TY - CONF A1 - Sobol, Oded T1 - Challenges with metallic materials for the transport and storage of hydrogen N2 - The following presentation provides an overview on some of the challenges with metallic materials used as structural materials in the energy sector for the transport and storage of hydrogen. The presentation contains explanations about the methodologies utilized to characterize the susceptibility of these materials for hydrogen. T2 - Materials and Quality Assurance CY - Bergheim, Germany DA - 10.05.2023 KW - Hollow specimen KW - Slow strain tensile tests KW - Hydrogen assisted cracking PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57515 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Konert, Florian T1 - Die Hohlzugprobentechnik als Methodik zur Untersuchung der Materialverträglichkeit N2 - Die Hohlzugprobentechnik wird als Methodik zur Untersuchung der Materialverträglichkeit von metallischen Werkstoffen in Wasserstoffatmosphäre erläutert. T2 - Workshop Wasserstoffverträglichkeit CY - Bonn, Germany DA - 02.03.2023 KW - Wasserstoff KW - Hohlzugprobe KW - Materialkompatibilität KW - SSRT PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57171 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kromm, Arne T1 - Die Hohlzugprobentechnik - Eine neue Methodik zur Untersuchung der Materialverträglichkeit unter Wasserstoffeinfluss N2 - Die schädigende Wirkung von Wasserstoff auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften von Stählen ist zwar bekannt, aber noch immer nicht ausreichend erforscht. Die schnelle und sichere Markteinführung von Wasserstofftechnologien macht es erforderlich, dieses Thema genauer zu untersuchen. Im Allgemeinen wird dies oft als Wasserstoffversprödung bezeichnet. Daher ist es wünschenswert, eine Prüfmethode zu entwickeln, die auf einfache Weise die Materialeigenschaften unter Wasserstoffatmosphäre ermitteln kann. Derzeit werden mechanische Prüfungen unter Wasserstoffatmosphäre in Autoklaven durchgeführt. Für diese Technik ist eine aufwendige Hardware erforderlich, daher sind die Prüfungen teuer und die Prüfkapazitäten nur in geringem Umfang verfügbar. Die hier vorgestellte Prüfmethode verspricht einen zukunftsweisenden Ansatz zur Reduzierung von Kosten und Bearbeitungszeiten durch die Verwendung von Hohlkörpern, d.h. die Probe selbst stellt den Autoklav dar. T2 - Sitzung des DIN-Gemeinschaftsarbeitsausschusses NA 092 00 05 GA, NAS/NMP: Zerstörende Prüfung von Schweißverbindungen CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 15.03.2023 KW - Prüfung KW - Wasserstoff KW - Probengeometrie KW - Hochdruck PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57168 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Holtappels, Kai T1 - Ammonia Safety N2 - Ammoniak ist ein Energieträger, der bereits seit vielen Jahrzehnten im großen Maßstab produziert und verwendet wird, vorrangig als Düngemittel oder Einsatzstoff in der Stickstoffchemie. Das CAMPFIRE-Bündnis, im Rahmen des Förderprogramms “WIR!- Wandel durch Innovation in der Region” des Bundesministeriums für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) gegründet, hat zum Ziel, die Forschung und Entwicklung neuer Energieumwandlungs- und Speichertechnologien für das zukünftige Energiesystem auf der Basis von grünen Ammoniak zu entwickeln. Die sichere Handhabung von Ammoniak ist ein über die gesamte Wertschöpfungskette existierendes wichtiges Thema. Daher hat das Bündnis ein Webinar organisiert, um das Thema Ammoniak Sicherheit und insbesondere die Brennbarkeit zu diskutieren. Der Beitrag der BAM hat das Thema Brennbarkeit intensiv dargestellt, die Klassifizierung von Ammoniak in einen internationalen bzw. europäischen und nationalen Kontext gestellt und die Grundzüge des Explosionsschutzes, die daraus resultieren bzw. bei Nutzung und Anwendung beachtet werden müssen, präsentiert. N2 - Ammonia is an energy source that has been produced and used on a large scale for many decades, primarily as a fertilizer or feedstock in nitrogen chemistry. The CAMPFIRE alliance, founded as part of the "WIR!- Wandel durch Innovation in der Region" funding program of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), aims to research and develop new energy conversion and storage technologies for the future energy system based on green ammonia. The safe handling of ammonia is an important issue along the entire value chain. Therefore, the alliance has organized a webinar to discuss the topic of ammonia safety and in particular its flammability. BAM's contribution presented the topic of flammability in detail, placed the classification of ammonia in an international, European and national context and presented the basic principles of explosion protection that result from this and must be observed during use and application. T2 - Campfire Webinar CY - Online meeting DA - 21.11.2023 KW - Ammonia KW - Energy carrier KW - Flammability KW - Classification KW - Explosion safety PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58968 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nietzke, Jonathan T1 - Performance of Conventional and Additive Manufactured Austenitic Stainless Steels under Gaseous Hydrogen Environment using in-situ Hollow Specimen Technique N2 - Hydrogen and its derivatives (e.g. ammonia) are considered as a suitable energy carrier in the future supply of renewable energy. Hydrogen transportation systems require pipes, valves and fittings, among other components. In this sense, austenitic stainless steels are commonly used structural materials for pure hydrogen applications. Stable austenitic alloys, like AISI 316L, are often assumed to be practically unsusceptible to hydrogen embrittlement. At the same time, a number of studies show the influence of hydrogen even in 316L under some circumstances. Some other studies state that this embrittlement could be avoided by using steel grades with a higher nickel equivalent which contributes to a more stable austenitic phase. Nonetheless, 316L is widely used in hydrogen atmospheres since many years because of lower costs and positive practical experience. For these reasons, not only 316L but also 304 could be further utilized by identifying the exact constraints. With increasing demand for components regarding hydrogen applications, additive manufacturing technologies are getting increasingly important complementary to conventional manufacturing. In the context of additive manufacturing, 316L is a common material as well. The manufacturing process offers great advantages due to higher freedoms in design and the possibility for customized components in small batches. For example, valves with improved flow characteristics and reduced component weight can be produced. Nevertheless, there is still lack of experience and experimental results concerning additively manufactured parts under hydrogen service. Therefore, the influence on the material properties for additively manufactured parts in hydrogen environments needs to be further investigated. In the present work, slow strain rate testing (SSRT) has been applied using hollow specimens. This testing procedure allows to perform practicable and faster in-situ tests in comparison to tests in autoclaves and investigate the influence of hydrogen on the mechanical properties. Conventional AISI 304 and 316L specimens as well as additively manufactured 316L specimens were tested at room temperature and a pressure of 200 bar. Elongation at fracture and relative reduction of area (RRA) have been used to evaluate the influence of hydrogen. It is shown that the influence of hydrogen is more pronounced in 304 than in 316L. Furthermore, potentially influencing factors such as surface roughness, microstructure and porosity are discussed. T2 - International Hydrogen Conference CY - Park City, Utah, USA DA - 17.09.2023 KW - Hydrogen KW - Hollow Specimen Technique KW - Additive Manufacturing KW - Austenitic Steels PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58776 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa T1 - H2Safety@BAM N2 - Overview on the Competence Centre H2Safety@BAM including the following topics: current international developments regarding the market ramp up of hydrogen technologies, European policies, hydrogen market projections, etc. T2 - H2SAFETY@BAM: WORKSHOP 2023 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 27.06.2023 KW - Hydrogen safety KW - Hydrogen market PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-59305 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Askar, Enis T1 - Entzündung von wasserstoffhaltigen Atmosphären durch mechanische Schlagvorgänge N2 - In dem hier vorgestellten Projekt wurde die Wirksamkeit mechanischer Schläge als Zündquelle für wasserstoffhaltige Atmosphären in Abhängigkeit von der inhomogenen Materialpaarung systematisch untersucht. Dabei wurden praxisrelevante Materialien wie Edelstahl, niedrig legierter Stahl, Beton und Nichteisenmetalle betrachtet. Es wurde festgestellt, dass eine Zündung vermieden werden kann, wenn Nichteisenmetalle in Kombination mit verschiedenen metallischen Werkstoffen verwendet werden. In Kombination mit Beton muss die kinetische Schlagenergie auch mit Nichteisenmetallen weiter begrenzt werden, um eine wirksame Entzündung zu vermeiden. Außerdem wurde untersucht, wie sich die Beimischung von Wasserstoff zu Erdgas auf die Wirksamkeit mechanischer Stöße als Zündquelle auswirkt. Bei Beimischungen von bis zu 25 % Wasserstoff und sogar mehr konnte kein Einfluss festgestellt werden. Die Ergebnisse sind vor allem relevant im Zusammenhang mit der Umwidmung des Erdgasnetzes oder der Beimischung von Wasserstoff im Erdgasnetzes. T2 - Energy Saxony Arbeitskreistreffen "Wasserstoff in Industrie und Gewerbe" CY - Glaubitz, Germany DA - 30.11.2023 KW - Explosionsschutz KW - Explosionszonen KW - Wasserstofftransport in Pipelines KW - Zündquellen KW - Schlagfunken KW - Erdgas PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58981 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Askar, Enis A1 - Grunewald, Thomas T1 - Experimental Study on the ignition of hydrogen containing atmospheres by mechanical impacts N2 - Mechanical friction, impact or abrasion is one of the ignition sources that must be avoided in hazardous zones with explosive atmospheres. The effectiveness of mechanical impacts as ignition source is dependent from several parameters including the minimum ignition energy of the explosive atmosphere, the properties of the material pairing, the kinetic impact energy or the impact velocity. By now there is no standard procedure to determine the effectiveness of mechanical impacts as ignition source. In this work the effectiveness of mechanical impacts with defined and reproducible kinetic impact energy as ignition source for hydrogen containing atmospheres was studied systematically in dependence from the inhomogeneous material pairing considering materials with practical relevance like stainless steel, low alloy steel, concrete, and non-iron-metals. It was found that ignition can be avoided, if non-iron metals are used in combination with different metallic materials, but in combination with concrete even the impact of non-iron-metals can be an effective ignition source if the kinetic impact energy is not further limited. Moreover, the consequence of hydrogen admixture to natural gas on the effectiveness of mechanical impacts as ignition source was studied. In many cases ignition of atmospheres containing natural gas by mechanical impacts is rather unlikely. No influence could be observed for admixtures up to 25% hydrogen and even more. The results are mainly relevant in the context of repurposing the natural gas grid or adding hydrogen to the natural gas grid. T2 - International Conference on Hydrogen Safety (ICHS) 2023 CY - Quebec City, Canada DA - 19.09.2023 KW - Explosion protection KW - Hydrogen transport in pipelines KW - ATEX KW - Hazardous areas KW - Mechanical sparks KW - Ignition source PY - 2023 SN - 979-12-210-4274-0 SP - 82 EP - 93 AN - OPUS4-58515 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Grimault de Freitas, Tomás T1 - H2HohlZug: Comprehensive Standardisation of the Hollow Specimen Method for Tests in High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas N2 - The poster starts by presenting the current limitations of the methods used to assess hydrogen effects on materials. Next, an alternative technique called the Hollow Specimen Technique is presented, which aims to overcome the limitations of the current standardised techniques, followed by its advantages. Finally, the H2HohlZug project, its work packages and objectives are presented. T2 - TransHyDE Vollversammlung CY - Leipzig, Germany DA - 29.11.2023 KW - Hollow Specimen Technique KW - Hydrogen Embrittlement KW - Tensile Test KW - High-Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-59153 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Holtappels, Kai T1 - Ammonia Safety N2 - In order to share the latest technological information in the gas field and develop the gas industry, the Korean Gas Safety Corporation host an international gas safety seminar every year by inviting domestic and foreign experts. In year 2023, the seminar focussed on the latest trends in ammonia safety management and utilization technology. BAM was asked to give a presentation on ammonia safety and its flammability in specific. Based on the international flammability classification the required explosion protection measures were presented,which are defined by the European ATEX rules. As final part of the presentation the German strategy on transformation of existing infrastructure, here especially the transformation of landbased LNG terminals, was shown as well. N2 - Um die neuesten technologischen Informationen im Gasbereich auszutauschen und die Gasindustrie weiterzuentwickeln, veranstaltet die Korean Gas Safety Corporation jedes Jahr ein internationales Gassicherheitsseminar, zu dem Experten aus dem In- und Ausland eingeladen werden. Im Jahr 2023 lag der Schwerpunkt des Seminars auf den neuesten Trends im Sicherheitsmanagement und in der Nutzungstechnologie von Ammoniak. Die BAM wurde gebeten, einen Vortrag über die Sicherheit von Ammoniak und insbesondere über dessen Entflammbarkeit zu halten. Auf der Grundlage der internationalen Brennbarkeitsklassifizierung wurden die erforderlichen Explosionsschutzmaßnahmen vorgestellt, die in den europäischen ATEX-Vorschriften festgelegt sind. Als letzter Teil der Präsentation wurde auch die deutsche Strategie zur Umwandlung bestehender Infrastruktur, hier insbesondere die Umwandlung von landgestützten LNG-Terminals, vorgestellt. T2 - 31st Internation Gas Safety Seminar of Korean Gas Safety Corporation (KGS) CY - Seoul, South Korea DA - 29.11.2023 KW - H2Safety@BAM KW - Ammonia safety KW - Flammability classification KW - ATEX rules KW - Explosion safety KW - Safety measures KW - Transformation of LNG terminals PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58972 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Stoljarova, A. A1 - Regenspurg, S. T1 - Influence Of Brine Precipitates On Materials Performance In Geothermal Applications N2 - Since geothermal wells are a feasible energy source to replace fossil fuel supply, many technologies have been developed to take advantage of geothermal energy. Nevertheless, service conditions in geothermal facilities are in many cases extreme in terms of corrosion due to the chemical composition of hydrothermal fluids and temperatures. Therefore, materials selection based on preliminary material qualification is essential to guarantee a secure and reliable operation of the facilities. During operation of a geothermal research facility in Groß Schönebeck copper and lead effects have been found downhole. Occurring mechanisms and measures to prevent precipitation or scaling needed to be investigated as well as potential influences of such precipitates on corrosion resistance of metallic materials used for equipment. This contribution deals with the evaluation of the corrosion behavior of carbon steel and corrosion resistant alloys in copper and/or lead containing artificial geothermal water, simulating the conditions in the Northern German Basin. The behavior of these materials in an artificial geothermal water obtained by electrochemical measurements and exposure tests are presented. While carbon steel exhibits precipitation and deposition, higher alloyed material shows different response to such species and a higher resistance in saline geothermal water. Basing on these results the suitability of the investigated corrosion resistant alloy is given for use in such conditions, whereas carbon steel creates difficulties due to its susceptibility to Cu- and Pb-precipitation. T2 - AMPP Annual 2023 Conference CY - Denver, CO, USA DA - 19.03.2023 KW - Geothermal KW - Electrochemistry KW - Copper KW - Lead KW - Corrosion PY - 2023 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - AMPP CY - Houston TX USA AN - OPUS4-57233 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sediqi, Salmin T1 - Multi-principal element alloy nanoparticle (MPEA-NP) electrocatalysts prepared by pulsed laser ablation for electroreduction of CO2 N2 - The motivation and overall objective of the project are to develop electrocatalysts that are free of noble metals (e.g., Pt or Au) and are instead based on medium and high entropy alloys (MEA\HEA) of transition metals for the electrochemical reduction of CO2. The MEA\HEA are multi principal element alloys (MPEAs) consisting of more than three elements with almost equal alloying proportions, forming solid solutions without intermetallic phases. In such a crystal structure, the individual elements are well mixed, and each atom has different nearest neighbours. In catalysis, especially in selectivity, it is precisely this atomic chaos that matters. Due to the large number of possible combinations of elements, these materials offer excellent conditions to tune their functional properties for specific applications. Especially, catalyst systems in which Cu is combined with another metallic component show a significant increase in catalytic efficiency compared to monometallic systems. Since the catalytic activity, selectivity, and stability of electrocatalysts strongly depend on the size and surface, systematic studies on the influence of the organic stabilizers on heterogeneous catalysis are also of interest. The focus of this project is to design Cu-based MEA\HEA electrocatalysts on the atomic level. For this purpose, base alloys will be prepared, processed into high-purity nanoparticles by pulsed laser ablation, and tested as electrocatalysts. T2 - Tag der Chemie 2023 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 05.07.2023 KW - Chemically Complex Materials KW - CCMat KW - Electrocatalysis PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-59403 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hickel, Tilmann T1 - Defect-hydrogen interaction in Al alloys: Challenges and benefits revealed by ab initio calculations N2 - Climate change motivates the search for light-weight materials for transportation and energy storage solutions. As one of the challenges, the deleterious effect of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of metallic alloys is known to reduce the applicability of metallic alloys, motivating the characterization and simulation of hydrogen-defect interactions in these materials. In this work, the interaction of hydrogen with planar defects in aluminium has been investigated by means of ab initio simulations. On the one hand, two distinct types of GBs have been considered – the Σ11(113) [011] with a close-packed interface structure and the Σ5(210) [001] with a more open interface structure – in order to reveal the mechanisms governing the H segregation energetics. The investigations are afterwards extended to the impact of solutes in the Al alloy. Two scenarios are compared: Their segregation to the grain boundaries and their binding in precipitates. We therewith gained insights into the role of the solute size on the structural and chemical embrittlement in absence and presence of hydrogen. A thermodynamic assessment of the impact of solutes onto H chemisorption in the interfacial vicinity is provided by performing a high-throughput analysis for potential alloying candidates. The identified trends of the solute-H interactions are used to examine the relative importance of changes in hydrogen enhanced decohesion as a thermodynamic effect. On the other hand, the interaction of hydrogen with defects can be beneficial for the formation of metal hydrides. To enhance the formation and stability of such often highly volatile hydrides we have consider a novel concept: tailoring and employing the negative pressure of microstructural and structural defects to enhance H solubility and thus hydride formation. Using systematic ab initio and atomistic simulations, we demonstrate that an enhancement in the formation of hydrides at the negatively pressurized crack tip region is feasible by increasing the mechanical tensile load on the specimen. The theoretical predictions have been used to reassess and interpret atom probe tomography experiments for a high-strength 7XXX-aluminium alloy that show a substantial enhancement of hydrogen concentration at structural defects near a stress-corrosion crack tip. Based on these insights we derive strategies for enhancing the capability of metals as H-storage materials. T2 - International hydrogen conference 2023 CY - Park City, Utah, USA DA - 17.09.2023 KW - Ab initio simulations KW - Hydrogen embrittlement KW - Grain boundaries KW - Hydride formation PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58851 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hickel, Tilmann T1 - Hydrogen enhances cross-slip of dislocations in the vicinity of grain boundaries N2 - Extensive experimental observations indicate the presence of nano-voids and the increase of free volume along the grain boundaries in hydrogen contaminated metals. This rate-dependent phenomenon motivates theoretical investigations of the underlying mechanisms. Here, a hydrogen enhanced cross-slip (HECS) mechanism in the close vicinity of the grain boundaries is demonstrated by direct molecular dynamics simulations. To this end, the interaction of the screw dislocations with a variety of symmetric tilt grain boundaries in H-charged and H-free bicrystalline nickel specimens is examined. The presence of segregated hydrogen atoms at the grain boundaries induces a stress field in their vicinity, and thus the barrier for cross-slip of screw dislocations considerably decreases. The enhanced crossslip of dislocations facilitates the formation of jogs. These jogs can form vacancies during the glide process. This mechanism shows nano-scale evidence of enhanced vacancy formation and subsequent increase in the free volume along the grain boundaries in the presence of H. This increase of the free-volume along the grain boundary dmaages the material and induce further embrittlement in addition to the direct effect of hydrogen in decreasing the fracture energy. T2 - International hydrogen conference 2023 CY - Park City, Utah, USA DA - 17.09.2023 KW - Atomistic model KW - Hydrogen embrittlement KW - Dislocation cross slip KW - Hydrogen enhanced vacancy formation PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58850 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dayani, Shahabeddin A1 - Markötter, Henning A1 - Krug von Nidda, Jonas A1 - Schmidt, Anita A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Quantification of the Deep Discharge Induced Asymmetric Copper Deposition in Lithium‐Ion Cells by Operando Synchrotron X‐Ray Tomography N2 - AbstractLithium‐ion cells connected in series are prone to an electrical safety risk called overdischarge. This paper presents a comprehensive investigation of the overdischarge phenomenon in lithium‐ion cells using operando nondestructive imaging. The study focuses on understanding the behavior of copper dissolution and deposition during overdischarge, which can lead to irreversible capacity loss and internal short‐circuits. By utilizing synchrotron X‐ray computed tomography (SXCT), the concentration of dissolved and deposited copper per surface area is quantified as a function of depth of discharge, confirming previous findings. The results also highlight for the first time a nonuniform distribution pattern for copper deposition on the cathode. This research provides insights for safer battery cell design. KW - Lithium Ion Batteries KW - Deep Discharge KW - Computer Tomography KW - Copper Deposition KW - Litium Ion Cells PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-592717 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202301246 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - Wiley AN - OPUS4-59271 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krug von Nidda, Jonas T1 - Hazard-Based Classification of Lithium-Ion Cells and Batteries N2 - Next to performance features, safety aspects of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are a crucial research field. The abuse/misuse of a LIB can trigger a chain of exothermic reactions on cell level. Hence, the cell temperature increases dramatically, causing the so-called thermal runaway (TR). Moreover, the TR of one cell can initiate the TR of adjacent cells leading to a TR-propagation. Due to the risk of a TR, special measures need to be applied while handling, storing, and transporting batteries. According to current transport regulations, all different types of lithium-ion and lithium metal cells/batteries (by means of cell format, cathode chemistry, etc.) require the same transport conditions regardless of the intensity of their reaction during abuse tests. To allow more differentiated transport requirements, the United Nations (UN) Subcommittee Transport of Dangerous Goods created an Informal Working Group (IWG) on the topic of a hazard-based classification of LIBs. BAM is one of nine laboratories working on the development of a respective classification scheme including appendant test protocols. Herein, we discuss the latest results of our safety tests on commercial LIB-cells employing the test protocols developed in the UN-IWG. Single cell tests are analysed regarding different hazardous features during the TR, e.g., cell temperature, flame occurrence, and gas amount. Next to the general occurrence of a propagation, the propagation speed is analysed by propagation tests. In total, the presented results are gathered from over 200 tests. Next to the classification of the tested cells, the data set obtained is analysed in respect to the cells’ key features, such as cell energy, state of charge and cathode type. Generally, the presented results can increase the overall understanding of the TR-mechanism supporting the design of advanced safety measures on cell level in the future. T2 - International Battery Safety Workshop CY - Ulm, Germany DA - 28.09.2023 KW - Battery Classification KW - Safe Transport KW - Thermal Runaway KW - Lithium Ion Batteries PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-59269 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Leonhardt, Robert T1 - Deconvoluting the impact of early-life abuse conditions on the degradation of lithium-ion cells N2 - The successful repurposing of degraded lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries in second-life applications is a vital step towards achieving a circular economy. While reusing aged Li-cells is a promising way of mitigating their overall environmental footprint, it is crucial to anticipate their future safety and performance characteristics . Unfortunately, predicting these properties is a cumbersome task, essentially caused by limited knowledge of the interference of different degradation modes in the cells’ first life. To still enable estimating of these parameters from a current state, the present study systematically investigates the impacts of abusive conditions in an early phase of the cells’ life on their subsequent degradation behavior. For this purpose, individual Li-cells are initially stressed by different measures such as overcharging, deep-discharging, plating, and deliberate combinations of the aforementioned methods. Electrochemical performance indicators are monitored during subsequent cycling of the cells which provides insights into the interdependencies of different degradation modes induced by specific stress conditions. In this manner, it is clarified whether or not the total degradation can be determined by a convolution or a superposition of individual deterioration effects and, thus, be described as a multidimensional state function. This knowledge will finally contribute to a better understanding of the performance and safety behavior of degraded Li-ion batteries which can help to successfully implement them into second-life applications. T2 - ECS Gothenburg CY - Gothenburg, Sweden DA - 08.10.2023 KW - Li-ion batteries KW - Early-life overstress KW - Ageing PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-59221 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Leonhardt, Robert T1 - Exploring the safety behavior of lithium-ion cells aged at elevated temperatures N2 - Understanding the safety characteristics of aged Lithiumion (Li-ion) batteries is essential for their effective integration into second-life applications. The SafeLiBatt project is a research initiative focused on evaluating safety-related parameters of these batteries. The presented study elucidates the impact of a cells’ state of health (SOH) on its safety behavior. Four highpower pouch cells (Li-NMC622) were exposed to elevated temperatures to achieve accelerated ageing. Subsequent thermal abuse tests were utilized to assess crucial parameters related to the thermal runaway (TR). When compared to their non-aged (begin of life, BOL) analogs, the aged cells implicated a TR-onset lowered by about 10 – 20 K. T2 - Advanced Battery Power 2023 CY - Aachen, Germany DA - 26.04.2023 KW - li-ion batteries KW - ageing KW - battery ageing PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-59220 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Scholl, Juliane T1 - Transformation of fluorinated electrolytes from lithium-ion batteries N2 - Lithium-ion battery (LiB) operation remains challenging, particularly in terms of safety, cycling stability, capacity rates and high-voltage applications. Although the electrolytes of LiBs account for 10-15% of the total battery weight, they are still an underestimated part. Data suggest that the composition of electrolytes offers great potential to deal with all these issues. In particular, fluorinated electrolyte solvents or even fluorinated additives offer several advantages due to the strength of the C-F bond, providing chemical and oxidative stability and increased electronegativity, exhibiting flame retardant properties and facilitating anode-mediated degradation, resulting in a LiF-rich and more stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), enabling more efficient surface passivation. Therefore, studies suggest that fluorinated equivalents, as well as entirely new compounds, are promising for solving battery-related problems. But what happens to fluorinated organic compounds (FOCs) during usage? And what are the new potential risks associated with their release into the environment? The environmental and application-specific fate of FOCs is investigated by a selection of different fluorinated electrolytes, the application of various simulation methods, including the TOP (Total Oxidizable Precursor) Assay, electrochemistry, photo-induced degradation, and cycling of FOC-prepared self-assembled coin cells. Gas chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (GC/LC-HRMS) are used to identify transformation products (TP). T2 - Tag der Chemie 2023 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 05.07.2023 KW - Transformation products KW - Lithium-ion batteries KW - PFAS KW - TP KW - Batteries PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58265 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Scholl, Juliane T1 - Fate of fluorinated electrolytes used in lithium-ion batteries N2 - The use of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), which are very persistent and cannot be completely degraded in the environment, is a well-known problem worldwide. In contrast, fluorinated organic compounds used as electrolytes in lithium-based batteries (LiBs) have been less studied. Despite their increasing use in LiBs due to beneficial properties, such as improving safety, cycling performance, or even enabling high-voltage applications, there is little data on their distribution, transformation, and fate in the environment. To fill this gap, fluorine-containing electrolyte components are studied in oxidative and reductive transformation processes. The identified transformation products (TP) will be determined in relevant environmental matrices and LiBs. T2 - ANAKON 2023 CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 11.04.2023 KW - Transformation products KW - Lithium-ion batteries KW - PFAS KW - TP KW - Batteries PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57502 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -