TY - CONF A1 - Gluth, Gregor T1 - Corrosion of steel in geopolymer mortars N2 - The contribution reports on durability-related transport properties of geopolymer-based mortars. We show results of accelerated carbonation, rapid chloride migration (RCM), accelerated chloride diffusion, and air permeability measurements for fly ash-based geopolymer mortars, including mixes containing ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS). In addition, we report polarization resistance data and corrosion potential vs. time curves for carbon steel bars embedded in two of the fly ash-based geopolymer mortars and a CEM I-based mortar (as reference). Despite comparable total porosities, the carbonation depths, the chloride migration coefficients and the air permeabilities of the mortars differed significantly. In general, the addition of GGBFS to the binders improved the performance (decreased transport coefficients); however, this was not found to be true for the air permeability in all cases. This latter effect can be explained by drying damage of the C-(A-)S-H gel in GGBFS-containing binders. On the other hand, low transport coefficients can also be achieved by optimization of the binder formulation without the addition of GGBFS, which is also reflected in the material’s air permeability. The corrosion potential vs. time curves in combination with polarization resistance values reveal that the steel reinforcement in geopolymer mortars assumed a passive state. However, this happened considerably later than for steel in CEM I-based mortars. The free corrosion potential of carbon steel reinforcement in the geopolymer mortars had different values than the free corrosion potential values for the CEM I-based mortar for both the active and the passive state. T2 - International Workshop on Alkali-Activated Materials CY - Ljubljana, Slovenia DA - 11.05.2017 KW - Geopolymers KW - Alkali-activated materials KW - Reinforcement corrosion KW - Carbonation KW - Chloride ingress PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40241 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogler, Nico A1 - Gluth, Gregor A1 - Oppat, Klaus A1 - Kühne, Hans-Carsten T1 - Charakterisierung von Bauteiloberflächen – Rautiefebestimmung mittels konventioneller und laserbasierter Verfahren T1 - Surface characterization of building elements - roughness measurements by conventional and laser-based methods N2 - Die Bestimmung der Rauheit von Bauteiloberflächen stellt eine wichtige Messaufgabe im Bauwesen dar. Vor allem bei der Betoninstandsetzung, im Straßenbau und bei der Herstellung von Stahlbeton-Halbfertigteilen ist die Rauheit – gemessen als Rautiefe – eine wichtige Kenngröße. Zurzeit werden Messungen der Rautiefe mittels volumetrischer Verfahren (Sandflächenverfahren) durchgeführt. Diese bereits seit mehreren Jahrzehnten angewandten Verfahren sind jedoch auf horizontale bzw. wenig geneigte und trockene Oberflächen beschränkt. Darüber hinaus hängen die erzielten Ergebnisse sehr stark von der angewandten Prüfvorschrift, den darin vorgeschriebenen Prüfmitteln und Geräten und dem jeweiligen Anwender ab. Als Alternative zu den volumetrischen Verfahren wurde an der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) ein automatisiertes, laserbasiertes Messverfahren entwickelt, mit dem Rautiefen von Bauteiloberflächen in Anlehnung an bereits standardisierte Verfahren bestimmt werden können. Der vorliegende Beitrag befasst sich zunächst mit den konventionellen Prüfverfahren, beschreibt die wichtigsten Zusammenhänge und zeigt die Grenzen dieser Methoden auf. Im zweiten Teil wird das an der BAM entwickeltes Messsystem, als zielführendes Alternativverfahren für die konventionellen Methoden, vorgestellt und dessen Leistungsfähigkeit näher beschrieben. N2 - The measurement of surface roughness of building elements is an important task in civil engineering, particularly in the field of concrete repair, in road construction and in the production of precast concrete elements. At present, the surface roughness is generally determined by the so called sand-patch-test (volumetric method). This method which is used since several decades is only applicable on horizontal or only slightly sloped and dry surfaces. In addition, the results strongly depend on the utilised standards, the prescribed test equipment and the executing person. Therefore, a laser-based device for the determination of surface roughness has been developed at Bundesanstalt fur Materialforschung und -pru-fung (BAM). This contribution deals first with the different modifications of the sand-patch-test and other conventional methods, and describes the underlying formulae and the limitations of the methods. In the second part, the laser-based system which was developed at BAM is presented; its advantages and the capability of this alternative method will be described in detail. KW - Rautiefe KW - Instandsetzung KW - Laserbasierte Rautiefebestimmung KW - Shear PY - 2017 SN - 0005-6650 VL - 92 IS - März SP - 97 EP - 104 PB - Springer VDI CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-39299 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ebell, Gino T1 - Investigation of carbon steel reinforcement in fresh geopolymer mortars and geopolymer specimen N2 - Electrochemical investigation of carbon steel reinforcement to describe the passivation reaction and the corrosion behavior. T2 - EFC-WP 11 Task Group: Steel Corrosion in Alkali-Activated Concrete CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 28.03.2017 KW - Corrosion KW - Reinforcement PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39633 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Klippel, A. A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja A1 - Piechnik, K. A1 - Gnutzmann, Tanja T1 - Development of toxicity assessment method for bus interior materials N2 - In recent years, fire safety requirements for bus interior materials have been increased and introduced into international regulations. Fire safety requirements for the burning rate, melting and dripping behaviour of interior materials already exist for many years. However, it remains unclear to what extent the release of smoke, combustion products and their toxicity should be limited. Therefore, a research and development project 82.0723 funded by BASt (Federal Highway Research Institute) was initiated to develop a simplified procedure for testing the toxicity and smoke development in case of fire of interior materials used in buses. The scope of the research included calculations to assess the toxicity of fire gases and the derivation of specifications for the formation of practicable limit values for smoke toxicity. Further investigations are needed to derive these limit values for smoke toxicity in order to be applicable for real fire scenarios in buses. T2 - Conference Fire in Vehicles FIVE CY - Stavanger, Norway DA - 24.04.2023 KW - Bus materials PY - 2023 SP - 80 EP - 90 AN - OPUS4-57627 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Geoerg, Paul A1 - Polzin, Robert Malte A1 - Schumann, Jette A1 - Holl, Stefan A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja T1 - Small-scale studies on evacuation characteristics of pedestrians with physical, mental or age-related disabilities N2 - Evaluation of evacuation process is common separated by two phases: pre-movement and movement-phase. Individual capabilities of pedestrians have an impact on both and therefore on the time required for safe escape. In view of evaluating the evacuation process, characteristics of realistic movements of pedestrians involved are needed, but so far such data are mainly available for individuals with unrestricted evacuation capabilities only. Due to the lack of available data, parameter studies in an assisted living for people with disabilities were performed to explore the movement during evacuation. Preparation times for assistance (n = 10), unimpeded walking speeds (n = 34) depending on the assistance devices in the plane as well as walking speeds on stairs (n = 11) were focussed. Time to prepare an assistance device for utilisation depends significantly on the kind of device type. Further on, practical experience in handling the devices for assistance has an impact on the preparation time. In contrast to the results of the preparation times, any relation on assistance devices were investigated for the unimpeded walking speed in the plane. A remarkable decrease of walking speed on stairs was observed which is independent from the utilised assistance device. The presented data improve and extend the insufficient engineering data base and raised up questions regarding the complexity of considering pedestrians movement with impairments in evacuation planning. T2 - 3rd European Symposium on Fire Safety Science CY - Nancy, France DA - 12.09.2018 KW - Human behaviour KW - Egress KW - Evacuation KW - Pedestrians with disabilities KW - Engineering data PY - 2018 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-466463 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1107/7/072006 SN - 1742-6596 VL - 1107 IS - 072006 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - IOP Publ. CY - Bristol AN - OPUS4-46646 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Manes, M. A1 - El Houssami, M. A1 - Campbell, R. A1 - Sauca, A. A1 - Rush, D. A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja A1 - Andersson, P. A1 - Wagner, P. A1 - Veeneklaas, J. A1 - van Hees, P. A1 - Guillaume, E. T1 - Closing Data Gaps and Paving the Way for Pan-European Fire Safety Efforts: Part I—Overview of Current Practices for Fire Statistics N2 - The analysis of the current state of fire statistics and data collection in Europe and other countries is needed to increase awareness of how fire incidents affect buildings and to support pan-European fire prevention and fire mitigation measures. The terminology and data collected regarding fire incidents in buildings in the EU Member States were mapped to obtain meaningful datasets to determine common terminology, collection methodology, and data interpretation system. An extensive literature review showed that fire data collection systems have been instrumental in informing firefighting strategies, evidence-based planning, prevention, and educational programmes. Differences and similarities between fire data collection systems were also investigated. The amount and quality of the information in fire statistical recording systems appear to be influenced by the complexity and structure with which the data are collected. The analysis also examined the existing fire statistics in the EU Member States and a few other countries. Finally, a detailed investigation of the number of fires, fire deaths, and injuries from 2009 to 2018 in several countries was examined based on data from a report by CTIF. The trends showed differences attributable to the existing fire statistical practices in terms of terminology and data collection, and interpretation. Part II proposes a common terminology for selected fire statistical variables. The results provide relevant information regarding fire safety at the European level and should be used to guide the development of more uniform fire statistics across Europe. KW - Fire statistics KW - European project PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-575711 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-023-01415-6 SN - 1572-8099 SP - 1 EP - 44 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg AN - OPUS4-57571 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - El Houssami, M. A1 - Försth, M. A1 - Fredriksson, H. A1 - Drean, V. A1 - Guillaume, E. A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja A1 - Sandinge, A. T1 - Fire safety of interior materials of buses N2 - This study provides an analysis on the fire safety of passengers and the fire protection of coaches and buses. A brief review of major bus fire incidents, an overview of current regulations in Europe, and their limitations are presented. The study finds that the current small-scale fire test methods described in UN ECE Reg No. 118 need to be replaced by test methods that can assess the reaction to fire of materials when exposed to ignition sources of varying sizes. To address these shortcomings, the study proposed an expert recommendation to update the material fire safety requirements and testing for buses. Additional measures are proposed, derived from objectives and strategies applied in other transport sectors, and can be tested through existing European and international standards, which are widely used by several industries. These measures aim to extend the time with tenable conditions for a safe evacuation in case of fire, reduce the degree of damage to buses, reduce the risk for fast and excessive thermal exposure on modern energy carriers needed for a more sustainable transport sector. KW - Fire KW - Bus interior materials KW - Rregulations PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-575700 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3134 SN - 1099-1018 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Wiley CY - London AN - OPUS4-57570 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Piechnik, Kira A1 - Heydick, Lukas A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja A1 - Klippel, Andrea T1 - Comprehensive laboratory study on smoke gases during the thermal oxidative decomposition of forest and vegetation fuels N2 - AbstractThis study investigates the composition of smoke gases in forest and vegetation samples to draw conclusions about the actual smoke gas composition during wildfires. The focus is particularly on regions with extensive pine forests, like in Eastern Germany. The relevance of smoke gases is well illustrated by the example of wildfires in Québec, influencing air quality in New York, in 2023. By employing a modified DIN tube furnace, a bench‐scale test set‐up, the research emphasizes the examination of smoke composition from tree species and ground cover, prioritizing gases while disregarding particles. Key smoke gases are identified as CO, CO2, SO2, HCN, C3H4O (acrolein) and CH2O (formaldehyde) and their concentrations are compared with Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGL) limits. Acknowledging the limitations of AEGL usage and the problem with direct quantitative comparison of toxicant concentrations (cf. ISO 29903‐1:2020), the study highlights variations in smoke composition across different samples. The results of the studies reveal a significant disparity in CO concentration between dry and fresh pine needles. Frequently, the AEGLs of key gases are exceeded significantly. The elemental analysis of the barks indicates distinct differences in composition, reflecting in the concentrations of smoke gases. The ratio of 1 mole of substance turnover to the identified key components will be used to determine input parameters for the subsequent numerical simulation. KW - Forest KW - Wildfire KW - Ignition PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-617744 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3253 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Wiley online library AN - OPUS4-61774 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rhode, Michael T1 - Hydrogen in Welded Microstructures of T24 Steel: Effect on Mechanical Properties and Corresponding Hydrogen Diffusion N2 - Low-alloyed CrMoV steels, such as T24, are widely used for welded components in fossil power stations due to their excellent creep-strength. Spectacular failure cases in the recent years exhibited severe cracking in T24 welds. The results showed that hydrogen-assisted cracking (HAC) occurring up to 200 degree Celsius cannot be excluded. Hence, a basic understanding is necessary on how hydrogen affects the material properties of welded microstructures. In this regard, each weld microstructure (HAZ and weld metal) has influence on the HAC susceptibility and respective hydrogen diffusion. Thus, the present contribution summarizes different results obtained from experiments with grades T24 (CrMoV alloy) and T22 (CrMo) and thermally simulated HAZ. Tensile tests were conducted with hydrogen charged specimens and compared to hydrogen-assisted stress corrosion cracking results obtained from slow strain rate tests (SSRT) up to 200 degree Celsius. Electrochemical permeation and degassing experiments were performed to identify a particular weld microstructure influence on hydrogen diffusion and trapping (especially in the HAZ). The results showed that T24 base material has improved resistance to hydrogen-assisted degradation/cracking. In contrast, the as-welded HAZ had remarkably increased susceptibility (tesnile tests at hydrogen concentration of 1 to 2 ppm). SSRT experiments confirmed this at elevated temperatures for both the T24 and the T22. Hence, the evaluation of a particular degradation of the mechanical properties should be performed independently for each weld microstructure. In addition, the HAZ showed decreased diffusion coefficients (at room temperature) of approximately one magnitude compared to the base materials. Trapped hydrogen was determined in the T24 at temperatures up to 120 degree Celsius compared to 75 degree Celsius in the T22. This has to be considered in case of changing operational temperatures, e.g. in the case of start-up and shutdown processes of boiler components. T2 - 10th Conference on Trends in Welding Research CY - Tokyo, Japan DA - 11.10.2016 KW - Degradation of Mechanical Properties KW - Hydrogen KW - Creep-resistant Steel KW - Weld Joint KW - Diffusion PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37827 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Geoerg, Paul A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja A1 - Pulm, A. T1 - Evacuation dynamics under consideration of vulnerable pedestrian groups N2 - The understanding of human behavior during evacuation processes is an important matter to improve the safety of infrastructures. In many countries, the implementation of performance based codes enables fire safety engineers to use computer based calculation tools to predict and evaluate pedestrian movement and human behavior in buildings. The models are based on experimentally obtained parameters and theoretical models. Pedestrian behavior can be influenced by the characteristics of the buildings (e.g. type of the building) as well as the characteristics of individuals and the pedestrian group. This paper shows that the approach of Required Safe Egress Time (RSET) / Available Safe Egress Time (ASET) is imprecise with regard on heterogeneous pedestrian groups, because this concept completely neglected the variability’s in individual pre-movement and movement abilities. T2 - Interflam CY - Royal Holloway College, London, UK DA - 04.07.2016 KW - Evacuation KW - Vulnerable groups KW - Simulation KW - Egress PY - 2016 SN - 978-0-9933933-1-0 SN - 978-0-9933933-3-4 VL - 1 SP - 769 EP - 774 CY - London, UK AN - OPUS4-36821 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja A1 - Kaudelka, Sven T1 - Fire safety of facades with polystyrol foam insulation N2 - Several fires involving ETIC (external thermal insulation composite) systems with polystyrene foam insulation in Germany led to an extensive discussion about fire safety of such systems. A collection initiated by the Frankfurt fire service of façade fires which include polystyrene insulation foam shows that especially fires which started in front of the buildings led to more severe fires of the façade than fires that started inside the buildings. In several fires the ignition source were burning waste containers. Three large scale tests which were initiated by German building ministries showed weaknesses of the existing systems when challenged by a bigger fire source in front of the façade. Since then measures have been introduced to enhance these systems and an additional test with a 200 kg wood crib in front of a large test rig has been used for approval of ETICS. However, the recently introduced German draft standard DIN E 4102-20 does not take these changes into account although real cases and the large scale tests showed that fire scenarios with a bigger ignition source as a waste container are not covered by the DIN E 4102-20. Numerical investigations show that regarding the heat flux to the area above the opening (e.g. a window) also only a fraction of real fires is covered. Additionally damaged systems have been investigated using the Single Burning Item (SBI) test with higher heat release rates of the burner. The damage significantly influenced the fire development of the specimen. Collapse of a damaged coating of an ETIC system occurred during the test and had a sudden fire growth as a result as the whole specimen was suddenly on fire. Several effects which could be seen in the intermediate scale tests correspond to observations which were made in the real cases. In Germany insulation of existing buildings is often enhanced with application of ETICS. In most cases the buildings are in use at the time when the construction takes place. At several stages of the construction process large amounts of unprotected polystyrene are stored in immediate proximity of the building and unprotected polystyrene can be in place on the façade for several weeks. As a consequence of the investigations challenges and possible measures to enhance fire safety of ETIC systems are discussed. T2 - Interflam 2016 CY - London, UK DA - 04.07.2016 KW - Fire scenarios KW - Fire safety KW - EPS PY - 2016 SN - 978-0-9933933-2-7 VL - 2016 SP - 1151 EP - 1162 PB - Interscience Communications CY - Bromley, UK AN - OPUS4-36895 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wu, Hongyi A1 - Buhk, Frederik A1 - Christiani, Ricardo A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja T1 - Influence of local vegetation on ignition and fire spread of vegetation fires-Experimental and numerical approach N2 - Within the framework of the European TREEADS project, Brandenburg and Saxony-Anhalt were designated as model regions. This designation facilitated the investigation of vegetation types, soil structure, and soil dryness. Brandenburg and Saxony-Anhalt are identified as the driest regions in Germany according to the annual mean soil moisture data. In these regions, 48% to 73% of the forests are composed of pine species. The soil profile is characterized by a relatively thin organic layer, measuring between 0.2 and 0.3 meters, underlain by sandy substrates. Consequently, surface and ground fires are more prevalent in these areas compared to other types of fires, such as crown fires. To investigate the influence of local vegetation, it goes through two aspects. One is laboratory study, the local vegetation samples were collected and tested for the thermal properties, such as activation energy, heat content and reaction kinetic of pyrolysis and dehydration. At the same time, small and medium scale combustion experiments were conducted to investigate the burning behavior. The other aspect is using the thermal properties as the input parameters for the development of numerical simulation in the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tool. These models were then be validated with the combustion experiments, as a baseline for the further scaling up of the models, in order to investigate how the parameters influencing the fire spread in a large-scale case numerically. T2 - Interflam 2025, 16th International Fire Science and Engineering Conference CY - London, United Kingdom DA - 30.06.2025 KW - Wildfire PY - 2025 SP - 2221 EP - 2225 PB - Interscience CY - London AN - OPUS4-63932 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico A1 - Krentel, Daniel A1 - Kluge, Martin A1 - Askar, Enis A1 - Habib, Abdel Karim A1 - Kohlhoff, Harald A1 - Neumann, Patrick P. A1 - Storm, Sven-Uwe A1 - Rudolph, Michael A1 - Schoppa, André A1 - Sczepaniak, Mariusz T1 - Mobile gas cylinders in fire: Consequences in case of failure N2 - Commercial, off-the shelf propane cylinders are subjected to high safety regulations. Furthermore, those cylinders are equipped with safety devices like pressure relief valves (PRV). Despite these regulations and safety measures, a failure of the container is possible if exposed to an intense fire. The result of this is severe hazard for users, rescue forces and infrastructure. Within the framework of a destructive test series, 15 identical propane cylinders, without pressure relief devices, were exposed to an intensive fire in horizontal position until failure. Each cylinder was filled with a mass of m =11 kg of liquid propane. Three different fire sources were used (wood, petrol, propane). The experiments revealed the failure of all cylinders in a time period t < 155 s. The failure lead to a fragmentation into several major parts with throwing distances of up to l =262 m. In all trials, the temperature of the cylinder wall (top, side, bottom), of the liquid phase inside and of the surrounding fire (top, side, bottom) was recorded. In addition, the inner cylinder pressure and the induced overpressure of the blast wave after the failure were recorded. Overpressures of up to p=0.27 bar were recorded close to the cylinder (l =5 m). All tests were documented by video from several positions (general view, close-up, high-speed 5000 fps). This test series creates the basis for further experimental studies in the field of alternative fuels for vehicles. The aim of this test series is to assess and analyse the consequences of the failure of gas vessels (for LPG, CNG, CGH2) in the aftermath of severe incidents. KW - Explosion KW - Gas cylinders KW - Consequences PY - 2017 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037971121730098X DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.05.006 SN - 0379-7112 SN - 1873-7226 VL - 91 SP - 989 EP - 996 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-40550 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja T1 - Einfluss moderner Materialien auf die Rauchentwicklung bei Wohnungsbränden N2 - Bei einzelnen Objekten, die unter Laborbedingungen verbrennen, konnte schon seit längerer Zeit ein großer Unterschied zwischen älteren und neuen Möbeln hinsichtlich der Entflammbarkeit und der Rauchentwicklung sowie der Rauchgaszusammensetzung festgestellt werden. In einer Serie von Großversuchen im Rahmen des vom BMBF geförderten Forschungsvorhabens TIBRO wurde in Zusammenarbeit mit der Feuerwehr Frankfurt in vier Großversuchen die Brand- und Rauchentwicklung in einem Wohnzimmer und einem angrenzenden Zimmer untersucht. Es wurden ältere Möbel und moderne Möbel sowie unterschiedliche Belüftungsbedingungen untersucht. T2 - Jahresfachtagung der vfdb 2016 CY - Stuttgart, Germany DA - 08.05.2016 KW - Rauchgase KW - Wohnungsbrände KW - Moderne Materialien PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36060 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Festag, Sebastian A1 - Esser, Jonas A1 - Maiworm, Björn A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja T1 - Herausforderungen des modernen Holzbaus: Erste statistische Erkenntnisse aus realen Gebäudebränden in Holzbauweise N2 - Hinsichtlich des Brandschutzes zeigt der durch die Bundesregierung geförderte Holzbau Herausforderungen gegenüber Massivbauweisen. Diese spiegeln sich in Erfahrungen von Feuerwehren wider, aber nun auch in statistischen Untersuchungen der Brandschadenstatistik der Vereinigung zur Förderung des deutschen Brandschutzes sowie der Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Leiterinnen und Leiter der Berufsfeuerwehren (AGBF) und des Deutschen Feuerwehrverbands (DFV). Im Zeitraum von 2013 bis 2017 wurden in der vfdb-Brandschadenstatistik Daten zu 5016 Alarmierungen bei Gebäudebränden in Deutschland systematisch mit einem einheitlichen Erfassungsbogen erfasst und seit 2016 „bemerkenswerte Brandeinsätze“ durch einen Evaluierungsbogen zu Maßnahmen des vorbeugenden Brand- und Gefahrenschutzes von AGBF/DFV. Grundlage des vorliegenden Beitrags sind die Auswertung und der Vergleich beider statistischer Datensätze hinsichtlich der Brände in Gebäuden in Holzbauweise. Es zeigt sich, dass der Holzbau mit brandschutztechnischen Herausforderungen verbunden ist. KW - Brandschutz KW - Brandstatistik PY - 2025 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/bate.202400078 SN - 1437-0999 VL - 2025 IS - 102 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Wiley AN - OPUS4-63000 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja T1 - Fire safety of facades N2 - Fire safety of façades is a complex topic regarding the different façades systems which differ in build and as well in possible fire safety measures. A great variation of materials is used in façade systems which also have a wide spread variation of reaction-to-fire behaviour. As building regulations are national legislations the implementation of fire safety of façade systems in building regulations differs significantly in different countries. Therefore the testing and classification of façade systems differs as well hugely. Approaches to regulate the material only are as well in use as to concentrate mainly on large scale testing and several approaches in between. It was not possible yet to find a harmonized test for façades in Europe. However, in many countries severe fires with combustible façade systems brought the challenges of fire safety of façades to a greater awareness. An overview over different large scale test and implementation in building regulations shows the differences. Challenges in fire safety of façades regarding the testing, the weathering, aging and damage of the systems and the impact on fire safety are discussed. T2 - Interflam Konferenz 2016 CY - Royal Holloway College, London, UK DA - 4.07.2016 KW - Fire safety KW - Facades KW - Combustible PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37012 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja T1 - Fire Safety of Facades N2 - Fire safety of façades is a complex topic regarding the different façades systems which differ in build and as well in possible fire safety measures. A great variation of materials is used in façade systems which also have a wide spread variation of reaction-to-fire behaviour. As building regulations are national legislations the implementation of fire safety of façade systems in building regulations differs significantly in different countries. Therefore the testing and classification of façade systems differs as well hugely. Approaches to regulate the material only are as well in use as to concentrate mainly on large scale testing and several approaches in between. It was not possible yet to find a harmonized test for façades in Europe. However, in many countries severe fires with combustible façade systems brought the challenges of fire safety of façades to a greater awareness. An overview over different large scale test and implementation in building regulations shows the differences. Challenges in fire safety of façades regarding the testing, the weathering, aging and damage of the systems and the impact on fire safety are discussed. T2 - Interflam 2016 CY - London, UK DA - 04.07.2016 KW - Facades KW - Fire safety KW - Combustible PY - 2016 SN - 978-0-9933933-2-7 VL - 2016 SP - 1095 EP - 1102 PB - Interscience Communications CY - Bromley, UK AN - OPUS4-36896 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schröder, Volkmar T1 - Flamox-Gas mixtures – Regelwerk N2 - Im Vortrag wird auf das aktuelle Regelwerk zur Herstellung von Gasgemischen, die sowohl entzündbare, inerte als auch oxidierende Komponenten enthalten können, eingegangen. Es werden Berechnungsmethoden zur Entzündbarkeit vorgestellt. Sicherheits- und Explosionsschutzmaßnahmen werden diskutiert diskutiert. T2 - Workshop der Linde AG CY - Unterschleißheim, Germany DA - 14.04.2016 KW - Gasgemische KW - Klassifizierung KW - Gefahrguttransport KW - Arbeitsschutz PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37310 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja T1 - Wärmedämmverbundssysteme (WDVS) - Brandverhalten von WDVS N2 - Vortrag über Brandgefahren mit WDVS (Wäremdämmverbundsystemen) mit Polystyrolschaumdämmung, reale Brände, Brandversuche, Prüfmethoden T2 - Arbeitsgemeinschaft Schadenverhütung, Sitzung CY - Feuersozietät Berlin, Germany DA - 27.4.2016 KW - WDVS KW - Polystyrol KW - Brandverhalten KW - Sicherheit PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37009 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja T1 - Fire safety of façades with polystyrene foam insulation N2 - Several fires involving ETIC (external thermal insulation composite) systems with polystyrene foam insulation in Germany led to an extensive discussion about fire safety of such systems. A collection initiated by the Frankfurt fire service of façade fires which include polystyrene insulation foam shows that especially fires which started in front of the buildings led to more severe fires of the façade than fires that started inside the buildings. In several fires the ignition source were burning waste containers. Three large scale tests which were initiated by German building ministries showed weaknesses of the existing systems when challenged by a bigger fire source in front of the façade. Since then measures have been introduced to enhance these systems and an additional test with a 200 kg wood crib in front of a large test rig has been used for approval of ETICS. However, the recently introduced German draft standard DIN E 4102-20 does not take these changes into account although real cases and the large scale tests showed that fire scenarios with a bigger ignition source as a waste container are not covered by the DIN E 4102-20. Numerical investigations show that regarding the heat flux to the area above the opening (e.g. a window) also only a fraction of real fires is covered. Additionally damaged systems have been investigated using the Single Burning Item (SBI) test with higher heat release rates of the burner. The damage significantly influenced the fire development of the specimen. Collapse of a damaged coating of an ETIC system occurred during the test and had a sudden fire growth as a result as the whole specimen was suddenly on fire. Several effects which could be seen in the intermediate scale tests correspond to observations which were made in the real cases. In Germany insulation of existing buildings is often enhanced with application of ETICS. In most cases the buildings are in use at the time when the construction takes place. At several stages of the construction process large amounts of unprotected polystyrene are stored in immediate proximity of the building and unprotected polystyrene can be in place on the façade for several weeks. As a consequence of the investigations challenges and possible measures to enhance fire safety of ETIC systems are discussed. T2 - Interflam Konferenz 2016 CY - Royal Holloway College, London, UK DA - 4.7.2016 KW - ETICS KW - Polystyrene KW - Insulation KW - Fire safety PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37011 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico T1 - Versagen von Gasbehältern für alternative Treibstoffe unter Berücksichtigung komplexer Brand- und Explosionsszenarien N2 - Die Zahl der zugelassenen Fahrzeuge auf deutschen Straßen, welche statt herkömmlichen Otto- und Dieselkraftstoffen alternative Treibstoffkonzepte (z.B. LPG, CNG, H2) für den Antrieb nutzen, ist in den vergangenen Jahren kontinuierlich gestiegen. Der dabei zunehmende Mix an Behältertypen und die große Anzahl an alternativen Treibstoffen macht in Unfallsituationen die Berücksichtigung zusätzlicher Risiken notwendig. Zum Beispiel kann es bei einem Unfall zum Austritt von gasförmigen Treibstoffen sowie infolge eines Brandes auch zu einem Behälterversagen kommen. Das Schadensausmaß in einem solchen Fall übersteigt dabei deutlich das zu erwartende Ausmaß infolge eines PKW-Brandes mit herkömmlichen Kraftstoffen. T2 - 14. Kolloquium zur chemischen und physikalischen Sicherheitstechnik (BAM-PTB-Kolloquium) CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 14.06.2016 KW - Explosion KW - alternative Treibstoffe KW - Behälterversagen KW - Composite PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37173 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Geoerg, Paul T1 - Evacuation dynamics under consideration of vulnerable pedestrian groups N2 - The understanding of human behavior during evacuation processes is an important matter to improve the safety of infrastructures. In many countries, the implementation of performance based codes enables fire safety engineers to use computer based calculation tools to predict and evaluate pedestrian movement and human behavior in buildings. The models are based on experimentally obtained parameters and theoretical models. Pedestrian behavior can be influenced by the characteristics of the buildings (e.g. type of the building) as well as the characteristics of individuals and the pedestrian group. This paper shows that the approach of Required Safe Egress Time (RSET) / Available Safe Egress Time (ASET) is imprecise with regard on heterogeneous pedestrian groups, because this concept completely neglected the variability’s in individual pre-movement and movement abilities. T2 - Interflam CY - Royal Holloway College, London, UK DA - 04.07.2016 KW - Evacuation KW - Vulnerable groups KW - Simulation KW - Egress PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36822 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Abdelkhalik, A. A1 - Askar, Enis A1 - Markus, D. A1 - Brandes, E. A1 - El-Sayed, I. A1 - Hassan, M. A1 - Nour, M. A1 - Stolz, T. T1 - Explosion regions of propane, isopropanol, acetone, and methyl acetate/inert gas/air mixtures N2 - The explosion regions for propane, isopropanol, acetone, and methyl acetate with air in the presence of nitrogen, argon, helium, and carbon dioxide were determined experimentally according to EN 14756/EN1839, method T. Except for propane, all the measurements were executed at 323 K and 1 bar. Propane experiments were carried out at 293 K and 1 bar. The results show that for the same type of inert gas, propane, isopropanol, and acetone have great closeness concerning the concentration of the inert gas at the apex of the explosion envelope in a ternary diagram with air as oxidizer. This leads to consistency in the limiting oxygen concentration (LOC) and minimum required amount of inert gas (MAI) values. Concerning methyl acetate, the apex was always reached at higher percentages of inert gases compared with the other fuels. This can be attributed to the presence of two oxygen atoms inside the chemical structure. Calculation of the explosion regions was carried out based on calculated adiabatic flame temperature (CAFT) method. The flame temperatures for the experimentally determined fuel/air/N2 mixtures were calculated. Then, these temperatures were used to predict the explosion limits of similar mixtures with other inert gases than nitrogen. The modeling results show reasonable agreement with the experimental results. KW - Flammability limits KW - Model of constant adiabatic flame temperatures (CAFT) KW - Inertisation KW - Explosion protection PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2016.04.001 SN - 0950-4230 VL - 2016/43 SP - 669 EP - 675 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Oxford, UK AN - OPUS4-37996 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Baeßler, Matthias A1 - Simon, Patrick ED - Cunha, Álvaro ED - Caetano, Elsa T1 - Review of Ballasted Track Destabilization on Shake Table Tests N2 - Shake table tests have been used for a long time to understand the densification and fluidization of granular materials. While purely vertical shaking is quite unlikely to be found in vibration analysis when it comes to granular materials as soils, it has been found that the vertical vibration of railway bridge support structures can affect the fabric of the ballasted track on top. Starting from the experience at French railway lines with destabilizing track conditions on short bridges in high speed lines in the 1990s, various shake table test configurations have been used to investigate the destabiliza-tion of ballast at high acceleration levels. This article describes the effects of the variously investigated dynamic excitations of railway bridges on the bal-lasted track itself. T2 - 11th International Conference on Experimental Vibration Analysis for Civil Engineering Structures (EVACES 2025) CY - Porto, Portugal DA - 02.07.2025 KW - Infrastructure KW - Ballasted track KW - Ballast KW - Railway bridge dynamics PY - 2025 SN - 978-3-031-96105-2 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-96106-9_62 SP - 595 EP - 604 PB - Springer CY - Cham AN - OPUS4-64265 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Characteristic Frequencies of Train-Induced Bridge, Track, Ground and Building Vibrations – Excitation and Mitigation N2 - The characteristic frequencies of train-induced vibrations are discussed in theory and experiment following the propagation of vibrations from the source to the receiver: 1. Out-of-roundness frequencies of the wheels, 2. sleeper-passage frequency, 3. the vehicle-track eigenfrequency, 4. band frequency of the impulses of the passing static axle loads, 5. car-length frequency and multiples, 6. axle-distance frequencies with two characteristic zeros, 7. bridge eigenfrequencies, 8. the cut-on frequency due to the layering, and 9. the cut-off frequency due to the material damping of the soil, 10. the building-soil eigenfrequency, 11. as a rigid building or flexible wall/column mode, 12. floor eigenfrequencies, 13. acoustic room resonances, 14. the „resonance“ frequency or cut-off frequency of a base isolation. Coincidences of some of these characteristic frequencies or frequency ranges can be typically problematic and mitigation measures at the track or at the building can be necessary. The bridge response to the passing static loads is deter¬mined by the axle-sequence spectrum, the eigenfrequency (transfer function) of the bridge, and the modal force or mode shape spectrum. The ground vibration has typically high frequencies for a stiff soil and low frequencies for a soft soil. The high amplitudes between the zeros of the axle-sequence spectrum are often measured in the ground vibrations, and they can be mitigated by soft support elements or a higher bending stiffness of the track. T2 - EVACES 2025 CY - Porto, Portugal DA - 02.07.2025 KW - Train-induced vibration KW - Vehicle excitation KW - Track response KW - Bridge resonance KW - Ground vibration KW - Soil-building transfer KW - Floor resonance KW - Axle-sequence spectrum KW - Vehicle-track eigenfrequency KW - Axle impulses PY - 2025 SN - 978-3-031-96113-7 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-96106-9_77 VL - 2025 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Springer CY - Cham, Schweiz AN - OPUS4-63655 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Patrick A1 - Baeßler, Matthias ED - Cunha, Álvaro ED - Caetano, Elsa T1 - On the reassessment of bridge superstructure vibrations for high-speed traffic N2 - The acceleration thresholds of bridge superstructures remain critical for designing and reassessing railway bridges on high-speed lines, with ballasted track systems historically limited to 3.5 m/s2 vertical accelerations due to destabilization risks. As part of the European InBridge4EU project, this study addresses methodological uncertainties in linking vertical bridge vibrations to lateral track creep—a key focus area for modernizing assessment protocols. A comparative analysis of two acceleration postprocessing methods (peak identification vs. fatigue-derived rainflow counting) as part of a recently proposed framework was conducted using an example bridge and train combination. Results demonstrate that rainflow counting yields more conservative creep estimates with the bulk of cumulative vibration-induced creep attributable to accelerations exceeding 3 m/s2. However, discretizing acceleration ranges into 1 m/s2 bins introduced significant errors compared to continuous cycle data, highlighting sensitivity to analysis parameters. These findings underscore the complexity of reconciling laboratory-derived harmonic vibration models with real-world bridge dynamics, where non-uniform acceleration patterns dominate. The research directly informs ongoing efforts to refine standardized criteria for ballasted track stability, particularly through the InBridge4EU project’s systematic re-evaluation of vibration limits and their engineering implications. By quantifying discrepancies between computational approaches, this work advances the development of robust protocols for predicting track degradation under high-speed operational loads. T2 - 11th International Conference on Experimental Vibration Analysis for Civil Enginering Structures (EVACES 2025) CY - Porto, Portugal DA - 02.07.2025 KW - Infrastructure KW - Railway bridges KW - Ballast destabilization KW - Acceleration limit KW - Ballasted track KW - Rainflow counting PY - 2025 SN - 978-3-031-96105-2 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-96106-9_53 VL - 675 SP - 506 EP - 515 PB - Springer CY - Cham AN - OPUS4-64267 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Liao, Chun-Man A1 - Bernauer, F. A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst A1 - Igel, H. A1 - Hadziioannou, C. T1 - Assessment of prestress loss in a large-scale concrete bridge model under outdoor condition N2 - Environmental conditions affect the accuracy of field measurements used to monitor civil structures. Previous studies have shown that measured dynamic responses often lack the sensitivity needed for effective localized damage detection. To address this issue, our study focuses on distinguishing environmental effects from damage related effects in measured data to enhance vibration-based damage identification methods. Experimentally, the problem of prestress loss in a prestressed concrete bridge model was examined. By adjusting the pre-stressing force in a large-scale concrete bridge model, cracking phenomena were observed. To demonstrate field monitoring of a large-scale prestressed structure, noise recording was performed and the measurement data was analyzed with operational modal analysis. Additionally, ultrasonic testing, known for its high sensitivity in damage localization, was used to cross-check the structural damage. Seismic and coda wave interferometry were also employed to estimate wave velocities, providing insights into the level of prestress loss and temperature sensitivity. Ultimately, these measurable wave properties help to overcome the uncertainties associated with traditional vibration-based damage detection methods. T2 - EVACES 2025 CY - Porto, Portugal DA - 02.07.2025 KW - Prestress Loss KW - NDT KW - Ambient Vibration KW - Ultrasonic Testing KW - Coda Wave Interferometry KW - Seismic Interferometry PY - 2025 SN - 978-3-031-96105-2 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-96106-9_20 VL - 675 SP - 181 EP - 189 PB - Springer Nature CY - Cham AN - OPUS4-64212 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Baier, Johanna T1 - Down to Earth - Stampflehm N2 - Der Vortrag „Stampflehm“ gibt einen kurzen Überblick zur stofflichen Zusammensetzung von Stampflehm sowie zu verschiedenen Fertigungstechniken im Stampflehmbau. Es werden wichtige konstruktive Details erläutert und Hinweise bezüglich der Ausführung von Stampflehmwänden gegeben. Darüber hinaus wird das aktuell gültige Bemessungskonzept vorgestellt und dessen Schwachstellen aufgezeigt. Im Anschluss erfolgt eine Gegenüberstellung von Stampflehm mit verschiedenen Massivbauweisen hinsichtlich Tragfähigkeit, Schall- und Brandschutz sowie der Ökobilanz. Abschließend wird von aktuell laufenden Forschungsvorhaben im Bereich des Stampflehmbaus berichtet. T2 - Down to Earth - digitale Ringvorlesung CY - Online meeting DA - 10.12.2025 KW - Stampflehm PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-65093 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk T1 - Comparative residual stress analysis on a DED-Arc manufactured high-strength steel component using the contour method and XRD N2 - Lightweight construction is a vital approach for reducing CO₂ emissions. It contributes to the development of more energy-efficient structures and supports the overall goal of achieving carbon neutrality in the transition to sustainable manufacturing. Thus, a topology-optimized design often leads to complex geometries. Additive manufacturing (AM) processes such as direct energy deposition with arc (DED-Arc) offers a great design freedom due to the build-up of components in layers. Furthermore, they enable efficient production due to the high deposition rate, process reliability and good automation capability. Further efficiency can be achieved through weight optimization, enabled by high-strength steels. However, a major challenge is the process induced residual stresses (RS) in the component. High tensile residual stresses are detrimental as they increase the risk of cold cracking. Knowledge of residual stress distribution is crucial for predicting service life of the component and structural integrity assessment, especially for safety critical applications. Therefore, this study focuses on the use of Contour method (CM) to analyse the full field longitudinal residual stresses in an open hollow cuboid component (dimensions: 120 x 50 x 30 mm3) manufactured by DED-Arc (yield strength > 730 MPa). In the contour method, the component is cut along a desired plane of interest and the contour of deformed cut surface is measured. A finite element model is used to reconstruct the residual stresses field in the 2-dimensional plane of cut. In this paper a modified cutting strategy was employed, post cutting the deformed cut surfaces were measured utilizing two surface measurement techniques i.e., coordinate measuring machine (CMM) and a 3D Scanner. The accuracy of the contour method was validated against surface stresses measured using X-ray diffraction. Additionally, a comparison of neutron diffraction experiments was conducted. The residual stresses were further correlated with hardness measurements. The results from surface measurement techniques showed good agreement regarding the measured displacement contours and the contour method results revealed peak stresses in the DED-Arc walls, bending deformation in substrate induces tensile stresses at the bottom of the substrate plate and compressive stresses in the middle top region. The residual stresses obtained from diffraction and contour method showed a good agreement and correlated qualitatively with the hardness measurements. T2 - 78th IIW Annual Assembly and International Conference on Welding and Joining CY - Genoa, Italy DA - 22.06.2025 KW - Residual stress KW - Contour method KW - DED-Arc/M KW - High-strength steel KW - Filler metals KW - XRD KW - Neutron diffraction PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-65215 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Winkler, Juliette A1 - Beck, M. A1 - Gluth, Gregor ED - Schneider, F. ED - Hehl, K. ED - Heyde, S. T1 - Kurz- und mittelfristige Verbundfestigkeit von alkaliaktivierten Mörteln auf Beton N2 - Ein zentrales Fundament moderner Gesellschaften ist eine intakte Abwasserinfrastruktur. Schäden infolge biogener Schwefelsäurekorrosion von konventionellen Betonen haben jedoch zu einem erheblichen Sanierungsbedarf geführt. Alkaliaktivierte Mörtel besitzen aufgrund eines hohen Säurewiderstands das Potential, einen Beitrag zur langfristigen Lösung dieses Problems zu leisten. Dazu müssen jedoch zunächst die Faktoren, die den Haftverbund zwischen diesen Mörteln und dem Betonsubstrat bestimmen, besser verstanden werden, um die Eigenschaften der Beschichtungssysteme gezielt anpassen und verbessern zu können. Die vorliegende Arbeit liefert hierzu einen Beitrag und zeigt dadurch Wege zu einer technisch machbaren und nachhaltigen Sanierung von Abwasserbauwerken auf. KW - Alkalisch aktivierte Bindemittel KW - Abwassersysteme KW - Reparatursysteme KW - Verbund KW - Dauerhaftigkeit PY - 2022 SN - 978-3-8440-8818-2 SP - 89 EP - 100 CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-57701 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Anita T1 - Gefahrgutverpackungen - Gesetzliche Rahmenbedingungen und BAM Gefahrgutregeln N2 - Gefahrgut darf nur in speziell dafür zugelassenen Umschließungen (Verpackungen, IBC, Großverpackungen etc.) transportiert werden. Die BAM ist in Deutschland die zuständige Behörde für die Erteilung von Zulassungen, für die (Baumuster-)Prüfung von Gefahrgutverpackungen sowie die Anerkennung der Qualitätssicherungsprogramme, nach denen die Gefahrgutverpackungen zu fertigen sind. Hierfür erlässt die BAM sogenannte BAM-GGRs (Gefahrgutregeln). T2 - IK-Seminar Qualitätssicherung bei der Herstellung von Gefahrgutverpackungen aus Kunststoff CY - Bad Homburg, Germany DA - 15.10.2018 KW - Gefahrguttransport KW - Gefahrgutverpackungen KW - Regelsetzung KW - Transportrecht KW - Zuständige Behörde PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-47123 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Anita T1 - Stapeldruck- und Stauchwiderstandsprüfung bei Kunststoffverpackungen N2 - Im Regelwerk für Gefahrgutverpackungen ist die statische Stapeldruckprüfung vorgesehen, in der Praxis wird der dynamische Stauchwiderstand angewendet. Wie kann man beides zueinander bringen ? - Ergebnisse einer Arbeitsgruppe und eine geplante BAM-Allgemeinverfügung. T2 - ERFA Verpackungen 2016 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 20.09.2016 KW - Gefahrgutverpackungen KW - Prüfung KW - Stapeldruckprüfung PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38172 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mundra, Shishir A1 - Samson, G. A1 - Masi, G. A1 - Achenbach, R. A1 - Bastidas, D. M. A1 - Bernal, S. A. A1 - Bignozzi, M. C. A1 - Criado, M. A1 - Cyr, M. A1 - Gartner, N. A1 - von Greve-Dierfeld, S. A1 - Legat, A. A1 - Nikoonasab, Ali A1 - Provis, J. L. A1 - Raupach, M. A1 - Gluth, Gregor T1 - Stahlkorrosion in alkalisch aktivierten Bindemitteln und Betonen: Anwendung elektrochemischer Methoden N2 - Alkalisch aktivierte Bindemittel (AAB) und Betone können herkömmliche Zemente beziehungsweise Betone potentiell in vielen Anwendungen ersetzen und dadurch den CO2-Fußabdruck der Bauindustrie wesentlich verkleinern. Zur Untersuchung der Stahlkorrosion in bewehrten („armierten“) Betonbauteilen werden elektrochemische Methoden wie Messungen des Freien Korrosionspotentials, des Polarisationswiderstands oder von Stromdichte-Potential-Kurven eingesetzt. Diese Methoden und die etablierten Grenzwerte zur Detektion von Korrosion sind für die Anwendung bei herkömmlichen Zementen beziehungsweise Betonen entwickelt und erprobt worden. Neue Forschungsergebnisse demonstrieren, dass Unterschiede zwischen den Porenlösungszusammensetzungen von herkömmlichen Zementen und bestimmten AAB sowie anderen schlackehaltigen Zementen erhebliche Unterschiede bei den Ergebnissen der elektrochemischen Messungen bewirken und damit zur fehlerhaften Detektion von Stahlkorrosion führen können. Ursache hierfür sind vor allem reduzierte Schwefelspezies in den Porenlösungen von AAB und anderen schlackehaltigen Zementen. KW - Zement KW - Hüttensandmehl KW - Schlacke KW - Sulfid KW - Korrosion PY - 2023 UR - https://bit.ly/GIT-Gluth UR - https://analyticalscience.wiley.com/content/magazine-do/git-labor-fachzeitschrift-10-2023 SN - 0016-3538 VL - 67 IS - 10 SP - 28 EP - 31 PB - Wiley-VCH AN - OPUS4-58573 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gluth, Gregor T1 - Chloride binding by LDH/AFm phases and alkali-activated slag pastes N2 - Chloride binding by the hydrate phases of cementitious materials influences the rate of chloride ingress into these materials and, thus, the time at which chloride reaches the steel reinforcement in concrete structures. A particularly important role in this context is played by layered double hydroxides (LDHs), including AFm phases. Chloride binding isotherms of individual LDH/AFm phases would be required as input for computational models of chloride ingress, but such isotherms are only available for a few AFm phases, and in addition the available data are partly conflicting. The present study, conducted in the context of RILEM TC 283-CAM ‘Chloride transport in alkali-activated materials’, significantly extends the available database by determining the chloride binding isotherms of LDH/AFm phases (monosulfate, strätlingite, hydrotalcite, and meixnerite), and of alkali-activated slags (AAS) produced with four different activators (Na2SiO3, Na2O∙1.87SiO2, Na2CO3, and Na2SO4), in NaOH/NaCl solutions at various liquid/solid ratios. Selected solids after chloride binding were analysed by X-ray diffraction, and thermodynamic modelling was applied to simulate the phase changes occurring during chloride binding by the AFm phases. The chloride binding isotherms of LDH/AFm phases depended strongly on the liquid/solid ratio during the experiments, resolving apparent contradictions of the previously available data. The dependency on liquid/solid ratio must be attributed to kinetic restrictions, which are, however, currently poorly understood. Chloride binding by AAS pastes was generally higher than for Portland cement pastes and was only moderately influenced by the employed activator. A steep increase of the chloride binding by AAS occurred at free chloride concentrations above approx. 1.0 M, which is possibly related to chloride binding by the C-(N-)A-S-H gel in the AAS. T2 - RILEM Spring Convention 2024 & Conference on Advanced Construction Materials and Processes for a Carbon Neutral Society CY - Milan, Italy DA - 07.04.2024 KW - Chloride binding KW - Layered double hydroxides KW - AFm phases KW - Alkali-activated slags KW - Chloride sorption isotherms PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-59855 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gluth, Gregor T1 - Thermo-mechanical and spalling behavior of normal weight and lightweight geopolymer concretes N2 - The mechanical and microstructural properties of two geopolymer concretes, produced with either quartz aggregate or expanded clay aggregate, were assessed before, during and after high-temperature exposure up to 750 °C in order to better understand the engineering properties of the material. SEM investigations were also undertaken to better understand the observed changes in the mechanical properties. It was found that dehydration of capillary water caused micro-cracking and strength losses at temperatures ≤ 300 °C. At higher temperatures (T ≥ 500 °C) sintering promoted strength increases, leading significant strength advantages over conventional concretes. Stress-mechanical strain curves, which are the basis of the fire design of concrete structures, were determined. In addition, the two geopolymer concretes where exposed to the ISO 834-1 standard fire curve in a small-scale spalling test set-up. Acoustic emission measurements during, and acoustic measurements and optical microscopy after heat exposure were employed to investigate crack formation during the tests. Both concretes did not spall, which is attributed to their comparatively high permeability and their low amount of chemically bound water. Significant crack formation was detected only around the temperature of the α–β quartz transition (573 °C) and on cooling. Because of aggregate deformations at the quartz transition temperature, deterioration after heating was more significant in the geopolymer concrete with quartz aggregates. Crack formation occurred also in the concrete with expanded clay aggregates, presumably caused by shrinkage of the geopolymer paste on cooling. T2 - Advances in Cement and Concrete Technology in Africa (ACCTA 2016) CY - Dar es Salaam, Tanzania DA - 27.01.2016 KW - Geopolymers KW - Concrete KW - Transient thermal creep KW - Spalling KW - Heat exposure PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36922 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gluth, Gregor T1 - Alkalisch aktivierte Bindemittel mit hohem Säurewiderstand für die Kanalsanierung N2 - Die biogene Schwefelsäurekorrosion (BSK) von Betonbauteilen in Abwassersystemen verursacht weltweit hohen Reparaturbedarf. Um zukünftigen Reparaturbedarf zu minimieren, werden für Neubau- und Sanierungsmaßnahmen z. T. Materialien mit besonders hohem Widerstand gegen BSK benötigt. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt Forschungen zu alkalisch aktivierten Bindemitteln, die bei geeigneter Formulierung einen hohen Widerstand gegen BSK bzw. Säureangriff aufweisen. Zusätzlich werden jüngste Fortschritte bei der Bewertung von Methoden zur Prüfung des Widerstands gegen BSK dargestellt. T2 - 11. Jahrestagung des DAfStb mit 63. Forschungskolloquium der BAM Green Intelligent Building CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 16.10.2024 KW - Alkalisch aktivierte Bindemittel KW - Biogene Schwefelsäurekorrosion KW - Säurewiderstand PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61747 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - König, H. T1 - Practical tests with R290 used in reefer container refrigeration -leakage testing- N2 - The option of using flammable refrigerants in the reefer container has already been studied and reported by König (2013, 2014) in various publications. In the present paper, the results of experiments are presented, related to the investigation of the potential fire and explosions risks by R290 leaks in refrigerated containers. A safety concept for reefer containers operating with R290 as refrigerant has been tested and validated. In addition, there were extensive leakage simulations, the results have been evaluated for the comparison with the practical tests. Both experiments and the simulations were done at the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM). Further tests are carried out by the manufacturer with the support of the firefighting service and the Danish institute of Fire and Security Technology (DBI). The results from practical tests and the leakage simulations allow for first generalization and more precise studies with respect to potential risks of refrigerant leaks. Potentially explosive atmospheres situations can be evaluated much easier and appropriate measures can be derived. It turns out that dangerous situations for small, medium and rupture of pipe leaks are manageable. The results of the practical testing of leaking R290 inside and outside of a reefer container showed that the risk is being commonly overestimated. T2 - 12th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants CY - Glasgow, UK DA - 21.08.2016 KW - Reefer container KW - Safety concept KW - Leakage tests KW - Gas dispersion KW - Explosion tests PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38638 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gluth, Gregor T1 - Reinforcing steel in sulfide-containing concretes – corroding or not corroding? N2 - Blast furnace cements (CEM III) and alkali-activated slags are binders for concretes with several advantageous engineering properties, and their increased adoption in construction industry could contribute to reducing the CO2 emissions associated with cement production and use. However, the current knowledge about how these cements protect steel reinforcement in concretes against corrosion is very incomplete, which impedes their large-scale application. This knowledge gap is mainly due to the fact that these cements release sulfide and other reduced sulfur species into the concrete pore solution, the consequences of which for the state of the reinforcement and electrochemical measurements are not fully understood. The present contribution first describes peculiarities of electrochemical measurements of steel in sulfide-containing cementitious materials and related solutions as reported in the literature and a recent report by EFC Working Party 11. It is demonstrated that the high sulfide concentrations in these systems lead to low open circuit potentials and low polarisation resistances, which may be incorrectly interpreted as indicating active corrosion of the steel. Second, preliminary results of an ongoing project [funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) – 458297195] related to the passivation and corrosion initiation of steel in sulfide-containing solutions and mortars are presented. Eight mortars based on one alkali-activated blast furnace slag (BFS), three alkali-activated BFS/fly ash blends, one sodium sulfate-activated CEM III/C (‘hybrid cement’), one CEM III/C, one CEM III/B, and one CEM I (ordinary Portland cement, OPC) were produced, and their pore solutions expressed and analysed after 7, 14, 28, and 56 days of curing. The pH values of the solutions differed systematically, with the highest pH values recorded for the CEM I and the alkali-activated BFS/fly ash blends with a high proportion of fly ash, and the lowest pH recorded for the CEM III/B. The redox potentials of the solutions were between −500 mV and −340 mV vs. Ag/AgCl for the alkali-activated binders, approx. +10 mV vs. Ag/AgCl for the CEM I, and in between for the CEM III/B and the CEM III/C. As expected, the electrical conductivity was highest for the alkali-activated binders. These results are explained by the chemical compositions of the pore solutions of the mortars. Finally, a test set-up to investigate the behaviour of steel in sulfide-containing solutions and the changes on subsequent oxygen and/or chloride addition is introduced. Preliminary electrochemical measurements of steel in sulfide-containing solutions are presented and discussed in the context of the above-mentioned data from the literature and the compositions of the pore solutions of the studied mortars. T2 - 7th Swiss Corrosion Science Day 2023 CY - Zurich, Switzerland DA - 24.04.2023 KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Sulfide KW - Concrete KW - Ground granulated blast furnace slag KW - Corrosion PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57386 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR ED - Rossignol, S. ED - Gluth, Gregor T1 - Special issue: Alkali-activated materials and geopolymers in ceramics and beyond N2 - Geopolymers and alkali-activated materials have emerged as a complement, and partly as an alternative, to traditional materials in various applications, such as traditional ceramics, energy saving, waste management, building construction, and filtration. These new materials can play an important role in mitigating climate change and promoting a circular economy, which is one of the reasons why they are being actively researched in many laboratories around the world. Open Ceramics, the official, peer-reviewed, Open Access journal of the European Ceramic Society, is dedicated to foster this research and is compiling a Special Issue with the title “Alkali-activated and geopolymer materials in ceramics and various applications”. The aim of this Special Issue is to promote new applications, the use of previously underused raw materials, and in particular a better understanding of the chemical and mechanical behavior of these materials. The scope of the Special Issue includes, but is not limited to, research on the following topics: - valorization of previously underused raw materials - a better understanding of established raw materials - detailed spectroscopic characterization of alkali-activated materials and geopolymers to elucidate their phase assemblage - the mechanism of formation of the phase(s) that comprise these binders - control of their mechanical properties - the effect of fillers/aggregates on their mechanical properties - their durability under various conditions and the underlying deterioration mechanisms - special applications and recycling-related considerations. KW - Alkali-activated materials KW - Geopolymers PY - 2021 UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/open-ceramics/special-issue/10789KQV7BR SN - 2666-5395 SP - 100013-1 EP - 100184-12 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-51984 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gluth, Gregor T1 - One-part geopolymers and geopolymer-zeolite composites based on silica: factors influencing microstructure and engineering properties N2 - Mixing and curing of geopolymers and related alkali-activated materials without storage and handling of highly alkaline solutions possesses advantages regarding safety and economic viability; one possible approach is to produce these materials from solid silica feedstocks and solid sodium aluminate, and subsequent mixing with water. We present a comparison between geopolymers and geopolymer-zeolite composites synthesized by this route from different silica feedstocks (by-product silica from chlorosilane production, microsilica, rice husk ash) and with different SiO2/Al2O3 ratios, using results from XRD, NMR, SEM, thermal analysis, mechanical and acid resistance testing. The use of rice husk ash favors formation of a fully amorphous geopolymer with high strength. Utilization of the other silica feedstocks leads to formation of geopolymer-zeolite composites, the amount and kind of zeolites depending on the feedstock and the SiO2/Al2O3 ratio. These composites show beneficial dehydration behavior, viz. no distinct dehydration step of thermal strain, with the phase assemblage after heating to 1000 °C controlled by the starting composition. Mortars produced from both, the geopolymers as well as the compo¬sites, exhibit high resistance to sulfuric acid attack, making them promising materials for the construction and the repair of industrial and sewer structures. T2 - 42nd International Conference and Expo on Advanced Ceramics and Composites CY - Daytona Beach, FL, USA DA - 21.01.2018 KW - Alkali-activated materials KW - Geopolymers KW - Acid resistance KW - High-temperature resistance PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44145 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gluth, Gregor T1 - Structure, acid resistance and high-temperature behavior of silica-based one-part AAMs N2 - One-part geopolymers (OPGs) are a sort of alkali-activated materials (AAMs) which production avoids the use of highly-alkaline activator-solutions and contributes to a better acceptance of alternative mineral binders in terms of safety-related and economic aspects. In the present contribution OPGs were synthesized by blending silica sources (two industrial silicas and two biogenic silicas) with sodium aluminate and only water must be added to initiate the hardening, i.e. mixing is performed in the same way as for conventional Portland cements. The OPGs were characterized by XRD, and SEM and the degrees of reaction of the silicas were determined by a chemical dissolution method. The industrial silicas led to the formation of geopolymer-zeolite composites, that contained, besides geopolymeric gel, crystalline tectosilicates (e.g. zeolite A and hydrosodalite) and depending on the starting composition also unreacted silica. The biogenic silicas provided a higher reactivity and avoided the formation of crystallite by-products. The differences in the microstructures caused differences in the mechanical strength of the specimens. The treatment of the OPG composites at moderate elevated temperatures revealed promising behavior on thermal dehydration in terms of shrinkage and residual strength up to 700 °C. Above 700 °C sintering and partial melting occurred, and new phase formation commenced. After exposure to 1000 °C the specimens appeared virtually amorphous or formed stuffed silica structures of nepheline- or carnegieite-type type. The investigations of the OPG based mortars on their resistance against sulfuric acid in accordance with DIN 19573 (Appendix A) revealed very high residual strengths up to 78 % after treatment with H2SO4 (pH 1) for 70d. A mechanism of dissolution of the primary aluminosilicate reaction products of the pastes and the precipitation of a silica gel that protects the remaining aluminosilicates and decelerates further corrosion was found to be the main reason for the good performance under acidic conditions. The addition of CaO-containing feedstocks enhanced hardening, but at a certain content the resistance against sulfuric acid decreased, due to the formation of gypsum on exposure to sulfate. In addition, the mortars exhibited excellent shrinkage behavior as well as good bond to concrete substrates with pull-off strength up to > 3 MPa. The workability of the fresh mortars provided very good manual applicability; automatic applications such as sprayed and spun mortars will require further optimization regarding rheological properties. In summary, the studied OPG are promising materials for the construction and the repair of concrete structures, such as sewers, that are affected by biogenic sulfuric acid corrosion. T2 - Alkali Activated Materials and Geopolymers CY - Tomar, Portugal DA - 27.05.2018 KW - Alkali-activated materials KW - Geopolymers KW - Acid resistance KW - Solid state NMR PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45087 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sittner, Jonathan T1 - Calcined clays: Innovative production of cost-effective and sustainable supplementary cementitious materials N2 - Calcined clays are promising sustainable alternative materials for cement production. By calcining natural clay minerals (usually 600–900 °C), they become reactive and can be used as a partial replacement for Portland clinker in cement production. This results in a lower carbon footprint and reduced energy consumption in the production process. Replacing cement clinker with so-called supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) such as fly ash and blast furnace slag has been done for several decades. Calcined clays have also been used, mostly in the form of metakaolin, which significantly improves the strength and durability of mortar and concrete. However, its limited availability and high cost restrict its practical application to a few specialist applications. In comparison, 2:1 clay minerals such as illite or smectites are more widely available and economically attractive due to their lower costs. Recent research has explored the use of calcined 2:1 clay minerals as SCM, but their properties and efficient production are still not fully understood. In the present work, different clays from Germany are characterized and tested as potential calcined clay. Besides conventional calcination using a rotary kiln, fluidized bed calcination is used to improve the reactivity of the calcined clays while being less time-consuming and therefore more energy efficient. T2 - GeoSaxonia 2024 CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 23.09.2024 KW - Calcined clay KW - Supplementary cementitious material (SCM) PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61973 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gluth, Gregor A1 - Rickard, W.D.A. A1 - Werner, Steve A1 - Pirskawetz, Stephan T1 - Acoustic emission and microstructural changes in fly ash geopolymer concretes exposed to simulated fire N2 - Two fly ash-based geopolymer concretes with quartz aggregates or with expanded clay (lightweight) aggregates were exposed to the ISO 834-1 standard fire curve in a small-scale fire test set-up. Acoustic emission measurements during fire exposure and subsequent cooling were employed to study spalling events and cracking during the tests. Optical microscopy and additional acoustic measurements were conducted after the testing to better understand the crack propagation in the samples. The testing revealed that neither of the concretes were susceptible to spalling, which is particularly notable for the concrete with quartz aggregates, as it is a high-strength concrete. This behavior is attributed to the relatively high permeability of the concretes and their low amount of chemically bound water. Significant crack formation was detected only around the temperature of the alpha–beta quartz transition (573 °C) and on cooling. Because of aggregate deformations at the quartz transition temperature, deterioration after heating was more significant in the geopolymer concrete with quartz aggregates. Crack formation also occurred in the concrete with expanded clay aggregates, caused by shrinkage of the geopolymer paste on cooling. Acoustic emission measurements proved to be a valuable tool to investigate processes during high temperature exposure. KW - Geopolymers KW - Spalling KW - Concrete KW - Acoustic emission KW - Heat exposure PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-016-0857-x SN - 1359-5997 SN - 1871-6873 VL - 49 IS - 12 SP - 5243 EP - 5254 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-36907 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ebell, Gino T1 - Corrosion of steel reinforcement in geopolymer mortars - leaching and carbonation processes investigated by galvanostatic pulse and potential measurements N2 - Potential to be used as binders for concrete with beneficial engineering properties and reduced manufacturing CO2 emissions. Knowledge of the durability of steel in these concretes and related properties of alkali-activated materials is a prerequisite for their application as building materials, if they are to be used for steel reinforced elements. However, to date only limited data exists on this topic. The present contribution focuses on durability-related transport properties of geopolymer-based mortars (as model systems for concrete). We report results of a polarization resistance data and corrosion potential vs. time curves for carbon steel bars embedded in a fly ash-based geopolymer mortar and a CEM I-based mortar (as reference) leached continuously over a period of 365 days. T2 - Eurocorr 2018 CY - Cracow, Poland DA - 09.09.2018 KW - Corrosion KW - Geopolymere KW - Betonstahl PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45948 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Gluth, Gregor A1 - Watolla, Marie-Bernadette A1 - Morys, Michael A1 - Häßler, Dustin A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Neue Wege: Reaktive Brandschutzbeschichtungen für Extrembedingungen N2 - Wesentlich für das Sicherheitsniveau und damit die nachhaltige Wettbewerbsfähigkeit des Technologiestandortes Deutschland ist der Brandschutz in Industrieanlagen, in Gebäuden und im Transportwesen. Der vorbeugende bauliche Brandschutz hat u. a. das Ziel, die Brand- und Rauchausbreitung im Brandfall für eine gewisse Zeit zu behindern, damit die erforderlichen Lösch- und Rettungsarbeiten durchgeführt werden können. Dies geschieht u.a. durch Anforderungen an die Feuerwiderstandsfähigkeit brandbeanspruchter Bauteile. Der Feuerwiderstand eines Bauteils ist die Fähigkeit während eines angegebenen Zeitraums in einer genormten Feuerwiderstandsprüfung bezüglich mechanischer Stabilität und/oder thermischer Isolierung nicht zu versagen. Reaktive Brandschutzbeschichtungen erhöhen für viele Bauteile sehr effektiv den Feuerwiderstand. Die Beschichtungen und die Brandprüfungen müssen jedoch an die immer komplexeren Anwendungen und/oder extremeren Anforderungen angepasst und weiterentwickelt werden. Aktuelle Forschungsschwerpunkte liegen dabei in der Entwicklung neuer Materialien (z.B. Geopolymere, keramisierende Beschichtungen, silikonbasierte Beschichtungen) für extreme Brandszenarien (extreme Temperaturen, lange Beanspruchungszeiten) und in der Realisierung komplexer Funktionalitäten (komplexe Geometrien, bewegliche Komponenten) sowie in der Entwicklung neuer Testmethoden (Feuerwiderstand als bench-scale Tests, kostengünstiges Screening, Feuerwiderstand in extremen Brandszenarien). Die Entwicklung geht dabei weg von der präskriptiven Bewertung hin zur leistungsorientierten (performance-based) Bewertung in individuellen Brandszenarien oder von komplexen Bauteilen. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit werden Lösungsansätze für die neuen Herausforderungen an die reaktiven Brandschutzsysteme unter Extrembedingungen und deren Testmöglichkeiten vorgestellt und diskutiert. Im Mittelpunkt stehen dabei neu entwickelte bench-scale Testmethoden zum Screening von neuen Beschichtungsmaterialien sowie zur Beurteilung spezieller bzw. materialspezifischer Aspekte des Feuerwiderstands unter Extrembedingungen. KW - Reaktive Brandschutzsysteme KW - Brandtest PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/bate.201600032 SN - 0932-8351 SN - 1437-0999 VL - 93 IS - 8 SP - 531 EP - 542 PB - Ernst & Sohn CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-37115 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pistol, Klaus A1 - Gluth, Gregor A1 - Rickard, W. T1 - Mechanische Hochtemperatureigenschaften von flugaschebasierten Geopolymerbetonen N2 - Als umweltschonende Alternative zu portlandzementgebundenen Betonen werden derzeit in der Betonindustrie und in der Baustoffforschung Betone mit alkaliaktivierten Bindemitteln, sog. Geopolymerbetone, intensiv erforscht. Die auf industriellen Reststoffen wie Flugasche und Hüttensand basierenden anorganischen Bindemittel weisen bei geeigneter Zusammensetzung einen hohen Widerstand gegenüber aggressiven Salzlösungen und Säuren auf. Als Grundlage für den rechnerischen Nachweis der Tragfähigkeit von brandbeanspruchten Betonbauteilen auf Basis von alkaliaktivierten Bindemitteln werden deshalb an der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) die mechanischen Hochtemperatureigenschaften von flugaschebasierten Geopolymerbetonen systematisch untersucht. Die bis zu 750 °C erhitzten Probekörper mit quarzitischer und leichter Gesteinskörnung zeigen einen Festigkeitsverlust bis ca. 300 °C, der auf entwässerungsbedingte Mikrorissbildung zurückgeführt werden kann. Bei weiter zunehmender Temperatur steigt aufgrund von Sinterungsprozessen ab ca. 500 °C die Festigkeit der untersuchten Geopolymerbetone wieder an. Diese im Vergleich zu herkömmlichem Beton günstigere Materialeigenschaft eröffnet potenziell auch Anwendungsmöglichkeiten in brandschutztechnisch kritischen Infrastrukturbereichen. Die Ergebnisse der thermomechanischen Prüfungen werden für numerische Bauteilberechnungen als temperaturabhängige Spannungs-Dehnungs-Beziehungen aufbereitet. N2 - At present, concretes based on alkali-activated binders, socalled geopolymer concretes, are investigated intensively in the building materials industry and by the research community as environmentally friendly alternative to Portland cementbased concretes. These inorganic binders, which are based on industrial by-products such as fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag, exhibit high resistance against corrosive acids and salts, if properly designed. The mechanical properties of fly ash-based geopolymer concretes at high temperatures are subject of systematic investigations at the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) to create a basis for the structural design of fire exposed concrete members based on alkali-activated binders. The concrete specimens, produced with quartz aggregates or lightweight aggregates and heated to a maximum temperature of 750 °C, exhibited a decrease of compressive strength up to temperatures of ca. 300 °C, attributed to formation of microcracks caused by dehydration. At higher temperatures the compressive strength of the investigated geopolymer concretes recovered partly, due to sintering processes starting from ca. 500 °C. Because of this beneficial property when compared to conventional concretes, geopolymer concretes can potentially be applied in infrastructure facilities where fire resistance is critical. From the results of the thermomechanical tests stress-strain relationships are derived that can be used for the structural design of members made from geopolymer concretes. KW - Geopolymerbeton KW - Hochtemperatureigenschaften KW - Feuerwiderstand KW - Spannung-Dehnungs-Beziehung PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002 / bate.201600038 SN - 0932-8351 SN - 1437-0999 VL - 93 IS - 8 SP - 521 EP - 530 PB - Ernst & Sohn CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-37114 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rübner, Katrin T1 - Aschen aus dem Altpapierrecycling N2 - Sortierrückstände, Faserreststoffe und Schlämme aus der Altpapieraufbereitung und dem Deinking werden gegenwärtig entweder deponiert oder einer energetischen Verwertung zugeführt. Es gibt Bemühungen, die Reststoffe kontrolliert bei Temperaturen zwischen 700 °C und 800 °C zu calcinieren, um dadurch direkt einen metakaolinhaltigen puzzolanisch wirkenden Zementbestandteil oder Beton-zusatzstoff herzustellen. Üblicherweise erfolgt die Verbrennung der Papier-reststoffe aber beim Papierrecycler bzw. –hersteller in dezentralen Heizkraftwerken, in denen mittels Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung Strom, Wärme und Dampf erzeugt werden. Der auf die Strom- und Wärmeerzeugung optimierte Prozess verläuft bei Temperaturen von 950°C bis 1000 °C. Dabei bilden sich aus dem amorphen Metakaolin bereits wieder inerte Verbindungen. Pro Tonne verbranntem Papierrest-stoff fallen etwa 240 kg Papierasche (PA) in Form einer Mischung aus Kessel- und Elektrofilteraschen an. Die Papierasche wird etwa zu 16 % in der Ziegel-herstellung und zu 52 % in der Rohmehlproduktion der Zementindustrie kostenpflichtig entsorgt. Mit 26 % werden große Anteile der Papierasche deponiert. Mit den Zielen der Anhebung der Verwertungsquote der Papierasche, der Re-duzierung der Entsorgungskosten und einer qualitativ höherwertigen Verwendung der Asche unter Ausnutzung ihrer spezifischen Eigenschaften, stehen Papieraschen im Mittelpunkt verschiedener Forschungsarbeiten. Die in den Untersuchungen verwendete Papierasche liegt als feinkörniges Material in einem breiten Kornband mit Partikelgrößen zwischen 0,5 µm und 100 µm vor. In Abhängigkeit von der Materialcharge beträgt die Feststoffdichte der Asche 2,63-2,67 g/cm³ und ihre spezifische Oberfläche liegt bei 2,6-5,0 m²/g. Die Papierasche kommt mit den Anteilen der Hauptoxide von 49-59 M.-% CaO, 22-28 M.-% SiO2 und 13-14 M.-% Al2O3 der Zusammensetzung eines Portlandzements nahe, sie ist jedoch etwas kalkärmer und tonerdereicher. In Abhängigkeit von der Herstellungs- und Lagerungshistorie enthält sie zwischen 3 M.-% und 15 M.-% Freikalk (CaO). Mittels Röntgenbeugungsanalyse werden Calcit (CaCO3), Gehlenit (Ca2Al(AlSi)O7), Portlandit (Ca(OH)2) und Belit (Ca2SiO4), Quarz (SiO2) und Talk Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 als Hauptmineralphasen der Papierasche identifiziert. In einigen PA-Chargen werden zusätzlich Freikalk (CaO), Tricalciumaluminat (Ca3Al2O6) und geringe amorphe Anteile gefunden. Aufgrund dieser Eigenschaften werden von der Papierasche auch hydraulische Eigenschaften erwartet, die eine Verwendung als Bindemittel allein oder Bindemittelkomponente im Gemisch mit Portlandzement oder anderen Zusatzstoffen nahe legen. Erste Untersuchungen an der Papierasche dienten der mineralogischen, chemischen, umweltanalytischen und betontechnologischen Charakterisierung der Papierasche, von Zement-PA- und Flugasche-PA-Gemischen sowie der PA als Bodenverfestigungsmittel. Eine umfangreiche Studie befasste sich mit dem Einsatz von Papierasche als Bindemittel. Untersucht wurde die Mineralphasen- und Festigkeitsentwicklung nach einer Aktivierung mit Wasser oder 2 mol/l NaOH- bzw. KOH-Lösungen. In einer Arbeit zur Herstellung eines zementfreien reststoffbasierten Bindemittels wurde unter anderem die CaO-reiche Papierasche als Ausgangsmaterial ausgewählt. Durch eine hydrothermale Behandlung von PA-Wasser-Gemischen mit anschließender Calcinierung wird die Asche hydraulischen aktiviert. Dabei bildet sich als Zwischenprodukt Calciumsilcathydrat (CSH), das durch die nachfolgende Calcinierung zu hydraulisch aktivem Belit dehydratisiert. In einem anderen Anwendungspfad dient die Papierasche als alleiniger Ausgangsstoff oder als Kalklieferant im Gemisch Papierasche/Mauerwerkbruch zur Herstellung leichter Granulate mit Rohdichten von 1,5-2,0 g/cm³. Dabei erfolgt nach einer Granulierung des Ausgangsmehls eine Erhärtung in einem Autoklav bei 200 °C und 1,6 MPa in gesättigter Wasserdampfatmosphäre. Während des hydrothermalen Prozesses bilden sich CSH-Phasen, die die beim Granulieren vorgeprägte Mikrostruktur der Granulate weiter beeinflussen. Neben der Verwendung als leichte Gesteinskörnung wird auch eine Anwendung als Speicher-medium, Filtermaterial oder Adsorptions- bzw. Puffermittel getestet. Im Vortrag werden die wesentlichen Ergebnisse der Forschungsarbeiten vorgestellt und die Einsatzmöglichkeiten der Papierasche als Baustoff im Hinblick auf ihre technologische und nachhaltigkeitsbezogene Eignung bewertet. T2 - Fachtagung Recycling R'16 CY - Weimar, Germany DA - 19.09.2016 KW - Papierasche KW - Recycling KW - Bindemittel KW - Zementersatz KW - Baustoff PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37636 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ebell, Gino T1 - Bewehrungskorrosion in Geopolymerbetonen N2 - Einsatz von Geoploymerbetonen und deren Korrosionsschutzwirkung gegenüber Chloridangriff und Carbonatisierung. T2 - Sitzung des Ausschusses Marketing der Informationsstelle Edelstahl Rostfrei CY - Dusseldorf, Germany DA - 15.03.2016 KW - Geoploymerbeton KW - Korrosion PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-35565 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klippel, A. A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja A1 - Gnutzmann, Tanja A1 - Piechnik, K. T1 - Reaction-to-fire testing of bus interior materials: Assessing burning behaviour and smoke gas toxicity N2 - Although fire safety regulations for buses have been adapted in recent years regarding, for example, fire detection and engine fire suppression systems, the changes in regulations for bus interior materials are minimal. A comparison of fire safety regulations for interior materials in other transport sectors for trains, ships or aircraft reveals a much lower level of requirements for bus materials. Although repeated bus accidents as well as fire statistics show the danger a bus fire can pose to passengers. In particular, the combination of a fire incident and passengers with reduced mobility led to severe disasters in Germany and other European countries. To enhance the fire safety for passengers, the interior bus materials are crucial as the fire development in the bus cabin determines whether escape and rescue is possible. Against this background, bus interior materials were tested in different fire test scenarios. Measurement of a wide variety of parameters, for example, the mass loss, ignition time, smoke gas composition, heat release rate among others were carried out. Tested materials complied to the newest set of requirements. For this purpose, interior materials and their components had to be identified according to their chemical structure. Parts of the tests were funded by BASt (Federal Highway Research Institute) in the project 82.0723/2018. Experimental results show reaction-to-fire behaviour which lead to very limited times for escape and rescue in case of fire in a bus cabin. Based on the studies on fire behaviour and toxicity assessment, recommendations for improved fire safety regulations for interior materials could be made. KW - Burning behaviour KW - Bus interior materials KW - Cone calorimeter KW - DIN tube furnace KW - FTIR spectroscopy KW - Reference values KW - Smoke toxicity PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-576085 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3108 SN - 1099-1018 VL - 47 IS - 5 SP - 665 EP - 680 PB - Wiley CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-57608 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Anderson, Johan A1 - Chiva, Roman A1 - Dumont, Fabien A1 - Lalu, Octavian A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja T1 - Assessment of fire performance of facades in a round robin using the European approach N2 - In recent years, an experimental round robin of full-scale façade tests was conducted using the proposed new European approach for assessing the fire performance of façades. The initial results were used to develop a calibration scheme and to propose assessment criteria aligned with appropriate safety levels. During the project, a need emerged to evaluate the stability of the fire source and the Consistency of heat exposure. This paper addresses these concerns by comparing the mass loss rates across a series of tests and analysing averaged temperature readings at various locations on the façade. The findings indicate that the method demonstrates high stability in terms of mass loss rates and provides consistent and appropriate heat exposure. T2 - Interflam 2025, 16th International Fire Science and Engineering Conference CY - London, UK DA - 30.06.2025 KW - Facade systems KW - Testing PY - 2025 VL - 2025 SP - 562 EP - 572 PB - Interscience CY - London AN - OPUS4-63998 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Löhnert, Andrea A1 - Monreal, Nils A1 - Knaust, Christian A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja A1 - Krause, U. T1 - CFD modeling approach of smoke toxicity and opacity for flaming and non-flaming combustion processes N2 - Current engineer’s methods of fire safety design include various approaches to calculate the fire Propagation and smoke spread in buildings by means of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Because of the increased computational capacity, CFD is commonly used for prediction of time-dependent safety parameters such as critical temperature, smoke layer height, rescue times, distributions of chemical products, and smoke toxicity and visibility. The analysis of smoke components with CFD is particularly complex, because the composition of the fire gases and also the smoke quantities depends on material properties and also on ambient and burning conditions. Oxygen concentrations and the temperature distribution in the compartment affect smoke production and smoke gas toxicity qualitatively and quantitatively. For safety designs, it can be necessary to take these influences into account. Current smoke models in CFD often use a constant smoke yield that does not vary with different fire conditions. If smoke gas toxicity is considered, a simple approach with the focus on carbon monoxide is often used. On the basis of a large set of experimental data, a numerical smoke model has been developed. The developed numerical smoke model includes optical properties, production, and toxic potential of smoke under different conditions. For the setup of the numerical model, experimental data were used for calculation of chemical components and evaluation of smoke toxicity under different combustion conditions. Therefore, averaged reaction equations were developed from experimental measurements and implemented in ANSYS CFX 14.0. KW - Fire modeling KW - Fire safety KW - Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) KW - Smoke toxicity PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.2340 SN - 1099-1018 VL - 40 IS - 6 SP - 759 EP - 772 PB - Wiley CY - West Sussex, UK AN - OPUS4-37514 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -