre-reinforced composite based on DGEBA, DDS and 2 (DGEBA/DDS/2) were examined and compared to that of the analogous composite systems based on DGEBA/DDS and DGEBA/DDS/1. Based on different flame retardancy mechanisms both the reactive compound 2 and the additive compound 1 improve flammability (increase in LOI >13% and achieving V-1 behaviour) of the epoxy resin and composites. Under forced flaming only the flame inhibition of the additive compound 1 acts sufficiently. Lastly, the superior key mechanical properties of the epoxy resin and composite based on 2 are sketched. KW - Decomposition KW - DOPO KW - Flame retardancy KW - Composites KW - Thermosets PY - 2008 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.01.017 SN - 0014-3057 SN - 1873-1945 VL - 44 IS - 3 SP - 704 EP - 715 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-16708 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Knoll, Uta A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias A1 - Goering, Harald A1 - Neubert, Dietmar A1 - Pötschke, P. T1 - Mechanical, Thermal, and Fire Behavior of Bisphenol A Polycarbonate/Multiwall Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites N2 - Nanocomposites of bisphenol A polycarbonate with 2, 4, 6, and 15 wt% multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNT) and their use in fire retardancy are investigated. Their thermal behavior and pyrolysis are characterized using thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimeter, oscillatory shear rheology, and dynamic mechanical analysis. The flammability is addressed using LOI and UL 94; the fire behavior, with a cone calorimeter using different irradiation. With increasing MWNT content the storage modulus is increased (10-20%) and melt viscosity increases by several orders of magnitude, particularly for low shear rates. The melt flow, dripping, and deformation during fire are hindered, which influences UL 94 and cone calorimeter results. The peak heat release rate is reduced up to 40-50% due to an improved barrier for small amounts (2 wt%) of MWNT and for low irradiation, whereas the effect is reduced for increasing irradiation and nearly vanishes for increasing filling. Adjuvant but also deleterious mechanisms result in the complex dependency on the MWNT content. Significant flame retardancy effects are specific and limited to only some fire properties. This study allows the materials' potential for implementation in different fire scenarios and tests to be assessed and provides insight into active mechanisms. KW - Flame retardancy KW - Nanocomposite KW - Carbon multiwall nanotube (MWNT) KW - Cone Caorimeter KW - Flammability PY - 2008 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.20932 SN - 0032-3888 SN - 1548-2634 VL - 48 IS - 1 SP - 149 EP - 158 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken, NY AN - OPUS4-16365 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Artner, J. A1 - Ciesielski, M. A1 - Walter, O. A1 - Döring, M. A1 - Perez, R.M. A1 - Sandler, J.K.W. A1 - Altstädt, V. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - A novel DOPO-based diamine as hardener and flame retardant for epoxy resin systems N2 - 10-Ethyl-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (1) can be nitrated using acetic anhydride and fuming nitric acid. The nitro group is reduced using palladium on charcoal and hydrogen. These reaction conditions are used for the synthesis of an analogous DOPO-based diaminic hardener (7). An evaluation of the curing behavior, mechanical properties and flammability of a neat resin made of DGEBA and 7 (DGEBA + 7) and of a carbon fiber-reinforced resin made of DGEBA, 4,4-diaminodiphenylsulfon (DDS) and 7 (DGEBA + DDS + 7) shows the potential of this hardener to lead to flame-retardant systems while keeping relevant properties on a high level; especially when compared to a similar system (DGEBA + DDS + 1). KW - Composites KW - Epoxy resins KW - Synthesis KW - Flame retardancy KW - Mechanical properties PY - 2008 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.200700287 SN - 1438-7492 SN - 1439-2054 VL - 293 IS - 6 SP - 503 EP - 514 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-17624 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krüger, Hannes A1 - Kemnitz, E. A1 - Hertwig, Andreas A1 - Beck, Uwe T1 - Moderate temperature sol-gel deposition of magnesium fluoride films for optical UV-applications: A study on homogeneity using spectroscopic ellipsometry N2 - Thin films of MgF2 have been deposited on silicon wafers in optical quality with a novel sol-gel deposition process at temperatures as low as 100 °C. The properties of the fluoride layers are compared to bulk MgF2 with respect to the optical constants. By employing spectroscopic mapping ellipsometry, the uniformity of the thickness of fluoride layers is confirmed to be within acceptable limits for optical applications. The optical constants are close to the bulk data. High-quality low-index films of suitable and homogeneous thickness have already been produced on a laboratory scale. KW - 78.20.-e KW - 78.66.Li KW - 78.68.+m KW - 81.20.Fw PY - 2008 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.200777856 SN - 1862-6300 SN - 0031-8965 VL - 205 IS - 4 SP - 821 EP - 824 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-17330 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Beck, Uwe A1 - Hertwig, Andreas A1 - Krüger, Jörg T1 - Material-, topgraphy- and feature recognition: Challenges on optical property testing of surfaces and thin films T2 - 35th International Conference On Metallurgical Coatings And Thin Films (ICMCTF 2008) CY - San Diego, CA, USA DA - 2008-04-28 PY - 2008 AN - OPUS4-15880 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Beck, Uwe A1 - Hertwig, Andreas A1 - Krüger, Hannes A1 - Sahre, Mario A1 - Weise, Matthias A1 - Männ, Marion T1 - Optical property testing for material control in thin film and surface technology T2 - 72. DPG-Tagung, DS 14: Optical Layers Basis Research and Applications CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2008-01-25 PY - 2008 AN - OPUS4-16210 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Beck, Uwe A1 - Hertwig, Andreas A1 - Männ, Marion T1 - Ellipsometry and Standardization: Validation of Models - Key Issue for Reference Coatings and Non-ideal Samples N2 - Standardisation of ellipsometry is mainly based on three documents: pioneering work at NIST [1] on film standards, a publicly available specification and stan-dard testing procedure [2] for real-world samples by BAM and a standard specification for integrated metrology by SEMI [3]. Other activities refer to inter-laboratory comparisons for selected layer/substrate systems and analytical methods including ellipsometry [4] and the development of combined standards for thickness d and step height h [5]. Generally, precision of ellipsmetry in terms of raw data Ψ and Δ meets the major demands for all ellipsometric principles (RPE, RAE, PME, RCE, NE). As a result, fingerprint capabilty is al-most perfect for various layer/substrate systems. However, this is not true for accuracy in terms of physical quantities such as thickness d, optical (n, k) and dielectric constans (ε1, ε2,) as modelling is required. Hence, the layer/substrate and material dependent validation of models is nowadays a key issue. In contrast to the sub-nanometer sensi-tivity in vertical direction, the effective lateral resolution of almost all ellipso-metric principles except for imaging null ellipsometry is rather poor, usually be-yond 100 µm. Hence, nanometer-scaled homogeneity testing and the measurement of micro- and nanopatterned structures is not feasible by standard configurations. KW - Ellipsometry KW - Standardisation KW - Reference Coatings KW - Non-ideal samples KW - Validation of models PY - 2008 IS - 2 SP - 6 EP - 7 AN - OPUS4-18673 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krüger, Hannes A1 - Kemnitz, E. A1 - Hertwig, Andreas A1 - Beck, Uwe T1 - Transparent MgF2-films by sol-gel coating: Synthesis and optical properties N2 - Dielectric, anti-reflective or high reflective systems consist of low and high refractive index layers. Common systems are oxides. The preparation of low refractive index MgF2-films of optical quality by means of an anhydrous low temperature sol–gel synthesis is presented. The MgF2-sol is prepared by spin-coating on silicon and glass substrates. Various film thicknesses between 20 nm and 435 nm have been deposited. It has been shown that the thickness increase is proportional to the number of coating steps. The deposited MgF2-films consist of 10 nm to 20 nm large nanoparticles and have smooth surfaces with an average roughness (Ra) of (1.7 ± 0.3) nm. The optical constants n and k of the films are in agreement with the literature data of bulk-MgF2. KW - Sol-gel KW - Nano-MgF2 KW - Spin coating KW - Optical properties KW - Nanoparticles PY - 2008 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2007.10.126 SN - 0040-6090 VL - 516 IS - 12 SP - 4175 EP - 4177 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-17375 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -