TY - CONF A1 - Lu, Xin A1 - Hicke, Konstantin A1 - Krebber, Katerina T1 - Dual functionality of wavelength scanning coherent optical time domain reflectometer N2 - Wavelength scanning coherent optical time domain reflectometer (WS-COTDR) is a good candidate to spatially resolve the environmental information at comparatively low frequency. This paper reveals it can also work as a traditional optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) to identify Fresnel reflection by averaging the obtained signal over the wavelength scanning range. Simultaneous distributed vibration sensing and a traditional OTDR measurement are experimentally demonstrated using the WS-COTDR system. T2 - European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors (EWOFS 2023) CY - Mons, Belgium DA - 23.05.2023 KW - Structural health monitoring KW - Distributed fiber sensing KW - Acoustic sensing PY - 2023 DO - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2678098 VL - 12643 SP - 1 EP - 4 PB - SPEI AN - OPUS4-57590 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lu, Xin A1 - Hicke, Konstantin A1 - Krebber, Katerina T1 - Dual-functionality of WS-COTDR for ground movement monitoring N2 - Wavelength scanning coherent optical time domain reflectometer (WS-COTDR) is a good candidate to spatially resolve the environmental information at comparatively low frequency. This paper reveals it can also work as a traditional optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) to identify Fresnel reflection by averaging the obtained signal over the wavelength scanning range. Simultaneous distributed vibration sensing and a traditional OTDR measurement are experimentally demonstrated using the WS-COTDR system. T2 - European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors (EWOFS 2023) CY - Mons, Belgium DA - 23.05.2023 KW - Distributed fiber sensing KW - Acoustic sensing KW - Structural health monitoring PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57591 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Königsbauer, Korbinian A1 - Wosniok, Aleksander A1 - Nöther, N. A1 - Schaller, M. B. T1 - POF-based digital I-OFDR for strain detection in road construction N2 - We report on the development of a field-proven distributed fiber optic sensing system for structural health monitoring in road construction and civil engineering. The system is based on a cost-efficient digital incoherent optical frequency domain reflectometry (I-OFDR) for distributed strain detection along a polymer optical fiber. In this method, the strain-induced backscatter increase in a graded-index multimode perfluorinated polymer optical fiber (PF-POF) is determined by measuring the complex transfer function of the sensing fiber using a compact digital data acquisition unit. T2 - European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors (EWOFS 2023) CY - Mons, Belgium DA - 23.05.2023 KW - Digital I-OFDR KW - Perfluorinated polymer optical fiber KW - Smart geosynthetics KW - Structural health monitoring KW - Road construction KW - Civil engineering PY - 2023 DO - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2678436 SP - 1264326-1 PB - SPIE AN - OPUS4-57592 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Winkler, Nicolas P. A1 - Johann, Sergej A1 - Kohlhoff, Harald A1 - Neumann, Patrick P. T1 - Revisiting Environmental Sensing Nodes: Lessons Learned and Way Forward N2 - Setting up sensors for the purpose of environmental monitoring should be a matter of days, but often drags over weeks or even months, preventing scientists from doing real research. Additionally, the newly developed hardware and software solutions are often reinventing existing wheels. In this short paper, we revisit the design of our environmental sensing node that has been monitoring industrial areas over a span of two years. We share our findings and lessons learned. Based on this, we outline how a new generation of sensing node(s) can look like. T2 - SMSI 2023 Conference Sensor and Measurement Science International CY - Nuremberg, Germany DA - 08.05.2023 KW - Sensing node KW - Sensor network KW - Environmental monitoring KW - Low-cost KW - LoRaWAN PY - 2023 SN - 978-3-9819376-8-8 DO - https://doi.org/10.5162/SMSI2023/C5.1 SP - 173 EP - 174 PB - AMA Service GmbH CY - Wunstorf AN - OPUS4-57454 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Winkler, Nicolas P. T1 - Revisiting Environmental Sensing Nodes: Lessons Learned and Way Forward N2 - Setting up sensors for the purpose of environmental monitoring should be a matter of days, but often drags over weeks or even months, preventing scientists from doing real research. Additionally, the newly developed hardware and software solutions are often reinventing existing wheels. In this short paper, we revisit the design of our environmental sensing node that has been monitoring industrial areas over a span of two years. We share our findings and lessons learned. Based on this, we outline how a new generation of sensing node(s) can look like. T2 - SMSI 2023 Conference Sensor and Measurement Science International CY - Nuremberg, Germany DA - 08.05.2023 KW - Sensing node KW - Sensor network KW - Environmental monitoring KW - Low-cost KW - LoRaWAN PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57455 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Flame retardancy features sustainability: Fake fiction, food for thought, or future N2 - • Renewable sources find their way into flame retardancy • Innovative solutions meet sustainability • Facing recycling and circular economy T2 - AMI Fire Retardants in Plastics CY - Philadelphia, PA, US DA - 26.04.2023 KW - Flame retardants KW - Sustainability KW - Resources from waste streams KW - Biocomposite KW - Vitrimers PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57415 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schalau, Sebastian A1 - Schalau, Bernd A1 - Michel, S. A1 - Schalau, T. T1 - Ein prognostisches Windfeldmodell für die neue VDI-Richtlinie 3783 Blatt 1 N2 - Zurzeit befindet sich die VDI-Richtlinie 3783 Blatt 1 in der Überarbeitung, wobei ein Modellwechsel auf ein Lagrange‘sches Partikelmodell erfolgt. Für die Berechnung der Gasausbreitung mit Gebäuden ist ein Windfeld erforderlich. Mit AUSTAL wird auch das diagnostische Windfeldmodell TALdia zur Verfügung gestellt, das mittels empirischer Ansätze die Rezirkulationszonen von Gebäuden und Hindernissen modelliert. Ein prognostisches Windfeldmodell auf Grundlage der Navier-Stokes-Gleichungen sollte bei komplexen Bebauungs-situationen bessere Berechnungsergebnisse liefern, was aber mit einem größeren Berechnungsaufwand verbunden ist. Im Rahmen eines IGF- Forschungsvorhabens wurde das prognostische Windfeldmodell OFWind als Open Source – Software entwickelt. Im Vergleich mit den experimentellen Ergebnissen des Forschungsvorhabens wird die Anwendbarkeit der beiden Windfeldmodelle bei drei komplexen Bebauungssituationen untersucht. KW - Gasausbreitung PY - 2023 SN - 2191-0073 VL - 13 IS - 3-4 SP - 24 EP - 29 PB - VDI Fachmedien CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-57578 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hicke, Konstantin T1 - Akustisches SpRK Monitoring mit SEA und verteilten faseroptischen Sensoren N2 - Von Hand erzeugte Spanndrahtbrüche in einem BTE-Brückenträger wurden mit Schallemissionsanalyse und verteilter faseroptischer akustischer Sensorik detektiert bzw. gemessen. Eigenheiten und Ergebnisse der beiden Methoden werden dargestellt und ihre Performance verglichen. T2 - 12. Symposium "Experimentelle Untersuchungen von Baukonstruktionen" (SEUB) CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 01.06.2023 KW - Verteilte faseroptische akustische Sensorik KW - DAS KW - Brückenmonitoring KW - Spanndrahtbruchdetektion KW - Schallemissionsanalyse KW - SEA PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57580 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Xu, R. A1 - Hicke, Konstantin A1 - Chruscicki, Sebastian A1 - Marx, S. ED - Curbach, M. ED - Marx, S. ED - Scheerer, S. ED - Hampel, T. T1 - Akustisches SpRK-Monitoring mit SEA und verteilten faseroptischen Sensoren N2 - Im vorliegenden Bericht wurde untersucht, Spanndrahtbrüche in einem Brückenträger sowohl mittels Schallemissionsanalyse (SEA) als auch mit (eingebetteter) verteilter faseroptischer akustischer Sensorik (DAS) zu erkennen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Bruchsignale anhand beider Messverfahren detektiert werden können. Die jeweils detektierten Drahtbrüche werden miteinander verglichen. Durch eine Gegenüberstellung werden SEA und DAS detailliert dargestellt. T2 - 12. Symposium "Experimentelle Untersuchungen von Baukonstruktionen" (SEUB) CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 01.06.2023 KW - Verteilte faseroptische akustische Sensorik KW - DAS KW - Brückenmonitoring KW - Spanndrahtbruchdetektion KW - Schallemissionsanalyse KW - SEA PY - 2023 SN - 978-3-86780-740-1 SN - 1613-6934 VL - 67 SP - 136 EP - 147 PB - Technische Universität Dresden - Fakultät Bauingenieurwesen CY - Dresden AN - OPUS4-57581 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Goller, Sebastian M. T1 - How reactions between smoke suppressants in flame retardant PA6.6 change the burning behavior and smoke emission N2 - The interactions between polymer, flame retardant and smoke suppressant are presented. Moreover, it is discussed, how the molecular changes affect the fire behavior and the smoke emission. T2 - 19th European meeting on Fire Retardant Polymeric Materials (FRPM23) CY - Dübendorf, Switzerland DA - 26.06.2023 KW - Smoke KW - Polyamide KW - Flame retardancy KW - Smoke suppressant KW - Fire behavior PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57845 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jauregui Rozo, Maria T1 - Transfer of the modes of action from polymer materials to glass-fiber-reinforced plastics: flame retardancy – fire resistance – post-fire mechanics N2 - Fire resistance of fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) has been an important area of research for many years since FRPs are mainly used in the transportation and construction sectors. This study presents the fire behavior, and mechanical performance between the flame retarded pure epoxy resin and flame retarded glass-fiber composites before, during, and after a fire event. This enables a deeper understanding of the transferability of flame retardants on composite materials. T2 - 19th European Meeting on Fire Retardant Polymeric Materials (FRPM23) CY - Dübendorf, Switzerland DA - 26.06.2023 KW - Glass-fiber Reinforced Polymer KW - Flame Retardancy KW - Fire Behavior KW - Flammability KW - Modes of Action PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57846 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Grunewald, Thomas T1 - Explosionsschutz - Grundlagen und Maßnahmen zum nichtelektrischen Explosionsschutz N2 - Bei Geräten und Maschinen zur bestimmungsgemäßen Verwendung in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen gemäß 2014/34/EU muss in der europäischen Union eine Zündgefahrenbewertung durchgeführt werden. Dabei müssen unter anderem die Gefahren von nichtelektrischen Zündquellen betrachtet werden, zu denen auch die mechanischen Schlagvorgänge gehören. Bei mechanischen Schlagvorgängen kommt es infolge des Zusammenstoßes zweier Werkstücke bzw. Bauteile zu einer Umwandlung der kinetischen Energie. Dabei erhöht sich die Temperatur der Werkstoffe an der Kontaktstelle und es kommt unter Umständen zu einem Abtrennvorgang kleiner Partikel erhöhter Temperatur. Sowohl die heißen Kontaktstellen (Zündquelle "heiße Oberflächen") als auch die abgetrennten Partikel (Zündquelle "mechanisch erzeugte Funken") können eine wirksame Zündquelle für ein explosionsfähiges Gasgemisch darstellen. Zur Festlegung von Grenzwerten wurden in der Norm DIN EN ISO 80079-36:2016 die Gasgemische anhand ihrer Explosionsgruppe klassifiziert und zu jeder Gruppe die maximale Energie des Schlagvorgangs festgelegt, unter derer die Entstehung einer wirksamen Zündquelle als unwahrscheinlich angenommen werden kann. T2 - Ausbildung zum Explosionsschutzbeauftragten beim Haus der Technik (HdT) CY - Essen, Germany DA - 22.08.2023 KW - Bestimmungsgemäßer Gebrauch im explosionsgefährdeten Bereich KW - Nichtelektrische Funken KW - Mechanische Funken KW - Nichtelektrischer Explosionsschutz KW - Mechanischer Explosionsschutz KW - Reibfunken KW - Schleiffunken KW - Schlagfunken PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58110 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jauregui Rozo, Maria T1 - Transfer of the Flame Retardancy and Post-Fire Mechanics from Polymer Materials to Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Plastics N2 - This study presents the processability, fire behavior, and mechanical performance between the flame retarded pure epoxy resin and flame retarded glass-fiber-reinforced plastic before, during, and after a fire event. This enables a deeper understanding of the transferability of flame retardants, modes of action, char enhancement, and flame inhibition on composite materials T2 - Twenty-third international conference on composite materials (ICCM23) CY - Belfast, United Kingdom DA - 31.07.2023 KW - Glass-Fiber Reinforced Polymer KW - Flame Retardancy KW - Mechanical Testing KW - Epoxy Resin KW - Modes of Action PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58086 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Erning, Johann Wilhelm T1 - "Grabenkorrosion": From A historic scientific debate to the solution, still modern failures N2 - Grooving corrosion occured in the 1970ies. It returned in the 1990ies, causing a scientific debate leading to a solution. This solution got lost, so new failures appear. The route of the discussion to the solution is described, old and new failures are discussed. T2 - Eurocorr 2023 CY - Brussels, Belgium DA - 27.08.2023 KW - Grooving corrosion KW - Drinking water installations KW - Steel pipes PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58186 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Feldkamp, Martin T1 - R&D Activities by BAM Related to Transport Package Fire Testing N2 - Packages for the transport of radioactive material shall meet the mechanical and thermal test requirements of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) regulations for package design approval. Besides mechanical testing, the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) performs thermal tests in accordance with the IAEA regulations. The thermal test includes a 30-minute 800°C fully engulfing fire. BAM continuously performs various thermal experiments for the investigation of the thermal response of packages with respect to the IAEA fire. The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of the already performed, ongoing and future physical tests and experiments of BAM in the field of thermal investigations. These research and development works shall support our competencies for the authority package design assessment. BAM operates a propane gas fire test facility. To be able to carry out comparative investigations and validity between the propane fire and the in detail prescribed pool fire test in the regulations, BAM carries out various calorimetric tests and investigates the boundary conditions of the fire with the help of fire reference packages. At the same time, we are conducting various fire scenarios with wood-filled impact limiters. Large-scale fire tests of impact limiters are carried out on a full scale as well as on a small scale. Influencing variables are investigated in particular by means of geometric changes and the consideration of artificial damages, in particular holes. In addition to propane fire as a heat source, thermal scenarios are also investigated with hydrogen as heat source and an infrared radiator system to ignite test specimens. For these numerous test arrangements, the transferability to existing and newly developed transport package designs is essential and fruitful within the review of design approvals, especially for Dual Purpose casks with a long-lasting operation time. T2 - 20th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials (PATRAM 22) CY - Juan-les-Pins, France DA - 11.06.2023 KW - Fire Testing KW - Wood KW - Hydrogen KW - Fire Reference Test PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57722 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schneider, Ronald T1 - Von der Datenerfassung bis zur Entscheidungsfindung: Jede Brücken-Überwachung bedarf einer Gesamtmethodik N2 - Brücken müssen laufend überwacht werden, damit die Unsicherheiten hinsichtlich ihres Zustands, ihrer Beanspruchung und ihrer Leistungsfähigkeit verringert werden können. Diese Aufgabe soll künftig mit digitalen Methoden erleichtert werden. Im folgenden Beitrag werden deshalb die digitale Bauwerksmodellierung und die Entscheidungsfindung beleuchtet. Dazu wird gezeigt, wie Zustandsdiagnosen und -prognosen digital ermöglicht werden und wie durch diagnostische und prognostische Modelle eine wissenschaftliche Basis für risikobasierte Entscheidungen über Erhaltungsmaßnahmen und für den Übergang vom reaktiven zum vorausschauenden Brückenmanagement gebildet werden kann. Dabei wird klar: Jede Brücken-Überwachung bedarf einer Gesamtmethodik, ihre wichtigsten Elemente sind: Datenerfassung, Datenmanagement, Datenanalyse, Bauwerksmodellierung, Bauwerksbewertung und die letztendlichen Entscheidungen über notwendige Erhaltungsmaßnahmen. KW - Prädiktive Instandhaltung KW - Brücken KW - Erhaltungsmanagement KW - Digitale Zwillinge PY - 2023 IS - 62 SP - 76 EP - 83 AN - OPUS4-57811 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Auersch, Lutz T1 - Wave propagation from hammer, vibrator and railway excitation – theoretical and measured attenuation in space and frequency domain N2 - The attenuation of wave amplitudes is ruled by the planar, cylindrical or spherical geometry of the wave front (the geometric or power-law attenuation) but also by the damping of the soil (an exponential attenuation). Several low- and high-frequency filter effects are derived for the layering and the damping of the soil, for the moving static and the distributed train loads and for a homogeneous or randomly heterogeneous soil. Measurements of hammer- and train-induced vibrations at five sites have been analysed for these attenuation and filter effects. The measured attenuation with distance can be discribed by generalised power laws and some reasons will be discussed. The theoretical filter effects can well be found in the measurements. T2 - Wave Mechanics and Vibrations Conference CY - Lisbon, Potugal DA - 04.07.2022 KW - Hammer impact KW - Train passage KW - Layered soil KW - Attenuation KW - Filter effects KW - Randomly heterogeneous soil KW - Scattering PY - 2023 SN - 978-3-031-15757-8 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15758-5_35 SP - 352 EP - 359 PB - Springer Nature CY - Cham, Schweiz AN - OPUS4-56034 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lenz, J. U. A1 - Pospiech, D. A1 - Komber, H. A1 - Korwitz, A. A1 - Kobsch, O. A1 - Paven, M. A1 - Albach, R. W. A1 - Günther, Martin A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Effective halogen-free flame-retardant additives for crosslinked rigid polyisocyanurate foams: Comparison of chemical structures N2 - The impact of phosphorus-containing flame retardants (FR) on rigid polyisocyanurate (PIR) foams is studied by systematic variation of the chemical structure of the FR, including non-NCO-reactive and NCO-reactive dibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepine 6-oxide (BPPO)- and 9,10 dihydro-9-oxa-10 phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)-containing compounds, among them a number of compounds not reported so far. These PIR foams are compared with PIR foams without FR and with standard FRs with respect to foam properties, thermal decomposition, and fire behavior. Although BPPO and DOPO differ by just one oxygen atom, the impact on the FR properties is very significant: when the FR is a filler or a dangling (dead) end in the PIR polymer network, DOPO is more effective than BPPO. When the FR is a subunit of a diol and it is fully incorporated in the PIR network, BPPO delivers superior results. KW - Flame retardant; KW - Dibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepine 6-oxide; BPPO KW - 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide; DOPO KW - Polyisocyanurate; PIR KW - Rigid foam KW - Cone calorimeter KW - Pudovik reaction PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-567712 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010172 SN - 1996-1944 VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 22 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-56771 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Grunert, Wiebke T1 - EU project ODYSSEUS - Improving Knowledge on HMEs N2 - The ODYSSEUS project aims at improving knowledge about explosives precursers/HMEs and at developing and improving prognostic and detection tool to counter and prevent terrorist attacks. The contribution presents an overview of the ODYSSEUS approaches in countering and preventing terrorist attacks. The lecture will also show what knowledge has been gained to date about HMEs and new precursers and what consequences result from this. T2 - EXERTER Final Conference CY - Soest, Netherlands DA - 24.04.2023 KW - HME KW - Preparation of HME KW - Misuse of explosives KW - EU project ODYSSEUS PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57387 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schneider, Ronald T1 - Structural integrity management research at BAM N2 - This presentation provides an overview on the structural integrity management research at BAM. In addition, a framework for monitoring and risk-informed inspection and maintenance planning for offshore steel structures is presented. T2 - Structural Health Monitoring Using Statistical Pattern Recognition CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 20.03.2023 KW - Structural integrity KW - Monitoring KW - Maintenance KW - Inspeciton KW - Bridges KW - Offshore wind PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57864 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Epple, Niklas T1 - Ultrasonic monitoring of large-scale structures – input to engineering assessment N2 - Ultrasonic coda wave interferometry can detect small changes in scattering materials like concrete. We embedded ultrasonic transducers in the Gänstorbrücke Ulm, a monitored road bridge in Germany, to test the methodology. Since fall 2020, we've been monitoring parts of the bridge and comparing the results to commercial monitoring systems. We calculate signal and volumetric velocity changes using coda waves, and long-term measurements show that the influence of temperature on strains and ultrasound velocity changes can be monitored. Velocity change maps indicate that different parts of the bridge react differently to environmental temperature changes, revealing local material property differences. A load experiment with trucks allows calibration to improve detectability of possibly damaging events. Our work focuses on measurement reliability, potential use of and distinction from temperature effects, combination with complementary sensing systems, and converting measured values to information for damage and life cycle assessment. T2 - IALCCE 2023 CY - Milano, Italy DA - 02.07.2023 KW - Ultrasonic KW - Monitoring KW - Bridges KW - NDT KW - Coda PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58046 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Epple, Niklas A1 - Sanchez Trujillo, Camila Andrea A1 - Niederleitinger, Ernst T1 - Ultrasonic monitoring of large-scale structures – input to engineering assessment N2 - Ultrasonic coda wave interferometry can detect small changes in scattering materials like concrete. We embedded ultrasonic transducers in the Gänstorbrücke Ulm, a monitored road bridge in Germany, to test the methodology. Since fall 2020, we've been monitoring parts of the bridge and comparing the results to commercial monitoring systems. We calculate signal and volumetric velocity changes using coda waves, and long-term measurements show that the influence of temperature on strains and ultrasound velocity changes can be monitored. Velocity change maps indicate that different parts of the bridge react differently to environmental temperature changes, revealing local material property differences. A load experiment with trucks allows calibration to improve detectability of possibly damaging events. Our work focuses on measurement reliability, potential use of and distinction from temperature effects, combination with complementary sensing systems, and converting measured values to information for damage and life cycle assessment. T2 - IALCCE 2023 CY - Milano, Italy DA - 02.07.2023 KW - Ultrasonic KW - Monitoring KW - Bridge KW - NDT KW - coda PY - 2023 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - IALCCE CY - Milan AN - OPUS4-58047 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lu, Xin A1 - Krebber, Katerina T1 - Novel fading suppression method for distributed optical fiber acoustic sensing N2 - A universal method based on alternating pulse widths is proposed to suppress the signal fading for all distributed acoustic sensors (DASs) and experimentally demonstrated by one DAS system based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. T2 - Optica Sensing Congress CY - Munich, Germany DA - 30.07.2023 KW - Distributed fiber sensing KW - Acoustic sensing KW - Fading suppression KW - Structural health monitoring PY - 2023 SP - 1 EP - 2 AN - OPUS4-58048 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lu, Xin A1 - Krebber, Katerina T1 - Novel fading suppression method for distributed optical fiber acoustic sensing N2 - A universal method based on alternating pulse widths is proposed to suppress the signal fading for all distributed acoustic sensors (DASs) and experimentally demonstrated by one DAS system based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. T2 - Optica Sensing Congress CY - Munich, Germany DA - 30.07.2023 KW - Distributed fiber sensing KW - Acoustic sensing KW - Structural health monitoring KW - Fading suppression PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58049 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lu, Xin A1 - Thomas, P. T1 - Phase Error Evaluation via Differentiation and Cross-Multiplication Demodulation in Phase-Sensitive Optical Time-Domain Reflectometry N2 - Phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry (jOTDR) is a technology for distributed vibration sensing, where vibration amplitudes are determined by recovering the phase of the backscattered light. Measurement noise induces phase errors, which degrades sensing performance. The phase errors, using a differentiation and cross-multiplication (DCM) algorithm, are investigated theoretically and experimentally in a jOTDR system based on a phase retrieval configuration consisting of an imbalanced Mach–Zehnder interferometer (IMZI) and a 3 x 3 coupler. Analysis shows that phase error is highly dependent on the AC component of the obtained signal, essentially being inversely proportional to the product of the power of the light backscattered from two locations. An analytical expression was derived to estimate the phase error and was confirmed by experiment. When applied to the same measurement data, the error is found to be slightly smaller than that obtained using in-phase/quadrature (I/Q) demodulation. The error, however, increases for longer measurement times. KW - Distributed fiber sensing KW - Phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry KW - Phase error PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-580501 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6732/10/5/514 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10050514 SN - 2304-6732 VL - 10 IS - 5 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-58050 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Grunewald, Thomas T1 - Explosionsschutz - Grundlagen und Maßnahmen zum nichtelektrischen Explosionsschutz N2 - Bei Geräten und Maschinen zur bestimmungsgemäßen Verwendung in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen muss in der europäischen Union eine Zündgefahrenbewertung durchgeführt werden. Dabei müssen unter anderem die Gefahren von nichtelektrischen Zündquellen betrachtet werden, zu denen auch die mechanischen Schlagvorgänge gehören. Bei Schlagvorgängen kommt es infolge des Zusammenstoßes zweier Werkstücke zu einer Umwandlung der kinetischen Energie. Dabei erhöht sich die Temperatur der Werkstoffe an der Kontaktstelle und es kommt unter Umständen zu einem Abtrennvorgang kleiner Partikel erhöhter Temperatur. Sowohl die heißen Kontaktstellen als auch die abgetrennten Partikel können eine wirksame Zündquelle für ein explosionsfähiges Gasgemisch darstellen. Zur Festlegung von Grenzwerten wurden in der Norm DIN EN ISO 80079-36:2016 die Gasgemische anhand ihrer Explosionsgruppe klassifiziert und zu jeder Gruppe die maximale Energie des Schlagvorgangs festgelegt, unter derer die Entstehung einer wirksamen Zündquelle als unwahrscheinlich angenommen werden kann. T2 - Ausbildung zum Explosionsschutzbeauftragten, Veranst.-Nr. VA23-00064-050-E, im Haus der Technik e.V. (HdT) CY - Essen, Germany DA - 13.06.2023 KW - Schlagfunken KW - Schleiffunken KW - Reibfunken KW - Mechanisch erzeugte Funken KW - Nichtelektrische Funken KW - Mechanischer Explosionsschutz KW - Nichtelektrischer Explosionsschutz KW - Bestimmungsgemäßer Gebrauch im Explosionsschutz PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57680 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krentel, Daniel T1 - Die BAM als Partnerin in der Zivilen Sicherheitsforschung N2 - Was kann die Partnerin in der Zivilen Sicherheitsforschung leisten, welche Möglichkeiten in der Zusammenarbeit mit BOS gibt es? T2 - ForAn - Lunch and Learn CY - Online meeting DA - 14.06.2023 KW - TTS KW - Security KW - BOS KW - Zivile Sicherheitsforschung PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57681 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lengas, Nikolaos A1 - Müller, Karsten A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva A1 - Neitsch, Marcel A1 - Johann, Sergej A1 - Zehn, M. W. T1 - Improved criteria for evaluating impact targets in regulative drop tests of dangerous goods packagings N2 - For dangerous goods packagings, drop testing onto an essential unyielding target can be used to assess the mechanical resistance to impact loads. Adopted regulations like ADR/RID require that the impact surface provided shall be integral with a mass at least 50 times than that of the heaviest package to be tested. The problem is that many manufacturers do not possess impact targets that satisfy the required 50 times mass ratio for regulative drop tests during series production. The objective of this work is to verify existing and define improved criteria for impact target structures based on systematic investigations. Previous evidence highlights the relevance of other parameters in addition to the mass ratio. Therefore, in this research, a variation of drop test parameters was carried out experimentally. Furthermore, numerical vibration analysis was applied to investigate the deformability of the impact surface. The results conclude that the mass ratio of 1:50 cannot be defined as a decisive criterion. In order to determine the influence of further drop test parameters, the research findings were used to validate a parametric model which assesses impact target deflection. An approximation quality of over 90 % was achieved. As a result, new evaluation criteria are proposed. Firstly, a method for identifying critical impact target designs is provided. Secondly, a new comprehensive formula compares the approximated maximum deflection of a real impact target to the respective theoretical threshold derived from a worst-case assumption. In practice, this leads to great advantages in the evaluation of already installed impact targets for dangerous goods packagings. KW - Corrugated fibreboard box KW - Dangerous goods packagings KW - Drop test KW - Impact target KW - Mechanical response KW - Steel drum KW - Structural dynamics PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-576985 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2759 SN - 0894-3214 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - John Wiley & Sons Ltd AN - OPUS4-57698 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva A1 - Bethke, John A1 - Goedecke, Thomas T1 - How To Measure The Angle of Repose of Hazardous Substances in the Test Centers for Dangerous Goods Packagings N2 - The flow properties of powdery or granular filling substances for dangerous goods packagings are safety-relevant parameters. To specify the flow behavior, the angle of repose is measured in the recognized test centers for dangerous goods packagings in Germany. Previous investigations performed on non-hazardous substances revealed that some of the methods currently used have disadvantages in application. Additionally, for occupational health and safety reasons, it was generally viewed critically to carry out measurements of the angle of repose for dangerous goods at all. Instead, the dimensionless Hausner ratio to describe the flow behavior was proposed. In this work, the investigations were extended to real hazardous substances to concretize the assessment. Five exemplary hazardous substances were tested for their angle of repose using the methods commonly applied in the test centers. The Hausner ratio was also determined. In addition, the influence of a different climatic preconditioning on the angle of repose measurement was examined using three selected non-hazardous bulk materials. The results show that the measurement of the angle of repose is not fundamentally excluded for dangerous goods. However, for reasons of applicability, repeatability and occupational health and safety, only the ISO method can be applied for dangerous filling substances. This method provides conservative results regarding a safety-related evaluation of flow properties for the transport of dangerous goods. In principle, both the ISO method and the determination of the Hausner ratio can be used for dangerous goods. It is also essential especially with finely powdered filling goods, to carry out controlled preconditioning. KW - Angle of repose KW - Flow properties KW - Flowability KW - Hausner ratio KW - Powders KW - Sift-proofness PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-576552 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2756 SN - 0894-3214 SP - 1 EP - 20 PB - Wiley AN - OPUS4-57655 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lengas, Nikolaos A1 - Müller, Karsten A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva A1 - Neitsch, Marcel A1 - Johann, Sergej A1 - Zehn, M. W. T1 - Improved criteria for evaluating impact targets in regulative drop tests of dangerous goods packagings N2 - For dangerous goods packagings, drop testing onto an essential unyielding target can be used to assess the mechanical resistance to impact loads. Adopted regulations like ADR/RID require that the impact surface provided shall be integral with a mass at least 50 times than that of the heaviest package to be tested. The problem is that many manufacturers do not possess impact targets that satisfy the required 50 times mass ratio for regulative drop tests during series production. The objective of this work is to verify existing and define improved criteria for impact target structures based on systematic investigations. Previous evidence highlights the relevance of other parameters in addition to the mass ratio. Therefore, in this research, a variation of drop test parameters was carried out experimentally. Furthermore, numerical vibration analysis was applied to investigate the deformability of the impact surface. The results conclude that the mass ratio of 1:50 cannot be defined as a decisive criterion. In order to determine the influence of further drop test parameters, the research findings were used to validate a parametric model which assesses impact target deflection. An approximation quality of over 90 % was achieved. As a result, new evaluation criteria are proposed. Firstly, a method for identifying critical impact target designs is provided. Secondly, a new comprehensive formula compares the approximated maximum deflection of a real impact target to the respective theoretical threshold derived from a worst-case assumption. In practice, this leads to great advantages in the evaluation of already installed impact targets for dangerous goods packagings. T2 - 31st IAPRI Members’ conference CY - Mumbai, India DA - 22.05.2023 KW - Drop test KW - Structural dynamics KW - Dangerous goods packagings KW - Impact target KW - Vibration analysis PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57715 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Feldkamp, Martin A1 - Quercetti, Thomas A1 - Gleim, Tobias A1 - Nehrig, Marko A1 - Musolff, André A1 - Wille, Frank T1 - R&D Activities by BAM Related to Transport Package Fire Testing N2 - Packages for the transport of radioactive material shall meet the mechanical and thermal test requirements of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) regulations for package design approval. Besides mechanical testing, the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) performs thermal tests in accordance with the IAEA regulations. The thermal test includes a 30-minute 800°C fully engulfing fire. BAM continuously performs various thermal experiments for the investigation of the thermal response of packages with respect to the IAEA fire. The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of the already performed, ongoing and future physical tests and experiments of BAM in the field of thermal investigations. These research and development works shall support our competencies for the authority package design assessment. BAM operates a propane gas fire test facility. To be able to carry out comparative investigations and validity between the propane fire and the in detail prescribed pool fire test in the regulations, BAM carries out various calorimetric tests and investigates the boundary conditions of the fire with the help of fire reference packages. At the same time, we are conducting various fire scenarios with wood-filled impact limiters. Large-scale fire tests of impact limiters are carried out on a full scale as well as on a small scale. Influencing variables are investigated in particular by means of geometric changes and the consideration of artificial damages, in particular holes. In addition to propane fire as a heat source, thermal scenarios are also investigated with hydrogen as heat source and an infrared radiator system to ignite test specimens. For these numerous test arrangements, the transferability to existing and newly developed transport package designs is essential and fruitful within the review of design approvals, especially for Dual Purpose casks with a long-lasting operation time. T2 - 20th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials (PATRAM 22) CY - Juan-Les-Pins, France DA - 11.06.2023 KW - Fire KW - Testing KW - Hydrogen KW - Wood KW - Propane KW - Heat Flux KW - Fire Reference Package KW - Radioactive Material PY - 2023 SP - 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-57721 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva T1 - How To Measure The Angle of Repose of Hazardous Substances in the Test Centers for Dangerous Goods Packagings N2 - The flow properties of powdery or granular filling substances for dangerous goods packagings are safety-relevant parameters. To specify the flow behavior, the angle of repose is measured in the recognized test centers for dangerous goods packagings in Germany. Previous investigations performed on non-hazardous substances revealed that some of the methods currently used have disadvantages in application. Additionally, for occupational health and safety reasons, it was generally viewed critically to carry out measurements of the angle of repose for dangerous goods at all. Instead, the dimensionless Hausner ratio to describe the flow behavior was proposed. In this work, the investigations were extended to real hazardous substances to concretize the assessment. Five exemplary hazardous substances were tested for their angle of repose using the methods commonly applied in the test centers. The Hausner ratio was also determined. In addition, the influence of a different climatic preconditioning on the angle of repose measurement was examined using three selected non-hazardous bulk materials. The results show that the measurement of the angle of repose is not fundamentally excluded for dangerous goods. However, for reasons of applicability, repeatability and occupational health and safety, only the ISO method can be applied for dangerous filling substances. This method provides conservative results regarding a safety-related evaluation of flow properties for the transport of dangerous goods. In principle, both the ISO method and the determination of the Hausner ratio can be used for dangerous goods. It is also essential especially with finely powdered filling goods, to carry out controlled preconditioning. T2 - 31st IAPRI Members' Conference CY - Navi Mumbai, India DA - 22.05.2023 KW - Angle of repose KW - Flow properties KW - Flowability KW - Hausner ratio KW - Powders KW - Sift-proofness PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57619 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lozano, Daniel A1 - Bulling, Jannis A1 - Gravenkamp, Hauke A1 - Prager, Jens A1 - Birk, Carolin T1 - The SBFEM to simulate the scattering of ultrasonic guided waves interacting with defects in plate structures N2 - In the field of guided waves for non-destructive testing, the interaction of these waves with damages or other discontinuities in a structure is critical. When a guided wave mode travels and hits a defect, it scatters in all directions, converting to other modes and reflecting the existing one. These interactions are captured in scattered far field complex amplitudes. The amplitudes are stored in scattering matrices, which characterise the elastodynamic behaviour of a defect completely. Scattering matrices are also useful to simulate backpropagation from a defect using ray-tracing methods. Simulating these interactions is challenging, and analytical solutions only exist for simple geometries. Still, using general tools like the finite element method results in large, usually costly models. Recently, researchers proposed a method based on a numerical implementation of the Kirchhoff–Helmholtz integral that allows the computation of the scattering matrices using a model containing only the damaged region. However, classical methods to resolve the far field and low-order elements were used, leading to large models yet more efficient than using other techniques. We propose using the SBFEM as an alternative to enhance the computation of the far field scattering. The damaged region is discretised using high-order polyhedral elements, while the far field is constructed using a modified version of the SBFEM. Examples compared to the literature demonstrate the validity of the approach. T2 - Doktorandentreffen CY - Attendorn, Germany DA - 16.10.2023 KW - SBFEM KW - Guided Waves KW - Scattering PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-59775 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lozano, Daniel A1 - Bulling, Jannis A1 - Prager, Jens T1 - Modeling guided waves interacting with arbitrarily shaped inhomogeneities using SBFEM in combination with an extruded quadtree decomposition for 3D plates N2 - For structural health monitoring systems or non-destructive testing, it is crucial to study the interactions of ultrasonic-guided waves with inhomogeneities or damage in structural components. Simulation of these interactions poses a challenge. After the wave-damage interaction, the numerical model must reproduce features like mode conversion or wave scattering. Mathematically, damages are discontinuities in a computational domain, and each wave interacts differently because of the geometrical features. We propose a quadtree-based meshing in the current contribution to capture these geometrical characteristics. This kind of discretisation approach requires special techniques to couple cells of different sizes since, after a quadtree decomposition, the problem of so-called hanging nodes may arise. Transition elements based on high-order transfinite shape functions are used to solve this issue. The advantage is that these elements allow the correct coupling of the cells while retaining a high-order interpolation. Moreover, the reuse of the dynamic stiffness matrices can be exploited based on the similarity of the cells. This procedure makes the approach very efficient. Examples show the scattering characteristics of different guided wave modes after interacting with inhomogeneities and discontinuities in a plate. T2 - DAGA 2023 CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 06.03.2023 KW - SBFEM KW - Quadtree KW - Ultrasound PY - 2023 SP - 1035 EP - 1038 CY - Hamburg AN - OPUS4-59776 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Goller, Sebastian M. T1 - Avoiding antimony – effect of Ca(H2PO2)2 on smoke emission and fire behaviour in brominated ABS N2 - The replacement of antimony trioxide (Sb2O3) in brominated flame-retardant ABS (ABS/FR) is of great interest. This study investigates the influence of calcium hypophosphite (CaP) in ABS/FR on flame retardancy and smoke emission. Different amounts of talc are added to ABS/FR/CaP to evaluate the influence of an inorganic barrier on smoke emission and flame retardancy. The cone calorimeter unveiled a reduction by 46% in PHRR for ABS/FR/CaP. Additional 8 wt.-% talc (ABS/FR/CaP/8Talc) reduced the PHRR by 61%. ABS/FR/CaP exhibited a more condensed phase action, which resulted in less smoke emission. The study investigates the influence of CaP in ABS/FR on the smoke toxicity, smoke density and the smoke particles distribution in the smoke density chamber (ISO 5659-2) coupled to a FTIR spectrometer and electrical low pressure cascade impactor (ELPI). T2 - 5th Asia-Oceania Symposium on Fire Safety Materials Science and Engineering CY - Sydney, Australia DA - 26.08.2023 KW - Smoke KW - ABS KW - Calcium hypophosphite KW - Antimony KW - Brominated flame retardant KW - Fire scenario KW - Burning behavior PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58232 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Küttenbaum, Stefan T1 - Reliability reassessment of bridges with geometrical NDT results N2 - This presentation summarizes recent developments within the scope of the national pre-standardization project “ZfPStatik”, which aims to prepare a guideline about NDT-supported structural analyses. The focus is on the purposeful and explicit utilization of geometrical tendon and reinforcement bar positions measured on-site in reliability analysis — shown by means of a prestressed concrete bridge as case study. T2 - 13th German Japanese Bridge Symposium CY - Osaka, Japan DA - 28.08.2023 KW - Existing structures KW - Probabilistic methods KW - Data-supported assessment PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58268 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Küttenbaum, Stefan A1 - Kainz, C. A1 - Braml, T. T1 - Reliability assessment of existing concrete bridges with geometrical NDT results - Case studies N2 - The results of and the validity in reliability assessment of existing bridges essentially depend on the information available about the considered system. Information about the actual condition as well as structural and material characteristics can be observed on-site to refine the computation models used in assessment. Non-destructive testing (NDT) methods for concrete structures are capable of reconstructing missing, questioned, or inconsistent as-built plans. This contribution summarizes recent developments within the scope of the national pre-standardization project “ZfPStatik”, which aims to prepare a guideline about NDT-supported structural analyses. The focus is on the purposeful and explicit utilization of geometrical tendon and reinforcement bar positions (measured on-site using the ultrasound echo and ground penetrating radar (GPR) techniques) in probabilistic reliability analyses — shown by means of real case studies. The well-established first order reliability method is applied to different concrete bridges, which are typical for the German road bridge stock, to demonstrate the utility of incorporating quality-evaluated NDT-results in terms of changes in structural reliability. T2 - 13th German-Japanese Bridge Symposium CY - Osaka, Japan DA - 28.08.2023 KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Data-informed reliability analysis PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-582727 SP - 29 EP - 40 PB - Osaka Metropolitan University CY - Osaka AN - OPUS4-58272 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lesny, K. A1 - Arnold, P. A1 - Sorgatz, J. A1 - Schneider, Ronald T1 - Wie sicher sind unsere Bauwerke? - Strukturpapier des Arbeitskreises 2.15 der DGGT „Zuverlässigkeitsbasierte Methoden in der Geotechnik“ N2 - Der zukünftige Eurocode 7 wird ausdrücklich die Nutzung zuverlässigkeitsbasierter Methoden in der geotechnischen Planung und Bemessung erlauben. In Deutschland gibt es bisher kaum Erfahrung in der praktischen Anwendung derartiger Verfahren und entsprechend sind die Vorbehalte gegenüber diesen Methoden oft groß. Der neue DGGT-Arbeitskreis (AK) 2.15 „Zuverlässigkeitsbasierte Methoden in der Geotechnik“ hat sich zum Ziel gesetzt, durch praxisorientierte Anleitungen und Empfehlungen sowie begleitende Aus- und Weiterbildungsangebote den praktischen Zugang zu diesen Verfahren zu unterstützen. Ziel ist es, Möglichkeiten und Grenzen zu verdeutlichen sowie vor allem ihre Potenziale zu erschließen. In dem vorliegenden Beitrag werden allgemeine Grundlagen und die zukünftigen Arbeitsfelder des AK 2.15 vorgestellt. Ausgehend von der Einführung relevanter Fachbegriffe wird zunächst die Einbettung zuverlässigkeitsbasierter Verfahren in den aktuellen Normungs- und Regelungskontext aufgezeigt. Anschließend werden anhand des Lebenszyklus eines geotechnischen Bauwerks die Unsicherheiten in den geotechnischen Prognosen und Bewertungen beschrieben. Daran anknüpfend wird aufgezeigt, an welchen Stellen zuverlässigkeitsbasierte Methoden als mögliches Werkzeug sinnvoll genutzt werden können, um Ingenieur:innen, Bauherr:innen und Prüfer:innen in Nachweis- und Entscheidungsprozessen zu unterstützen. Zu den sich daraus ableitenden Arbeitsthemen werden durch den AK 2.15 zukünftig Empfehlungen erarbeitet und sukzessive veröffentlicht KW - Brückensicherheit KW - Sicherheit KW - Wahrscheinlichkeit KW - Zuverlässigkeit KW - Bemessung KW - Bewertung KW - Offshore Wind PY - 2023 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/gete.202300014 VL - 46 IS - 3 SP - 153 EP - 164 PB - Ernst & Sohn GmbH CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-58208 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lengas, Nikolaos A1 - Müller, Karsten A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva A1 - Neitsch, Marcel A1 - Johann, Sergej A1 - Zehn, M. W. T1 - FEA of the mechanical response of installed impact target foundations in drop tests of dangerous goods packagings N2 - Packagings for the transport of dangerous goods need to meet special requirements to get an approval. This includes free fall drop testing onto an essentially unyielding surface as a means to assess a package’s resistance to mechanical damage. A main requirement for drop tests is that the impact target’s mass shall be at least 50 times that of the heaviest package to be tested. Nevertheless, many manufacturers do not possess foundation structures with the required mass ratio. Previous evidence highlights that the mass ratio is not a decisive criterion on its own. Parameters such as the impact target foundation’s connection and the impulse experienced by the impacting object are essential as well. However, these factors are not easily verifiable since experimental measurements are not possible at most facilities. The objective of this work is to provide a detailed analysis on the interaction between impact target foundation and subgrade in dynamic impact testing using validated finite-element (FE) models. This research is highly beneficial for industrial application since it allows manufacturers to make informed predictions about the mechanical response of installed impact target foundations. T2 - FEMS EUROMAT 2023 CY - Frankfurt a. M., Germany DA - 03.09.2012 KW - Dangerous goods packagings KW - Drop test KW - Foundation KW - Structural dynamics PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58213 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Epple, Niklas T1 - Coda Measurements for monitoring infrastructure durability N2 - Presentation about the advancements in the DFG Research unit CoDA, with focus on Coda Wave Monitoring of Infrastructure. With some case studies, possibilities and challenges are discussed on the way towards infrastructural monitoring with CWI. T2 - PhD-Seminar Department 8.2 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 07.09.2023 KW - CWI KW - Embedded Sensors KW - Ultrasound KW - Bridge Monitoring PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58196 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Grobert, Steffen A1 - Krentel, Daniel T1 - Primäres Explosionstrauma im militärischen Kontext - Herausforderungen für den Arbeitsschutz N2 - Im Rahmen dieses Vortrags wurden aktuelle Arbeiten der BAM im Rahmen der Forschungszusammenarbeit mit dem Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Berlin zum primären Explosionstrauma vorgestellt. Den Schwerpunkt des Vortrags bildeten die Auswirkungen der kumulierten Belastung durch "low-level blast" auf das Gehirn von Einsatzkräften und Rückschlüsse für den Arbeitsschutz und die Arbeitsmedizin. T2 - Fortbildung der Aufsichtspersonen der öffentlich-rechtlichen Aufsichten der Bundeswehr CY - Mannheim, Germany DA - 04.12.2023 KW - Blast KW - Primäres Explosionstrauma KW - Einsatzkräfte KW - mTBI KW - Arbeitsschutz PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-59181 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sunder, S. T1 - Microstructure analysis and mechanical characterization of flame-retardant epoxy resins transferred to glass fiber composites via prepregs N2 - The transfer of flame-retardant epoxy resin formulations to composites for structural and lightweight applications in the energy and transport sector can be complex and requires systematic investigation. Here, uncoated and silane-coated ammonium polyphosphate (APP, Si-APP) intumescent compounds are transferred to prepregs using a Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (DGEBA) resin matrix to 0/90o bidirectional glass fibers with an aerial weight of 600 g/m2. Inorganic silicates (InSi) are added to improve the fire residues of the composites after combustion and the total amount of flame retardants in the resin formulations was 10% by weight. The prepregs' fiber volume content (FVC) is corroborated using in-process measurements and thermogravimetric analysis. This was found to be approximately 60% for the composites containing APP, which is ideal for load-bearing applications with high mechanical strength. However, the Si-APP containing prepregs showed an inconsistent FVC potentially due to interactions with the commercial sizing of the glass fibers. The composites subsequently prepared are analysed for potential filtration effects of the additives via SEM after immobilization in a cured resin and platinum sputtering. The inter-laminar shear strength and the mechanical strength of the composites are compared via three-point bending tests. Additionally, the fire performance of the composites is analysed using cone calorimetry. It was found there was minimal impact of the loading of the flame retardants on the delamination of the composites and the flexural strength. However, the high density of the glass fibers possibly results in a suppression of the mode of action of the flame retardants in the composites. Therefore, the fire residues of the composites are further compared using SEM, and the flame-retardant modes of action upon transfer are investigated. T2 - FEMS EUROMAT 23 CY - Frankfurt am Main, Germany DA - 03.09.2023 KW - Lightweight construction KW - Flame retardancy KW - Composites PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-59136 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sunder, S. T1 - Adapting intumescent/low-melting glass flame-retardant formulations for transfer to glass-fiber-reinforced composites and post-fire mechanical analysis N2 - The residual post-fire mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced epoxy composites are influenced by their fire residues after burning. This study uses intumescent/low-melting glass flame retardants to tailor fire residues in epoxy resin. Processibility of prepregs and their quality are analysed for transfer of the flame-retardant epoxy resins to layered glass-fiber reinforced composites. Minimal effects were found on the pre-fire flexural strengths of the composites due to low loading of the flame retardants. However, when transferred to glass-fiber reinforced composites, the fire residues diminish significantly. Further studies are required to improve theoretical and experimental estimations of the post-fire mechanics of the composites. T2 - SAMPE Europe Conference 2023 CY - Madrid, Spain DA - 03.10.2023 KW - Composites KW - Flame retardancy KW - Lightweight KW - Post fire mechanics KW - Intumescent PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-59137 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sunder, S. A1 - Jauregui Rozo, Maria A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Ruckdäschel, H. T1 - Adapting intumescent/low-melting glass flame-retardant formulations for transfer to glass-fiber-reinforced composites and post-fire mechanical analysis N2 - The residual post-fire mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced epoxy composites are influenced by their fire residues after burning. This study uses intumescent/low-melting glass flame retardants to tailor fire residues in epoxy resin. Processibility of prepregs and their quality are analysed for transfer of the flame-retardant epoxy resins to layered glass-fiber reinforced composites. Minimal effects were found on the pre-fire flexural strengths of the composites due to low loading of the flame retardants. However, when transferred to glass-fiber reinforced composites, the fire residues diminish significantly. Further studies are required to improve theoretical and experimental estimations of the post-fire mechanics of the composites. T2 - SAMPE Europe Conference 2023 CY - Madrid, Spain DA - 03.10.2023 KW - Fire residue KW - Prepregs KW - Mechanics KW - Lightweight materials KW - Composites KW - Flame retardancy PY - 2023 SP - 1 EP - 7 AN - OPUS4-59138 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Martin T1 - Selbstentzündungsverhalten von Holz- und Biokohlen Gefahrguteinstufung sicher? N2 - Mit der Abkehr von der Nutzung fossiler Rohstoffe rücken regenerative Energieträger immer weiter in den Focus. Neben klassischen Holzkohlen werden verstärkt so genannte Biokohlen produziert. Dieser Begriff findet Verwendung für mit Hilfe verschiedener Verfahren karbonisierte pflanzliche, tierische oder mikrobielle Ausgangsstoffe. Diese Kohlen werden zum Teil über weite Strecken zum Bestimmungsort transportiert (Überseetransporte) oder vor Verwendung für längere Zeit gelagert. Häufig zeigen diese Kohlen ein kritisches Selbstentzündungsverhalten, wobei Einstufungstests (UN N.4 Test) versagen können. Ein negatives Testergebnis des UN N.4 Tests führte dabei in der Vergangenheit zur Nichteinstufung als selbsterhitzungsfähiger Stoff; in der Praxis entzündeten sich aber bereits vergleichsweise kleine Schüttungen (einige m³), z. B. beim Seetransport in Containern. Der Artikel geht auf dieses Problem ein, stellt Prüfverfahren vor und gibt Empfehlungen für sicheren Transport und Lagerung. T2 - VDI Fachtagung "Sichere Handhabung brennbarer Stäube CY - Nürnberg, Germany DA - 25.10.2023 KW - Biokohle KW - Selbstentzündung KW - Gefahrguteinstufung PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-59597 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schmidt, Martin T1 - Selbstentzündungsverhalten von Biokohlen - Gefahrguteinstufung immer sicher? N2 - Mit der Abkehr von der Nutzung fossiler Rohstoffe rücken regenerative Energieträger immer weiter in den Focus. Neben klassischen Holzkohlen werden verstärkt so genannte Biokohlen produziert. Dieser Begriff findet Verwendung für mit Hilfe verschiedener Verfahren karbonisierte pflanzliche, tierische oder mikrobielle Ausgangsstoffe. Diese Kohlen werden zum Teil über weite Strecken zum Bestimmungsort transportiert (Überseetransporte) oder vor Verwendung für längere Zeit gelagert. Häufig zeigen diese Kohlen ein kritisches Selbstentzündungsverhalten, wobei Einstufungstests (UN N.4 Test) versagen können. Ein negatives Testergebnis des UN N.4 Tests führte dabei in der Vergangenheit zur Nichteinstufung als selbsterhitzungsfähiger Stoff; in der Praxis entzündeten sich aber bereits vergleichsweise kleine Schüttungen (einige m³), z. B. beim Seetransport in Containern. Der Artikel geht auf dieses Problem ein, stellt Prüfverfahren vor und gibt Empfehlungen für sicheren Transport und Lagerung. KW - Biokohlen KW - Selbstentzündung KW - Gefahrguteinstufung PY - 2023 SN - 978-3-18-092424-3 SN - 978-3-18-092424-9 SN - 0083-5560 SP - 143 EP - 153 PB - VDI Verlag GmbH CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-59598 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Ballio, F. A1 - Chatzi, E. A1 - Cigada, A. A1 - Darò, P. A1 - Elfgren, L. A1 - Gentile, C. A1 - Górski, M. A1 - Küttenbaum, Stefan A1 - Limongelli, M. P. A1 - Mancini, G. A1 - Oliveira, S. A1 - Rasol, M. A1 - Schmidt, F. A1 - Shan, J. A1 - Sousa, H. A1 - Torrent, R. A1 - Ueda, T. A1 - Verstrynge, E. T1 - Chapter 6: Case studies N2 - This chapter contains a selection of case studies that show the implementation of the methods and tools that have been described in the previous chaprters of fib Bulletin 109 on actual large-scale structures. KW - Structural engineering KW - Structural Health Monitoring KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Static and dynamic reassessment KW - Existing structures PY - 2023 SN - 978-2-88394-172-4 DO - https://doi.org/10.35789/fib.BULL.0109.Ch06 SN - 1562-3610 VL - fib Bulletin 109 SP - 104 EP - 126 PB - Fédération internationale du béton (fib) CY - Lausanne AN - OPUS4-59341 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Seeber, Henrik T1 - Experimental Setup for the Reproducible Generation of Pressure Waves in Free Field Conditions N2 - The injuries caused by the primary blast are still poorly understood, especially in the torso region. To generate sufficiently large data sets, shock tubes are often used. However, these have some limitations, such as blockage, use of the exit jet, widening cross-sections, and scaling problems with respect to compressive strength and test objects. Therefore, it is appropriate to conduct experiments under free-field conditions, but tests with real explosives are often associated with long preparation and setup times as well as high safety requirements. Therefore, this paper presents an experimental setup for the reproducible generation of blast waves under free-field conditions. This experimental setup aims to provide a test environment for a sufficiently large specimen to investigate the behaviour of the shock wave within the specimen, especially at the media interfaces. As an example of application, the influence of the primary explosive effect on protective equipment or on tissue simulants for the investigation of blast injuries can be mentioned. An autoclave is used as a shock wave generator. It has a volume of 0.065 m3 and is filled with a stoichiometric acetylene-oxygen gas mixture. The setup and turnaround time is approximately 30 minutes. The following factors have been selected as target variables for the optimization of the shock wave generator: reproducibility of the pressure wave, use-case-relevant positive phase duration and peak overpressure, a pressure curve characteristic corresponding to that of a military explosive under undisturbed free field conditions, and short setup times of the experimental setup. For this purpose, the experimental setup is presented in this paper. Several series of measurements are presented, showing the characteristics of the generated pressure wave. For the generated pressure wave, the classical pressure curve characteristics can be clearly recognized. A peak pressure of 92 kPa is reached at a distance of 1 m from the opening, and the first positive pressure phase lasts 1.17 ms. Furthermore, the pressure wave propagates in a hemispherical shape. The typical characteristics of the blast wave generated by the SWG have been demonstrated using the military explosive PETN. It is shown that the actual load case corresponds to about 70 g of PETN. T2 - 26th International Symposium on Military Aspects of Blast and Shock CY - Wollongong, Australia DA - 03.12.2023 KW - Shock wave generator KW - Blast injury KW - Pressure wave KW - Experimental setup PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-59356 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Seeber, Henrik ED - Krentel, Daniel ED - Grasse, Dennis ED - Gerbeit, Marco ED - Grobert, Steffen ED - Hauer, Thorsten T1 - Experimental Setup for the Reproducible Generation of Pressure Waves in Free Field Conditions N2 - The injuries caused by the primary blast are still poorly understood, especially in the torso region. To generate sufficiently large data sets, shock tubes are often used. However, these have some limitations, such as blockage, use of the exit jet, widening cross-sections, and scaling problems with respect to compressive strength and test objects. Therefore, it is appropriate to conduct experiments under free-field conditions, but tests with real explosives are often associated with long preparation and setup times as well as high safety requirements. Therefore, this paper presents an experimental setup for the reproducible generation of blast waves under free-field conditions. This experimental setup aims to provide a test environment for a sufficiently large specimen to investigate the behaviour of the shock wave within the specimen, especially at the media interfaces. As an example of application, the influence of the primary explosive effect on protective equipment or on tissue simulants for the investigation of blast injuries can be mentioned. An autoclave is used as a shock wave generator. It has a volume of 0.065 m3 and is filled with a stoichiometric acetylene-oxygen gas mixture. The setup and turnaround time is approximately 30 minutes. The following factors have been selected as target variables for the optimization of the shock wave generator: reproducibility of the pressure wave, use-case-relevant positive phase duration and peak overpressure, a pressure curve characteristic corresponding to that of a military explosive under undisturbed free field conditions, and short setup times of the experimental setup. For this purpose, the experimental setup is presented in this paper. Several series of measurements are presented, showing the characteristics of the generated pressure wave. For the generated pressure wave, the classical pressure curve characteristics can be clearly recognized. A peak pressure of 92 kPa is reached at a distance of 1 m from the opening, and the first positive pressure phase lasts 1.17 ms. Furthermore, the pressure wave propagates in a hemispherical shape. The typical characteristics of the blast wave generated by the SWG have been demonstrated using the military explosive PETN. It is shown that the actual load case corresponds to about 70 g of PETN. T2 - 26th International Symposium on Military Aspects of Blast and Shock CY - Wolongong, Australia DA - 03.12.2023 KW - Shock wave generator KW - Blast injury KW - Pressure wave KW - Experimental setup PY - 2023 SP - 1 EP - 13 AN - OPUS4-59357 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gottinger, A. A1 - Ladu, Luana A1 - Blind, K. T1 - Standardization in the context of science and regulation: An analysis of the Bioeconomy N2 - Standards play a crucial role in the transition to more sustainable production and consumption models by promoting the development of new markets for innovative products. In the case of the bioeconomy, standards are particularly relevant to ensure the sustainability of products and processes. Hence, standards represent an essential strategic tool to foster sustainable development. Furthermore, the standard-setting process brings together different stakeholders, which encourages research and the transfer of knowledge to industrial practice. In particular, scientific publications assist the standardisation process by providing scientific evidence. This study investigates the role of science and regulation in the bioeconomy standardisation process. It first provides a general analysis of bioeconomy-related standards, followed by an analysis of the regulations and publications referenced in the standards. Our analysis discloses a strong use of scientific knowledge in the bioeconomy standardisation process and demonstrates the readiness to integrate novel academic findings into revised versions of the standards. In addition, it reveals that the interaction between science and regulation is an important driver for standardisation activities around the bioeconomy, needed to support sustainable transitions. KW - Bioeconomy KW - Standardisation KW - Knowledge Use KW - Socio-technical Transition PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-599899 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2023.06.013 VL - 147 SP - 188 EP - 200 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-59989 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -