TY - RPRT A1 - Beck, Uwe A1 - Fritz, Thomas A1 - Gamer, Nadja A1 - Wirth, Thomas T1 - VAMAS - Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards N2 - Glühentladung optischer Ausstrahlungsspektroskopie (GDOES) wurde ursprünglich für die elementare Analyse von Größenmaterialien entwickelt. Mehrere Gruppen führten diese Methode zur Analyse von Anstrichen, Laienstapeln und dünnen Filmen durch. In den frühen Neunzigern wurde eine ISO-TC 201-Arbeitsgruppe gegründet, um Normen für alle Formen der Glühentladungsspektroskopie (GDS) zu entwickeln und die Fähigkeiten der Oberflächenchemikalien-Analyse zu beurteilen, insbesondere für die Tiefe von gestuften Systemen. Die Quantifizierung von Tiefenprofilen, d.h. die Umwandlung von Intensitäts-Zeit- Profilen in Konzentrierungs-Tiefen-Profile ist für dc-mode entwickelt worden. 1997 wurde ein VAMAS TWA 2 Vorschlag für ein Referenzanstrich für GD-OES Tiefe gemacht. Entsprechend dem VAMAS Beurteilungsverfahren wurde dieser Vorschlag 1998 mit einigen geringfügigen Änderungen genehmigt. T3 - BAM Forschungsberichtreihe - 242 PY - 2001 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-2083 SN - 978-3-89701-713-X SN - 0938-5533 VL - 242 SP - 1 EP - 64 PB - Wirtschaftsverlag NW CY - Bremerhaven AN - OPUS4-208 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Czichos, Horst A1 - Salomon, Geert T1 - The Application of Systems Thinking and Systems Analysis to Tribology N2 - Two introductory reports on a Systems approach to tribology, refs (1) and (2), have been discussed at the previous meeting of IRG-OECD (London, 1973). The new concepts derived from General Systems Theory, and Mathematical Systems Analysis are combined in the present report and applications in tribology are worked out in greater detail. In introducing the subject it is pointed out once more: (i) all tribo-mechanisms are by definition complex Systems; (ii) friction and wear are operators of tribo-systems (in terms of either a verbal or a mathematical theory of sets); (ii) therefore friction coefficients and wear rates cannot be instrinsic material properties. The nature of complexity in the verbal description of tribo-mechanisms is analyzed, and logical ruies, needed in the analytical procedure, are given;the mathematics are summarized in the Appendix. A general classification of tribo-mechanisms is developed by step-wise analysis, and mathematical expressions for friction and wear processes in steady state Systems are given. The recent experimental advances made by IRG-OECD (refs (15) and (16)) on failure criteria in thin film lubrication are presented in the terminology of Systems analysis, but merely äs an example for the formalization of non-linear tribo-processes. It is concluded that neither the verbal nor the mathematical Systems analysis have, at present, more predictive power than a conventional Interpretation of experimental results. However, dangerous logical errors in the concepts of friction and wear can now be eliminated and, by doing so, a new outlook on tribometry is gained. The practical engineering consequences for the future, functional control of tribo-machinery have already been predicted by Schlösser (ref. 18). T3 - BAM Forschungsberichtreihe - 30 PY - 1974 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-4207 SN - 0938-5533 VL - 30 SP - 1 EP - 22 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialprüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-420 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Effner, Ute A1 - Woydt, Mathias T1 - Slip-Rolling and Machining of Engineering Ceramics N2 - Englische Übersetzung von BAM Forschungsbericht 237! Keramische Werkstoffe haben auf Grund ihrer herausragenden tribologischen Eigenschaften in verschiedenen Bereichen der Produktion Anwendung gefunden und dadurch klassische Werkstoffe verdrängt. Gegenüber Metallen bieten sie bei Mangelschmierung sowohl unter Gleit- als auch grundsätzlich unter Wälzbeanspruchung Schutz vor adhäsivem Versagen. Hohe Herstellungskosten, bedingt bei der Endbearbeitung von Konturen mit verschiedenen und veränderlichen Radien, behindern die breite Marktdurchdringung. Mit der Modellverschleißprüfung - angelehnt an die DIN 50 324 - kann der bearbeitungsbedingte Einfluss auf das tribologische Verhalten unter Wälzreibung untersucht werden. T3 - BAM Forschungsberichtreihe - 259 PY - 2003 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-1928 SN - 978-3-89701-976-0 SN - 0938-5533 VL - 259 SP - 1 EP - 68 PB - Wirtschaftsverlag NW CY - Bremerhaven AN - OPUS4-192 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Gerisch, Wolfgang A1 - Fritz, Thomas A1 - Steinborn, Susanne T1 - Statistical Consulting in the Frame of VAMAS. The Role of the Technical Working Area. Statistical Techniques for interlaboratory Studios and Relatod Projects N2 - The present Technical Report was written with the intention of fulfilling for needs: (i) for an introduction of research workers in the Technical Working Areas (TWAs) of VAMAS to modern statistical methods and techniques appropriate to improve the effectiveness of experimental research in the scope of the VAMAS co-operative projects in materials science and engineering; (ii) for illustrating the power of such approaches by giving an outline of more recent applications in science and technology; (iii) for developing a feeling on the role and importance of statistical consulting under these circumstances; and (iv) for presenting objectives and a programme to provide and promote statistical consulting within VAMAS by developing the TWA / Advisory Group “Statistical Techniques for Interlaboratory Studies and Relates Projects”. N2 - Ringversuche entwickeln sich zu einem wichtigen Instrument bei der laborübergreifenden Forschung und Prüfung sowie der Akkreditierung, Für die modernen Hochleistungs-werkstoffe gilt dies insbesondere auf den Gebieten der pränormativen Messung mit dem Ziel der Verbesserung und Vergleichbarkeit der Testergebnisse, der Entwicklung und Bewertung von standardisierten Prüfverfahren sowie der Verarbeitung von Werkstoffdaten. T3 - BAM Forschungsberichtreihe - 193 PY - 1993 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-4936 VL - 193 SP - 1 EP - 70 PB - Wirtschaftsverlag NW CY - Bremerhaven AN - OPUS4-493 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Kelm, Jürgen T1 - High Resolution NMR Spectroscopy for the Determination of Elastomers, Blends and Thermoplastic Elastomers Carbon and Proton NMR Spectra Catalogue N2 - Der Bericht umfasst ca. 50 wichtige kommerzielle Kautschuke mit den zugehörigen Vulkanisaten, eine Reihe von Elastomer Blends sowie thermische Elastomere. Enthalten sind die Protonen- und Kohlenstoff-Lösungsspektren der löslichen Kautschuke und die Kohlenstoff-Festkörperspektren der unlöslichen Elastomere. N2 - NMR is a powerful method for structure elucidation and determination of polymers in solution. Soluble polymers can be studied by high resolution techniques - just äs small molecules - provided there is sufficient segmental motion to average out some of the linebroadening effects. The resonance lines remain broader, however, which can result in peak overlapping, especially for proton spectra. Carbon NMR is favoured in this field because of the larger spectral range and the feasibility of getting single lines by proton broad-band decoupling. One particulariy important use of NMR is the determination ofthe microstructure of the polymer chain. The application of high resolution NMR to solid polymers was not possible until the development of techniques like magic angle spinning, high power proton decoupling and cross polarization. The linebroadening effects in thermoplastic and duroplastic polymers, however, are only reduced to some extent. The spectra show relatively broad lines, with typical linewidths of 100 - 500 Hz, which are roughly 10 to 100 times larger than in the liquid state. Different from thermoplastic and duroplastic polymers the spectra of elastomers have a much better resolution if the measurements are performed well above the glass transition temperature. This condition is fulfilled at room temperature for many elastomers. Above Tg linebroadening effects are averaged out by segmental motions, comparable to the liquid phase. By raising the temperature the resolution can be increased further which especially improves the spectra of elastomers with relatively high glass transition temperatures. Filiers can influence the linewidth of the spectra. The effect is twofold. First, the filier particies, e.g. carbon black, introduce microscopic inhohogeneities by susceptibility variations. Second, the molecular mobility ofthe polymer chains is reduced. Both effects can be averaged out to a great extent by magic angle spinning and high power decoupling, however. Therefore the filier has no detrimental influence on the resolution of the solid-state elastomer spectra. As a consequence, no decomposition procedures are necessary prior to the NMR investigation. The sample can be measured in its original molecular state. This was the starting point for a thorough and comprehensive investigation of filled elastomers using the solid state technique in order to find out the possibilities and limits. The experiment tumed out to be very suecessfül. This lead us to the idea to put all the spectra together in form of a spectra catalogue.The collection contains the most important Standard and special commercial rubber types. In order to complement the solid state NMR part two chapters on blends and thermoplastic elastomers are added. Proton and carbon solution spectra of the raw rubbers are also included. Especially important is the interpretation ofthe spectra, in order not to display only "fingerprints". T3 - BAM Forschungsberichtreihe - 213 PY - 1995 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-2378 SN - 978-3-89429-975-4 SN - 0938-5533 VL - 213 SP - 1 EP - 167 PB - Wirtschaftsverlag NW CY - Bremerhaven AN - OPUS4-237 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Klingelhöffer, Hellmuth A1 - Ledworuski, Siegmar A1 - Brookes, Stephan-Peter A1 - May, Thomas T1 - Computer controlled tensile testing according to EN 10002-1 Results of a comparison test programm to validate a proposal for an amendment of the standard N2 - Tensile testing according to EN 10002-1 is one of the basic mechanical tests to characterise the mechanical properties of metallic materials. This testing procedure has been regularly under development for many decades in order to modify and amend it and to bring it up to an up to date standard. Today tensile testing for quality control in metals manufacturing industry is routinely performed automatically with computer controlled testing machines. Due to economical needs of industry proposals were made by a European Standard Committee to amend the standard EN 10002-1. A European research project with the acronym TENSTAND was started to validate the proposed modifications of the tensile testing standard. The work package 4 of the project was to validate the machine control characteristics. A comparison test program was started with ten partners, 4 test piece geometries and 3 test parameters for 6 materials, partly with upper and lower yield strength and partly with 0.2 % proof strength to compare experimental results according to the proposal to modify the standard EN 10002-1. Initially testing in the strain control mode was introduced as well as switching of the control mode to crosshead control 1 and switching of the testing speed at appropriate points during the test. The comparison test was evaluated statistically and scientifically. The following conclusions were derived from the comparison test and summarised as recommendations to the standard committees. The scatter of the material properties were not significantly reduced by introducing the amended testing procedure. Few of the reasons for the continuously observed scattercan be identified as follows: The material properties are observed to be widely dependent on the testing speed. As a consequence the range for the allowed testing speed must be reduced. The closed loop control was not optimised sufficiently in some tests, the use of complicated testing machine software led to misinterpretation of software commands, individual testing equipment and implementation of the tensile testing procedure led also to scatter of the material properties which lay in a range of few percent. This is blurred by the inhomogeneity of the material. T3 - BAM Forschungsberichtreihe - 268 PY - 2005 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-1835 SN - 978-3-86509-318-3 SN - 0938-5533 VL - 268 SP - 1 EP - 44 PB - Wirtschaftsverlag NW CY - Bremerhaven AN - OPUS4-183 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Koch, Matthias A1 - Liebich, Almuth A1 - Win, Tin A1 - Nehls, Irene T1 - Certified Reference Materials for the determination of mineral oil hydrocarbons in water, soil and waste N2 - The international research project HYCREF, funded by the European Commission in the 5 th Framework programme, aimed to develop methods to prepare homogenous and stable water-, soiland waste reference materials contaminated with mineral oil hydrocarbons and to test certify the mineral oil content by gas chromatographic methods. As mineral oil products are important sources for environmental contaminations a high need exists for certified reference materials for their determination using the new gas chromatographic methods (soil: ISO/FDIS 16703, waste: ENpr 14039, water: ISO 9377-2). The experimental conditions and results for preparation and characterisation of a total of nine reference materials (3 water-, 3 soil- and 3 waste materials) are described and discussed. Target values for the reference materials were defined at the beginning of the project in order to have clear quality criteria, which could be compared with the achieved results at the end of the project. These target specifications were related to the maximum uncertainty from test certification exercises (< 5 % for soil/waste and < 10 % for water), the maximum inhomogeneity between bottles (< 3 %) and minimum requirements for stability (> 5 years for soil/waste and > 2 years for water). The feasibility studies showed that solid materials (soil, waste) could be prepared sufficiently homogenous and stable. The test certified values of the 6 solid materials comprise a wide range of mineral oil content from about 200-9000 mg/kg with expanded uncertainties between 5.7-13.1 % using a coverage factor k (k = 2). The development of new water reference materials –the so-called “spiking pills” for an offshore- and a land-based discharge water represents one of the most innovative aspects of the project. The spiking pill technology facilitates the application and storage and improves the material stability compared with aqueous materials. Additional to the preparation and test certification of the reference materials investigations on the analytical method for the determination of mineral oil hydrocarbons were performed. The results obtained in relation to the optimisation of analytical method (extraction procedure, sample pretreatment, clean-up and measurement) were provided to the respective working group of ISO/TC 190, ISO/TC 147 and CEN/TC 292 and were incorporated into the ongoing standardisation procedures. The new version of ISO/FDIS 16703 (July 2004) includes the improvements based on HYCREF results, for example the increase of the solvent/sample ratio, the removal of acetone from the organic extracts and the use of column technique instead of batch technique for clean-up. T3 - BAM Forschungsberichtreihe - 272 PY - 2005 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-1795 SN - 978-3-86509-363-9 SN - 0938-5533 VL - 272 SP - 1 EP - 92 PB - Wirtschaftsverlag NW CY - Bremerhaven AN - OPUS4-179 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Konersmann, Rainer A1 - Kühl, Christiane A1 - Ludwig, Jörg T1 - On the risks of transporting liquid and gaseous fuels in pipelines N2 - Because they are laid underground and because their job is to connect widely distant places, pipelines have some particular technical safety features. Chemical industry installations have fixed and instantly recognisable sites. Pipeline routes must be adapted to the constraints of infrastructure and topography, and environmental protection must be taken into account, as well as the possibility that the pipe system may be damaged by external influences. Even minor leakages can have considerable effects on watercourses and the soil, and in many cases, people are also injured. Numerous incidents abroad have proved this. In the recent past, even Germany has not been spared from sudden damage to pipelines. However, not much notice was taken of these incidents, as the resulting damage was minor and there were no fatalities. With hindsight, when seeking the causes of the damage, it is often the case that the rupture of a pipeline is associated with certain recurring features. The scene of the damage is often located near traffic infrastructure. Pipelines must of necessity cross roads and railways or are laid in parallel to such lines of communication. As a result of vibrations caused by traffic, this proximity can lead to ruptures. Road or rail accidents can lead to stresses which pipelines are unable to withstand. But a pipeline failure can have many other causes which cannot be predicted with any certainty and which even show regional particularities. In the interests of safe transport and land planning, it would therefore be worthwhile to be able to evaluate at least the possible consequences in terms of damage that might result from a pipeline rupture. There are hardly any publications on pipeline accidents, at least in German speaking countries; most of what is available is in the form of reports by the fire services. However, these are not sufficient to provide an overview of the situation. For this reason, the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing has evaluated many international reports of investigations and publications and summarised what they have to say about the risks inherent in pipeline failures, particularly the damage that results. This report is the outcome of this work. T3 - BAM Forschungsberichtreihe - 289 PY - 2009 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-1624 SN - 978-3-9813346-3-0 SN - 0938-5533 VL - 289 SP - 1 EP - 65 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-162 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Meggyes, Tamás A1 - Debreczeni, Ákos A1 - Reddy, Krishna R. A1 - Karri, Madhusudhana R. A1 - Riddler, Gordon P. A1 - Roehl, Karl Ernst A1 - Czurda, Kurt A1 - Sarsby, Robert W. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Biermann, Vera T1 - Sustainable environmental protection N2 - Permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) offer an alternative as opposed to more cost-intensive active methods for groundwater remediation, e.g. pump-and-treat. Long-term performance of PRBs, however, is crucial for the technology’s success. The paper summarises the results of long-term column experiments with elemental iron (Fe0) and hydroxyapatite (HAP) as reactive materials for the removal of uranium from groundwater. Good removal results have been achieved using elemental iron with possible reaction paths being reductive precipitation and adsorption on to corrosion products of Fe0. T3 - BAM Forschungsberichtreihe - 280 PY - 2007 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-1710 SN - 978-3-9811655-2-4 SN - 0938-5533 VL - 280 SP - 1 EP - 54 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-171 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Moll, Johannes T1 - Exciton-Dynamics in J-Aggregates of an Organic Dye N2 - Es wurden die optischen Eigenschaften der J-Aggregate eines Carbocyanin-Farbstoffs (TDBC) bei tiefen Temperaturen (5 bis 100K) untersucht. Ziel ist, TDBC als neues Modellsystem für J-Aggregate neben dem seit langem bekannten Pseudoisocyanin (PIC) einzuführen und die bestehenden Theorien auf dieses neue Modellsystem anzuwenden. T3 - BAM Forschungsberichtreihe - 214 KW - J-aggregates KW - Molucular aggregates KW - Exciton dynamics KW - Carbocyanine KW - Energy relaxation KW - Dephasing PY - 1995 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-2362 SN - 978-3-89429-976-2 SN - 0938-5533 VL - 214 SP - 1 EP - 55 PB - Wirtschaftsverlag NW CY - Bremerhaven AN - OPUS4-236 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -