TY - JOUR A1 - Turski Silva Diniz, Analice A1 - Marti, J. M. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - High Heat Resistance Can Be Deceiving: Dripping Behavior of Polyamide 4.6 in Fire JF - Macromolecular Mater and Engineering N2 - Polyamide 4.6 (PA46) is a high-heat-resistant polymer, but it has no dripping resistance under fire. Three commercial grades of PA46 are investigated under UL 94 vertical fire test conditions. Their performances are discussed based on the materials’ structural, thermal, and rheological properties. PA46 presents flaming drops, whereas dripping is prevented in the flame-retarded PA46. Friction-modified PA46 has increased flaming dripping. Temperature profiles of the specimens under fire and the temperature of the drops are measured by thermocouples. A UL 94 vertical test configuration consisting of two flame applications is designed to assess the quantitative dripping behavior of the set of materials by the particle finite element method (PFEM). Polymer properties (activation energy and Arrhenius coefficient of decomposition, char yield, density, effective heat of combustion, heat of decomposition, specific heat capacity, and thermal conductivity) in addition to rheological responses in high temperatures are estimated and measured as input parameters for the simulations. The dripping behavior obtained by simulated materials corresponds with the experimental results in terms of time and drop size. A consistent picture of the interplay of the different phenomena controlling dripping under fire appears to deliver a better understanding of the role of different materials’ properties KW - Dripping KW - UL 94 KW - PFEM KW - High heat resistance KW - Polyamide 4.6 KW - Flammability PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-586015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.202300091 SN - 1439-2054 SN - 1438-7492 VL - 308 IS - 10 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Wiley-VCH AN - OPUS4-58601 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sunder, S. A1 - Jauregui Rozo, Maria A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Ruckdäschel, H. T1 - Adapting intumescent/low-melting glass flame-retardant formulations for transfer to glass-fiber-reinforced composites and post-fire mechanical analysis T2 - SAMPE Technical Papers (SAMPE Europe Conference 2023 Madrid - Spain) N2 - The residual post-fire mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced epoxy composites are influenced by their fire residues after burning. This study uses intumescent/low-melting glass flame retardants to tailor fire residues in epoxy resin. Processibility of prepregs and their quality are analysed for transfer of the flame-retardant epoxy resins to layered glass-fiber reinforced composites. Minimal effects were found on the pre-fire flexural strengths of the composites due to low loading of the flame retardants. However, when transferred to glass-fiber reinforced composites, the fire residues diminish significantly. Further studies are required to improve theoretical and experimental estimations of the post-fire mechanics of the composites. T2 - SAMPE Europe Conference 2023 CY - Madrid, Spain DA - 03.10.2023 KW - Fire residue KW - Prepregs KW - Mechanics KW - Lightweight materials KW - Composites KW - Flame retardancy PY - 2023 SP - 1 EP - 7 AN - OPUS4-59138 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Hupp, Vitus A1 - Flothmeier, K. A1 - Hartwig, A. T1 - Flammschutz trifft geklebte Verbindungen N2 - Produkte, Bauteile und Konstruktionen im Transport- und Bauwesen bestehen mehr und mehr aus Klebverbunden. Allein die Menge des verwendeten Klebstoffes oder die Anzahl geklebter Verbindungen schließen für eine verlässliche Betrachtung und Bewertung der Brandrisiken aus, deren Beitrag zur Brandentstehung, Flammenausbreitung oder Feuerwiderstand von Baugruppen und Konstruktionen zu vernachlässigen. Anforderungen an die Leistungsbeschreibungen von flammgeschützten Klebstoffen bzw. Haftklebebändern werden definiert, oft ohne ein ausreichendes Verständnis der Beiträge von Klebverbunden zum Brandverhalten der Bauteile zu haben. Der Vortrag beleuchtet diese Problematik und stellt die verschiedenen komplexen Anforderungen aus dem Brandschutz in Hinblick auf Auswahlkriterien und Entwicklungsziele für flammgeschützte Klebstoffe dar. Dabei ist dieser Transfer des Brandverhaltens, sprich der Systemantwort einer Komponente oder Bauteils in einem spezifischen Brandszenario, in Materialeigenschaften des Klebstoffes eine intrinsische und anspruchsvolle Herausforderung. Im abgeschlossenen IGF-Projekt Nr. 20762 N (Forschungsvereinigung DECHEMA) haben wir für Klebebänder eine systematisch-wissenschaftliche Studie durchgeführt und aussagekräftige Erkenntnisse zu Verfügung gestellt. Die Untersuchungen zur Entflammbarkeit zu Brandbeginn, zur Flammenausbreitung (Wärmeentwicklung) im sich entwickelnden Brand und zum Feuerwiderstand im Vollbrand machen die sehr unterschiedlichen Einflüsse von Klebverbunden, d. h. auch die unterschiedlichen Anforderungen an die Modifikation der Klebebänder, deutlich. Die thermische Analyse verschiedener Klebstoffe zusammen mit den Brandtest freistehender Haftklebebänder, an einseitig geklebten Substraten und an Klebverbundprobekörpern skizzieren eindrucksvoll die komplexen Zusammenhänge zwischen Materialeigenschaften der Klebebänder und dem Brandverhalten von Klebverbunden. Der Vergleich von verschiedenen Substraten wie Stahlbleche, Holz, Mineralwolle und verschiedene Polymermaterialien belegt darüber hinaus, dass der Einfluss der Klebverbindungen auf das Brandverhalten der Klebverbunde substratspezifisch ist. Gerade der Vergleich zwischen Holz, Polymethylmethacrylat (PMMA) und Bisphenol A Polycarbonat (PC) liefert überraschend unterschiedliche Ergebnisse. Die Variation der Klebstoffe und Trägermaterialien der Klebebänder skizziert die verschiedenen Möglichkeiten für die Materialentwicklung. Abhängig vom Material und Brandszenario können Klebverbunde im Vergleich zu gleich dicken Probekörpern aus demselben Substrat sowohl eine deutliche Erhöhung der Brandrisiken, ein praktisch unverändertes Brandverhalten oder eine Reduktion des Brandrisikos hervorrufen. Grundsätzlich kann keine Lösung bzw. kein Tape gefunden werden, die mit allen Substraten einen guten Brandschutz gewährleistet. Substrate, Carrier und Klebstoff müssen nicht nur aufeinander abgestimmt werden, sondern auch auf das Brandszenario, in welchem der Verbund eine gute Performance liefern soll.Das IGF-Projekt (20762) der Forschungsgemeinschaft (DECHEMA Deutsche Gesellschaft für Chemische Technik und Biotechnologie e V, Theodor Heuss Allee 25, 60486 Frankfurt am Main) wurde durch die AiF im Rahmen des Programms „Förderung der Industriellen Gemeinschaftsforschung (IGF)” des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz aufgrund eines Beschlusses des Deutschen Bundestages gefördert. T2 - 23. Kolloquium Gemeinsame Forschung in der Klebtechnik CY - Frankfurt am Main, Germany DA - 28.02.2023 KW - Klebebänder KW - Entflammbarkeit KW - Brandverhalten KW - Feuerwiderstand KW - Flammschutz PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57073 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schartel, Bernhard ED - Hu, Y. ED - Wang, X. T1 - Influence of the Size and Dispersion State of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials on the Fire Safety of Polymers T2 - Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Fire-Safe Polymers N2 - Only the nano-scaled structure of the nanocomposite and the dispersion of nanoparticles within the polymer matrix harbor multifunctional potential including superior fire retardancy. Thus, this chapter focuses on the dispersion of nanoplates, based mainly on studies of layered silicates and graphene/graphene-related nanoplates. The nanostructure and properties of the nanocomposites are dependent mainly on thermodynamic and kinetic factors during preparation. Improving nano-dispersion often directly improves flame retardancy. Therefore, the modification of the nanoplates as well as the preparation of nanocomposites becomes very important to control this dispersion. The dispersion of nanoplates functions as a prerequisite for the formation of an efficient protective layer, changing the melt flow and dripping behavior, or the improvement of the char properties. KW - Nanocomposite KW - Flame retardancy KW - 2D nanoparticle KW - Exfoliation KW - Dispersion KW - Flammability PY - 2023 SN - 978-1-032-35268-8 SN - 978-1-032-35502-3 SN - 978-1-003-32715-8 DO - https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003327158-2 SP - 23 EP - 58 PB - CRC Press CY - Boca Raton AN - OPUS4-58290 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Flame Retardancy of Polymers - A Bunch of Thoughts N2 - Short overview is given of BAM's research within the topic "Flame Retardancy of Polymeric Materials". Fire science is identified as a crucial compentenc of BAM following our mission "Safety in Technology and Chemistry". In the area of polymers we work interdisciplinary, in the dimensions from nm to 2m, and we love to combine experiment and simulation. Multimethodical examples are given to describe the burning phenomena and flame-retardant modes of action. Further some examples are presented for tailored bench-scale fire testing and assessing concepts. Our goal is to provide the fundaments for a evidenced-based development of future materials. T2 - Klausurtagung Transregio 150 CY - Weinheim, Germany DA - 21.11.2023 KW - Flame retardants KW - Mode of action KW - Flame retardancy concepts KW - Flame inhibition KW - Protective layer KW - Charring KW - Dripping KW - Synergy PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58899 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Flame retardant biocomposites: Up-and-coming N2 - - biocomposite (=biopolymer/natural fibres) replacing technical polymers - renewable building blocks for flame retardants - exploiting waste streams for sustainable adjuvants and flame retardants - bio-vitrimers T2 - 1st Conference - Flame Retardancy for Composite Applications in the Transport Sector CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 10.05.2023 KW - Biocomposite KW - Flame retardant KW - Vitrimer KW - Renewable KW - Sustainable PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57511 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Sustainability Finding its Way into Flame Retardancy: Food for Thought between Fake Fiction and Future N2 - Main message: Sustainability, or in other words, exploiting environmental conservation for the economic welfare and prosperity for all, would revolutionise the plastics industry were it to become predominant practice as a linear, fossil-fuel–based economy is switched to a carbon circular economy. Food for though is given by dint of a critical overview of the current trends in sustainable flame-retardant polymeric materials. Introduction: Transforming the plastics industry into a carbon circular economy over the next 30 years requires an immediate revolution entailing the development of cutting-edge materials and the planning of future industrial production plants. Hence, the innovative field of flame-retardant polymeric materials should lend its strength to drive this challenge. Visionary solutions are proposed to inspire us, while the implementation of economically feasible concepts can take us forward into the future. Experimental The synthesis, processing, polymer analysis, thermal analysis, and investigation of fire behaviour from our own research are performed according to the state of the art, mostly in accordance with the pertinent ISO standards. Indeed, some of our equipment is part of the accredited lab; for the other methods we fulfil equivalent quality standards in terms of maintenance, calibration, participation in round robins, etc. Work steps such as the synthesis or preparation of new materials are usually outsourced or done with partners that have the relevant core competence. The talk also presents examples from other groups whose experimental is described in the corresponding scientific papers. Results and Discussion An overview of current trends towards producing sustainable, flame-retardant polymeric materials is presented, using examples from the literature and by sketching our own projects performed in recent years. The examples are structured along a common theme leading from the use of old and new natural materials with some intrinsic flame retardancy, via flame-retardant biopolymers and biocomposites, to using renewable sources for flame retardants with the objective of exploiting natural sources available as industrial waste streams. Natural flame retardants and adjuvants are highlighted, although the status of most may be assessed as merely motivating our vision. Nevertheless, there are natural material streams finding their way into polymer mass production as fillers, adjuvants, polymers, or renewable educt sources. Natural substances originating from industrial waste streams open the door to sustainable solutions, because they are often available at low cost and avoid competition for land with farming or virgin forests. Aside from this main topic, remarks will address the recycling of flame-retarded polymeric materials; vitrimers are mentioned as a potential material for recyclable thermosets. At the end of the day, only convincing property profiles will prevail both for exploiting renewable sources and circular design, including cost effectiveness, sufficient availability, consistent quality, processibility, mechanical properties, and flame retardancy. However, sustainability must not be merely tolerated as an additional demand, but should instead be recognized as a solution, because sustainability aspires to ensure our economic welfare now and in the future. Acknowledgement: The examples shown from own project were supported by funding grants: BMBF WTZ: 01DN16040, DFG Scha 730/19-1, VW-Stiftung: Experiment No: 97437, DFG Scha 730/20-1, BMBF KMU Innovativ 031B1289B. T2 - 19th European Meeting on Fire Retardant Polymeric Materials (FRPM23) CY - Dübendorf, Switzerland DA - 26.06.2023 KW - Renewable KW - Biocomposite KW - Sustainable KW - Circular economy KW - Natural PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57815 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Battig, Alexander A1 - Böhning, Martin A1 - Frasca, Daniele A1 - Schulze, Dietmar A1 - Strommer, Bettina A1 - Tabaka, Weronika A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker T1 - Small but Great – Multifunctional Graphene in Rubber Nanocomposites N2 - A few layer/multilayer graphene (MLG) with a specific surface area of BET ≥ 250 m2/g is proposed as an efficient multifunctional nanofiller for rubbers. The preparation method, i.e., ultrasonically-assisted solution or latex premixing of master batches followed by conventional two-roll milling, strongly influences the dispersion in the elastomeric matrix and is fundamental for the final properties. When homogenously dispersed, single stacks of only approximately 10 graphene sheets, with an aspect ratio of ca. 35, work at low loadings, enabling the replacement of large amounts of carbon black (CB), an increase in efficiency, and a reduction in filler load. The appropriate preparation yielded nanocomposites in which just 3 phr are sufficient to significantly improve the rheological, curing, gas barrier properties, electrical and thermal conductivity, as well as mechanical properties of different rubbers, as shown for chlorine-Isobutylene-Isoprene rubber (CIIR), nitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR), natural rubber (NR), and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR).[1-5] 3 phr of MLG tripled the Young’s modulus of CIIR, an effect equivalent to 20 phr of CB. The stronger interactions between MLG and NR or SBR also resulted in a reduction in the elongation at break by 20% and 50%, respectively, while the same parameter was hardly changed for CIIR/MLG and NBR/MLG. CIIR/MLG and NBR/MLG were stiffer but just as defomable than CIIR and NBR. The strong reinforcing effect of 3 phr MLG was confirmed by the increase of greater than 10 Shore A in hardness. MLG reduces gas permeability, increases thermal and electrical conductivities, and retards flammability. We investigated MLG also as a synergist for reducing the aluminium trihydrate loading in flame retardant hydrogenated acrylonitrile-butadiene (HNBR), polybutadiene chloroprene (BR/CR), and chlorosulfonated polyethylene rubber(CSM).[6-8] The higher the nanofiller concentration is, the greater the improvement in the properties. For instance, the permeability decreased by 30% at 3 phr of MLG, 50% at 5 phr and 60% at 10 phr, respectively. Moreover, the MLG nanocomposites improve stability of mechanical properties against the effects of weathering. In key experiments an increase in UV-absorption and a pronounced radical scavenging were proved as stabilizing mechanisms. In a nutshell, MLG is an efficient multifunctional nanofiller ready to be used for innovative rubber development. T2 - 34th PDDG Conference CY - Dubrovnik, Croatia DA - 11.06.2023 KW - Graphene KW - Nanocomposites KW - Reinforcement KW - Antioxydant KW - Flame retardant KW - Durability PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57693 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Flame retardancy features sustainability: Fake fiction, food for thought, or future N2 - • Renewable sources find their way into flame retardancy • Innovative solutions meet sustainability • Facing recycling and circular economy T2 - AMI Fire Retardants in Plastics CY - Philadelphia, PA, US DA - 26.04.2023 KW - Flame retardants KW - Sustainability KW - Resources from waste streams KW - Biocomposite KW - Vitrimers PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57415 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lenz, J. U. A1 - Pospiech, D. A1 - Komber, H. A1 - Korwitz, A. A1 - Kobsch, O. A1 - Paven, M. A1 - Albach, R. W. A1 - Günther, Martin A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Effective halogen-free flame-retardant additives for crosslinked rigid polyisocyanurate foams: Comparison of chemical structures JF - Materials N2 - The impact of phosphorus-containing flame retardants (FR) on rigid polyisocyanurate (PIR) foams is studied by systematic variation of the chemical structure of the FR, including non-NCO-reactive and NCO-reactive dibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepine 6-oxide (BPPO)- and 9,10 dihydro-9-oxa-10 phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)-containing compounds, among them a number of compounds not reported so far. These PIR foams are compared with PIR foams without FR and with standard FRs with respect to foam properties, thermal decomposition, and fire behavior. Although BPPO and DOPO differ by just one oxygen atom, the impact on the FR properties is very significant: when the FR is a filler or a dangling (dead) end in the PIR polymer network, DOPO is more effective than BPPO. When the FR is a subunit of a diol and it is fully incorporated in the PIR network, BPPO delivers superior results. KW - Flame retardant; KW - Dibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepine 6-oxide; BPPO KW - 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide; DOPO KW - Polyisocyanurate; PIR KW - Rigid foam KW - Cone calorimeter KW - Pudovik reaction PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-567712 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010172 SN - 1996-1944 VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 22 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-56771 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -