TY - JOUR A1 - Geoerg, Paul A1 - Polzin, Robert Malte A1 - Schumann, Jette A1 - Holl, Stefan A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja T1 - Small-scale studies on evacuation characteristics of pedestrians with physical, mental or age-related disabilities N2 - Evaluation of evacuation process is common separated by two phases: pre-movement and movement-phase. Individual capabilities of pedestrians have an impact on both and therefore on the time required for safe escape. In view of evaluating the evacuation process, characteristics of realistic movements of pedestrians involved are needed, but so far such data are mainly available for individuals with unrestricted evacuation capabilities only. Due to the lack of available data, parameter studies in an assisted living for people with disabilities were performed to explore the movement during evacuation. Preparation times for assistance (n = 10), unimpeded walking speeds (n = 34) depending on the assistance devices in the plane as well as walking speeds on stairs (n = 11) were focussed. Time to prepare an assistance device for utilisation depends significantly on the kind of device type. Further on, practical experience in handling the devices for assistance has an impact on the preparation time. In contrast to the results of the preparation times, any relation on assistance devices were investigated for the unimpeded walking speed in the plane. A remarkable decrease of walking speed on stairs was observed which is independent from the utilised assistance device. The presented data improve and extend the insufficient engineering data base and raised up questions regarding the complexity of considering pedestrians movement with impairments in evacuation planning. T2 - 3rd European Symposium on Fire Safety Science CY - Nancy, France DA - 12.09.2018 KW - Human behaviour KW - Egress KW - Evacuation KW - Pedestrians with disabilities KW - Engineering data PY - 2018 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-466463 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1107/7/072006 SN - 1742-6596 VL - 1107 IS - 072006 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - IOP Publ. CY - Bristol AN - OPUS4-46646 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Manes, M. A1 - El Houssami, M. A1 - Campbell, R. A1 - Sauca, A. A1 - Rush, D. A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja A1 - Andersson, P. A1 - Wagner, P. A1 - Veeneklaas, J. A1 - van Hees, P. A1 - Guillaume, E. T1 - Closing Data Gaps and Paving the Way for Pan-European Fire Safety Efforts: Part I—Overview of Current Practices for Fire Statistics N2 - The analysis of the current state of fire statistics and data collection in Europe and other countries is needed to increase awareness of how fire incidents affect buildings and to support pan-European fire prevention and fire mitigation measures. The terminology and data collected regarding fire incidents in buildings in the EU Member States were mapped to obtain meaningful datasets to determine common terminology, collection methodology, and data interpretation system. An extensive literature review showed that fire data collection systems have been instrumental in informing firefighting strategies, evidence-based planning, prevention, and educational programmes. Differences and similarities between fire data collection systems were also investigated. The amount and quality of the information in fire statistical recording systems appear to be influenced by the complexity and structure with which the data are collected. The analysis also examined the existing fire statistics in the EU Member States and a few other countries. Finally, a detailed investigation of the number of fires, fire deaths, and injuries from 2009 to 2018 in several countries was examined based on data from a report by CTIF. The trends showed differences attributable to the existing fire statistical practices in terms of terminology and data collection, and interpretation. Part II proposes a common terminology for selected fire statistical variables. The results provide relevant information regarding fire safety at the European level and should be used to guide the development of more uniform fire statistics across Europe. KW - Fire statistics KW - European project PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-575711 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-023-01415-6 SN - 1572-8099 SP - 1 EP - 44 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg AN - OPUS4-57571 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - El Houssami, M. A1 - Försth, M. A1 - Fredriksson, H. A1 - Drean, V. A1 - Guillaume, E. A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja A1 - Sandinge, A. T1 - Fire safety of interior materials of buses N2 - This study provides an analysis on the fire safety of passengers and the fire protection of coaches and buses. A brief review of major bus fire incidents, an overview of current regulations in Europe, and their limitations are presented. The study finds that the current small-scale fire test methods described in UN ECE Reg No. 118 need to be replaced by test methods that can assess the reaction to fire of materials when exposed to ignition sources of varying sizes. To address these shortcomings, the study proposed an expert recommendation to update the material fire safety requirements and testing for buses. Additional measures are proposed, derived from objectives and strategies applied in other transport sectors, and can be tested through existing European and international standards, which are widely used by several industries. These measures aim to extend the time with tenable conditions for a safe evacuation in case of fire, reduce the degree of damage to buses, reduce the risk for fast and excessive thermal exposure on modern energy carriers needed for a more sustainable transport sector. KW - Fire KW - Bus interior materials KW - Rregulations PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-575700 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3134 SN - 1099-1018 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Wiley CY - London AN - OPUS4-57570 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Piechnik, Kira A1 - Heydick, Lukas A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja A1 - Klippel, Andrea T1 - Comprehensive laboratory study on smoke gases during the thermal oxidative decomposition of forest and vegetation fuels N2 - AbstractThis study investigates the composition of smoke gases in forest and vegetation samples to draw conclusions about the actual smoke gas composition during wildfires. The focus is particularly on regions with extensive pine forests, like in Eastern Germany. The relevance of smoke gases is well illustrated by the example of wildfires in Québec, influencing air quality in New York, in 2023. By employing a modified DIN tube furnace, a bench‐scale test set‐up, the research emphasizes the examination of smoke composition from tree species and ground cover, prioritizing gases while disregarding particles. Key smoke gases are identified as CO, CO2, SO2, HCN, C3H4O (acrolein) and CH2O (formaldehyde) and their concentrations are compared with Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGL) limits. Acknowledging the limitations of AEGL usage and the problem with direct quantitative comparison of toxicant concentrations (cf. ISO 29903‐1:2020), the study highlights variations in smoke composition across different samples. The results of the studies reveal a significant disparity in CO concentration between dry and fresh pine needles. Frequently, the AEGLs of key gases are exceeded significantly. The elemental analysis of the barks indicates distinct differences in composition, reflecting in the concentrations of smoke gases. The ratio of 1 mole of substance turnover to the identified key components will be used to determine input parameters for the subsequent numerical simulation. KW - Forest KW - Wildfire KW - Ignition PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-617744 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3253 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Wiley online library AN - OPUS4-61774 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rhode, Michael T1 - Hydrogen in Welded Microstructures of T24 Steel: Effect on Mechanical Properties and Corresponding Hydrogen Diffusion N2 - Low-alloyed CrMoV steels, such as T24, are widely used for welded components in fossil power stations due to their excellent creep-strength. Spectacular failure cases in the recent years exhibited severe cracking in T24 welds. The results showed that hydrogen-assisted cracking (HAC) occurring up to 200 degree Celsius cannot be excluded. Hence, a basic understanding is necessary on how hydrogen affects the material properties of welded microstructures. In this regard, each weld microstructure (HAZ and weld metal) has influence on the HAC susceptibility and respective hydrogen diffusion. Thus, the present contribution summarizes different results obtained from experiments with grades T24 (CrMoV alloy) and T22 (CrMo) and thermally simulated HAZ. Tensile tests were conducted with hydrogen charged specimens and compared to hydrogen-assisted stress corrosion cracking results obtained from slow strain rate tests (SSRT) up to 200 degree Celsius. Electrochemical permeation and degassing experiments were performed to identify a particular weld microstructure influence on hydrogen diffusion and trapping (especially in the HAZ). The results showed that T24 base material has improved resistance to hydrogen-assisted degradation/cracking. In contrast, the as-welded HAZ had remarkably increased susceptibility (tesnile tests at hydrogen concentration of 1 to 2 ppm). SSRT experiments confirmed this at elevated temperatures for both the T24 and the T22. Hence, the evaluation of a particular degradation of the mechanical properties should be performed independently for each weld microstructure. In addition, the HAZ showed decreased diffusion coefficients (at room temperature) of approximately one magnitude compared to the base materials. Trapped hydrogen was determined in the T24 at temperatures up to 120 degree Celsius compared to 75 degree Celsius in the T22. This has to be considered in case of changing operational temperatures, e.g. in the case of start-up and shutdown processes of boiler components. T2 - 10th Conference on Trends in Welding Research CY - Tokyo, Japan DA - 11.10.2016 KW - Degradation of Mechanical Properties KW - Hydrogen KW - Creep-resistant Steel KW - Weld Joint KW - Diffusion PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37827 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Geoerg, Paul A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja A1 - Pulm, A. T1 - Evacuation dynamics under consideration of vulnerable pedestrian groups N2 - The understanding of human behavior during evacuation processes is an important matter to improve the safety of infrastructures. In many countries, the implementation of performance based codes enables fire safety engineers to use computer based calculation tools to predict and evaluate pedestrian movement and human behavior in buildings. The models are based on experimentally obtained parameters and theoretical models. Pedestrian behavior can be influenced by the characteristics of the buildings (e.g. type of the building) as well as the characteristics of individuals and the pedestrian group. This paper shows that the approach of Required Safe Egress Time (RSET) / Available Safe Egress Time (ASET) is imprecise with regard on heterogeneous pedestrian groups, because this concept completely neglected the variability’s in individual pre-movement and movement abilities. T2 - Interflam CY - Royal Holloway College, London, UK DA - 04.07.2016 KW - Evacuation KW - Vulnerable groups KW - Simulation KW - Egress PY - 2016 SN - 978-0-9933933-1-0 SN - 978-0-9933933-3-4 VL - 1 SP - 769 EP - 774 CY - London, UK AN - OPUS4-36821 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja A1 - Kaudelka, Sven T1 - Fire safety of facades with polystyrol foam insulation N2 - Several fires involving ETIC (external thermal insulation composite) systems with polystyrene foam insulation in Germany led to an extensive discussion about fire safety of such systems. A collection initiated by the Frankfurt fire service of façade fires which include polystyrene insulation foam shows that especially fires which started in front of the buildings led to more severe fires of the façade than fires that started inside the buildings. In several fires the ignition source were burning waste containers. Three large scale tests which were initiated by German building ministries showed weaknesses of the existing systems when challenged by a bigger fire source in front of the façade. Since then measures have been introduced to enhance these systems and an additional test with a 200 kg wood crib in front of a large test rig has been used for approval of ETICS. However, the recently introduced German draft standard DIN E 4102-20 does not take these changes into account although real cases and the large scale tests showed that fire scenarios with a bigger ignition source as a waste container are not covered by the DIN E 4102-20. Numerical investigations show that regarding the heat flux to the area above the opening (e.g. a window) also only a fraction of real fires is covered. Additionally damaged systems have been investigated using the Single Burning Item (SBI) test with higher heat release rates of the burner. The damage significantly influenced the fire development of the specimen. Collapse of a damaged coating of an ETIC system occurred during the test and had a sudden fire growth as a result as the whole specimen was suddenly on fire. Several effects which could be seen in the intermediate scale tests correspond to observations which were made in the real cases. In Germany insulation of existing buildings is often enhanced with application of ETICS. In most cases the buildings are in use at the time when the construction takes place. At several stages of the construction process large amounts of unprotected polystyrene are stored in immediate proximity of the building and unprotected polystyrene can be in place on the façade for several weeks. As a consequence of the investigations challenges and possible measures to enhance fire safety of ETIC systems are discussed. T2 - Interflam 2016 CY - London, UK DA - 04.07.2016 KW - Fire scenarios KW - Fire safety KW - EPS PY - 2016 SN - 978-0-9933933-2-7 VL - 2016 SP - 1151 EP - 1162 PB - Interscience Communications CY - Bromley, UK AN - OPUS4-36895 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wu, Hongyi A1 - Buhk, Frederik A1 - Christiani, Ricardo A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja T1 - Influence of local vegetation on ignition and fire spread of vegetation fires-Experimental and numerical approach N2 - Within the framework of the European TREEADS project, Brandenburg and Saxony-Anhalt were designated as model regions. This designation facilitated the investigation of vegetation types, soil structure, and soil dryness. Brandenburg and Saxony-Anhalt are identified as the driest regions in Germany according to the annual mean soil moisture data. In these regions, 48% to 73% of the forests are composed of pine species. The soil profile is characterized by a relatively thin organic layer, measuring between 0.2 and 0.3 meters, underlain by sandy substrates. Consequently, surface and ground fires are more prevalent in these areas compared to other types of fires, such as crown fires. To investigate the influence of local vegetation, it goes through two aspects. One is laboratory study, the local vegetation samples were collected and tested for the thermal properties, such as activation energy, heat content and reaction kinetic of pyrolysis and dehydration. At the same time, small and medium scale combustion experiments were conducted to investigate the burning behavior. The other aspect is using the thermal properties as the input parameters for the development of numerical simulation in the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tool. These models were then be validated with the combustion experiments, as a baseline for the further scaling up of the models, in order to investigate how the parameters influencing the fire spread in a large-scale case numerically. T2 - Interflam 2025, 16th International Fire Science and Engineering Conference CY - London, United Kingdom DA - 30.06.2025 KW - Wildfire PY - 2025 SP - 2221 EP - 2225 PB - Interscience CY - London AN - OPUS4-63932 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico A1 - Krentel, Daniel A1 - Kluge, Martin A1 - Askar, Enis A1 - Habib, Abdel Karim A1 - Kohlhoff, Harald A1 - Neumann, Patrick P. A1 - Storm, Sven-Uwe A1 - Rudolph, Michael A1 - Schoppa, André A1 - Sczepaniak, Mariusz T1 - Mobile gas cylinders in fire: Consequences in case of failure N2 - Commercial, off-the shelf propane cylinders are subjected to high safety regulations. Furthermore, those cylinders are equipped with safety devices like pressure relief valves (PRV). Despite these regulations and safety measures, a failure of the container is possible if exposed to an intense fire. The result of this is severe hazard for users, rescue forces and infrastructure. Within the framework of a destructive test series, 15 identical propane cylinders, without pressure relief devices, were exposed to an intensive fire in horizontal position until failure. Each cylinder was filled with a mass of m =11 kg of liquid propane. Three different fire sources were used (wood, petrol, propane). The experiments revealed the failure of all cylinders in a time period t < 155 s. The failure lead to a fragmentation into several major parts with throwing distances of up to l =262 m. In all trials, the temperature of the cylinder wall (top, side, bottom), of the liquid phase inside and of the surrounding fire (top, side, bottom) was recorded. In addition, the inner cylinder pressure and the induced overpressure of the blast wave after the failure were recorded. Overpressures of up to p=0.27 bar were recorded close to the cylinder (l =5 m). All tests were documented by video from several positions (general view, close-up, high-speed 5000 fps). This test series creates the basis for further experimental studies in the field of alternative fuels for vehicles. The aim of this test series is to assess and analyse the consequences of the failure of gas vessels (for LPG, CNG, CGH2) in the aftermath of severe incidents. KW - Explosion KW - Gas cylinders KW - Consequences PY - 2017 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037971121730098X DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.05.006 SN - 0379-7112 SN - 1873-7226 VL - 91 SP - 989 EP - 996 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-40550 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja T1 - Einfluss moderner Materialien auf die Rauchentwicklung bei Wohnungsbränden N2 - Bei einzelnen Objekten, die unter Laborbedingungen verbrennen, konnte schon seit längerer Zeit ein großer Unterschied zwischen älteren und neuen Möbeln hinsichtlich der Entflammbarkeit und der Rauchentwicklung sowie der Rauchgaszusammensetzung festgestellt werden. In einer Serie von Großversuchen im Rahmen des vom BMBF geförderten Forschungsvorhabens TIBRO wurde in Zusammenarbeit mit der Feuerwehr Frankfurt in vier Großversuchen die Brand- und Rauchentwicklung in einem Wohnzimmer und einem angrenzenden Zimmer untersucht. Es wurden ältere Möbel und moderne Möbel sowie unterschiedliche Belüftungsbedingungen untersucht. T2 - Jahresfachtagung der vfdb 2016 CY - Stuttgart, Germany DA - 08.05.2016 KW - Rauchgase KW - Wohnungsbrände KW - Moderne Materialien PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36060 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Festag, Sebastian A1 - Esser, Jonas A1 - Maiworm, Björn A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja T1 - Herausforderungen des modernen Holzbaus: Erste statistische Erkenntnisse aus realen Gebäudebränden in Holzbauweise N2 - Hinsichtlich des Brandschutzes zeigt der durch die Bundesregierung geförderte Holzbau Herausforderungen gegenüber Massivbauweisen. Diese spiegeln sich in Erfahrungen von Feuerwehren wider, aber nun auch in statistischen Untersuchungen der Brandschadenstatistik der Vereinigung zur Förderung des deutschen Brandschutzes sowie der Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Leiterinnen und Leiter der Berufsfeuerwehren (AGBF) und des Deutschen Feuerwehrverbands (DFV). Im Zeitraum von 2013 bis 2017 wurden in der vfdb-Brandschadenstatistik Daten zu 5016 Alarmierungen bei Gebäudebränden in Deutschland systematisch mit einem einheitlichen Erfassungsbogen erfasst und seit 2016 „bemerkenswerte Brandeinsätze“ durch einen Evaluierungsbogen zu Maßnahmen des vorbeugenden Brand- und Gefahrenschutzes von AGBF/DFV. Grundlage des vorliegenden Beitrags sind die Auswertung und der Vergleich beider statistischer Datensätze hinsichtlich der Brände in Gebäuden in Holzbauweise. Es zeigt sich, dass der Holzbau mit brandschutztechnischen Herausforderungen verbunden ist. KW - Brandschutz KW - Brandstatistik PY - 2025 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/bate.202400078 SN - 1437-0999 VL - 2025 IS - 102 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Wiley AN - OPUS4-63000 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja T1 - Fire safety of facades N2 - Fire safety of façades is a complex topic regarding the different façades systems which differ in build and as well in possible fire safety measures. A great variation of materials is used in façade systems which also have a wide spread variation of reaction-to-fire behaviour. As building regulations are national legislations the implementation of fire safety of façade systems in building regulations differs significantly in different countries. Therefore the testing and classification of façade systems differs as well hugely. Approaches to regulate the material only are as well in use as to concentrate mainly on large scale testing and several approaches in between. It was not possible yet to find a harmonized test for façades in Europe. However, in many countries severe fires with combustible façade systems brought the challenges of fire safety of façades to a greater awareness. An overview over different large scale test and implementation in building regulations shows the differences. Challenges in fire safety of façades regarding the testing, the weathering, aging and damage of the systems and the impact on fire safety are discussed. T2 - Interflam Konferenz 2016 CY - Royal Holloway College, London, UK DA - 4.07.2016 KW - Fire safety KW - Facades KW - Combustible PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37012 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja T1 - Fire Safety of Facades N2 - Fire safety of façades is a complex topic regarding the different façades systems which differ in build and as well in possible fire safety measures. A great variation of materials is used in façade systems which also have a wide spread variation of reaction-to-fire behaviour. As building regulations are national legislations the implementation of fire safety of façade systems in building regulations differs significantly in different countries. Therefore the testing and classification of façade systems differs as well hugely. Approaches to regulate the material only are as well in use as to concentrate mainly on large scale testing and several approaches in between. It was not possible yet to find a harmonized test for façades in Europe. However, in many countries severe fires with combustible façade systems brought the challenges of fire safety of façades to a greater awareness. An overview over different large scale test and implementation in building regulations shows the differences. Challenges in fire safety of façades regarding the testing, the weathering, aging and damage of the systems and the impact on fire safety are discussed. T2 - Interflam 2016 CY - London, UK DA - 04.07.2016 KW - Facades KW - Fire safety KW - Combustible PY - 2016 SN - 978-0-9933933-2-7 VL - 2016 SP - 1095 EP - 1102 PB - Interscience Communications CY - Bromley, UK AN - OPUS4-36896 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schröder, Volkmar T1 - Flamox-Gas mixtures – Regelwerk N2 - Im Vortrag wird auf das aktuelle Regelwerk zur Herstellung von Gasgemischen, die sowohl entzündbare, inerte als auch oxidierende Komponenten enthalten können, eingegangen. Es werden Berechnungsmethoden zur Entzündbarkeit vorgestellt. Sicherheits- und Explosionsschutzmaßnahmen werden diskutiert diskutiert. T2 - Workshop der Linde AG CY - Unterschleißheim, Germany DA - 14.04.2016 KW - Gasgemische KW - Klassifizierung KW - Gefahrguttransport KW - Arbeitsschutz PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37310 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja T1 - Wärmedämmverbundssysteme (WDVS) - Brandverhalten von WDVS N2 - Vortrag über Brandgefahren mit WDVS (Wäremdämmverbundsystemen) mit Polystyrolschaumdämmung, reale Brände, Brandversuche, Prüfmethoden T2 - Arbeitsgemeinschaft Schadenverhütung, Sitzung CY - Feuersozietät Berlin, Germany DA - 27.4.2016 KW - WDVS KW - Polystyrol KW - Brandverhalten KW - Sicherheit PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37009 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja T1 - Fire safety of façades with polystyrene foam insulation N2 - Several fires involving ETIC (external thermal insulation composite) systems with polystyrene foam insulation in Germany led to an extensive discussion about fire safety of such systems. A collection initiated by the Frankfurt fire service of façade fires which include polystyrene insulation foam shows that especially fires which started in front of the buildings led to more severe fires of the façade than fires that started inside the buildings. In several fires the ignition source were burning waste containers. Three large scale tests which were initiated by German building ministries showed weaknesses of the existing systems when challenged by a bigger fire source in front of the façade. Since then measures have been introduced to enhance these systems and an additional test with a 200 kg wood crib in front of a large test rig has been used for approval of ETICS. However, the recently introduced German draft standard DIN E 4102-20 does not take these changes into account although real cases and the large scale tests showed that fire scenarios with a bigger ignition source as a waste container are not covered by the DIN E 4102-20. Numerical investigations show that regarding the heat flux to the area above the opening (e.g. a window) also only a fraction of real fires is covered. Additionally damaged systems have been investigated using the Single Burning Item (SBI) test with higher heat release rates of the burner. The damage significantly influenced the fire development of the specimen. Collapse of a damaged coating of an ETIC system occurred during the test and had a sudden fire growth as a result as the whole specimen was suddenly on fire. Several effects which could be seen in the intermediate scale tests correspond to observations which were made in the real cases. In Germany insulation of existing buildings is often enhanced with application of ETICS. In most cases the buildings are in use at the time when the construction takes place. At several stages of the construction process large amounts of unprotected polystyrene are stored in immediate proximity of the building and unprotected polystyrene can be in place on the façade for several weeks. As a consequence of the investigations challenges and possible measures to enhance fire safety of ETIC systems are discussed. T2 - Interflam Konferenz 2016 CY - Royal Holloway College, London, UK DA - 4.7.2016 KW - ETICS KW - Polystyrene KW - Insulation KW - Fire safety PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37011 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico T1 - Versagen von Gasbehältern für alternative Treibstoffe unter Berücksichtigung komplexer Brand- und Explosionsszenarien N2 - Die Zahl der zugelassenen Fahrzeuge auf deutschen Straßen, welche statt herkömmlichen Otto- und Dieselkraftstoffen alternative Treibstoffkonzepte (z.B. LPG, CNG, H2) für den Antrieb nutzen, ist in den vergangenen Jahren kontinuierlich gestiegen. Der dabei zunehmende Mix an Behältertypen und die große Anzahl an alternativen Treibstoffen macht in Unfallsituationen die Berücksichtigung zusätzlicher Risiken notwendig. Zum Beispiel kann es bei einem Unfall zum Austritt von gasförmigen Treibstoffen sowie infolge eines Brandes auch zu einem Behälterversagen kommen. Das Schadensausmaß in einem solchen Fall übersteigt dabei deutlich das zu erwartende Ausmaß infolge eines PKW-Brandes mit herkömmlichen Kraftstoffen. T2 - 14. Kolloquium zur chemischen und physikalischen Sicherheitstechnik (BAM-PTB-Kolloquium) CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 14.06.2016 KW - Explosion KW - alternative Treibstoffe KW - Behälterversagen KW - Composite PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37173 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Geoerg, Paul T1 - Evacuation dynamics under consideration of vulnerable pedestrian groups N2 - The understanding of human behavior during evacuation processes is an important matter to improve the safety of infrastructures. In many countries, the implementation of performance based codes enables fire safety engineers to use computer based calculation tools to predict and evaluate pedestrian movement and human behavior in buildings. The models are based on experimentally obtained parameters and theoretical models. Pedestrian behavior can be influenced by the characteristics of the buildings (e.g. type of the building) as well as the characteristics of individuals and the pedestrian group. This paper shows that the approach of Required Safe Egress Time (RSET) / Available Safe Egress Time (ASET) is imprecise with regard on heterogeneous pedestrian groups, because this concept completely neglected the variability’s in individual pre-movement and movement abilities. T2 - Interflam CY - Royal Holloway College, London, UK DA - 04.07.2016 KW - Evacuation KW - Vulnerable groups KW - Simulation KW - Egress PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36822 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Abdelkhalik, A. A1 - Askar, Enis A1 - Markus, D. A1 - Brandes, E. A1 - El-Sayed, I. A1 - Hassan, M. A1 - Nour, M. A1 - Stolz, T. T1 - Explosion regions of propane, isopropanol, acetone, and methyl acetate/inert gas/air mixtures N2 - The explosion regions for propane, isopropanol, acetone, and methyl acetate with air in the presence of nitrogen, argon, helium, and carbon dioxide were determined experimentally according to EN 14756/EN1839, method T. Except for propane, all the measurements were executed at 323 K and 1 bar. Propane experiments were carried out at 293 K and 1 bar. The results show that for the same type of inert gas, propane, isopropanol, and acetone have great closeness concerning the concentration of the inert gas at the apex of the explosion envelope in a ternary diagram with air as oxidizer. This leads to consistency in the limiting oxygen concentration (LOC) and minimum required amount of inert gas (MAI) values. Concerning methyl acetate, the apex was always reached at higher percentages of inert gases compared with the other fuels. This can be attributed to the presence of two oxygen atoms inside the chemical structure. Calculation of the explosion regions was carried out based on calculated adiabatic flame temperature (CAFT) method. The flame temperatures for the experimentally determined fuel/air/N2 mixtures were calculated. Then, these temperatures were used to predict the explosion limits of similar mixtures with other inert gases than nitrogen. The modeling results show reasonable agreement with the experimental results. KW - Flammability limits KW - Model of constant adiabatic flame temperatures (CAFT) KW - Inertisation KW - Explosion protection PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2016.04.001 SN - 0950-4230 VL - 2016/43 SP - 669 EP - 675 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Oxford, UK AN - OPUS4-37996 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Baeßler, Matthias A1 - Simon, Patrick ED - Cunha, Álvaro ED - Caetano, Elsa T1 - Review of Ballasted Track Destabilization on Shake Table Tests N2 - Shake table tests have been used for a long time to understand the densification and fluidization of granular materials. While purely vertical shaking is quite unlikely to be found in vibration analysis when it comes to granular materials as soils, it has been found that the vertical vibration of railway bridge support structures can affect the fabric of the ballasted track on top. Starting from the experience at French railway lines with destabilizing track conditions on short bridges in high speed lines in the 1990s, various shake table test configurations have been used to investigate the destabiliza-tion of ballast at high acceleration levels. This article describes the effects of the variously investigated dynamic excitations of railway bridges on the bal-lasted track itself. T2 - 11th International Conference on Experimental Vibration Analysis for Civil Engineering Structures (EVACES 2025) CY - Porto, Portugal DA - 02.07.2025 KW - Infrastructure KW - Ballasted track KW - Ballast KW - Railway bridge dynamics PY - 2025 SN - 978-3-031-96105-2 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-96106-9_62 SP - 595 EP - 604 PB - Springer CY - Cham AN - OPUS4-64265 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Characteristic Frequencies of Train-Induced Bridge, Track, Ground and Building Vibrations – Excitation and Mitigation N2 - The characteristic frequencies of train-induced vibrations are discussed in theory and experiment following the propagation of vibrations from the source to the receiver: 1. Out-of-roundness frequencies of the wheels, 2. sleeper-passage frequency, 3. the vehicle-track eigenfrequency, 4. band frequency of the impulses of the passing static axle loads, 5. car-length frequency and multiples, 6. axle-distance frequencies with two characteristic zeros, 7. bridge eigenfrequencies, 8. the cut-on frequency due to the layering, and 9. the cut-off frequency due to the material damping of the soil, 10. the building-soil eigenfrequency, 11. as a rigid building or flexible wall/column mode, 12. floor eigenfrequencies, 13. acoustic room resonances, 14. the „resonance“ frequency or cut-off frequency of a base isolation. Coincidences of some of these characteristic frequencies or frequency ranges can be typically problematic and mitigation measures at the track or at the building can be necessary. The bridge response to the passing static loads is deter¬mined by the axle-sequence spectrum, the eigenfrequency (transfer function) of the bridge, and the modal force or mode shape spectrum. The ground vibration has typically high frequencies for a stiff soil and low frequencies for a soft soil. The high amplitudes between the zeros of the axle-sequence spectrum are often measured in the ground vibrations, and they can be mitigated by soft support elements or a higher bending stiffness of the track. T2 - EVACES 2025 CY - Porto, Portugal DA - 02.07.2025 KW - Train-induced vibration KW - Vehicle excitation KW - Track response KW - Bridge resonance KW - Ground vibration KW - Soil-building transfer KW - Floor resonance KW - Axle-sequence spectrum KW - Vehicle-track eigenfrequency KW - Axle impulses PY - 2025 SN - 978-3-031-96113-7 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-96106-9_77 VL - 2025 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Springer CY - Cham, Schweiz AN - OPUS4-63655 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Patrick A1 - Baeßler, Matthias ED - Cunha, Álvaro ED - Caetano, Elsa T1 - On the reassessment of bridge superstructure vibrations for high-speed traffic N2 - The acceleration thresholds of bridge superstructures remain critical for designing and reassessing railway bridges on high-speed lines, with ballasted track systems historically limited to 3.5 m/s2 vertical accelerations due to destabilization risks. As part of the European InBridge4EU project, this study addresses methodological uncertainties in linking vertical bridge vibrations to lateral track creep—a key focus area for modernizing assessment protocols. A comparative analysis of two acceleration postprocessing methods (peak identification vs. fatigue-derived rainflow counting) as part of a recently proposed framework was conducted using an example bridge and train combination. Results demonstrate that rainflow counting yields more conservative creep estimates with the bulk of cumulative vibration-induced creep attributable to accelerations exceeding 3 m/s2. However, discretizing acceleration ranges into 1 m/s2 bins introduced significant errors compared to continuous cycle data, highlighting sensitivity to analysis parameters. These findings underscore the complexity of reconciling laboratory-derived harmonic vibration models with real-world bridge dynamics, where non-uniform acceleration patterns dominate. The research directly informs ongoing efforts to refine standardized criteria for ballasted track stability, particularly through the InBridge4EU project’s systematic re-evaluation of vibration limits and their engineering implications. By quantifying discrepancies between computational approaches, this work advances the development of robust protocols for predicting track degradation under high-speed operational loads. T2 - 11th International Conference on Experimental Vibration Analysis for Civil Enginering Structures (EVACES 2025) CY - Porto, Portugal DA - 02.07.2025 KW - Infrastructure KW - Railway bridges KW - Ballast destabilization KW - Acceleration limit KW - Ballasted track KW - Rainflow counting PY - 2025 SN - 978-3-031-96105-2 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-96106-9_53 VL - 675 SP - 506 EP - 515 PB - Springer CY - Cham AN - OPUS4-64267 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -