TY - CONF A1 - Gleim, Tobias T1 - Accident-Induced Battery and Hydrogen Fires: Challenges for the Safe Transport of Packages with Dangerous Goods N2 - The transport of radioactive material is subject to stringent safety requirements defined in the IAEA regulations SSR-6 [1]. These requirements, particularly the thermal and mechanical accident conditions of transport (ACT), are rooted in studies established in the 1960s and have remained largely unchanged, especially regarding thermal boundary conditions. For many decades, the type of propulsion technology used for transporting dangerous goods has remained unchanged. In recent years, however, alternative drive technologies have made their breakthrough and are becoming increasingly established on the market. Since then, the rapid adoption of battery-electric and hydrogen-powered vehicles in heavy-duty freight and dangerous goods transport is altering the conditions under which accidents may occur. This raises a central question: Are current regulatory tests, such as the 800°C and 30-minute thermal test, still sufficiently conservative for ACT involving vehicles with alternative propulsion technologies? Battery fires pose specific challenges due to the properties of lithium-ion cells and emerging chemistries such as NMC, LFP, and NCA/LTO. Their highly flammable electrolytes, potential for thermal runaway, release of toxic gases, and long-duration or reigniting fires differ markedly from conventional fuel fires. Such behavior questions whether existing thermal test specifications adequately reflect realistic accident conditions involving electric vehicles. Hydrogen-powered vehicles introduce additional hazards. Accidental releases can form explosive mixtures, and ignitions may produce intense jet fires or explosions with high radiative heat fluxes. Near a package, these events can create thermal loads and transient pressures not fully captured by current regulatory test envelopes. Beyond peak temperatures and exposure time, parameters emphasized in IAEA SSG-26 [2], such as emissivity, absorptivity, heat flux, and fuel energy density, are critical for determining net heat input and require assessment with respect to realistic scenarios. Addressing these gaps requires a research program focused on vehicle fire scenarios and their implications for the safety assessment of packages for radioactive material. This includes developing conservative accident scenarios for various battery chemistries and performing large-scale experiments with calorimetric reference packages and instrumented setups. Notably, there are currently no experimental investigations of accidents involving transport vehicles with alternative propulsion in which the dangerous goods - the package and its loading - have been the central focus rather than the vehicle itself. A necessary research project must aim to assess the relevance of the IAEA's existing transport testing requirements regarding these new risks and, if necessary, propose changes or supplementary measures. Its methods and datasets should also support assessments for other dangerous goods, ensuring that regulatory measures continue to provide robust protection in an evolving transport landscape. T2 - ASNR-BAM Workshop CY - Paris, France DA - 31.03.2026 KW - Fire Test Stand KW - Accident Scenario KW - IAEA Regu-lations KW - Fire Qualification PY - 2026 AN - OPUS4-65804 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gleim, Tobias T1 - Ai-Enhanced Documentation Analysis in Regulatory Safety Assessment of Transport Packages N2 - The transport of radioactive material requires regulatory approval based on the package type, as defined by the regulations of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). These approvals rely on comprehensive Package Design Safety Reports that evaluate mechanical, thermal, shielding, criticality and transport requirements, supported by specifications, inspections, certificates, drawings, and other technical documentations. Such safety reports contain numerous interconnected documents, and even minor changes, such as component modifications, updated material properties or revised regulations, may affect multiple sections. Although all reports follow the same regulatory framework, each package has unique design features, making every safety assessment distinct. Most documentation exists in digital form but remains largely non–machine-interpretable, limiting automated analysis of dependencies across documents. The extended synopsis argues that overcoming these limitations requires moving from simple digitization toward structured knowledge representation. A multi-stage approach begins with foundational AI technologies, including Large Language Models (LLMs) and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG), which improve information retrieval but cannot capture the full complexity of safety report interrelationships. Building Knowledge Graphs (KGs) offers the necessary next step by transforming heterogeneous, unstructured, and semi-structured documents into a connected, queryable network. KGs enable precise tracing and visualization of dependencies across datasheets, simulations, experimental results, standards, and regulatory requirements. Such structured representations would allow automatic detection of changes, propagation of effects across related documents and validation of conditions using AI-supported tools, reducing manual workload, and improving safety and consistency. Human error remains a significant factor in drafting and reviewing safety reports. A digital quality infrastructure could reduce the number of iterations and further streamline the overall process. Integrating AI into this workflow has the potential not only to optimize assessments but also to improve their robustness by increasing the interpretability of documentation and thereby enhancing overall safety. This preliminary study examines the readiness and requirements for intelligent documentation analysis systems that support regulatory compliance for transport package safety. By analysing current documentation workflows, it demonstrates how LLM-based tools can interpret complex safety reports and identify critical interdependencies, and why KG-based architectures are essential for managing these dependencies reliably. T2 - International Conference on the Safe and Secure Transport of Nuclear and Radioactive Material CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 23.03.2026 KW - AI KW - RAG KW - LLM KW - Knowledge Graph PY - 2026 AN - OPUS4-65809 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gleim, Tobias T1 - AI-Enhanced Documentation Analysis in Regulatory Safety Assessment of Dangerous Goods Packages N2 - The transport of radioactive material requires regulatory approval based on the package type, as defined by the regulations of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). These approvals rely on comprehensive Package Design Safety Reports that evaluate mechanical, thermal, shielding, criticality and transport requirements, supported by specifications, inspections, certificates, drawings, and other technical documentations. Such safety reports contain numerous interconnected documents, and even minor changes, such as component modifications, updated material properties or revised regulations, may affect multiple sections. Although all reports follow the same regulatory framework, each package has unique design features, making every safety assessment distinct. Most documentation exists in digital form but remains largely non–machine-interpretable, limiting automated analysis of dependencies across documents. The extended synopsis argues that overcoming these limitations requires moving from simple digitization toward structured knowledge representation. A multi-stage approach begins with foundational AI technologies, including Large Language Models (LLMs) and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG), which improve information retrieval but cannot capture the full complexity of safety report interrelationships. Building Knowledge Graphs (KGs) offers the necessary next step by transforming heterogeneous, unstructured, and semi-structured documents into a connected, queryable network. KGs enable precise tracing and visualization of dependencies across datasheets, simulations, experimental results, standards, and regulatory requirements. Such structured representations would allow automatic detection of changes, propagation of effects across related documents and validation of conditions using AI-supported tools, reducing manual workload, and improving safety and consistency. Human error remains a significant factor in drafting and reviewing safety reports. A digital quality infrastructure could reduce the number of iterations and further streamline the overall process. Integrating AI into this workflow has the potential not only to optimize assessments but also to improve their robustness by increasing the interpretability of documentation and thereby enhancing overall safety. This preliminary study examines the readiness and requirements for intelligent documentation analysis systems that support regulatory compliance for transport package safety. By analysing current documentation workflows, it demonstrates how LLM-based tools can interpret complex safety reports and identify critical interdependencies, and why KG-based architectures are essential for managing these dependencies reliably. T2 - ASNR-BAM Workshop CY - Paris, France DA - 31.03.2026 KW - AI KW - RAG KW - LLM KW - Knowledge Graph PY - 2026 AN - OPUS4-65802 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Morcillo, Dalia A1 - Winckelmann, Alexander A1 - Oelze, Marcus A1 - Leonhardt, Robert A1 - Schmidt, Anita A1 - Richter, Silke A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian A1 - Vogl, Jochen A1 - Panne, Ulrich A1 - Abad Andrade, Carlos Enrique T1 - Exploring Age-Induced Lithium Isotope Fractionation in Lithium-Ion Batteries using Microwave-Induced Cold Nitrogen Plasma Mass Spectrometry N2 - This study explores Microwave-Inductively Coupled Atmospheric-pressure Plasma Mass Spectrometry (MICAP-MS) as a cost-effective alternative to Multi-Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) for analyzing lithium isotopic composition in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). We investigate the performance of MICAP-MS in measuring Li isotope ratios in new and aged commercial lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) batteries. Our results show that MICAP-MS, operating under cold plasma conditions at 800 W with an 8 mm torch position, achieves results metrologically compatible with MC-ICP-MS, with a precision ranging from 0.6‰ to 3.4‰ for δ7Li values. MICAP-MS benefits from a dielectric resonator for uniform plasma, better ion velocity control, and higher energy efficiency. Optimal settings were identified with dwell times of 10 ms for 6Li and 1 ms for 7Li. The study of LIBs revealed that 6Li migrates towards the anode over multiple charge–discharge cycles, causing 7Li to accumulate in the cathode, a fractionation effect that becomes more pronounced with prolonged cycling. MICAP-MS provides a cost-effective, precise alternative to MC-ICP-MS, with lower operational costs and enhanced portability, advancing the study of isotopic fractionation and aging in lithium-ion batteries. KW - MICAP-MS KW - Lithium KW - Battery aging KW - Lithium isotopes KW - Nitrogen plasma KW - Isotope fractionation KW - lithium cobalt oxide KW - LCO PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-643777 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ja00324a SN - 0267-9477 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) AN - OPUS4-64377 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Morcillo, Dalia T1 - High-resolution absorption isotopic spectrometry as a tool for aging studies of Li-ion batteries N2 - Lithium (Li) is the key element in the manufacturing of batteries. Isotopic study of Li may help to identify the causes of battery aging due to isotopic fractionation during charge/discharge cycles. Isotopic ratio determination is based on monitoring the isotopic components of lithium by their spin-orbit coupling and its isotopic shift of about 15 pm for the 22P←22S electronic transition around 670.788 nm. In this work, we propose improvements to our previous work [1] by using a higher-resolution double echelle modular spectrometer (HR-DEMON II) coupled to a continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer (HR-CS-GF-AAS) for the isotopic analysis of Li. The data analysis was carried out by using a decision-tree-based ensemble machine learning (ML) algorithm (XGBoost). A set of samples with 6Li isotope amount fractions ranging from 0.0004 to 0.99 mol mol-1 was used for the algorithm's training. Subsequently, the procedure was validated by a set of stock chemicals (Li2CO3, LiNO3, LiCl, and LiOH) and a BAM candidate reference material, a cathode material (NMC111). Finally, the ML model was applied to determine the isotope ratio of geological samples, including anorthosite, granite, soil, rhyolite, nepheline syenite, and basalt and battery samples. These samples were measured as digested without any further purification step. Improvements in the optical resolution resolve the lithium isotopic components of the atomic spectra. In the studied geological samples, were found δ7Li values between -0.5 and 4.5 ‰ with a precision range of 1 to 2 ‰. In addition, the proposed method was validated with multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS), and these results are comparable and compatible. T2 - Caltech-BAM Meeting CY - Online meeting DA - 10.08.2022 KW - Lithium isotope KW - Machine learning KW - Battery KW - High-resolution absorption isotopic spectrometry PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56380 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sander, Luise T1 - Multi-Scale Analysis of Commercially Available Sodium-Ion Cells N2 - As the first commercial sodium-ion-batteries (SIBs) are available for purchase, it is possible to investigate material composition. Gaining an insight into the material composition of these SIBs is of interest not only for the classification of possible safety risks and hazards, but also in regards to recycling. Herein we report the preliminary investigations of the chemical and structural composition of first commercial SIB-cells. Two different SIB-cells with different specification were compared regarding electrode size, thickness and further parameters. Furthermore, the composition of the active materials and electrolyte was investigated and compared. T2 - Solid State Ionics (SSI) CY - London, United Kingdom DA - 15.07.2024 KW - Sodium Ion-Cells KW - Multi-Scale PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60764 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sander, Luise A1 - Liu, Bowen A1 - Kendrick, Emma T1 - Direct recycling of Nickel-Manganese-Iron Copper-Oxide cathode material of commercial SIBs via solid state resodiation N2 - The increasing demand for alkali-metal batteries, lithium and sodium, highlights the importance of recycling approaches. For batteries which encompass low-value components such as cobalt-free and sodium-ion, a requirement for low-cost and low-energy processes for recovery and reuse. In this respect, direct recycling, is preferred where the functional structure of active materials is preserved. In this study, a direct recycling route for sodium nickel-iron-manganese-copper oxide cathode material for sodium-ion batteries was investigated and preliminary results reveal the challenges in this direct recycling approach. Commercial sodium-ion battery cells were safely disassembled in a Glovebox and the positive electrode material was extracted via ice stripping. The recovered electrode material was structurally and compositionally characterised using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and inductive coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) to assess morphology, crystallinity, and elemental stoichiometry. T2 - Direct Recycling Conference CY - Würzburg, Germany DA - 02.01.2026 KW - Battery KW - Electrochemical Energy Storage KW - Energy Storage KW - Sodium-Ion-Battery PY - 2026 AN - OPUS4-65835 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Cornelio, Andrea T1 - NASICON Electrolytes for Room-Temperature Sodium Batteries N2 - Solid electrolytes (SE) allow to employ alkali-metal negative electrodes (NE) in new cell concepts, increasing energy density and safety of batteries for stationary and portable applications. The aim of this research is to develop a novel NASICON (NA Super Ionic CONductor) electrolyte for room-temperature (RT) sodium-sulfur (Na-S) cells employing a liquid sodium-potassium (Na-K) alloy at the SE/NE interface. The Na-K alloy can improve the interfacial contact between the sodium-metal NE and the SE. T2 - Einweihung Berlin Battery Lab (BBL) CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 19.03.2026 KW - NASICON KW - Solid Electrolytes KW - Interface KW - Characterization KW - Na batteries KW - Electrochemisty KW - BBL PY - 2026 AN - OPUS4-65834 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -