TY - CONF A1 - Sobol, Oded T1 - BAM’s role in materials science and hydrogen in metals: TOF-SIMS imaging N2 - Due to its low mass and high diffusivity in presence of compositional, thermal and mechanical gradients, hydrogen within a metallic microstructure can result in severe loss in ductility even at low concentrations and might lead eventually to a catastrophic and unpredictable failure of structural components during service. In this context, hydrogen mapping at the microscale is still considered among the most important challenges on the pathway towards a better understanding of the hydrogen transport and assisted cracking phenomena in metals, specifically in structural components, e.g. steels. Among the very few available techniques to localize hydrogen at the microscale, Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) was proven to be a reliable tool. Based on the assumption that deuterium influence the microstructure similarly to hydrogen, in the following contribution ToF-SIMS was applied as the main technique to detect and locally map the deuterium distribution in several alloys: lean 2101 and standard 2205 duplex stainless steel (DSS), AISI 304L austenitic stainless steel and titanium 6Al-4V alloy. These alloys were selected as case studies in this work due to the wide use of them in many applications and environments which frequently provide critical conditions for hydrogen absorption and assisted degradation. The innovative design of in-situ and ex-situ experiments enabled us to elucidate the permeation, transport and trapping of deuterium in the microstructure in sub-micron resolution for the first time. In addition to the novel experimental setups, further progress was gained by applying computational multivariate data analysis (MVA) on the raw data and data fusion with high resolution structural characterization methods (scanning electron microscopy and electron back-scattered diffraction – SEM/EBSD). This combination allowed us to correlate the deuterium distribution and the influence on the microstructure. T2 - 4th Symposium on Innovative Measurement and Analysis for Structural Materials CY - Tokyo, Japan DA - 13.11.2018 KW - ToF-SIMS KW - Duplex stainless steel KW - Austenitic stainless steel KW - Principal Component Analysis KW - Data-fusion PY - 2018 UR - https://unit.aist.go.jp/tia-co/project/SIP-IMASM/sympo/2018/index.html AN - OPUS4-46867 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Epishin, A. I. A1 - Link, T. A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Svetlov, I. L. A1 - Bokshtein, B. S. A1 - Rodin, A. O. A1 - Saliwan Neumann, Romeo A1 - Oder, Gabriele T1 - Diffusion processes in multicomponent nickel-base superalloy-nickel system N2 - Optical and scanning electron microscopy, as well as electron microprobe analysis and electron backscatter diffraction, have been used to study diffusion processes that occur in a diffusion pair that consistsof a single-crystal CMSX-10 nickel-base superalloy and polycrystalline nickel, at temperatures of 1050–1250°C. It has been found that, in this system, the distributions of γ-stabilizing elements (Cr, Co, W, and Re) are described by the Boltzmann solution for diffusion between two semiinfinite plates of a binary alloy. The processing of these distributions has shown that the diffusion coefficients of Cr, Co, W, and Re in the multicomponent system are close to those in binary alloys of these elements with Ni. The diffusion redistribution of the elements leads to the dissolution of the γ′ phase in the nickel-base superalloy, growth of nickel grains toward the superalloy constituent of the diffusion pair, and the formation of porosity on both sides of the migrating interface, which is determined from a crystal misorientation of the alloy single crystal and nickel grains. KW - Ni-base superalloy KW - Interface KW - Diffusion KW - Phase transformation KW - Porosity PY - 2014 SN - 0031-918X VL - 115 IS - 1 SP - 21 EP - 29 AN - OPUS4-37980 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Askar, Enis T1 - Ignition Behaviour and Challenges for Hydrogen Safety N2 - The presentation is divided in two parts. In the first part the significance of mechanical impacts as ignition source for hydrogen containing atmospheres is shown and recent results of a research project evaluating ignition probabilities under different conditions is presented. In the second part future challenges in the field of hydrogen safety are discussed. Finally, the German National Hydrogen Safety Alliance is introduced. T2 - Hydrogen Online Workshop 2024 CY - Online meeting DA - 05.06.2024 KW - Explosion protection KW - Mechanical impacts KW - Ignition source KW - German National Alliance for Hydrogen Safety PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60288 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Schröder, Volkmar A1 - Askar, Enis A1 - Habib, Abdel Karim A1 - Tashqin, T. T1 - Sicherheitstechnische Eigenschaften von Erdgas-Wasserstoff-Gemischen N2 - Bei der Power-to-Gas-Technologie wird überschüssiger Strom aus erneuerbaren Energien durch Elektroly-se von Wasser in Wasserstoff umgewandelt. Dieser Wasserstoff kann als „chemischer Energiespeicher“ dienen und rückverstromt werden oder aber in das Erdgasnetz eingespeist werden. Die BAM hat die Aus-wirkungen von Wasserstoffzusätzen zum Erdgas im Hinblick auf den Explosionsschutz untersucht und sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen für Erdgas-Wasserstoff-Gemische bestimmt. Untersucht wurden die Explosionsgrenzen, die Sauerstoffgrenzkonzentrationen, die maximalen Explosi-onsdrücke, die KG-Werte und die Normspaltweiten. Für die Messungen sind zwei Modellgase eingesetzt worden, reines Methan und ein Modell-Erdgas mit Anteilen höherer Kohlenwasserstoffe. Sie repräsentie-ren die Bandbreite der in Deutschland eingesetzten Erdgase. Die Untersuchungen ergaben, dass bei einem Zusatz von bis zu 10 Mol-% Wasserstoff keine der untersuchten Kenngrößen relevant beeinflusst wird. Die Gemische haben nur geringfügig erweiterte Explosionsbereiche und bleiben, wie die reinen Erdgase, in der Explosionsgruppe IIA. Auch die maximalen Explosionsdrücke und die zeitlichen Druckanstiege bei den Gasexplosionen werden nur wenig beeinflusst. Vergleichende Berechnungen zur Festlegung von explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen (Ex-Zonen) auf Basis von Gasausbreitungsberechnungen ergaben ebenfalls nur geringfüge Unterschiede im Rahmen der Fehler-toleranz für Erdgas und Erdgas-Wasserstoff-Gemische mit bis zu 10 Mol-% Wasserstoff. Die Berechnun-gen sind in der BAM nach einem Freistrahlmodell von Schatzmann und mit dem häufig bei Gasnetzbetrei-bern eingesetzten e.BEx-Tool® durchgeführt worden. Der Einsatz von Gaswarngeräten, die für reines Erdgas geeignet sind, ist für Erdgas-Wasserstoff-Gemische mit bis zu 10 Mol-% Wasserstoff grundsätzlich möglich, erfordert aber eine gesonderte Sicher-heitsbewertung und ggf. eine Nachkalibrierung. N2 - Power-to-Gas technology is used to convert excess power from renewable energies to hydrogen by means of water electrolysis. This hydrogen can serve as "chemical energy storage" and be converted back to elec-tricity or be fed into the natural gas grid. BAM has studied the addition of hydrogen to natural gas in view of explosion protection and has determined safety characteristics for natural gas-hydrogen mixtures. BAM investigated the explosion limits, the limiting oxygen concentrations, the maximum explosion pres-sures, KG values and the MESG. Two model gases have been investigated, pure methane and a model gas with portions of higher hydrocarbons. They represent the range of natural gases which are used in Germa-ny. The investigations have shown that none of the examined characteristics is affected significantly by the addition of up to 10 mol% hydrogen. The explosion ranges are increased only slightly and the mixtures remain in explosion group IIA; as is pure natural gas. Also the maximum explosion pressure and the rates of pressure rise of gas explosions are almost unaffected. Comparative calculations – on the basis of gas dispersion calculations – to determine hazardous areas (explosion zones) for pure natural gas and natural gas-hydrogen mixtures with up to 10 mol% hydrogen, also revealed only minor differences within the margin of error of the calculation methods. The calcula-tions were executed at BAM according to the free jet model from Schatzmann and with the e.BEx-Tool®, often applied by gas grid operators. In principle, gas detectors that are suitable for natural gas can be used for natural gas-hydrogen mixtures with a maximum of 10 mol% hydrogen. However, this requires a separate safety assessment and, if nec-essary, a recalibration. KW - Power-to-Gas KW - Erneuerbare Energien KW - Energiespeicherung KW - Wasserstofftechnologie KW - Explosionsschutz KW - Erdgas-Wasserstoff-Gemische PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-372977 SP - 1 EP - 36 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-37297 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schröder, Volkmar A1 - Askar, Enis A1 - Tashqin, T. T1 - Sicherheitstechnische Eigenschaften von Gemischen aus Wasserstoff und Erdgas N2 - Bei der Power-to-Gas-Technologie wird überschüssiger Strom aus erneuerbaren Ener-gien durch Elektrolyse von Wasser in Wasserstoff umgewandelt. Dieser Wasserstoff kann als „chemischer Energiespeicher“ dienen und rückverstromt werden oder aber in das Erdgasnetz eingespeist werden. Die BAM hat die Auswirkungen von Wasserstoffzu-sätzen zum Erdgas im Hinblick auf den Explosionsschutz untersucht und sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen für Erdgas-Wasserstoff-Gemische bestimmt. Von besonderem Interesse waren dabei die Explosionsgrenzen, die Sauerstoffgrenzkonzentration, die maximalen Explosionsdrücke, die KG-Werte und die Normspaltweiten. Für die Messungen sind zwei Modellgase eingesetzt worden, reines Methan und ein Modell-Erdgas mit Anteilen höherer Kohlenwasserstoffe. Sie repräsentieren die Bandbreite der in Deutschland eingesetzten Erdgase. Die Untersuchungen ergaben, dass bei einem Zusatz von bis zu 10 Mol-% Wasserstoff keine der untersuchten Kenngrößen signifikant beeinflusst wird. Die Gemische haben nur geringfügig erweiterte Explosionsbereiche und bleiben, wie die reinen Erdgase, in der Explosionsgruppe IIA. Auch die maximalen Explosionsdrücke und die zeitlichen Druckanstiege bei den Gasexplosionen werden nur wenig beeinflusst. T2 - Kolloquium zur chemischen und physikalischen Sicherheitstechnik CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 14.06.2016 KW - Wasserstoff KW - Erdgasnetz KW - Energiespeicherung KW - Explosionsschutz KW - Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-373099 SN - 978-3-9817853-5-7 SN - 0938-5533 VL - 2016 SP - 60 EP - 67 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin, Germany AN - OPUS4-37309 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Askar, Enis T1 - Sicherheitstechnische Eigenschaften von Erdgas/Wasserstoff-Gemischen - Auswirkungen auf den Explosionsschutz N2 - Hinsichtlich ihrer sicherheitstechnischen Kenngrößen (STK) unterscheiden sich Wasserstoff und Erdgas zum Teil stark. Im Vortrag werden verschiedene STK von Erdgas/Wasserstoff-Gemischen im Abhängigkeit des Wasserstoffanteils vorgestellt und die Auswirkung der Beimischung von Wasserstoff zum Erdgas auf die Wirksamkeit von Explosionsschutzmaßnahmen erläutert. T2 - DVGW-Kongress 2021 "Gasinfrastruktur für Erdgas-H2-Gemische" CY - Online meeting DA - 07.10.2021 KW - Explosionsschutz KW - Explosionsgrenzen KW - Zündenergie KW - Power to Gas KW - Erdgasnetz KW - Zündquellen PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53725 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mosquera Feijoo, Maria T1 - Thermal-mechanical fatigue of oxide scales in cyclic water vapor oxidation of 9-12 % Cr steels N2 - Ferritic-martensitic steels with 9-12 % Cr-content are widely used as high temperature construction materials in power plant due to their high temperature properties such as creep resistance, strength, and favorable oxidation resistances. However, typical operating conditions include cyclic thermal/mechanical loading, and as a result the oxide scale might fail; cracks are formed and the oxide scale is spalled off. The oxide spalls can cause steam tube blocking and local thermal stresses, which might provoke shorter component service life. This work investigates the scale spallation behavior of ferritic-martensitic steels under cyclic load condition between 320°C and 620°C for up to 210 cycles in pure steam. All samples were isothermally pre-oxidized at 620°C for 500 h in water steam with 30 bar pressure to create an initial magnetite layer with low porosity. Different sample shapes, rectangular coupons, full rings and U-shape segments, are investigated to evaluate the impact of the geometry on these conditions. After oxidation experiments the oxidation kinetics in terms of mass change, metal loss and thickness scale is determined. In addition, the integrity of the oxide layer as well as its adherence to the matrix are characterized by modified hardness tests and scratch tests. Breakage of the layers at lower applied forces indicates a substantial loss of adhesion strength at intermediate cycle numbers. T2 - EUROCORR 2017 CY - Prague, Czech-Republic DA - 03.09.2017 KW - Geometry influence KW - Therma-mechanical fatigue KW - Oxide layer KW - Cyclic test KW - Scale adherence PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-42635 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Röhsler, Andreas A1 - Sobol, Oded A1 - Hänninen, H. A1 - Böllinghaus, Thomas T1 - In-situ ToF-SIMS analyses of deuterium re-distribution in austenitic steel AISI 304L under mechanical load N2 - Hydrocarbons fuel our economy. Furthermore, intermediate goods and consumer products are often hydrocarbon-based. Beside all the progress they made possible, hydrogen-containing substances can have severe detrimental effects on materials exposed to them. Hydrogen-assisted failure of iron alloys has been recognised more than a century ago. The present study aims to providing further insight into the degradation of the austenitic stainless steel AISI 304L (EN 1.4307) exposed to hydrogen. To this end, samples were electrochemically charged with the hydrogen isotope deuterium (2H, D) and analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). It was found that deuterium caused a phase transformation from the original γ austenite into ε- and α’-martensite. Despite their low solubility for hydrogen, viz. deuterium, the newly formed phases showed high deuterium concentration which was attributed to the increased density of traps. Information about the behaviour of deuterium in the material subjected to external mechanical load was gathered. A four-point-bending device was developed for this purpose. This allowed to analyse in-situ pre-charged samples in the ToF-SIMS during the application of external mechanical load. The results indicate a movement of deuterium towards the regions of highest stress. KW - ToF-SIMS KW - Hydrogen KW - Deuterium KW - AISI 304L KW - EBSD PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-505142 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60370-2 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 3611 PB - Nature AN - OPUS4-50514 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Konert, Florian A1 - Campari, Alessandro A1 - Nietzke, Jonathan A1 - Sobol, Oded A1 - Paltrinieri, Nicola A1 - Alvaro, Antonio T1 - Evaluation of the tensile properties of X65 pipeline steel in compressed gaseous hydrogen using hollow specimens N2 - Hydrogen has great potential on the path towards decarbonization of the energy and transport sectors and can mitigate the urgent issue of global warming. It can be sustainably produced through water electrolysis with potentially zero emissions, and efficiently used (e.g., in fuel cell systems). Despite its environmental advantages, hydrogen-metal interactions could result in the degradation of the mechanical properties of several structural materials. In order to determine the magnitude of the material degradation in relation to hydrogen exposure, extensive material testing is required. The standardized procedure for in-situ testing for the quantification of the impact of compressed gaseous hydrogen (CGH2) relies on the utilization of an autoclave around the tested specimen. Such test set-up is complex, expensive, time-consuming and requires special equipment, trained personnel, and strict safety procedures. A relatively recent method to circumvent these issues and provide affordable results consists of using hollow specimens, thus applying the hydrogen pressure inside rather than outside the specimen. It allows to reduce the volume of hydrogen by several orders of magnitude and to perform the tests more efficiently and in a safer manner. This study focuses on evaluating the tensile properties of X65 vintage pipeline steel tested in a high-pressure hydrogen environment using hollow specimens. Tests are performed in 6 MPa H2 and Ar at the nominal strain rate of 10−6 s−1 to evaluate the reduced area at fracture and the elongation loss. The effect of surface finishing on crack initiation and propagation is investigated by comparing two different manufacturing techniques. In this way, this study provides insights into the applicability of a novel, reliable, and safe testing method which can be used to assess the hydrogen-assisted ductility loss in metallic materials. KW - Mechanical Engineering KW - Hydrogen Embrittlement KW - SSRT KW - Hollow specimen KW - Pipeline steel KW - In-situ tensile test PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-595887 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2024.01.074 SN - 2452-3216 VL - 54 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-59588 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Konert, Florian A1 - Wieder, Frank A1 - Nietzke, Jonathan A1 - Meinel, Dietmar A1 - Böllinghaus, Thomas A1 - Sobol, Oded T1 - Evaluation of the impact of gaseous hydrogen on pipeline steels utilizing hollow specimen technique and μCT N2 - The high potential of hydrogen as a key factor on the pathway towards a climate neutral economy, leads to rising demand in technical applications, where gaseous hydrogen is used. For several metals, hydrogen-metal interactions could cause a degradation of the material properties. This is especially valid for low carbon and highstrength structural steels, as they are commonly used in natural gas pipelines and analyzed in this work. This work provides an insight to the impact of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of an API 5L X65 pipeline steel tested in 60 bar gaseous hydrogen atmosphere. The analyses were performed using the hollow specimen technique with slow strain rate testing (SSRT). The nature of the crack was visualized thereafter utilizing μCT imaging of the sample pressurized with gaseous hydrogen in comparison to one tested in an inert atmosphere. The combination of the results from non-conventional mechanical testing procedures and nondestructive imaging techniques has shown unambiguously how the exposure to hydrogen under realistic service pressure influences the mechanical properties of the material and the appearance of failure. KW - Energy Engineering and Power Technology KW - Condensed Matter Physics KW - Fuel Technology KW - Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment KW - µCT KW - Hollow Specimen Technique KW - Hydrogen Embrittlement PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-595077 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.02.005 SN - 0360-3199 VL - 59 SP - 874 EP - 879 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-59507 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Epishin, A. A1 - Link, T. A1 - Svetlov, I. L. A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Saliwan Neumann, Romeo A1 - Lucas, H. T1 - Mechanism of porosity growth during homogenisation in single crystal nickel-based superalloys N2 - Several mechanisms for porosity growth in single crystal nickel-based superalloys during homogenisation heat treatment have been proposed in the literature. They were carefully checked using different experimental methods, namely quantitative light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and density measurements. It is shown that the main mechanism is the Kirkendall–Frenkel effect, i.e. generation of voids due to uncompensated efflux of Al atoms from dissolving γ/γ′-eutectic areas. The Al diffusion is supported by the afflux of vacancies from surrounding γ-matrix which results in porosity growth. This conclusion is confirmed by the estimation of the vacancy afflux towards the dissolving eutectic. KW - Ni-base superalloy KW - Eutectic KW - Vacancies KW - Porosity PY - 2013 VL - 104 IS - 8 SP - 776 EP - 782 PB - Carl Hanser Verlag AN - OPUS4-37983 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Leo, Reinhold T1 - Duplex stainless steels - Compatibility for high-pressure hydrogen applications N2 - Duplex Stainless Steels (DSS) are an essential component used in the construction of transportation pipelines because of their many distinctive qualities. The choice of DSS for a particular hydrogen application mainly depends on its susceptibility level to Hydrogen Assisted Cracking (HAC). Several mechanisms have been proposed to describe the occurring microscale processes behind HAC, and these include metastable phase transformation, Hydrogen Enhanced Localized Plasticity (HELP), and Hydrogen Enhanced Decohesion (HEDE). This contribution describes the path to ascertain if DSS is suitable for high-pressure gaseous hydrogen applications. The interplay between several critical factors that result in HAC was examined using high-pressure gaseous hydrogen charging, Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD), tensile testing and hydrogen concentration measurements using Carrier Gas Hot Extraction (CGHE). T2 - Third German-African Green Hydrogen Forum 2025 CY - Bernburg (Saale), Germany DA - 23.09.2025 KW - Hydrogen Assisted Cracking KW - High Pressure Hydrogen KW - Duplex Stainless Steels KW - Hollow Specimen Technique PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64302 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Askar, Enis A1 - Grunewald, Thomas T1 - Entzündung von wasserstoffhaltigen Atmosphären durch mechanisch erzeugte Funken („HySpark“) N2 - Im Zuge der Energiewende finden Wasserstofftechnologien in der industriellen Praxis und im öffentlichen Raum immer mehr Anwendung. Beim Einsatz von Wasserstoff als Ersatz für andere fossile Energieträger wie Erdgas müssen u.a. Explosionsschutzmaßnahmen überprüft und angepasst werden. Eine Art von Explosionsschutzmaßnahmen ist die Vermeidung von Zündquellen. Gemäß den einschlägigen Regelwerken ist die Bildung von Funken oder heißen Aufschlagstellen beim mechanischen Schlag eine mögliche Zündquelle, die vor allem beim Wasserstoff berücksichtigt werden muss. Die Zündwirksamkeit ist dabei u.a. stark von der Werkstoffpaarung und der kinetischen Schlagenergie abhängig. Der Einsatz von funkenarmen Werkzeugen aus schwer oxidierbaren Nicht-Eisen-Metallen in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen kann z.B. eine Maßnahme sein, um diese Zündquelle zu vermeiden und wird als solche in den Regelwerken benannt. Es gibt aber kaum Quellen, die dabei helfen die Zündwirksamkeit bei Schlägen mit heterogenen Materialpaarungen einzuschätzen. In dieser Arbeit wurde zu diesem Zweck die Zündwirksamkeit von mechanischen Schlägen mit unterschiedlichen, auch nicht-metallischen Schlagpartnern in wasserstoffhaltigen Atmosphären systematisch untersucht. KW - Explosionsschutz KW - Zündquelle KW - ATEX KW - Erdgas KW - Mechanischer Schlag PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-579869 DO - https://doi.org/10.26272/opus4-57986 SP - 1 EP - 28 AN - OPUS4-57986 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -