TY - CONF A1 - Nerger, Tino T1 - Passive Smart Dust zur Lokalisierung von Gefahrstoffen N2 - Durch einen bestehenden hohen Bedarf an der Fernerkundung gefährlicher Substanzen bieten kostengünstige, biokompatible Cellulose-Papierstücke eine effektive Lösung. Sie dienen als passive optische Chemosensoren und können per Kamerasystem ausgelesen werden. Die Modifikation mit chemisch sensiblen Farbstoffen ermöglicht optisch detektierbare Reaktionen auf Zielsubstanzen. Autonomes Abfliegen großer Gebiete und KI-gestützte Auswertungen mit anpassbaren Gefahrenklassen eröffnen ein breites Einsatzspektrum. Bei Unfällen mit gefährlichen Stoffen kann so eine automatisierte Gefahrenerkennung inklusive Kartierung und exakter Positionsanzeige des kontaminierten Bereichs erfolgen, ohne dass sich Einsatzkräfte riskant nähern müssen. T2 - BMBF-Innovationsforum „Zivile Sicherheit“ CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 07.05.2024 KW - Kolorimetrische Sensoren KW - Passive Smart Dust KW - Drohne KW - Cellulose PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61415 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Liu, F. A1 - Lakey, P. S. J. A1 - Berkemeier, T. A1 - Tong, H. A1 - Kunert, A. T. A1 - Meusel, H. A1 - Cheng, Y. A1 - Su, H. A1 - Fröhlich-Nowoisky, J. A1 - Lai, S. A1 - Weller, Michael G. A1 - Shiraiwa, M. A1 - Pöschl, U. A1 - Kampf, C. J. T1 - Atmospheric protein chemistry influenced by anthropogenic air pollutants: nitration and oligomerization upon exposure to ozone and nitrogen dioxide N2 - The allergenic potential of airborne proteins may be enhanced via post-translational modification induced by air pollutants like ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The molecular mechanisms and kinetics of the chemical modifications that enhance the allergenicity of proteins, however, are still not fully understood. Here, protein tyrosine nitration and oligomerization upon simultaneous exposure of O3 and NO2 were studied in coated-wall flow-tube and bulk solution experiments under varying atmospherically relevant conditions (5–200 ppb O3, 5–200 ppb NO2, 45–96% RH), using bovine serum albumin as a model protein. Generally, more tyrosine residues were found to react via the nitration pathway than via the oligomerization pathway. Depending on reaction conditions, oligomer mass fractions and nitration degrees were in the ranges of 2.5–25% and 0.5–7%, respectively. The experimental results were well reproduced by the kinetic multilayer model of aerosol surface and bulk chemistry (KM-SUB). The extent of nitration and oligomerization strongly depends on relative humidity (RH) due to moisture-induced phase transition of proteins, highlighting the importance of cloud processing conditions for accelerated protein chemistry. Dimeric and nitrated species were major products in the liquid phase, while protein oligomerization was observed to a greater extent for the solid and semi-solid phase states of proteins. Our results show that the rate of both processes was sensitive towards ambient ozone concentration but rather insensitive towards different NO2 levels. An increase of tropospheric ozone concentrations in the Anthropocene may thus promote pro-allergic protein modifications and contribute to the observed increase of allergies over the past decades. KW - Oxidation KW - Nitration KW - Cross-linking KW - Ozone KW - Nitrogen dioxide KW - Dimer KW - Air pollution KW - Diesel KW - Aeroallergens KW - Pollen KW - Tyrosine KW - Nitrotyrosine KW - BSA KW - Albumin PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-418482 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/c7fd00005g SN - 1359-6640 VL - 200 SP - 413 EP - 427 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - London AN - OPUS4-41848 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Liu, F. A1 - Lai, S. A1 - Tong, H. A1 - Lakey, P. S. J. A1 - Shiraiwa, M. A1 - Weller, Michael G. A1 - Pöschl, U. A1 - Kampf, C. J. T1 - Release of free amino acids upon oxidation of peptides and proteins by hydroxyl radicals N2 - Hydroxyl radical-induced oxidation of proteins and peptides can lead to the cleavage of the peptide, leading to a release of fragments. Here, we used high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) and pre-column online ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA) derivatization-based amino acid analysis by HPLC with diode array detection and fluorescence detection to identify and quantify free amino acids released upon oxidation of proteins and peptides by hydroxyl radicals. Bovine serum albumin (BSA), ovalbumin (OVA) as model proteins, and synthetic tripeptides (comprised of varying compositions of the amino acids Gly, Ala, Ser, and Met) were used for reactions with hydroxyl radicals, which were generated by the Fenton reaction of iron ions and hydrogen peroxide. The molar yields of free glycine, aspartic acid, asparagine, and alanine per peptide or protein varied between 4 and 55%. For protein oxidation reactions, the molar yields of Gly (∼32-55% for BSA, ∼10-21% for OVA) were substantially higher than those for the other identified amino acids (∼5-12% for BSA, ∼4-6% for OVA). Upon oxidation of tripeptides with Gly in C-terminal, mid-chain, or N-terminal positions, Gly was preferentially released when it was located at the C-terminal site. Overall, we observe evidence for a site-selective formation of free amino acids in the OH radical-induced oxidation of peptides and proteins, which may be due to a reaction pathway involving nitrogen-centered radicals. KW - Peptides KW - Proteins KW - Oxidation KW - Hydroxyl radicals KW - LC-MS KW - Amino acid analysis KW - Bovine serum albumin KW - Ovalbumin KW - Tripeptides KW - Ortho-Phthalaldehyde KW - AAA KW - Degradation KW - Fragmentation KW - Mechanism PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-398714 UR - http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00216-017-0188-y DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-017-0188-y SN - 1618-2650 SN - 1618-2642 VL - 409 IS - 9 SP - 2411 EP - 2420 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg AN - OPUS4-39871 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Altmann, Korinna A1 - Portela, Raquel A1 - Barbero, Francesco A1 - Breuninger, Esther A1 - Camassa, Laura Maria Azzurra A1 - Velickovic, Tanja Cirkovic A1 - Charitidis, Costas A1 - Costa, Anna A1 - Fadda, Marta A1 - Fengler, Petra A1 - Fenoglio, Ivana A1 - Giovannozzi, Andrea M. A1 - Haugen, Øyvind Pernell A1 - Kainourgios, Panagiotis A1 - von der Kammer, Frank A1 - Kirchner, Markus J. A1 - Lomax-Vogt, Madeleine A1 - Lujic, Tamara A1 - Milczewski, Frank A1 - Moussawi, Mhamad Aly A1 - Ortelli, Simona A1 - Parac-Vogt, Tatjana N. A1 - Potthoff, Annegret A1 - Reinosa, Julian J. A1 - Röschter, Sophie A1 - Sacco, Alessio A1 - Wimmer, Lukas A1 - Zanoni, Ilaria A1 - Dailey, Lea Ann T1 - Characterizing nanoplastic suspensions of increasing complexity: Inter-laboratory comparison of size measurements using dynamic light scattering N2 - Understanding the potential human health risks associated with micro- and nanoplastic exposure is currently a priority research area. Nanoplastic toxicity studies are complicated by the lack of available, well-characterized test and reference materials. Further, many nanoplastic test materials are inherently more polydisperse and heterogenous in shape compared to polystyrene beads, making accurate and representative size distribution measurements particularly challenging. The aim of this study was to conduct an inter-laboratory comparison of dynamic light scattering measurements, the most commonly used particle sizing method for nanomaterials. Using a published standard operating procedure, size measurements in water and a standardized cell culture medium (CCM) were generated for spherical, carboxy-functionalized polystyrene nanoparticles (PS-COOH; 50 nm; benchmark material), and for increasingly complex in-house produced spherical poly(ethylene terephthalate) (nanoPET) and irregular shaped polypropylene (nanoPP) test materials. The weighted mean of hydrodynamic diameters of PS-COOH dispersed in water (55 ± 5 nm) showed moderate variation between labs (coefficient of variation, CV = 8.2%) and were similar to literature reports. Measurements of nanoPET (82 ± 6 nm) and nanoPP (182 ± 12 nm) in water exhibited similar CV values (nanoPET: 7.3% and nanoPP; 6.8%). Dispersion of PS-COOH and nanoPET in CCM increased the CV to 15.1 and 14.2%, respectively, which is lower than literature reports (CV = 30%). We conclude with a series of practical recommendations for robust size measurements of nanoplastics in both water and complex media highlighting that strict adherence to a standard operating procedure is required to prevent particle agglomeration in CCM KW - Nanoplastics KW - Reference materials KW - Polypropylene PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-644571 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d5en00645g SN - 2051-8153 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) CY - Cambridge AN - OPUS4-64457 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Becker, Roland T1 - Querschnittsthema Referenzmaterialien: Planung Ringversuche N2 - Nach einer Erläuterung der international üblichen Definitionen von Referenzmaterialien und Matrix-Referenzmaterialien erfolgt eine Zusammenfassung der spezifischen Anforderungen bei Herstellung und Charakterisierung. Weiterhin werden die unterschiedlichen Anforderungen an die Durchführung von Ringversuchen im Sinne eines Methodenvergleiches, einer Eignungsprüfung von Laboratorien und der Zertifizierung von Matrix-Referenzmaterialien gegenübergestellt. Für den aktuell geplanten ersten Ringversuch zur Quantifizierung von Mikroplastik in Schwebstoffen mittels thermischer Verfahren werden die konkreten technischen Bedingungen zur Herstellung entsprechender Referenzmaterialien einschließlich der Homogenitätsprüfung ihrer Mikroplastikgehalte dargestellt. Die Besonderheiten des Ringversuches vor dem Hintergrund einer Normung der eingesetzten Verfahren werden diskutiert. T2 - Forschungsschwerpunkt „Plastik in der Umwelt – Quellen • Senken • Lösungsansätze“: 2. Workshop des Querschnittsthemas „Analytik und Referenzmaterialien“ CY - Augsburg, Germany DA - 4.7.2018 KW - Mikroplastik KW - Referenzmaterialien KW - Ringversuche KW - Thermische Verfahren KW - Schwebstoffe KW - Methodenvergleich PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45681 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kittner, Maria T1 - Assessment of Microplastic Emissions from Artificial Turf Sports Pitches N2 - Following the recommendation of the European Chemicals Agency, on 25 September 2023 the European Commission passed a comprehensive new regulation to reduce emissions of microplastics (MP) into the environment, which includes the sale and use of intentionally added MP.1,2 This also applies to the application of synthetic rubber granulate infill in artificial turf systems and will ultimately have an impact on recreational sports. In Germany, rubber granulate made of ethylene-propylene-diene-monomer rubber (EPDM) is currently predominantly used. So far, there is no sufficient database for estimating MP emissions from artificial turf pitches into the environment and thus their relevance as a source of MP pollution.3 This topic is controversially discussed due to the complexity of sampling and analytics. To close this research gap, this project has the goal to determine mass balances for the emissions of MP from artificial turf pitches to allow an estimation of the amount of MP released per artificial turf pitch and year. Within this study, MP emissions of three artificial turf scenarios at different time states (unaged, artificially aged and real-time aged) are compared: the past (old turf: fossil based, synthetic infill), present (most commonly installed in Europe: fossil based, EPDM infill), and the future (turf with recycled gras fibres, no synthetic infill). To simulate the outdoor weathering during the lifespan of an artificial turf of approx. 15 years, brand-new artificial turf and EPDM rubber granulate were accelerated aged by means of UV weathering and mechanical stress. Potential MP emissions into surface and groundwater are simulated by lysimeter and shake experiments. MP mass contents are subsequently determined by Thermal Extraction Desorption Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Using special microfilter crucibles allows the estimation of the particle sizes of the emitted MP, which is a fundamental requirement for an assessment of potential health hazards for humans. T2 - SETAC 2024 CY - Seville, Spain DA - 05.05.2024 KW - Mikroplastik KW - TED-GC/MS KW - Lysimeter KW - PAK KW - Schwermetalle PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60014 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stolar, Tomislav A1 - Alić, Jasna A1 - Casali, Lucia A1 - Gugin, Nikita A1 - Baláž, Matej A1 - Michalchuk, Adam A1 - Emmerling, Franziska ED - Stolar, Tomislav T1 - Mechanochemistry: Looking back and ahead N2 - Starting with the discovery of fire and the preparation of food in prehistoric times, mechanochemistry is the oldest form of chemistry that humans have controlled. Mechanochemical practices, such as grinding with a mortar and pestle, continued into the Middle Ages until dedicated scientific studies began in the 19th century. Since then,research in mechanochemistry has shown that many chemicalreactions can be performed via mechanical force without or with small amounts of solvent. Besides being time, material, and energy efficient, mechanochemical reactions often yield products that differ from those obtained in solution. Therefore, not only is mechanochemistry greener and more sustainable than conventional solution chemistry, but it also has the added value of providing new reactivity and selectivity. This is especially important today, when chemists need to invent high-performance materials, intermediates, and products with the use of sustainable feedstocks and develop environmental remediation pathways. At the same time, time-resolved in situ monitoring and computational modeling are necessary for addressing fundamental questions about the atomistic, molecular, and electronic nature of mechanochemical reactivity. Integrating digitalization, robotics, and artificial intelligence tools promises to increase the reproducibility and scalability of mechanochemical processes. Further evolution of mechanochemistry is expected to have a transformative effect on the chemical industry. KW - Mechanochemistry PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-653962 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chempr.2025.102880 SN - 2451-9294 VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - 1 EP - 27 PB - Elsevier BV AN - OPUS4-65396 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Altmann, Korinna T1 - Wessen Problem ist Mikroplastik eigentlich? N2 - In den letzten 20 Jahren ist die Aufmerksamkeit vieler Forschender sowie der Politik und der Bürger selbst auf ein wachsendes Kunststoffproblem unserer Zeit stark gestiegen. Mangelnde Wertstoffkonzepte, Sammelstellen und unbedachtes Einbringen von Kunststoffprodukten in die Umwelt führen dort zu einer Anreicherung. Durch äußere Witterungseinflüsse können diese Produkte degradieren und fraktionieren, so dass heute in allen Teilen der Welt Mikroplastik (1-1000 µm, ISO/TR 21960:2020) unterschiedlicher Polymermaterialien nachgewiesen werden kann. Bei Mikroplastik gilt das Vorsorgeprinzip. Die Partikel können weiter zerfallen in Nanoplastik (< 1 µm, ISO/TR 21960:2020). Ob eine toxikologische Gefährdung von Mikro- oder Nanoplastik ausgeht, wird vielfältig untersucht. Bisher stehen valide Ergebnisse aus. Untersuchungen zur Häufigkeit, dem Transport und möglicher Senken und Eintragspfade muss aber Rechenschafft getragen werden, so dass ein Monitoring von Mikroplastik bereits in der Revision der Trinkwasserrahmen-Richtlinie und der Abwasserrahmen-Richtlinie gefordert wird. Bedenklich ist auch die Verordnung über Mindestanforderungen an die Wasserwiederverwendung (2020/741), in welcher nicht verbindlich gesagt wird, Wasser welcher Reinigungsstufe eines Klärwerks auf die Felder zur Wiederverwendung aufgebracht werden darf. Einer Regulierung über die EU-Plastikstrategie hinaus mit z.B. Verboten für Einwegplastik-Produkte und Rezyklingquoten kann nur entgegengewirkt werden, wenn valide Messmethoden, Referenzmaterialien und Standards existieren, die das tatsächliche Ausmaß von Mikroplastik-Konzentrationen in Luft, Wasser, Boden und Biota zuverlässig und genau aufzeigen. T2 - Technomer CY - Chemnitz, Germany DA - 06.11.2025 KW - Mikroplastik KW - Referenzmaterial KW - TED-GC/MS PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64618 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haugen, Øyvind P. A1 - Polanco-Garriz, Itziar A1 - Alcolea-Rodriguez, Victor A1 - Portela, Raquel A1 - Bæra, Rita A1 - Sadeghiankaffash, Hamed A1 - Hildebrandt, Jana A1 - Ciornii, Dmitri A1 - Altmann, Korinna A1 - Barbero, Francesco A1 - Fenoglio, Ivana A1 - Reinosa, Julián J. A1 - Fernández, José F. A1 - Katsumiti, Alberto A1 - Camassa, Laura M.A. A1 - Wallin, Håkan A1 - Zienolddiny-Narui, Shan A1 - Afanou, Anani K. T1 - Activation of Toll-like receptor 2 reveals microbial contamination beyond endotoxins on micro- and nanoplastics N2 - Current literature on health hazards associated with micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) is largely influenced by studies that insufficiently account for potential microbial contamination of their test materials. This may lead to misinterpretation of outcomes, as the test materials may be incorrectly considered pristine MNPs. The present study screened eight MNP test materials for microbial contaminants using Toll-like receptor (TLR) reporter cells for TLR2 and TLR4 and the commonly used Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay. Our results show that MNPs testing negative for endotoxins, based on the absence of TLR4 activation and negative LAL results, may still contain microbial ligands that selectively activate TLR2. Moreover, five of the eight MNP test materials contained microbial ligands capable of activating TLR2 and/or TLR4. Compared to the LAL assay, TLR4-based screening effectively detected endotoxin contamination. Overall, we found that the TLR reporter cell assay provides broader coverage than the LAL assay in detecting microbial ligands, which appear to be highly prevalent in MNP test materials. KW - Nanoplastics KW - Microplastics KW - Microbial contamination PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-653286 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2025.106190 SN - 0887-2333 VL - 112 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-65328 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Putzu, Mara A1 - Wiesner, Yosri A1 - Weimann, Christiane A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Muniategui Lorenzo, Soledad A1 - Fernández-Gonzáles, Verónica A1 - Booth, Andy M. A1 - Igartua, Amaia A1 - Benismail, Nizar A1 - Coïc, Laureen A1 - Chivas-Joly, Carine A1 - Fenoglio, Ivana A1 - Rossi, Andrea Mario A1 - Giovannozzi, Andrea Mario A1 - Altmann, Korinna T1 - Optimization of tablet processing as a reference material for microplastic detection methods N2 - Reference materials (RMs) are essential and highly demanded tools for the development and validation of methods for microplastic (MP) quantification in complex matrices, to ensure comparable and harmonized approaches aligned with EU commission criteria for monitoring MPs (e.g., Drinking Water Directive and Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive). This study investigates different approaches for optimizing the production of polypropylene (PP) RMs in the form of water-soluble tablets, which were carefully evaluated for their homogeneity and stability according to ISO Guide 30, ISO 33401, and ISO 33405. PP particles (1–100 μm) were produced by cryomilling and embedded in a lactose/PEG matrix, then pressed into tablets (18 µg theoretical PP mass). The production process was optimized by varying (i) the size distribution of the matrix components and (ii) the mixer instrument. The materials obtained were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis to assess the homogeneity distribution of MPs with respect to PP mass in the individual tablets and their stability over a 4-month period. The most promising approach, with a homogenous mass of 19 μg (standard deviation of 4 μg), relative standard deviation of 19%, was further investigated for homogeneity by comparison with thermo-analytical mass determination methods, such as TED-GC/MS (thermal extraction desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry) and Py-GC/MS (pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry), and for number-based characterization using micro-Raman spectroscopy. Material characterization was also examined using laser diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and ATR-FTIR. Based on the results, the optimized processing protocol yields a PP RM suitable for quality control and method performance studies supporting standardization. KW - Microplastics KW - TED-GC/MS KW - Reference materials KW - Polypropylene PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-653290 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-025-06271-7 SN - 1618-2642 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC AN - OPUS4-65329 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Putzu, Mara A1 - Barbaresi, Marta A1 - Fadda, Marta A1 - Sacco, Alessio A1 - Piergiovanni, Maurizio A1 - Masino, Matteo A1 - Bianchi, Federica A1 - Altmann, Korinna A1 - Benismail, Nizar A1 - Coïc, Laureen A1 - Fenoglio, Ivana A1 - Mattarozzi, Monica A1 - Rossi, Andrea Mario A1 - Careri, Maria A1 - Giovannozzi, Andrea Mario T1 - Accuracy assessment of a micro-Raman spectroscopy method for small microplastic particles in infant milk formula N2 - The presence of microplastics (MPs) in the food chain is increasingly documented, raising concerns over potential risks to human health. Despite growing efforts, standardized methods for MPs detection in food matrices remain limited. This study presents an interlaboratory comparison (ILC) aimed at assessing the accuracy and comparability of an analytical approach for the identification and quantification of small MPs (5–100 μm) in infant milk powder using μ-Raman spectroscopy and a representative polyethylene terephthalate (PET) reference material (RM). The RM, formulated as water-soluble tablets, was designed to replicate the morphology, size distribution, and polymer composition of environmentally relevant MPs, and was previously assessed for homogeneity and stability for mass fraction and particle numbers. The approach was assessed using two PET RM batches with different MPs particle numbers (high load batch: 1759 ± 141 MPs; low load batch: 160 ± 22 MPs), subjected to an enzymatic–chemical digestion, followed by μ-Raman analysis performed independently in two laboratories with different instruments and operators. Results are reported as absolute particle counts per analyzed sample and demonstrated excellent recovery across all size classes, including the smallest particles (down to 5 μm), with recovery rates ranging from 82 % to 88 %, in good agreement with the RM reference values. The analytical approach proved to be robust, reproducible, and suitable for low-level MPs quantification in complex food matrices, supporting ongoing efforts toward method harmonization and standardization for reliable MPs monitoring in the food sector. KW - Microplastics KW - Milk KW - Raman microspectroscopy PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-646239 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talo.2025.100586 SN - 2666-8319 VL - 12 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-64623 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -