TY - CONF A1 - Fontana, Patrick A1 - Miccoli, Lorenzo A1 - Oliveira, D. V. A1 - Silva, R. A. A1 - Drougkas, A. T1 - Numerical modelling of rammed earth under different in-plane load conditions N2 - The paper presents a comparison between two different numerical modelling approaches aimed to simulate the in-plain behaviour of rammed earth walls, namely under axial, diagonal and cyclic shearcompression loading. In the first part of the study the mechanical characterisation of wallets tested under uniaxial compression and diagonal compression and walls tested under in-plane cyclic shear-compression loading is presented. The results were used to implement and validate the finite element simulations. The numerical modelling of the rammed earth samples tested is then discussed in the second part. A non-linear constitutive law based on the total strain rotating crack model (TSRCM) was employed as implemented in the DIANA® software [1]. The aim of the numerical analyses presented here is to simulate the behaviour of rammed earth under different inplane loading conditions. For the wallets, tests under static loading both macro- and micro-modelling approaches were considered for the simulation of the experimental tests. For the walls subjected to cyclic loading only the micro-modelling approach was applied for the simulation of the experimental tests. The respective FEM model was calibrated with the experimental results. The rammed earth layers were represented by continuum elements, the contact surfaces between layers by interface elements. This approach allowed assessing the influence of the apparent weakness of the interfaces between layers on the shear behaviour of rammed earth. The goal of the numerical simulation of the cyclic tests was to establish the adequacy of common analytical methods (e. g. used for masonry) applied to the analysis of rammed earth. Rammed earth exhibits brittle characteristics similar to masonry materials and is used in geometrical typologies, such as walls, common in masonry construction. T2 - 7th International Conference on Building with Earth CY - Weimar, Germany DA - 12.11.2016 KW - Building materials KW - Rammed earth KW - In-plane loads KW - Static tests KW - Cyclic tests KW - Finite element analysis PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38988 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Miccoli, Lorenzo A1 - Fontana, Patrick A1 - Müller, U. ED - Van Balen, K. ED - Verstrynge, E. T1 - In-plane shear behaviour of earthen materials panels strengthened with polyester fabric strips N2 - An experimental investigation was carried out to study the in-plane shear behaviour of earthen material Panels strengthened with polyester fabric strips. Strengthened panels were developed to exploit the strength potential of earthen materials and to solve its lack of tensile strength, significantly improving not only strength but also ductility. Three earthen materials were considered: cob, earth block masonry (EBM) and rammed earth (RE). As first approach the strengthening configuration, based on different adhesive materials, was tested only for cob panels. As part of the study the results of a big testing campaign of unstrengthened Panels were considered. Seven strengthened panels were tested in diagonal compression/shear.A unique reinforcement orientation was used. The results of these tests are presented in this paper, and include the load-displacement behaviours, crack patterns, failure modes. The results showed that the reinforcement was the most effective in EBM panels, with increase in strength and ductility observed. In RE and cob panels the reinforcement did not likely contribute significantly to the shear resistance, due to a lack of embedment length of the strips. Instead, in EBM it was likely that the vertical reinforcement acted in tension to restrain shear induced dilation and to restrain sliding. T2 - 10th International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions (SAHC 2016) CY - Leuven, Belgium DA - 13.09.2016 KW - Earthen materials KW - Strengthening KW - Diagonal compression test KW - Shear strength PY - 2016 SN - 978-1-138-02951-4 SP - 1099 EP - 1105 PB - Taylor & Francis Group CY - London AN - OPUS4-38993 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Miccoli, Lorenzo A1 - Müller, U. A1 - Fontana, Patrick T1 - In-plane shear behaviour of earthen materials panels strengthened with polyester fabric strips N2 - An experimental investigation was carried out to study the in-plane shear behaviour of earthen material panels strengthened with polyester fabric strips. Strengthened panels were developed to exploit the strength potential of earthen materials and to solve its lack of tensile strength, significantly improving not only strength but also ductility. Three earthen materials were considered: cob, earth block masonry (EBM) and rammed earth (RE). As first approach the strengthening configuration, based on different adhesive materials, was tested only for cob panels. As part of the study the results of a big testing campaign of unstrengthened Panels were considered. Seven strengthened panels were tested in diagonal compression/shear.A unique reinforcement orientation was used. The results of these tests are presented in this paper, and include the load-displacement behaviours, crack patterns, failure modes. The results showed that the reinforcement was the most effective in EBM panels, with increase in strength and ductility observed. In RE and cob panels the reinforcement did not likely contribute significantly to the shear resistance, due to a lack of embedment length of the strips. Instead, in EBM it was likely that the vertical reinforcement acted in tension to restrain shear induced dilation and to restrain sliding. T2 - 10th International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions (SAHC 2016) CY - Leuven, Belgium DA - 13.09.2016 KW - Building materials KW - Earthen materials KW - Strengthening KW - Diagonal compression test KW - Shear strength PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38979 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lörchner, Dominique A1 - Koch, Matthias A1 - Kroh, L. W. A1 - Köppen, Robert T1 - Photodegradation of the „novel“ brominated flame retardant tris-(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-s-triazine N2 - Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) comprise a class of structurally diverse compounds that are functionally related and used in materials to reduce the flammability of polymers. Due to their global distribution, potential persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity most of the BFRs of the first Generation are banned or restricted, and replaced by new ones. However, based on similar properties these new compounds may also pose a serious risk by causing adverse effects to human health and the environment. These alternative BFRs were grouped into two classes: „novel” and „emerging” BFRs. Emerging BFRs are defined as compounds that have been identified in any environmental compartments whereas novel BFRs are only detected in materials and/or goods above 0.1 wt.-%. The environmental fate of these alternative BFRs is partially unknown. Over the past years a multitude of studies on the photodegradation of BFRs in environmental matrices have been conducted to assess the photochemical behavior and fate in the environment. The photolytic debromination reaction is particularly induced among BFRs by UV exposure. The novel brominated triazine-based flame retardant tris-(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-s-triazine (TTBPTAZ) (Table 1) is a BFR that is mainly used in acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and high impact polystyrene. Ballesteros-Gómez et al. detected TTBP-TAZ in 8 of 13 plastic parts of consumer products and in 9 of 17 indoor dust samples but the photochemical behavior and fate is not known until now. The results of the present study, focused on photodegradation processes were performed for the first time for TTBP-TAZ to identify the photolysis intermediates and products to assess the environmental fate. T2 - DIOXIN CY - Florence, Italy DA - 29.08.2016 KW - Brominated flame retardants KW - TTBP-TAZ KW - Photodegradation PY - 2016 VL - 78 SP - 699 EP - 702 CY - Bayreuth AN - OPUS4-39037 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Illerhaus, Bernhard A1 - Maenz, S. A1 - Bischoff, S. A1 - Bungartz, M. A1 - Bossert, J. A1 - Kunisch, E. A1 - Kinne, R. ED - Maenz, S. T1 - Micro computer tomography (μCT) set-up for long-term serial measurements, image evaluation, and subsequent compressive strength tests on frozen sheep vertebrae for osteoporosis research N2 - Injection of poly(methyl methacrylate) cements, one standard Treatment for osteoporotic vertebral body fractures, may lead to critical loads and subsequent fractures in adjacent vertebral bodies. Biodegradable calcium phosphate cements (CPC) with bioinductive growth factors may be an alternative, since they have a Young’s modulus comparable to that of cancellous bone. Non-destructive tests with μCT and quantitative Image evaluation are used to assess new bone growth and material resorption following intravertebral injection of CPC. Immediate deep-freezing of excised bone prevents shrinkage or tissue disintegration and the samples have to be kept frozen for all following steps, including transport, μCT measurements, and subsequent biomechanical tests. Here we will report on a set-up to preserve the frozen state of the material and allow stable long-term serial μCT measurements. In addition, the image processing technique for the evaluation of bone growth and selected results on subsequently carried out compressive strength tests will be presented. T2 - WCNDT2016 CY - München, Germany DA - 13.6.2016 KW - Computed tomography KW - Osteoporosis KW - CT PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-366410 UR - https://www.ndt.net/?id=19382 VL - BB 158 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - DGZfP CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-36641 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Fontana, Patrick A1 - Miccoli, Lorenzo A1 - Kocadag, R. A1 - Silva, N. A1 - Qvaesching, D. A1 - Kreft, O. A1 - Cederqvist, Ch. ED - Fehling, E. ED - Middendorf, B. ED - Thiemicke, J. T1 - Composite UHPC facade elements with functional surfaces N2 - This paper presents an innovative way to combine an external ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) supporting layer with an insulation layer of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) or cellular lightweight concrete (CLC) to create light-weight façade elements, which are improved in functionality and in energy efficiency. The durability of the façade elements is improved by developing UHPC with self-cleaning properties. One approach is based on the photocatalytic activation of the external UHPC shell by incorporation of TiO2 particles. The second approach consists of the modification of the UHPC surface by micro structuring in combination with the application of water-repellent agents to create durable super hydrophobicity. The current results obtained from laboratory testing are promising and demonstrate the feasibility of the approaches. T2 - HiPerMat 2016 4th International Symposium on Ultra-High Performance Concrete and High Performance Construction Materials CY - Kassel, Germany DA - 09.03.2016 KW - Composite UHPC elements KW - photocatalysis KW - super hydrophobicity KW - self-cleaning KW - autoclaved aerated concrete KW - cellular lightweight concrete PY - 2016 SN - 978-3-7376-0094-1 VL - 27 SP - 159 EP - 160 PB - kassel university press GmbH CY - Kassel AN - OPUS4-36566 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hofmann, Michael A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Jann, Oliver T1 - Proficiency test of commercial radon monitors for low level radon exhalation measurements in chambers with air exchange N2 - Compared to the designated European upper reference level of 300 Bq m-3 for indoor radon concentrations, the contribution of building materials appears to be low. Taking into account the recommended limit of 100 Bq m-3 by WHO as well as the increased dose conversion factor, the contribution of building products is quite relevant, especially at low air change rates. Therefore in Germany a maximum contribution of building materials to the indoor radon concentration of 20 Bq m-3 is discussed. Because measurements of low concentrations are associated with high uncertainties, radon exhalation rates are often determined in chambers without air exchange and indoor conditions are extrapolated. This study investigated the suitability of direct low level radon measurement under simulated indoor conditions with commercially available instruments, based on the preliminary EU standard for the determination of the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from building materials in test chambers. Measurements are possible with a relative uncertainty ranging from 7 to 18 %. Four major problems were identified: 1. Detector sensitivity: Two of four instruments were identified to determine low radon concentrations in a sufficiently short measuring time. 2. Thoron discrimination: Thoron was discriminated by aging the sampled air in a hose before the detector. 3. Sampling setup: An external chamber measurement was feasible as long as all main system parts were under slight overpressure. 4. Blank value: For VOC-emission testing ambient air, conditioned by filtration and sorption, is used to generate an air exchange. Regarding radon, this treatment is non-effective. If all instrument background levels have been characterized, the blank value must be measured with a second detector in parallel. T2 - 8th International Conference on Protection against Radon at Home and at Work CY - Prague; Czechia DA - 12.09.2016 KW - Radon exhalation KW - Building materials KW - Radon measurement KW - VOC emission test chamber PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37437 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hofmann, Michael ED - Thinová, L. T1 - Proficiency test of commercial radon monitors for low level radon exhalation measurements in chambers with air exchange N2 - Compared to the designated European upper reference level of 300 Bq/m³ for indoor radon concentrations, the contribution of building materials appears to be low. Taking into account the recommended limit of 100 Bq/m³ by WHO as well as the increased dose conversion factor, the contribution of building products is quite relevant, especially at low air change rates. Therefore in Germany a maximum contribution of building materials to the indoor radon concentration of 20 Bq/m³ is discussed. Because measurements of low concentrations are associated with high uncertainties, radon exhalation rates are often determined in chambers without air exchange and indoor conditions are extrapolated. This study investigated the suitability of direct low level radon measurement under simulated indoor conditions with commercially available instruments, based on the preliminary EU standard for the determination of the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from building materials in test chambers. Measurements are possible with a relative uncertainty ranging from 7 to 18%. Four major problems were identified: 1. Detector sensitivity: Two of four instruments were identified to determine low radon concentrations in a sufficiently short measuring time. 2. Thoron discrimination: Thoron was discriminated by aging the sampled air in a hose before the detector. 3. Sampling setup: An external chamber measurement was feasible as long as all main system parts were under slight overpressure. 4. Blank value: For VOC-emission testing ambient air, conditioned by filtration and sorption, is used to generate an air exchange. Regarding radon, this treatment is non-effective. If all instrument background levels have been characterized, the blank value must be measured with a second detector in parallel. T2 - 8th International Conference on Protection against Radon at Home and at Work CY - Prague, Czechia DA - 12.09.2016 KW - Radon exhalation KW - Building materials KW - Radon measurement KW - VOC emission test chamber PY - 2016 UR - http://www.radon2016.cz/download/radon2016-el.pdf?attredirects=0&d=1 SN - 978-80-01-05993-7 SP - 21 EP - 21 PB - České vysoké učení technické v Praze CY - Prague AN - OPUS4-37439 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Piechotta, Christian A1 - Kuhlich, Paul A1 - Maul, R. T1 - Characterization of new disinfection by-products of polycyclic musks (AHTN and HHCB) and their metabolites N2 - The polycyclic musks 6-Acetyl-1,1,2,4,4,7-hexamethyltetraline (AHTN) and 1,3,4,6,7,8-Hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta-ɣ-2-benzopyran (HHCB) are widely used fragrances in cosmetics, products of daily care and cleaning products for households and industry. They are in the focus of interest due to their estrogenic potential. Both compounds can be found at low μg/L concentrations in surface water where they are introduced mainly by sewage treatment plants supplied by municipal wastewater. In order to disinfect wastewater in sewage treatment plants or water in swimming pools, chlorine can be added to water as gas or hypochlorite solution. This disinfectant has a high oxidation potential resulting in the formation of disinfection by-products, the estrogenicity and toxicity of which might differ from their precursor. In this work the behaviour of AHTN and HHCB upon treatment with sodium hypochlorite solution was investigated and chlorinated possible disinfection by-products could be identified as well as a carboxylic acids and lactones derived from AHTN and HHCB. The identified species were characterized by GC-MS, LC-MSn and 1H-NMR. The elucidated structures of potential disinfection by-products are verified by X-ray crystallography. Finally the estrogenicity between the parent analytes and generated transformation products were compared. For that task, MCF-7 assay has been chosen for being most relevant to humans. Moreover metabolism studies were carried out using AHTN, HHCB and their disinfection by-products. T2 - ISEB 2016 CY - Barcelona, Spain DA - 30.05.2016 KW - AHTN PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38523 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Pauli, Jutta T1 - Characterization of dye-protein conjugates with optical methods N2 - Fluorophore labeled proteins and antibodies, referred to also as targeted optical probes, present a promising strategy for a variety of applications from fundamental cell-based biological studies to in vivo diagnostics and image guided surgeries in humans. In this respect, design strategies for the preparation of such conjugates from different dyes including analyte-responsive fluorophores are presented as well as their analytical and spectroscopic characterization employing Absorption spectroscopy and steady state and time-resolved fluorometry. Special emphasis is dedicated to the influence of dye hydrophilicity and labeling density on the optical properties and binding behavior of these dye-bioconjugates including their performance in in vitro and in vivo bioimaging studies. T2 - International Workshop “Affinity - Mass spectrometry – New Methods and Application to Protein Therapeutics Development” CY - Rüsselsheim am Main, Germany DA - 14.11.2016 KW - Fluorescence KW - Dye bioconjugates KW - Protein KW - Immunoassay KW - Quality assurance KW - Optical characterization KW - Dye KW - NIR KW - Imaging PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38504 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Piechotta, Christian A1 - Fettig, Ina T1 - Traceability for mercury measurements - MeTra N2 - The aim of this work is to develop measurement procedures to provide full traceability and robust uncertainty statements for dissolved elemental mercury (Hg(0)), inorganic mercury (Hg(II)) and methyl-mercury (MeHg) in freshwater and sea water, and inorganic mercury (Hg(II)) and methyl-mercury (MeHg) in biota. Accurate measurements with low uncertainties e.g. <50 % at the EQS level are required to assess concentration levels and trends in these important environmental reservoirs for mercury. In particular this work aims to: Develop and validate primary measurement procedures for Hg speciation (Hg(II), MeHg and Hg(0)) in fresh and sea waters at sub-ng levels in the presence of suspended particular matter and/or colloidal fractions, Apply the developed IDMS procedures in water in order to evaluate possible artefacts associated with sample collection and preparation, preserving speciation and/or correcting for possible post-sampling interconversions, Develop and validate primary measurement procedures for the accurate quantification of Hg(II) and MeHg in biota, using samples from the Federal Environmental Specimen Bank, Apply the developed IDMS procedures in biota in order to evaluate the effect of different treatments for fish sample preparation. T2 - EMRP MeTra Meeting CY - Geel, Belgium DA - 01.02.2016 KW - Methyl mercury PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38519 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane A1 - Kind, Thomas A1 - Köpp, Christian A1 - Helmerich, Rosemarie T1 - CHEF - Cultural heritage protection against flooding N2 - CHEF provides knowledge about flood protection of cultural heritage objects and directly supports the European Floods Directive by giving recommendations on how to assess the vulnerability of monuments. A comprehensive analysis of protective measures BEFORE, DURING and AFTER a flood has been carried out within the project, including technical and administrational measures. An overview of these measures is given, followed by recommendations on how to establish the most effective protective strategies. KW - Cultural heritage KW - Flood protection KW - Flood risks PY - 2011 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-385463 SP - 1 EP - 3 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-38546 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Braun, Ulrike T1 - The role of metrological institutions in the pollution by microplastic particles N2 - The presentation gives an overview about the requirement and needs for reproducible microplastic analysis in environment. A special focus is on the comparison of different analysis techniques. T2 - Thermo Fisher Workshop, Dreieich CY - Dreieich, Germany DA - 30.11.2016 KW - Microplastic PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38930 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Birgit Angelika A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Conradi, Andrea A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Roth, Constanze A1 - Beier, Oliver A1 - Hartmann, Annett A1 - Grünler, Bernd T1 - Decontamination of biocidal loaded wooden artworks by means of laser and plasma processing N2 - Many wooden artworks are contaminated by DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) as a result of a surface treatment by means of Hylotox-59©. The liquid preservative was used until the end of the 80s. DDT crystal structures are formed on the wood surfaces by the "blooming" of chlorine compounds. Contaminated waste wood with natural biocide ageing, gilded and wood carved elements of an old picture frame and wooden samples with paint layers were provided by the Schlossmuseum Sondershausen. The removal of DDT was evaluated employing femtosecond and nanosecond laser radiation and cold atmospheric plasma technique using different working gases (air, nitrogen, and argon). Before laser application, a chlorine measurement is done by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis as reference. After laser processing, the XRF analysis is used again at the same surface position to determine depletion rates. Additionally, a documentation and characterization of the sample surface is done before and after laser and plasma treatment using optical microscopy. For plasma processing with various systems a chlorine measurement is done by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis. For laser treatment a depletion of the chlorine concentration of 55-70% and 75% was achieved for 1064-nm nanosecond pulses and 800-nm femtosecond pulses, respectively. For the application of 30-fs laser pulses, no crystalline DDT residues remain on the sample surfaces. This holds also for the plasma processing with nitrogen as working gas. T2 - Conference on Lasers in the Conservation of Artworks (LACONA XI) CY - Krakow, Poland DA - 19.09.2016 KW - Decontamination KW - Wood KW - DDT KW - Laser cleaning KW - Plasma treatment PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38903 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Mathies, Helena A1 - Wegner, R. A1 - Uhlig, S A1 - Baldauf, H. A1 - Colson, B T1 - Leaching of biocides from organic coatings N2 - Biocide leaching was investigated for acrylate and vinyl acetate based coatings containing biocides either as liquid formulations or microcapsules. Laboratory and field tests indicate similar relations of results on carbendazim, diuron, terbutryn and OIT from different coatings in laboratory and field experiments. Emissions were higher in EN 16105 laboratory tests than from vertically installed test specimens exposed to weathering, and slower for microencapsulated biocides. Competing processes that cause losses of active substances can occur in both tests, but to a higher degree in field experiments. Emission curves related to runoff water were similar in repeated field experiments. Relative humidity, temperature and global radiation were identified as meteorological factors that affect leaching by complex interaction besides the amount of driving rain. KW - Leaching KW - Biozid KW - Beschichtung PY - 2016 SN - 1230-3321 IS - 4 SP - 3 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-38909 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, U. A1 - Miccoli, Lorenzo A1 - Fontana, Patrick T1 - A lime-based grouting material for the repair of earthen structures N2 - The repair of earthen structures is not an easy task. Earth as a construction material has comparatively weak mechanical properties. It is also susceptible towards liquid water, were it can lose cohesion very quickly if certain moisture contents are exceeded. Repair concepts of structures built with such materials are therefore challenging. Historical earthen structures often exhibit damages in form of extensive cracking, which may have been caused by static or dynamic loads. Frequently these cracks are insufficiently or inappropriately repaired because of lack of knowledge and / or technology. In particular, the behaviour of crack repair by grouting poses a challenge in earthen materials and demands specific requirements for the grouting mortar, such as low water content, good water retention, low shrinkage. Grouting materials require additional specifications such as compatible strengths and Young’s modulus as well as good adhesion to the earthen substrates. In addition, grouts have to be sufficiently flowable to fill small cracks and voids without segregation or bleeding. Therefore, the rheological behaviour has to be well understood and controlled to gain the desired effects. The repair of cracks in earthen buildings is traditionally done by stuffing manually mortar into the gap. Naturally, this method is only usable for cracks with large widths. Another disadvantage is that cracks going through thicker walls cannot be completely reached by the tools used for stuffing the mortar into the crack. Lime based grouts for earthen materials were usually used for re-attachment of plasters but less for structural reasons. Due to the nature of earthen materials grouts based on formulated or hydraulic lime (according to the definition in EN 459-1) have to meet considerable demands on a variety of properties, which are related to compatibility, durability and in particular to the ability of being injected. The goal of this study was to create a grout, which can be used to re-establish structural continuity in cracked earthen masonry or other massive earth walls (rammed earth and cob) with the focus on grouting cracks. The grout material was based on hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide) with additions of pozzolana and lime stone filler. T2 - Lehm 2016 - 7th International Conference on Building with Earth CY - Weimar, Germany DA - 12.11.2016 KW - Building Materials KW - Grout mortar KW - Hydraulic lime KW - Earth construction KW - Repair KW - Historical buildings PY - 2016 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Eigenverlag Dachverband Lehm e. V. CY - Weimar AN - OPUS4-38825 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - SUSAN - Sustainable and safe re-use of municipal sewage sludge for nutrient recovery N2 - The SUSAN-project aimed at developing a sustainable and safe strategy for nutrient recovery from sewage sludges using thermal treatment. Mono-incineration of the sludges completely destructs the organic pollutants in a first step. The incineration residues are ashes with a high phosphorus content that still contain heavy metal compounds above the limits for agricultural use. Furthermore, phosphorus in the ashes exhibits low bioavailability - a disadvantage in farming. Therefore, in a second thermochemical step heavy metals are removed and phosphorus transferred into mineral phases available for plants. The principle of the SUSAN-project is the separation of the small heavy metals fraction from the ashes to receive a phosphorus rich product suited as raw material for fertilisers that also contains SiO2, CaO, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO and K2O. The thermochemical process is based on evaporation of volatile heavy metal chlorides at 850 - 1000 °C. The sewage sludge ashes are mixed with chlorine donors such as MgCl2 or KCl, grained and treated in a thermal aggregate e.g. a rotary furnace. At the same time a transfer of non soluble P-compounds into Mineral phases available for plants takes place. Besides technological development of the thermochemical process, the products fertilisation performance, the product design, the market for the products and the sustainability of the whole process chain are emphasised in the SUSAN-project. KW - Nutrient recovery KW - Sewage sludges KW - Sludge disposal KW - Sustainability KW - Environmental pollution PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-391607 UR - http://cordis.europa.eu/result/rcn/46724_en.html SP - 1 EP - 4 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-39160 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Moghaddam, J. A. A1 - Boehringer, N. A1 - Burdziak, A. A1 - Kunte, Hans-Jörg A1 - Galinski, E. A. A1 - Schäberle, T. F. T1 - Different strategies of osmoadaptation in the closely related marine myxobacteria Enhygromyxa salina SWB007 and Plesiocystis pacifica SIR-1 N2 - Only a few myxobacteria are known to date that are classified as marine, owing to their salt dependency. In this study, the salt tolerance mechanism of these bacteria was investigated. To this end, a growth medium was designed in which the mutated Escherichia coli strain BKA13 served as sole food source for the predatory, heterotrophic myxobacteria. This enabled measurement of the osmolytes without any background and revealed that the closely related strains Enhygromyxa salina SWB007 and Plesiocystis pacifica SIR-1 developed different strategies to handle salt stress. Ple. pacifica SIR-1, which was grown between 1 and 4% NaCl, relies solely on the accumulation of amino acids, while Enh. salina SWB007, which was grown between 0.5 and 3% NaCl, employs, besides betaine, hydroxyectoine as the major compatible solute. In accordance with this analysis, only in the latter strain was a locus identified that codes for genes corresponding to the biosynthesis of betaine, ectoine and hydroxyectoine. KW - Osmoregulation KW - Myxobacteria KW - Betaine KW - Ectoine PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.000250 VL - 162 IS - 4 SP - 651 EP - 661 AN - OPUS4-39115 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Kraft, Marko A1 - Würth, Christian A1 - Kaiser, Martin A1 - Muhr, V. A1 - Hirsch, T. T1 - Recent insights in the spectroscopic properties of upconversion nanoparticles N2 - Lanthanide-doped up-converting nanoparticles (UCNPs) are promising reporters for medical diagnostics and bioimaging, which are excited in the near infrared (NIR) by multiphoton absorption processes, and show multiple narrow emission bands in the visible (vis) and NIR, long luminescence lifetimes in the μs range, and excellent photostability. Current limitations present their relative low absorption cross sections and low fluorescence efficiencies, with the latter being affected by particle size, surface chemistry, and microenvironment, particularly water. Here, we present results from systematic studies of the excitation power density dependent upconversion luminescence spectra, intensities/intensity ratios of the individual emission bands, slope factors, and quantum yields of UCNPs of varying size, dopant concentration, and surface chemistry in different microenvironments as well as the up- and downconversion luminescence decay kinetics of the different emission bands. Moreover, first studies of the energy transfer from UCNPs to surface-bound organic dyes acting as fluorescence acceptors are shown. Based upon these measurements, fluorescence deactivation channels are identified and spectroscopic parameters for the screening of material performance are derived. T2 - Spie Photonics west 2017 CY - San Francisco, USA DA - 28.01.2017 KW - Upconverting nanoparticles KW - Size KW - FRET KW - Fluorescence KW - Absolute fluorescence quantum yield KW - Fluorescence decay kinetics KW - Power density dependence PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39075 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter T1 - Blurred boundaries between society and individuality: using immunity to understand a major evolutionary transition N2 - A fundamental yet seemingly contradictory aspect of biological individuals is their capacity to remain the same while changing through time. This self-regulatory ability is facilitated by a number of factors that are shared by all complex multicellular life-forms. One such essential trait is an effective immune system. Here, I use concepts of individuality and immunity to explore the blurred line between society and individual in termite “superorganisms”. I discuss our current understanding of the breadth and mechanistic underpinnings of collective immunity in termites, before going on to explore the evolution of the immune system during the transition from a cockroach-like ancestor to a fully-fledged termite society. I end by discussing the possibly crucial role played by immunity during the emergence of eusociality, and in transitions in organismal complexity generally. T2 - BIO-Seminar, University of Copenhagen CY - Copenhagen, Denmark DA - 27.02.2018 KW - Termite KW - Evolution KW - Social KW - Immunity PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-44242 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter T1 - The evolution of termite immunity N2 - The evolution and mechanistic underpinnings of termite immunity are not well understood. Given the intimate relationship between sociality and disease, this represents a major gap in understanding, particularly since termites represent the only animal group outside of Hymenoptera to have evolved such advanced forms of social living. We explore the evolution of termite immunity by conducting qualitative and quantitative transcriptomic analyses from twelve cockroach and termite species occurring along a gradient of sociality. We incorporate lineages spanning the origin of eusociality, and include species from a key transitional subsocial group: the wood roaches. Firstly, we analyze immune characteristics in the context of termite phylogeny. Here, we examine the evolution of immune traits during the transition to eusociality, and explore the extent to which immune adaptations are associated with evolutionary shifts in social complexity and ecology. Secondly, we conduct a quantitative analysis of responses to a common immune stimulus to examine the role of both sociality and caste in immunity. Here, we test the hypothesis that the evolution of division of labour – and associated increases in investment into costly altruistic (immune) traits – occurred at the expense of individual immunity in the sterile caste. T2 - Congress of the European Society for Evolutionary Biology CY - Groningen, Netherlands DA - 20.08.2017 KW - Evolution KW - Termite KW - Immunity PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-44243 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter T1 - The evolution of termite immunity N2 - The evolution and mechanistic underpinnings of termite immunity are not well understood. Given the intimate relationship between sociality and disease, this represents a major gap in understanding, particularly since termites represent the only animal group outside of Hymenoptera to have evolved such advanced forms of social living. We explore the evolution of termite immunity by conducting qualitative and quantitative transcriptomic analyses from twelve cockroach and termite species occurring along a gradient of sociality. We incorporate lineages spanning the origin of eusociality, and include species from a key transitional subsocial group: the wood roaches. Firstly, we analyze immune characteristics in the context of termite phylogeny. Here, we examine the evolution of immune traits during the transition to eusociality, and explore the extent to which immune adaptations are associated with evolutionary shifts in social complexity and ecology. Secondly, we conduct a quantitative analysis of responses to a common immune stimulus to examine the role of both sociality and caste in immunity. Here, we test the hypothesis that the evolution of division of labour – and associated increases in investment into costly altruistic (immune) traits – occurred at the expense of individual immunity in the sterile caste. T2 - Ecological Immunology Workshop 2017 CY - Blossin, Brandenburg, Germany DA - 28.08.2017 KW - Evolution KW - Termite KW - Immunity PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-44244 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - He, Shulin A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter A1 - Lokatis, S. T1 - Defend and disinfect: a flexible role for soldiers in termite society N2 - The first sterile caste to evolve in termites was the soldier. While the importance of soldiers to termite society defense has long been recognized, the contribution of soldiers to other societal functions, such as colony immunity, is less well understood. We explore this issue by examining the role of soldiers in protecting nestmates against pathogen infection. Even though they are unable to engage in grooming behavior, we find that the presence of soldiers of the Darwin termite, Mastotermes darwiniensis, significantly improves the survival of nestmates following entomopathogenic infection. We also show that the copious exocrine oral secretions produced by Darwin termite soldiers contain a high concentration of proteins involved in digestion, chemical biosynthesis, and immunity. The oral secretions produced by soldiers are sufficient to protect nestmates against infection, and they have potent inhibitory activity against a broad spectrum of microbes. Our findings support the view that soldiers may play an important role in colony immunity, and broaden our understanding of the possible function of soldiers during the origin of soldier-first societies. T2 - Congress of the European Society for Evolutionary Biology CY - Groningen, Netherlands DA - 20.08.2018 KW - Termite KW - Immunity KW - Social PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-44248 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - He, Shulin A1 - Lokatis, S. A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter T1 - Defend and disinfect: a flexible role for soldiers in termite society N2 - The first sterile caste to evolve in termites was the soldier. While the importance of soldiers to termite society defense has long been recognized, the contribution of soldiers to other societal functions, such as colony immunity, is less well understood. We explore this issue by examining the role of soldiers in protecting nestmates against pathogen infection. Even though they are unable to engage in grooming behavior, we find that the presence of soldiers of the Darwin termite, Mastotermes darwiniensis, significantly improves the survival of nestmates following entomopathogenic infection. We also show that the copious exocrine oral secretions produced by Darwin termite soldiers contain a high concentration of proteins involved in digestion, chemical biosynthesis, and immunity. The oral secretions produced by soldiers are sufficient to protect nestmates against infection, and they have potent inhibitory activity against a broad spectrum of microbes. Our findings support the view that soldiers may play an important role in colony immunity, and broaden our understanding of the possible function of soldiers during the origin of soldier-first societies. T2 - 22nd Graduate Meeting in Evolutionary Biology of the German Zoological Society CY - Plön, Germany DA - 12.09.2017 KW - Termite KW - Social KW - Immunity PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-44249 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - He, Shulin A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter T1 - Differentiation of immune response with castes in termites N2 - Effective immunity is essential for maintaining insect society integrity but the mechanisms that connect immunity at the level of the individual to the level of society are poorly understood. Here, we begin to resolve this issue by addressing the interaction between individual immunity and caste identity in the termite Neotermes castaneus. We characterize the transcriptomic responses of different castes to a general immune challenge by sequencing mRNAs from false workers, soldiers and reproductive following injection with a cocktail of heat-killed pathogens. We found many more genes to be differentially regulated in reproductives (1420 and 398 genes down- and upregulated respectively) than soldiers (90 and 108 genes) or false workers (135 and 71 genes). We go on to conduct a quantitative analysis of the specific changes to immune regulation across the castes following pathogen exposure, before discussing the implications of these findings for our understanding of the evolution of immunity in eusocial termites. T2 - Ecological Immunology Workshop 2017 CY - Blossin, Brandenburg, Germany DA - 28.08.2017 KW - Termite KW - Immunity KW - Caste PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-44251 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - He, Shulin A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter T1 - Differentiation of immune response with castes in termites by de novo transcriptome sequencing N2 - Eusociality is one major evolutionary transitions, during which the division of labor is considered as the hallmark feature. This character of evolution, also interpreted as task specialization, is associated with multiple morphological, physiological and behavioral adaptations required for brood care, foraging, and defense. With these adaptations which ultimately cause the formation of castes in insect sociality (mostly in termites, ants, some bees and wasps), while whether immune system is related to eusociality in termites is rare understood. We hypothesis that immune system in termite sociality had also differentiation along with the formation of castes. We address this issue by exploring the immune responses of different castes with de novo transcriptome sequencing. After injection with cocktail of heat-killed pathogens (Pseudomonas entomophila, Bacillus thuringiensis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae), the mRNAs from false workers, soldiers and reproductive of Neotermes canstaneus were sequenced. We found much more genes are regulated (1420 genes downregulated and 398 genes upregulated) in reproductives compared to soldiers (90 genes downregulated and 108 genes upregulated) and false workers (135 genes downregulated and 71 genes upregulated). In these upregulated genes, reproductives had 54 same genes as soldiers, while only 7 same genes as workers which almost is same number between soldiers and workers. In the downregulated genes, reproductives shared 50 and 41 same genes as soldiers and workers, respectively. Besides, soldiers and workers had 29 same downregulated genes. From these findings, it is indicated that the immune system differentiates with division of labor during eusociality in termites. T2 - V. Central European Meeting of IUSSI 2017 CY - Kloster Schöntal, Deutschland DA - 09.10.2017 KW - Immunity KW - Social KW - Termite KW - Transcriptome PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-44252 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - He, Shulin A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter T1 - The evolution of immunity during the transition to eusociality N2 - The evolution and mechanistic underpinnings of termite immunity are not well understood. Given the intimate relationship between sociality and disease, this represents a major gap in understanding, particularly since termites represent the only animal group outside of Hymenoptera to have evolved such advanced forms of social living. We explore the evolution of termite immunity by conducting qualitative and quantitative transcriptomic analyses from twelve cockroach and termite species occurring along a gradient of sociality. We incorporate lineages spanning the origin of eusociality, and include species from a key transitional subsocial group: the wood roaches. Firstly, we analyze immune characteristics in the context of termite phylogeny. Here, we examine the evolution of immune traits during the transition to eusociality, and explore the extent to which immune adaptations are associated with evolutionary shifts in social complexity and ecology. Secondly, we conduct a quantitative analysis of responses to a common immune stimulus to examine the role of both sociality and caste in immunity. Here, we test the hypothesis that the evolution of division of labour – and associated increases in investment into costly altruistic (immune) traits – occurred at the expense of individual immunity in the sterile caste. T2 - CONFLICT AND COOPERATION – BRIDGING EVOLUTION, ECOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY" PHD STUDENT MEETING CY - Bautzen, Germany DA - 16.03.2018 KW - Evolution KW - Termite KW - Immunity PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-44253 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Dümichen, Erik A1 - Eisentraut, Paul A1 - Braun, Ulrike T1 - Fast identification of microplastics using thermal extractions methods N2 - A new and full automated system for the analysis of microplastics in environmental samples is presented. T2 - BAM-BfR Seminar 2018 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 15.02.2018 KW - Mikroplastik KW - TED KW - Thermal degradation PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44179 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Braun, Ulrike T1 - Fast identification of microplastics using thermal extraction methods N2 - The presentation presents an overview about existing methods of microplastic detection with a special focus on thermo-analytical methods. T2 - Perkin Elmer Workshop Microplastics CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 11.01.2018 KW - Microplastics KW - TED-GC-MS KW - Analysis PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-43803 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalbe, Ute T1 - Tools for the characterization of secondary raw materials - status of leaching test application N2 - Leaching tests are used as tools for the assessment of environmental compatibility of granular waste materials with potential for reuse. The presentation gives an overview on available leaching tests, their field of application and relation to legislation. Furthermore robustness testing to elaborate optimized test conditions as well as performance characteristics from validation studies by BAM are addressed. T2 - Travelling Conference CY - Perth, Australia DA - 06.02.2018 KW - Leaching KW - Risk assessment KW - Robustness studies PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44723 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalbe, Ute T1 - Tools for the characterization of secondary raw materials - status of leaching test application N2 - Leaching tests are used as tools for the assessment of environmental compatibility of granular waste materials with potential for reuse. The presentation gives an overview on available leaching tests, their field of application and relation to legislation. Furthermore robustness testing to elaborate optimized test conditions as well as performance characteristics from validation studies by BAM are addressed. T2 - Travelling Conference CY - Ho-Chi-Ming City, Vietnam DA - 01.02.2018 KW - Leaching KW - Risk assessment KW - Robustness studies PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44724 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Erning, Johann Wilhelm ED - Stojanovic, Ivan ED - Simunovic, Vinko ED - Runje, Biserka T1 - Release of heavy metals from alloys used in drinking water: How to test and evaluate materials N2 - Die Methodik der Prüfung und Bewertung von metallenen Werkstoffen für den Gebrauch in Trinkwasser wird beschrieben und erläutert. Die Philosophie der Zulassung wird dargestellt. T2 - Kormat 2018 CY - Zagreb, Croatia DA - 25.04.2018 KW - Metals hygienic assessment release PY - 2018 SN - 1848-4255 SP - 1 EP - 6 CY - Zagreb AN - OPUS4-44809 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Makowski, Maike A1 - Werneburg, Martina A1 - Jung, Christian A1 - Haase, H. A1 - Koch, Matthias T1 - Non-invasive Cereal Analysis by GC-MS detection of Trichodiene as a Volatile Mycotoxin Biomarker N2 - Due to the increasing consumption of cereals worldwide, the monitoring of growth, storage and processing is becoming more and more crucial. Particularly when stored, infested grains breed fungal clusters (“hot spots”) in which mycotoxins greatly exceed allowed maximum levels. Because of their unpredictable presence, current sample drawing and procedures for mycotoxin analysis represent a complex challenge for operators, involving invasive and cost intensive steps. Therefore, new time- and labour-saving mycotoxin control methods including sampling and analysis steps are needed. A possible approach is the non-invasive analysis of the homogeneous gas phase above the crops, instead of analyzing random samples. However, this procedure requires microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOC´s) being released by the samples and representing the present mycotoxins. Previous investigations revealed trichodiene to be a precursor in trichothecenes biosynthesis – one of the largest mycotoxin groups with over 180 compounds. Due to its non-functionalized sesquiterpene structure, trichodiene has already been quantified using Headspace GC-MS methods (for instance]). Thereby, it can possibly be used as a biomarker for trichothecene contamination in foodstuff. However, further investigations are necessary. The correlation between trichodiene concentration in the gas phase and trichothecenes mass fraction in the sample must be examined closely to draw conclusions about the exact trichothecene content within samples. Realizing this idea, would widely extend the applicability of trichodiene and enormously simplify trichothecene quantification. Hence, this first step of an ongoing study aims to develop a laboratory reference method using trichodiene as volatile biomarker to quantify trichothecenes in cereals. Static headspace and SPME-enrichment coupled to gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were employed. In a second step, this reference method is intended to validate new approaches for fast on-site screening of trichodiene in cereals. T2 - 10th World Mycotoxin Forum Conference CY - Amsterdam, The Netherlands DA - 11.03.2018 KW - Trichodiene KW - GC-MS KW - Mycotoxin Biomarker PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44508 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Makowski, Maike A1 - Jung, Christian A1 - Werneburg, Martina A1 - Haase, H. A1 - Koch, Matthias T1 - Non-invasive Cereal Analysis by GC-MS detection of Trichodiene as a Volatile Mycotoxin Biomarker N2 - Due to the increasing consumption of cereals worldwide, the monitoring of growth, storage and processing is becoming more and more crucial. Particularly when stored, infested grains breed fungal clusters (“hot spots”) in which mycotoxins greatly exceed allowed maximum levels. Because of their unpredictable presence, current sample drawing and procedures for mycotoxin analysis represent a complex challenge for operators, involving invasive and cost intensive steps. Therefore, new time- and labour-saving mycotoxin control methods including sampling and analysis steps are needed. A possible approach is the non-invasive analysis of the homogeneous gas phase above the crops, instead of analyzing random samples. However, this procedure requires microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOC´s) being released by the samples and representing the present mycotoxins. Previous investigations revealed trichodiene to be a precursor in trichothecenes biosynthesis – one of the largest mycotoxin groups with over 180 compounds. Due to its non-functionalized sesquiterpene structure, trichodiene has already been quantified using Headspace GC-MS methods (for instance). Thereby, it can possibly be used as a biomarker for trichothecene contamination in foodstuff. However, further investigations are necessary. The correlation between trichodiene concentration in the gas phase and trichothecenes mass fraction in the sample must be examined closely to draw conclusions about the exact trichothecene content within samples. Realizing this idea, would widely extend the applicability of trichodiene and enormously simplify trichothecene quantification. Hence, this first step of an ongoing study aims to develop a laboratory reference method using trichodiene as volatile biomarker to quantify trichothecenes in cereals. Static headspace and SPME-enrichment coupled to gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were employed. In a second step, this reference method is intended to validate new approaches for fast on-site screening of trichodiene in cereals. T2 - 10th World Mycotoxin Forum Conference CY - Amsterdam, The Netherlands DA - 11.03.2018 KW - Trichodiene KW - GC-MS KW - Mycotoxin Biomarker PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44509 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schreiber, Frank T1 - Phenotypic diversity in microbial metabolism and antimicrobial resistance N2 - Most microorganisms live in environments where nutrients are limited and fluctuate over time. Cells respond to nutrient fluctuations by sensing and adapting their physiological state. Recent studies suggest phenotypic heterogeneity in isogenic populations as an alternative strategy in fluctuating environments, where a subpopulation of cells express a function that allows growth under conditions that might arise in the future. It is unknown how environmental factors such as nutrient limitation shape phenotypic heterogeneity in metabolism and whether this allows cells to respond to nutrient fluctuations. Here, we show that substrate limitation increases phenotypic heterogeneity in metabolism, and this heterogeneity allows cells to cope with substrate fluctuations. We subjected the N2-fixing bacterium Klebsiella oxytoca to different levels of substrate limitation and substrate shifts, and obtained time-resolved single-cell measurements of metabolic activities using nanometre-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS). We found that the level of NH4+ limitation shapes phenotypic heterogeneity in N2 fixation. In turn, the N2 fixation rate of single cells during NH4+ limitation correlates positively with their growth rate after a shift to NH4+ depletion, experimentally demonstrating the benefit of heterogeneity. The results indicate that phenotypic heterogeneity is a general solution to two important ecological challenges - nutrient limitation and fluctuations - that many microorganisms face. Currently, we use NanoSIMS to develop a new approach that defines functionally-relevant, phenotypic biodiversity in microbial systems. In the last part of my presentation, I will highlight why the concept of phenotypic diversity is relevant for the understanding of antimicrobial resistance. T2 - Berlin Seminar for Resistance Research at FU Berlin Veterinary Medicine CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 01.03.2018 KW - Antimicrobial Resistance KW - Metabolism KW - Phenotypic diversity PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44597 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sieksmeyer, Thorben A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter A1 - He, Shulin T1 - Beyond nutrition: host-microbiota interactions drive shifts in the behavioural phenotypes of cockroaches N2 - Recent studies have shown that host-microbiota interactions can lead to dramatic changes in host phenotype especially behaviour. We investigate the causal drivers of microbe-associated shifts in host phenotype by examining how feeding behaviour is modulated by a bacterial infection in an omnivorous cockroach: Blatta orientalis. We conducted food-choice experiments after challenging hosts with the common entomopathogenic soil bacterium Pseudomonas entomophila to understand the impact of bacterial pathogens on host macronutrient preference. We find that immune challenge by this bacterium drives a sharp decline in carbohydrate intake and results in a relative increase in the ratio of protein to carbohydrate consumed. Additionally, infected cockroaches reduce their overall nutrient intake. We show for the first time that cockroach feeding behaviour is dynamically modulated by a pathogen. In contrast to studies on Spodoptera moths, this modulation does not impact any of the immune parameters we measured: it does not affect the abundance of immune related proteins in the hemolymph, hemolymph antimicrobial activity, or survival. This leads to the possibility that as long-lived omnivorous species B. orientalis may be better adapted to unpredictable variation in food availability and quality. An illness-induced anorexia-like response which is thought to assist hosts in limiting nutritional resources available to pathogens is therefore the most likely cause of the observed phenotype. Reduction of carbohydrate intake by sick individuals would be consistent with such an explanation. In another cockroach species Blatella germanica we also investigate whether in addition to pathogens, host microbiota especially gut commensals are causally responsible for shifts in host behavioural phenotype and immune competence. To address this, we conduct food-choice and immunechallenge experiments in germ-free cockroaches and naïve cockroaches. T2 - XI EUROPEAN CONGRESS OF ENTOMOLOGY CY - Neapel, Italy DA - 02.07.2018 KW - Bacterial infection KW - Feeding behaviour KW - Gut microbiota KW - Illness-induced anorexia KW - Proteomics PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45414 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Paul, Andrea T1 - A process spectroscopic approach for the monitoring of microplastics  in environmental samples N2 - The potential of Raman and NIR process-spectroscopic as a rapid approach for the estimation of microplastics (MP) in soil matrix were tested. For this purpose, artificial MP/soil mixture samples consisting of standard soils or sand with defined ratios of MP (0,5 – 10 mass% polymer) from polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were prepared. MP particles with diameters < 2 mm and < 125 µm were obtained from industrial polymer pellets after cryo-milling. Spectra of these mixtures were collected by (i) a process FT-NIR spectrometer equipped with a reflection probe, (ii) by a cw-process Raman spectrometer and (iii) by a time-gated Raman spectrometer using fiber-optic probes. The evaluation of process-spectra was performed by chemometric methods. Whereas MP could be detected by Raman spectroscopy in coastal sand at 0.5 mass%, in standard soil detection of MP was limited to 10 – 5 mass% with the large fraction, but samples containing particles of the 125µm mass-fraction yielded no positive result at all. One reason for the lacking sensitivity could be fluorescence by soil organic matter and thus, in a next test time-gated Raman spectroscopy was applied. However, although being indeed more sensitive to the small particles this method failed at MP < 5 mass% indicating that fluorescence was not the major problem. Finally, FT-NIR was tested. Depending on the polymer, MP contents of 0,5 or 1 mass%, respectively, could be detected in standard soils and polymers identified. Furthermore, this approach could be used for the investigation of mixtures of up to four polymers and in real-world samples from bio-waste fermenter residues. T2 - Einladung zu einem Beratungsgespräch zum Thema Mikroplastik durch die Firma Endress+Hauser Conducta GmbH+Co.KG CY - Gerlingen, Germany DA - 11.06.2018 KW - Chemometrics KW - Microplastics KW - Raman KW - Process-spectroscopy KW - NIR PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45406 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Makowski, Maike A1 - Werneburg, M. A1 - Jung, Christian A1 - Haase, H. A1 - Koch, Matthias T1 - Non-invasive GC-MS Analysis of Trichodiene as Volatile Mycotoxin Biomarker in Cereals N2 - Due to the increasing consumption of cereals worldwide, monitoring of growth, storage and processing is becoming more crucial. Particularly when stored, infested grains breed fungal clusters (“hot spots”) in which mycotoxins greatly exceed allowed maximum levels. Because of their unpredictable presence, current sampling and procedures for mycotoxin analysis are complex and contain invasive and cost intensive steps. A possible approach to avoid sampling inaccuracies is the non-invasive analysis of the homogeneous gas phase above the crops, instead of analyzing random samples. However, this procedure requires microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOC´s) being released by the samples. Previous investigations revealed trichodiene to be a precursor in trichothecenes biosynthesis – one of the largest mycotoxin groups with more than 180 compounds. Due to its non-functionalized sesquiterpene structure, quantification of trichodiene using Headspace GC-MS methods is possible (e.g. [1]). Thereby, it could be used as biomarker for trichothecene contamination in foodstuff. However, further studies are necessary. The correlation between trichodiene concentration in the gas phase and trichothecenes mass fraction in the sample must be examined closely to draw conclusions about the trichothecene content in samples. Realizing this idea, would widely extend the applicability of trichodiene and enormously simplify trichothecene quantification. Hence, this first step of an ongoing study aims to develop a laboratory reference method using trichodiene as volatile biomarker to quantify trichothecenes in cereals. Static headspace and SPME-enrichment coupled to gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were employed. In a second step, this reference method is intended to validate new approaches for fast on-site screening of trichodiene in cereals. T2 - 40th Mycotoxin Workshop CY - Munich, Germany DA - 11.06.2018 KW - Trichodiene KW - Gaschromatography-Mass Spectrometry KW - Mycotoxin Biomarker PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45314 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Klöckner, P. A1 - Wagner, S. A1 - Ruhl, A.S. A1 - Eisentraut, P. A1 - Albrecht, M. A1 - Reemtsma, T. T1 - Determination of tire wear particles based on elemental composition N2 - In this presentation the use of ICP-MS for the analysis of tire wear particles in environmental samples is presented. T2 - Wassertagung der GdCh CY - Papenburg, Germany DA - 07.05.2018 KW - ICP-MS KW - Mikroplastik KW - Analytik KW - Reifenabrieb PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45201 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Klöckner, P. A1 - Wagner, S. A1 - Ruhl, A.S. A1 - Eisentraut, Paul A1 - Albrecht, M. A1 - Reemtsma, T. T1 - Identification of tire wear particles based on elemental composition N2 - The identification of tire wear particles by use of ICP-MS is presented. T2 - SETAC CY - Rome, Italy DA - 13.05.2018 KW - Microplastics KW - Tire wear particles KW - ICP-MS PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45205 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - C., Ruibal A1 - L., Selbmann A1 - Serap, Avci A1 - Martin-Sanchez, Pedro Maria A1 - Gorbushina, Anna ED - Gorbushina, Anna T1 - Roof-Inhabiting Cousins of Rock-Inhabiting Fungi: Novel Melanized Microcolonial Fungal Species from Photocatalytically Reactive Subaerial Surfaces N2 - Subaerial biofilms (SAB) are an important factor in weathering, biofouling, and biodeterioration of bare rocks, building materials, and solar panel surfaces. The realm of SAB is continually widened by modern materials, and the settlers on these exposed solid surfaces always include melanized, stress-tolerant microcolonial ascomycetes. After their first discovery on desert rock surfaces, these melanized chaetothyrialean and dothidealean ascomycetes have been found on Mediterranean monuments after biocidal treatments, Antarctic rocks and solar panels. New man-made modifications of surfaces (e.g., treatment with biocides or photocatalytically active layers) accommodate the exceptional stress-tolerance of microcolonial fungi and thus further select for this well-protected ecological group. Melanized fungal strains were isolated from a microbial community that developed on highly photocatalytic roof tiles after a long-term environmental exposure in a maritime-influenced region in northwestern Germany. Four of the isolated strains are described here as a novel species, Constantinomyces oldenburgensis, based on multilocus ITS, LSU, RPB2 gene phylogeny. Their closest relative is a still-unnamed rock-inhabiting strain TRN431, here described as C. patonensis. Both species cluster in Capnodiales, among typical melanized microcolonial rock fungi from different stress habitats, including Antarctica. These novel strains flourish in hostile conditions of highly oxidizing material surfaces, and shall be used in reference procedures in material testing. KW - Microcolonial fungi KW - Multilocus phylogeny KW - Photocatalytic surfaces KW - Subaerial biofilms KW - Stress tolerance KW - Constantinomyces PY - 2018 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-455182 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/life8030030 VL - 8 IS - 3 SP - 30 EP - 44 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Schweiz AN - OPUS4-45518 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Bannick, C. G. T1 - Sampling, sample preparation and detection of microplastics, current activities in the ISO/TC 61/SC14/WG 4 N2 - Presentation about the actual status of microplastic research in BAM and UBA, activities in Germany and ISO/TC61/SC14. T2 - Microplastic Methodes Workshop CY - London, UK DA - 23.05.2018 KW - Microplastics KW - TED-GC-MS KW - Analysis KW - Standardisation PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45033 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dittmann, Daniel A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Jekel, M. A1 - Ruhl, A. S. T1 - Quantification and characterisation of activated carbon in activated sludge by thermogravimetric and evolved gas analyses N2 - Advanced wastewater treatment with powdered activated carbon (PAC) leads to a spread of PAC into different purification stages of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) due to recirculation and filter back-wash. Currently, no methods for quantification of PAC in activated sludge are available. In this study, PAC containing activated sludge from four WWTP were examined by two-step thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) with heating up to 600°C in N2 and subsequently in synthetic air. Direct quantification of PAC according to temperature specific weight losses was possible for one WWTP. Quantification by combining specific mass losses was found to be an alternative direct method, with a detection limit of 1.2% PAC in dry sample mass. Additionally, evolved gas analysis (EGA) by infrared-spectroscopy (FTIR) during TGA revealed interaction mechanisms between PAC and activated sludge. Aliphatic compounds from activated sludge were identified as major substances influenced by PAC. In derivative thermogravimetry (DTG), a typical double peak at approximately 300°C was found to be related to carbonylic species with increased evolution of acetic acid in aged activated sludge. TGA and EGA are promising tools to understand, control and optimise the application of PAC in advanced wastewater treatment. KW - Advanced wastewater treatment KW - Powdered activated carbon KW - Sewage treatment plant KW - Thermoanalysis KW - Thermogravimetry KW - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy PY - 2018 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213343718301313 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2018.03.010 SN - 2213-3437 VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - 2222 EP - 2231 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-44978 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Oberpaul, M. A1 - Spohn, M. A1 - Fracowiak, J. A1 - Plarre, Rüdiger A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter A1 - Hammann, P. A1 - Vilcinskas, A. A1 - Gläser, J. T1 - Exploiting termite nest microbiomes for antibiotic discovery by using an ultra-high throughput Microfluidics/FACS driven pipeline combined with a microtiter plate based cultivation strategy N2 - Infections with multi-resistant Gram negative pathogens are a major threat to our health system. In order to serve the needs in antibiotics development we selected untapped bioresources and implemented high throughput approaches suitable for the discovery of strains producing antibiotics with anti-Gram negative activity. Our approaches rely on the hypothesis that Termite associated bacteria are likely to produce potent antibiotics to defend their hosts against entomopathogenic microorganisms. Termite nests and guts harbor suitable, highly diverse microbiomes in which bacterial taxa are present known to potentially produce natural compounds. In a first step the diversity of Coptotermes species nest microbiomes was assessed carefully by using 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing on the Illumina MiSeq platform and nest material was selected to retrieve viable cells by using Nycodenz density gradient centrifugation. In order to analyze the diversity of the culturable termite nest microbiome, bacterial cells were either distributed in 384-well plates (approach 1) or encapsulated in small spheric agarose beads by an high throughput microfluidics technique (approach 2). Cultures obtained from approach 1 were scaled-up in 96-well Duetz-systems for characterization of diversity and for rapid supernatant screening using the bioluminescence-labeled E. coli pFU166. The generated droplets of approach 2 simultaneously received a small population of GFP-tagged Gram negative screening cells and were sorted for low fluorescence using FACS. After elimination of redundancy we performed a fast scale-up of active strains. Implementation of this pipeline allows us to prioritize antibiotics producing strains in a ultra-high throughput fashion and by cultivation of broad diversity in our approches. T2 - Annual Conference of the Society for General and Applied Microbiology (VAAM) CY - Wolfsburg, Germany DA - 15.04.18 KW - Biotechnology KW - Termites KW - Anti-microbial effects PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44987 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mueller, Axel A1 - Duemichen, E. A1 - Eisentraut, Paul A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Scholz, K. A1 - Bannick, C.-G. T1 - Analysing microplastics in samples of terrestrial systems N2 - The presence, fate and effects of microplastics (MP) in terrestrial systems are largely unknown. The few existing studies investigated either agricultural or industrial sites. Several techniques were used for analysis, primarly spectroscopic methods such as FTIR or Raman. Sample pretreatments like density separations are common to reduce matrix. A lack of harmonised and standardised sampling instructions for microplastic investigations in the terrestrial area was identified as particular critical, because different studies are barely comparable. The aim of the project is to develop a proposal for a harmonized procedure for sampling, sample preparation and the detection of microplastics in terrestrial matrices for total content determination. By detecting specific degradation products the thermal extraction desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry (TED-GC-MS) allows a direct determination of mass content of MP in environmental samples. T2 - SETAC 2018 CY - Rome, Italy DA - 13.05.2018 KW - Microplastics KW - Soil sample KW - TED-GC-MS KW - Analysis PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44988 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bandow, Nicole A1 - Jürgens, Frederike A1 - Schoknecht, Ute T1 - Leachiing tests - a useful tool for the environmental impact assessment of construction products? N2 - Construction products and waste materials used for construction can be in contact with the environment and may release potential harmful compounds. Information on the total content of these substances in the product is not sufficient to assess its envrionmental impact since it does not consider realistic exposure conditions.The impact of these compounds is often assessed by using the total content in the product. This estimation lacks realistic exposure conditions. Concerning the pathway to soil and groundwater by contact with rain or seepage water leaching tests, which were developed and standardized by the European Committee for Standardization, are available. While for secondary construction products and waste this investigation of the leaching behaviour is standard procedure and is already part of regulation in Germany (draft ordinance on reuse of mineral waste) and within Europe (landfill directive) the release from primary construction products got in the focus more recently. Several monitoring studies found unexpected high concentrations of substances used as herbicides and fungicides in surface water and stormwater originating from urban areas. As some of these compounds are even banned for the use in agricultural applications in Europe alternative sources as roof materials and façade coatings exposed to rain were suggested. Further field and laboratory tests confirmed construction products as sources of these substances in water. The aim of this presentation is to show exemplary results of existing leaching methods and underline the strength and weaknesses of the test system with selected examples from our work. We especially draw the attention to the research which is still needed to close the gap between the results of leaching experiments and the subsequent risk assessment of the products. T2 - SETAC Europe CY - Rome, Italy DA - 13.05.2018 KW - Leaching KW - DSLT KW - Construction products PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44949 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bandow, Nicole T1 - Consideration of organic contaminants and ecotoxicologal impact of recycling materials - Handling of substances without treshold values N2 - The presentation gives an overview about the use of ecotoxicity testing in assessment of waste. Especially in cases with unknown composition this kind of test are useful. Recently, the assessment of the hazard property HP 14 "ecotoxicity" for the labelling of waste was published. The labelling procedure is explained in detail. T2 - Travelling Conference CY - Perth, Australia DA - 06.02.2018 KW - Ecotoxicity KW - HP14 KW - Recycling materials PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44456 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bandow, Nicole T1 - Consideration of organic contaminants and ecotoxicologal impact of recycling materials - Handling of substances without treshold values N2 - The presentation gives an overview about the use of ecotoxicity testing in assessment of waste. Especially in cases with unknown composition this kind of test are useful. Recently, the assessment of the hazard property HP 14 "ecotoxicity" for the labelling of waste was published. The labelling procedure is explained in detail. T2 - Travelling Conference CY - Seoul, Korea DA - 29.01.2018 KW - Ecotoxicity KW - Recycling materials KW - HP14 PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44454 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bandow, Nicole T1 - Consideration of organic contaminants and ecotoxicologal impact of recycling materials - Handling of substances without treshold values N2 - The presentation gives an overview about the use of ecotoxicity testing in assessment of waste. Especially in cases with unknown composition this kind of test are useful. Recently, the assessment of the hazard property HP 14 "ecotoxicity" for the labelling of waste was published. The labelling procedure is explained in detail. T2 - Travelling Conference CY - Ho-Chi-Ming City, Vietnam DA - 01.02.2018 KW - Ecotoxicity KW - HP14 KW - Recycling materials PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44455 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hofmann, Michael A1 - Moufid, M. A1 - El Bari, N. A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Bouchikhi, B. T1 - Multigas Sensor System for Outdoor Odour Nuisance Monitoring N2 - The presentation gives a brief overview of the main goals, the used methods and the first results of the PMARS OdourSense project. In cooperation with the Moulay Ismaïl University in Meknès (Morocco), a multi-gas sensor system for odour nuisance monitoring in outdoor air and a method for testing/calibration of such devices are being developed in this project. T2 - German-Moroccan Workshop on PMARS III CY - Bonn, Germany DA - 20.06.2018 KW - Air-pollution monitoring KW - Multi-gas sensor system KW - Odour KW - Electronic nose KW - Outdoor odour control PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45266 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -