TY - JOUR A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Bayat, Mehmet E. T1 - Sensorvalidierungen für die Sicherheit und Prozesskontrolle entlang der Wasserstoffwertschöpfungskette N2 - Die Nutzung von Sensortechnologien, insbesondere zur Gasdetektion von Wasserstoff, ist essenziell für die Sicherheit und Prozesskontrolle von Wasserstofftechnologien. Anwendungen umfassen Sicherheitsüberwachung, Leckdetektion und Prozesskontrolle. Ziel ist die frühzeitige Erkennung freigesetzten Wasserstoffs und die Bestimmung des Wasserstoff-Luftverhältnisses. Dies dient der Gefahrenprävention und der Einleitung geeigneter Maßnahmen, z. B. Alarme. Als wichtiger Prozessschritt im Sicherheits- bzw. Qualitätsmanagement zählt auch eine präzise Charakterisierung von Wasserstoffanteilen in Luft bzw. im Prozessstrom. unterstützt die frühzeitige Schadensdetektion und erhöht die Systemsicherheit. KW - Wasserstoff KW - Sensor KW - Validierung KW - Referenzmaterial KW - Referenzverfahren KW - Sensoren KW - Gaschromatographie KW - GC PY - 2025 VL - 166 IS - 9 SP - 58 EP - 63 PB - Vulkan-Verlag GmbH CY - Essen AN - OPUS4-64119 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bayat, Mehmet A1 - Kipphardt, Heinrich A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Engelhard, Carsten T1 - Effect of Trace Humidity on Trace Ammonia Quantification N2 - Hydrogen is receiving growing attention as a promising medium for energy storage and transportation. Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells are a key technology for energy conversion from hydrogen. However, high purity hydrogen is required for this technology, as described in standards such as ISO 14687:2019. A critical impurity that impairs PEM efficiency is ammonia, for which a limit value of 100 nmol/mol applies. In addition, the maximum amount of humidity is specified with 5 µmol/mol. The presence of humidity in hydrogen at levels up to 50 times higher than ammonia raises the critical question of whether ammonia can still be quantified accurately in the lower nmol/mol range without interference from water. In addition, the general question arises as to whether the critical analyte, ammonia, can still be detected at all, given the expected surface effects at such amounts of trace humidity. In this work, we describe the influence of trace humidity on the surface behavior of adsorbed ammonia on stainless steel. Samples with ammonia at approximately 100 nmol/mol in hydrogen, with trace humidity levels ranging from 3 µmol/mol to 10 µmol/mol, were carefully prepared using dynamic mixing. Humidification was conducted using an advanced saturation method. These samples were investigated under atmospheric conditions using low pressure sampling Optical Feedback Cavity Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy (OFCEAS). From the observed time-dependent signals, kinetics were determined and analyzed, yielding insights on the strength of the adsorption behavior of the analytes. T2 - ANAKON 2025 CY - Leipzig, Germany DA - 10.03.2025 KW - OF-CEAS KW - Hydrogen KW - Ammonia KW - Water KW - Humidity KW - Kinetics KW - Adsorption PY - 2025 UR - https://veranstaltungen.gdch.de/microsite/index.cfm?l=11713&sp_id=2&selSiteID=vplanner AN - OPUS4-64046 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Bock, Robert T1 - Key points in compressed hydrogen storage N2 - This presentation highlights some key points in hydrogen safety related to compressed HYDROGEN STORAGE. It explains some needs concerning the Market ramp-up: cost and safety related aspects like Risk-control by consequence and/or frequency limitation. Other aspects are the optimization of design and test standards by using Monte-Carlo based assessments and the Generation of probabilistic data as input for risk management tools during the design type approval and periodic inspection. Further safety aspects of design and manufacturing have to be taken into account as well as aspects of operational safety with material degradation, non-destructive testing and appropriate tools for operational files. T2 - The opening of BAM hydrogen refueling station CY - Horstwalde, Germany DA - 03.07.2025 KW - Market ramp-up KW - Consequence limitation KW - Frequency limitation KW - Accoustic emission KW - Monte-Carlo PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63810 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Anita T1 - Handling and Transport of defective lithiumbatteries N2 - Safe handling and transport of Lithiumbatteries is fundamental for their global trade and use. BAM is the German competent authority responsible for the transport of defective lithium batteries and as such approves transport conditions and packaging for the transport. Also BAM is providing the test protocol for fire testing of packagings. Results and topics around safe transport are described and discussed. T2 - Sino-German Workshop on Dangerous Goods Packaging CY - Online meeting DA - 27.11.2024 KW - Lithium batteries PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-62330 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Morcillo, Dalia T1 - Study of Age-Induced Isotope Fractionation in Lithium-ion Batteries using Microwave-Induced Cold Nitrogen Plasma Mass Spectrometry N2 - This study investigates the use of a microwave-induced cold nitrogen plasma ionization source, coupled with a single quadrupole mass analyzer, as a cost-effective alternative to multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) for analyzing lithium isotopic composition in lithium-ion batteries. The performance of both instruments was compared in measuring δ7Li values vs an isotopic standard in new and aged commercial lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) batteries. Results indicate that the microwave-induced ionization source, operating under cold plasma conditions at 800 W with an 8 mm torch depth position, achieves precision comparable to MC-ICP-MS, with δ7Li values ranging from 0.7 ‰ to 3.4 ‰. This method benefits from a dielectric resonator for uniform plasma, better ion velocity control, and higher energy efficiency [1-3]. Optimal settings were established as dwell times of 10 ms for 6Li and 1 ms for 7Li. The study found that 6Li migrates to the anode during multiple charge/discharge cycles, leading to the accumulation of 7Li at the cathode. This fractionation effect becomes more visible with repeated cycling. The microwave-induced ionization source offers a cost-effective and accurate alternative to MC-ICP-MS, with increased portability, facilitating further research into isotopic fractionation and aging of lithium-ion batteries. T2 - Adlershofer Forschungsforum 2024 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 11.11.2024 KW - Cold nitrogen plasma KW - Lithium isotope KW - Battery PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-62024 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tiebe, Carlo T1 - Sensoren und Analytik für Sicherheit und Prozesskontrolle in Wasserstofftechnologien N2 - Der Beitrag beinhaltet Themen vom H2Safety@BAM-Kompetenzfeld Sensorik, Analytik und zertifizierte Referenzmaterialien (SensRef) mit Fokus auf Mess- und Prüfverfahren mit verschiedenen Sensortechnologien und Ultraschallwellen: Metrologie zur Wasserstoffspeicherung - Euramet-Vorhaben "MefHySto", Erkennung von freigesetztem Wasserstoff sowie die Bestimmung des Wasserstoff-Luftverhälntisses mit Gassensoren, zerstörungsfreie Fehlstellenerkennung mit integriertem Zustandsüberwachungssystem basierend auf geführten Ultraschallwellen zur Lebensdauerüberwachung von Composite-Behältern (Wasserstoffspeicher) sowie faseroptische Sensorik zur Schadenfrüherkennung von Wasserstoffspeichern aufgrund erkennbarer Dehnungsänderungen an Druckbehältern. T2 - DVGW Kongress H2 Sicherheit CY - Online meeting DA - 23.11.2022 KW - H2Safety@BAM KW - SensRef KW - Faseroptische Sensorik KW - Gassensorik KW - Geführte Ultraschallwellen KW - Leckdetektion KW - Metrologie zur Wasserstoffspeicherung KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung KW - Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56683 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tiebe, Carlo T1 - Sensoren und Analytik für Sicherheit und Prozesskontrolle in Wasserstofftechnologien N2 - Der Beitrag behandelt verschiedene Themen aus dem H2Safety@BAM-Kompetenzfeld Sensorik, Analytik und zertifizierte Referenzmaterialien (SensRef) mit Schwerpunkt auf Mess- und Prüfverfahren, die verschiedene Analyseverfahren, Sensortechnologien und Ultraschallwellen nutzen. Ein Teil davon ist das Euramet-Vorhaben "MefHySto" zur Metrologie der Wasserstoffspeicherung. Des Weiteren werden Verfahren zur Erkennung von freigesetztem Wasserstoff und zur Bestimmung des Wasserstoff-Luftverhältnisses mithilfe von Gassensoren behandelt. Ein weiterer Aspekt ist die zerstörungsfreie Fehlstellenerkennung mit einem integrierten Zustandsüberwachungssystem, das auf geführten Ultraschallwellen basiert und zur Überwachung der Lebensdauer von Composite-Behältern (Wasserstoffspeicher) dient. Zudem wird die Anwendung faseroptischer Sensorik zur Schadenfrüherkennung an Wasserstoffspeichern diskutiert. Dabei werden erkennbare Dehnungsänderungen an Druckbehältern als Indikatoren genutzt. T2 - DVGW-Kongress "H2 Sicherheit" CY - Online meeting DA - 15.03.2023 KW - Faseroptische Sensorik KW - Gassensorik KW - Geführte Ultraschallwellen KW - Leckdetektion KW - Metrologie zur Wasserstoffspeicherung KW - Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung KW - SensRef KW - H2Safety@BAM PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57529 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Anita T1 - Beförderungsfragen im Zusammenhang mit Lithium-Batterien N2 - Für den Transport von Lithium-Batterien sind verschiedene Vorschriften des Transportrechts zu beachten. Insbesondere für defekte und beschädigte Lithium-Batterien, die beim Transport gefährlich reagieren, in Brand geraten oder giftige Gase freisetzen können, werden in 2019 neue Regelungen anwendbar sein. Die BAM ist in Deutschland zuständige Behörde für deren Umsetzung. T2 - Gefahrguttag des BMVI im Rahmen der IAA Nutzfahrzeuge CY - Hannover, Germany DA - 25.09.2018 KW - Lithium Batterien KW - Gefahrgut Transport KW - Verpackungen PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-47112 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Anita T1 - Damaged and defective batteries - Criteria for packagings under P911/LP906 N2 - Defective or damaged Lithium batteries may react dangerously during transport. Requirements for the safe transport of such batteries have been developed at UN level. They are adopted in the respective transport regulations. BAM as competent authority has the task to interpret those regulations and has developed procedures for testing and approval. T2 - 23rd International Congress for Battery Recycling ICBR 2018 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 26.09.2018 KW - Lithium batteries KW - Safe transport KW - Defective lithium batteries KW - Packaging KW - Dangerous goods KW - Thermal runaway PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-47111 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tiebe, Carlo T1 - Prüf- und Messverfahren mit verschiedenen Sensortechnologien und Ultraschallwellen N2 - Der Vortrag zum Mess- und Prüfverfahren mit verschiedenen Sensortechnologien und Ultraschallwellen beinhaltet die Themen: Metrologie zur Wasserstoffspeicherung - Euramet-Vorhaben "MefHySto", Erkennung von freigesetztem Wasserstoff sowie die Bestimmung des Wasserstoff-Luftverhälntisses mit Gassensoren, zerstörungsfreie Fehlstellenerkennung mit integriertem Zustandsüberwachungssystem basierend auf geführten Ultraschallwellen zur Lebensdauerüberwachung von Composite-Behältern (Wasserstoffspeicher) sowie faseroptische Sensorik zur Schadenfrüherkennung von Wasserstoffspeichern aufgrund erkennbarer Dehnungsänderungen an Druckbehältern. T2 - DVGW Kongress H2 Sicherheit CY - Online meeting DA - 28.09.2021 KW - Leckdetektion KW - Metrologie zur Wasserstoffspeicherung KW - Gassensorik KW - Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) KW - Geführte Ultraschallwellen KW - Faseroptische Sensorik KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-54136 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tiebe, Carlo T1 - Mess- und Prüfverfahren mit Sensorik N2 - Mess- und prüftechnische Verfahren sind zur Prozesskontrolle und Sicherheitsüberwachung in Wasserstofftechnologien von hoher Bedeutung. Typische Anwendungsgebiete von Sensoren sind Sicherheitsüberwachung, Leckdetektion und Prozesskontrolle. In diesem Beitrag werden Themen zur Erkennung von freigesetztem Wasserstoff sowie die Bestimmung des Wasserstoff-Luftverhältnisses mit Gassensoren, Fehlstellenerkennung mit geführten Ultraschallwellen zur Lebensdauerüberwachung (Structural Health Monitoring) von Wasserstoffspeichern sowie der Einsatz faseroptischer Sensoren zur Überwachung des Dehnungs- und Alterungsverhaltens sowie zur Schadensfrüherkennung von Wasserstoffspeichern vorgestellt. T2 - DVGW Kongress H2 Sicherheit CY - Online meeting DA - 27.01.2021 KW - Metrologie KW - Gassensoren KW - Structural Health Monitoring KW - Faseroptische Sensoren KW - Wasserstoff PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52141 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Bock, Robert T1 - Burst strength and its scatter as key points of safety N2 - Based on the preliminary presentations in this task force it is repeated how a basic population scatters and its degradation influences properties statistically. There is a remainder on the issue of accepting borderline populations due to the minimum burst ratio requirement. Then it is explained in detail how the analysis of minimum requirements by a Monte-Carlo-simulation works. The result with respect to the further reduced minimum burst ratio of 2.0 is summarised and means a two-step approach of two scatter levels requiring two different minimum burst ratios. The methods for evaluating batch tests are analysed. A proposal for integration a statistical analysis is described in detail. Finally, the positive effect of proof testing is shown and its dependence from the real ageing is shown. This ends in the recommendation to have a stronger and quantitative look on real ageing and to follow the 2 proposed sets of criteria for a safe usage of hydrogen storage systems. T2 - 10th IWG on rev GTR 13 CY - Online meeting DA - 28.06.2021 KW - Basic population KW - Minimum burst ratio KW - Monte-Carlo-simulation KW - Borderline population KW - Batch test KW - Proof test KW - Ageing PY - 2021 UR - https://wiki.unece.org/download/attachments/128419731/GTR13-10-08%20BAM%20GTR%2013-2%20scatter%20criteria%20for%20min%20burst%202021-06-25.pdf?api=v2 AN - OPUS4-53149 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Solberg, S. A1 - Zimmermann, P. A1 - Wilhelmsen, Ø. A1 - Lamb, J. A1 - Bock, Robert A1 - Burheim, O. T1 - Heat to Hydrogen by Reverse Electrodialysis—Using a Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics Model to Evaluate Hydrogen Production Concepts Utilising Waste Heat N2 - The reverse electrodialysis heat engine (REDHE) is a promising salinity gradient energy technology, capable of producing hydrogen with an input of waste heat at temperatures below 100 °C. A salinity gradient drives water electrolysis in the reverse electrodialysis (RED) cell, and spent solutions are regenerated using waste heat in a precipitation or evaporation unit. This work presents a non-equilibrium thermodynamics model for the RED cell, and the hydrogen production is investigated for KCl/water solutions. The results show that the evaporation concept requires 40 times less waste heat and produces three times more hydrogen than the precipitation concept. With commercial evaporation technology, a system efficiency of 2% is obtained, with a hydrogen production rate of 0.38 gH2 m−2h−1 and a waste heat requirement of 1.7 kWh g−1H2. The water transference coefficient and the salt diffusion coefficient are identified as membrane properties with a large negative impact on hydrogen production and system efficiency. Each unit of the water transference coefficient in the range tw=[0–10] causes a −7 mV decrease in unit cell electric potential, and a −0.3% decrease in system efficiency. Increasing the membrane salt diffusion coefficient from 10−12 to 10−11 leads to the system efficiency decreasing from 2% to 0.6% KW - Non-equilibrium thermodynamics KW - Hydrogen KW - Waste heat KW - RED PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-556677 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/en15166011 VL - 15 IS - 16 SP - 6011 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-55667 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Holtappels, Kai T1 - Competence Centre H2Safety@BAM - We build trust in hydrogen technologies N2 - Der Beraterkreis Gase wird regelmäßig von der Berufsgenossenschaft Rohstoffe und chemische Industrie, Bereich Prävention, organisiert. Die Veranstaltung dient dem Austausch zwischen Wissenschaft und Wirtschaft zu aktuellen sicherheitstechnischen Fragestellungen rund um Sauerstoff und Wasserstoff. In diesem Zusammenhang hat die BAM einen Überblick über ihre verschiedenen Aktivitäten des Kompetenzzentrums H2Safety@BAM vorgestellt, die sich in der gesamten Wasserstoffwertschöpfungskette wiederfinden. Darüber hinaus wurden die Planungen für den Ausbau der Prüfinfrastruktur auf dem Testgelände Technische Sicherheit der BAM vorgestellt. Es wurden auch die Ergebnisse des Projekts DELFIN zur Sicherheit von Druckgasspeichern, den Freisetzungsuntersuchungen von Flüssigwasserstoff sowie die Unterfeuerung entsprechender Kryospeicher und die Planungen zum Projekt ModuH2Pipe@BAM präsentiert. Den Abschluss bildeten die aktuellen Empfehlungen des Forschungsnetzwerkes Wasserstoff. N2 - The Gases Advisory Group is organized regularly by the Prevention Division of the German Employer's Liability Insurance Association for Raw Materials and the Chemical Industry. The event serves as an exchange between science and industry on current safety-related issues concerning oxygen and hydrogen. In this context, BAM presented an overview of its various activities of the competence center H2Safety@BAM, which are reflected in the entire hydrogen value chain. In addition, the plans for the expansion of the test infrastructure at BAM's Technical Safety Test Site were presented. The results of the DELFIN project on the safety of pressurized gas storage tanks, the release tests of liquid hydrogen as well as the underfiring of corresponding cryogenic storage tanks and the plans for the ModuH2Pipe@BAM project were also presented. The presentation concluded with the current recommendations of the Hydrogen Research Network. T2 - BG RCI Beraterkreis Gase CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 25.04.2023 KW - Berufsgenossenschaft KW - Sicherheit von Wasserstofftechnologien KW - H2Safety@BAM KW - modulare Pipelineanlage PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57398 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Günzel, Stephan T1 - The maximum acceptable consequence limit as a control instrument N2 - The presentation starts with the first agreement of making a national attempt for the introduction of a pV-limit for hydrogen transport. It explains aspects of the technical development, provides an impression of catastrophic incidents, and explains the difference between risk control and consequence limitation. Then the process of determining consequences and the result from the discussion at the UN-WG are explained. The next part summarises the approach for counting the number of impacted persons as a function of the model of pressure wave, the pressure peak, the limits of injured persons and the population density. Finally, the latest state of the discussion and the subsequent recommendations for a pV-value and the adequate phrases for explanation are introduced. T2 - 29th BAM-DIN-IGV-DVFG-Meeting CY - Online meeting DA - 23.02.2022 KW - Hydrogen KW - Pressure recepacles KW - Consequence limit KW - Risk control KW - Population density KW - Pressure wave PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-54608 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Holtappels, Kai T1 - Education and Training Activities of the Competence Centre H2Safety@BAM N2 - Green hydrogen is seen as a cornerstone of the energy transition and decarbonization efforts of industry, transportation and the utilities sectors. The binding goal of the EU and Germany to reduce net zero carbon emissions by 2045 will substantially increase the demand for green hydrogen as an important carbon-free substitute for fossil fuels. The World Energy Council expects an annual demand of 60 million tons (equivalent 2.000 TWh) hydrogen and its derivatives (especially ammonia and methanol) in the EU until 2050. lt is estimated that the EU can produce less than half of its needed hydrogen by 2050, and will need to import the rest. African coastal countries therefore have the opportunity to become net exporters of their carbon-free regenerative energy in the form of hydrogen and its derivatives and to enable better economic growth and generate wealth on the African continent. The large-scale production, transport and storage of green hydrogen will require large investments in the development of knowledge and training, logistics and capital goods - for both the EU and African countries. BAM is already facing the lack of skilled workers and hydrogen experts. By bundling its expertise in the field of hydrogen technologies into a competence center H2Safety@BAM to create confidence in the technology The topic of hydrogen has been current at BAM for more than one hundred years and is also currently the focus of numerous research and cooperation activities. In order to transfer its expertise in this field BAM developed a number of education activities. The centre of all activities is the Graduate School “Trustworthy Hydrogen”, established in 2022 together with the BTU Cottbus. In the presentation all activities and especially those of the graduate school and details of the cooperation with the University of Namibia are shown. T2 - German-African Green Hydrogen Forum CY - Bernburg (Saale), Germany DA - 23.05.2023 KW - H2Safety@BAM KW - Graduate School KW - Trustworthy Hydrogen KW - Education KW - Skilled workers PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57633 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Holtappels, Kai T1 - Safety Aspects for Hydrogen Technologies - H2Safety@BAM N2 - Hydrogen is a central component of the energy transition and the European Green Deal for a climate-neutral Europe. To be able to achieve the targets defined by 2045, the EU and the German government have drafted a framework for action and are making long-term investments in research, development and the rapid implementation of innovative hydrogen technologies. The conditions for a successful energy transition and the economic use of green hydrogen as a clean energy carrier are Hydrogen readiness and a rapid market ramp-up, as well as the establishment of the necessary value chains in the national and European framework. Reliable quality and safety standards are the prerequisite for ensuring safety of supply and environmental compatibility and for creating trust in these technologies. BAM has bundled its expertise in the field of hydrogen technologies into a competence center H2Safety@BAM to create confidence in the technology and to support the hydrogen strategies of the German government and the EU. The topic of hydrogen has been current at BAM for more than one hundred years and is also currently the focus of numerous research and cooperation activities. The competence centre H2Safety@BAM and its vision of “We build trust in hydrogen technologies” will be presented with its many safety-related topics, which can be found throughout the entire hydrogen value chain. Two deep dives will present the results on projects dealing with the design-to-cost issue of classical pressurized gas storage containments and the consequences of the release of liquid hydrogen, which will be roughly compared to the release of ammonia. T2 - 25. Kalorimetrietage CY - Braunschweig, Germany DA - 31.05.2023 KW - H2Safety@BAM KW - Safety KW - Hydrogen KW - Gas cylinders KW - DELFIN KW - LH2 KW - Hydrogen release KW - Rapid phase transition KW - Consequences KW - Cyro storage tanks PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57629 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krankenhagen, Rainer A1 - Röllig, Mathias A1 - Worzewski, Tamara A1 - Doroshtnasir, Manoucher T1 - Thermographic rotor blade inspection from larger distances – a promising tool for the maintenance of wind turbines N2 - The permanently increasing number of wind turbines requires suited inspection and monitoring methods to ensure liability and security. Concerning the inspection of ro-tor blades, only manual inspections are state of the art. Thermographic Testing (TT) has the potential to detect typical failures and damages on rotor blades. The paper presents some results of onsite measurements carried out as “passive thermogra-phy”, i.e. without a defined heating procedure. Due the totally contactless meas-urement principle, TT can be applied to rotating blades as well as to resting blades. Both methods will be compared with respect to their possible realization. T2 - WCNDT 2016 CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - Wind turbine rotor blade KW - Thermographic inspection KW - Passive thermography KW - Nondestructive testing PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-366331 SN - 978-3-940283-78-8 SP - We.4.D.4., 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-36633 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Anita T1 - Lithiumbatterien: Anforderungen für die Beförderung von beschädigten Batterien und Überblick über die UN TDG Arbeitsgruppe zur gefahrenbasierten Klassifizierung N2 - Lithiumbatterien: Anforderungen für die Beförderung von beschädigten Batterien und Überblick über die UN TDG Arbeitsgruppe zur gefahrenbasierten Klassifizierung BAM ist beteiligt in den Arbeitsgruppen und stellt eigene Prüfergebnisse vor. T2 - IAA 2022 Transportation, Gefahrguttag des BMDV, "Aktuelle Entwicklungen im Gefahrgutrecht und Erhöhung der Sicherheit von Gefahrgutfahrzeugen" CY - Hannover, Germany DA - 21.09.2022 KW - Lithiumbatterien KW - Energiespeicher KW - UN TDG Lithiumbatterien PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56742 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Anita T1 - Herausforderung: Verpackungen von Lithiumbatterien N2 - Je nach Zustand bestehen unterschiedliche Anforderungen an Verpackungen zum Transport von Lithiumbatterien. Hierbei sind bestimmte Prüfungen und Kriterien zu betrachten. Aktuell besteht insbesondere der Bedarf an Verpackungen für kritisch defekte Batterien. Innovative Lösungen sind gefordert. T2 - Workshop AG Future Markets New Energy Packaging CY - Online meeting DA - 12.03.2021 KW - Lithium Batterien KW - Gefahrgutverpackungen PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-54181 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Winckelmann, Alexander T1 - Investigation of degradation of the aluminum current collector in lithium-ion batteries by glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopy N2 - Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are one technology to overcome the challenges of climate and energy crisis. They are widely used in electric vehicles, consumer electronics, or as storage for renewable energy sources. However, despite innovations in batteries' components like cathode and anode materials, separators, and electrolytes, the aging mechanism related to metallic aluminum current collector degradation causes a significant drop in their performance and prevents the durable use of LIBs. Glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GD-OES) is a powerful method for depth-profiling of batteries' electrode materials. This work investigates aging-induced aluminum deposition on commercial lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) batteries' cathodes. The results illustrate the depth-resolved elemental distribution from the cathode surface to the current collector. An accumulation of aluminum is found on the cathode surface by GD-OES, consistent with results from energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) combined with focused ion beam (FIB) cutting. In comparison to FIB-EDX, GD-OES allows a fast and manageable depth-profiling. Results from different positions on an aged cathode indicate an inhomogeneous aluminum film growth on the surface. The conclusions from these experiments can lead to a better understanding of the degradation of the aluminum current collector, thus leading to higher lifetimes of LIBs. T2 - Adlershofer Forschungsforum 2022 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 11.11.2022 KW - Lithium Ion Batteries KW - GD-OES KW - FIB KW - SEM KW - EDX PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56246 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Böttcher, Nils T1 - Sicherheit von Lithium-und Natrium-Batterien - Brandprüfungen und Sicherheitsmaßnahmen N2 - Die Präsentation gibt einen ganzheitlichen Überblick im sicheren Umgang mit elektrochemischen Energiespeichertechnologien. Ferner enthält diese Präsentation einen Überblick über die aktuell an der BAM durchgeführten Forschungsprojekte und hoheitlichen Aufgaben mit Bezug diesen Energiespeichern T2 - Lehrgang "Moderne elektrochemische Energiespeicher" (905350) CY - Mannheim, Germany DA - 16.09.2024 KW - Lithiumbatterien KW - Thermal Runaway KW - Sicherheit KW - Natriumbatterien PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-62302 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tichter, Tim T1 - Electroanalytical experiments at macroporous electrodes for redox-flow batteries N2 - Macroporous carbon felts (CFs) are the prevalently used electrode material for redox-flow batteris. Owing to their large internal surface area, these structures can efficiently drive the Faradaic reactions in a RFB. However, the electrochemical characterization of novel CFs, or modified CF-materials is a cumbersome task. This is essentially related to the complex mass-transport phenomena which are convoluted with the electrode kinetics. This talk will focus on ex-situ cyclic voltammetry and operando electrochemical impedance spectroscopy as electroanalytical techniques for porous RFB electrodes. Common pitfalls in the voltammetric analysis of CFs are elucidated and recent strategies for modeling and evaluating CV experiments on porous structures are introduced. Finally, a method based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is introduced which allows for an operando fingerprinting of electrochemical reactions in a vanadium-based RFB. T2 - Flow4U-Event CY - Eindhoven, Netherlands DA - 08.04.2024 KW - Porous Electrodes KW - Redox-Flow Batteries KW - Digital Simulation KW - Convolutive modeling KW - Impedance Spectroscopy KW - Distribution of Relaxation Times PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-62304 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tichter, Tim T1 - The DSDC Algorithm - A Universal Strategy for Simulating Voltammetry of Rough and Porous Electrodes N2 - Porous electrodes or electrodes with rough surfaces offer a multitude of tailored applications. The theoretical treatment of such structures is, however, challenging since their voltammetric profile is a convolution of the time-dependent current with an inherently random mass-transfer function. Since the latter quantity has no analytical solution, the classical convolutive techniques cannot be applied. Therefore, simulations have been based on severe simplifications of the diffusion space [1,2] or were performed by means of digital simulation. Unfortunately, the latter approach becomes computationally prohibitive when a large and/or highly resolved, three-dimensional diffusion space needs to be considered. To mitigate these problems, we introduce the digital simulation, deconvolution, convolution (DSDC) algorithm, consisting of four successive steps [3]. Firstly, the three-dimensional image of the electrode under investigation is extracted via micro X-ray computed tomography (µ-CT) or atomic-force microscopy (AFM). Subsequently, the purely mass-transfer controlled current of this spatial template is generated by means of digital simulation. In the third and fourth steps, the mass-transfer function is extracted for a set of discrete points in time by numerical deconvolution and finally used for classical convolutive simulations. In this manner, any simplification of the diffusion domain becomes obsolete and the advantages of digital simulation and convolutive modelling are most favourably combined. Finally, this DSDC-algorithm provides an interdisciplinary connection of ex-situ imaging and in-situ electrochemistry which results in excellent agreement of simulated and experimentally acquired data. T2 - Bunsentagung 2024 CY - Aachen, Germany DA - 25.03.2024 KW - Porous Electrodes KW - Convolutive Modeling KW - Digital Simulation KW - Diffusion KW - Redox-Flow Batteries PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-62303 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Anwendung einer Kombination aus Laserhybrid- und Unterpulverschweißen zum Fügen dicker Bleche aus Schiffbaustahl EH36 N2 - In diesem Beitrag wird ein Schweißverfahren vorgestellt, mit dem 30 mm dicke Bleche aus Schiffbaustahl EH36 effizient und werkstoffgerecht gefügt werden können. Die wirtschaftlichen Vorteile des Verfahrens ergeben sich aus dem Wegfall der aufwendigen Kantenvorbereitung und der Reduzierung des Schweißzusatzbedarfs. Die Stumpfschweißnähte werden in einer Lagen-/Gegenlage-Technik durch Laserhybridschweißen und Unterpulverschweißen ausgeführt. Dabei erfolgt die Laserhybridschweißung als Einschweißung mit einer Tiefe von etwa 25 mm, während die Unterpulvernaht als zweiter Durchgang auf der gegenüberliegenden Seite des Bauteils mit einer Einschweißtiefe von 8 mm aufgebracht wird. Die Überlappung der beiden Lagen gewährleistet einen geschlossenen Nahtquerschnitt. Dank der partiellen Durchschweißung der Laserhybridnaht entfällt die Notwendigkeit zur Wurzelformierung. Darüber hinaus bietet die Prozesskombination eine höhere Toleranz gegenüber Ungenauigkeiten in der Kantenvorbereitung, was die Prozesskomplexität reduziert. Der Einsatz dieses robusteren Verfahrens, das weniger von einer präzisen Kantenvorbereitung abhängig ist, erleichtert die Produktionsvorbereitung, minimiert die Fehleranfälligkeit und senkt die Nachbearbeitungskosten. Dies macht das Laserhybridschweißen besonders attraktiv für Anwendungen im Schiffbau. T2 - 22. Tagung Schweißen in der maritimen Technik und im Ingenieurbau CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 13.05.2025 KW - Kerbschlagbiegeversuch KW - Laserhybridschweißen KW - Unterpulverschweißen PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-65073 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Leonhardt, Robert T1 - Impedance-based characterization of the overstress-related degradationin alkali metal-ion cells N2 - The successful repurposing of degraded alkali metal-ion batteries in second-life applications is a vital step towards achieving a circular economy. While reusing aged cells is a promising way of mitigating their overall environmental footprint, it is crucial to anticipate their future safety and performance characteristics. Unfortunately, predicting these properties is a cumbersome task, essentially caused by limited knowledge of the interference of different degradation modes in the cells’ first life. To still enable estimating of these parameters from a current state, the present study systematically investigates the impact of abusive conditions in an early phase of the cells’ life on their subsequent degradation behavior. For this purpose, individual lithium-ion and sodium-ion cells are initially stressed by different measures such as deep-discharging, high-temperature conditions, and deliberate combinations of the aforementioned methods. Electrochemical performance indicators are monitored during subsequent cycling of the cells, which provides insights into the interdependencies of different degradation modes induced by specific stress conditions. In this manner, it is clarified whether or not the total degradation can be determined by a convolution or a superposition of individual deterioration effects and thus, be described as a multidimensional state function. This knowledge will finally contribute to a better understanding of the performance and safety behavior of degraded batteries which can help to successfully implement them into second-life applications. T2 - Doktorandenseminar der Technischen Universität Berlin CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 30.09.2025 KW - Alkali metal-ion batteries KW - Electrochemical performance indicators PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-65068 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Böttcher, Nils T1 - Lithiumbatterien, Natrium-Ionen Batterien, Festkörperbatterien - Wohin geht die Regelwerksentwicklung? N2 - Der Markt für Energiespeicher befindet sich in einer Phase intensiver technologischer Diversifizierung. Neben etablierten Lithium-Ionen-Batterien gewinnen neue Systeme wie Natrium-Ionen-Batterien und künftige Technologien wie Festkörperbatterien zunehmend an Bedeutung. Dies stellt jedoch neue Anforderungen an die Handhabung und Logistik respektiver Systeme und rückt die Klassifizierung von Batterien nach Gefährlichkeit stärker in den Fokus. In diesem Kontext gilt es Transportprozesse zu vereinfachen und simultan die Sicherheit zu erhöhen. Im Rahmen dieses Vortrags werden aktuelle und kommende Batterietechnologien vorgestellt, die essenziellen Hürden bei deren Handhabung, Transport und Lagerung zusammenfassend dargestellt und ein umfassender Ausblick auf die Regelwerksentwicklung gegeben. Schwerpunkte liegen dabei auf I) der Entwicklung dedizierter Methoden für die Einordnung in Kategorien defekte und kritisch defekte Batteriesysteme, II) Passivierende Verfahren (thermisch und/oder elektrisch) für einen sicheren Transport und III) der Optimierung der Wertschöpfungskette des Gesamtsystems „Batterie“ durch effizientere Batteriekreisläufe und Recyclingverfahren. T2 - Zweite Fachkonferenz Transport und Lagerung von Lithiumbatterien 2025 CY - Augsburg, Germany DA - 03.07.2025 KW - Batteriesicherheit KW - Gekühlter Transport von Batterien KW - Tieftemperaturpassivierung KW - Regelwerksentwicklung KW - Wertschöpfungskette und Batterierecycling PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-65078 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Böttcher, Nils T1 - „Batterien“ Gefahrgutrechtliche Entwicklung für die Anwendung N2 - Der Markt für Energiespeicher bietet eine kontinuierlich wachsende, technologische Vielfalt. Neben etablierten Lithium-Ionen-Batterien gewinnen alternative Systeme wie Natrium-Ionen-Batterien zunehmend an Bedeutung. Jene Entwicklung steigert aktuell die Anforderungen an Regularien für Logistik und Handhabung ebendieser Systeme und bedarf einer dedizierten jedoch gleichwohl praktikablem Klassifizierung unterschiedlicher Batterien nach deren Gefährlichkeit. Genau dies ist der Schwerpunkt der vorliegenden Präsentation. Ein besonderer Fokus liegt dabei auf dem sicheren Transport kritisch defekter Batteriesysteme durch thermische Passivierung und/oder gezieltes Tiefentladen. Explizit werden aktuelle und zukünftige Batterietechnologien vorgestellt, die wesentlichen Herausforderungen bei Handhabung, Transport und Lagerung zusammengefasst und ein umfassender Ausblick auf die Weiterentwicklung der relevanten Regelwerke gegeben. T2 - 35. Münchner Gefahrgut-Tage CY - Munich, Germany DA - 26.05.2025 KW - Batteriesicherheit KW - Thermisches Durchgehen KW - Tieftemperaturpassivierung KW - Initiale Reaktionstemperatur KW - Gekühlter Transport von (kritisch) defekten Batterien PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-65077 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Morcillo, Dalia T1 - High-resolution absorption isotopic spectrometry as a tool for aging studies of Li-ion batteries N2 - Lithium (Li) is the key element in the manufacturing of batteries. Isotopic study of Li may help to identify the causes of battery aging due to isotopic fractionation during charge/discharge cycles. Isotopic ratio determination is based on monitoring the isotopic components of lithium by their spin-orbit coupling and its isotopic shift of about 15 pm for the 22P←22S electronic transition around 670.788 nm. In this work, we propose improvements to our previous work [1] by using a higher-resolution double echelle modular spectrometer (HR-DEMON II) coupled to a continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer (HR-CS-GF-AAS) for the isotopic analysis of Li. The data analysis was carried out by using a decision-tree-based ensemble machine learning (ML) algorithm (XGBoost). A set of samples with 6Li isotope amount fractions ranging from 0.0004 to 0.99 mol mol-1 was used for the algorithm's training. Subsequently, the procedure was validated by a set of stock chemicals (Li2CO3, LiNO3, LiCl, and LiOH) and a BAM candidate reference material, a cathode material (NMC111). Finally, the ML model was applied to determine the isotope ratio of geological samples, including anorthosite, granite, soil, rhyolite, nepheline syenite, and basalt and battery samples. These samples were measured as digested without any further purification step. Improvements in the optical resolution resolve the lithium isotopic components of the atomic spectra. In the studied geological samples, were found δ7Li values between -0.5 and 4.5 ‰ with a precision range of 1 to 2 ‰. In addition, the proposed method was validated with multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS), and these results are comparable and compatible. T2 - Caltech-BAM Meeting CY - Online meeting DA - 10.08.2022 KW - Lithium isotope KW - Machine learning KW - Battery KW - High-resolution absorption isotopic spectrometry PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56380 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Winckelmann, Alexander T1 - Investigation of degradation of the aluminum current collector in lithium-ion batteries by glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopy N2 - Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are one technology to overcome the challenges of climate and energy crisis. They are widely used in electric vehicles, consumer electronics, or as storage for renewable energy sources. However, despite innovations in batteries' components like cathode and anode materials, separators, and electrolytes, the aging mechanism related to metallic aluminum current collector degradation causes a significant drop in their performance and prevents the durable use of LIBs.[1] Glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GD-OES) is a powerful method for depth-profiling of batteries' electrode materials. This work investigates aging-induced aluminum deposition on commercial lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) batteries' cathodes. The results illustrate the depth-resolved elemental distribution from the cathode surface to the current collector. An accumulation of aluminum is found on the cathode surface by GD-OES, consistent with results from energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) combined with focused ion beam (FIB) cutting. In comparison to FIB-EDX, GD-OES allows a fast and manageable depth-profiling. Results from different positions on an aged cathode indicate an inhomogeneous aluminum film growth on the surface. The conclusions from these experiments can lead to a better understanding of the degradation of the aluminum current collector, thus leading to higher lifetimes of LIBs. T2 - European Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry (EWCPS 2023) CY - Ljubljana, Slovenia DA - 29.01.2023 KW - Lithium-ion batteries KW - Aging mechanisms KW - Depth-profiling PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-56992 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Winckelmann, Alexander T1 - Investigation of degradation of the aluminum current collector in lithium-ion batteries by GD-OES N2 - Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are one technology to overcome the challenges of climate and energy crisis. They are widely used in electric vehicles, consumer electronics, or as storage for renewable energy sources. However, despite innovations in batteries' components like cathode and anode materials, separators, and electrolytes, the aging mechanism related to metallic aluminum current collector degradation causes a significant drop in their performance and prevents the durable use of LIBs. Glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GD-OES) is a powerful method for depth-profiling of batteries' electrode materials. This work investigates aging-induced aluminum deposition on commercial lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) batteries' cathodes. The results illustrate the depth-resolved elemental distribution from the cathode surface to the current collector. An accumulation of aluminum is found on the cathode surface by GD-OES, consistent with results from energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) combined with focused ion beam (FIB) cutting. In comparison to FIB-EDX, GD-OES allows a fast and manageable depth-profiling. Results from different positions on an aged cathode indicate an inhomogeneous aluminum film growth on the surface. The conclusions from these experiments can lead to a better understanding of the degradation of the aluminum current collector, thus leading to higher lifetimes of LIBs. T2 - Empa Group Meeting CY - Dübendorf, Switzerland DA - 22.11.2022 KW - Lithium Ion Batteries KW - GD-OES KW - FIB KW - SEM KW - EDX PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56584 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Böttcher, Nils T1 - A Journey From Formula Student to Research at BAM N2 - In this presentation, the battery and cell test center of BAM is introduced to the Berlin Motion Lab. Points of intersection are identified, and interested students are familiarized with BAM’s research priorities in the field of batteries. The aim is to foster interaction and to inspire young researchers to engage with technologically relevant topics. T2 - Berlin Deep Tech Nexus Meetup CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 26.02.2025 KW - Battery safety KW - BAM-academy KW - Qualification programme for PhD students at BAM KW - Advanced (battery) safety topics PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-65079 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Long, Lijia A1 - Anh Mai, Q. A1 - Morato, P. G. A1 - Dalsgaard Sorensen, J. A1 - Thöns, Sebastian T1 - Information value-based optimization of structural and environmental monitoring for offshore wind turbines support structures N2 - The use of load and structural performance measurement information is vital for efficient structural integrity management and for the cost of energy production with Offshore Wind Turbines (OWTs). OWTs are dynamically sensitive structures subject to an interaction with a control unit exposed to repeated cyclic wind and wave loads causing deterioration and fatigue. This study focuses on the quantification of the value of structural and environmental information on the integrity management of OWT structures, with the focus on fatigue of welded joints. By utilizing decision analysis, structural reliability methods, measurement data, as well as the cost-benefit models, a Value of Information (VoI) analysis can be performed to quantify the most beneficial measurement strategy. The VoI assessment is demonstrated for the integrity management of a butt welded joint of a monopile support structure for a 3 MW OWT with a hub height of approximately 71m. The conditional value of three-year measured oceanographic information and one-year strain monitoring information is quantified posteriori in conjunction with an inspection and repair planning. This paper provides insights on how much benefits can be achieved through structural and environmental information, with practical relevance on reliability-based maintenance of OWT structures. KW - Structural health monitoring KW - Offshore wind turbine KW - Monopile support structure KW - Value of information KW - Weld fatigue KW - Decision tree KW - Dynamic Bayesian Network PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-514098 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.06.038 VL - 10 IS - 159 SP - 1036 EP - 1046 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-51409 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Thöns, Sebastian A1 - Faber, M. H. A1 - Rücker, Werner T1 - Fatigue and serviceability limit state model basis for assessment of offshore wind energy converters N2 - This paper develops the models for the structural performance of the loading and probabilistic characterization for the fatigue and the serviceability limit states for the support structure of offshore wind energy converters. These models and a sensitivity study are part of a risk based assessment and monitoring framework and will be applied for establishing the 'as designed and constructed' reliability as prior information for the assessment and the design of monitoring systems. The constitutive physical equations are introduced in combination with the fatigue and serviceability limit state requirements as the starting point for the development of the structural performance and loading models. With these models introduced in detail, several modeling aspects for both limit states are analyzed. This includes analyses of the influence on the hot spot stresses by applying a contact formulation for the pile guide brace connection and the application of a finite element formulation using solid elements. Further, the comparison of the natural frequencies of a discrete rotor model with a continuous rotor model is documented. To account for uncertainties associated with the structural and loading models, a probabilistic model is derived on the basis of literature review and measurement data from a prototype Multibrid M5000 support structure. The sensitivity study is based on the calculation of a nonlinear coefficient of correlation in conjunction with predetermined designs of experiments. This is conducted by a systematic analysis of the influence of the random variables on limit state responses and hence on the structural reliability. Integrating the analyses and sensitivity studies of the fatigue and serviceability limit state models developed in this paper as well as the ultimate limit state models in Thöns et al. ('Ultimate Limit State Model Basis for Assessment of Offshore Wind Energy Converters,' ASME J. Offshore Mech. Arct. Eng.), the model basis for the assessment is completed. The process of establishing and analyzing such a model basis contributes to a detailed understanding of the deterministic and probabilistic characteristics of the structure and provides valuable insights in regard to the significance of available data. KW - Fatigue KW - Finite element analysis KW - Rotors KW - Wind power KW - Model basis KW - Offshore wind KW - Support structure KW - Sensitivity KW - Serviceability PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4004514 SN - 0892-7219 VL - 134 IS - 3 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-26437 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kunkel, Benny A1 - Seeburg, Dominik A1 - Kabelitz, Anke A1 - Witte, Steffen A1 - Gutmann, Torsten A1 - Breitzke, Hergen A1 - Buntkowsky, Gerd A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana A1 - Wohlrab, Sebastian T1 - Highly productive V/Zn-SiO2 catalysts for the selective oxidation of methane N2 - The production of formaldehyde on industrial scale requires huge amounts of energy due to the involvement of reforming processes in combination with the demand in the megaton scale. Hence, a direct route for the transformation of (bio)methane to formaldehyde would decrease costs and puts less pressure on the environment. Herein, we report on the use of zinc modified silicas as possible support materials for vanadium catalysts and the resulting consequences for the performance in the selective oxidation of methane to formaldehyde. After optimization of the Zn content and reaction conditions, a remarkably high space-time yield of 12.4 kgCH2O⋅kgcat − 1 ⋅h− 1 was achieved. As a result of the extensive characterization by means of UV–vis, Raman, XANES and NMR spectroscopy it was found that vanadium is in the vicinity of highly dispersed zinc atoms which promote the formation of active vanadium species as supposed by theoretical calculations. This work presents a further step of catalyst development towards direct industrial methane conversion which may help to overcome current limitations in the future. KW - Catalysis KW - XANES KW - Selective oxidation PY - 2024 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2024.114643 SN - 0920-5861 VL - 432 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-60137 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Theiler, Geraldine T1 - Tribologische Untersuchungen unter GH2 und LH2-Bedingungen N2 - In diesem Beitrag werden Untersuchungen an Polymerwerkstoffen auf ihre Eignung für Reibsysteme in gasförmigem und flüssigem Wasserstoff vorgestellt. Dabei wird der Einfluss der Wasserstoffumgebung in Bezug auf die Materialzusammensetzung diskutiert. Weiterhin zeigen die Experimente in LH2 einen deutlichen Einfluss der Temperatur, der jedoch bei den verschiedenen Polymerverbundwerkstoffen unterschiedlich stark ausgeprägt ist. T2 - DKV Tagung CY - Hannover, Germany DA - 23.11.2023 KW - Polymerwerkstoffe KW - Reibung KW - Verschleiß KW - Gasförmiger Wasserstoff KW - Flüssiger Wasserstoff PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-61963 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Theiler, Geraldine T1 - Toward sustainable and hydrogen compatible sealing materials N2 - Materialien auf PTFE-Basis werden in der Regel als Kolbenringe in Hochdruck- und/oder kryogenem Wasserstoff verwendet. In diesem Projekt werden neu formulierte und nachhaltigere Polymerwerkstoffe mit herkömmlichen Materialien verglichen. Auf Grundlage der tribologischen Ergebnisse werden vielversprechende Kandidaten zusammen mit Reibungsmechanismen sowohl bei Hochdruck- als auch bei Niedrigtemperatur-Wasserstoff vorgeschlagen. T2 - 66. Tribologie-Fachtagung 2025 CY - Wernigerode, Germany DA - 29.09.2025 KW - Wasserstoff KW - Reibung KW - Verschleiß KW - Kolbenring KW - Dynamische Dichtung PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64313 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Theiler, Geraldine T1 - Fretting wear of elastomer materials in hydrogen N2 - This paper presents an experimental study on the fretting wear behavior of two types of cross-linked hydrogenated acrylonitrile butadiene rubbers against 316L steel ball in hydrogen environment. Furthermore, aging experiments were conducted for 7 days under static conditions in 100 MPa hydrogen. The influences of hydrogen pressure as well as the aging exposure on the fretting behavior are discussed by means of surface analyses and well as material properties. T2 - WHEC-2022, 23rd World Hydrogen Energy Conference CY - Istanbul, Turkey DA - 26.06.2022 KW - Rubbers KW - Hydrogen KW - Fretting PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-62086 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Theiler, Geraldine T1 - Polymer tribology in cryogenic hydrogen N2 - In this presentation, an overview of polymer tribology in cryogenic hydrogen is given along comparison with other environments. T2 - Hydrogenius Symposium 2024 CY - Kyushu University Ito Campus, Japan DA - 12.09.2024 KW - Hydrogen KW - Friction KW - Wear KW - Polymer materials KW - Cryogenic PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61426 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Hajhariri, Aliasghar A1 - Sklorz, Christian A1 - Kriegsmann, Andreas A1 - Müller, Karsten T1 - A modular concept for protection against debris flight - Design, properties and usage N2 - With advances in technological development, stationary and mobile storage units for compressed hydrogen are becoming larger and larger. Their number is also increasing. At the same time, their design has evolved from steel and aluminium to pressure vessels made of composite materials. For safety reasons the design approval of those composite cylinders requires fire engulfment tests, which are mainly organised as open-air tests always needs dedicated protection measures. Under some conditions those protections measures even reduce the effort for organisational safety measures if e.g. the emission of splinters can get totally prevented. Another aspect is the improved reproducibility of fire tests by reducing the influence of wind. Between 2017 and 2019, BAM developed a stackable protective frame made of steel to safely capture splinters for the safe execution of high-energy impact tests. However, this frame was not flexible enough for the follow-up project, which led to a completely new protection concept for (potentially) destructive tests on gas-filled pressure vessels. This concept is based on very robust building blocks made from welded steel. Despite their considerable weight of around 500 kg p.p., they can be combined and stacked very easily like ‘Lego bricks’. The presentation will show the flexibility of the concept, some results of tests on the robustness against pressure waves and the effectiveness in wind attenuation. Finally, the interaction with a new, also modular burner concept for localised fires and full engulfment fires will be presented. T2 - 11th International conference on hydrogen safety (ICHS 2025) CY - Seoul, Republic of Korea DA - 22.09.2025 KW - Splinter protection KW - Pressure vessel testing KW - Fire engulfment KW - Destructive tests KW - Rupture KW - Gaseous tests KW - Pressure wave KW - Test equipment KW - Precaution measures PY - 2025 SN - 979-1-2243-0274-2 VL - 2025 SP - 1428 EP - 1439 AN - OPUS4-65100 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Welcome to BAM and the Competence Centre H2Safety@BAM N2 - The presentation starts with general slides on BAM, its mission and focus areas. It provides the fields of activity in the focus area “Energy” and explains the structure of the competence Centre and its focus on building trust in hydrogen. The next part shows the H2Safety@BAM’s Products“ in a nutshell and explains the main items with deep dives on the Living Lab “Hydrogen Networks”, the Living Lab „Hydrogen Refuelling Station“, on Reference Materials and Procedures, Storage of Liquid Hydrogen, Storage Systems for Compressed Gases and Material Compatibility. T2 - Information Tour at the Invitation of the Federal Foreign Office The Hydrogen Economy in Germany CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 05.11.2025 KW - Living Lab “Hydrogen Networks” KW - Living Lab „Hydrogen Refueling Station“ KW - Reference Materials and Procedures KW - Storage of Liquid Hydrogen KW - Storage Systems for Compressed Gases KW - Material Compatibility PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-65101 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sterr, Andrea A1 - Schwarz, Irina T1 - Valorization of Carbon Dioxide by Electrocatalytic Reduction Coupled to Acetogens via Multiple Electron Carriers (Ecat-Acetogens II) N2 - A Bioelectrochemical approach for reducing CO2 to fuels or value-added chemicals allows overcoming the limitations of a pure biochemical or electrochemical approach. A Bioelectrochemical system (BES) for this application has been developed in cooperation with TUM in the first project phase. BAM's contribution to the research focuses on the electrochemical side of the setup, mainly on the development of a suitable CO2RR catalyst for reducing CO2 to CO, which is then consumed by actogenic bacteria to produce further products. Single-metal-atom catalysts in a nitrogen-doped carbon matrix (M-N-Cs) are a promising, sustainable alternative to expensive rare-metal catalysts like Ag and Au. In this work, the first-generation catalyst, a ZIF-8-based Co-N-C is compared to a Mg salt mix templated Ni-N-C. In the new catalysts, the activity for CO2RR as well as the stability during BES operation could be enhanced. T2 - E-Biocat Statusupdate 2025 CY - Karlsruhe, Germany DA - 01.04.2025 KW - CO2RR KW - M-N-Cs KW - Bioelectrochemical System PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-65143 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - DE-JP Hydrogen Safety Cooperation - Contribution of H2Safety@BAM N2 - The presentation starts with general slides on BAM, its location, mission, tasks and focus areas. It provides the fields of activity in the focus area “Energy” and explains the structure of the competence Centre and its focus on building trust in hydrogen. The test sides at TTS on hydrogen are explained in combination with the H2Safety@BAM’s products in a nutshell. Then the major H2-applications of H2Safety@BAM are explained by deep dives on the Living Lab “Hydrogen Networks”, the Living Lab „Hydrogen Refuelling Station“, on Explosion Protection, on Reference Materials and Procedures, on Material Compatibility, on Storage Systems for Compressed Gases and Storage of Liquid Hydrogen as well as on the Training and Further Education. The presentation ends with an overview about our international work on H2Safe-Collaboration. T2 - KICK-OFF WORKSHOP: JAPANESE-GERMAN COOPERATION ON H2 SAFETY CY - Online meeting DA - 15.12.2025 KW - Living Lab KW - Hydrogen Networks KW - Hydrogen Refuelling Station KW - Explosion Protection KW - Material Compatibility KW - Liquid Hydrogen KW - Compressed Gases PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-65151 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Scharf-Wildenhain, R. T1 - Influence of build up height on residual stresses in additive repair and modification using DED Arc N2 - Directed Energy Deposition (DED)-Arc is suitable for the hybrid additive manufacturing, modification and repair of large metal components with high deposition rates. Residual stresses and distortion are of central importance when characterizing the manufactured components and the sensitive transition area between AM component and semi-finished product. Residual stresses caused by the thermal cycles during the manufacturing process can impair the mechanical properties of the manufactured parts and can lead component failure. Therefore, understanding and controlling residual stresses, especially when combining different base and filler materials, is critical to improving the quality and efficiency of the hybrid DED-Arc process. This article deals with the influence of the build-up height on the residual stress distribution of additively manufactured components with a selected base and filler material combination. Using a robot-assisted DEDsystem and a controlled short arc, systematic step cancellation tests were carried out at a selected working temperature (200 C°) and heat input (600 kJ/m). In a 5-stage termination experiment, straight walls were produced using a one bead per layer strategy and selected increasing component heights between 15 mm and 300 mm. The influence of the build height on the longitudinal residual stress in the process direction was analyzed and discussed. All experiments showed a comparable stress distribution in the area of the substrate plate up to the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and the transition zone, regardless of the buliding height. However, the height showed a significant influence on the of residual stress distribution of the deposited AM-component. High positive stress gradients with a maximum range between 300 MPa to 400 MPa were always found in the last approx. 18 component layers (upper 40 mm), which can be explained by the shrinkage of the nonheat- treated top layer. Underlying layers, where present, showed a homogeneous residual stress distribution characterized by low compressive stresses. This can be explained by the process related tempering during the deposition of the upper layers. A constant boundary layer number was determined for all specimens. Once this number was exceeded, the distribution of residual stresses no longer changed, but merely shifted with the increasing height of the component in the direction of build-up. These correlations contribute to the understanding of residual stress development with increasing structure height. This study is part of a running research project on the properties of hybrid additive components and processes. It aims the stress optimized hybrid additive manufacturing of high-strength components and the necessary recommendations for application. T2 - 78th IIW Annual Assembly and International Conference on Welding and Joining CY - Genoa, Italy DA - 22.06.2025 KW - DED-Arc KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Residual stress PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-65192 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ghaznavi, Ali T1 - Machine Learning Approach for Robust Acoustic Emission-Based Damage Classification in Pressure Vessels N2 - Accurate damage classification of Composite Pressure Vessels (CPVs) is crucial for understanding failure behaviour of hydrogen storage systems. Acoustic Emission (AE) monitoring is a non-destructive testing technique capable of detecting signals from different failure mechanisms such as fiber breakage and matrix cracking, supporting durability assessment of CPVs. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to combine AE and advanced deep learning techniques to develop a robust framework for automatic and accurate identification and classification of damage mechanisms across various CPVs. The evolutionary Genetic Algorithms (GA) was used for feature selection, followed by unsupervised clustering to generate automatic labels for model training. Two different FCNN and CNN-LSTM architectures were used to train individual models based on different AE datasets. Later, Adaptive Transfer Learning (ATL) and Meta Ensemble Learning (MEL) techniques were applied to handle data variability and train predictive generalized model over varied AE datasets. The ATL fine-tunes a pre-trained models to leverage their knowledge, while MEL uses pre-trained models' predictions as meta features to train a meta model. Experimental results demonstrate that while both generalized ATL and MEL trained models perform well across different AE datasets, the MEL framework outperforms ATL method in terms of evaluation metrics. The Mean-Accuracy score reaches 0.9026, and 0.9900 for ATL, and MEL, respectively. The most accurate multi-class classification results was achieved using MEL method in terms of the Mean-Accuracy and Recall metrics. The proposed framework provides a scalable, adaptive approach for automated damage classification using AE signals across diverse CPVs in real-world settings. T2 - BAM Colloquium Abteilung 3 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 14.10.2025 KW - Acoustic Emission KW - Machine Learning KW - Sequential Neural Network KW - Deep Learning KW - Deep Neural Network PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-65184 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk T1 - Wear resistance of modified Ni based claddings in relation to the resulting machinability via ultrasonic-assisted milling N2 - In the field of plastics processing, extruder screws are subjected to significant wear stresses. The extruder screw is the main wear component in those production machines and is usually coated with intermetallic wear protection alloys composed of Ni-based alloys, specifically Colmonoy C56 PTA (NiMoCrSi). There is a growing demand for providing an economic machinability of these alloys to achieve defined contours with a sufficient surface integrity. Recent investigations exhibit promising results applying ultrasonic milling for such hard-to-cut materials. The Colmonoy C56 is modified by various alloying additions Ti, Nb, Mo, Hf, and Al, and then cladded on a steel S355 via Plasma Transferred Arc process. The effect of alloying additions on the microstructure is analyzed regarding their resistance to abrasive and adhesive wear. With Miller test ASTM G75 the influence of alloying elements on resistance to abrasive wear for two abrasive materials is investigated (high-grade corundum F220 and quartz powder). The wear loss is not increased for additions of Nb and Ti compared to the base material C56. Modifications with Hf or Al reduces the resistance to abrasive wear and significantly increases material loss. The extruder screw is also subject to adhesive wear, which can be quantified by means of the pin-roll test. It is demonstrated that the addition of Hf, for example, contributes to a reduction in wear loss. Aim of the investigations is to find suitable modifications for the wear claddings of C56 for a sufficient machineability, without compemising the wear resistant. The machinability is considerably affected by the alloy additions, and is determined using ultrasonic-assisted milling. The addition of hafnium reduces machinability, i.e. significantly increases cutting forces. The incorporation of Nb exhibits a significant reduction of cutting forces, and results in reduced tool wear and an enhanced of surface integrity (roughness, density of defects, residual stresses). T2 - Wear of Materials 2025 CY - Sitges, Spain DA - 13.04.2025 KW - Abrasive wear KW - Adhesive wear KW - Colmonoy C56 KW - PTA welding KW - Service life and efficiency KW - Substitution of critical raw materials KW - Surface integrity KW - Ultrasonic-assisted milling process PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-65189 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Drexler, A.-K. A1 - Konert, Florian A1 - Nietzke, Jonathan A1 - Hodžić, E. A1 - Pastore, S. A1 - Domitner, J. A1 - Rhode, Michael A1 - Sommitsch, C. A1 - Böllinghaus, Thomas T1 - Effect of Tensile Loading and Temperature on the Hydrogen Solubility of Steels at High Gas Pressure N2 - The hydrogen solubility in ferritic and martensitic steels is affected by hydrostatic stress, pressure, and temperature. In general, compressive stresses decrease but tensile stresses increase the hydrogen solubility. This important aspect must be considered when qualifying materials for high‐pressure hydrogen applications (e.g., for pipelines or tanks) by using autoclave systems. In this work, a pressure equivalent for compensating the effect of compressive stresses on the hydrogen solubility inside of closed autoclaves is proposed to achieve solubilities that are equivalent to those in pipelines and tanks subjected to tensile stresses. Moreover, it is shown that the temperature effect becomes critical at low temperatures (e.g., under cryogenic conditions for storing liquid hydrogen). Trapping of hydrogen in the microstructure can increase the hydrogen solubility with decreasing temperature, having a solubility minimum at about room temperature. To demonstrate this effect, the generalized law of the hydrogen solubility is parameterized for different steels using measured contents of gaseous hydrogen. The constant parameter sets are verified and critically discussed with respect to the high‐pressure hydrogen experiments. KW - Hydrogen KW - Solubility KW - Temperature KW - Tensile loading KW - Analytical calculation PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-586701 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202300493 SN - 1611-3683 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Wiley AN - OPUS4-58670 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - THES A1 - Sobol, Oded T1 - Hydrogen assisted cracking and transport studied by ToF-SIMS and data fusion with HR-SEM N2 - For almost 150 years it is known that hydrogen has a deleterious effect on the mechanical properties of metallic components. Nowadays, the problem of hydrogen assisted degradation is highly relevant in energy related fields due to the massive use of steel as a structural component in these applications and its sensitivity to hydrogen. Since the discovery of hydrogen assisted cracking (HAC), researchers studied intensively and suggested possible explanations and mechanisms in order to define how hydrogen is affecting the material. In general, it is considered that hydrogen changes the mechanical properties more in terms of ductility (deformation capacities) than in strength (load capacities). Hydrogen concentration is one of three crucial factors in the degradation process, together with the microstructure of the material and the internal/external mechanical load. The relatively high concentration of hydrogen resulting in this loss of ductility can originate during production or before service (e.g. welding processes) and during service (i.e. catholically protected systems to eliminate corrosion processes in sour environments). In parallel to the theoretical work, tremendous efforts were, and are still, invested in searching for a proper method to elucidate, map and quantify the hydrogen in the microstructure, which is the basis for this work. For steels, the focus is mainly on the observations of diffusion processes and the interaction of hydrogen with the microstructure in regions with high local stresses/strains (for example around evolving cracks). The challenge for reaching this goal arises from the fact that accurate indication of hydrogen by means of position, unlike heavier atoms, can be made only by mass spectrometry or by interaction with another element (e.g. silver decoration, special coating and resonant nuclear reaction by nitrogen). In addition to this, the difficulty recording the hydrogen behavior while it rapidly diffuses through the material, leaving only the unpredicted failure, should be taken into account. Although using powerful characterization methods, models and computational simulations, the key to defining the mechanisms behind HAC is still under debate and not fully understood. The relationship between material and hydrogen is determined by three factors, i.e., the material structure and microstructure – determining the physical properties, the mechanical load applied on the material and the hydrogen concentration. It is well known that in order to have a complete definition of HAC these three factors must be examined locally with the minimal scale and the maximal resolution reachable. The major gap is the lack in such a characterization method or a technique by which one has the ability to detect and observe the hydrogen in the metallic microstructure. The commonly used techniques nowadays are capable of characterization of the microstructure without the ability to observe the hydrogen distribution. Global hydrogen concentration and localized hydrogen observation are possible by some techniques which are incapable of indicating a change in the structure or microstructure therefore a comprehensive overview can be gained only by combining several methods. In the presented research, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) was adopted as the main tool to detect and locally map the hydrogen distribution in two types of duplex stainless steel grades: EN 1.4462 (standard 2205 duplex stainless steel) and EN 1.4162 (2101 lean duplex stainless steel). The term duplex stainless steel (DSS) refers to the austenitic-ferritic microstructure of the steel where the combination of physical and mechanical properties of the two phases is achieved. The DSS was selected as a case study for this work due to the wide use of this grade in many energy and the lack of knowledge on hydrogen behavior in two-phase containing microstructures. ToFSIMS was exploited in-situ and ex-situ in three experimental approaches during or following an electrochemical charging procedure. This type of hydrogen charging was selected as it simulated a procedure of cathodic protection of most sub-water oil and gas extraction and delivery systems. The experimental procedures were: 1. Ex-situ charging followed by ToF-SIMS imaging for basic understanding of hydrogen distribution. 2. Ex-situ charging followed by in-situ mechanical loading to obtain information on hydrogen behavior around a propagating crack. 3. In-situ permeation of hydrogen through a steel membrane inside the ToF-SIMS to obtain information on diffusion behavior of hydrogen in a two-phase microstructure. The comprehensive view of the effect of hydrogen on steel was gained by using supplementary methods, such as high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM), focused ion beam (FIB) and electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD). The state of the art in this work lies in applying both: in-situ experimental approaches and data treatment of the ToF-SIMS raw data. The data treatment includes the combination of data from several sources (data fusion). The results for the ex-situ charging followed by static sample imaging and data fusion showed that when the analyzed surface is directly exposed to the electrolyte the degradation is pronounced differently in the ferrite, austenite and interface. The degradation mechanisms in the ferrite and austenite were reflected by the formation of cracks on the surface of both, where a high concentration of hydrogen was obtained. This result supports the assumption that hydrogen is attracted to highly deformed regions. The advantage of using in-situ charging/permeation in comparison to ex-situ charging is that the effect of hydrogen on the ferrite and austenite phases when the hydrogen is evolving from within the microstructure is realized, in comparison to when the analyzed surface is initially exposed directly to the electrolyte. In both experiments the ferrite was observed as a fast diffusion path for the hydrogen. The faster diffusion of hydrogen through the ferrite is expected due to the higher diffusion coefficient, however, a direct proof for the diffusion sequence in this scale was never shown. Most significant results were achieved by the ‘core’ experiments of this research. These experiments included the design of a novel dynamic mechanical loading device to apply an external load during SIMS imaging of a hydrogen precharged-notched sample. For the first time it was shown that plastic deformation induced by applying a mechanical load is resulting in a redistribution of hydrogen locally around the notch. T3 - BAM Dissertationsreihe - 160 KW - Duplex stainless steels KW - Hydrogen assisted cracking KW - Time-of-Flight secondary ion mass spectrometry KW - Data fusion PY - 2018 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-447331 SN - 1613-4249 VL - 160 SP - I EP - 180 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-44733 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Drexler, A A1 - Konert, Florian A1 - Sobol, Oded A1 - Rhode, Michael A1 - Domitner, J A1 - Sommitsch, C A1 - Böllinghaus, Thomas T1 - Enhanced gaseous hydrogen solubility in ferritic and martensitic steels at low temperatures N2 - Metals that are exposed to high pressure hydrogen gas may undergo detrimental failure by embrittlement. Understanding the mechanisms and driving forces of hydrogen absorption on the surface of metals is crucial for avoiding hydrogen embrittlement. In this study, the effect of stress-enhanced gaseous hydrogen uptake in bulk metals is investigated in detail. For that purpose, a generalized form of Sievert's law is derived from thermodynamic potentials considering the effect of microstructural trapping sites and multiaxial stresses. This new equation is parametrized and verified using experimental data for carbon steels, which were charged under gaseous hydrogen atmosphere at pressures up to 1000 bar. The role of microstructural trapping sites on the parameter identification is critically discussed. KW - Hydrogen KW - Thermodynamic modelling KW - Pressure-dependent solubility KW - Steel KW - Trapping PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-559307 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.09.109 SN - 0360-3199 VL - 47 IS - 93 SP - 39639 EP - 39653 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-55930 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Campari, Alessandro A1 - Konert, Florian A1 - Sobol, Oded A1 - Alvaro, Antonio T1 - A comparison of vintage and modern X65 pipeline steel using hollow specimen technique for in-situ hydrogen testing N2 - The transition toward a hydrogen-based economy requires a widespread transport and distribution network, and repurposed natural gas pipelines are a viable option. An assessment of the hydrogen-induced degradation of pipeline steels is needed to inject H2 gas into the existing infrastructure safely. The conservative and standardized method consists of in-situ tensile tests in an autoclave filled with high-pressure hydrogen gas. A proposed alternative method involves using a hollow specimen as containment volume and applying the gas pressure in the inner cavity. This technique has lower costs and shorter test preparation time but is not standardized yet. This study aims to evaluate and compare the tensile properties of API 5L X65 pipeline steel in two states: vintage and modern. The influence of the surface roughness is investigated through parallel tests with drilled and reamed specimens. Hydrogen tests are compared with reference tests in an inert environment. A significant hydrogen-induced decrease in tensile properties is observed, and no significant difference between vintage and modern X65 can be drawn. The reduction in tensile properties is more significant in specimens with higher inner surface roughness. The evaluation of surface conditions appears crucial when assessing the HE susceptibility of hydrogen transport and storage equipment. KW - Hydrogen embrittlement KW - Hollow specimen technique KW - Pipeline steel KW - SSRT PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-603013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2024.108530 VL - 163 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-60301 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -