TY - CONF A1 - Becker, Ben T1 - Statistical safety assessment of composite cylinders N2 - Statistical safety assessment of composite cylinders in terms of load cycle and burst testing. Showing the influence of test conditions and parameters on test results. Introduction into BAM – Tool for safety assessment. T2 - Fibremod Training unit #5 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 05.10.2017 KW - Safety assessment KW - Statistics KW - Composite cylinder PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-42497 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Becker, Ben T1 - Evaluation of test results N2 - Evaluation of test results from burst tests and load cycle tests. T2 - Fibremod Training unit #5 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 05.10.2017 KW - Evaluation KW - Burst Test KW - Load cycle Test KW - Composite Cylinder PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-42498 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heyn, A. A1 - Rosemann, Paul A1 - Babutzka, Martin A1 - Bender, S. T1 - Electrochemical noise of unalloyed steel in mixtures of water-based binders and pigments N2 - The development of organic coatings for corrosion protection is an elaborate process with a multitude of often interminable investigations and tests of protection properties. Electrochemical methods support the processes of development to a great extent and help to understand mechanisms of action and failure. They are usually carried out on applied coating systems with a completed formulation. An examination possibility is presented in this publication that enables the characterization of waterbased coatings with different formulation variations in the liquid (aqueous) state with the aid of electrochemical noise technique. Thus, selection of binders, pigments, and other additives is supported essentially and made more efficient in a very early Phase of formulation development. The paper shows that a unique insight into the dynamic processes of a metal in contact with an aqueous coating dispersion is possible using the example of the development of zinc-free corrosion-inhibiting pigments for waterbased coatings. In addition, it is presented in which way the results correlate with the performance of applied coatings. KW - Organic coatings KW - Electrochemical noise KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion protection KW - Corrosion protection pigments PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.201709671 SN - 0947-5117 SN - 1521-4176 VL - 68 IS - 12 SP - 1295 EP - 1301 PB - Wiley-VCH Verlag CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-43319 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Jörg T1 - Production of micro solar cells using femtosecond laser pulses N2 - A promising technology in photovoltaics is based on micro-concentrator solar cells, where the photovoltaic active area is realized as an array of sub-millimeter sized thin-film solar cells. For copper-indium-gallium-diselenide (CIGSe), the solar cells can be arranged in the foci of a regular arrangement of micro-lenses to enhance their efficiency by light concentration, to allow a better heat dissipation and to save expensive raw material (indium). Different approaches to produce micro-sized precursors of CIGSe absorbers on molybdenum are presented using 30-fs laser pulses at 790 nm wavelength. On the one hand, a multi pulse surface structuring of the molybdenum or the underlying glass substrate and a subsequent physical vapor deposition (PVD) process were used for a site-selective aggregation of indium droplets. On the other hand, a single pulse laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) was utilized to selectively deposit combined copper/indium/gallium precursor pixels on the molybdenum back contact of the solar cell. It was demonstrated that a postprocessing (selenization, isolation, contacting) of the laser-generated micro-sized precursors results in an array of working CIGSe solar cells with an efficiency of 2.8% for 1 sun illumination. T2 - 15th Erwin Schrödinger Colloquium 2017 CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 01.12.2017 KW - Solar cell KW - Micro-concentrator KW - Copper-indium-gallium-diselenide (CIGSe) KW - Femtosecond laser KW - Laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-43338 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt, Band 47, Heft 3 T3 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt der BAM - 3/2017 KW - Zulassungen KW - Zertifikate KW - Richtlinien KW - Ausnahmegenehmigungen KW - Festlegungen PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-421619 SN - 0340-7551 VL - 47 IS - 3 SP - 455 EP - 512 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-42161 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Dittrich, Matthias T1 - Endlagerbehälter und deren Qualifizierung N2 - Vorlesung zum Thema Qualifizierung von Endlagerbehältern für das Endlager Konrad. Grundlagen der Bauartprüfung. T2 - Modul 6 – Konditionierung, Entsorgung und Endlagerung radioaktiver Abfälle KW - Endlager Konrad KW - Bauartprüfung KW - Endlagerbehälter PY - 2017 SP - Kap. 18, 1 EP - 60 PB - AiNT CY - Aachen AN - OPUS4-42350 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mosquera Feijoo, Maria T1 - Cr and Co distribution in 12-13 % Cr alloys after single and dual corrosion experiments N2 - This work investigates the distribution of Chromium and Cobalt as well as other elements and their effect on the corrosion scale formation of ferritic-martensitic alloys under single and dual conditions. For this purpose, coupons of technical VM12-SHC alloy and model Fe-13Cr alloy were annealed at 600°C for 960 h in artificial flue gas. This kind of experiment represents the classical single condition corrosion test. To realize dual condition, an experimental setup was designed in such way that each face of the specimens could be in contact with a different atmosphere. In this presentation the comparison between single and dual conditions will be evaluated in terms of phase composition of the scale and material loss. Preliminary results show clear deviations between both conditions in the distribution of chromium, as well as the diffusion outward of cobalt in the technical alloy. T2 - EUROCORR 2017 CY - Prague, Czech-Republic DA - 03.09.2017 KW - Hydrogen transport KW - Dual atmosphere KW - High temperature corrosion KW - Minor alloying elements PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-42636 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schlegel, Moritz-Caspar T1 - Following the Evidence - How quality of appliance components can hint at non-compliance with efficiency requirements N2 - Improving the energy efficiency of products was identified as the most important short-term opportunity to decrease energy consumption and therefore CO2-emission worldwide. More efficient products are created due to technical innovation. Restricting market access to efficient products only and making the most efficient products stand out by energy labelling are legislative tools to encourage this development. Market surveillance authorities’ checks are fundamental to protect the consumer from wrongly declared goods on the market and ensure fair competition between manufacturers. However, the activities of market surveillance authorities are limited by their financial resources. Testing all product efficiency parameters in an accredited laboratory is very time consuming and cost intensive. In this study, a theoretical concept is presented which can be used to develop screening tests in order to perform product tests by market surveillance authorities with less financial resources. The method identifies components which lead to non-compliance or make a product less energy efficient with minimum effort. The concept is based on a combination of random product tests, dismantling specific products and comparing components. This represents a new approach in product testing procedures beyond the current market surveillance activities. The concept is being tested within a research project funded by the German government. T2 - EEDAL '17 CY - Irvine, CA, USA DA - 12.09.2017 KW - Compliance KW - Energy efficiency KW - Ecodesign KW - Energy labelling PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-43517 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Knieschewski, Arno T1 - Ergebnisse aus Ringversuch und Einzelprüfungen N2 - Die Ergebnisse vieler Produktprüfungen aus Ringversuch und Einzelprüfungen wurden vorgestellt. T2 - AK 513.2.5 Dunstabzugshauben Sitzung am 21.06.2017 CY - Frankfurt am Main, Germany DA - 21.06.2017 KW - Energie Label KW - Dunstabzugshauben KW - Produktprüfungen PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-46424 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Scheidemann, Robert T1 - Comparison of experimental results and numerical simulations of penetration tests with damping concrete N2 - The shock absorbing material damping concrete is for the foundation in dry interim storage facilities for radioactive waste in Germany. In case of a potential cask drop damping concrete minimizes the mechanical loads to the cask. In course of safety analyzes this accident scenario is considered by numerical simulations using the finite element method. To get reliable results of numerical simulations a suitable material model is needed to take the characteristics of damping concrete into account. Due to the lack of sufficient material knowledge a research project was started to characterize the material’s behavior under different load conditions. This paper presents the test program to analyze the material behavior of damping concrete which is characterized by large volume change and strain rate hardening dependence. The determined Parameters were used to adapt an existing material model of the FE-code ABAQUS®. This model has to handle the mechanical damage behavior of damping concrete which occurs under compression and shear loads during a potential cask drop. To verify the material model numerical simulations are compared with dynamic penetration tests, which were conducted with specimens assembled similar to the real application of the damping concrete footings. The transferability of the material model to a real accident scenario was verified by a drop test with a full-scale cask on a damping concrete footing. T2 - ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference (PVP2017) CY - Waikoloa, Hawaii, USA DA - 16.07.2017 KW - Cask KW - Damping concrete KW - Drop test KW - Material model PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-44875 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Linnemann, Konrad A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor A1 - Sterthaus, Jens A1 - Rolle, Annette A1 - Wille, Frank A1 - Nasyrow, R. A1 - Papaioannou, D. A1 - Rondinella, V. A1 - Vlassopoulos, E. A1 - Pautz, A. T1 - Finite element modeling of spent fuel rod segments under bending loads N2 - Transport packages for spent nuclear fuel have to be assessed with respect to specific transport conditions which are defined in the regulations of the International Atomic Energy Agency. The physical state of the spent fuel and the fuel rod cladding as well as the geometric configuration of the fuel assemblies are important Inputs for the evaluation of the package capabilities under These conditions. Cracks or failures in the fuel rod cladding can cause the release of gas, volatiles or fuel particles into the cavity. The amount of substances in the cavity has to be considered in the assessment of the activity release and criticality safety. The mechanical analysis of the compound system formed by the fuel rod cladding and the spent fuel pellets is very difficult due to the limited knowledge of the material properties and the insufficient understanding of the interaction between pellets and cladding and between adjacent pellets. The variation of fuel assembly properties regarding cladding material, burn-up and the history of usage makes reliable predictions of the fuel rod behavior even harder. For a better understanding about the behavior of spent fuel rods, JRC and BAM have started a joint research project. In this context, JRC has developed a test device which allows quasi-static 3-point-bending test on fuel rod segments in the hot cell. The loads are applied with respect to the boundary conditions of the activity release assessment. This paper deals with the numerical calculation of a single fuel rod segment under bending load. The aim is to identify the governing mechanical parameters by the variation of constitutive assumptions, contact conditions, inner constraints, etc. This knowledge helps for the interpretation of the experimental results. Furthermore, the improved understanding about the behavior of the cladding-pellets system will be beneficial for the assessment of spent fuel transport conditions. T2 - SMIRT24 - 24th Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology CY - Busan, Korea DA - 20.08.2017 KW - Finite element methods KW - Spent fuel assessment KW - Transport packages PY - 2017 SP - 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-45316 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kuschke, Christian T1 - international and German standards and guidelines for the design of trunnions of transport packages for radioactive materials N2 - Trunnion systems of packages for the transport of radioactive materials have to guarantee the safe handling of package during crane operations (lifting, tilting) and to secure package tie down to the transport vehicle, if the trunnions are used as attachment points during transport. The design of trunnions is based on IAEA Regulations SSR-6, the supporting Advisory Material SSG-26 and further appropriate technical standards and/or guidelines. For package approval procedures in Germany the guideline BAM GGR 012 has to be applied. If a package is handled inside a german nuclear power plant, the standard KTA 3905 has to be fulfilled additionally. In this paper the requirements of KTA 3905 concerning the trunnion systems as load attaching points (LAP) are discussed in connection with the recommendations in the guideline BAM-GGR 012 . This guideline is prepared at BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing for analysis and assessment of bolted lid and trunnion systems of Type B(U) transport packages. The quality assurance questions concerning trunnion systems are discussed as well. T2 - 11th International Conference on the Transport, Storage and Disposal of Radioactive Materials CY - London, UK DA - 15.05.2018 KW - Trunnion KW - Transport packages for radioactive materials PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-45009 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa A1 - Völzke, Holger A1 - Wolff, Dietmar A1 - Zencker, Uwe T1 - Relevance of cladding failure mechanisms due to zirconium hydride precipitation under extended dry storage conditions in Germany N2 - The German nuclear waste management strategy consists of dry interim storage of spent fuel inside dual purpose casks and its subsequent direct final disposal in a deep geological repository. Interim storage is limited to 40 years so far, but will have to be extended until repository site selection and operation is concluded, potentially up to 100 years. In this context, research on the long term performance of safety relevant cask components and fuel rod integrity during such extended periods of time is of outmost importance. The barrier function of the fuel cladding depends on its integrity under operational and accidental conditions along with storage and subsequent transportation and is mainly affected over time by altering of the cladding microstructure and by thermo-mechanical conditions during reactor operation and subsequent wet and dry storage. This paper focuses on failure mechanisms regarding cladding embrittlement caused by physical phenomena concerning hydrogen dissolution and precipitation of hydrides in the zirconium matrix. Within this context, potential cladding integrity issues under extended interim storage conditions followed by transportation are emphasized. Delayed hydride cracking (DHC) is a well-known time-dependent temperature-activated phenomenon failure mechanism of the fuel cladding during reactor operation. The phenomenon consists of hydrogen diffusion and hydride precipitation at the tip of an initial crack and the propagation of the crack to an approximate distance equal to the length of the hydride. This failure mechanism is temperature-activated phenomenon and enhances along with thermal cycling of the fuel cladding, e. g. during reactor shutdowns. DHC shows limited relevance under quasi static storage conditions with continuously lowering temperatures. However, the literature points that DHC may occur when the temperature during storage decreases to a certain level after some decades and in combination with stress concentrations in the cladding material. When spent fuel is transferred to dry storage by vacuum drying, the cladding temperature raises up to peak temperatures of ~370°C. Under these conditions, hydrides dissolute into the zirconium matrix up to the solubility limit defined by the peak temperature and this amount of hydrogen can precipitate in a radial re-oriented fashion due to the temperature decrease during storage. Cladding materials with radially precipitated hydrides show significant embrittlement. Radially oriented hydrides are perpendicularly oriented to hoop stresses representing the most critical configuration. Brittle failure of the cladding then occurs by crack propagation through radially oriented hydrides and finally through the zirconium matrix. The susceptibility to radial hydride precipitation depends on cladding material type and microstructure, hydrogen content, pre-drying hydride distribution, irradiation conditions, and temperature and stress histories during drying and storage operations. This paper addresses major considerations concerning spent fuel cladding embrittlement due to hydride precipitation with regard to the boundary conditions of dry spent fuel storage in Germany. Analytical, numerical, and experimental approaches are to be discussed by BAM in order to identify the specific needs for future R&D work in that area with the purpose to provide the necessary data base for proper safety demonstration and evaluation along with future extended storage licensing procedures. T2 - 2017 Water Reactor Fuel Performance Meeting CY - Jeju, Korea DA - 10.09.2017 KW - Cladding KW - Hydride precipitation KW - Spent fuel PY - 2017 SP - 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-44749 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Qiao, Linan A1 - Nagelschmidt, Sven A1 - Herbrich, Uwe T1 - Application of a Modified Arrhenius Equation to Describe the Time-Temperature Equivalence in Relaxation Analysis of Metal Seals N2 - For the application of the time-temperature superposition principle a suitable relation is needed to describe the time-temperature shift factor α. Therefore, the Arrhenius equation is widely used due to its simple form and often leads to suitable results. Where, the Arrhenius equation presents a linear relation for the temperature-dependent shift factor in logarithmic scale ln(α) with the absolute inverse temperature (1/ϑ). However, in cases with a large temperature range which eventually include more complex reaction processes, the functional relation between ln(α) and (1/ϑ) is nonlinear in the ‘Arrhenius plot’. In those cases, the monotone change of the nonlinear range in the ‘Arrhenius plot’ can be interpreted as a transient range between two approximately linear or constant regions. An extended application of the modified Arrhenius equation from Nakamura (1989) is presented in this study for this transient range. The introduced method was applied to describe the time-temperature equivalence in the relaxation analysis of restoring seal force of metal seals, which are used in lid-systems of transport and interim storage casks for radioactive materials. But, the method is widely valid and can be used for different objectives which are characterized by thermorheologically simple behavior with nonlinear sensitivity to inverse temperature. KW - Metal seals KW - TTS principle KW - Arrhenius equation KW - Non-linear Arrhenius behavior KW - Relaxation analysis KW - Seal force PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-446759 UR - http://www.davidpublisher.org/index.php/Home/Article/index?id=33931.html DO - https://doi.org/10.17265/1934-7359/2017.09.004 SN - 1934-7359 VL - 11 IS - 9 SP - 853 EP - 861 PB - David Publishing Company CY - USA, NY 10989, Valley Cottage AN - OPUS4-44675 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Palkowski, Carsten T1 - Telling the truth - Validity of energy efficiency values of heat pumps determined under laboratory conditions N2 - In this study, the test method EN 14825 for testing heat pumps is validated by verifying the sensitivity of the seasonal space heating energy efficiency ηs, (declared on the energy efficiency label) in relation to the nominal heating capacity Pdesign. Therefore, the two major parts of the test method, the measurement part and the calculation part, were investigated. The calculation part was subjected to a sensitivity analysis in order to identify the properties of a heat pump which have a strong influence on ηs. The analysis revealed that the energy consumption in special operating states, the duration in activemode and seasonal performance values in active-mode (SCOPon) significantly affect the sensitivity of ηs. Especially short operating times, in which the heat pump is in active-mode, lead to large changes in ηs with varying Pdesign. In addition, the range of power of Pdesign turned out to have an increasing Impact on ηs with decreasing Pdesign. For Pdesign values ≤10 kW, the sensitivity of ηs increases tremendously. Especially the determination of the ηs for devices with short operating times in active-mode (1400 h) and low values for Pdesign (≤10 kW) cannot be reproduced anymore. T2 - 9th International Conference on Energy Efficiency in Domestic Appliances and Lighting (EEDAL 2017) CY - Irvine, CA, USA DA - 13.09.2017 KW - Energy labelling KW - Heat pumps KW - Air conditioner KW - Test method standard optimization KW - Circumvention PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-42110 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stengel, Dominik A1 - Kießling, F. A1 - Mehdianpour, Milad A1 - Özbey, U.-Y. A1 - Pohl, H. T1 - Windlasten auf Freileitungen - Windmessungen an einer 380-kV-Freileitung N2 - Windeinwirkungen auf Freileitungen wurden in der Vergangenheit meist an exponierten Standorten bestimmt. In einem Langzeitversuch wurden seit 2012 an einer mit moderner Messtechnik ausgerüsteten 380-kV-Leitung der 50 Hertz Transmission GmbH, die im nicht besonders exponierten Gelände verläuft und somit den Leitungen im Netz entspricht, die Windgeschwindigkeiten entlang der Leiter und deren Auswirkungen auf die Stützpunkte gemessen. Die Messungen und die begleitenden Auswertungen bestätigen die heute verwendeten normativen Vorgaben für die Windwirkung auf die Leiter von Freileitungen, soweit dies in der relativ kurzen Zeit von fünf Jahren möglich ist. KW - Wind KW - Freileitungen PY - 2017 VL - 2017 IS - 9 SP - 68 EP - 72 PB - EW Medien und Kongresse GmbH CY - Frankfurt am Main AN - OPUS4-42119 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Becker, Ben T1 - Uncertainty’s of statistical assessments N2 - Uncertainty’s of statistical assessments of test results from composite cylinders. T2 - Fibremod Training unit #5 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 05.10.2017 KW - Statistics KW - Uncertainty KW - Composite cylinder PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-42500 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hinchliffe, Daniel A1 - Akkerman, Floris T1 - Assessing the review process of EU Ecodesign regulations N2 - The EU Ecodesign and Energy Labelling Directives set regulations on the energy efficiency, environmental, and information requirements of energy related products entering the EU market. Each individual product regulation stipulates that the EU Commission must undertake a review after a certain number of years. This review stage is crucial to improve the effectiveness and ambition of regulations, and also presents an opportunity to include new resource efficiency aspects. The strength of a review depends on the review process, which has followed various approaches in each reviewed product group so far. This article aims to summarise and discuss these varying review processes and identify their differences and shortcomings. The analysis is based on comparing the review processes to the standard Methodology for Ecodesign of Energy related Products (MEErP) used in preparatory studies to develop new Ecodesign regulations. Analysis questions were discussed with a small number of experts to gain deeper insights on opportunities and difficulties; suggestions are made for improving future review processes. KW - Ecodesign KW - Energy Labelling KW - Product policy KW - Resource efficiency KW - Energy efficiency PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.091 SN - 0959-6526 SN - 1879-1786 VL - 168 SP - 1603 EP - 1613 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-42537 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hicke, Konstantin A1 - Brunner, D. A1 - C. Soriano, M. A1 - Fischer, I. T1 - Role of dynamical injection locking and characteristic pulse events for low frequency fluctuations in semiconductor lasers N2 - We investigate the dynamics of semiconductor lasers subject to time-delayed optical Feedback from the perspective of dynamical self-injection locking. Based on the Lang-Kobayashi model, we perform an analysis of the well-known Low Frequency Fluctuations (LFFs) in the frequency-intensity plane. Moreover, we investigate a recently found dynamical regime of fragmented LFFs by means of a locking-range analysis, spectral comparison and precursor pulse identification. We show that LFF dynamics can be explained by dynamical optical injection locking due to the delayed optical feedback. Moreover, the fragmented LFFs occur due to a re-injection locking induced by a particular optical pulse structure in the chaotic feedback dynamics. This is corrobo-rated by experiments with a semiconductor laser experiencing delayed feedback from an optical fiber loop. The dynamical nature of the feedback injection results in an eventual loss, but also possible regaining, of the locking, explaining the recently observed phenomenon of fragmented LFFs. KW - Injection locking KW - Laser dynamics KW - Delayed optical feedback KW - Emission spectra KW - Nonlinear dynamics PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5006945 SN - 1054-1500 SN - 1089-7682 VL - 27 IS - 11 SP - 114307, 1 EP - 114307,10 PB - American Institute of Physics AN - OPUS4-42515 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Aristia, Gabriela T1 - Polyaniline/SiO2 Containing Coatings for Geothermal Application N2 - Geothermal brine is considered to be an aggressive environment as it contains various dissolved salts. Even though carbon steel is commonly used as a construction material due to its machinability and economical reason, it is susceptible to uniform and localized corrosion in a high temperature and high pressure system. Therefore, a coating system is introduced to protect the carbon steel against corrosion in such environment. 1. Carbon steel is susceptible to uniform corrosion in presence of oxygen, with corrosion rate of immersion at 150 °C of 0.39 mm/a. 2. Exposure test of carbon steel at 150°C and 10 bar (pressurized by Ar) results in pitting corrosion with depth of 19 µm and width 4 µm on average. 3. OCP measurement shows that the stability of measurement is reached after 40 hours of immersion in the solution. 4. EIS measurement is useful to observe the effect of temperature, immersion time, and coating composition on the corrosion processes of coated metals for use in geothermal application. T2 - FU Forschungsseminar CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 28.11.2017 KW - Geothermal KW - Corrosion KW - Coating PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-43363 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stajanca, Pavol A1 - Krebber, Katerina ED - Nogueira, R. ED - Rocha, A. M. T1 - Polymer optical fibers as radiation sensors? N2 - Application importance of ionizing radiation has been growing steadily over the last decades. Extensive utilization of ionizing radiation generates demand for development of suitable monitoring techniques. Radiation monitoring systems based on optical fibers offer several key advantages such as small footprint, possibility of remote and real-time measurement as well as electromagnetic immunity. In this contribution, we investigate radiation-induced attenuation (RIA)-based sensing with perfluorinated polymer optical fibers (PF-POFs). The RIA response of two commercial PF-POFs is assessed in a low dose region and performance and limitations of the system are discussed. The concept represents a potential high-sensitivity, low-cost and easy-to-use on-line radiation monitoring system with distributed detection capability T2 - 26thth International Conference on Plastic Optical Fibres (POF 2017) CY - Aveiro, Portugal DA - 13.09.2017 KW - Perfluorinated polymer optical fibers KW - Gamma radiation KW - Radiation monitoring KW - Optical fiber sensor PY - 2017 SN - 978-989-97345-2-4 SP - Paper 5, 1 EP - 4 AN - OPUS4-42318 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stajanca, Pavol T1 - Polymer optical fibers as radiation sensors? N2 - Application importance of ionizing radiation has been growing steadily over the last decades. Extensive utilization of ionizing radiation generates demand for development of suitable monitoring techniques. Radiation monitoring systems based on optical fibers offer several key advantages such as small footprint, possibility of remote and real-time measurement as well as electromagnetic immunity. In this contribution, we investigate radiation-induced attenuation (RIA)-based sensing with perfluorinated polymer optical fibers (PF-POFs). The RIA response of two commercial PF-POFs is assessed in a low dose region and performance and limitations of the system are discussed. The concept represents a potential high-sensitivity, low-cost and easy-to-use on-line radiation monitoring system with distributed detection capability. T2 - 26th International Conference on Plastic Optical Fibres (POF 2017) CY - Aveiro, Portugal DA - 13.09.2017 KW - Perfluorinated polymer optical fibers KW - Gamma radiation KW - Radiation monitoring KW - Optical fiber sensor PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-42322 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa A1 - Vestergaard, M.C. A1 - Tamiya, E T1 - Carbon-based nanomaterials in biomass-based fuel-fed fuel cells N2 - Environmental and sustainable economical concerns are generating a growing interest in biofuels predominantly produced from biomass. It would be ideal if an energy conversion device could directly extract energy from a sustainable energy resource such as biomass. Unfortunately, up to now, such a direct conversion device produces insufficient power to meet the demand of practical applications. To realize the future of biofuel-fed fuel cells as a green energy conversion device, efforts have been devoted to the development of carbon-based nanomaterials with tunable electronic and surface characteristics to act as efficient metal-free electrocatalysts and/or as supporting matrix for metal-based electrocatalysts. We present here a mini review on the recent advances in carbon-based catalysts for each type of biofuel-fed/biofuel cells that directly/indirectly extract energy from biomass resources, and discuss the challenges and perspectives in this developing field KW - Carbon-based nanomaterials KW - Biofuel cells KW - Biomass KW - Carbon nanotubes KW - Graphene KW - Carbon nanodots PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-428226 UR - http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/11/2587/htm DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/s17112587 SN - 1424-8220 VL - 17 IS - 11 SP - 2587, 1 EP - 2587, 21 PB - MDPI AG CY - Basel, Switzerland AN - OPUS4-42822 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa T1 - Korrosion von CO2-Rohrleitungswerkstoffen durch kondensierte Tröpfchen N2 - CCUS-Technologie (CO2-Abtrennung; Nutzung und Speicherung, engl. Carbon Dioxide Capture, Utilization and Storage) gilt als eine vielversprechende Methode zur Abschwächung des Beitrags von fossilen Emissionen zur globalen Erwärmung. Dabei wird das in den Verbrennungsprozessen entstandene Treibhausgas aufgefangen, zu verschiedenen Lagerstätten transportiert und langzeitig gespeichert bzw. einer chemischen Nutzung zugeführt. In bisher veröffentlichten Untersuchungen wurde gezeigt, dass die CO2-Transport-Pipelines in hohem Maße gefährdet sind, wenn sie korrosiven Begleitstoffen des CO2-Stroms, wie SOx, NOx bei einem hohen Wasserdampfanteil ausgesetzt sind. Screening-Tests zeigten, dass bei einer Konzentration von 1000 ppmv H2O die Reaktionen und Kondensation von SO2 und NO2 mit O2 und H2O zu Säuretropfen (pH ~ 0,5) auf der Oberfläche von Metall-Prüfkörper und Gefäß führen. Die Werkstoffe 1.0582, 1.8977, 1.4313 und 1.4562 wurden in CO2-gesättigtem Kondensat mit unterschiedlichem Verhältnis der säurebildenden Komponenten untersucht. Diese Studien zeigten grundsätzlich den Mechanismus sowie die Rolle jedes CO2-Strom-Begleitstoffes auf den Korrosionsprozess. Allerdings spiegeln die bei Auslagerung und elektrochemischen Messungen in der künstlichen CO2-gesättigten Kondensat-Lösung auftretenden Bedingungen nicht im Detail die Realität in der Praxis, wo sich nur Tröpfchen bilden, wider. Diese Arbeit konzentriert sich auf den Korrosionsprozess von Kondensat in Form von Tröpfchen, auf der Oberfläche von Rohrleitungswerkstoffen unter CO2-Atmosphäre bei 5 °C (Simulation des Transportzustandes). Die Experimente wurden nicht nur für Auslagerungsversuche, sondern auch für elektrochemische Tests mit nur einem Tröpfchen (weniger als 20 µL) konzipiert. Die Auslagerungs-versuche wurden sowohl unter Normaldruck als auch bei hohem Druck (> 70 bar) durchgeführt, wobei das CO2 als dichte – den Tropfen umgebende - Phase vorliegt. Die korrodierten Prüfkörper wurden rasterelektronenmikroskopisch (REM) und mittels Energiedispersiver Röntgenspektroskopie (EDX) analysiert, um nicht nur Korrosionsform, sondern auch die Elementverteilung der Korrosionsprodukte zu zeigen. T2 - 49. Kraftwerkstechnisches Kolloquium CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 17.10.2017 KW - Tropfen KW - Korrosion KW - Begleitstoffe KW - CO2 PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-42823 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stamenkovic, V. A1 - Felsheim, F. T. A1 - Plath, R. A1 - Kapa, Thomas ED - Diaz, Ricardo Rubén ED - Assaf, Leonardo Octavio ED - Silva, José ED - Rizzotti, Bruno T1 - Lab testing of external gas pressure cables and determination of different ageing states N2 - In the last century external gas pressure cable systems with 64/110 kV operating voltage have proven to form a reliable way for the transportation of electrical energy in larger cities all over the world. The beginning of their development reaches back to the 1930s. The dielectric used in these thermally stable cables consists of a mass impregnated cable paper insulation that requires the absence of partial discharges as a prerequisite for continuous operation. In this contribution two test set-ups for advanced lab testing of external gas pressure cable specimens were established. Two specimens of different aging state were subjected to various electrical voltage levels and frequencies as well as different temperatures. Simultaneously dissipation factor measurement and partial discharge detection were applied. Finally the specimens’ relationships between dissipation factor, partial discharge level, temperature, impregnation mass to paper ratio, water content and external gas pressure were discussed. T2 - The 20th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering CY - Buenos Aires, Argentina DA - 27.08.2017 KW - High voltage cable KW - Fibre optic sensors KW - Gas pressure cable PY - 2017 SN - 978-987-45745-6-5 VL - 2017 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - Asociación Coorperadora de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnologia de la UNT AN - OPUS4-42766 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heidmann, B. A1 - Ringleb, F. A1 - Eylers, K. A1 - Levcenko, S. A1 - Bonse, Jörn A1 - Andree, Stefan A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Unold, T. A1 - Boeck, T. A1 - Lux-Steiner, M. C. A1 - Schmid, M. T1 - Local growth of CuInSe2 micro solar cells for concentrator application N2 - A procedure to fabricate CuInSe2 (CISe) micro-absorbers and solar cells for concentrator applications is presented. The micro-absorbers are developed from indium precursor islands, which are deposited on a molybdenum coated glass substrate (back contact), followed by deposition of copper on top and subsequent selenization as well as selective etching of copper selenides. In order to compare the properties of the locally grown absorbers to those of conventional large area CISe films, we systematically examine the compositional and morphological homogeneity of the micro absorbers and carry out photoluminescence measurements. Preliminary devices for micro-concentrator solar cell applications are fabricated by optimizing the copper to indium ratio and the size of the indium precursor islands. The resulting micro solar cells provide a characteristic I–V curve under standard illumination conditions (1 sun). KW - Micro solar cells KW - Light concentration KW - CuInSe2 KW - Absorber optimization KW - Chalcopyrite PY - 2017 UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468606917300953 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtener.2017.10.010 SN - 2468-6069 VL - 6 IS - December 2017 SP - 238 EP - 247 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-42801 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Zencker, Uwe A1 - Qiao, Linan A1 - Völzke, Holger T1 - Influence of impact angle and real target properties on drop test results of cubic containers N2 - Drop test scenarios with cubic containers without impact limiters at interim storage sites or in a final repository have been investigated by numerical simulations. An ideally flat drop is impossible to conduct as a free fall of a container even under laboratory conditions. Dynamic stresses and strains inside the container structure are sensitive to the impact angle. Even very small impact angles cause remarkable changes in the experimental or numerical results when a flat bottom or wall of a container hits a flat target. For drop tests with transport packages the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) regulations define an essentially unyielding target. In contrast, potential accident scenarios for storage containers are derived from site-specific safety analyses or acceptance criteria in Germany. Each interim storage site or repository has a yielding or so-called real target with individual structural and material properties. The real target acts as a kind of impact limiter. A more conservative container design is required if the impact limiting effect of the target is not considered. T2 - ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference CY - Waikoloa, Hawaii, USA DA - 16.07.2017 KW - Finite element method KW - Simulation KW - Drop test KW - Impact angle KW - Real target KW - Yielding target PY - 2017 SN - 978-0-7918-5802-8 DO - https://doi.org/10.1115/PVP2017-65731 VL - 7 SP - Article UNSP V007T07A039, 1 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-43631 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Zencker, Uwe T1 - Influence of impact angle and real target properties on drop test results of cubic containers N2 - Drop test scenarios with cubic containers without impact limiters at interim storage sites or in a final repository have been investigated by numerical simulations. An ideally flat drop is impossible to conduct as a free fall of a container even under laboratory conditions. Dynamic stresses and strains inside the container structure are sensitive to the impact angle. Even very small impact angles cause remarkable changes in the experimental or numerical results when a flat bottom or wall of a container hits a flat target. For drop tests with transport packages the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) regulations define an essentially unyielding target. In contrast, potential accident scenarios for storage containers are derived from site-specific safety analyses or acceptance criteria in Germany. Each interim storage site or repository has a yielding or so-called real target with individual structural and material properties. The real target acts as a kind of impact limiter. A more conservative container design is required if the impact limiting effect of the target is not considered. T2 - ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference CY - Waikoloa, Hawaii, USA DA - 16.07.2017 KW - Finite element method KW - Simulation KW - Drop test KW - Impact angle KW - Real target KW - Yielding target PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-43632 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt, Band 47, Heft 4 T3 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt der BAM - 4/2017 KW - Ausnahmegenehmigungen KW - Festlegungen KW - Richtlinien KW - Zertifikate KW - Zulassungen PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-436466 SN - 0340-7551 VL - 47 IS - 4 SP - 513 EP - 632 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-43646 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa T1 - Relevance of cladding failure mechanisms due to zirconium hydride precipitation under extended dry storage conditions in Germany N2 - The German nuclear waste management strategy consists of dry interim storage of spent fuel inside dual purpose casks and its subsequent direct final disposal in a deep geological repository. Interim storage is limited to 40 years so far, but will have to be extended until repository site selection and operation is concluded, potentially up to 100 years. In this context, research on the long term performance of safety relevant cask components and fuel rod integrity during such extended periods of time is of outmost importance. The barrier function of the fuel cladding depends on its integrity under operational and accidental conditions along with storage and subsequent transportation and is mainly affected over time by altering of the cladding microstructure and by thermo-mechanical conditions during reactor operation and subsequent wet and dry storage. This paper focuses on failure mechanisms regarding cladding embrittlement caused by physical phenomena concerning hydrogen dissolution and precipitation of hydrides in the zirconium matrix. Within this context, potential cladding integrity issues under extended interim storage conditions followed by transportation are emphasized. Delayed hydride cracking (DHC) is a well-known time-dependent temperature-activated phenomenon failure mechanism of the fuel cladding during reactor operation. The phenomenon consists of hydrogen diffusion and hydride precipitation at the tip of an initial crack and the propagation of the crack to an approximate distance equal to the length of the hydride. This failure mechanism is temperature-activated phenomenon and enhances along with thermal cycling of the fuel cladding, e. g. during reactor shutdowns. DHC shows limited relevance under quasi static storage conditions with continuously lowering temperatures. However, the literature points that DHC may occur when the temperature during storage decreases to a certain level after some decades and in combination with stress concentrations in the cladding material. When spent fuel is transferred to dry storage by vacuum drying, the cladding temperature raises up to peak temperatures of ~370°C. Under these conditions, hydrides dissolute into the zirconium matrix up to the solubility limit defined by the peak temperature and this amount of hydrogen can precipitate in a radial re-oriented fashion due to the temperature decrease during storage. Cladding materials with radially precipitated hydrides show significant embrittlement. Radially oriented hydrides are perpendicularly oriented to hoop stresses representing the most critical configuration. Brittle failure of the cladding then occurs by crack propagation through radially oriented hydrides and finally through the zirconium matrix. The susceptibility to radial hydride precipitation depends on cladding material type and microstructure, hydrogen content, pre-drying hydride distribution, irradiation conditions, and temperature and stress histories during drying and storage operations. This paper addresses major considerations concerning spent fuel cladding embrittlement due to hydride precipitation with regard to the boundary conditions of dry spent fuel storage in Germany. Analytical, numerical, and experimental approaches are to be discussed by BAM in order to identify the specific needs for future R&D work in that area with the purpose to provide the necessary data base for proper safety demonstration and evaluation along with future extended storage licensing procedures. T2 - 2017 Water Reactor Fuel Performance Meeting (WRFPM 2017) CY - Jeju, Korea DA - 10.09.2017 KW - Spent fuel KW - Cladding KW - Hydride precipitation PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-43792 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hüsken, Götz T1 - Bemessung und Ausführung von Groutverbindungen nach DIN 18088-5 N2 - Die Grout-Verbindung stellt die Nahtstelle zwischen Gründungsbauwerk und aufgehender Tragstruktur sicher. Die Funktion und Dauerhaftigkeit dieser Verbindung ist essentiell für die sichere Betriebsphase von Offshore-Windenergieanlagen. Die Bemessung der Grout-Verbindung stellt aktuell weitgehendes Neuland ohne Langzeiterfahrung dar. Gleichzeitig sind die Bedingungen bei der Montage Offshore sehr schwierig und die eingesetzten Materialien sind aufgrund ihrer technischen Merkmale in Verbindung mit den Verarbeitungsbedingungen nicht unproblematisch. Demzufolge stellen Grout-Verbindungen ungeregelte Bauarten und die hierfür verwendeten Mörtel (Grouts) ungeregelte Bauprodukte dar. Im Rahmen der Genehmigung ist daher beim Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie (BSH) als zuständiger Genehmigungsbehörde für jedes Bauvorhaben eine projektbezogene Zustimmung im Einzelfall (ZiE) zu beantragen. Vor diesem Hintergrund sollte im DIN-Arbeitsausschuss NA 005-51-07 AA "Windenergieanlagen" eine geschlossene Normenreihe für Tragstrukturen von Windenergieanlagen und Plattformen erarbeitet werden. Anhand der Normenreihe soll allen bei der Planung, Errichtung und dem Betrieb von Windkraftanlagen Beteiligten ein Regelwerk für Bemessung, Baustoffe und deren Verwendung zur Verfügung gestellt werden. Ein Verweis auf die Normenanforderungen bzgl. der stofflichen Anforderungen, Bemessung und Ausführung durch den betreffenden BSH-Standard ist möglich, da eine ZiE weiterhin notwendig ist. Jedoch kann der Genehmigungsprozess aufgrund der vereinheitlichten Randbedingungen vereinfacht werden. Nach der erfolgreichen nationalen Einführung der DIN 18088 soll die Harmonisierung auf europäischer Ebene erfolgen. T2 - Offshoretage 2017 CY - Heiligendamm, Germany DA - 15.03.2017 KW - Grout-Verbindung KW - DIN 18088-5 KW - Offshore-Windenergieanlagen PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39634 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nanaki, E. A. A1 - Koroneos, C. J. A1 - Roset, J. A1 - Susca, Tiziana A1 - Christensen, T. H. A1 - De Gregorio Hurtado, S. A1 - Rybka, A. A1 - Kopitovic, J. A1 - Heindrich, O. A1 - Amparo Lopez-Jimenez, P. T1 - Environmental assessment of 9 European public bus transportation systems N2 - The transportation sector is one of the largest sources of EU’s greenhouse gas emissions. In 2011, trans-portation represented approximately 25 percent of total EU’s greenhouse gas emissions. Urban mobilityaccounts for 40 % of all CO2emissions of road transport and up to 70 % of other pollutants from transport.As, transportation and mobility play a crucial part both in urban economics and the quality of life, it is ofgreat significance to ensure a low carbon transportation sector, so as to deal with the threat that climatechange poses to urban areas. This study examines the factors that affect the production of carbon dioxide(CO2) as well as of air pollutants, in 9 major European cities, aiming to provide a comprehensive overviewof the actual knowledge on the atmospheric pollution from public transportation systems. CO2emissionsas well as air pollutants, such as CO, HC, PM, NOx are calculated for the diesel and CNG bus fleets of theEuropean cities under study. Finally the environmental benefits, in terms of CO2and CO, HC, PM, NOxemissions reductions, from the penetration of different biodiesel blends (from B10 to B100) to the busfleets are estimated. KW - Urban buses KW - Air pollution KW - Urban transport PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2016.08.025 SN - 2210-6707 VL - 28 SP - 42 EP - 52 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-38938 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sentker, Kathirn A1 - Yildirim, Arda T1 - Fabrication of organic nanowires by melt infiltration of a discotic liquid crystal: A combined X-ray diffraction and optical birefringence study N2 - Optical polarimetry and angle dependent X-ray scattering in employed to study the structure of a discotic liquid crystal confined into nanochannels. The pore size dependence of the obtauned data are discussed in detail. T2 - DPG Spring Meeting 2017 CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 20.03.2017 KW - Discotic Liquid Crystals KW - Nanoconfinement PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39591 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Jörg T1 - Femtosecond laser pulses for photovoltaic bottom-up strategies N2 - A bottom-up approach is presented for the production of arrays of indium islands on a molybdenum layer on glass using 30-fs laser pulses at 790 nm wavelength. The indium islands can serve as micro-sized precursors for indium compounds such as copper-indium-gallium-diselenide (CIGSe) used in photovoltaics. Molybdenum is the standard back contact material of CIGSe solar cells. Femtosecond laser ablation of glass and a subsequent deposition of a molybdenum film or direct laser processing of the molybdenum film both allow the preferential nucleation and growth of indium islands at the predefined locations in a following indium-based physical vapor deposition (PVD) process. A proper choice of laser and deposition parameters ensures the controlled growth of indium islands exclusively at the laser ablated spots. Based on a statistical analysis, these results are compared to the non-structured molybdenum surface, leading to randomly grown indium islands after PVD. T2 - 7th European Conference on Applications of Femtosecond Lasers in Materials Science (FemtoMat 2017) CY - Mauterndorf, Austria DA - 20.03.2017 KW - Femtosecond laser KW - Copper-indium-gallium-diselenide KW - CIGSe KW - Indium preferential nucleation KW - Photovoltaics PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39599 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst T1 - Vorversuche zur Ultraschallprüfung an Groutverbindungen N2 - Im rahmen des themenfeldprojektes LEBEWIND wurden Vorversuche zur Ultraschallprüfung von Groutverbindungen an Offshore-Windenergieanlagen gemacht. Die Experimente mit kommerzieller Prüftechnik in Echo und Transmission durch die Stahlwandung hindurch bestätigten, dass diese Bauweise so nicht prüfbar ist. T2 - Workshop "Grout in der Betriebsphase" CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 22.03.2017 KW - Windenergieanlagen KW - Grout KW - Ultraschall PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39541 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hicke, Konstantin A1 - Krebber, Katerina ED - Chung, Y. ED - Jin, W. ED - Lee, B. ED - Canning, J. ED - Nakamura, K. ED - Yuan, L. T1 - Towards efficient real-time submarine power cable monitoring using distributed fibre optic acoustic sensors N2 - Online condition monitoring of submarine power cables helps to avert failures and damages produced by mechanical impacts. We report, to our knowledge for the first time, on investigations regarding the feasibility of distributed fiber optic acoustic sensors based on C-OTDR, with the sensor fibres being embedded in the cable, to detect vibrations due to mechanical disturbances along the cable. We present first results of sensing experiments where acoustic signals are transmitted through water to simulate the corresponding submarine conditions. Furthermore, we show results evaluating the usefulness of fibre commonly embedded in existing power cable designs for our sensing purposes. T2 - 25th International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors CY - Jeju-City, Jeju, Republic of Korea DA - 24.04.2017 KW - Distributed acoustic sensing KW - Power cable monitoring KW - C-OTDR KW - Fibre optic sensors KW - DAS PY - 2017 SN - 978-1-5090-4850-2 DO - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2267474 SN - 0277-786X SN - 1996-756X VL - 10323 SP - 1032390-1 EP - 1032390-4 PB - SPIE CY - Bellingham, WA, USA AN - OPUS4-40088 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nofz, Marianne A1 - Dörfel, Ilona A1 - Sojref, Regine A1 - Wollschläger, Nicole A1 - Mosquera Feijoo, Maria A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - Microstructure, smoothening effect, and local defects of alumina sol-gel coatings on ground steel N2 - Porous alumina films with thicknesses of a few microns were prepared via a dip-coating technique on steel P92. The coating is shown to protect the steel against massive corrosion, which is typical in the hot reactive environment of coal fired power plants. To mimic real conditions ground steel plates were coated with a boehmite-sol. This leads to an overall smoothing of the formerly rough surface. In the following short annealing step the inner porous construction with worm-like particles consisting of nano-crystallites and amorphous alumina is formed. Due to the simultaneous diffusion of chromium and iron ions out of the bulk steel material into the porous alumina coating, a dense interface with satisfactory adhesion is formed. However, the film exhibits few local defects like cracks or dense alumina nodules caused by steep edges in the ground surface or agglomeration of boehmite-sol components, respectively. Cracks especially have to be avoided. This problem can be overcome so far by slight modifications in the sol preparation process and surface treatment of the substrates. Nevertheless the results demonstrate the potential of sol-gel based alumina coatings as a time- and cost-saving protection type for commercial steel P92. KW - Alumina coating KW - Steel protection KW - TEM PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-016-4188-8 SN - 0928-0707 VL - 81 IS - 1 SP - 185 EP - 194 PB - Springer CY - New York AN - OPUS4-40044 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krankenhagen, Rainer T1 - Standardization of NDT Methods and Operational Procedures - Active Thermography N2 - Starting with a general consideration of standards the different kinds and levels of standards are compiled. The procedure of initiating a standard is described. An overview about all existing standards for TT (Thermographic Testing) is given with a special focus on ASTM standards. T2 - Training Course: Non-destructive testing of fiber reinforced polymers CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 28.03.2017 KW - Standardization KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Thermographic testing PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40107 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hicke, Konstantin T1 - Towards efficient real-time submarine power cable monitoring using distributed fibre optic acoustic sensors N2 - We present experimental results investigating the applicability of distributed fibre optic acoustic sensing (DAS) for condition and threat monitoring in submarine power cables. T2 - 25th International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors CY - Jeju-City, Jeju, Republic of Korea DA - 24.04.2017 KW - Distributed fibre optic sensors KW - Distributed fibre optic acoustic sensing KW - Condition monitoring KW - C-OTDR KW - Power cable monitoring PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40078 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Völzke, Holger A1 - Wolff, Dietmar T1 - Update on the German approach of storing spent nuclear fuel in dual purpose casks until final disposal N2 - The German approach of storing spent nuclear fuel in dual purpose casks until final disposal is based on individually licensed storage sites concerning specific nuclear inventories and dual purpose cask types. The currently approved license period is maximum 40 years. With nuclear policy changes including the phase-out decision of 2011 and a new approach for the HLW repository siting process set up 2013 by law also the spent fuel and HLW management strategy has to be adapted. This includes the timely development of disposal container concepts as part of the overall repository siting process and the need for longer interim storage periods until final disposal. Other aspects affect new regulations about the financing of the nuclear waste management by the industry and the public sector, the restructuring of responsible authorities in 2016/2017 and the adaption of R&D funding programs addressing also pre-disposal (or extended interim storage) issues. BAM as a Federal Research Institute has been responsible for or in charge of container safety Evaluation for transport and storage casks for radioactive waste for several decades and started addressing potential Extended interim storage issues already several years ago. This included participation in international projects at the IAEA or in the U.S. Extended Storage Collaboration Program (ESCP) as well as long term laboratory tests with metal seals, elastomeric seals and polymers for neutron shielding purposes. Test results of BAM are published regularly and gained data provide valuable information about thermo-mechanical and radiological degradation effects as well as the long term Performance of respective cask components. Regarding the reliable extrapolation and prediction of the long term Performance of cask materials and components for time periods of up to 80 or even 100 years the continuation and extension of laboratory tests and the development of analytical and numerical simulation models and tools is essential and under way. T2 - 16th International High -Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference (IHLRWM 2017) CY - Charlotte, NC, USA DA - 09.04.2017 KW - Spent fuel KW - Storage KW - Cask KW - Safety KW - Disposal PY - 2017 SP - 189 EP - 194 AN - OPUS4-40411 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa A1 - Völzke, Holger A1 - Wolff, Dietmar A1 - Zencker, Uwe T1 - Cladding considerations at BAM regarding extended storage spent fuel N2 - With the clear expectation of the need for extending spent fuel storage in Germany beyond the initial license period of maximum 40 years additional material data and knowledge about the long term performance and integrity of casks and internals like fuel rods will be required to meet major safety goals and regulatory requirements. Based on a broad knowledge base about fuel cladding behavior, degradation mechanisms and related potential failure mechanisms, e. g. induced by reoriented Hydride precipitation, as illustrated in this paper, a specific gap analyses for the German situation regarding fuel conditions and cladding materials should identify the specific knowledge gaps to be addressed and closed in the near future. This is of specific interest as all spent fuel assemblies are going to be transferred to dry cask storage with the next decade and as a consequence of the German nuclear phase-out decision. Within several decades, BAM as a Federal materials research institute gathered a broad range of expertise in the safety evaluation of materials, components and casks under operational and accidental thermal and mechanical conditions. This paper elucidates selected Basic considerations regarding technical and scientific knowledge about the long term aging performance and potential failure mechanisms of fuel cladding materials. Under consideration of the national R&D funding policy which has been adapted to the extended interim storage or pre-disposal needs and the competences of BAM, its future R&D strategy is explained and some R&D objectives have already been identified. BAM will continue and expand ist engagement in the area of investigating fuel cladding material behavior in the long term and developing validated simulation and analyses tools in collaboration with national and international partners. R&D outcomes shall improve the knowledge-base to close identified knowledge gaps in the area of demonstrating fuel cladding integrity and to provide crucial information with regard to future safety assessments for the extended interim spent fuel storage. T2 - 16th International High -Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference (IHLRWM 2017) CY - Charlotte, NC, USA DA - 09.04.2017 KW - Spent fuel KW - Storage KW - Fuel cladding PY - 2017 SP - 718 EP - 725 AN - OPUS4-40412 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bresch, Sophie T1 - Druckunterstützte Sinterung von Calciumcobaltitfolien N2 - Calcium cobaltite Ca3Co4O9 is a promising p-type oxide thermoelectric material for applications between 600 °C and 900 °C in air. The properties and the morphology of Ca3Co4O9 are strongly anisotropic because of its layered crystal structure. By aligning the plate-like grains, the anisotropic properties can be assigned to the component. Hot-pressing of tablets is a well-known technology for grain alignment of Ca3Co4O9 and increases the thermoelectric properties in a/b-direction remarkably [1-3]. However, hot-pressing of tablets is limited by the tablet size. An interesting alternative for larger components is the pressure assisted sintering of panels from tape casted layers. Tape casting already leads to grain orientation during green body forming. By combining tape casting and pressure assisted sintering (50 kN maximum force) of Ca3Co4O9, high densities and high thermoelectric properties can be reached for large components up to 200 mm edge length. The morphology of Ca3Co4O9-grains can be designed by doping as well as by varying the powder synthesis conditions. For example Bi-doping increases the anisotropy of the grains, and reaction sintering of uncalcined powder leads to a fine grained microstructure and increases the electrical conductivity for pressure-less sintered specimens. Doped and undoped Ca3Co4O9 powders were successfully tape cast with the doctor blade technique. Several layers of tape were stacked and laminated to 7 cm x 7 cm panels. These panels were sintered in a LTCC sintering press with combined in-situ shrinkage measurement. Pressure-less sintered panels from undoped powder have a 2.5 times higher electrical conductivity at room temperature than dry-pressed test bars with randomly orientated particles. By applying a uniaxial pressure of 10 MPa during sintering, the electrical conductivity (σ25°C=15000 S/m) increases by the factor of 6 compared to the pressure-less sintered panels, which is in good accordance to the values reported in literature for conventional hot pressing [1, 3]. It is not possible to assign the increased anisotropy of Ca2.7Bi0.3Co4O9 to the pressure-assisted sintered panels, as Bi leads to an abnormal grain growth (up to 500 µm) with randomly oriented grains. This decreases the electrical conductivity (σ25°C=5000 S/m). Such an abnormal grain-growth is reported for Bi over-doped Ca3Co4O9 [4] but not because of hot-pressing. N2 - Calciumcobaltit ist eines der vielversprechendsten thermoelektrischen Oxide, welche zur direkten Wärmerückgewinnung genutzt werden können. Calciumcobaltit weist sowohl eine anisotrope Partikelform als auch anisotrope thermoelektrische Eigenschaften auf. Durch gezielte Ausrichtung der Partikel mittels Foliengießens und druckunterstützter Sinterung kann diese Anisotropie gezielt auf ein Bauteil übertragen werden. Die Partikelmorphologie kann durch Dotierung und Kalzinierung beeinflusst werden. Verschiedene Calciumcobaltitpulver wurden druckgesintert und das Gefüge sowie die thermoelektrischen Eigenschaften untersucht. Die Dotierung mit Bismut führte zu einer Verschlechterung der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit bei druckgesinterten Proben im Gegensatz zu undotierten Pulvern. T2 - Funktionsmaterialien - Lehrstuhlseminar CY - Bayreuth, Germany DA - 02.06.2017 KW - Thermoelectrics KW - Calcium cobaltite KW - Pressure assisted sintering KW - Druckunterstützte Sinterung KW - Calciumcobaltit KW - Thermoelektrika PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40467 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Andree, Stefan T1 - Production of precursors for micro-concentrator solar cells using femtosecond Laser-Induced Forward Transfer N2 - Indium is a constituent of copper-indium-gallium-diselenide (CIGSe), which is an excellent absorber material for highly-efficient thin film solar cells but a rare element. A micro-concentrator solar cell design can achieve indium saving along with increased solar cell conversion efficiency. In such a solar cell architecture the CIGSe material is arranged in micrometer sized islands in contrast to the deposition of a thin layer used in standard cells. In this paper, the production of spatially arranged precursor islands consisting mainly of indium using laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) is presented. The donor is a glass substrate (150 µm thick) coated with layers of copper (20-150 nm) and indium (200-1000 nm). The receiver is an 800 nm thick molybdenum film on glass intended as back contact for CIGSe solar cells. Islands of the donor material are successfully transferred via LIFT by employing 30-fs laser pulses with 800 nm wavelength and 60 µm focal spot diameter. The spacing between donor and receiver is fixed at 150 µm and the material transfer is performed by a single pulse for each precursor island. The transferred material is characterized by scanning electron and optical microscopy, profilometry and energy dispersive X-ray analyses. Matrices of copper-indium precursors can be transferred in a spatial arrangement adapted to the geometry of micro lens arrays needed for micro-concentrator solar cells. T2 - European Materials Research Society (EMRS) Spring Meeting 2017, Symposium X “New frontiers in laser interaction: from hard coatings to smart materials” CY - Strasbourg, France DA - 22.05.2017 KW - Copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGSe) KW - Indium KW - Laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) KW - Femtosecond laser KW - Micro-concentrator solar cell PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40433 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mitzscherling, Steffen T1 - Verbesserung und Qualifizierung der Ultraschallprüfung von Mischnähten im Primärkreis von KKW N2 - Die im Primärkreislauf von Kernkraftwerken anzutreffenden austenitischen Schweiß- und Mischnähte sind nicht nur extrem sicherheitsrelevant, sondern stellen auch sehr hohe Anforderungen an die Materialprüfung. Neben der eingeschränkten Zugänglichkeit ist das makroskopische Gefüge der Schweißnaht für die Prüfung mit Ultraschall von höchster Bedeutung. Um Materialfehler zuverlässig in Position und Größe bestimmen zu können, müssen die Kornorientierungen und die elastischen Konstanten des anisotropen Schweißnahtgefüges bekannt sein. Für die bildgebende Darstellung möglicher Materialfehler kommen folgende Arbeitsschritte zum Einsatz: Zunächst wird die Schweißnaht durchschallt, um mit einem inversen Verfahren wichtige Schweißnahtparameter wie beispielsweise die Kornorientierung bestimmen zu können. Auf der Basis dieser Parameter werden im nächsten Schritt die Schallwege mittels Raytracing (RT) simuliert. Zuletzt werden dieser RT-Simulation die Messdaten (A-Scans) von verschiedenen Sender- und Empfängerpositionen zugeordnet und nach der SAFT-Methode (Synthetic Aperature Focusing Technique) zeitaufgelöst überlagert. Die Kombination aus inversem Verfahren, RT und SAFT gewährleistet auch in anisotropen Werkstoffen eine ortsrichtige Visualisierung der Fehler. Wir erläutern diese drei Verfahren und stellen die Prüfanordnung von Prüfkörpern mit künstlichen Testfehlern vor. Messdaten sowie deren Auswertung werden mit den Ergebnissen einer CIVA-Simulation verglichen. T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2017 CY - Koblenz, Germany DA - 22.05.2017 KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung KW - Ultraschall KW - SAFT KW - Schweißnaht KW - Austenit PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40434 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wille, Frank A1 - Linnemann, Konrad A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor A1 - Rolle, Annette T1 - Assessment approaches of mechanical behavior of SNF under transport package test conditions N2 - German packages for the transport of spent nuclear fuel are assessed with respect to specific transport conditions which are defined in the safety regulations of the International Atomic Energy Agency. In general, gastight fuel rods constitute the first barrier of the containment system. The physical state of the spent fuel and the fuel rod cladding as well as the geometric configuration of the fuel assemblies are important inputs for the evaluation of the package safety under transport conditions. The objective of this paper is to discuss the methodologies accepted by German authority BAM for the evaluation of spent fuel behavior within the package design approval procedure. Specific test conditions will be analyzed with regard to assumptions to be used in the activity release and criticality safety analysis. In particular the different failure modes of the fuel rods, which can cause release of gas, volatiles, fuel particles or fragments, have to be properly considered in these assumptions. The package as a mechanical system is characterized by a complex set of interactions, e.g. between the fuel rods within the assembly as well as between the fuel assemblies, the basket, and the cask containment. This complexity together with the limited knowledge about the material properties and the variation of the fuel assemblies regarding cladding material, burn-up and the operation history makes an exact mechanical analysis of the fuel rods nearly impossible. The application of sophisticated numerical models requires extensive experimental data for model verification, which are in general not available. The gaps in information concerning the material properties of cladding and pellets, especially for the high burn-up fuel, make the analysis more complicated additionally, and require a conservative approach. In this context some practical approaches based on experiences by BAM within safety assessment of packages for transport of spent fuel will be discussed. Ongoing research activities to investigate SNF mechanical behavior in view of gas and fissile material release under transport loads are presented. T2 - International High-Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference, IHLRWM 2017 CY - Charlotte, NC, USA DA - 09.04.2017 KW - Brennelementverhalten KW - Spent fuel behavior KW - Hüllrohr KW - Kritikalität KW - Aktivitätsfreisetzung KW - Mechanisches Verhalten KW - Cladding KW - Criticality PY - 2017 SP - 472 EP - 475 AN - OPUS4-39898 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wille, Frank T1 - Assessment approaches of mechanical behavior of SNF under transport package test conditions N2 - German packages for the transport of spent nuclear fuel are assessed with respect to specific transport conditions which are defined in the safety regulations of the International Atomic Energy Agency. In general, gastight fuel rods constitute the first barrier of the containment system. The physical state of the spent fuel and the fuel rod cladding as well as the geometric configuration of the fuel assemblies are important inputs for the evaluation of the package safety under transport conditions. The objective of this paper is to discuss the methodologies accepted by German authority BAM for the evaluation of spent fuel behavior within the package design approval procedure. Specific test conditions will be analyzed with regard to assumptions to be used in the activity release and criticality safety analysis. In particular the different failure modes of the fuel rods, which can cause release of gas, volatiles, fuel particles or fragments, have to be properly considered in these assumptions. The package as a mechanical system is characterized by a complex set of interactions, e.g. between the fuel rods within the assembly as well as between the fuel assemblies, the basket, and the cask containment. This complexity together with the limited knowledge about the material properties and the variation of the fuel assemblies regarding cladding material, burn-up and the operation history makes an exact mechanical analysis of the fuel rods nearly impossible. The application of sophisticated numerical models requires extensive experimental data for model verification, which are in general not available. The gaps in information concerning the material properties of cladding and pellets, especially for the high burn-up fuel, make the analysis more complicated additionally, and require a conservative approach. In this context some practical approaches based on experiences by BAM within safety assessment of packages for transport of spent fuel will be discussed. Ongoing research activities to investigate SNF mechanical behavior in view of gas and fissile material release under transport loads are presented. T2 - International High-Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference, IHLRWM 2017 CY - Charlotte, NC, USA DA - 09.04.2017 KW - Spent fuel KW - Cladding failure KW - Criticality analysis KW - Encapsulation PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39908 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Dittrich, Matthias T1 - Legacy waste containers for low and intermediate level radioactive waste in Germany – current situation and challenges N2 - Low and intermediate level radioactive waste has been produced in Germany for several decades. While a part of the waste had been deposited in the Morleben repository and the Asse mine which have been operated for just a limited period of time, the major amount is conditioned and packaged in temporarily stored waste containers. Those containers are designated for final disposal in the KON-RAD repository being currently under construction and expected to start opera-tion in 2022. As a consequence, an assessment of the waste container documen-tation and safety is strongly needed to receive an approval for the Konrad reposi-tory. This requalification is challenging because those old containers have to meet the same safety requirements as new containers. T2 - Waste Management Symposia 2017 CY - Phoenix, USA DA - 05.03.2017 KW - Legacy waste container KW - Konrad PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39872 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Komann, Steffen T1 - German concept to ensure transportability of SNF packages after interim storage N2 - In Germany the concept of dry interim storage of spent fuel in dual purpose metal casks is implemented, currently for periods of up to 40 years. The casks being used have an approved transport package design in accordance with the international IAEA transport regulations as well. The storage of spent nuclear fuel and high-level waste in dual purpose casks (DPC) is related with the challenge of maintaining safety for transportation over several decades of storage. Besides consideration of aging mechanisms by appropriate design, material selection and operational controls to assure technical reliability by aging management measures, an essential issue is the continuous control and update of the DPC safety case. Not only the technical objects are subject of aging but also the safety demonstration basis is subject of “aging” due to possible changes of regulations, standards and scientific/technical knowledge. To ensure a safe transport in future to a destination which is not known yet (because of not yet existing repository sites) periodical reviews of the Package Design Safety Report (PDSR), in connection with periodic renewals of package design approval certificates, have to be carried out. T2 - International High-Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference, IHLRWM 2017 CY - Charlotte, NC, USA DA - 09.04.2017 KW - Dual purpose casks KW - Long time storage KW - Aging management KW - Approval certificate PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39916 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Komann, Steffen A1 - Wille, Frank A1 - Schönfelder, Thorsten T1 - German concept to ensure transportability of SNF packages after interim storage N2 - In Germany the concept of dry interim storage of spent fuel in dual purpose metal casks is implemented, currently for periods of up to 40 years. The casks being used have an approved transport package design in accordance with the international IAEA transport regulations as well. The storage of spent nuclear fuel and high-level waste in dual purpose casks (DPC) is related with the challenge of maintaining safety for transportation over several decades of storage. Besides consideration of aging mechanisms by appropriate design, material selection and operational controls to assure technical reliability by aging management measures, an essential issue is the continuous control and update of the DPC safety case. Not only the technical objects are subject of aging but also the safety demonstration basis is subject of “aging” due to possible changes of regulations, standards and scientific/technical knowledge. To ensure a safe transport in future to a destination which is not known yet (because of not yet existing repository sites) periodical reviews of the Package Design Safety Report (PDSR), in connection with periodic renewals of package design approval certificates, have to be carried out. T2 - International High-Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference, IHLRWM 2017 CY - Charlotte, NC, USA DA - 09.04.2017 KW - Dual purpose casks KW - Interim storage KW - Transportability PY - 2017 SP - 476 EP - 481 AN - OPUS4-39919 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schlichting, S. A1 - Hönig, Gerald T1 - Tuning of the quantum-confined Stark effect in wurtzite [0001] nanostructures by the internal-field-guarded-active-region design N2 - In this work we eliminate the QCSE without having any special requirements on the growth procedure or the material. Hönig et al. developed the Internal-Field-Guarded-Active-Region Design (IFGARD), which we experimentally investigate in this work based on GaN/AlN nanodiscs (NDs). T2 - Compound Semiconductor Week 2017 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 14.05.2017 KW - Halbleiterphysik KW - Nanophysik KW - Optoelektronik KW - Piezopolarisation KW - Spontane Polarisation PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40174 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Berger, Anka A1 - Anca-Couce, A. A1 - Dieguez-Alonso, A. A1 - Zobel, N. A1 - Kienzl, N. A1 - Behrendt, F. T1 - Influence of heterogeneous secondary reactions during slow pyrolysis on char oxidation reactivity of woody biomass N2 - The influence of heterogeneous secondary reactions on char oxidation reactivity, which can take place during slow pyrolysis processes in a woody biomass particle, is analyzed in this study. To this end, the oxidative behavior of primary char produced in a thermobalance with initial wood masses of a few milligrams is compared to the behavior of char produced under conditions enhancing secondary reactions, i.e., large particle and bed sizes in fixed-bed reactors. The influence of the Maximum conversion temperature, heating rate, and catalytic effect of inorganics is also studied to compare the effect of each parameter. Results show that a significant reduction in reactivity takes place when char is produced under conditions enhancing These secondary reactions during pyrolysis. The effect is of similar order as the effect as a result of thermal annealing at 900 °C or the catalytic effect of alkali and alkaline earth metals. Therefore, the presence of heterogeneous secondary reactions during pyrolysis should be taken into account in studies addressing biomass char reactivity. Furthermore, it is shown that the reduction of reactivity as a result of secondary reactions is related to neither the loss of oxygen-containing functional groups nor the potential blocking of pores, specially micropores, resulting from the formation of this secondary char. The explanation may, therefore, lie on the deactivation or blocking of active sites by the secondary char. KW - Char conversion KW - Char reactivity KW - Pyrolysis KW - Woody biomass KW - Thermogravimetric analysis KW - TGA PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b02350 SN - 0887-0624 SN - 1520-5029 VL - 31 IS - 3 SP - 2335 EP - 2344 PB - ACS Publications AN - OPUS4-40189 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Feldkamp, Martin A1 - Erenberg, Marina A1 - Nehrig, Marko A1 - Bletzer, Claus A1 - Musolff, André A1 - Wille, Frank A1 - Schönfelder, Thorsten T1 - Aspects of assessment of packages with wood filled impact limiters during fire tests N2 - Packages for the transport of radioactive material are often equipped with impact limiters consisting of wood, encapsulated by steel sheets. These impact limiters shall ensure that the transport casks meet the mechanical and thermal IAEA regulatory test requirements. According to the accident conditions of transport it is mandatory to expose the specimens to a cumulative effect by mechanical and thermal impacts. The mechanical tests consist of a free drop from 9 m onto a flat unyielding target and a 1 m drop onto a puncture bar. After damage caused by mechanical test sequences the package has to withstand a severe fire scenario. Corresponding to the IAEA advisory material it is required that the impact attitudes for the 9 m drop test and for the puncture test have to be such as to produce maximum damage, taking into account the thermal test. Moreover, any damage, which would give rise to increased radiation or loss of containment or affect the confinement system after the thermal test, should be considered. During and following the thermal test, the specimen shall not be artificially cooled and any combustion of materials of the package shall be permitted to proceed naturally. Different works from the French Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN) and BAM show that additional energy supply from a pre-damaged impact limiter to the cask could occur. This effect should be considered within the safety assessment of the containment. Thermal effects at the closure system of the cask, which might result in an elevated activity release, have to be excluded. BAM conducted small scale tests with wood filled metal buckets showing continuing combustion processes during the cooling down phase. These test results are presented. As not much is known about smouldering processes in wood filled impact limiters, it is highly complex to define pre-damage of impact limiters, which are conservative, regarding the maximum damaging energy flow from the impact limiter to the containment system. More research has to be done to develop models to examine the effects of smouldering impact limiters on the containment of packages for the transport of radioactive material. Aspects of assessment and its difficulties are shown. BAM as a competent authority for the approval of transport casks for radioactive material in Germany operates the test facilities to examine the issue of mechanical damage, combustion and heat transfer for such kind of package systems. For this purpose the knowledge from real drop tests with casks of a mass partly over 100 tons was transferred to a test application. A thermal test will take place with a wood filled test specimen with a diameter of about 2.3 meters. The aim is to understand the phenomena of smouldering under the consideration of relevant regulatory boundary conditions. The process of smouldering is described with regard to the requirements in the thermal assessment of safety of packages for the transport of radioactive material. Requirements concerning the pre-damage of packages for the maximum damage of impact limiters are discussed. Parameters influencing the smouldering process are identified. T2 - WM 2017 Conference CY - Phoenix, AZ, USA DA - 05.03.2017 KW - Fire test KW - Wood KW - Combustion KW - Smouldering KW - Smoldering KW - Impact limiter KW - Shock absorber KW - Thermal test KW - IAEA PY - 2017 SN - 978-0-9828171-6-2 SP - 1 AN - OPUS4-40157 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kuschke, Christian T1 - Standards and Guidelines for Design of Trunnions of RAM Transport Packages N2 - Trunnion systems of packages for the transport of radioactive materials have to guarantee the safe handling of package during crane operations (lifting, tilting) and to secure package tie down to the transport vehicle, if the trunnions are used as attachment points during transport. The design of trunnions is based on IAEA Regulations SSR-6, the supporting Advisory Material SSG-26 and further appropriate technical standards and/or guidelines. For package approval procedures in Germany the guideline BAM GGR 012 has to be applied. If a package is handled inside a german nuclear power plant, the standard KTA 3905 has to be fulfilled additionally. In this paper the requirements of KTA 3905 concerning the trunnion systems as load attaching points (LAP) are discussed in connection with the recommendations in the guideline BAM-GGR 012. This guideline is prepared at BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing for analysis and assessment of bolted lid and trunnion systems of Type B(U) transport packages. The quality assurance questions concerning trunnion systems are discussed as well. T2 - Waste Management 2017 Conference CY - Phoenix, Arizona, USA DA - 05.03.2017 KW - Trunnions KW - RAM Transport Package PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39997 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stengel, Dominik A1 - Bardl, Richard A1 - Kühnel, C. A1 - Großmann, S. A1 - Kiewitt, W. T1 - Accelerated electrical and mechanical ageing tests of high temperature low sag (HTLS) conductors N2 - As part of the Best Paths project, work package 6 of the DEMO #4 combines the R&D tasks for repowering of transmission overhead line corridors. The aim of the presented research work is the electrical and mechanical investigation of high temperature low sag conductors (HTLS) and their respective accessories. In contrast to the conventional ACSR (aluminum conductor steel reinforced) conductors, new material combinations of HTLS technologies result in a better sagging behavior combined with an operation at higher temperatures. Because of missing operational experience, the ageing behavior of HTLS conductor technologies shall be analyzed regarding the operating parameters such as electrical, thermal and mechanical load. T2 - ICOLIM Conference 2017 CY - Strasbourg, France DA - 25.04.2017 KW - High temperature low sag conductors KW - Accelerated ageing KW - Long-term loading PY - 2017 SN - 978-1-5090-5132-8 SP - 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-40040 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bardl, Richard T1 - Accelerated electrical and mechanical ageing tests of high temperature low sag (HTLS) conductors N2 - As part of the Best Paths project, work package 6 of the DEMO #4 combines the R&D tasks for repowering of transmission overhead line corridors. The aim of the presented research work is the electrical and mechanical investigation of high temperature low sag conductors (HTLS) and their respective accessories. In contrast to the conventional ACSR (aluminum conductor steel reinforced) conductors, new material combinations of HTLS technologies result in a better sagging behavior combined with an operation at higher temperatures. Because of missing operational experience, the ageing behavior of HTLS conductor technologies shall be analyzed regarding the operating parameters such as electrical, thermal and mechanical load. T2 - International Conference on Live Maintenance (ICOLIM) 2017 CY - Strasbourg, France DA - 25.04.2017 KW - High temperature low sag conductors KW - Accelerated ageing KW - Long-term loading PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40041 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stajanca, Pavol A1 - Krebber, Katerina ED - Chung, Y. ED - Jin, W. ED - Lee, B. ED - Canning, J. ED - Nakamura, K. ED - Yuan, L. T1 - Towards on-line radiation monitoring with perfluorinated polymer optical fibers N2 - Sensitivity of two commercial perfluorinated (PF) polymer optical fibers (POFs) to gamma radiation was measured, compared and exploited for dosimetry purposes. Fiber radiation induced attenuation (RIA) was found to be highly wavelength dependent and pronounced towards the UV part of the spectrum. PF-POFs were shown to be highly radiation sensitive and RIA-based on-line radiation monitoring with sensitivity as high as 135 dBm-1/kGy was demonstrated at 460 nm with co-extruded PF-POF. In addition, thanks to low inherent attenuation in the near-infrared region, possibility of distributed radiation detection with PF-POFs was demonstrated for the first time, utilizing optical time domain reflectometry. T2 - 25th International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors CY - Jeju, Republic of Korea DA - 24.04.2017 KW - Radiation-induced attenuation KW - Perfluorinated polymer optical fibers KW - Cytop KW - Gamma radiation KW - Optical fiber dosimetry KW - Optical fiber sensors KW - Distributed radiation sensing PY - 2017 SN - 978-1-5090-4850-2 DO - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2256354 SN - 0277-786X SN - 1996-756X VL - 10323 SP - 103231O-1 EP - 103231O-4 PB - SPIE AN - OPUS4-40323 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stajanca, Pavol T1 - Towards on-line radiation monitoring with perfluorinated polymer optical fibers N2 - Over the last decades, ionizing radiation has been gaining importance in various fields outside the nuclear industry. Among available dosimetry techniques, optical fiber‑based dosimeters (OFDs) offer numerous advantages such as electromagnetic immunity, small dimensions and possibility of remote and real time monitoring. Monitoring of radiation‑induced attenuation (RIA) of the fiber is one of the most straightforward OFD techniques. Compared to silica fibers, large‑diameter multi-mode (MM) polymer optical fibers (POFs) are easy to handle, allow for more economical connectorization and have better biocompatibility. Therefore they may yield cheaper, user-friendlier monitoring systems. In this work, feasibility of RIA-based radiation monitoring with highly sensitive perfluorinated (PF) POFs has been investigated. T2 - 25th International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors CY - Jeju, Republic of Korea DA - 24.04.2017 KW - Radiation monitoring KW - Perfluorinated polymer optical fibers KW - Cytop KW - Distributed radiation detection PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40324 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stajanca, Pavol T1 - Polymer optical fibers for sensing applications: ionizing radiation monitoring N2 - In the last decades, considerable attention has been paid to the development of polymer optical fibers (POFs) that may, in certain cases, represent more suitable or cost effective alternative to their glass based counterparts. Due to some of their unique properties, POFs have found their applications in the area of data transmission, lighting as well as optical sensing. Compared to the glass based fiber sensors, POFs are more robust and flexible yielding sensors suitable also for larger strain applications. They have better biocompatibility and are generally more acceptable for medical applications. In addition, POFs can provide higher inherent sensitivity to some of the more alternative measurands such as humidity or ionizing radiation. Over the last three years, BAM’s Division 8.6 has been participating in the European FP7 project “TRIPOD” devoted to the development of POF technology for sensing applications. Project activities and main technological achievements will be reviewed. Special attention will be paid to the utilization of optical fiber sensors in radiation environments. In the recent years, ionizing radiation has found numerous applications also outside the nuclear industry, e.g. in material processing, sterilization or medical applications. With increasing importance of radiation processes, demand for suitable monitoring techniques is rising as well. Among available dosimetry solutions, optical fiber based dosimeters offer numerous advantages such as electromagnetic immunity, small dimensions and possibility of remote and real time monitoring. A concept of attenuation based radiation sensing with perfluorinated POFs will be investigated and presented as a potential candidate for low cost easy to use on line radiation monitoring system. T2 - The Fiber Society 2017 Spring Conference CY - Aachen, Germany DA - 17.05.2017 KW - Polymer optical fibers KW - Fiber Bragg grating sensors KW - Gamma radiation KW - Radiation monitoring PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40325 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Dittrich, Matthias A1 - Kasparek, Eva-Maria A1 - Völzke, Holger T1 - Legacy waste containers for low and intermediate level radioactive waste in Germany - Actual situation and challenges –17070 N2 - Low and intermediate level radio active waste has been produced in Germany for several decades. While a part of the waste had been deposited in the Morleben repository and the Asse mine which have been operated for just a limited period of time, the major amount is conditioned and packaged in temporarily stored waste containers. Those containers are designated for final disposal in the KONRAD repository being currently under construction and expected to start operation in 2022. As a consequence, an assessment of the waste container documentation and safety is strongly needed to receive an approval for the KONRAD repository. This requalification is challenging because those old containers have to meet the same safety requirements as new containers. T2 - WasteManagement Symposia 2017 CY - Phoenix, USA DA - 05.03.2017 KW - Radioactive waste container KW - Konrad KW - Repository PY - 2017 UR - https://www.xcdsystem.com/wmsym/2017/028.html#17070 SP - Paper 17070, 1 EP - 14 AN - OPUS4-40326 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hoffmann, Mathias T1 - Schmiedestahl als neuer Behälterwerkstoff zur Endlagerung von schwach- und mittelradioaktiven Abfällen für das Endlager Konrad N2 - Durch den Betrieb und den fortschreitenden Rückbau der in Deutschland stationierten Kernkraftwerke und kerntechnischen Anlagen, steigt auf Seiten der Industrie sowie Energieversorgungsunternehmen der Bedarf nach geeigneten Abfallbehältern zur Konditionierung und Entsorgung anfallender schwach- und mittelradioaktiver Abfälle mit vernachlässigbarer Wärmeentwicklung. Deutlich spürbar ist hierbei der Impuls der Hersteller auch Abfallbehälter aus anderen als den bislang verwendeten Werkstoffen wie z. B. Beton, Gusswerkstoff oder Stahlblech zu fertigen. Dabei besteht insbesondere das Interesse an der Herstellung von Konrad-Endlagerbehältern aus Schmiedestahl. Die Verwendung von Schmiedestahl als Behälterwerkstoff ist bereits bei Transport- und Zwischenlagerbehältern für hochradioaktive Abfälle etabliert. Das Material bietet auch für Konrad-Endlagerbehälter aufgrund seiner günstigen Festigkeits- und Zähigkeitseigenschaften in Anbetracht der erhöhten Anforderungen an die Barriereeigenschaften von störfallfesten Behältern der Abfallbehälterklasse II gewisse Vorteile. Denn für Behälter der Abfallbehälterklasse II müssen gemäß Endlagerungsbedingungen und Produktkontrolle über die Abfallbehälterklasse I hinaus zusätzliche Kriterien an die Behälterauslegung zur Erhaltung der Integrität erfüllt werden. Ebenfalls müssen erhöhte Dichtheitskriterien zur Einhaltung zulässiger Radionuklidfreisetzungen während und nach einem mechanischen oder thermischen Störfallszenario eingehalten werden. Die größten Herausforderungen zur Qualifizierung von Schmiedestahlbehältern liegen in der Bewertung der Nachweiskonzepte zur Ermittlung der abdeckenden Fallorientierung und Prüfmusterkonfiguration für den geforderten Fallversuch aus 5 m Höhe. Hierbei ist gemäß Produktkontrolle das Prüfmuster so auszuwählen und zu fertigen, dass es einschließlich seines simulierten Inhalts für die Serienfertigung repräsentativ ist und bei der Fallprüfung der größtmögliche Schaden bezüglich maximaler Kräfte, maximaler Spannungen und maximaler Verformungen erzielt wird. Eine weitere wesentliche Herausforderung ist die Eignungsprüfung des vom Antragsteller ausgewählten konservativ abdeckenden Inventars für die einstündige Brandprüfung bei 800°C, welche die Gesamtheit der kritischen Eigenschaften der für die Serienbehälter vorgesehenen Inhalte, insbesondere Ionenaustauscherharze und Verdampferkonzentrate sowie deren Auswirkung auf die Wärmeverteilung, das Pyrolyseverhalten und den Druckaufbau im Behälter berücksichtigt. Diese Prüfung hat das Ziel, die Erfüllung der Dichtheitskriterien nach einem simulierten thermischen Störfall nachzuweisen. Bis auf einige Ausnahmen existieren in den Endlagerungsbedingungen und Produktkontrolle keine spezifischen Anforderungen an Behälterwerkstoffe. Grundsätzlich dürfen Behälter aus Werkstoffen hergestellt werden, die einzeln und in Ihrer Gesamtheit nachweislich für den Einsatzzweck der Behälter geeignet sind. Diese Anforderungen sind in der Regel dann erfüllt, wenn die verwendeten Schmiedestähle nach allgemein anerkannten Regeln der Technik hergestellt, gefügt und geprüft werden und im Rahmen der Bauartprüfung der Behälter ihre Eignung nachgewiesen werden. Neben den bisher explizit genannten Behälterwerkstoffen Beton, Guss(eisen) und Stahlblech hat das Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (BfS) auch in Zusammenarbeit mit der BAM Schmiedestahl zusätzlich in die neue Revision der Endlagerungsbedingungen aufgenommen. Hierdurch wird jetzt neu die Option eröffnet ohne gesonderte Zustimmung des BfS, Anträge auf Zulassung von Schmiedestahlbehältern für das Endlager Konrad zu stellen. Hierbei stehen grundsätzlich alle über die Behältergrundtypen in spezifizierten Formen und Abmessungen zur Disposition. Mit diesem Beitrag berichtet die BAM über die aktuellen nationalen und internationalen Bestrebungen Schmiedestahl als Behälterwerkstoff für die Lagerung von mittelradioaktiven Abfällen zu etablieren. Dabei wird auch auf die Besonderheiten eingegangen, denen sich Antragsteller bei der Qualifizierung von derartigen Behältern in der Abfallbehälterklasse II unter Berücksichtigung der in und genannten Anforderungen zu stellen haben. T2 - Kontec 2017 CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 22.03.2017 KW - Schmiedestahl KW - Behälterwerkstoff KW - Endlagerung KW - Abfälle KW - Konrad PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40343 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hoffmann, Mathias ED - Kasparek, Eva-Maria ED - Völzke, Holger T1 - Schmiedestahl als neuer Behälterwerkstoff zur Endlagerung von schwach- und mittelradioaktiven Abfällen für das Endlager Konrad T1 - Forged steel as a new container material to the final storage of low- and medium-level radioactive waste for the Konrad repository N2 - Mit diesem Beitrag berichtet die BAM über den Stand der Technik und die bereits existierenden Behälterbauarten für die Lagerung von mittelradioaktiven Abfällen mit Ausblick auf die Vorteile und Anwendungszwecke von Schmiedestahl als bevorzugter Behälterwerkstoff. Aus Sicht der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) wird dargestellt, welche Herausforderungen im Allgemeinen bei der Qualifizierung von Schmiedestahlbehältern existieren und warum diese im Vergleich zu den bislang verwendeten Konstruktionen bevorzugt zur Erfüllung der erhöhten Anforderungen an die Barriereeigenschaften eines Behälters der Abfallbehälterklasse II (ABK II) ausgewählt werden. T2 - Kontec 2017 - 13. Internationales Symposium "Konditionierung radioaktiver Betriebs- und Stilllegungsabfälle" einschließlich 13. Statusbericht des BMBF "Stilllegung und Rückbau kerntechnischer Anlagen" CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 22.03.2017 KW - Schmiedestahl KW - Behälterwerkstoff KW - Endlagerung KW - Abfälle KW - Konrad PY - 2017 SP - Tagungsband, 673 AN - OPUS4-40344 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hübert, Thomas T1 - Hydrogen sensor deployment N2 - Presentation of BAM test facility. Presentation of previous analysis of sensor performance in relation to application requirements and sensor data base. The main topics of sensor metrological, deployment and operational metrics were discussed. T2 - Hydrogen Sensor Workshop CY - Brussels, Belgium DA - 10.05.2017 KW - Hydrogen sensors KW - Sensor deployment PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40270 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Völzke, Holger A1 - Wolff, Dietmar T1 - Update on the German approach of storing spent nuclear fuel in dual purpose casks until final disposal N2 - The safe and secure long term storage of spent nuclear fuel until its final disposal in a deep geological repository is a corner stone of the German nuclear waste management strategy. So far interim storage licenses are limited to 40 years concerning the initial concept of having a repository available until 2035. But in the meantime the exploration of the designated Gorleben salt dome was finally stopped and a reset of the complete site selection process was concluded by the German Federal parliament and subsequently fixed by law. A 33-member “Commission on the storage of highly radioactive materials” was established in 2014, to elaborate a consent based siting process and to develop criteria for the safe disposal of heat generating waste. The disposal commission agreed and published its final report in 2016. As a major consequence, the necessary timeframe for establishing the final repository is going to be exceeded significantly and with that, an extension of the current dry interim storage in dual purpose casks becomes necessary. This paper explains the major actions to be taken in Germany to address all relevant issues for a future extension of storage licenses beyond the initial timeframe of 40 years. T2 - ANS Conference International High-Level Radioactive Waste Management (IHLRWM) 2017 CY - Charlotte, NC, USA DA - 09.04.2017 KW - Spent Fuel KW - Storage KW - Disposal PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40303 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa T1 - Cladding considerations at BAM regarding extended storage of spent fuel N2 - The current German waste management strategy consists of dry interim storage of spent fuel inside dual purpose casks at various sites and its subsequent direct final disposal in a deep geological repository. Interim facilities are licensed for up to 40 years of operation but this storing period will have to be extended until repository site selection and operation is concluded, potentially up to 100 years. In this context, research on long term mechanical behavior of fuel cladding and cask components during extended interim storage and transportation to a final repository are of outmost importance. Barrier properties of the fuel cladding depend on its integrity which is affected over time by thermo-mechanical loads and by microstructure altering including potential embrittlement caused by re-oriented hydride precipitation. Experimental and numerical investigations have been performed by the international research community in order to predict the degree of cladding embrittlement against storage time. Results have shown that embrittlement of cladding materials is governed by the concentration, orientation and size of precipitated hydrides. Nevertheless, the existing variety of fuel materials and assemblies available on the market and the many parameters effecting hydride precipitation do not allow sufficient reliable safety predictions in the long term without further investigation. Thus, knowledge on cladding integrity over storage time and during subsequent transportation is to be gained taking into consideration the relevant fuel and cladding material types as well as cladding temperatures along with peak values during cask drying and cooling rates during storage periods. Expected research results will increase the accuracy of cladding safety analysis. This paper summarizes the current German status regarding extended interim storage and how BAM is going to identify and address potential cladding integrity issues in the long term. T2 - ANS Conference International High-Level Radioactive Waste Management (IHLRWM) 2017 CY - Charlotte, NC, USA DA - 09.04.2017 KW - Spent Fuel Cladding KW - Hydrides KW - Storage PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40305 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Völzke, Holger T1 - Preserving competence in nuclear technology - BAM's contributions N2 - With regard to the nuclear phase-out in Germany preserving competence in nuclear technology is a major challenge. This presentation explains how BAM addresses this issue within its specific tasks, expertise and long term experience on nuclear waste package design testing and safety evaluation. T2 - 48th Annual Meeting on Nuclear Technology (AMNT 2017) CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 16.05.2017 KW - Nuclear Technology KW - Safety KW - Waste Packages KW - Design Testing PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40306 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Völzke, Holger T1 - Perspectives on extending interim storage of spent nuclear fuel (beyond the initial license period) N2 - The presentation adddresses the consequences and challenges of the German nuclear phase-out in conjunction with the restart of siting process for a high-level radioactive waste repository. Concerning spent fuel this will lead to extended interim storage periods for the dry storage casks beyond the initial licensing period of 40 years. For extending storage periods additional safety assessments and data about the long term performance of materials, components and casks will be needed and BAM has already been lauching specific R&D projects addressing identified data gaps. T2 - 8th Annual Nuclear Decommissioning Conference Europe CY - Manchester, UK DA - 24.05.2017 KW - Spent Fuel KW - Storage KW - Disposal PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40358 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ringleb, F. A1 - Eylers, K. A1 - Teubner, T. A1 - Schramm, H.-P. A1 - Symietz, Christian A1 - Bonse, Jörn A1 - Andree, Stefan A1 - Heidmann, B. A1 - Schmid, M. A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Boeck, T. T1 - Growth and shape of indium islands on molybdenum at micro-roughened spots created by femtosecond laser pulses N2 - Indium islands on molybdenum coated glass can be grown in ordered arrays by surface structuring using a femtosecond laser. The effect of varying the molybdenum coated glass substrate temperature and the indium deposition rate on island areal density, volume and geometry is investigated and evaluated in a physical vapor deposition (PVD) process. The joined impact of growth conditions and spacing of the femtosecond laser structured spots on the arrangement and morphology of indium islands is demonstrated. The results yield a deeper understanding of the island growth and its precise adjustment to industrial requirements, which is indispensable for a technological application of such structures at a high throughput, for instance as precursors for the preparation of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 micro concentrator solar cells. KW - Indium islands KW - Femtosecond laser patterning KW - Diffusion KW - CIGSe micro solar cells PY - 2017 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169433216325764 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.11.135 SN - 0169-4332 SN - 1873-5584 VL - 418 SP - 548 EP - 553 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-40551 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hönig, Gerald A1 - Westerkamp, S. A1 - Hoffmann, A. A1 - Callsen, G. T1 - Shielding electrostatic fields in polar semiconductor nanostructures N2 - Polar semiconductor materials enable a variety of classic and quantum-light sources, which are optimized continuously. However, one key problem—the inherent electric crystal polarization of such materials—remains unsolved and deteriorates the radiative exciton decay rate. We suggest a sequence of reverse interfaces to compensate these polarization effects, while the polar, natural crystal growth direction is maintained. Former research approaches, like growth on less-polar crystal planes or even the stabilization of unnatural phases, never reached industrial maturity. In contrast, our concept provides a way for the development of ultrafast devices based on established growth processes for polar materials, while the electric potential landscape becomes adjustable. KW - Piezopolarisation KW - Spontane Polarisation KW - Halbleiterphysik KW - Nanophysik KW - Optoelektronik PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.7.024004 SN - 2331-7019 VL - 7 IS - 2 SP - 024004-1 EP - 024004-12 PB - American Physical Society CY - College Park, MD 20740-3844 AN - OPUS4-39125 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Baeßler, Matthias T1 - A perspective on research on OWEA substructures considering the authorities approval process N2 - Die BAM unterstützt das Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrografie bei der bautechnischen Bewertung von Tragstrukturen für Offshore-Windparks. Im Hinblick auf die vielfältigen nationalen Aktivitäten in Forschung und Entwicklung wird in der eingeladenen Präsentation auf Schwerpunkte behördlicher Erfahrungen und Bedenken Bezug genommen um eine Perspektive auf zukünftigen Forschungsbedarf zu eröffnen. T2 - 7. Gigawind Symposium CY - Leibniz Universität Hannover, Germany DA - 02.03.2017 KW - OWEA KW - Substructures KW - Authorities approval process PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39377 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lazik, D. A1 - Neumann, Patrick P. A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias T1 - Characteristic length measurement of a subsurface gas anomaly - an integrating monitoring approach over heterogeneous distributed gas flow paths N2 - Geogenic gases such as CH4 or CO2 from natural sources, gases (CCS-CO2, H2, Natural gas, City gas …) from a geological repository, or a leaking gas pipeline can present serious risks in industrial and urban areas where the density of infrastructural elements increases as well as above and below ground. To extend the lead time for risk treatment in such critical regions, reliable detection of gases within the shallow subsurface is required to observe critical gas accumulations before degassing into the atmosphere. A near real-time monitoring approach is introduced to determine the volumetric expansion of such a gas escaping from a leak in the subsurface. Considering the pressure relaxation with the ambient air pressure, the approach enables the forecasting of the final size of a pressurized gas body in terms of characteristic lengths. According to theoretical basics, such a characteristic length, which allows to perform a gas (safety) measurement based on a purely geometrical measure, behaves independently of subsurface properties, i.e., it enables a reliable quantification of the escaping gas, irrespective of its heterogeneous flow path distribution. A field test for a 10 l/min pinhole leakage of CO2 injected in an unsaturated Chernozemic soil (agricultural test field Bad Lauchstädt)that was equipped with linear gas sensors demonstrates the lateral-vertical volumetric gas expansion along the environment of these gas sensors, and confirms the applicability of the new characteristic length approach. T2 - UFZ EnergyDays 2017 CY - Leipzig, Germany DA - 15.03.2017 KW - CO2 KW - Carbon capture and storage KW - Leakage KW - Monitoring PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39400 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schröder, Volkmar T1 - Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen für Biogase N2 - Im Poster wird die Ermittlung sicherheitstechnischer Kenngrößen für Biogase mit Hilfe von Dreistoff-Diagrammen dargestellt. Insbesondere wird die Berechnung der unteren und oberen Explosionsgrenzen (UEG, OEG) und die Ermittlung der Sauerstoffgrenzkonzentration (LOC)beschrieben. T2 - Biogas Infotage 2017 CY - Ulm, Germany DA - 18.01.2017 KW - Biogas KW - Explosionsschutz KW - Explosionsgrenzen KW - Sauerstoffgrenzkonzentration KW - Explosionsdiagramme PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39063 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schröder, Volkmar T1 - Explosionsschutz für Biogas-Wasserstoff-Gemische N2 - Bei neueren Verfahren zur Biogasgewinnung wird zusätzlich Wasserstoff in den Fermenter eingespeist, um den Methananteil im Biogas zu erhöhen. Dieses Verfahren bewirkt neben der CO2-Vermeidung eine Erhöhung des Brennwerts und der Qualität des Biogases. Zudem kann dafür, ähnlich wie bei der Einspeisung von Wasserstoff in das Erdgasnetz, Elektrolysewasserstoff aus Überschüssen von Wind- und Solarstrom verwendet werden (Power-to-Gas). Im Poster werden die sicherheitstechnischen Kenngrößen für den Explosionsschutz bei Prozessgasen dargestellt und diskutiert. T2 - Biogas Infotage 2017 CY - Ulm, Germany DA - 18.01.2017 KW - Biogas-Wasserstoff-Gemische KW - Explosionsschutz KW - Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen KW - Explosionsgrenzen KW - Explosionsdrücke KW - Normspaltweite PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39064 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schröder, Volkmar T1 - Kenngrößen für Gase im Explosionsschutz N2 - Im Poster werden die wichtigsten sicherheitstechnischen Kenngrößen von Gasen für den Explosionsschutz dargestellt. Es wird gezeigt, wie mit Hilfe von Dreistoff-Diagrammen (Explosionsdiagrammen) die Explosionsgrenzen, die Entzündbarkeit und die Sauerstoffgrenzkonzentration von Gemischen aus Brenn- und Inertgasen bestimmt werden. Weiterhin wird eine Zuordnung der Kenngrößen zu den gebräuchlichen Schutzmaßnahmen vorgenommen. T2 - Biogas Infotage 2017 CY - Ulm, Germany DA - 18.01.2017 KW - Explosionsschutz KW - Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen KW - Biogas KW - Explosionsgrenzen KW - Explosionsdruck KW - Normspaltweite KW - Explosionsgruppen PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39065 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stengel, Dominik A1 - Mehdianpour, Milad T1 - Windbeanspruchung von Hochspannungs-Freileitungsseilen in Naturmessungen, Zeitbereichssimulation und Norm T1 - Wind load of high voltage overhead transmission line con ductors in field measurements, time domain simulations and standard N2 - Die Beanspruchung von Freileitungen erfolgt hauptsächlich durch Naturlasten. Dabei spielt für die bemessungsbestimmenden Lastfälle häufig der Wind eine entscheidende Rolle. Die Leiter, die mehrere hundert Meter weit spannen, tragen einen wesentlichen Anteil zur Gesamtbeanspruchung von Tragmasten bei, die wiederum Eigengewicht und Windlasten der Leiter zwischen zwei Abspannmasten abtragen. Wenn die Reaktion der Seile auf Starkwindereignisse abgeschätzt werden soll, müssen sowohl geometrische Nichtlinearitäten durch die großen Verformungen wie auch aerodynamische Nichtlinearitäten berücksichtigt werden. Insbesondere für die Anwendung und Berücksichtigung in Bemessungsvorschriften werden hierfür Vereinfachungen vorgenommen. In diesem Beitrag wird eine umfassende Untersuchung vorgestellt, über Naturmessungen, FEM-Simulationen kombiniert mit Windkanalversuchen und generierten Windzeitreihen. Ziel ist es, existierende Bemessungsvorschriften im Hinblick auf die Abschätzung der Beanspruchung aus Wind auf Leiter zu validieren. Hierbei sind insbesondere die Turbulenzannahmen und das dynamische Verhalten von weitgespannten Leitern wichtig, um die Extremschnittgrößen zu beschreiben. Mithilfe von so genannten Spannweitenfaktoren sollen die relevanten Parameter, wie Spannweite und Windturbulenz, bei der Beanspruchungsabschätzung berücksichtigt werden. N2 - The loading of overhead lines comprises of natural actions mainly. Wind loading signifies an important load case in the design of overhead transmission line structures. Conductors spanning often several hundreds of meters contribute significantly to the overall loading of suspension towers. Those towers are often designed as a mass product to support the dead and wind load of the conductors between two dead end towers. Estimating the reaction of the conductors to strong winds, both geometric nonlinearities because of the large deformations as well as aerodynamic nonlinearities need to be considered. Particularly for design procedures, those effects should be simplified. This paper presents a thorough investigation comprising field measurements along an existing overhead line, simulations with FEM combined with wind tunnel tests and generated wind fields. It is the aim of the study to validate the actual design procedure regarding loading of wind acting on conductors. Most important herein in order to describe the extreme response are assumptions on turbulence distribution and dynamic behavior of wide spanning overhead line conductors. According to usual design procedure, by means of so called span reduction factors, relevant parameters such as span length and wind turbulence can be considered. KW - Langzeitmessung KW - FEM-Simulation KW - Dynamik PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/stab. 201710437 SN - 1437-1049 VL - 86 IS - 1 SP - 45 EP - 53 PB - Ernst & Sohn CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-38899 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Trappe, Volker T1 - Betriebsfestigkeit von imperfekten und reparierten Rotorblättern N2 - Die Betriebsbeanspruchung für Rotorblätter ist aus Messungen bekannt. Schäden an Rotorblättern treten im Betrieb meistens an der Blattschale nach 4-5Jahren, weit vor der projektierten Lebensdauer von 20 Jahren auf und führen zum Anlagenstillstand, wenn sie nicht repariert werden. Mittels eines an der BAM entwickelten FKV-Sandwich-Schalenprüfkörpern kann effizient die Betriebs-festigkeit von Imperfektionen und Reparaturstellen studiert werden. Fertigungsbedingte Imperfektionen (Lagenstöße, Schaumstöße) verkürzen die Lebensdauer ggf. erheblich und führen zu Reparaturen. Experimentell konnte gezeigt werden, dass ein(e) aus-reparierte(r) Schaden/Imperfektion die Betriebsbeanspruchung deutlich besser erträgt, als die schadhafte Struktur.Die numerische Betriebsfestigkeitsvorhersage für FKV ist Gegenstand der Forschung. Gleiches gilt für die Abschätzung der Lebensdauerverkürzung infolge bekannter Fertigungsabweichungen. T2 - OFFSHORETAGE 15.03 - 16.03.2017, CY - Heiligendamm, Germany DA - 15.03.2017, KW - Rotorblätter KW - Windenergie KW - Faser-Kunststoff-Verbunde KW - Betriebsfestigkeit KW - Reparatur PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39440 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Browne, D. A1 - García-Moreno, F. A1 - Nguyen-Thi, H. A1 - Zimmermann, G. A1 - Kargl, F. A1 - Mathiesen, R. H. A1 - Griesche, Axel A1 - Minster, O. ED - Solanki, K. N. ED - Orlov, D. ED - Singh, A. ED - Neelameggham, N. R. T1 - Overview of In situ X-ray studies of light alloy solidification in microgravity N2 - Gravity has significant effects on alloy solidification, primarily due to thermosolutal convection and solid phase buoyancy. Since 2004, the European Space Agency has been supporting investigation of these effects by promoting in situ X-ray monitoring of the solidification of aluminium alloys on microgravity platforms, on earth, and in periodically varying g conditions. The first microgravity experiment-investigating foaming of liquid metals - was performed on board a sounding rocket, in 2008. In 2012 the first ever X-ray-monitored solidification of a fully dense metallic alloy in space was achieved: the focus was columnar solidification of an Al-Cu alloy. This was followed in 2015 by a similar experiment, investigating equiaxed solidification. Ground reference experiments were completed in all cases. In addition, experiments have been performed on board parabolic flights-where the effects of varying gravity have been studied. We review here the technical and scientific progress to date, and outline future perspectives. KW - Dendritic growth KW - Materials in space KW - Columnar and equiaxed structures PY - 2017 SN - 978-3-319-52392-7 SN - 978-3-319-52391-0 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52392-7_80 SN - 2367-1181 SP - 581 EP - 590 PB - Springer CY - Berlin, Heidelberg AN - OPUS4-39442 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt, Band 47, Heft 1 T3 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt der BAM - 1/2017 PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-397023 SN - 0340-7551 VL - 47 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 358 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-39702 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Martin, S. A1 - Walnsch, A. A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Leineweber, A. A1 - Léaux, F. A1 - Scheuerlein, C. T1 - The crystal structure of (Nb0.75Cu0.25)Sn-2 in the Cu-Nb-Sn system N2 - During the processing of superconducting Nb3Sn wire, several intermediate intermetallic phases including a previously encountered Cu-Nb-Sn phase show up. The yet unknown crystal structure of this phase is now identified by a combination of different experimental techniques and database search to be of the hexagonal NiMg2 type with a proposed composition of about (Nb0.75Cu0.25)Sn2. The structure determination started from an evaluation of the lattice parameters from EBSD Kikuchi patterns from quenched material suggesting hexagonal or orthorhombic symmetry. A database search then led to the hexagonal NiMg2 type structure, the presence of which was confirmed by a Rietveld analysis on the basis of high energy synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data. Assuming a partial substitution of Nb in orthorhombic NbSn2 by Cu, the change of the valence electron concentration provokes a structural transformation from the CuMg2 type for NbSn2 to the NiMg2 type for (Nb0.75Cu0.25)Sn2. In the previous literature the (Nb0.75Cu0.25)Sn2 phase described here has occasionally been referred to as Nausite. KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - X-ray diffraction KW - Intermetallic compound KW - Structure solution KW - Superconductor PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2016.09.008 SN - 0966-9795 SN - 1879-0216 VL - 80 SP - 16 EP - 21 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-37874 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Keller, Christian A1 - Herbrich, Uwe T1 - Plastic Instability of Rate-Dependent Materials - A Theoretical Approach in Comparison to FE-Analyses - N2 - The condition for plastic instability is a material characteristic and defines the onset of necking in tensile tests. In large deformation problems of ductile materials it is fundamental to determine the strain at which necking starts as well as the post-necking behaviour in the instability region properly. For verification purposes of material models, usually results of numerical analyses are compared to experimental outcomes. For tensile tests with ductile materials under dynamic loading, it is challenging to obtain comparable experimental and numerical results in terms of the onset of necking and the post-critical deformation behaviour. This paper focuses on the derivation of a theoretical criterion describing the plastic instability in rate-dependent materials based on the time variation of the strain gradient in a tensile specimen under isothermal conditions. We examine the influence of various constitutive equations on the theoretical stability condition predicted by different multiplicative as well as additive approaches. For multiplicative relations, the results indicate that the onset of necking is, in principle, independent of the strain rate, whereas for the considered additive relation, the dynamic necking strain must decrease with increasing strain rate. In conclusion, the theoretical stability condition is related to results from finite element simulations of dynamic tensile tests with various loading rates. It is shown that the simulated and the theoretical predicted onset of plastic instability agree reasonably. T2 - 11th European LS-DYNA Conference CY - Salzburg, Austria DA - 09.05.2017 KW - FEM KW - Plastic Instability KW - Dynamic Tensile Test PY - 2017 UR - http://www.dynalook.com/11th-european-ls-dyna-conference/crash-metal-failure/plastic-instability-of-rate-dependent-materials-a-theoretical-approach-in-comparison-to-fe-analyses SP - 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-40660 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Keller, Christian T1 - Plastic Instability of Rate-Dependent Materials - A Theoretical Approach in Comparison to FE-Analyses - N2 - The condition for plastic instability is a material characteristic and defines the onset of necking in tensile tests. In large deformation problems of ductile materials it is fundamental to determine the strain at which necking starts as well as the post-necking behaviour in the instability region properly. For verification purposes of material models, usually results of numerical analyses are compared to experimental outcomes. For tensile tests with ductile materials under dynamic loading, it is challenging to obtain comparable experimental and numerical results in terms of the onset of necking and the post-critical deformation behaviour. This paper focuses on the derivation of a theoretical criterion describing the plastic instability in rate-dependent materials based on the time variation of the strain gradient in a tensile specimen under isothermal conditions. We examine the influence of various constitutive equations on the theoretical stability condition predicted by different multiplicative as well as additive approaches. For multiplicative relations, the results indicate that the onset of necking is, in principle, independent of the strain rate, whereas for the considered additive relation, the dynamic necking strain must decrease with increasing strain rate. In conclusion, the theoretical stability condition is related to results from finite element simulations of dynamic tensile tests with various loading rates. It is shown that the simulated and the theoretical predicted onset of plastic instability agree reasonably. T2 - 11th European LS-DYNA Conference CY - Salzburg, Austria DA - 09.05.2017 KW - FEM KW - Plastic Instability KW - Dynamic Tensile Test PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40662 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Eisermann, René T1 - Akustische Überwachung von Transformatoren mit Glasfasern?! N2 - Vorstellung aktueller Ergebnisse der Quasi-verteilten faseroptische Sensorik für die Echtzeit-Diagnostik von Hochspannungstransformatoren. T2 - Seminar Hochspannungstechnik und Energieversorgung CY - Technische Universität Berlin, Germany DA - 30.05.2017 KW - C-OTDR KW - Distributed acoustic sensing KW - Quasi-distributed vibration sensing KW - Structural health monitoring PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40637 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Eisermann, René T1 - Advanced distributed acoustic monitoring N2 - New progress of developments of distributed acoustic monitoring. Review of previous results and lastest improvements. T2 - Seminar Angewandte Photonik CY - Goslar, Germany DA - 15.06.2017 KW - Distributed acoustic sensing KW - Structural health monitoring KW - Quasi-distributed sensing KW - Fibre optic sensors PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40640 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kühnel, C. A1 - Bardl, Richard A1 - Stengel, Dominik A1 - Kiewitt, W. A1 - Grossmann, S. T1 - Investigations on the mechanical and electrical behaviour of HTLS conductors by accelerated ageing tests N2 - To cope with future requirements, the transfer capacities of distribution systems as well as of transmission systems in Europe need to be increased. Therefore repowering of existing overhead lines with high temperature low sag con-ductors (HTLS) can be one interesting possibility. Because of limited experiences with that technology, current re-search of TU Dresden, the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) and 50Hertz Transmission GmbH investigates the ageing behaviour of several differ-ent HTLS technologies in a consortium with other Euro-pean partners. In this context, accelerated ageing tests of conductors and its corresponding fittings with combined mechanical and electrical loads are done. To evaluate the changes due to ageing, several mechanical tests of the con-ductors are carried out and the contact behaviour of the fittings is analysed. T2 - CIRED Conference CY - Glasgow, Scotland, UK DA - 12.06.2017 KW - HTLS KW - High temperature low sag KW - Resistance KW - Self-damping PY - 2017 SP - Paper 0200, 1 EP - 5 AN - OPUS4-40869 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Palkowski, Carsten T1 - Technical and economical evaluation of energy efficiency testing for heat pumps N2 - In order to increase the total amount of energy savings to be reached in 2020 and 2050 the German government launched a number of initiatives. One of the associated projects aims to support market surveillance authorities in the field of Ecodesign and Energy Labelling, thereby increasing confidence in these instruments. The surveillance of heating appliances is of great importance as the energy consumed by space heaters accounts for a significant share of the total energy demand in the European Union. In this study heat pumps are analyzed as a high efficiency technology and prospective candidate for large energy savings. It is focused on both validating the current measurement standards for heat pumps and further developing these methods for the benefit of market surveillance authorities. The test method standards, EN 14511 and EN 14825, for testing heat pumps regarding their performance and energy efficiency are validated by conducting round robin tests in independent and accredited test laboratories. Based on these tests the reproducibility and repeatability of the standardized test methods and the laboratories in Europe are assessed. Identifying deficiencies in the methods is a fundamental step towards a sustained improvement process. Optimization proposals will be developed based on these fundamental investigations and brought to the attention of standardization bodies. It was figured out that the currently used test methods exhibit high complexity, high financial effort and reveal significant deviations of testing results depending on whether they were determined under laboratory or field test conditions. New testing and calculation methodologies are developed to simplify the process with the aim to increase the accuracy and affordability of the energy efficiency testing of heat pumps. T2 - 9th Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC 2017) CY - Chengdu, China DA - 15.04.17 KW - Heat pump KW - Energy efficiency KW - Test method standard optimization KW - Energy labelling KW - Climate change PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40800 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Palkowski, Carsten T1 - EU Energy Label for heating appliances - Optimization of test standards for heat pumps N2 - The European Standards EN14511 and EN14825 are representing standardized procedures for testing the energy efficiency of heat pumps and air conditioners with electrically driven compressors for both space heating and cooling. In this study, these standards are analyzed and validated. It was figured out that the currently used methods implicate high complexity and high financial effort. In order to clarify the circumstances and to identify the deficits more in detail, a round robin test with independent and accredited laboratories was initiated. The aim is to develop an optimized test procedure that improves the feasibility of the testing procedure and finally its application. This study should lead to a repeatable and reproducible testing procedure, which is also compatible with the state of the art in heat pump technology and real operation conditions. T2 - ECEEE Summer Study 2017 CY - Hyerès, France DA - 29.05.2017 KW - Heat pump KW - Energy efficiency KW - Test method standard optimization KW - Energy labelling KW - Climate change PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40801 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt, Band 47, Heft 2 T3 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt der BAM - 2/2017 PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-408040 SN - 0340-7551 VL - 47 IS - 2 SP - 359 EP - 453 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-40804 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bauer, Ute A1 - Behrens, H. A1 - Reinsch, Stefan A1 - Morin, E. I. A1 - Stebbins, J. F. T1 - Structural investigation of hydrous sodium borosilicate glasses N2 - The structural properties of a borosilicate glass with nominal 16 mol% Na2O, 10 mol% B2O3 and 74mol% SiO2 and water contents between 0 and 8wt% H2O (0–22 mol% H2O)were investigated with IR, Raman and 11BMAS NMR spectroscopy. In addition to the pronounced OH stretching vibration band of weakly H-bonded species at 3580 cm−1 the MIR spectra show a triplet at 2900, 2350 and 1750 cm−1, similar as observed in water-bearing silicate glasses. These bands are assigned to OH groups and water molecules which are strongly H-bonded, to non-bridging oxygen. Water species contents determined from absorption bands in the NIR at 5200 cm−1 (molecular H2O), 4700 cm−1 (B\\OH), and 4500 cm−1 (Si\\OH) indicate that hydroxyl groups dominate up to ~6 wt% total H2O. Based on the absorption coefficients known from literature for silicate and borate glasses the B\\OH/Si\\OH ratio is estimated to be ≈0.8. As indicated by density, Raman and NMR data the incorporation ofwater has strong structural impacts in particular at low water contents up to 3 wt% H2O. While the nominally dry glasses still contain a significant fraction (12%) of three-fold coordinated boron, almost all boron is four-fold coordinated in hydrous glasses. The increase of band components in the Raman spectra near 900 cm−1 relative to the region N 1050 cm−1 gives evidence for depolymerization of the network upon hydration. Fitting of the spectra with Gaussians implies that silica tetrahedra with two non-bridging oxygen (Q2) are preferentially formed by reactionwithwater on expense of tetrahedra linked to four tetrahedra (Q4). KW - Glass structure KW - Borosilicate glasses KW - Water-bearing glasses KW - Spectroscopy PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2017.03.023 SN - 0022-3093 SN - 1873-4812 VL - 465 SP - 39 EP - 48 PB - Elsevier B. V. AN - OPUS4-40805 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Barnefske, Lena T1 - Entwicklung eines mechanisch verstärken und selbstheilenden Silikonelastomers auf Basis eines Kapsel-basierten Ansatzes N2 - Im Arbeitskreis von Herrn Prof. Dr. Menzel (TU Braunschweig) wurde in Sievershausen ein Vortrag zum Thema „Self-healing and mechanically reinforced silicone rubber by the use of multifuctional capsules“ gehalten. Der Vortrag beginnt mit einer kurzen Motivation und einem Überblick über selbstheilende Materialien. Daraufhin werden die Ergebnisse zur Entwicklung eines selbstheilenden Silikonelastomers auf Basis von Kapseln, bestehend aus einem PDMS Kern und einer POS Hülle, dargestellt. Es folgt die Analytik, die auf DLS, TGA, UV/Vis und Fluoreszenzspektroskopie sowie SEM beruht. Der Vortrag endet mit einem Ausblick über zukünftige Arbeiten auf dem Gebiet. T2 - Seminar in Sievershausen CY - Sievershausen, Lehrte, Germany DA - 07.06.2017 KW - Selbstheilung KW - PDMS PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40857 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hüllmann, Dino T1 - Aerial Robot Olfaction - Mobile Gas Sensors N2 - An introduction to BAM, gas source localisation and gas distribution mapping is given. Both an example for in-situ and open-path gas sensors is shown. The flight platforms used at BAM are introduced. T2 - Workshop "Drohnen in der Wissenschaft" CY - Potsdam, Germany DA - 30.06.2017 KW - Gassensor KW - Olfaction KW - Multicopter PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40858 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krankenhagen, Rainer T1 - Detektion von Fertigungsschäden mithilfe thermografischer Tiefenprüfung N2 - Thermografie als zerstörungsfreies Prüfverfahren ist prinzipiell gut geeignet, um innen liegende Fehler in Rotorblättern zu detektieren. Im Vortrag wird die Anwendbarkeit des Messprinzips zuerst theoretisch und dann an Hand von Praxisfällen gezeigt. Weiterhin werden erste Ergebnisse aus einem laufenden FuE-Projekt zur Tiefenreichweite der Messmethode demonstriert und erläutert. T2 - 6. VDI-Fachkonferenz "Rotorblätter von Windenergieanlagen" CY - Bremen, Germany DA - 27.06.2017 KW - Thermografie KW - Fertigungsfehler KW - Rotorblatt PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40861 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kuschke, Christian A1 - Wille, Frank A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor A1 - Sterhaus, Jens A1 - Apel, Andreas T1 - Standards and guidelines for design of trunnions of RAM transport packages N2 - Trunnion systems of packages for the transport of radioactive materials have to guarantee the safe handling of package during crane operations (lifting, tilting) and to secure package tie down to the transport vehicle, if the trunnions are used as attachment points during transport. The design of trunnions is based on IAEA Regulations SSR-6, the supporting Advisory Material SSG-26 and further appropriate technical standards and/or guidelines. For package approval procedures in Germany the guideline BAM-GGR 012 has to be applied. If a package is handled inside a german nuclear power plant, the standard KTA 3905 has to be fulfilled additionally. In this paper the requirements of KTA 3905 concerning the trunnion systems as load attaching points (LAP) are discussed in connection with the recommendations in the guideline BAM-GGR 012. This guideline is prepared at BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing for analysis and assessment of bolted lid and trunnion systems of Type B(U) transport packages. The Quality assurance questions concerning trunnion systems are discussed as well. T2 - WM 2017 conference CY - Phoenix, USA DA - 05.03.2017 KW - RAM transport package KW - Trunnions PY - 2017 SP - Paper 17365, 1 EP - 12 AN - OPUS4-40815 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Eisermann, René T1 - Applications of distributed acoustic sensing N2 - Review of early AIP related early developments. Overview of distributed methods at BAM. Examples of applications of distributed acoustic sensing for infrastructure monitoring. T2 - innoFPSEC Photonik Seminar CY - Potsdam, Germany DA - 07.06.2017 KW - Fibre-optic sensing KW - Distributed acoustic sensing KW - Structural health monitoring PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40641 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Eisermann, René T1 - Reducing sensitivity fading in C-OTDR by use of enhanced scattering fiber segments N2 - We have shown that for C-ODTR based DAS two UV-inscribed scattering segments within an optical fiber have a significant influence on the local sensitivity Fading characteristics. This method was experimental proven to be suitable for distributed dynamic strain measurement in a thermally unstable environment. Signal-to-noise ratio analyses for detecting a signal peak within the time-dependent spectra were performed. Results show an increase in SNR and additionally that the occurrence of total loss of sensitivity (SNR <1) could be decreased by a factor of six when compared to an untreated standard fiber. T2 - 25th International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors CY - Jeju-City, Jeju, Republic of Korea DA - 24.04.2017 KW - Coherent Rayleigh OTDR KW - Distributed acoustic sensing KW - Distributed vibration sensing KW - Fiber sensors KW - Quasi-distributed sensing KW - Rayleigh scattering PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40643 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kapa, Thomas T1 - Distributed Brillouin Sensors N2 - This presentation starts with an overview of various optical sensing applications of Department 8.6 Fiber Optic Sensors. Main topic of presentation is distributed Brillouin sensing of strain and temperature by Brillouin Optical Frequency Domain Analysis (BOFDA). For power grids of offshore wind farms temperature and strain sensing should prevent or rapidly reveal costly break downs. T2 - Seminarvortrag TU Clausthal CY - Goslar, Germany DA - 15.06.2017 KW - Fibre Optic Sensors KW - Stimulated Brillouin Scattering KW - Distributed Sensing PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40966 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Geißler, Peter T1 - Verdichtungsinjektionen - numerische und experimentelle Betrachtungen N2 - Die Verdichtungsinjektion stellt ein Verfahren in der Geotechnik dar, bei dem der Baugrund durch Einpressen eines Mörtels mit hoher innerer Reibung verdichtet wird, ohne ihn aufzubrechen. Dieses Verfahren wird weithin verwendet zur Setzungskontrolle oder Erhöhung der Tragfähigkeit des Baugrunds unter neuen bzw. bestehenden Bauwerken. Da die Injektion innerhalb des Bodens stattfindet, ist eine visuelle Beurteilung des Verdichtungserfolgs nicht möglich. Bisher beruht die Beurteilung bzw. Bewertung daher zumeist auf Erfahrungen. Ziel ist es somit mittels numerischer und experimenteller Untersuchungen eine Methode zu erschaffen, die es ermöglicht den Verdichtungserfolg nicht nur vorherzusagen sondern auch bezüglich der Materialparameter des Injektionsguts zu optimieren. Bezüglich der Numerik werden sowohl die grundsätzliche Eignung als auch die ersten notwendigen Anpassungen der impliziten "Material Point Method" zur Simulation einer Verdichtungsinjektion präsentiert. Für die experimentellen Untersuchungen wurde eigens ein Versuchsstand konstruiert, in dem es möglich ist, den Injektionsprozess an einer Glasscheibe zu beobachten und mittels digitaler Bildverarbeitung zu bewerten. T2 - Workshop "Große Verformungen" CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 13.06.2017 KW - Verdichtungsinjektionen KW - Material point method KW - Nichtlinearitäten KW - Updated Lagrange Formulierung KW - u-p-Formulierung KW - Digitale Bildverarbeitung KW - Particle image velocimetry KW - Close range photogrammetry PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40894 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - INPR A1 - Schlichting, S. A1 - Hönig, Gerald A1 - Müßener, J. A1 - Hille, P. A1 - Grieb, T. A1 - Teubert, J. A1 - Schörmann, J. A1 - Wagner, M. R. A1 - Rosenauer, A. A1 - Eickhoff, M. A1 - Hoffmann, A. A1 - Callsen, G. T1 - Tuning of the Quantum-Confined Stark Effect in wurtzite [000-1] group-III-nitride nanostructures by the Internal-Field-Guarded-Active-Region Design N2 - Recently, we suggested an unconventional approach [the so-called Internal-Field-Guarded-Active-Region Design (IFGARD)] for the elimination of the crystal polarization field induced quantum confined Stark effect (QCSE) in polar semiconductor heterostructures. And in this work, we demonstrate by means of micro-photoluminescence techniques the successful tuning as well as the elimination of the QCSE in strongly polar [000-1] wurtzite GaN/AlN nanodiscs while reducing the exciton life times by more than two orders of magnitude. The IFGARD based elimination of the QCSE is independent of any specific crystal growth procedures. Furthermore, the cone-shaped geometry of the utilized nanowires (which embeds the investigated IFGARD nanodiscs) facilitates the experimental differentiation between quantum confinement- and QCSE-induced emission energy shifts. Due to the IFGARD, both effects become independently adaptable. KW - Piezoelectricity KW - Quantum Confined Stark Effect (QCSE) KW - Nanophotonics KW - Semiconductor nanostructures KW - Spontaneous polarization KW - Internal-Field-Guarded-Active-Region Design (IFGARD) PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-411013 DO - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1707.06882 SN - 2331-8422 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Cornell University CY - Ithaca, NY AN - OPUS4-41101 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stengel, Dominik A1 - Thiele, K. A1 - Clobes, M. A1 - Mehdianpour, Milad T1 - Aerodynamic damping of nonlinear movement of conductor cables in wind tunnel tests, numerical simulations and full scale measurements N2 - Aerodynamic damping is a decisive parameter influencing the dynamic response of overhead transmission line conductors. Methods of how to account for the effects of aerodynamic damping differ significantly and so might do the results. In this work, the source of aerodynamic damping being the result of the relative velocity between the structure and wind flow will be revised. Based on wind tunnel tests and validated by simulations, the differences of linear movement compared to a pendulum movement of a sagging cable are shown. The reasons for that Deviation are the large deflections, resulting in a movement non-parallel to the acting wind flow. For analysis in frequency domain, it is not possible to incorporate aerodynamic damping implicitly by fluid structure interaction. If the dynamic movement can be linearized at a working point of the mean deflection, a modification to the linear approach is suggested. This approach is validated by simulation with a finite element model of an existing overhead transmission line, calibrated with full scale measurements. Aerodynamic damping is incorporated in time step analysis by Rayleigh damping and modal damping. The differences between both approaches are emphasized and modal damping is shown to be the most adequate. KW - Aerodynamic damping KW - Overhead transmission lines KW - Conductors KW - Nonlinearities PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2017.07.002 SN - 0167-6105 SN - 1872-8197 VL - 169 SP - 47 EP - 53 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-41028 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schönhals, Andreas T1 - Molecular dynamics of discotic liquid crystals in the bulk and embedded in nanochanels N2 - Discotic liquid crystals (DLCs) are self-assembled materials where self-assembly is driven by non-covalent intermolecular interactions. The corresponding molecules consist of a flat and rigid aromatic core substituted by flexible aliphatic side chains. While the former is responsible for the π-stacking, the latter gives rise to an increased solubility, processability, and rich thermotropic behavior. The disc-shaped molecules form columns that further assemble into two-dimensional arrays with a hexagonal mesophase. The alkyl chains fill the intracolumnar space giving rise to a nanophase separated state. These soft matter materials with highly ordered columnar structures have a great potential in molecular electronic devices such as active semiconductors in organic field-effect transistors and photovoltaic devices with a charge carrier mobility of up to 1.1 cm2/Vs. Two different homologous systems based on triphenylene derivatives were investigated as model systems for DLCs where the length of the aliphatic side chains is widely varied. Structural information is retrieved by X-ray diffraction carried out on a synchrotron. Experiments were carried out in the bulk state and confined to the nanometer wide channels of anodic aluminum membranes (Pore diameter 20 nm, 40nm, 80 nm and 180 nm). The latter case can be considered as a promising way to prepare nanowires. As method broadband dielectric spectroscopy (frequency range 10-2 Hz to 109 Hz) is employed. These experiments were accompanied by thermal investigations (Differential Scanning Calorimetry as well as Thermogravimetric Analysis) as well as inelastic neutron scattering (neutron Time-of-Flight and neutron Backscattering). The dynamics of these unique soft matter materials are discussed in detail considering their structure (length of the aliphatic side chain), the effect of self-confinement (of the aliphatic chains in the intracolumnar space) and of the outer confinement (influence of the pore size). Comparison is further made to a pyrene based system. T2 - THE 9th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADVANCED MATERIALS, ROCAM 2017 CY - Bucharest, Romania DA - 11.07.2017 KW - Dicotic liquid crystals PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-41023 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Dutto, Paola T1 - Suction buckets behaviour under tensile loads: A numerical study with FEM N2 - Suction Bucket Jackets (SBJ) are found as a suitable alternative to driven piles for the support of foundations for offshore wind energy converters. In the case of jackets or multipods, a predominant vertical load is to be expected. The effect of such a tensile loading is the generation of suction in the soil inside the bucket which leads to an increment of tensile capacity. This paper aims to study the bearing behaviour of a suction foundation by taking into account how the soil permeability and the loading rate influence the foundation behaviour. Moreover, after submitting the structure to a storm load, the bearing capacity is studied again, in order to see the effect of such a load on the bucket's bearing behaviour. This study is carried out by means of Finite Element numerical simulations based on the formulation of Biot's equations combined with a constitutive model that reproduces the key aspects of cyclic soil behaviour in the frame of Generalized Plasticity. T2 - International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference CY - San Francisco, USA DA - 25/06/2017 KW - Finite element method KW - Offshore wind energy converter KW - Suction bucket KW - Generalized plasticity KW - Sand KW - Numerical simulation KW - Tensile capacity PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-41054 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hüllmann, Dino A1 - Kohlhoff, Harald A1 - Erdmann, Jessica A1 - Neumann, Patrick P. ED - Emri, Igor T1 - Current-independent torque control of permanent-magnet synchronous motors N2 - A current-independent torque equation for the permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) aiming at direct-drive servo applications is derived from a first principles model. Instead of measuring currents, all required control parameters are derived from optical incremental encoder measurements. The results are verified on a real system in test series showing the effect of static friction and proving the obtained torque model. T2 - 33rd Danubia Adria Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics CY - Portorož, Slovenia DA - 20.09.2016 KW - BLDC KW - Motor control KW - PMSM KW - Servo drive PY - 2017 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214785317308271 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.06.052 SN - 2214-7853 VL - 4 IS - 5 SP - 5821 EP - 5826 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam, Netherlands AN - OPUS4-41580 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -