TY - CONF A1 - Dudziak, Mateusz A1 - Bhatia, Riya A1 - Dey, Rohit A1 - Ullrich, Matthias S. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Phosphor-enriched wastewater products as sustainable flame retardant in PLA N2 - Revolutionizing our polymer industry for adaption to a sustainable carbon circular economy has become one of today’s most demanding challenges. Exploiting renewable resources to replace fossil-fuel—based plastics with biopolymers such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is inevitable while using waste streams as a raw material resource at least is promising. When it comes to using PLA as technical polymer, its high flammability must be addressed by flame retardants compatible with the thermoplastic processing of PLA and its compostability. This study proposes microalgae enriched with phosphorus from wastewater (P-Algae) as an elegant way towards a kind of sustainable organophosphorus flame retardant. The concept is demonstrated by investigating the processing, pyrolysis, flammability, and fire behavior of PLA/P-Algae, while varying the P-Algae content and comparing P-Algae with four alternative bio-fillers (phosphorylated lignin, biochar, thermally treated sewage sludge, and metal phytate) with different P-contents as meaningful benchmarks. T2 - EcoFRam2024 CY - Valencia, Spain DA - 22.05.2024 KW - PLA KW - Flame retardancy KW - Phosphorylated algae KW - Wastewater flame retardants KW - Zink phytate KW - Phosphorylated lignin KW - Thermally treated sludge PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60142 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kling, I. C. S. A1 - Pauw, Brian Richard A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo A1 - Archanjo, B. S. A1 - Simão, R. A. T1 - Development and characterization of starch film and the incorporation of silver nanoparticles N2 - Starch is one of the biopolymers being used for bioplastic synthesis. For production, starch can be combined with different plasticizers, starches from different plant sources and even with nanomaterials to improve or to add film properties. The challenge of adding these, e.g. in the form of silver nanoparticles (AgNp) is to determine the concentration so as to avoid impairing the properties of the film, agglomeration or altering the visual characteristics of the film. In this study, a starch film synthesis route and the incorporation of silver nanoparticles has been proposed in order not to alter the properties of the film while maintaining the transparency and a clear colour of the starch film. The results showed that the proposed synthesis route is promising, efficient, reproducible, fast and the film has good mechanical properties. T2 - Semana MetalMat & Painal PEMM 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 23.11.2020 KW - Biofilm KW - Starch KW - Starch nanoparticle KW - Silver nanoparticle PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51828 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tabaka, Weronika A1 - Timme, Sebastian A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Bench-scale fire stability testing – The most effective method to investigate structural integrity of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites N2 - Fire resistance testing of components made of carbon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRP) composites usually demands intermediate-scale or full-scale testing. In this study a bench-scale test is presented as practicable and efficient method to assess the improvement in structural integrity of CFRP with different protective coatings during fire. T2 - FRPM 2019, 17th European Meeting on Fire Retardant Polymeric Materials CY - Turku, Finland DA - 26.06.2019 KW - Composite in Fire KW - Fire Stability KW - Bench-scale Fire Testing KW - Intumescencent Coatings KW - Nanopaper PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48555 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana T1 - Combined impact of UV radiation and nitric acid (HNO3) on HDPE jerrycans – comparison of outdoor and lab test N2 - A damaging action of HNO3-55% only occurs in combination with its decomposition into nitrous gases, which can be caused by UV radiation. In a laboratory test, transparent HDPE jerrycans have been exposed to both UV radiation and 55 wt-% nitric acid solution at (41 ± 2)°C, for up to 20 days. For comparison, UV radiant exposure (21 days) and nitric acid exposure (up to 6 weeks) were performed separately, at nearly equal temperatures. The respective damages are compared with FTIR spectroscopy in ATR and HT-gel permeation chromatography (GPC) on a molecular level and with hydraulic internal pressure testing as a component test. For the used jerrycans, relevant oxidation can only be found after the combined exposure. The gradual increase in oxidative damage shows the good reproducibility of the lab exposure. The decomposition of nitric acid into nitrous gases by UV radiation – as well as the jerrycan oxidation – is also observed at lower HNO3 concentration (28 wt- %). Similar results are obtained after outdoor tests. Again, the damage occurs only after combined exposure, in contrast to the exposures to UV only and to HNO3 only, which were conducted in parallel. Outdoor exposures are most readily accepted as they represent possible end-use conditions. However, the reproducibility of these exposures is poor due to the large temporal variations in weather. There are also several safety risks, which is why the number of replicates remains limited. Since the outdoor and lab exposure tests show the same qualitative results, it is appropriate to conduct systematic studies in the laboratory. After 6 days of lab exposure, the oxidation damage is rated as critical, which corresponds to about 1/10 year in Central Europe, according to the UV radiant exposure. It should be noted that this amount can also occur in two sunny weeks. T2 - 24th iapri World Packaging Conference CY - Valencia, Spain DA - 17.06.2024 KW - Ppolyethylene KW - UV exposure KW - Nitric acid KW - Oxidation PY - 2024 VL - 2 SP - 30 EP - 37 PB - ITENE AN - OPUS4-60414 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pospiech, D. A1 - Korwitz, A. A1 - Suckow, M. A1 - Jehnichen, D. A1 - Brünig, H. A1 - Bremer, M. A1 - Fischer, S. A1 - Werner, A. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Decomposition and combustion behavior of lignin-containing polyesters: development of new carbon fiber precursors and flame retarded polyester fibers N2 - Our approach includes the preparation of blends of preferably liquid-crystalline polyesters with Lignin, but also the synthesis of new polyesters with Lignin-related monomer units. While most studies employ pulped Lignin directly, we first purified the Kraft Lignin by fractionation, followed by chemical modification of the terminal OH groups. Acetylation results in the reduction of glass transition temperatures (Tg) below 200°C, improved processability in the melt with complete melting of the Lignin sample, and higher thermostability. These Lignin fractions were melt-mixed in a mini-twin-screw extruder with polyesters. The chemical structure of the polyesters was systematically varied between poly(ethylene terephthalate), (PET); poly(ethylene terephthalate-co-oxybenzoate), (PET/HBA); liquid crystalline polyesters with fully aromatic structure; and polyesters with Lignin-related monomers like ferulic and vanillic acid). The polymer influence on the blending behavior with Lignin was examined. SEM revealed phase-separated blends with partial compatibilization of the phases indicated by the shift of Tg’s. The influence of the polyester and the Lignin on decomposition and combustion was accessed by thermogravimetry (TGA), TGA-FTIR and pyrolysis-combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC) and compared to the decomposition of polyesters. The main focus was to achieve melt-spinnable blends for fibres with improved flame retardancy or as precursors for carbon fibers. Blends of Lignin fractions with the aromatic-aliphatic polyesters (here preferably PET/HBA) were successfully spun into fibers with lab-scale melt-spinning equipment. X-ray measurements revealed orientation of the fibers with Lignin. The E-moduli raised with increasing purity of the Lignin fractions (e.g., by removal of reducing sugars). The structure of the polymer matrix determines the decomposition and combustion behavior of the blends with Lignin. Incorporation of aliphatic subunits reduces the amount of remaining char formed in TGA and PCFC from about 40-45 wt% for fully aromatic polyesters to 18-25 wt% for semiaromatic polyesters (at almost comparable carbon content in the polymer), while the maximum temperature of combustion decreased from 480-530°C for the former to 410-465°C for the latter. Lignin fractionation and acetylation yields samples with high char content (36 wt%) and extremely low heat release capacity (80-90 kJ/gK) with combustion maximum temperature at 405°C. Lignin/ PET/HBA blends combine the low HRC with intermediate char and offer interesting opportunities for polyester fibers with improved flame retardancy without adding P-containing FRs. The flame retardancy behavior was explored by limiting oxygen index measurements on injection-molded parts and fibers. T2 - FRPM 2019, 17th European Meeting on Fire Retardant Polymeric Materials CY - Turku, Finland DA - 26.06.2019 KW - Lignin KW - Polyesther KW - Flame retardant PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48556 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Battig, Alexander A1 - Garfias González, K. I. A1 - Gleuwitz, F. R. A1 - Sánchez Olivares, G. T1 - Non-vegan flame-retardant (adjuvants in) biocomposites N2 - Emanating from developing flame retarded biocomposites, we have proposed renewable natural fibers (including keratin) taken from industrial waste as an authentic sustainable approach. More recently, we have investigated non-vegan flame retardant approaches. This paper loves to give you an insight into our ongoing projects on biogenic industrial wastes like leather, bone meal, and insects. Materials were characterized multi-methodically, flame retardant modes of action quantified, decomposition mechanism proposed, and synergisms explained. Considering the large quantities of leather waste (LW) in industrial-scale production, we underline LW as multifunctional bio-adjuvants. LW enhances the flame retardancy of poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate) (EVA) containing phosphorus flame retardants (P-FR). Products/by-products of the invertebrate and vertebrate farming, respectively, are promising bio-based adjuvants in flame retarded bio-epoxy thermosets. While the addition of bone meal yields the formation of an inorganic shield, protein-based powders from insects provide an intumescent behavior. In combination with a P-FR superior charring and self-extinguishing are obtained. Acknowledgement: In part of this work was supported by the Volkswagen Foundation grant “Experiment!” No. 97437. T2 - Fire and Polymers, workshop, ACS Division of Polymer Chemistry CY - Napa, California, US DA - 05.06.2022 KW - Fire behaviour KW - Renewable KW - Circular economy KW - Biocomposite PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55025 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Falkenhagen, Sandra F. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Wang, Y.-Z. A1 - Bocz, K. T1 - black as hell, strong as death and sweet as love - pyrolyzed waste materials and cyclodextrins as effective filler in flame retarded epoxy composites N2 - Renewable alternatives for common thermoset resins are demanded to go for sustainability. The objective is to create a flame retarded epoxy resin from a commercial bio epoxy resin with halogen free inorganic and organic flame retardants, respectively. Alumina trihydrate, aluminum diethyl phosphinate, a DOPO-based phosphonamidate and ammonium polyphosphate seem to have promising performances. Properties are enhanced with different bio fillers: pyrolyzed cocoa shells and plant waste (provided by Otto A. Müller Recycling GmbH, thanks!), short fibers and nonwovens of the natural fiber kenaf, hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin and sulfobutylether-ß-cyclodextrin. Fire performance is investigated by cone calorimeter examinations, LOI and UL-94 ratings. Thermal analysis is given by TG-FTIR and DSC measurements. Combinations of flame retardants and bio-fillers lead to reduced PHRR and THR, reach V0 in UL-94 and have a significant increase in LOI of up to 37 vol.-%. 10 % ammonium polyphosphate with 10 % pyrolyzed cocoa shell performs best, builds a magnificent protective layer, and shows good intumescence. T2 - 3rd international conference on eco-friendly flame retardant additives and materials CY - Alès, France DA - 17.05.2022 KW - Epoxy resin KW - Flame retardant KW - Kenaf fiber KW - Pyrolyzed plant waste KW - Cyclodextrin PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-54928 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rockel, Daniel A1 - Sanchez Olivares, G. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Improving the Flame Retardancy of Aluminium Trihydroxide in Thermoplastic Starch Biocomposites Using Waste Fibers and Silicon-Based Synergists N2 - The synergistic behavior of different silicon compounds is investigated in flame retardant biocomposites with aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) as the main flame retardant. The paper shows a new approach towards sustainable biocomposites through the implementation of thermoplastic starch (TPS), leather fibers from industrial waste streams, and non-hazardous flame retardants and synergists. In these multicomponent systems, the different components address different modes of action in the fire scenario. When ATH is partially substituted by glass frits or layered silicates, fire performance is enhanced without changing the total amount of filler in the polymer. In a biocomposite with 25 phr of fiber and 90 phr of ATH, substituting 5 phr of ATH for layered silicates increased the LOI from 31.5 vol % to 34.8 vol %, decreased the peak of heat release by 20%, and increased the UL 94 rating from V-1 to V-0. KW - Biocomposites KW - Sustainability KW - Waste streams KW - Flame retardancy KW - Synergism KW - Modes of action PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-605711 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acssusresmgt.4c00053 SN - 2837-1445 VL - 1 IS - 6 SP - 1131 EP - 1145 PB - ACS AN - OPUS4-60571 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gleuwitz, F. Robert A1 - Garfias González, Karla I. A1 - Battig, Alexander A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Non-vegan flame retardant biocomposites N2 - Products and by-products of the invertebrate and vertebrate farming, respectively, are shown to be promising bio-based flame retardant adjuvants in epoxy thermosets. While the addition of bone meal results in the formation of an inorganic shield, protein-based powders from insects provide an intumescent behavior under forced flaming conditions. Combining the latter with a common flame retardant such as ethylene diamine phosphate, the charring efficiency and self-extinguishing properties can be further enhanced. T2 - 18th European Meeting on Fire Retardant Polymeric Materials, FRPM21 CY - Budapest, Hungary DA - 29.08.2021 KW - Bio-based KW - Insects KW - Epoxy KW - Intumescence KW - Flame retardancy PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53219 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lin, Xuebao A1 - Tan, Yi A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Klack, Patrick A1 - Schoch, R. A1 - Lang, M. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Weathering Resistance of Halogen-free Flame Retardance in E&E Polymeric Materials N2 - Nowadays, various polymeric materials are used in E&E applications with sufficient flame retardance by adding rather different flame retardants. It doesn’t matter whether cables are used outdoor or are installed indoor as building products, the weathering exposures such as UV radiation, humidity and variation in temperature occur and influence the flame-retardant property. Recently, the lifetime of the flame retardance itself becomes an increasingly important factor. In this work, several devices were used to perform accelerated artificial ageing simulating different environment exposures. The comprehensive and global understanding of the durability of flame retardance in dependence on the weathering or ageing conditions is still a matter of discussion. Therefore, the weathering resistance of various halogen-free fire-retarded polymers was investigated in this work. Polymeric systems with different kinds of fire retardants were chosen, including various fire retardant mechanisms. Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) blends with high amounts of inorganic flame retardant such as aluminum hydroxide (ATH), boehmite and synergists, which mainly dilutes the polymer resin work as heat sink and cooling agent, and enhance residue formation was examined. Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) was modified with melamine cyanurate (MC), which mainly acts by changed melt flow and dripping behavior as well as fuel dilution. Additionally, aluminum diethylphosphinate and boehmite are induced as assistant flame retardant. Furthermore, glass fiber reinforced Polyamide 66 (PA) was investigated containing different kinds of aluminum diethylphosphinate based flame retardant mixtures, which acts by flame inhibition and additional char formation. The degradation of the surface was analyzed after the different weathering conditions. Most of the specimens exhibited an intensive material degradation at the top surface accompanied by a distinct discoloration, e.g. getting darker or showing yellowing. The weathering of the EVA samples lead to numerous cracks (already) after 4000 h. The corresponding changes in the chemical structure was investigated by ATR FT-IR for all materials. The flammability was investigated by cone calorimeter, UL-94 burning chamber, and oxygen index (LOI) using plate and bar specimens. The flame retardance of most of the materials studied degrades only slightly or were rather stable for the investigated exposure times. Interestingly, also some opposite results were found. EVA modified by different inorganic flame retardants such as ATH achieved higher LOI after exposing in the humidity chamber and the accelerated oxidation under water in the autoclaves. It is suggested that the particle size of ATH and boehmite plays an important role, when these flame retardants agglomerate at the surface during accelerated weathering. Both materials, EVA and TPU, were also investigated as cable jackets. While EVA modified with inorganic flame retardants exhibits low-smoke and non-dripping fire behavior, TPU flame-retarded with MC yields cables with pronounced melt-dripping. Cone calorimeter tests were carried out using cable rafts of the size of 100 mm * 100 mm as well as our self-made cable module test, which simulates the vertical full-scale test of a bundle of cables at the bench-scale. Both methods were used to investigate the weathering resistance of the flame retardance in cables. The results of the cable module test for the flame-retarded EVA cables were only slightly affected even when a long time hydrothermal ageing was carried out. This is because of inorganic residue which just delays the fire growth but does not extinguish. However, for the flame-retarded TPU cable jackets, the cable module test exhibited an accelerated fire spread and a melt-dripping behavior which was promoted by weathering exposure. T2 - FRPM 2019, 17th European Meeting on Fire Retardant Polymeric Materials CY - Turku, Finland DA - 26.06.2019 KW - Cable KW - Flame retardant KW - Weathering resistance KW - Durability KW - ethylene vinyl acetate KW - Thermoplastic polyurethane KW - Flammability PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48553 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -