TY - JOUR A1 - Nanaki, E. A. A1 - Koroneos, C. J. A1 - Roset, J. A1 - Susca, Tiziana A1 - Christensen, T. H. A1 - De Gregorio Hurtado, S. A1 - Rybka, A. A1 - Kopitovic, J. A1 - Heindrich, O. A1 - Amparo Lopez-Jimenez, P. T1 - Environmental assessment of 9 European public bus transportation systems N2 - The transportation sector is one of the largest sources of EU’s greenhouse gas emissions. In 2011, trans-portation represented approximately 25 percent of total EU’s greenhouse gas emissions. Urban mobilityaccounts for 40 % of all CO2emissions of road transport and up to 70 % of other pollutants from transport.As, transportation and mobility play a crucial part both in urban economics and the quality of life, it is ofgreat significance to ensure a low carbon transportation sector, so as to deal with the threat that climatechange poses to urban areas. This study examines the factors that affect the production of carbon dioxide(CO2) as well as of air pollutants, in 9 major European cities, aiming to provide a comprehensive overviewof the actual knowledge on the atmospheric pollution from public transportation systems. CO2emissionsas well as air pollutants, such as CO, HC, PM, NOx are calculated for the diesel and CNG bus fleets of theEuropean cities under study. Finally the environmental benefits, in terms of CO2and CO, HC, PM, NOxemissions reductions, from the penetration of different biodiesel blends (from B10 to B100) to the busfleets are estimated. KW - Urban buses KW - Air pollution KW - Urban transport PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2016.08.025 SN - 2210-6707 VL - 28 SP - 42 EP - 52 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-38938 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sentker, Kathirn A1 - Yildirim, Arda T1 - Fabrication of organic nanowires by melt infiltration of a discotic liquid crystal: A combined X-ray diffraction and optical birefringence study N2 - Optical polarimetry and angle dependent X-ray scattering in employed to study the structure of a discotic liquid crystal confined into nanochannels. The pore size dependence of the obtauned data are discussed in detail. T2 - DPG Spring Meeting 2017 CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 20.03.2017 KW - Discotic Liquid Crystals KW - Nanoconfinement PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39591 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Jörg T1 - Femtosecond laser pulses for photovoltaic bottom-up strategies N2 - A bottom-up approach is presented for the production of arrays of indium islands on a molybdenum layer on glass using 30-fs laser pulses at 790 nm wavelength. The indium islands can serve as micro-sized precursors for indium compounds such as copper-indium-gallium-diselenide (CIGSe) used in photovoltaics. Molybdenum is the standard back contact material of CIGSe solar cells. Femtosecond laser ablation of glass and a subsequent deposition of a molybdenum film or direct laser processing of the molybdenum film both allow the preferential nucleation and growth of indium islands at the predefined locations in a following indium-based physical vapor deposition (PVD) process. A proper choice of laser and deposition parameters ensures the controlled growth of indium islands exclusively at the laser ablated spots. Based on a statistical analysis, these results are compared to the non-structured molybdenum surface, leading to randomly grown indium islands after PVD. T2 - 7th European Conference on Applications of Femtosecond Lasers in Materials Science (FemtoMat 2017) CY - Mauterndorf, Austria DA - 20.03.2017 KW - Femtosecond laser KW - Copper-indium-gallium-diselenide KW - CIGSe KW - Indium preferential nucleation KW - Photovoltaics PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39599 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst T1 - Vorversuche zur Ultraschallprüfung an Groutverbindungen N2 - Im rahmen des themenfeldprojektes LEBEWIND wurden Vorversuche zur Ultraschallprüfung von Groutverbindungen an Offshore-Windenergieanlagen gemacht. Die Experimente mit kommerzieller Prüftechnik in Echo und Transmission durch die Stahlwandung hindurch bestätigten, dass diese Bauweise so nicht prüfbar ist. T2 - Workshop "Grout in der Betriebsphase" CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 22.03.2017 KW - Windenergieanlagen KW - Grout KW - Ultraschall PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39541 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hicke, Konstantin A1 - Krebber, Katerina ED - Chung, Y. ED - Jin, W. ED - Lee, B. ED - Canning, J. ED - Nakamura, K. ED - Yuan, L. T1 - Towards efficient real-time submarine power cable monitoring using distributed fibre optic acoustic sensors N2 - Online condition monitoring of submarine power cables helps to avert failures and damages produced by mechanical impacts. We report, to our knowledge for the first time, on investigations regarding the feasibility of distributed fiber optic acoustic sensors based on C-OTDR, with the sensor fibres being embedded in the cable, to detect vibrations due to mechanical disturbances along the cable. We present first results of sensing experiments where acoustic signals are transmitted through water to simulate the corresponding submarine conditions. Furthermore, we show results evaluating the usefulness of fibre commonly embedded in existing power cable designs for our sensing purposes. T2 - 25th International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors CY - Jeju-City, Jeju, Republic of Korea DA - 24.04.2017 KW - Distributed acoustic sensing KW - Power cable monitoring KW - C-OTDR KW - Fibre optic sensors KW - DAS PY - 2017 SN - 978-1-5090-4850-2 DO - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2267474 SN - 0277-786X SN - 1996-756X VL - 10323 SP - 1032390-1 EP - 1032390-4 PB - SPIE CY - Bellingham, WA, USA AN - OPUS4-40088 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nofz, Marianne A1 - Dörfel, Ilona A1 - Sojref, Regine A1 - Wollschläger, Nicole A1 - Mosquera Feijoo, Maria A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - Microstructure, smoothening effect, and local defects of alumina sol-gel coatings on ground steel N2 - Porous alumina films with thicknesses of a few microns were prepared via a dip-coating technique on steel P92. The coating is shown to protect the steel against massive corrosion, which is typical in the hot reactive environment of coal fired power plants. To mimic real conditions ground steel plates were coated with a boehmite-sol. This leads to an overall smoothing of the formerly rough surface. In the following short annealing step the inner porous construction with worm-like particles consisting of nano-crystallites and amorphous alumina is formed. Due to the simultaneous diffusion of chromium and iron ions out of the bulk steel material into the porous alumina coating, a dense interface with satisfactory adhesion is formed. However, the film exhibits few local defects like cracks or dense alumina nodules caused by steep edges in the ground surface or agglomeration of boehmite-sol components, respectively. Cracks especially have to be avoided. This problem can be overcome so far by slight modifications in the sol preparation process and surface treatment of the substrates. Nevertheless the results demonstrate the potential of sol-gel based alumina coatings as a time- and cost-saving protection type for commercial steel P92. KW - Alumina coating KW - Steel protection KW - TEM PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-016-4188-8 SN - 0928-0707 VL - 81 IS - 1 SP - 185 EP - 194 PB - Springer CY - New York AN - OPUS4-40044 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krankenhagen, Rainer T1 - Standardization of NDT Methods and Operational Procedures - Active Thermography N2 - Starting with a general consideration of standards the different kinds and levels of standards are compiled. The procedure of initiating a standard is described. An overview about all existing standards for TT (Thermographic Testing) is given with a special focus on ASTM standards. T2 - Training Course: Non-destructive testing of fiber reinforced polymers CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 28.03.2017 KW - Standardization KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Thermographic testing PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40107 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hicke, Konstantin T1 - Towards efficient real-time submarine power cable monitoring using distributed fibre optic acoustic sensors N2 - We present experimental results investigating the applicability of distributed fibre optic acoustic sensing (DAS) for condition and threat monitoring in submarine power cables. T2 - 25th International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors CY - Jeju-City, Jeju, Republic of Korea DA - 24.04.2017 KW - Distributed fibre optic sensors KW - Distributed fibre optic acoustic sensing KW - Condition monitoring KW - C-OTDR KW - Power cable monitoring PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40078 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Völzke, Holger A1 - Wolff, Dietmar T1 - Update on the German approach of storing spent nuclear fuel in dual purpose casks until final disposal N2 - The German approach of storing spent nuclear fuel in dual purpose casks until final disposal is based on individually licensed storage sites concerning specific nuclear inventories and dual purpose cask types. The currently approved license period is maximum 40 years. With nuclear policy changes including the phase-out decision of 2011 and a new approach for the HLW repository siting process set up 2013 by law also the spent fuel and HLW management strategy has to be adapted. This includes the timely development of disposal container concepts as part of the overall repository siting process and the need for longer interim storage periods until final disposal. Other aspects affect new regulations about the financing of the nuclear waste management by the industry and the public sector, the restructuring of responsible authorities in 2016/2017 and the adaption of R&D funding programs addressing also pre-disposal (or extended interim storage) issues. BAM as a Federal Research Institute has been responsible for or in charge of container safety Evaluation for transport and storage casks for radioactive waste for several decades and started addressing potential Extended interim storage issues already several years ago. This included participation in international projects at the IAEA or in the U.S. Extended Storage Collaboration Program (ESCP) as well as long term laboratory tests with metal seals, elastomeric seals and polymers for neutron shielding purposes. Test results of BAM are published regularly and gained data provide valuable information about thermo-mechanical and radiological degradation effects as well as the long term Performance of respective cask components. Regarding the reliable extrapolation and prediction of the long term Performance of cask materials and components for time periods of up to 80 or even 100 years the continuation and extension of laboratory tests and the development of analytical and numerical simulation models and tools is essential and under way. T2 - 16th International High -Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference (IHLRWM 2017) CY - Charlotte, NC, USA DA - 09.04.2017 KW - Spent fuel KW - Storage KW - Cask KW - Safety KW - Disposal PY - 2017 SP - 189 EP - 194 AN - OPUS4-40411 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa A1 - Völzke, Holger A1 - Wolff, Dietmar A1 - Zencker, Uwe T1 - Cladding considerations at BAM regarding extended storage spent fuel N2 - With the clear expectation of the need for extending spent fuel storage in Germany beyond the initial license period of maximum 40 years additional material data and knowledge about the long term performance and integrity of casks and internals like fuel rods will be required to meet major safety goals and regulatory requirements. Based on a broad knowledge base about fuel cladding behavior, degradation mechanisms and related potential failure mechanisms, e. g. induced by reoriented Hydride precipitation, as illustrated in this paper, a specific gap analyses for the German situation regarding fuel conditions and cladding materials should identify the specific knowledge gaps to be addressed and closed in the near future. This is of specific interest as all spent fuel assemblies are going to be transferred to dry cask storage with the next decade and as a consequence of the German nuclear phase-out decision. Within several decades, BAM as a Federal materials research institute gathered a broad range of expertise in the safety evaluation of materials, components and casks under operational and accidental thermal and mechanical conditions. This paper elucidates selected Basic considerations regarding technical and scientific knowledge about the long term aging performance and potential failure mechanisms of fuel cladding materials. Under consideration of the national R&D funding policy which has been adapted to the extended interim storage or pre-disposal needs and the competences of BAM, its future R&D strategy is explained and some R&D objectives have already been identified. BAM will continue and expand ist engagement in the area of investigating fuel cladding material behavior in the long term and developing validated simulation and analyses tools in collaboration with national and international partners. R&D outcomes shall improve the knowledge-base to close identified knowledge gaps in the area of demonstrating fuel cladding integrity and to provide crucial information with regard to future safety assessments for the extended interim spent fuel storage. T2 - 16th International High -Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference (IHLRWM 2017) CY - Charlotte, NC, USA DA - 09.04.2017 KW - Spent fuel KW - Storage KW - Fuel cladding PY - 2017 SP - 718 EP - 725 AN - OPUS4-40412 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bresch, Sophie T1 - Druckunterstützte Sinterung von Calciumcobaltitfolien N2 - Calcium cobaltite Ca3Co4O9 is a promising p-type oxide thermoelectric material for applications between 600 °C and 900 °C in air. The properties and the morphology of Ca3Co4O9 are strongly anisotropic because of its layered crystal structure. By aligning the plate-like grains, the anisotropic properties can be assigned to the component. Hot-pressing of tablets is a well-known technology for grain alignment of Ca3Co4O9 and increases the thermoelectric properties in a/b-direction remarkably [1-3]. However, hot-pressing of tablets is limited by the tablet size. An interesting alternative for larger components is the pressure assisted sintering of panels from tape casted layers. Tape casting already leads to grain orientation during green body forming. By combining tape casting and pressure assisted sintering (50 kN maximum force) of Ca3Co4O9, high densities and high thermoelectric properties can be reached for large components up to 200 mm edge length. The morphology of Ca3Co4O9-grains can be designed by doping as well as by varying the powder synthesis conditions. For example Bi-doping increases the anisotropy of the grains, and reaction sintering of uncalcined powder leads to a fine grained microstructure and increases the electrical conductivity for pressure-less sintered specimens. Doped and undoped Ca3Co4O9 powders were successfully tape cast with the doctor blade technique. Several layers of tape were stacked and laminated to 7 cm x 7 cm panels. These panels were sintered in a LTCC sintering press with combined in-situ shrinkage measurement. Pressure-less sintered panels from undoped powder have a 2.5 times higher electrical conductivity at room temperature than dry-pressed test bars with randomly orientated particles. By applying a uniaxial pressure of 10 MPa during sintering, the electrical conductivity (σ25°C=15000 S/m) increases by the factor of 6 compared to the pressure-less sintered panels, which is in good accordance to the values reported in literature for conventional hot pressing [1, 3]. It is not possible to assign the increased anisotropy of Ca2.7Bi0.3Co4O9 to the pressure-assisted sintered panels, as Bi leads to an abnormal grain growth (up to 500 µm) with randomly oriented grains. This decreases the electrical conductivity (σ25°C=5000 S/m). Such an abnormal grain-growth is reported for Bi over-doped Ca3Co4O9 [4] but not because of hot-pressing. N2 - Calciumcobaltit ist eines der vielversprechendsten thermoelektrischen Oxide, welche zur direkten Wärmerückgewinnung genutzt werden können. Calciumcobaltit weist sowohl eine anisotrope Partikelform als auch anisotrope thermoelektrische Eigenschaften auf. Durch gezielte Ausrichtung der Partikel mittels Foliengießens und druckunterstützter Sinterung kann diese Anisotropie gezielt auf ein Bauteil übertragen werden. Die Partikelmorphologie kann durch Dotierung und Kalzinierung beeinflusst werden. Verschiedene Calciumcobaltitpulver wurden druckgesintert und das Gefüge sowie die thermoelektrischen Eigenschaften untersucht. Die Dotierung mit Bismut führte zu einer Verschlechterung der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit bei druckgesinterten Proben im Gegensatz zu undotierten Pulvern. T2 - Funktionsmaterialien - Lehrstuhlseminar CY - Bayreuth, Germany DA - 02.06.2017 KW - Thermoelectrics KW - Calcium cobaltite KW - Pressure assisted sintering KW - Druckunterstützte Sinterung KW - Calciumcobaltit KW - Thermoelektrika PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40467 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Andree, Stefan T1 - Production of precursors for micro-concentrator solar cells using femtosecond Laser-Induced Forward Transfer N2 - Indium is a constituent of copper-indium-gallium-diselenide (CIGSe), which is an excellent absorber material for highly-efficient thin film solar cells but a rare element. A micro-concentrator solar cell design can achieve indium saving along with increased solar cell conversion efficiency. In such a solar cell architecture the CIGSe material is arranged in micrometer sized islands in contrast to the deposition of a thin layer used in standard cells. In this paper, the production of spatially arranged precursor islands consisting mainly of indium using laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) is presented. The donor is a glass substrate (150 µm thick) coated with layers of copper (20-150 nm) and indium (200-1000 nm). The receiver is an 800 nm thick molybdenum film on glass intended as back contact for CIGSe solar cells. Islands of the donor material are successfully transferred via LIFT by employing 30-fs laser pulses with 800 nm wavelength and 60 µm focal spot diameter. The spacing between donor and receiver is fixed at 150 µm and the material transfer is performed by a single pulse for each precursor island. The transferred material is characterized by scanning electron and optical microscopy, profilometry and energy dispersive X-ray analyses. Matrices of copper-indium precursors can be transferred in a spatial arrangement adapted to the geometry of micro lens arrays needed for micro-concentrator solar cells. T2 - European Materials Research Society (EMRS) Spring Meeting 2017, Symposium X “New frontiers in laser interaction: from hard coatings to smart materials” CY - Strasbourg, France DA - 22.05.2017 KW - Copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGSe) KW - Indium KW - Laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) KW - Femtosecond laser KW - Micro-concentrator solar cell PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40433 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mitzscherling, Steffen T1 - Verbesserung und Qualifizierung der Ultraschallprüfung von Mischnähten im Primärkreis von KKW N2 - Die im Primärkreislauf von Kernkraftwerken anzutreffenden austenitischen Schweiß- und Mischnähte sind nicht nur extrem sicherheitsrelevant, sondern stellen auch sehr hohe Anforderungen an die Materialprüfung. Neben der eingeschränkten Zugänglichkeit ist das makroskopische Gefüge der Schweißnaht für die Prüfung mit Ultraschall von höchster Bedeutung. Um Materialfehler zuverlässig in Position und Größe bestimmen zu können, müssen die Kornorientierungen und die elastischen Konstanten des anisotropen Schweißnahtgefüges bekannt sein. Für die bildgebende Darstellung möglicher Materialfehler kommen folgende Arbeitsschritte zum Einsatz: Zunächst wird die Schweißnaht durchschallt, um mit einem inversen Verfahren wichtige Schweißnahtparameter wie beispielsweise die Kornorientierung bestimmen zu können. Auf der Basis dieser Parameter werden im nächsten Schritt die Schallwege mittels Raytracing (RT) simuliert. Zuletzt werden dieser RT-Simulation die Messdaten (A-Scans) von verschiedenen Sender- und Empfängerpositionen zugeordnet und nach der SAFT-Methode (Synthetic Aperature Focusing Technique) zeitaufgelöst überlagert. Die Kombination aus inversem Verfahren, RT und SAFT gewährleistet auch in anisotropen Werkstoffen eine ortsrichtige Visualisierung der Fehler. Wir erläutern diese drei Verfahren und stellen die Prüfanordnung von Prüfkörpern mit künstlichen Testfehlern vor. Messdaten sowie deren Auswertung werden mit den Ergebnissen einer CIVA-Simulation verglichen. T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2017 CY - Koblenz, Germany DA - 22.05.2017 KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung KW - Ultraschall KW - SAFT KW - Schweißnaht KW - Austenit PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40434 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wille, Frank A1 - Linnemann, Konrad A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor A1 - Rolle, Annette T1 - Assessment approaches of mechanical behavior of SNF under transport package test conditions N2 - German packages for the transport of spent nuclear fuel are assessed with respect to specific transport conditions which are defined in the safety regulations of the International Atomic Energy Agency. In general, gastight fuel rods constitute the first barrier of the containment system. The physical state of the spent fuel and the fuel rod cladding as well as the geometric configuration of the fuel assemblies are important inputs for the evaluation of the package safety under transport conditions. The objective of this paper is to discuss the methodologies accepted by German authority BAM for the evaluation of spent fuel behavior within the package design approval procedure. Specific test conditions will be analyzed with regard to assumptions to be used in the activity release and criticality safety analysis. In particular the different failure modes of the fuel rods, which can cause release of gas, volatiles, fuel particles or fragments, have to be properly considered in these assumptions. The package as a mechanical system is characterized by a complex set of interactions, e.g. between the fuel rods within the assembly as well as between the fuel assemblies, the basket, and the cask containment. This complexity together with the limited knowledge about the material properties and the variation of the fuel assemblies regarding cladding material, burn-up and the operation history makes an exact mechanical analysis of the fuel rods nearly impossible. The application of sophisticated numerical models requires extensive experimental data for model verification, which are in general not available. The gaps in information concerning the material properties of cladding and pellets, especially for the high burn-up fuel, make the analysis more complicated additionally, and require a conservative approach. In this context some practical approaches based on experiences by BAM within safety assessment of packages for transport of spent fuel will be discussed. Ongoing research activities to investigate SNF mechanical behavior in view of gas and fissile material release under transport loads are presented. T2 - International High-Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference, IHLRWM 2017 CY - Charlotte, NC, USA DA - 09.04.2017 KW - Brennelementverhalten KW - Spent fuel behavior KW - Hüllrohr KW - Kritikalität KW - Aktivitätsfreisetzung KW - Mechanisches Verhalten KW - Cladding KW - Criticality PY - 2017 SP - 472 EP - 475 AN - OPUS4-39898 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wille, Frank T1 - Assessment approaches of mechanical behavior of SNF under transport package test conditions N2 - German packages for the transport of spent nuclear fuel are assessed with respect to specific transport conditions which are defined in the safety regulations of the International Atomic Energy Agency. In general, gastight fuel rods constitute the first barrier of the containment system. The physical state of the spent fuel and the fuel rod cladding as well as the geometric configuration of the fuel assemblies are important inputs for the evaluation of the package safety under transport conditions. The objective of this paper is to discuss the methodologies accepted by German authority BAM for the evaluation of spent fuel behavior within the package design approval procedure. Specific test conditions will be analyzed with regard to assumptions to be used in the activity release and criticality safety analysis. In particular the different failure modes of the fuel rods, which can cause release of gas, volatiles, fuel particles or fragments, have to be properly considered in these assumptions. The package as a mechanical system is characterized by a complex set of interactions, e.g. between the fuel rods within the assembly as well as between the fuel assemblies, the basket, and the cask containment. This complexity together with the limited knowledge about the material properties and the variation of the fuel assemblies regarding cladding material, burn-up and the operation history makes an exact mechanical analysis of the fuel rods nearly impossible. The application of sophisticated numerical models requires extensive experimental data for model verification, which are in general not available. The gaps in information concerning the material properties of cladding and pellets, especially for the high burn-up fuel, make the analysis more complicated additionally, and require a conservative approach. In this context some practical approaches based on experiences by BAM within safety assessment of packages for transport of spent fuel will be discussed. Ongoing research activities to investigate SNF mechanical behavior in view of gas and fissile material release under transport loads are presented. T2 - International High-Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference, IHLRWM 2017 CY - Charlotte, NC, USA DA - 09.04.2017 KW - Spent fuel KW - Cladding failure KW - Criticality analysis KW - Encapsulation PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39908 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Dittrich, Matthias T1 - Legacy waste containers for low and intermediate level radioactive waste in Germany – current situation and challenges N2 - Low and intermediate level radioactive waste has been produced in Germany for several decades. While a part of the waste had been deposited in the Morleben repository and the Asse mine which have been operated for just a limited period of time, the major amount is conditioned and packaged in temporarily stored waste containers. Those containers are designated for final disposal in the KON-RAD repository being currently under construction and expected to start opera-tion in 2022. As a consequence, an assessment of the waste container documen-tation and safety is strongly needed to receive an approval for the Konrad reposi-tory. This requalification is challenging because those old containers have to meet the same safety requirements as new containers. T2 - Waste Management Symposia 2017 CY - Phoenix, USA DA - 05.03.2017 KW - Legacy waste container KW - Konrad PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39872 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Komann, Steffen T1 - German concept to ensure transportability of SNF packages after interim storage N2 - In Germany the concept of dry interim storage of spent fuel in dual purpose metal casks is implemented, currently for periods of up to 40 years. The casks being used have an approved transport package design in accordance with the international IAEA transport regulations as well. The storage of spent nuclear fuel and high-level waste in dual purpose casks (DPC) is related with the challenge of maintaining safety for transportation over several decades of storage. Besides consideration of aging mechanisms by appropriate design, material selection and operational controls to assure technical reliability by aging management measures, an essential issue is the continuous control and update of the DPC safety case. Not only the technical objects are subject of aging but also the safety demonstration basis is subject of “aging” due to possible changes of regulations, standards and scientific/technical knowledge. To ensure a safe transport in future to a destination which is not known yet (because of not yet existing repository sites) periodical reviews of the Package Design Safety Report (PDSR), in connection with periodic renewals of package design approval certificates, have to be carried out. T2 - International High-Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference, IHLRWM 2017 CY - Charlotte, NC, USA DA - 09.04.2017 KW - Dual purpose casks KW - Long time storage KW - Aging management KW - Approval certificate PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39916 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Komann, Steffen A1 - Wille, Frank A1 - Schönfelder, Thorsten T1 - German concept to ensure transportability of SNF packages after interim storage N2 - In Germany the concept of dry interim storage of spent fuel in dual purpose metal casks is implemented, currently for periods of up to 40 years. The casks being used have an approved transport package design in accordance with the international IAEA transport regulations as well. The storage of spent nuclear fuel and high-level waste in dual purpose casks (DPC) is related with the challenge of maintaining safety for transportation over several decades of storage. Besides consideration of aging mechanisms by appropriate design, material selection and operational controls to assure technical reliability by aging management measures, an essential issue is the continuous control and update of the DPC safety case. Not only the technical objects are subject of aging but also the safety demonstration basis is subject of “aging” due to possible changes of regulations, standards and scientific/technical knowledge. To ensure a safe transport in future to a destination which is not known yet (because of not yet existing repository sites) periodical reviews of the Package Design Safety Report (PDSR), in connection with periodic renewals of package design approval certificates, have to be carried out. T2 - International High-Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference, IHLRWM 2017 CY - Charlotte, NC, USA DA - 09.04.2017 KW - Dual purpose casks KW - Interim storage KW - Transportability PY - 2017 SP - 476 EP - 481 AN - OPUS4-39919 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schlichting, S. A1 - Hönig, Gerald T1 - Tuning of the quantum-confined Stark effect in wurtzite [0001] nanostructures by the internal-field-guarded-active-region design N2 - In this work we eliminate the QCSE without having any special requirements on the growth procedure or the material. Hönig et al. developed the Internal-Field-Guarded-Active-Region Design (IFGARD), which we experimentally investigate in this work based on GaN/AlN nanodiscs (NDs). T2 - Compound Semiconductor Week 2017 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 14.05.2017 KW - Halbleiterphysik KW - Nanophysik KW - Optoelektronik KW - Piezopolarisation KW - Spontane Polarisation PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40174 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Berger, Anka A1 - Anca-Couce, A. A1 - Dieguez-Alonso, A. A1 - Zobel, N. A1 - Kienzl, N. A1 - Behrendt, F. T1 - Influence of heterogeneous secondary reactions during slow pyrolysis on char oxidation reactivity of woody biomass N2 - The influence of heterogeneous secondary reactions on char oxidation reactivity, which can take place during slow pyrolysis processes in a woody biomass particle, is analyzed in this study. To this end, the oxidative behavior of primary char produced in a thermobalance with initial wood masses of a few milligrams is compared to the behavior of char produced under conditions enhancing secondary reactions, i.e., large particle and bed sizes in fixed-bed reactors. The influence of the Maximum conversion temperature, heating rate, and catalytic effect of inorganics is also studied to compare the effect of each parameter. Results show that a significant reduction in reactivity takes place when char is produced under conditions enhancing These secondary reactions during pyrolysis. The effect is of similar order as the effect as a result of thermal annealing at 900 °C or the catalytic effect of alkali and alkaline earth metals. Therefore, the presence of heterogeneous secondary reactions during pyrolysis should be taken into account in studies addressing biomass char reactivity. Furthermore, it is shown that the reduction of reactivity as a result of secondary reactions is related to neither the loss of oxygen-containing functional groups nor the potential blocking of pores, specially micropores, resulting from the formation of this secondary char. The explanation may, therefore, lie on the deactivation or blocking of active sites by the secondary char. KW - Char conversion KW - Char reactivity KW - Pyrolysis KW - Woody biomass KW - Thermogravimetric analysis KW - TGA PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b02350 SN - 0887-0624 SN - 1520-5029 VL - 31 IS - 3 SP - 2335 EP - 2344 PB - ACS Publications AN - OPUS4-40189 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -