TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Economic and legal aspects of secondary resource management N2 - Direct and indirect effects (DIERec) of the recovery of secondary resources are in the range of 500 million tonnes per year in Germany; energy savings are 1.4 million TJ. These savings are between 10 and 20% of the total. The effects of materials recovery exceed those of energy recovery by far with the exception of secondary plastic material where DIERec from energy recovery is higher by factor of 2.7. Untapped potential for the recovery of secondary resources exist in the fine fraction of bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration, mainly Cu and precious metals and in urban mining. T2 - Travelling Conference Resource efficiency and environmental compatibility in waste management (REECO-WM) CY - Seoul, Ho-Chi-Minh-City, Perth DA - 29.01.2018 KW - Waste management KW - Materials flow KW - Secondary resources PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44942 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Robertson, Daniela A1 - Schütt, Ch. A1 - Birke, V. ED - Zekkos, Dimitrios ED - Farid, Arvin ED - De, Anirban ED - Reddy, Krishna R. ED - Yesiller, Nazli T1 - Zero Valent Metal (ZVI) Nanoparticles in Geotextiles and Geomembranes N2 - Reactive geomembranes and geotextiles are an innovative approach to control the migration of contaminants in geotechnical applications. Within a joint research project in cooperation with a medium-sized enterprise, the preparation and characterization of “reactive” geomembranes and geotextiles modified by the addition of zero-valent metal nanoparticles was performed. Zero-valent iron (ZVI) nanoparticles were added to polyethylene or to the fillings of geo-containers or geosynthetic clay liners. These geosynthetic products consist of mixtures of sand with clay or bentonite, typically embedded in geotextile nonwovens or geomats. The permeability of these geo-containers can be adjusted by the ratio of clay or bentonite to sand. ZVI nanoparticles were also added as reactive material to geomembranes made of polyethylene with additives like the antioxidant Irganox 1010 or glycerin. These additives prohibit oxidation of the nanoparticle and act as hydrogen donor in the dechlorination of chlorinated hydrocarbons. Contaminates such as chlorinated hydrocarbons and toxic heavy metal compounds are either decomposed or converted to less toxic species (e.g. Cr-(VI) reduction to Cr-(III)). The paper reports the first experimental results from manufacturing of the reactive geomembrane model materials and characterization of the products with microscopic techniques. First breakthrough measurements of the ZVI modified geomembrane compared to a reference sample are presented. KW - geomembranes KW - geotextiles KW - nano particles KW - nano iron PY - 2016 UR - http://ascelibrary.org/page/books/s-gsp SN - 978-0-7844-8012-0 DO - https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784480120 VL - 269 SP - 498 EP - 507 PB - American Society of Civil Engineers CY - Reston, VA, USA ET - 1 AN - OPUS4-37264 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Holm, Olaf T1 - Resources from recycling and urban mining: Limits and prospects N2 - Direct and indirect effects (DIERec) of the recovery of secondary resources are in the range of 500 million tons per year in Germany; energy savings are 1.4 million TJ. These savings are between 10 and 20% of the total. The effects of materials recovery exceed those of energy recovery by far except for secondary plastic material, where DIERec from energy recovery is higher by factor of 2.7. Untapped potential for the recovery of secondary resources exists in the fine fraction of bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration, mainly Cu and precious metals, and in urban mining. KW - Waste treatment KW - Secondary raw materials KW - Direct material input KW - Urban mining PY - 2018 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-453364 UR - https://digital.detritusjournal.com/articles/resources-from-recycling-and-urban-mining-limits-and-prospects/124 DO - https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2018.13665 SN - 2611-4135 VL - 02 SP - 24 EP - 28 PB - CISA Publisher CY - Padua, Italy AN - OPUS4-45336 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Rohn, H. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Schmidt, M. A1 - Giegrich, J. A1 - Oberender, C. A1 - Denz, W. A1 - Niebaum, A. ED - Ludwig, C. ED - Matasci, C. T1 - The Guideline Series VDI 4800 Resource Efficiency: An Approach for Increasing Resource Efficiency with Aim of Conservation of Natural Resources in the Industrial Sector N2 - In 2011, the Association of German Engineers (VDI) started working on a set of guidelines towards increased resource efficiency. These guidelines represent a framework that defines resource efficiency and outlines considerations for the producing industry. A special guideline for SMEs is included as well as guidelines on methodologies for evaluating resource use indicators, such as the cumulative raw material demand of products and production systems. Resource efficiency, defined here as the relationship between a specific benefit or use and the natural resources that need to be spent or consumed to attain this benefit or use. It can be evaluated by defining a function which expresses the specific benefit and quantifies the resource requirements through a set of indicators (use of raw materials, energy, water, land and ecosystem services including sinks). The results from this also depend on the system boundary parameters and the allocation rules for by-products and waste treatment options. Optimising resource use is possible at all stages of a product’s or production system’s life cycle chain (raw material extraction, production and manufacturing, use and consumption, and the end-of-life stage). VDI guidelines are widely accepted across Germany’s industrial sector and therefore represent an important means of mainstreaming resource efficiency in this target area. As well as providing a methodological framework, the guidelines describe strategies and measures towards increasing resource efficiency, and they enable industrial producers and service providers to identify potential areas of improvement. The full article presents an overview of the methodology and contents of these guidelines and discusses their impact in achieving absolute reductions in the industrial use of natural resources. KW - Resource efficiency KW - Life cycle thinking KW - Products and production systems KW - Standardization PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-426443 UR - https://www.wrforum.org/wrfpublicationspdf/boosting-resource-productivity/ SN - 978-3-9521409-7-0 SP - 125 EP - 132 PB - Paul Scherrer Institute CY - Villigen PSI, Switzerland ET - 1 AN - OPUS4-42644 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Holm, Olaf A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Recovery of copper from small grain sizes of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash by means of density separation N2 - Small grain sizes of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash (BA) contain elemental and chemically bonded metals in appreciable amounts, especially copper. As different copper species have in general a higher density compared to the prevalent minerals, processes for density separation seemed to be favorable for the recovery of copper. Investigations with a centrifugal classifier were therefore carried out with BA from MWSI which have been used for a few years as the covering material for a landfill. The results show an appreciable enrichment of the precious copper. The concentrates contained up to 60 mg/kg copper in the dry weight (DW) (in general about 30 – 40 mg/kg DW) with enrichment factors of around 20 and a copper recovery of up to 50 % (in general around 20 %). A test series in order to evaluate the potential benefit for sequential processing illustrate the low efficiency for a further processing of the tailings. T2 - SUM 2014 - 2nd Symposium on Urban Mining CY - Bergamo, Italy DA - 19.052014 KW - Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) KW - Density separation KW - Bottom ash (BA) KW - Copper PY - 2014 SN - 9788862650311 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - CISA Publisher CY - Padova, Italy AN - OPUS4-37308 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rohn, Holger T1 - The VDI guideline series 4800 resource efficiency: an approach for increasing resource efficiency with the aim of conservation of natural resources in the industrial sector N2 - In 2011, the German Association of Engineers (VDI) started working on a set of guidelines towards increased resource efficiency. These guidelines represent a framework that defines resource efficiency and outlines considerations for the producing industry. A special guideline for SMEs is included as well as guidelines on methodologies for evaluating resource use indicators, such as the cumulative raw material demand of products and production systems. Resource efficiency, defined here as the ratio of specific quantifiable use to natural resource consumption, can be evaluated by defining a function which expresses the specific use and quantifies the resource requirements through a set of indicators (use of raw materials, energy, water, land and ecosystem services including sinks). The results from this also depend on the system boundary parameters and the allocation rules for by-products and waste treatment options. Optimising resource use is possible at all stages of a product’s or production system’s life cycle chain (raw material extraction, production and manufacturing, use and consumption, and the end-of-life stage). VDI guidelines are widely accepted across Germany’s industrial sector and therefore represent an important means of mainstreaming resource efficiency in this target area. As well as providing a methodological framework, the guidelines describe strategies and measures towards increasing resource efficiency, and they enable industrial producers and service providers to identify potential areas of improvement. The full article presents an overview of the methodology and contents of these guidelines and discusses their impact in achieving absolute reductions in the industrial use of natural resources. T2 - World Resources Forum 2015 CY - Davos, Switzerland DA - 11.10.2015 KW - Resource Efficiency KW - Life cycle thinking KW - Products and production systems KW - Standardization PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-35674 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Enzner, Verena A1 - Holm, Olaf A1 - Abis, Marco A1 - Kuchta, Kerstin T1 - The characterisation of the fine fraction of MSWI bottom ashes for the pollution and resource potential N2 - The fine fraction of bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration is characterized of both a high pollution and relevant resource potential. Methods for studying the environmental behaviour of solid residues are leaching tests. Various leaching test are adopted all over Europe with liquid to solid ratio of 2 or 10 l/kg. In Germany three different leaching Tests are valid with the commencement of the draft of the ordinance of reuse of mineral waste as alternative building ordinance. Comparing two batch tests, only the concentration for chloride is comparable. To evaluate the metal resource potential in the sand fraction wet chemical Methods have been applied. Methodical problems were caused mainly by the material heterogeneity and especially for precious metals due to their low concentration around 1 mg/kg. Other Methods have been available, but hardly applicable. T2 - 16. International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium CY - Cagliari, Italy DA - 02.10.2017 KW - Bottom ash KW - Resource recovery PY - 2017 SN - 978-88-6265-0113 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - CISA Publisher CY - Padova, Italy AN - OPUS4-51184 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gawlitza, Kornelia A1 - Pérez-Padilla, Víctor A1 - Sun, Yijuan A1 - Valderrey, Virginia A1 - Bell, Jérémy A1 - Rurack, Knut T1 - On-Site Detection of PFAAs with Dual Fluorescent MIPs Coupled to a Miniaturized Microfluidics Platform N2 - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) represent a class of synthetic organofluorine chemicals extensively utilized in the manufacturing of various materials such as firefighting foams, adhesives, and stain- and oil-resistant coatings. In recent years, PFAS have been considered as emerging environmental contaminants, with particular focus on perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), the most prevalent type among PFAS. PFCAs are characterized by a fully fluorinated carbon backbone and a charged carboxylic acid headgroup. Notably, they have been designated as Substances of Very High Concern and added to the REACH Candidate List due to their persistence in the environment, non-biodegradability and toxicological effects. Conventional techniques for the analysis of PFCA, such as GC-MS, HRMS and HPLC-based methods, are laborious, not portable, costly and require skilled personnel. In contrast, fluorescence assays can be designed as easy-to-operate, portable and cost-effective methods with high sensitivity and fast response, especially when analyte binding leads to a specific increase of a probe’s emission. Integration of such probes with a carrier platform and a miniaturized optofluidic device affords a promising alternative for PFCA monitoring. Here, a novel guanidine BODIPY fluorescent indicator monomer has been synthesized, characterized, and incorporated into a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) for the specific detection of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). The MIP layer was formed on tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) chloride doped silica core particles for optical internal reference and calibration-free assays. Such system allows selective and reliable detection of PFCA from surface water samples, with minimum interference by competitors, matrix effects and other factors. Integration of the assay into an opto-microfluidic setup resulted in a miniaturized and easy-to-operate detection system allowing for micromolar detection of PFOA in less than 15 minutes from surface water sample. T2 - MIP2024: The 12th International Conference on Molecular Imprinting CY - Verona, Italy DA - 18.06.2024 KW - Sensor KW - PFAS KW - Molecularly imprinted polymers KW - Guanidine receptor KW - BODIPY PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60438 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Scholz, Philipp T1 - Sequential Extraction of Incineration Bottom Ash: Conclusions Regarding Ecotoxicity N2 - The classification of incineration bottom ash (IBA) as hazardous or non-hazardous according to ecotoxic hazard property HP14 is still under debate. In this context, only the compounds of Zn and Cu with the hazard statement code H410 are of relevance. With an approach based on the grouping of substances, it was shown that such substances are either readily water-soluble or slightly and sparingly soluble. The concentrations of readily soluble Cu and Zn compounds in IBA are far below the cut-off value of 0.1%. Slightly and sparingly soluble Zn and Cu compounds could be quantified in the first fraction of a four-step sequential extraction procedure. With the results from the complete sequence, the dimensionless synthesis toxicity index (STI) was calculated and was in the range of 494 to 1218 for the four investigated IBA samples. It was concluded that IBA can usually be classified as non-hazardous. KW - Incineration bottom ash KW - Hazard properties KW - Ecotoxicity PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-605262 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/13/5541 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/app14135541 SN - 2076-3417 VL - 14 IS - 13 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-60526 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Chacon Castro, Jose Pablo A1 - Schneider, Rika A1 - Greiner, Andreas A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Flame retardant poly(limonene carbonate): material innovation as a game changer N2 - The global plastic industry relies on fossil-based materials, presenting environmental challenges. A sustainable polymer namely poly(limonene carbonate) (PLimC), made of limonene and CO2 as two monomers from non-food sources, shows advances in various applications where additives such as flame retardants (FRs) are crucial to comply with fire safety measures. The variety of FRs is wide, and therefore the approach involved conducting a comparative study of four different halogen-free flame retardant systems that are conventionally used in polycarbonates and polyolefins to understand which FR enhances the flame resistance of PLimC most effectively. The primary task of the project is to conduct experimental evaluations to analyze the thermal properties, flammability, and fire behavior of each system. This data will offer valuable insights towards the advancement of safer and more sustainable materials. T2 - Polymers for Sustainable Future 2024 CY - Prague, Czech Republic DA - 24.06.2024 KW - Poly(limonene carbonate) KW - Flame retardancy KW - Fire science PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60556 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - INPR A1 - Weller, Michael G. T1 - The mystery of homochirality on earth N2 - Homochirality is an obvious feature of life on Earth. On the other hand, extraterrestrial samples contain largely racemic compounds. The same is true for any common organic synthesis. Therefore, it has been a perplexing puzzle for decades how these racemates could have formed enantiomerically enriched fractions as a basis for the origin of homochiral life forms. Numerous hypotheses have been put forward as to how preferentially homochiral molecules could have formed and accumulated on Earth. In this article, it is shown that homochirality of the abiotic organic pool at the time of formation of the first self-replicating molecules is not necessary and not even probable. It is proposed to abandon the notion of a molecular ensemble and to focus on the level of individual molecules. Although the formation of the first self-replicating, most likely homochiral molecule is a seemingly improbable event, on a closer look, it is almost inevitable that homochiral molecules have formed simply on a statistical basis. In this case, the non-selective leap to homochirality would be one of the first steps in chemical evolution directly out of a racemic “ocean”. Moreover, most studies focus on the chirality of the primordial monomers with respect to an asymmetric carbon atom. However, any polymer with a minimal size that allows folding to a secondary structure, would spontaneously lead to asymmetric higher structures (conformations). Most of the functions of these polymers would be influenced by this inherently asymmetric folding. To summarize, simple and universal mechanisms may have led to homochiral self-replicating systems in the context of chemical evolution. A homochiral monomer pool is deemed unnecessary and probably never existed on primordial Earth. N2 - Homochiralität ist ein offenkundiges Merkmal des Lebens auf der Erde. Andererseits enthalten extraterrestrische Proben überwiegend racemische Verbindungen. Das Gleiche gilt für jede gängige organische Synthese. Daher war es seit Jahrzehnten ein Rätsel, wie diese Racemate enantiomerenangereicherte Fraktionen als Grundlage für den Ursprung homochiraler Lebensformen bilden konnten. Es wurden zahlreiche Hypothesen darüber formuliert, wie sich bevorzugt homochirale Moleküle auf der Erde gebildet und angereichert haben könnten. In diesem Artikel wird gezeigt, dass die Homochiralität des abiotischen organischen Pools zum Zeitpunkt der Bildung der ersten selbstreplizierenden Moleküle nicht notwendig und nicht einmal wahrscheinlich ist. Es wird vorgeschlagen, die Vorstellung eines molekularen Ensembles aufzugeben und sich auf die Ebene der einzelnen Moleküle zu konzentrieren. Obwohl die Bildung des ersten selbstreplizierenden, vermutlich homochiralen Moleküls ein scheinbar unwahrscheinliches Ereignis ist, ist es bei näherer Betrachtung fast unvermeidlich, dass sich homochirale Moleküle einfach auf statistischer Basis gebildet haben. In diesem Fall wäre der nicht-selektive Sprung zur Homochiralität einer der ersten Schritte der chemischen Evolution direkt aus einem racemischen "Ozean" heraus. Außerdem konzentrieren sich die meisten Studien auf die Chiralität der ursprünglichen Monomere in Bezug auf ein asymmetrisches Kohlenstoffatom. Jedes Polymer mit einer Mindestgröße, die eine Faltung zu einer Sekundärstruktur ermöglicht, würde jedoch spontan zu asymmetrischen höheren Strukturen (Konformationen) führen. Die meisten Funktionen dieser Polymere würden durch diese inhärent asymmetrische Faltung beeinflusst. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass einfache und universelle Mechanismen zu homochiralen selbstreplizierenden Systemen im Rahmen der chemischen Evolution geführt haben könnten. Ein homochiraler Monomerpool wird als unnötig erachtet und hat daher wahrscheinlich auf der Urerde auch nie existiert. KW - Chemical evolution KW - Abiogenesis KW - Chirality KW - Amino acids KW - Peptides KW - Folding chirality PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-598462 DO - https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202401.1939.v1 SN - 2310-287X SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-59846 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - Seeger, Stefan T1 - VOC-Emissions from thermoplastic filaments for 3-D-printing N2 - Summary: A screening test for potential emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) was run on different thermoplastic filaments used for 3D printing. The method of direct thermal desorption was used to simulate the high temperatures during the 3D printing process and to identify the main compounds emitted from the filaments. A large number of unexpected compounds were detected that might affect the user’s health and have an impact on indoor air chemistry. Introduction: The use of desktop 3D printers is increasing. Compared to other devices with known emissions, e.g. laser printers, there is still a lack of information on possible emissions of VOC and ultrafine particles during operation and the effect on indoor air quality. Most of the commercially available desktop 3D printers operate with a molten polymer deposition. For this process a solid thermoplastic filament is heated in an extrusion nozzle. Most filaments for desktop 3D printers use either acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) or polylactic acid (PLA) as filament. Alternatives are polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) or polycarbonate (PC). Method: Eight different thermoplastic filaments for 3D printers were analysed by direct thermal desorption followed by GC-MS identification of the emitted substances. Direct thermal desorption was done by desorbing 5 mg of the feedstock for 1 minute at a temperature of 210°C. This is an average temperature for 3D printing with thermoplastic filaments. Results and conclusions: The comparison of the 4 different filament groups showed the highest overall emissions from ABS, followed by PLA, PC and PVA. Filament ABS 2 emitted mainly SVOCs and triphenyl phosphate, the latter has the highest emission for a single compound from all evaluated filaments. Thermoplastic filaments are a new source of VOC emissions due to the high temperatures associated with 3D printing, which can reach up to 270°C. Some of the detected compounds like lactic acid, lactide and bisphenol A have never been described before in the indoor environment. Additionally some of the main substances could not be identified and some others might have the potential to affect the indoor air chemistry. The appearance of some newly detected compounds raises concerns about potential health effects for the users of 3D printers at home. T2 - 20th Conference | Odour and Emissions of Plastic Materials CY - Kassel, Germany DA - 20.03.2018 KW - VOC KW - Emissions KW - 3D printing KW - Thermoplastic filaments PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44551 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bresch, Harald A1 - Seeger, Stefan T1 - Measurement of particle emission during brake dynamometer tests N2 - Aerosol emissions from brake pads are evolving into the focus of industrie and regulation. Many institutes are extending their dynamometer test stands with aerosol measurement equipement. While this is in general a good developement, the details of aerosol measurement and the special problems in the case of brake pad emissions need some special attention. The instrumentation can not be used out of the box and the important parameters will be highlighted in this presentation. T2 - Role of Third Bodies in Tribology CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 09.06.2016 KW - brake KW - Bremsen KW - nano KW - nanoparticle KW - tribology KW - Tribologie KW - ultrafine KW - dust KW - Staub KW - Nanopartikel KW - Nano PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36453 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Torge, Manfred A1 - Feldmann, Ines A1 - Bücker, Michael A1 - Seeger, Stefan T1 - The effect of particle deposition and climate on glass degradation N2 - A number of environmental monitoring projects were performed on historic stained-glass windows in Germany. The quality of the protective glazing was assessed by recording environmental parameters in the interspace between the original and the protective glazing and on the inside of the original window. For this purpose, temperature, humidity and air velocity were measured. Particles were sampled with different methods and analysed by scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to determine their chemical composition. The effect of particles on model glass samples was investigated in climate chambers under accelerated weathering conditions. T2 - International Symposium on Glass Degradation in Atmospheric Conditions CY - C2RMF, Paris, France DA - 15.11.2017 KW - Particle measurement KW - Dust analysis KW - Climate chamber simulation KW - Protective glazing PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-43171 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ecke, Alexander A1 - Schneider, Rudolf T1 - An Electrochemical Immunosensor for Pharmaceutical Contaminants in Water N2 - Contamination of drinking water with pharmaceuticals is an emerging problem and a potential health threat. Immunochemical methods based on the binding of the analyte to specific antibodies enable fast & cost-effective on-site analyses. Magnetic bead-based immunoassays allow for implementation into an immunosensor for online testing. Particles are prepared by either coupling the analyte molecule (diclofenac) or the respective antibody (amoxicillin) to the surface. For miniaturization, detection is performed electrochemically (chronoamperometry) on a microfluidic chip. The developed immunosensor will enable detection of pharmaceuticals directly in water supply pipes. T2 - SALSA Make & Measure CY - Online meeting DA - 16.09.2021 KW - Immunosensor KW - Magnetic Beads KW - Amoxicillin KW - Diclofenac KW - Microfluidics KW - Chronoamperometry PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53307 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Raysyan, Anna A1 - Schneider, Rudolf T1 - Lateral Flow ImmunoAssays for the detection of bisphenol A emissions from plastic materials N2 - Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical that has been used in the production of plastics for more than 40 years. BPA released from bottles made of polycarbonates has been identified as a potential endocrine disrupting substance. Comprehensive research has been undertaken to test and verify its effect on animals and human beings. Many methods have been proposed for the determination of BPA, in particular, gas and liquid chromatography. The main disadvantages of such approaches are the high cost of the equipment, the significant duration of an analysis, and difficulties in screening a large number of samples. Lateral Flow ImmunoAssay (LFIA) attributes are high throughput, high specificity and sensitivity, as well as low cost and simplicity. An LFIA test strip was developed. This LFIA is based on anti-BPA antibodies (from mouse) conjugated with gold nanoparticles as the marker by passive absorption and covalent coupling, deposited in an elaborate pad. To form control and test zones, anti-mouse antibody and a BVA-BSA conjugate were spotted on the nitrocellulose membrane, respectively. Negative samples are revealed by red lines both in the test and control zones, respectively, whereas positive samples produce a single red line only in the control zone. The measurement range is 0.05 – 23 μg/L, visually detected by the naked eye within 5 minutes. In addition, the intensities at the test line can be read by dedicated lateral flow readers (opTrilyzer® and Cube by opTricon, Berlin) for a more precise and documented determination. T2 - EBS2019 CY - Florence, Italy DA - 18.02.2019 KW - BPA KW - LFIA KW - Plastic PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-47477 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Stephan A1 - Hoffmann, Holger A1 - Garbe, L.-A. A1 - Harrer, A. A1 - Steiner, M. A1 - Himly, M. A1 - Schneider, Rudolf T1 - New immunoassay for quantification of diclofenac in water samples N2 - Diclofenac (DCF) is a widely used drug against fever, inflammation, pain, and rheumatic diseases. An average of 70 % of the ingested diclofenac is excreted in the urine. Thus, 63 tons per year are introduced into the water cycle in Germany. Due to insufficient removal of diclofenac in wastewater treatment plants, residues of diclofenac can be found in surface water and sometimes in drinking water. In order to establish an immunoassay, an anti-DCF antibody was required. Some antibody developments have been reported, based on an immunogen resulting from direct coupling of diclofenac to proteins via the carboxylic function. Finally, we used a monoclonal antibody, clone F01G21. T2 - Tag der Biotechnologie der TU Berlin CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 13.07.2018 KW - Wasserproben KW - Arzneimittel KW - Antikörper KW - ELISA PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45475 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Carl, Peter A1 - Sarma, Dominik A1 - Rurack, Knut A1 - Schneider, Rudolf T1 - A bead suspension array for measuring emerging pollutants and anthropogenic markers in wastewater N2 - Background: The assessment of water quality demands for high-throughput and multi-target compatible analytical methods. On the one hand, the influence of sewage on natural surface waters must be routinely monitored - according to the European Water Framework Directive. On the other hand, estimation of removal efficiencies of pollutants, such as drug residues, is in the focus of industrial and public wastewater treatment. Immunoassays, such as ELISA, are often applied in this area owing to their cost-efficiency and high-throughput capability. However, it is only possible to measure a single analyte in one measurement. In contrast, array technology is capable for measuring multiple substances in parallel. Here we present a four-plex bead-based flow cytometric assay for measuring three drugs (carbamazepine, an anti-epileptic drug, diclofenac, an antiphlogistic and caffeine, a psychoactive substance) and the bile acid isolithocholic acid, which is proposed to be used as a fecal marker. The drugs can be detected from 1 to 4 µg/L and the bile acid can be detected up to 72 µg/L in wastewater, requiring a highly sensitive detection method. Methods: We use core-shell particles as the spherical platform, consisting of a polystyrene core and a silica shell. Such beads can easily be encoded with an organic fluorophore in the core and functionalized with amino groups on the silica shell surface for creating binding sites for antibodies: Therefore, the marker substances are bound to the amino groups via NHS chemistry. The hybrid particles were synthesized in house. Polystyrene was chosen as core material because of its low density and high refractive index, both important requirements for the use in suspension arrays. Easy surface modifications using silane chemistry are accessible on the silica shell. For the determination of the pollutants, the beads are incubated with a mixture of the analyte-specific antibodies. The antibodies undergo a competitive reaction to bind the immobilized molecules on the surface of the beads or the free analyte in the solution, respectively. Bound antibodies can then be visualized via fluorophore-labelled secondary antibodies. For read-out a flow cytometer is used to virtually separate the different dye encoded beads and to measure the resulting Signal intensity of the immunoassay. A four-parametric function was used as calibration curve. Results: In order to obtain highly selective binding of the antibodies, we investigated different types of silica shell surface modifications to overcome unspecific binding, finding that a PEG-modified surface is suitable to support our immunoassay format. Multiplexed small molecule detection can therefore be realized in a simple mix and read procedure without washing steps. Conclusion: We presented a multiplexing suspension array for the detection of four marker substances in wastewater samples, based on an indirect immunoassay format with polystyrene core-silica shell microbeads. The resulting multiplexing assay is appropriate to detect the marker substances in the low µg/L range. Therefore, wastewater samples can be measured without further preconcentration. T2 - Innovations Forum Senftenberg 2016 - Enabling Technologies for Multiparameter Analytics CY - Senftenberg, Germany DA - 01.06.2017 KW - Bead-based assay KW - Small-molecule sensors KW - Immunoassay KW - Anthropogenic markers KW - Wastewater PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36752 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Carl, Peter A1 - Schneider, Rudolf T1 - A bead suspension array for measuring emerging pollutants and anthropogenic markers in wastewater. N2 - The assessment of water quality demands for high-throughput and multi-target compatible analytical methods. On the one hand, the influence of sewage on natural surface waters must be routinely monitored - according to the European Water Framework Directive. On the other hand, estimation of removal efficiencies of pollutants, such as drug residues, is in the focus of industrial and public wastewater treatment. Immunoassays, such as ELISA, are often applied in this area owing to their cost-efficiency and high-throughput capability. However, it is only possible to measure a single analyte in one measurement. In contrast, array technology is capable for measuring multiple substances in parallel. Here we present a four-plex bead-based flow cytometric assay for measuring three drugs (carbamazepine, an anti-epileptic drug, diclofenac, an antiphlogistic and caffeine, a psychoactive substance) and the bile acid isolithocholic acid, which is proposed to be used as a fecal marker. In this suspension array core-shell particles, consisting of a polystyrene core and a silica shell are used. They can be easily encoded with a fluorophore which is introduced to the core and functionalized with amino groups on the surface for creating binding sites for antibodies: Therefore, the marker substances are bound to the amino groups via NHS chemistry. For the determination of the pollutants, the beads are incubated with a mixture of the analyte-specific antibodies. The antibodies undergo a competitive reaction to bind the immobilised molecules on the surface of the beads or the free analyte in the solution, respectively. Bound antibodies can then be visualized via fluorophore-labelled secondary antibodies. For read-out a flow cytometer is used to virtually separate the different encoded beads and to measure the resulting signal intensity of the immunoassay. In order to obtain highly selective binding of the antibodies, we investigated different types of surface modifications to overcome unspecific binding, finding that a PEG-based surface is suitable to support our immunoassay format. The resulting multiplexing assay is appropriate to detect the marker substances in the low µg/L range. T2 - The Singlet Oxygen Strategy: From Singlet Oxygen to Sustainable Oxidation CY - Gent, Belgium DA - 15.06.2016 KW - Bead-based assay KW - Small-molecule sensors KW - Immunoassay KW - Anthropogenic markers KW - Wastewater PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36753 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Osan, J. A1 - Gross, A. A1 - Stabile, L. T1 - AEROMET - Observation of quickly changing element mass concentrations in an ambient aerosol using portable TXRF N2 - Measurements of aerosol particles are vital for enforcing EU air quality regulations to protect human health, and for research on climate change effects. Although metrics such as PM10 and PM2.5 are currently in use, the level of uncertainty of aerosol metrics is too high and the traceability is insufficient. The project AEROMET, which has been started in June 2017 aims at implementing improvements in a) the uncertainty of particle mass, size and number concentration measurements and b) in the characterization of regulated components in airborne particles. Both are demanded by existing networks within the EU as well as by global atmospheric research. On-site measurement campaigns One of the objects is the application of mobile x-ray spectroscopy techniques combined with aerosol sampling techniques for quantifying particle compositions in the field for real time analysis. During two in-field measurement campaigns in Budapest, Hungary in May 2018 and Cassino, Italy in September 2018 the size dependent mass concentrations of specific elements in ambient aerosols were monitored under dynamic conditions. Typically, airborne particles are sampled on filter substrates. During this project new sampling methods with specially designed substrate holders for an in-situ TXRF analysis were developed and applied for the first time. This approach allows a direct time and size resolved analysis without laborious digestion steps and a reduced risk of contamination. Aerosol particles were sampled in a 13-stage DLPI impactor - size range from 0,03 µm to 10 µm - which was equipped with special adapters for acrylic discs of 30 mm diameter, serving as substrates. TXRF analysis was performed on site with the transportable spectrometer S2 PICOFOX (Bruker Nano GmbH) equipped with a Mo X-ray tube and a 30 mm² Silicon Drift Detector (SDD). Excitation conditions were 50 kV, 600 µA, measurement time 1000 s. Quantification was based on internal standardization using 50 ng of Y in solution, which was pipetted into the centre of the discs prior to sampling. At moderate air pollution levels, i.e. PM10 ~ 20 µg/m³, sampling times of less than 2 hours were enough for the detection of elements in different particle size bins. The in-situ approach and the high sensitivity of TXRF enables the observation of rather quick changes in the quantity and distribution of elements in an ambient aerosol on the day of sampling, as the below example from the Cassino field campaign on 11 Sept. 2018 shows: The analysis of the morning and afternoon sampling shifts reveals the occurrence of the elements Fe, Ca and Si in different size bins as well as their significant temporal change in respective mass concentrations over the day while the distributions of several other elements in the aerosol remain unchanged. The validation of these results by backup measurements is planned. T2 - European Aerosol Conference EAC 2019 CY - Gothenburg, Sweden DA - 25.08.2019 KW - TXRF KW - Ambient air KW - Aerosol KW - Cascade impactor KW - Element analysis PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49582 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kayser, Y. A1 - Pollakowski-Herrmann, Beatrix A1 - Hönicke, P. A1 - Friese, Carmen A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Cara, E. A1 - Boarino, L. A1 - Gianotti, V. A1 - Laus, M. A1 - Beckhoff, Burkhard T1 - AEROMET – Traceable and reliable chemical analysis of aerosols by X-ray spectrometry N2 - Traceable and reliable chemical element analysis of aerosols by X-ray spectrometry was investigated using aerosol samples from field campaigns which have been measured in the GIXRF-beamline at BESSY. The reference-free XRF approach allows for a traceable analysis of the mass deposition. Traceable quantification by means of XRF can be transfered to benchtop instrumentation used in the laboratory Chemical and dimensional analysis of deposited aerosol allows for a comprehensive analysis of aerosols, e.g. for toxicity assessment and determination of the source The folowing elements could be identified and quantified in the field samples: Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, W, Pb. T2 - European Aerosol Conference EAC 2019 CY - Gothenburg, Sweden DA - 25.08.2019 KW - TXRF KW - Element mass concetration KW - Ambient aerosol KW - Cascade impactor PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49583 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bucar, K. A1 - Zitnik, M. A1 - Stabile, L. A1 - Ozan, J. A1 - Seeger, Stefan T1 - Performance of a Sharp GP2Y low-cost aerosol PM sensor N2 - Simple particulate matter sensors are gaining popularity due to their low price, easy handling and good temporal resolution. In this presentation, we report on the performance of a Sharp optical PM sensor GP2Y1010AU0F, which costs less than 15 €. The sensor is built around an infrared emitting diode (ILED) and a phototransistor detecting the light scattered from the aerosol particle. An electronic circuit shapes the detected light in a pulsed signal. The manufacturer advises sampling the output signal 280 microseconds after the ILED pulse. The measured output voltage is an indicator of dust concentration. We have built two identical simple PM monitoring devices using Raspberry Pi 3 computer interfacing the PM sensor with Microchip’s MCP3002 ADC via SPI. The ADC is capable of more than 100 ksamples/s at 10-bit resolution. The Rpi3 was pulsing the sensor at 10Hz, digitizing and saving the data and sending the results wirelessly. Sensor’s output pulse shape was sampled with 10 microsecond time steps and saved, thus making offline analysis possible. A time jitter of output pulses can be observed and suggests a peak fitting as a better approach to the signal readout compared to the single sampling at a fixed time after pulse triggering We compared both methods. T2 - European Aerosol Coference EAC 2019 CY - Gothenburg, Sweden DA - 25.08.2019 KW - Aerosol KW - Low cost aerosol PM sensor KW - PM PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49581 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Pollakowski-Herrmann, Beatrix A1 - Osan, J. A1 - Gross, A. A1 - Stosnach, H. A1 - Kayser, Y. A1 - Beckhoff, B. T1 - Quantification of element mass concentrations in aerosols by combination of cascade impactor sampling and in-situ TXRF Spectroscopy N2 - A mobile Bruker S2 Picofox TXRF spectrometer has been used in two field campaigns within the EMPIR env07 AEROMET project for the on-site analysis of cascade impactor aerosol samples.The results show that even at moderate air pollution levels – i.e.PM10 fairly below 20 μg/m³ - element mass concentrations in air in the range of 100 pg/m³could be measured in up to 13 size bins after sampling times of less than only 0.5 days. T2 - UFP 2019 Ultrafeinstaub in der Atmosphäre und in Innenräumen, 3. Symposium CY - Technische Universität Berlin, Germany DA - 19.09.2019 KW - TXRF ambient air aerosol chemical analysis aerosol element composition KW - Aerosol KW - TXRF KW - Cascade impactor KW - Aerosol element alanysis KW - Aerosol element mass concentration PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49580 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tang, Chi-Long A1 - Seeger, Stefan T1 - Proposal of a standard test method for the quantification of particulate matter during 3D printing and the systematic ranking of filament materials N2 - The diversity of fused filament fabrication (FFF) filaments continues to grow rapidly as the popularity of FFF-3D desktop printers for the use as home fabrication devices has been greatly increased in the past decade. Potential harmful emissions and associated health risks when operating indoors have induced many emission studies. However, the lack of standardization of measurements impeded an objectifiable comparison of research findings. Therefore, we designed a chamber-based standard method, i.e., the strand printing method (SPM), which provides a standardized printing procedure and quantifies systematically the particle emission released from individual FFF-3D filaments under controlled conditions. Forty-four marketable filament products were tested. The total number of emitted particles (TP) varied by approximately four orders of magnitude (1E9 ≤ TP ≤ 1E13), indicating that origin of polymers, manufacturer-specific additives, and undeclared impurities have a strong influence. Our results suggest that TP characterizes an individual filament product and particle emissions cannot be categorized by the polymer type (e.g., PLA or ABS) alone. The user's choice of a filament product is therefore decisive for the exposure to released particles during operation. Thus, choosing a filament product awarded for low emissions seems to be an easily achievable preemptive measure to prevent health hazards. T2 - 11th International Aerosol Conference CY - Athens, Greece DA - 04.09.2022 KW - Ultrafine particles KW - FFF-3D-Printer KW - Indoor emission KW - Emission test chamber KW - Test method KW - Exposure risk PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55666 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Seeger, Stefan T1 - VOC, Fine and Ultrafine Particles Emissions from Additive Manufacturing and 3D-Printers N2 - The presentation gives an overview on Additive Manufacturing techniques and related potential risks from emission of hazardous gases and aerosols, based on emission characterizations in BAM. Voluntary mitigation strategies are presented T2 - BAM - JBMIA (Japan Business Machine and Information System Industries Association) Meeting, JBMIA Emissions Working Group Meeting CY - Tokyo, Japan DA - 04.05.2019 KW - 3D Printing KW - Additive Manufacturing KW - Particulate emissions KW - Emissions of hazardous gases KW - Filament comparison PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-47812 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Seeger, Stefan T1 - UBA Projects on Particulate Emissions from Laser Printers N2 - The presentation gives an overview on past and ongoing projects in BAM on laser printer particulate emissions, funded by the German Environment Agency (UBA) in order to further develop award criteria for the Blue Angel ecolabel for office machines T2 - BAM - JBMIA (Japan Business Machine and Information System Industries Association) Meeting, JBMIA Emissions Working Group Meeting CY - Tokyo, Japan DA - 04.05.2019 KW - Laser Printer KW - Particulate emission KW - Blue Angel ecolabel KW - Office machines PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-47811 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana T1 - Combined impact of UV radiation and nitric acid (HNO3) on HDPE jerrycans – comparison of outdoor and lab test N2 - A damaging action of HNO3-55% only occurs in combination with its decomposition into nitrous gases, which can be caused by UV radiation. In a laboratory test, transparent HDPE jerrycans have been exposed to both UV radiation and 55 wt-% nitric acid solution at (41 ± 2)°C, for up to 20 days. For comparison, UV radiant exposure (21 days) and nitric acid exposure (up to 6 weeks) were performed separately, at nearly equal temperatures. The respective damages are compared with FTIR spectroscopy in ATR and HT-gel permeation chromatography (GPC) on a molecular level and with hydraulic internal pressure testing as a component test. For the used jerrycans, relevant oxidation can only be found after the combined exposure. The gradual increase in oxidative damage shows the good reproducibility of the lab exposure. The decomposition of nitric acid into nitrous gases by UV radiation – as well as the jerrycan oxidation – is also observed at lower HNO3 concentration (28 wt- %). Similar results are obtained after outdoor tests. Again, the damage occurs only after combined exposure, in contrast to the exposures to UV only and to HNO3 only, which were conducted in parallel. Outdoor exposures are most readily accepted as they represent possible end-use conditions. However, the reproducibility of these exposures is poor due to the large temporal variations in weather. There are also several safety risks, which is why the number of replicates remains limited. Since the outdoor and lab exposure tests show the same qualitative results, it is appropriate to conduct systematic studies in the laboratory. After 6 days of lab exposure, the oxidation damage is rated as critical, which corresponds to about 1/10 year in Central Europe, according to the UV radiant exposure. It should be noted that this amount can also occur in two sunny weeks. T2 - 24th iapri World Packaging Conference CY - Valencia, Spain DA - 17.06.2024 KW - Ppolyethylene KW - UV exposure KW - Nitric acid KW - Oxidation PY - 2024 VL - 2 SP - 30 EP - 37 PB - ITENE AN - OPUS4-60414 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tochtrop, Christoph A1 - von Geibler, Justus A1 - Rückschloss, Jana A1 - Schlegel, Moritz-Caspar T1 - An environmental assessment approach for additional product functions and its application in the case of fridge-freezers N2 - Next to primary functions, energy-related products have an increasing number of additional functions. This affects the overall environmental footprint, but the question is how? A number of European policy strategies, initiatives and measures, such as the Green Deal, the Circular Economy Action Plan,the Ecodesign Directive and the EU Energy Labelling, aim to ensure that the environmental impact of the overall product is better determined, communicated and finally reduced. A core element of these efforts is the DIN EN 4555x series of standards. However, there is currently no comprehensive and systematic classification of the additional product functions or an approach to assess the associated positive and negative environmental impacts. Therefore, we present in this study an environmental assessment approach for additional product functions and illustrate its application in the case of fridge-freezers. A key element of the life-cycle-oriented methodology is an assessment matrix to categorize and evaluate the direct, indirect and systemic impacts of products’ functions. Based on semiquantitative assessments of experts, the matrix provides an indication of how the additional function affects the overall environmental product impact as well as specific product aspects such as durability or reparability. Based on the results experts can discuss and better understand how specific functions can influence various stages of the product life cycle and how intended systemic changes or rebound effects could occur. As part of the approach, a representative survey was conducted to analyze consumers’ knowledge and information needs. Based on the results, recommendations for purchasing decisions and the consumer information were developed. This paper presents the results from the assessment of the additional functions of fridge-freezers. T2 - EGG+ Electronics Goes Green 2024+ CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 18.06.2024 KW - Circular Economy KW - ESPR KW - Material efficiency KW - Ecodesign KW - Policy making KW - Standardization KW - Consumer PY - 2024 SN - ISBN 978-3-00-079329-5 SP - 87 EP - 97 AN - OPUS4-60400 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schlegel, Moritz-Caspar A1 - McAlister, Catriona A1 - Rama, Mathieu T1 - Pioneering durability in electronics - The role of standardisation in policymaking and vice versa N2 - This paper highlights the role of standardisation in enabling greener electronics in the EU. It presents an analysis of the evolving landscape of material efficiency standardization, the majority of which has been undertaken in the framework of the European Ecodesign Directive, soon to be repealed by the Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation. The impending policy shift will include a very broad extension of product scope, a strengthening of the way in which material efficiency aspects are addressed, and wider potential for product labelling. During the stakeholder consultation process, the European Commission announced that the durability of products would be one of the major topics in the new regulatory approach - hence the specific focus of this paper on durability scoring. The paper first examines the policy and standardization context, and then provides an overview of material efficiency indexes and scoring systems currently in place or being developed. It highlights where standardization is following policymaking, and where standardization is paving the way for more circular products. Scoring systems and indexes could potentially be used for both (i) setting minimum requirements for products entering the EU market, and (ii) consumer labels on material efficiency aspects such as product durability that could trigger environmentally sustainable purchase decisions. Subsequently, a methodological framework for a comprehensive durability scoring system that could be developed in standards is proposed, and the potential for these to be used as a basis for product legislation is explored. Potential durability criteria are listed, divided into technical, servicerelated and further aspects. Technical aspects include external factors that influence the durability of products such as drop/shock resistance. Service-related aspects include, for example, pre-purchase information provision on battery replaceability or availability of software updates. Other aspects include for example pro. T2 - EGG+ Electronics Goes Green 2024+ CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 18.06.2024 KW - Circular Economy KW - Durability KW - Material efficiency KW - Ecodesign KW - ESPR KW - Labelling KW - Consumer PY - 2024 SN - ISBN 978-3-00-079329-5 SP - 56 EP - 62 AN - OPUS4-60399 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dudziak, Mateusz A1 - Bhatia, Riya A1 - Dey, R. A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana A1 - Ullrich, M. S. A1 - Thomsen, C. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Wastewater phosphorus enriched algae as a sustainable flame retardant in polylactide N2 - Revolutionizing our polymer industry for adaption to a sustainable carbon circular economy has become one of today’s most demanding challenges. Exploiting renewable resources to replace fossil-fuel—based plastics with biopolymers such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is inevitable while using waste streams as a raw material resource at least is promising. When it comes to using PLA as technical polymer, its high flammability must be addressed by flame retardants compatible with the thermoplastic processing of PLA and its compostability. This study proposes microalgae enriched with phosphorus from wastewater (P-Algae) as an elegant way towards a kind of sustainable organophosphorus flame retardant. The concept is demonstrated by investigating the processing, pyrolysis, flammability, and fire behavior of PLA/P-Algae, while varying the P-Algae content and comparing P-Algae with four alternative bio-fillers (phosphorylated lignin, biochar, thermally treated sewage sludge, and metal phytate) with different P-contents as meaningful benchmarks. KW - PLA KW - Flame Retardancy KW - Phosphorylated Algae KW - Wastewater flame retardants KW - Zink phytate KW - Phosphorylated lignin KW - Thermally treated sludge PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-604150 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2024.110885 SN - 1873-2321 SN - 0141-3910 VL - 227 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-60415 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nicolicea, Alberto A1 - Oliveros-Mata, E. A1 - Makarov, D. A1 - Melzer, Michael A1 - Pelkner, Matthias A1 - Zabila, Y. T1 - Flexible anisotropic magnetoresistive sensors for novel magnetic flux leakage testing capabilities N2 - Rigid magnetic field sensors such as anisot Hall sensors have been used for years and have become industry standard for electromagnetic non-destructive testing (NDT). Recent technological developments in the field of flexible electronics allow for the fabrication of reshapeable magnetic field sensors on flexible substrates via thin-film deposition or printing. The magnetic properties of these sensors have comparable characteristics to industry-standard rigid magnetic field sensors, with the added ability of adapting to the surface of complex components and scanning in contact with the sample surface. This improves defect detectability and magnetic signal strength by minimizing the scanning lift-off (LO) distance. In this article flexible AMR sensors mounted on a rotative mechanical holder were used to scan a semi-circular ferromagnetic sample with 3 reference defects via magnetic flux leakage (MFL) testing, thus demonstrating the applicability of this type of sensors for the scanning of curved samples. In order to benchmark the performance of these sensors in comparison to industry standard rigid magnetic field sensors, a ferromagnetic sample with 10 reference defects of different depths was scanned employing flexible AMR and rigid GMR sensors. Defects with depths ranging from 110 μm up to 2240 μm were detected with an signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) of 2.7 up to 27.9 (for flexible AMR sensors) and 6.2 up to 72.3 (for rigid GMR sensors), respectively. A 2D magnetometer mapping of the sample with a spatial scanning step of 10 × 50 μm2 (flexible AMR) and 16 × 100 μm2 (rigid GMR) was obtained. The results show that this type of sensor can be used for high-resolution and high-detail mapping of defects on the surface of planar and non-planar ferromagnetic samples since the scanning lift-off distance is equal to the substrate thickness of 20 μm for in-contact scanning. The SNR comparison between flexible and rigid sensors shows that the performance of the flexible AMR sensors employed is not very far behind the performance of the rigid GMR sensors used. KW - Flexible magnetic field sensors KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Magnetic flux leakage KW - Thin film sensor fabrication KW - Defect detection PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-603931 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103160 VL - 146 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-60393 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Barqawi, Haitham A1 - Chubarenko, B. A1 - Esiukova, E. A1 - Putna-Nimane, I. A1 - Barda, I. A1 - Strode, E. A1 - Purina, I. ED - Köppen, S. ED - Reckermann, M. T1 - EI‐GEO environmental impact of geosynthetics in aquatic systems N2 - EI‐GEO is a multinational research project (Germany, Latvia, Russia) funded under the ERA.Net RUS Plus Call 2017. Aim of the project is the investigation whether geosynthetics in hydraulic engineering applications could be a source of microplastics (MPs) and other contaminants to the aquatic environment causing negative effects to aquatic organisms. Whereas the behavior of geosynthetics in landfill engineering is well studied and documented since decades, little is known on application in applications such as coastal protection or ballast layers for wind energy plants. However, due to the rapid expansion of offshore wind energy, rising water levels and more extreme weather conditions as a result of climate change more and more hydraulic engineering projects will be realized in the future. Applied methods are artificial ageing of geosynthetics in environmental simulation chambers, storage of samples under environmental condition for comparison with laboratory simulation, sample characterization by microscopic methods and ecotoxicological testing of water in contact with geosynthetics. In parallel a case study at the Baltic Sea shore at Kaliningrad Oblast (Russia) will be performed. The aim of study is to estimate the level of pollution of the beaches by geosynthetic debris and identify the possible sources. T2 - 3rd Baltic Earth Conference CY - Online meeting DA - 02.06.2020 KW - Geosynthetics KW - Micro plastic KW - Hydraulic engineering PY - 2020 UR - https://www.baltic-earth.eu/hel2020/material/3rd_BalticEarth_Conference_Proceedings.pdf SN - 2198-4247 SP - 151 EP - 152 PB - International Baltic Earth Secretariat Publications CY - Geesthacht AN - OPUS4-50881 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Haas, Marco A1 - Pienkoß, Fabian A1 - Kwiatkowski, Robert T1 - Wet-mechanical treatment: Processing of bituminous road construction waste in a jigging machine N2 - Jigging machines are used in processing technology in many areas. Examples are the processing of coal, ores, and primary and secondary raw and waste materials. Even small differences in density are offen sufficient for successful sorting. In the work presented here, milled material from road construction waste contaminated with bitumen is to be separated from uncontaminated material. In this way, scarce landfill space could be saved and mineral material be returned to the material cycle. KW - Wet-mechanical treatment KW - Jig KW - Road construction waste PY - 2023 UR - https://www.at-minerals.com/de/artikel/aufbereitung-von-bitumenhaltigem-strassenaufbruch-in-einer-setzmaschine-4037512.html SN - 1434-9302 VL - 64 IS - 12 SP - 46 EP - 51 PB - Bauverlag BV GmbH CY - Gütersloh AN - OPUS4-59160 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gehrmann, H.-J. A1 - Hiebel, M. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Methods for the Evaluation of Waste Treatment Processes N2 - Decision makers for waste management are confronted with the problem of selecting the most economic, environmental, and socially acceptable waste treatment process. This paper elucidates evaluation methods for waste treatment processes for the comparison of ecological and economic aspects such as material flow analysis, statistical entropy analysis, energetic and exergetic assessment, cumulative energy demand, and life cycle assessment.The work is based on the VDI guideline 3925. A comparison of two thermal waste treatment plants with different process designs and energy recovery systems was performed with the described evaluation methods. The results are mainly influenced by the type of energy recovery, where the waste-to-energy plant providing district heat and process steam emerged to be beneficial in most aspects. Material recovery options from waste incineration were evaluated according to sustainability targets, such as saving of resources and environmental protection. KW - Material flow analysis KW - Life cycle assessment KW - Cumulative energy demand KW - Cost benefit analysis KW - Eco-efficiency analysis PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-426455 UR - https://www.hindawi.com/journals/je/2017/3567865/ DO - https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3567865 SN - 2314-4912 VL - 2017 SP - Article ID 3567865-1 EP - 13 PB - Hindawi CY - London AN - OPUS4-42645 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Birke, V. A1 - Fischer, M. A1 - Mamat, B. A1 - Egloffstein, T. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Innovation Network PerFluSan N2 - Per und polyfluorierte Alkylsubstanzen (PFAS) werden im Rahmen ihres breiten industriellen Einsatzes in die Umwelt ein­gebracht, wo sie aufgrund ihrer kritischen Eigen­schaften ein Problem darstellen. Der nach­haltige Schutz von Mensch und Umwelt vor dieser Stoff­gruppe ist eine wichtige Zukunfts­­aufgabe. Verfügbare PFAS-Reinigungs- und -Sanierungs­verfahren sind jedoch teuer und oftmals unzul­änglich. PerFluSan möchte einen entscheidenden Beitrag zur Lösung dieses Problems leisten, indem hier neue PFAS-Sanierungs­verfahren für Böden und Wässer, sowie innovative analytische Methoden zum PFAS-Nachweis entwickelt werden. Die lang­fristige Vision ist es, PerFluSan zu einer nationalen Anlauf­stelle der PFAS-Thematik auszubauen, die mit Hilfe der Synergien zwischen den PerFluSan-Akteuren alle Aspekte der Problematik ganz­heitlich, nachhaltig und effektiv adressiert. N2 - Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) are transferred into the environment as part of their broad industrial use, where they pose a problem due to their critical properties. The sustainable protection of people and the environment from this group of substances is an important task for the future. However, available PFAS removal and remediation processes are expensive and often inadequate. PerFluSan would like to make a relevant contribution to solve this problem by developing new PFAS remediation methods for soils and water, as well as innovative analytical methods for PFAS detection. The long-term vision is to develop PerFluSan into a national contact point for the PFAS topic, which uses synergies between the PerFluSan actors to address all aspects of the problem holistically, sustainably and effectively. T2 - International Online – Conference PFAS - Dealing with contaminants of emerging concern CY - Online meeting DA - 30.11.2020 KW - Perfluorierte Verbindungen KW - Sanierung KW - PFAS PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51700 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Chubarenko, B. A1 - Purina, I. T1 - Approach for analysis of environmental impact of geosynthetics in aquatic systems by example of the Baltic Sea N2 - Whereas the behavior of geosynthetics in landfill engineering is well studied and documented since decades, little is known on application in applications such as coastal protection or ballast layers for wind energy plants. However, due to the rapid expansion of offshore wind energy, rising water levels and more extreme weather conditions as a result of climate change more and more hydraulic engineering projects will be realized in the future. Construction with geosynthetics has various advantages, but it has to be ensured that there is no negative environmental impact from the application of geosynthetics in hydraulic engineering. It is expected that any effect will be visible only on the long-term. Therefore, accelerated testing is needed to derive requirements for geosynthetics in hydraulic engineering. T2 - 7th IEEE/OES Baltic Symposium, Clean and Safe Baltic Sea and Energy Security for the Baltic countries CY - Klaipeda, Lithuania DA - 12.06.2018 KW - Geosynthetics KW - Artificial ageing KW - Micro plastic PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45206 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Weimann, Karin A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - RESOLVED - Recovery of Solar Valuable Materials, Enrichment and Decontamination N2 - The use of renewable energy technologies, such as photovoltaics (PV) should be sustainable and environmentally compatible and therefore protect the environment from risks and damaging impacts. Regarding the growing number of installed photovoltaic systems, the end-of-life management of the pv-modules will become increasingly important. Thin film panels contain hazardous substances that may harm the environment if they are not recycled or disposed properly after reaching the end of their service life. Heavy metals, for example, can be toxic as well as carcinogenic or teratogenic. Processing methods for the recycling of PV thin film modules have to take these facts into account. Currently the available recycling techniques usually utilise chemicals such as acids for a wet-chemical treatment of end-of-life modules. The aim of RESOLVED was to identify and test alternative methods for a wet-mechanical treatment in order to reduce the consumption of chemicals in the recycling of thin film modules. Furthermore, the recovered Cadmium-Telluride (CdTe) and Copper-Indium-Diselenide/Disulfide (CIS) should be helping to save scare resources especially for limited elements such as tellurium and indium. The project RESOLVED investigated the recovery of semiconductors material as secondary raw material and the decontamination of the residues of the PV thin film modules. These goals were achieved by testing and optimising existing technologies for the recycling process as well as for the enrichment of the semiconductor materials. The target is to re-use the enriched recovered material in the production of new PV modules. Special efforts were made to look into life cycle analysis, process sustainability, economical aspects, and resource availability. KW - Renewable energy technologies KW - Photovoltaics KW - Hazardous substances KW - Recycling KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Process sustainability KW - Resources PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-390223 SP - 1 EP - 4 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-39022 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pienkoß, Fabian A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Wet treatments of fine bottom ash for the recovery of metals N2 - In Europe, nearly 19 Mt/y of bottom ash (BA) are produced. Of this quota, only 46 %wt. was treated, often in poorly performing plants, leaving behind 10 Mt of untreated and unrecovered BA, destined to landfill. The resulting 2.14 Mt loss of valuable materials included 1 Mt mineral fraction and 0.97 Mt ferrous metals, mostly from untreated BA, and 0.18 Mt non-ferrous metals, mostly from unrecovered BA. For the coarser fractions, the main obstacle to BA being used as recycling aggregate is the content of salts and potential toxic elements (PTEs), concentrated in a layer that coats BA particles. For the fine BA fractions, usually underexploited and landfilled, it is estimated that up to 0.95 Mt/y of ferrous and non-ferrous metals are not recovered in Europe. During the workshop, the key results of BASH Treat project will be presented: the results of 2 industrial tests performed in BA treatment plants in Germany and Sweden; a novel dry treatment for the removal of salts and PTEs from BA coarse particles; a wet process for the recovery of heavy metal compounds from the fine fraction; a technical-economic assessment of the EU potential for the optimization of BA management. T2 - Crete 2021, 7th International Conference on Industrial & Hazardous Waste Management CY - Online meeting DA - 27.07.2021 KW - Bottom ash KW - Recovery KW - Design of experiments PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53030 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Bandow, Nicole T1 - Potential use of incineration bottom ash in construction – Evaluation of environmental impact N2 - The results from a long-term lysimeter experiment with incineration bottom ash irrigated with artificial rain are reported. Whereas chloride concentration dropped significantly, the release of antimony increased during the course of the experiment as a result of aging processes. T2 - 10th International Conference on the Environmental and Technical Implications of Construction with Alternative Materials, WASCON 2018 CY - Tampere, Finland DA - 06.06.2018 KW - Leaching KW - MSWI Bottom Ash KW - Lysimeter KW - Antimony PY - 2018 SN - 978-951-758-631-3 SN - 0356-9403 SP - 108 EP - 110 AN - OPUS4-45416 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Abis, M. A1 - Bruno, M. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Grönhom, R. A1 - Kuchta, K. A1 - Fiore, S. ED - Medici, F. T1 - A Novel Dry Treatment for Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash for the Reduction of Salts and Potential Toxic Elements N2 - The main obstacle to bottom ash (BA) being used as a recycling aggregate is the content of salts and potential toxic elements (PTEs), concentrated in a layer that coats BA particles. This work presents a dry treatment for the removal of salts and PTEs from BA particles. Two pilotscale abrasion units (with/without the removal of the fine particles) were fed with different BA samples. The performance of the abrasion tests was assessed through the analyses of particle size and moisture, and that of the column leaching tests at solid-to-liquid ratios between 0.3 and 4. The results were: the particle-size distribution of the treated materials was homogeneous (25 wt % had dimensions <6.3 mm) and their moisture halved, as well as the electrical conductivity of the leachates. A significant decrease was observed in the leachates of the treated BA for sulphates (44%), chlorides (26%), and PTEs (53% Cr, 60% Cu and 8% Mo). The statistical analysis revealed good correlations between chloride and sulphate concentrations in the leachates with Ba, Cu, Mo, and Sr, illustrating the consistent behavior of the major and minor components of the layer surrounding BA particles. In conclusion, the tested process could be considered as promising for the improvement of BA valorization. KW - Bottom ash KW - Dry treatment KW - Municipal solid waste PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-552161 SN - 978-3-0365-3063-5 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14113133 SP - 57 EP - 71 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-55216 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Syc, M. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Biganzoli, L. A1 - Grosso, M. A1 - Hyks, J. ED - Holm, O. ED - Thome-Kozmiensky, E. T1 - Resource recovery from incineration bottom ash: Basics, concepts, principles N2 - Waste-to-energy (WtE) is one of the leading technologies for municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment in Europe. According to Eurostat data, in 2015, 27 % of MSW was utilized in WtE plants, which represents more than 80 million tons per year. Therefore, the European annual production of incineration bottom ash (IBA) is about 20 million tons, as it is about 25 wt% of input MSW. In the European List of Waste, IBA is listed as mirror entry (i.e. waste materials which should be classified as either non-hazardous or hazardous, depending on its hazardous properties and/or content of hazardous substances) under codes 19 01 11 and 19 01 12. Recent trends indicate that WtE allows, apart from utilization of the energy content of waste, also the recovery of various valuable components. Hence, WtE can be included in the key technologies that can put the circular economy concept into practice. Secondary raw materials in the case of WtE are solid residues, especially IBA, as it is a secondary source, particularly of ferrous metals (Fe) and non-ferrous metals (NF) and glass. Moreover, the residual mineral fraction can be used for various applications in the construction industry, i.e. as aggregates substitute for bound or unbound applications, in cement manufacturing or, as indicated by recent research, also in more sophisticated applications, e.g. for ceramics production. Recovery of these metals can also cause huge greenhouse gas savings. Alone in Europe, metal recovery from IBA reduces greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 3.2 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent. KW - Bottom ash KW - Recovery PY - 2018 SN - 978-3-944310-44-2 VL - 1 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH CY - Neuruppin ET - 1 AN - OPUS4-46146 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - PEREBAR - Long-Term Performance of Permeable Reactive Barriers Used for the Remediation of Contaminated Groundwater N2 - Contaminated land, landfills and sediments pose a serious environmental threat by polluting groundwater in the surrounding area. In 14 European countries contamination caused by uranium represents a particularly serious danger where drinking water resources might be affected. Other heavy metals and organic pollutants can also have a strongly deleterious effect on groundwater. Available technologies (e.g. pump- and-treat) fall short of solving the problem because their performance is not yet adequate for effective remediation. The aim of the project is to elaborate the scientific basis for laboratory and pilot-scale testing of and the practical application of a considerably more efficient and cost-effective in-situ reactive barrier technology targeting the above contaminants. The primary model test site will be an area in Southern Hungary contaminated by uranium mining- thus including a region which is due to become part of the European Union. The approach taken to meet the project objectives was the characterisation of different reactive materials and relevant attenuation processes in the reactive matrix of the permeable barrier with special respect to their long-term behaviour. The experimental work included laboratory experiments at different scales, going from bench-scale tests up to pilot-scale, and field-scale experiments. Experimental conditions were predetermined by the characteristics of the model site, such as geologic and hydrogeological settings, soil composition, and type, extent and spreading of the contamination. Technological methods to enhance the long-term efficacy and cost-effectiveness of permeable reactive barrier systems were developed and tested under realistic conditions. KW - Ground water pollution KW - Contaminated sites KW - Environmental pollution KW - Permeable reactive barrier systems PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-390231 UR - http://www.eugris.info/displayproject.asp?Projectid=4290 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-39023 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN ED - Simon, Franz-Georg ED - Kalbe, Ute T1 - Measurement of the Environmental Impact of Materials N2 - Throughout their life cycles—from production, usage, through to disposal—materials and products interact with the environment (water, soil, and air). At the same time, they are exposed to environmental influences and, through their emissions, have an impact on the environment, people, and health. Accelerated experimental testing processes can be used to predict the long-term environmental consequences of innovative products before these actually enter the environment. We are living in a material world. Building materials, geosynthetics, wooden toys, soil, nanomaterials, composites, wastes and more are research subjects examined by the authors of this book. The interactions of materials with the environment are manifold. Therefore, it is important to assess the environmental impact of these interactions. Some answers to how this task can be achieved are given in this Special Issue. KW - Leaching KW - Recycling KW - Emissions PY - 2023 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/books/book/6546 SN - 978-3-0365-5983-4 SN - 978-3-0365-5984-1 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-0365-5983-4 SP - 1 EP - 264 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ET - 1 AN - OPUS4-56770 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hernández García, María Amparo A1 - Rurack, Knut A1 - Bell, Jérémy A1 - Weller, Michael G. T1 - SAF-based optical biosensor with 3D-printed free-form optics for targeted explosives immuno-detection N2 - Guaranteeing safety and security of citizens requires a significant effort and innovative tools from national and international agencies and governments, especially when it comes to the field of explosives detection. The need to detect Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) and Home-made Explosives (HMEs) at a point of suspicion, has grown rapidly due to the ease with which the precursors can be obtained and the reagents synthesised. The limited availability of immunoanalytical tools for HME detection presents an opportunity for the development of new devices, which enable a rapid detection and recognise the target analyte with high specificity and sensitivity. In this work, we introduce an optical biosensor for highly specific and sensitive HME detection. The immunoassay system is placed in a hydrogel environment permeable to the analyte and transparent to light interrogating the fluorescently labelled antibodies. The readout of the immunoanalytical system is realized with Supercritical Angle Fluorescence (SAF), an advanced microscopy technique. To accomplish this, we made use of recent, commercial high resolution (< 22 µm) Liquid Crystal Display 3D printers to fabricate a parabolic optical element with high refractive index (RI>1.5) and transmission values (>90%) from photo-resin. Aiming at a new generation of sensors, which not only can meet the requirements of trace detection, but can also be used for substance identification, the combination of immunoanalytical recognition with SAF detection offers a modularity and versatility that is principally well suitable for the measurements of target analytes at trace levels. T2 - 8th International conference in Biosensing Technology CY - Seville, Spain DA - 12.05.2024 KW - 3D printing KW - Biosensor KW - Fluorescence KW - Explosives PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60561 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Traub, Heike A1 - Schannor, Mathias A1 - Stach, A. A1 - Ludwig, A. T1 - Laser Ablation ICP-ToF-MS to investigate the interaction of MRI contrast agents with extracellular matrix components N2 - Non-specific Gd-based contrast agents (GBCAs) have long been routinely used in clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, the interaction of such contrast agents with tissue components is not yet fully understood. Alongside cells, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is an important component of mammalian tissue. It is a three-dimensional network of macromolecules that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells. Many diseases, including inflammation, fibrosis, and tumour invasion, are associated with characteristic ECM changes. The ECM consists of structural proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin) and proteoglycans, which are composed of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) covalently linked to a protein core. GAGs are long, linear polysaccharides consisting of repeated disaccharide units widely varying in molecular mass, disaccharide structure, and sulfation degree. Characteristic of GAGs is their ability to form complexes with cations such as lanthanides. Thus, GAGs could be a potential binding partner for GBCA molecules as a whole or for dechelated Gd. Currently, there are still many unanswered questions about the interaction of contrast agents with ECM components. This study therefore investigated the uptake and distribution of different GBCAs in spheroids that mimic biological tissue and have different ECM expressions. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and GAG-depleted CRL-2242 cells were used to prepare spheroids. These were then incubated for several minutes with gadolinium chloride and various linear and macrocyclic GBCAs. Cryosections of the spheroids were used for imaging measurements with a low-dispersion laser ablation system coupled to an inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometer (LA/ICP-ToF-MS). Gelatine doped with multi-element solutions was used for matrix-matched quantification of Gd and other relevant elements such as Cu, Fe and Zn. Although all spheroids were incubated with identical Gd concentrations, significant differences in the amount of Gd taken up were observed. Gadolinium chloride is absorbed more strongly than the contrast agents and accumulates mainly in the outer regions of the spheroids. In contrast, after incubation with the linear and macrocyclic contrast agents, Gd is detected in the interior of both types of spheroids. T2 - European Workshop on Laser Ablation, EWLA 2024 CY - Ghent, Belgium DA - 02.07.2024 KW - ICP-MS KW - Laser ablation KW - Spheroid KW - Contrast agent PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60575 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rockel, Daniel A1 - Sanchez Olivares, G. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Improving the Flame Retardancy of Aluminium Trihydroxide in Thermoplastic Starch Biocomposites Using Waste Fibers and Silicon-Based Synergists N2 - The synergistic behavior of different silicon compounds is investigated in flame retardant biocomposites with aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) as the main flame retardant. The paper shows a new approach towards sustainable biocomposites through the implementation of thermoplastic starch (TPS), leather fibers from industrial waste streams, and non-hazardous flame retardants and synergists. In these multicomponent systems, the different components address different modes of action in the fire scenario. When ATH is partially substituted by glass frits or layered silicates, fire performance is enhanced without changing the total amount of filler in the polymer. In a biocomposite with 25 phr of fiber and 90 phr of ATH, substituting 5 phr of ATH for layered silicates increased the LOI from 31.5 vol % to 34.8 vol %, decreased the peak of heat release by 20%, and increased the UL 94 rating from V-1 to V-0. KW - Biocomposites KW - Sustainability KW - Waste streams KW - Flame retardancy KW - Synergism KW - Modes of action PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-605711 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acssusresmgt.4c00053 SN - 2837-1445 VL - 1 IS - 6 SP - 1131 EP - 1145 PB - ACS AN - OPUS4-60571 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schannor, Mathias A1 - Oelze, Marcus A1 - Traub, Heike A1 - He, Yubei A1 - Schmidt, Robin A1 - Savic, Lynn A1 - Vogl, Jochen A1 - Meermann, Björn T1 - LA-MC-ICPMS analysis of Cu isotopes in biological material N2 - Stable metal isotopes receive increasing attention as medical biomarkers due to their potential to detect changes of the metal metabolism related to disease. Potential mechanisms causing isotope fractionation include biological processes that involve redox- or bond-forming reactions and interaction of metals during transmembrane import and export. In order to advance our understanding of the underlying processes responsible for isotope fractionation between normal and diseased cells, we need in situ, spatially resolved methods. Despite its frequent use, laser ablation - multi-collector - inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-MC-ICPMS) analysis of biological material is severely limited by the scarcity of matrix-matched standards. Such matrix-matched standards are necessary to correct for instrumental sources of isotope fractionation such as particle size distribution, ablation physics and differential ionization. Copper stable isotopes have proven to be a particularly powerful tool to identify differences in isotope composition between tumors and healthy tissue suggesting application in cancer diagnosis [1, 2]. To further our knowledge of Cu isotope fractionation processes induced by diseases we have developed gelatin-based bracketing standards allowing to correct instrumentally induced isotope fractionation during LA-MC-ICPMS analysis. Since gelatin properties resemble properties of protein-rich cellular material, they mimic biological matrices and their ablation behaviour. Hence, gelatin standards are spiked with known amounts of Cu stable isotopes of a known Cu isotope composition and used as matrix-matched bracketing standard. A Ni reference solution was aspirated to the plasma to allow for mass bias correction and laser energy densities were below the glass ablation threshold. The method achieved reproducibilities of better than 0.10‰ (2SD) for inorganic reference materials and reproducibilities of better than 0.17‰ (2SD) for biological reference materials. The developed routine is tested on biomedical samples and the in situ Cu isotope data will be presented. T2 - European Workshop on Laser Ablation CY - Gent, Belgium DA - 01.07.2024 KW - Laser Ablation KW - Reference Material PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60594 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Kratzig, Andreas A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - Kranzmann, Axel A1 - Knauer, S. T1 - Droplet corrosion of CO2 transport pipeline steels N2 - In this work, the focus was set on the corrosion process of condensate as drops on the surface of carbon steels (X52, X70), martensitic steel UNS S41500, and superaustenite UNS N08031 in CO2 atmosphere with impurities at 278 K (to simulate the transportation condition in a buried pipeline). Exposure tests were performed at both normal pressure and high pressure where CO2 is supercritical or in dense phase. The drop, 1 ‑ 10 μL in volume, was prepared by dropping CO2 saturated ultra-pure water onto the surface of steel coupons in a one-liter-autoclave. The CO2 gas stream, simulating the oxyfuel flue gas with varying concentration of impurities (SO2 and O2 ), was then pumped into the autoclave to observe the condensation and corrosion impacts of impurities. Comparable exposure tests were carried out with the same gas mixture and the same volume of water as vapor to observe the drop formation and the corrosion process that follows. The wettability and stability of drops on the surface of steel coupons in CO2 supercritical/dense phase environment was evaluated additionally by contact angle measurement. T2 - NACE International Annual Corrosion Conference CY - Phoenix, AZ, USA DA - 15.04.2018 KW - Geothermal KW - Coating KW - SiO2 KW - Polyaniline KW - Corrosion PY - 2018 SP - 10845, 1 EP - 11 PB - Omnipress CY - Houston AN - OPUS4-44917 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa A1 - Kratzig, Andreas A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - Knauer, S. T1 - Factors Influencing Droplet Corrosion in Dense Phase CO2 N2 - This work examined the factors that influence the droplet corrosion of CO2 pipeline steels caused by oxyfuel flue gases in dense phase CO2 at 278 K, simulating the underground transport conditions. The wetting properties were studied by contact angle measurement, revealing pH and time dependency on the reactive wetting behaviors of carbon steel X70. Exposure tests with CO2 saturated water droplet on steel surface showed that the impurities (220 ppmv SO2 and 6700 ppmv O2) diffused into the droplet and then reacted with metal surfaces in dense phase condition, forming the corrosion products. The corrosion rate was confirmed strongly depending on the droplet volume as well as the SO2 concentration. Condensation experiments carried out on freshly polished coupons in CO2 with 200 ppmv H2O, 220 ppmv SO2 and 6700 ppmv O2, showed that the formation and aggregation of droplets is time and temperature dependent. At 278 K, condensation happened stronger and the corrosion products, mainly consisted of dense hydrated FeSO3/FeSO4. While at 288 K, more fluffy corrosion products consisting of iron oxide/hydroxide and hydrated FeSO3/FeSO4 were found. Further exposure tests on carbon steel coupons with different surface roughness did not reveal the difference in weight loss/gain and therefore the corrosion rate. T2 - NACE International Corrosion Conference 2019 CY - Nashville, TN, USA DA - 24.03.2019 KW - Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) KW - Supercritical/dense phase CO2 KW - Carbon steel KW - Droplet corrosion KW - Condensation PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-47916 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Bettge, Dirk T1 - Electrochemical behaviors of casing steel/mortar interface in CO2 saturated aquifer fluid N2 - To reveal the corrosion resistance of casing steel/mortar interface in CO2 injection condition, sandwich samples were prepared and exposed up to 20 weeks in aquifer fluid under 10 MPa and 60 °C. Cross section analysis revealed the crevice corrosion as main mechanism instead of pitting corrosion, which would be expected to happen in the extremely high Chloride concentration. Detailed analysis using EDS line scan shown the slow diffusion of Chloride, suggesting why pitting did not happen after 20 weeks. To mimic the passivated steel surface, the steel coupon was passivated in simulated pore solution having pH 13.5 for 42 days. The passivated coupon was further exposed to NGB solution for 28 days. Electrochemical characterization was performed along the exposure processes to reveal the change in impedance, indicating the corrosion resistance of steel casing/mortar interface. T2 - EUROCORR 2022 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 28.08.2022 KW - Corrosion KW - CO2 quality KW - Pipeline network KW - CCS PY - 2022 SP - 859 EP - 865 PB - European Federation of Corrosion AN - OPUS4-55622 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -