TY - JOUR A1 - Schoppa, Andre A1 - Szczepaniak, Mariusz A1 - Mair, Georg W. ED - Schoppa, Andre T1 - Die Anwendung der hydraulischen Prüfverfahren in der Praxis Teil 1: Die hydraulische Berstprüfung N2 - Um die Resultate aus den hydraulischen Prüfungen statistisch bewerten zu können, benötigt man Prüfergebnisse, die auf reproduzierbaren Prüfverfahren basieren. Dabei geht es nicht nur um ein funktionierendes Qualitätsmanagementsystem im Prüflabors, sondern vornehmlich um die Reduzierung des Einflusses der Prüftechnik und des Prüfverfahrens auf die Streuung der Ergebnisse. Dieser Einfluss kann erst durch ins Detail konkretisierte Prüfungsanforderungen minimiert werden. Dieser Anforderung entsprechend wurde ein Verfahren beschrieben, das den Spielraum bei der Durchführung der hydraulischen Berstprüfung verringert und somit eine Streuung der Ergebnisse garantiert, die annähernd ausschließlich aus den Prüfmustern kommt. Die Prüfmusterdokumentation spielt dabei eine zentrale Rolle. Zwischen den hydraulischen Prüfungen im Zuge der Zulassung eines Baumusters und den hydraulischen Prüfungen zur Prüffristenfestlegung liegt eine Zeitspanne von mehreren Jahren. Um die Prüfergebnisse auch nach einer längeren Preisfestlegung (z.B. 10 Jahre) miteinander vergleichen zu können, müssen die zerstörenden Prüfungen reproduzierbar durchgeführt und vollständig dokumentiert und archiviert werden. Die Prüfung an neuen Materialien oder neuen Produkten erfordert eine moderne Prüftechnik, die sich mit dem Stand der Technik stetig weiterentwickeln muss. Demzufolge ist die zunehmende Automatisierung in der Prüftechnik ein wichtiger Schritt um Prüfungen reproduzierbarer durchzuführen. Wie ein konkretisierte Verfahren zur hydraulischen Lastwechselprüfung in der Praxis aussieht, wird in einem nächsten Beitrag betrachtet. Dabei wird ebenfalls Bezug zur verwendeten Prüftechnik genommen unter dem Hauptgesichtspunkt, welche Anforderungen in der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung BAM an eine moderne Lastwechselanlage zur Prüfung von Druckbehältern bis 1200 bar gestellt werden. KW - Druckbehälter KW - Berstprüfung KW - Hydraulische Prüfeinrichtung KW - Prüffristenfestlegung PY - 2017 SN - 2191-007 VL - 7 IS - 5 SP - 25 EP - 30 PB - Springer VDI Verlag CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-41518 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Becker, Ben A1 - Duffner, Eric A1 - John, Sebastian T1 - Composite storage systems for CGH2- systematic improvement of RC&S N2 - Conventional approval requirements exclusively ask for minimum strength values, which have to be met. The probabilistic approach estimates how likely none of the comparatively manufactured units fails during operation. Both questions are juxtaposed and compared here with respect to the load cycle tests. The influence of the sample sizes is discussed additionally. T2 - 10th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION CY - Bled, Slovenia DA - 27.06.2017 KW - Probabilistic KW - Hydrogen KW - Composite KW - Cylinder KW - Regulations KW - Load cycles KW - GTR 13 PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-41677 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - The UN-Service Life Test Procedure & Lebensdauerüberwachung Typ II N2 - Der Vortrag führt in die Vorgaben der UN-Modellvorschriften ein, ein „Gas cylinders - service life testing for cylinders and tubes of composite construction“ zu gewährleisten. Hierzu werden kurz die betroffenen Umschließungen vorgestellt und die Interaktion von relevanten Regelwerksänderungen und der Beauftragung von ISO, einen TR hierzu zu erstellen, erläutert. Dies wird ergänzt durch eine zusammenführende Darstellung der Veränderungen im Regelwerk zum Thema und den vorbereitenden und begleitenden Maßnahmen durch die BAM über die letzten fasst 20 Jahre. Die im Regelwerk vorgeschlagene Maßnahme, zwischen Auslegungslebensdauer und Betriebslebensdauer zu unterscheiden, wird erläutert und begründet. Die Interaktion mit der Genehmigung einer Frist von 10 Jahren durch die BAM für die wiederkehrende Prüfung wird dargestellt. Am Beispiel der umfangsgewickelten Stahlflaschen für den Wasserstofftransport in Batteriefahrzeugen wird dargestellt, wie das dt. Verfahren in der Praxis aussieht. Hierzu werden die Prüfergebnisse und die daraus bzgl. der Lebensdauerüberwachung gezogenen Schlüsse erläutert. Der Vortrag schließt mit einem Ausblick zur Verwendung des BAM-Verfahrens zur unmittelbaren Anwendung und zur Bewertung von für die Zukunft angestrebten ZfP-Verfahren. T2 - BAM-DIN-IGV-DVFG Gespräch 2017 CY - DIN Berlin, Germany DA - 15.02.2017 KW - Auslegungslebensdauer KW - Betriebslebensdauer KW - Prüffristenfestlegung KW - Probabilistischer Ansatz PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39181 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Saul, Herbert A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Zuständigkeit im Gefahrguttransport - Formale Umsetzung nach nationalem Verwaltungsrecht N2 - Der Vortrag fasst zunächst die Arbeitsgrundlage des Verwaltungshandelns im Gefahrguttransport zusammen: die internationalen Transportvorschriften und die nationalen Verordungen auf Basis des GGBefG. Danach geht er auf die wichtigsten verwaltungsrechtlichen Begrifflichkeiten und Zusammenhänge verschiedener Gesetze ein. Darauf aufbauend wird der Ablauf zur Bearbeitung eines Verwaltungsvorgangs und die Schnittstelle zu Z.01 erläutert. T2 - Colloquium der Abteilung 3 CY - BAM, Berlin, Germany DA - 16.02.2017 KW - Völkerrechtliche Verträge KW - Gesetzesgrundlagen KW - Zuständigkeit KW - Verwaltungsvorgang KW - Frist KW - Verwaltungsakt KW - Bescheid PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39284 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Becker, Ben T1 - Monte-Carlo-analysis of minimum load cycle requirements for composite cylinders for hydrogen N2 - Existing regulations and standards for the approval of composite cylinders in hydrogen service are currently based on deterministic criteria (ISO 11119-3, UN GTR No. 13). This paper provides a systematic analysis of the load cycle properties resulting from these regulations and standards. Their characteristics are compared with the probabilistic approach of the BAM. Based on Monte-Carlo simulations the available design range of all concepts is compared. In addition, the probability of acceptance for potentially unsafe design types is determined. T2 - ICHS 2017 CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 11.09.2017 KW - Monte-Carlo KW - Hydrogen KW - Regulations KW - Probabilitic approach PY - 2017 SP - ID 202, 1 EP - 11 PB - HySafe CY - Hamburg AN - OPUS4-41944 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Safety Assessment of Composite Cylinders for Gas Storage by Statistical Methods N2 - Featuring a detailed analysis of current approval requirements and the relevant safety assessment methods for gas cylinders in general and with main focus on composite cylinders for storing ompressed natural gas and hydrogen, this book demonstrates how current regulations and standards limit the ability to reduce cost and weight. Based on this data, it then highlights the potential offered by the proposed approval procedure based on probabilistic safety assessment. After addressing the economic potential of probabilistic safety assessments, the book details working procedures and improving cycles and (slow) bursts as methods for assessing residual strength. It then discusses methods for statistically evaluating test data, as well as sample- size and distribution character considerations. A definition of sample strength is elaborated in terms of the performance sheets developed by the author. On this basis, it discusses safety as a property of service life and interpreted as an issue of degradation, and explores aspects of artificial aging for simulating the end-of-life reliability level. Lastly, the book considers control and inspection aspects: quality of production, degradation prediction using destructive sample tests parallel to operation, retesting periods and correcting for underand overestimates of safe lifetime. Presented in schematic diagrams, illustrations and tables, this information enables manufacturers and operators to use this new approach in practice and supports the improvement of current regulations and standards. KW - Probabilistic KW - Statistics KW - Slow burst testing KW - Fire engulfment KW - Crash loads KW - Degradation KW - Production scatter KW - Operational loads KW - Residual strength KW - Service life KW - Design life KW - Safety KW - Risk KW - Consequences KW - Failure rate KW - Survival rate KW - Confidence level KW - Acceptance rate PY - 2017 SN - 978-3-319-49708-2 SN - 978-3-319-49710-5 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49710-5 VL - 2017 SP - I ; 1 EP - XXI; 269 PB - Springer International Publishing CY - Cham, Switzerland ET - 1. AN - OPUS4-42324 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schoppa, Andre A1 - Szczepaniak, Mariusz A1 - Mair, Georg W. ED - Schoppa, Andre T1 - Die Anwendung der hydraulischen Prüfverfahren in der Praxis - Teil 2 Die hydraulische Lastwechselprüfung N2 - Die bisherigen Erfahrungen mit der bestehenden Impulsprüfanlage PN020 der BAM zeigen Potential für Verbesserungen auf. Dies betrifft insbesondere die Aspekte nutzbares Impulsvolumen, Wartungsaufwand und Stillstandszeiten, sowie Abmessungen und Gestaltung der Prüfkammer hinsichtlich Nutzraum und Handling der Prüfmuster. Im Zuge eines optimierten Anlagekonzeptes besteht großes Interesse an einer flexiblen Neuausrichtung der Druckerzeugung. Eine moderne Prüfanlage sollte in der Lage sein, die zu bewegenden Massen an die gewünschte Prüfaufgabe und den jeweils benötigten Volumenbedarf anzupassen. Die technische Lösung für die Druckerzeugung sollte deshalb modular gestaltet sein, sodass zusätzlich benötigtes Fördervolumen im Bedarfsfall nachgerüstet werden kann. Ein anderes Konzept als eines, das auf Druckübersetzern basiert, scheidet für Extremtemperaturprüfungen aus, da das vorzutemperierende Medium hierzu in einer Säule pendeln und nicht zirkulieren darf. Wesentlicher Aspekt der Modularität ist die Redundanz bei Teillast (reduzierter Volumenbedarf - Arbeitsfähigkeit bleibt mit Einschränkung erhalten). Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass einzelne Druckerzeugungs-/Antriebseinheiten so demontiert, repariert oder ausgetauscht werden können, dass die Nicht-Verfügbarkeit der gesamten Anlage auf den Ein- und Ausbau von Elementen der Anlage und Ausfälle in der Steuerung beschränkt bleibt. Auch im teil-demontierten Zustand sollte die Anlage mit eingeschränkter Leistungsfähigkeit grundsätzlich einsetzbar sein. Die Wartungskosten sollen durch die Verwendung von identischen und kleineren Druckerzeugereinheiten „von der Stange“ gesenkt werden. Eine moderne Anlage wäre zur Verbesserung der Diagnosemöglichkeiten mit erheblich mehr Sensorik auszurüsten. Die Druckerzeugung muss mit der Art der Medienkonditionierung kompatibel gestaltet sein. Das heißt, das Prüfmedium sollte unabhängig von der Umgebungsluft aktiv temperiert werden können, um die Konditionierzeiten bis zum Prüfungsstart zu verkürzen und um einen Temperaturanstieg infolge der Reibung zu verringern. Die „Prüfkammer“ sollte keine starre Kammer im herkömmlichen Sinne mehr sein. Stattdessen ist eine thermisch isolierte und mechanisch hoch belastbare Versuchsfläche aufzubauen, auf der sowohl mechanische Schutzelemente (vergl. aktueller Berstkäfig) wie auch mobile Isolierhauben verwendet werden können. Wesentlich ist eine Optimierung einer solchen Anlage auf die eingangs erwähnte Reproduzierbarkeit von Prüfprozeduren und die Vergleichbarkeit der Prüfergebnisse mit Blick auf die statistische Auswertung. Hierzu sollten eine möglichst exakte Regelung, eine statistische Auswertung der Duckextremwerte (zumindest in Klassen), eine Aufzeichnung der Temperatur- und Feuchtewerte sowie des geförderten Volumens jedes Zyklusses und verschiedene Methoden der Leckerkennung/automatischen Versuchsabbruches selbstverständlich implementiert sein. KW - Druckbehälter KW - Lastwechselprüfung KW - Hydraulische Prüfeinrichtung PY - 2017 SN - 2191-007 VL - 7 IS - 7/8 SP - 28 EP - 34 PB - Springer VDI Verlag CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-41519 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Yin, Huajie T1 - Molecular mobility of super glassy polymers for gas separation membranes investigated by dielectric spectroscopy N2 - Super glassy polymers such as poly(trimethylsilylpropyne) (PTMSP) or polymers with intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) play an important role in the current development of membrane materials for gas separation because of their high permeability and selectivity. Unfortunately, such materials which have a high fractional free volume (FFV) are prone to pronounced physical aging. The initial microporous structures approach a more dense state via local chain rearrangements which results in a dramatic reduction in the gas permeability. For the first time, broadband dielectric spectroscopy was employed to investigate the molecular dynamics of two representative groups of super glassy polymers: PIMs (PIM-1 & PIM-EA-TB) and Si-containing polynobornenes (PTCNSi1 & PTCNSi2). The dielectric behavior of the solution-cast polymeric films was measured by isothermal frequency scans during the different heating cycles in a broad temperature range. Structural relaxation of the films was observed during the measurements. Molecular relaxation processes following Arrhenius behavior with unusually high activation energies were observed for all the investigated polymers. The PIMs showed furthermore a significant conductivity in the glassy state which is explained with the formation of local intermolecular agglomerated structures due to interaction of π-electrons in aromatic moieties of the polymer backbone. T2 - 8th International Discussion Meeting on Relaxations in Complex Systems CY - Wisla, Poland DA - 23.07.2017 KW - Broadband dielectric spectroscopy KW - Molecular mobility KW - Physical aging KW - Membranes KW - Gas separation PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-41162 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Konnertz, Nora A1 - Ding, Yi A1 - Harrison, W.J. A1 - Budd, P.M. A1 - Schönhals, Andreas A1 - Böhning, Martin T1 - Molecular mobility and gas transport properties of nanocomposites based on PIM-1 and polyhedral oligomeric phenethyl-silsesquioxanes (POSS) N2 - Polymers with intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) are of great interest in the field of gas separation membranes. Already the first synthesized PIM-1 shows extraordinary permeability and selectivity. Unfortunately, PIM-1 is susceptible to physical aging and thus gradually loses its outstanding properties. In this study a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane with phenethyl substituents (PhenethylPOSS) was used as a nanofiller (0–40 wt%) in the PIM-1 matrix to potentially improve the gas transport properties and prevent physical aging. The molecular mobility of the solution-cast nanocomposite films was analyzed by Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy (BDS). Furthermore, gas permeability was determined with the time lag method (0–20 bar upstream pressure) at 35 °C for N2, O2, CH4 and CO2. KW - Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy KW - Gas separation KW - Gas permeation KW - Polymers of intrinsic microporosity KW - Nanocomposite KW - POSS KW - PIM-1 PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2017.02.007 SN - 0376-7388 SN - 1873-3123 VL - 529 SP - 274 EP - 285 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-39169 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Yin, Huajie T1 - Molecular Mobility and Physical aging of SuperGlassy Polymers for Gas Separation Membranes as revealed by Dielectric Spectroscopy N2 - Polymeric membranes represent a cost- and energy efficient solution for gas separation. Recently superglassy polymers with high free volume outperform many conventional dense polymers in terms of gas permeability and selectivity. However, such materials with a high fractional free volume (FFV) are prone to pronounced physical aging. The initial microporous structures approach a denser state via local chain rearrangements which results in a dramatic reduction in the gas permeability. For the first time, dielectric spectroscopy with state-of-the-art high-resolution analyzers was employed to investigate the molecular mobility and physical aging of two representative groups of superglassy polymers: PIMs (PIM-1 & PIM-EA-TB) and Si-containing polynobornenes (PTCNSi1 & PTCNSi2). The dielectric behavior of the solution-cast polymeric films was measured by isothermal frequency scans during the different heating cycles in a broad temperature range. Structural relaxation of the films was observed during the measurements. Multiple dielectric processes following Arrhenius behavior were observed for all the investigated polymers. Moreover, they all showed conductivity in the glassy state. The significant increase in the conductivity with increasing temperature especially for PIMs is explained in terms of the formation of local intermolecular agglomerated structures due to interaction of π-electrons in aromatic moieties of the polymer backbone. T2 - 8th International Conference on Advanced Fibers and Polymer Materials CY - Shanghai, China DA - 08.10.2017 KW - Physical aging KW - Membranes KW - Broadband dielectric spectroscopy KW - Gas separation KW - Molecular mobility PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-42877 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Baeßler, Matthias T1 - Untersuchungen zu Tragstrukturen für die Energiewende N2 - Die BAM ist vielfältig mit der Untersuchung von für die Energiewende relevanten Strukturen beschäftigt. Aus dem speziellen Blickwinkel des FB 7.2 werden im Vortrag die Aktivitäten FE, PAZ und BI umfassend für Studenten der BU Weimar dargestellt. T2 - Einblick (#53) CY - Bauhaus Universität Weimar, Germany DA - 19.01.2017 KW - Tragstrukturen KW - Energiewende PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39376 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Thiele, Marc T1 - Experimental investigation of damage evolution in concrete under high-cycle fatigue N2 - The current knowledge about fatigue behavior of concrete is still incomplete. This concerns especially the progress of fatigue which precedes the fatigue failure. Therefore, the process of fatigue itself under cyclic compressive loading was investigated in a systematic and comprehensive way. The aim of this investigation was to obtain a deeper insight and to provide a better understanding of the damage process occurring within the material during fatigue loading. Concrete cylinders were tested with a number of cycles to failure between 106 and 107. To investigate macroscopic and microscopic changes in the material, various methods of non-destructive and destructive testing were used. One main result was, in contrast to other authors, that the investigated changes in macroscopic material behavior could not be explained only by a development of micro-cracks. The results indicated rather, that the related changes in the fatigue behavior are mainly a result of viscous processes in the hardened cement paste, similar to the processes of creep. Based on the experimental results a description of the possible processes was derived which take place in the material structure during fatigue loading and also leads to the observed macroscopic changes in the material behavior. In this context, the results have shown that in case of isotropic material behavior a stiffness reduction related to a scalar value could not capture the damage effect on the stress-strain-relationship caused by fatigue. T2 - INFRASTAR Workshop CY - BAM, Berlin, Gemany DA - 27.03.2017 KW - Fatigue KW - Concrete KW - High-Cycle KW - Damage Evolution PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39576 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stengel, Dominik T1 - Lebensdauerverlängerung von Offshore-Windenergieanlagen im Betrieb N2 - Vorschlag zur möglichen Lebensdauerverlängerung einzelner Bauteile einer im Betrieb befindlichen Offshore-Windenergieanlage durch Beschreibung der Versagenswahrscheinlichkeiten Beschreibung der Versagenswahrscheinlichkeit durch geeignete Schädigungsmodelle Aktualisierung der Versagenswahrscheinlichkeiten aufgrund von Inspektionsergebnissen und möglichen Reparaturen auf Basis der Bayes‘schen Entscheidungstheorie Quantifizierte Bewertung von Inspektionsmethoden und Reparaturmaßnamen im Hinblick auf die Zuverlässigkeit der Bauteile Grundlage für Entscheidungen für Inspektionen und Reparaturen T2 - Offshoretage CY - Heiligendamm, Germany DA - 15.03.2017 KW - Risikobasierte Maßnahmenplanung KW - Kostenoptimierung KW - Offshore Windenergie PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39448 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Baeßler, Matthias T1 - Einführung zum Workshop Groutverbindungen in der Betriebsphase N2 - Mit der Fertigstellung von mehr und mehr Offshore-Windparks rückt die Betriebsphase in den Mittelpunkt des Interesses. Hierbei sind auch die Groutverbindungen, die häufig so konzeptioniert sind, dass wenige Möglichkeiten zur Prüfung und Instandhaltung bestehen, von Interesse. Naturgemäß können auch kaum Erfahrungen für diese Ziele vorliegen. Der geplante Workshop hat folgende Schwerpunkte im Fokus: – Wiederkehrende Prüfung – Instandhaltung und Reparaturkonzepte – Inspektionskonzepte – Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung und – Schadensszenarien – Condition Monitoring Systeme (CMS) Beiträge aus dem Bereich Betrieb, Begutachtung, Forschung, Produktherstellung, Zertifizierung, behördliche Aufsicht und Condition Monitoring sind vorgesehen. Diskutiert werden sollen die technischen Anforderungen an die Überwachung im Betrieb im Hinblick auf die tatsächlich vorhandenen Probleme und Möglichkeiten. Die Präsentation leitet in die Thematik ein. T2 - Workshop Groutverbindung in der Betriebsphase CY - BAM, Berlin, Germany DA - 22.03.2017 KW - Groutverbindung KW - Inspektion KW - WKP KW - Instandhaltung PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39495 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kühne, Hans-Carsten A1 - Shamsuddoha, Md T1 - Instandsetzung und Verbesserung von Groutverbindungen: Potentiale-Strategien-Grenzen N2 - In den vergangenen 10 Jahren hat die Errichtung von Windkraftanlagen zur Deckung des zukünftigen Energiebedarfs stark zugenommen. Dabei bilden vor allem Offshore-Windenergieanlagen (OWEA) den Hauptanteil im Bereich der erneuerbaren Energien. Aufgrund der einfachen Installation werden hierbei Grout-Verbindungen sowohl bei Monopile als auch bei Jacket-Konstruktionen zwischen den gerammten Gründungsrohren und einem Adapterstück (Transition Piece) ausgeführt. Die Bemessung der Grout-Verbindung stellt aktuell im Bereich von OWEA weitgehendes Neuland ohne Langzeiterfahrung dar. Lediglich im Bereich der Offshore Erdöl- und Erdgasindustrie kann man auf über 30 Jahre Erfahrung mit dieser Verbindungstechnologie zurückblicken. Hier wurden jedoch für vergleichbare Strukturen Schädigungen und Setzungen während des Betriebs festgestellt. Gleichzeitig sind die Bedingungen bei der Montage Offshore sehr schwierig und die eingesetzten Materialien sind aufgrund ihrer technischen Merkmale in Verbindung mit den Verarbeitungsbedingungen nicht unproblematisch. Dies betrifft insbesondere den Fall, wenn sich die Verbindung unterhalb des Meerwasserspiegels befindet oder das Grout-Material im jungen Alter dynamisch beansprucht wird. Vor diesem Hintergrund sollen Strategien zur Instandsetzung schadhaft installierter oder im Betrieb geschädigter Grout-Verbindungen mit Hilfe von zementgebundenen Injektionsstoffen entwickelt werden. Hierzu werden zunächst die grundlegenden Schädigungsmechanismen und deren Auswirkung auf die Rissbildungsprozesse untersucht, da diese entscheidend für die Entwicklung eines geeigneten Instandsetzungskonzeptes sind. In diesem Zusammenhang werden Schädigungsmechanismen im Rahmen eines Modellversuchs anhand einer skalierten Grout-Verbindung untersucht. Des Weiteren werden potenzielle Instandsetzungsmaßnahmen und deren Grenzen diskutiert. T2 - BAM Workshop Groutverbindung in der Betriebsphase CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 22.03.2017 KW - Grout-Verbindung KW - Instandsetzung KW - Offshore-Windenergieanlagen PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39635 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Shamsuddoha, Md A1 - Baeßler, Matthias A1 - Hüsken, Götz A1 - Pirskawetz, Stephan A1 - Kühne, Hans-Carsten A1 - Thiele, Marc ED - Banjad Pecur, Ivana ED - Baricevic, Ana ED - Stirmer, Nina ED - Bjegovic, Dubravka T1 - Identification of failure pattern in cylindrical grouted connection for wind structures - a pilot study N2 - At present, Wind Turbine Generators (WTGs) operating in onshore and offshore wind farms are primary sources of renewable energy around the world. Cylindrical grouted sleeve connections are usually adopted in these WTG structures to connect the upper structure and foundation for ease of installation. These structures including grouted connections experience considerable adverse loading during their lifetimes. Settlements were reported inside similar connections used in energy structures especially oil and gas platforms, which were installed in last three decades. Thus, repair and rehabilitation of such connections in existing wind structures should also be planned ahead to keep them operating in the future. The nature of failure and crack generation in grouted connections are crucial prior to adopt a strengthening strategy. This pilot study is carried out to actualize the failure mechanism in the grouted connection, when subjected to axial loading. A novel reusable scaled cylindrical grouted connection with shear keys was designed and tested for its load bearing behaviour. The mechanical test was accompanied by classical measuring techniques (e.g. displacement transducer) as well as non-destructive measuring techniques (e.g. digital image correlation (DIC), acoustic emission analysis (AE)). The failure mechanism incorporating slippage of the shear keys and cracking of the grout was investigated. The capacity and applicability of such test mould were also discussed. The knowledge is expected to pave way towards repair of deteriorated grouted connections with similar geometry and failure pattern. T2 - 1st International Conference on Construction Materials for Sustainable Future (CoMS_2017) CY - Zadar, Croatia DA - 19.04.2017 KW - Grouted connections KW - Cracks KW - Failure KW - Strengthening strategy KW - Digital image correlation KW - Acoustic emission analysis PY - 2017 SN - 978-953-8168-04-8 SP - 544 EP - 551 AN - OPUS4-39914 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hüsken, Götz T1 - Identification of failure pattern in cylindrical grouted connection for wind structures – a pilot study N2 - At present, Wind Turbine Generators (WTGs) operating in onshore and offshore wind farms are primary sources of renewable energy around the world. Cylindrical grouted sleeve connections are usually adopted in these WTG structures to connect the upper structure and foundation for ease of installation. These structures including grouted connections experience considerable adverse loading during their lifetimes. Settlements were reported inside similar connections used in energy structures especially oil and gas platforms, which were installed in last three decades. Thus, repair and rehabilitation of such connections in existing wind structures should also be planned ahead to keep them operating in the future. The nature of failure and crack generation in grouted connections are crucial prior to adopt a strengthening strategy. This pilot study is carried out to actualize the failure mechanism in the grouted connection, when subjected to axial loading. A novel reusable scaled cylindrical grouted connection with shear keys was designed and tested for its load bearing behaviour. The mechanical test was accompanied by classical measuring techniques (e.g. displacement transducer) as well as non-destructive measuring techniques (e.g. digital image correlation (DIC), acoustic emission analysis (AE)). The failure mechanism incorporating slippage of the shear keys and cracking of the grout was investigated. The capacity and applicability of such test mould were also discussed. The knowledge is expected to pave way towards repair of deteriorated grouted connections with similar geometry and failure pattern. T2 - 1st International Conference on Construction Materials for Sustainable Future (CoMS_2017) CY - Zadar, Croatia DA - 19.04.2017 KW - Grouted connections KW - Cracks KW - Failure KW - Strengthening strategy KW - Digital image correlation KW - Acoustic emission analysis PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39915 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Baeßler, Matthias T1 - Structural Health Monitoring – How and to what extent a condition monitoring of the foundation may replace periodical subsea inspections? N2 - Der Betrieb von Offshore-Windenergieanlagen wird zunehmend zum wichtigen Thema im Bereich Windenergie. Anforderungen an Wiederkehrende Prüfungen und den Einsatz von ergänzenden Monitoringsystemen werden in der Präsentation dargestellt und durch Hinweise auf Perspektiven ergänzt. N2 - Operation of Offshore Windfarms has an increasing significance for Wind Energy. Content of the presentation are requirements for inspection and for complementary monitoring. Special focus is on future prospects. T2 - Windforce 2017 CY - Bremerhaven, Germany DA - 09.05.2017 KW - Inspektion KW - Wiederkehrende Prüfung KW - Offshore-Wind KW - Monitoring KW - Inspection KW - Regular inspection KW - Offshore-Wind KW - Monitoring PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40256 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Dutto, Paola A1 - Baeßler, Matthias A1 - Geißler, Peter T1 - Suction buckets behaviour under tensile loads: A numerical study with FEM N2 - Suction Bucket Jackets (SBJ) are found as a suitable alternative to driven piles for the support of foundations for offshore wind energy converters. In the case of jackets or multipods, a predominant vertical load is to be expected. The effect of such a tensile loading is the generation of suction in the soil inside the bucket which leads to an increment of tensile capacity. This paper aims to study the bearing behaviour of a suction foundation by taking into account how the soil permeability and the loading rate influence the foundation behaviour. Moreover, after submitting the structure to a storm load, the bearing capacity is studied again, in order to see the effect of such a load on the bucket's bearing behaviour. This study is carried out by means of Finite Element numerical simulations based on the formulation of Biot's equations combined with a constitutive model that reproduces the key aspects of cyclic soil behaviour in the frame of Generalized Plasticity. T2 - International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference CY - San Francisco, USA DA - 25/06/2017 KW - Finite element method KW - Offshore wind energy converter KW - Suction bucket KW - Generalized plasticity KW - Sand KW - Numerical simulation KW - Tensile capacity PY - 2017 SN - 978-1-880653-97-5 SP - 485 AN - OPUS4-41051 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Geißler, Peter T1 - Modelling of compaction grouting using the implicit MPM N2 - Compaction grouting involves the injection under high pressure of a highly viscous grout into the soil to displace and compact the surrounding soil without fracturing it. This ground improvement technique has been used widely for settlement control, increasing liquefaction resistance or bearing capacity of soil under new or existing structures. The work presented here aims to show some numerical and experimental investigations being carried out to understand the compaction mechanism and the soil-grout interaction, which is crucial for a successful usage of this technique. To investigate compaction grouting in the laboratory under various stress conditions, a large-scale testing chamber has been developed. The grout was injected directly at the transparent vertical window of the chamber in order to investigate the possibility to monitor the injection process with a camera to measure the in-plane soil displacements and strains by means of the PIV technique. The other aim of this study is to develop a numerical model, which should be able to deal with large displacements and deformations and to simulate the change in shape of the distinct soil-grout interface solely as a result of the interaction between the injected grout and the surrounding soil. Based on these considerations, as a numerical technique, we employ the implicit Material Point Method based on a mixed formulation, which is implemented in the open source Kratos Multiphysics framework. In contrast to standard FE formulations, the usage of the MPM avoids both the numerical instability caused by extensive mesh distortion and the high computational costs of remeshing. The main results focus on the different evolution of the grout bulb inside the soil under various stress states. T2 - 28th ALERT Workshop CY - Aussois, France DA - 02.10.2017 KW - Compaction grouting KW - Soil-grout interface KW - Material point method (MPM) KW - Mixed formulation KW - Particle image velocimetry (PIV) PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-42432 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk T1 - Einsatz modifizierter Sprühlichtbogenprozesse zur Optimierung schweißbedingter Beanspruchungen an Bauteilen aus hochfesten Feinkornbaustählen N2 - Aufgrund aktueller Leichtbaubestrebungen sowie Forderungen nach Energie- und Ressourceneffizienz werden zunehmend hochfeste Feinkornbaustähle mit Streckgrenzen ≥ 690 MPa in modernen Stahlkonstruktionen eingesetzt. Vorrangig werden diese mit Streckgrenzen bis 960 MPa verarbeitet und mittels MAG-Schweißprozessen gefügt. Moderne Invertertechnik ermöglichte jüngst zahlreiche Firmenentwicklungen (bspw. „DeepARC“, „forceArc“), die zu modifizierten Sprühlichtbögen (mod. SLB) mit ähnlichen Eigenschaften führten. Neben den bekannten wirtschaftlichen Vorteilen dieser mod. SLB, lassen gerade die reduzierten möglichen Nahtöffnungswinkel und die geringere Wärmeeinbringung eine positive Wirkung auf schweißbedingte Beanspruchungen erwarten. Erste Eigenspannungsanalysen bei vorangegangenen Schweißeignungsuntersuchen mit mod. SLB zeigten bereits bei freischrumpfenden Laborproben geringere Zugeigenspannungen in der Schweißnaht im Vergleich zu konventionell geschweißten Proben. Die betriebsfeste Auslegung von hochfesten Schweißkonstruktionen und die Ausnutzung hoher Streckgrenzen erfordern jedoch eine ausreichende Quantifizierung schweißbedingter Beanspruchungen der mod. SLB unter definierter, bauteilrelevanter Schrumpfbehinderung. Dies betrifft sowohl die Kräfte und Spannungen im lokalen Schweißnahtbereich als auch die Gesamtbeanspruchung sowie den Einfluss von Wärmeführung, Bauteilgeometrie, Einspanngrad und Nahtöffnungswinkel. Hierzu lagen in der Industrie, besonders bei den KMU, kaum Kenntnisse vor und sollten deshalb als Ziel dieses Forschungsprojektes erarbeitet werden. Die vergleichenden Untersuchungen mit konventionellen Lichtbogen und mod. SLB mit angepasster Nahtkonfiguration erfolgten mithilfe von speziellen Prüfanlagen, mit der reale Bauteilsteifigkeiten abgebildet werden können. Bei beiden Prozessvarianten waren mit den gewählten Parametern Schweißnähte unter Erfüllung der Anforderungen an die mechanisch-technologischen Eigenschaften realisierbar. Bei den Analysen konnte eine signifikante Reduzierung der Eigenbeanspruchungen durch eine verminderte Wärmeeinbringung bei dem Einsatz einer Nahtkonfiguration mit abgesenktem Nahtöffnungswinkel beobachtet werden. Insbesondere erwiesen sich zur Absenkung mehrachsiger Beanspruchungszustände aufgrund von Biegemomenten in den bauteilnahen Schweißungen die engeren Nahtspalte als zielführend. Eine Vorstellung der erarbeiteten Kenntnisse und Empfehlungen in entsprechenden Gremien zur Normung erfolgten, um mittelfristig vor allem den KMU eine einfachere Konstruktionsauslegung und sichere Verarbeitung hochfester Feinkornbaustähle zu ermöglichen. Mit einer normativen Absicherung kann Qualifizierungs- und Zulassungsaufwand eingespart werden, der aktuell beim Einsatz hochfester Stähle vielfach notwendig ist. Ferner werden die Betriebe durch die Ergebnisse in die Lage versetzt, die technischen und wirtschaftlichen Vorteile der mod. SLB-Prozesse auszunutzen und signifikante Einsparungen bei Schweißzusatz, Schweiß- und Rüstzeit sowie unter Berücksichtigung der Eigenbeanspruchung optimierte Ergebnisse hinsichtlich der Tragfähigkeit von Bauteilen zu erreichen und die Produktivität zu erhöhen. KW - MAG-Schweißen KW - Hochfester Stahl KW - Eigenspannungen KW - Kaltrisssicherheit PY - 2017 UR - https://matplus.shop/produkt/p-1011-einsatz-modifizierter-spruehlichtbogenprozesse-zur-optimierung-schweissbedingter-beanspruchungen-an-bauteilen-aus-hochfesten-feinkornbaustaehlen-2 SN - 978-3-946885-12-2 N1 - Das IGF-Vorhaben 17978 N wurde über die Arbeitsgemeinschaft industrieller Forschungsvereinigungen "Otto von Guericke" (AiF) im Rahmen des Programms zur Förderung der Industriellen Gemeinschaftsforschung (IGF) vom Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie (BMWi) aufgrund eines Beschlusses des Deutschen Bundestages gefördert VL - P 1011 SP - 1 EP - 136 PB - Verlag und Vertriebsgesellschaft CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-59257 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rhode, Michael T1 - Hydrogen trapping in T24 steel weld joints - microstructure influence vs. experimental design effect on activation energy for diffusion N2 - In general, hydrogen assisted cracking is a result of a critical combination of local microstructure, mechanical load and hydrogen concentration. In that connection, welded microstructures of low-alloyed creep-resistant steels can show different hydrogen trapping kinetics. That influences the adsorbed hydrogen concentration as well as the diffusion itself in terms of moderate or strong trapping. A common approach to describe trapping is by the activation energy that is necessary to release hydrogen from a specific trap site. In the present study, T24 base material and weld metal were investigated. For that purpose, electrochemically hydrogen charged specimens were analyzed by thermal desorption analysis(TDA) with linear heating using a mass spectrometer. The results showed a microstructure effect on hydrogen trapping kinetics at elevated temperatures. Additionally, it is necessary to monitor the specimen temperature. A comparison between idealized temperature profile and real specimen temperature showed that the calculated activation energy varied up to a factor of two. Thus, the assigned trap character(moderate or strong) changed. In case of high temperature peaks, this effect could be more important compared to the microstructure effect itself. T2 - 70th IIW Annual Assembly, Commission II-A CY - Shanghai, People's Republic of China DA - 25.06.2017 KW - Creep resisting materials KW - Welding KW - Hydrogen diffusion KW - Thermal desorption analysis KW - Microstructure KW - Experimental design PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40954 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Becker, Ben A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Risks and safety level of composite cylinders N2 - The increasing amount of composite transport systems for hydrogen leads to new and therefore unknown potential hazards for general public. Due to lack of experience, risks of new technologies tend to be rated higher than existing familiar applications. An approach for probabilistic safety assessment of technologies or products requires the definition of minimal acceptable reliability levels. This ensures that the probability of a critical failure with a certain consequence is limited to an acceptable risk. But what is the acceptable risk and which risk results from specific probabilities of occurrence and consequences? This is always a very complex question. The following example is based on a probabilistic approach for safety assessment of composite cylinders developed at the BAM (Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing). KW - Reliability KW - Cylinder KW - Safety KW - Consequence PY - 2017 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319917303117 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.01.145 SN - 0360-3199 SN - 1879-3487 VL - 42 IS - 19 SP - 13810 EP - 13817 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-40691 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Becker, Ben T1 - Practical applications of CPVs - ESR 11: Accumulation of fibre breaks under time-dependent loads in CFRP materials of composite cylinders N2 - Das Anwendungsspektrum von CPV (composite pressure vessels) ist vielschichtig. Aber auch die Versagensformen und das Spektrum der Messmethoden ist vielfältig. Anhand verschiedener, in der BAM festgestellter Effekte wird gezeigt, warum die micromechnanische Betrachtung des Composties von so großem Interesse für die Vorhersage der Alterung von CPVn ist. N2 - The application range of CPV (composite pressure vessels) is multifaceted. But also the failure forms and the spectrum of measurement methods is manifold. On various, at BAM observed effects, it is shown why the micromechanical analysis of the composites is of such great interest for the prediction of aging effects of CPVs. T2 - Kick-Off Meeting FiBreMoD CY - KU Leuven, Belgium DA - 27.03.2017 KW - Composite KW - Degradation KW - Pressure increase rate KW - Slow burst test PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-41711 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Becker, Ben T1 - Monte-Carlo-analysis of minimum load cycle requirements for composite cylinders for hydrogen N2 - Existing regulations and standards for the approval of composite cylinders in hydrogen service are currently based on deterministic criteria (ISO 11119-3, UN GTR No. 13). This paper provides a systematic analysis of the load cycle properties resulting from these regulations and standards. Their characteristics are compared with the probabilistic approach of the BAM. Based on Monte-Carlo simulations the available design range of all concepts is compared. In addition, the probability of acceptance for potentially unsafe design types is determined. T2 - ICHS 2017 CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 11.09.2017 KW - Composite KW - Sample performance chart KW - Regulations KW - GTR No 13 PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-41942 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - GAS ALS ENERGIETRÄGER - Die Kompetenz der BAM in Fragen der sicheren Druckspeicherung N2 - Der Vortrag stellte kurz die Abteilung vor und wo der Arbeitsbereich Druckgefäße einzuordnen ist. Er weist auf die Verwendung von Wasserstoff und auf unsere Kompetenz in der Beurteilung von Sicherheit, unsere Beratung und Forschung hin. Darüber hinaus werden die in der BAM auf Wasserstoffspeicher angewendeten Prüfverfahren dargestellt und als ein Schwerpunkt die hydraulische Prüfung erläutert. Über die Monte-Carlo-Simulation zur Beurteilung von Vorschriften führt er zum probabilistischen Sicherheitsansatz. T2 - Besuch der BAM durch die China Energy-saving Insulation Materials Association, China CY - BAM-FB, Berlin, Germany DA - 07.06.2017 KW - Monte-Carlo KW - Sample Performance Chart KW - Zuverlässigkeit KW - Langsame Berstprüfung PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-41737 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Becker, Ben A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Statistical analysis of burst requirements from regulations for composite cylinders in hydrogen transport N2 - Existing standards for the approval of composite cylinders for the transport of compressed hydrogen are currently based on deterministic (ISO 11119-3) and semi-probabilistic (UN GTR No. 13) criteria. This paper analysis the capabilities of these procedures with respect to the evaluation of burst strength. Their characteristics are compared with the probabilistic approach developed at BAM. Based on Monte-Carlo simulations the available design range (mean value and scatter of burst strength) of all concepts are assessed. In addition, the probability of acceptance for potentially unsafe design types is determined. The results show large areas of burst properties with a sufficient reliability which cannot be used for the design of composite cylinders, due to current approval criteria. On the other hand, existing standards allow the approval of potentially unsafe designs in case of a very high scatter regarding their burst strength. It is also shown that existing design types are already designed to the limits of the available design area. A further weight and cost reduction of composite cylinders is therefore closely related to the approval criteria. An example based on UN GTR No. 13 shows how an approval criterion can be optimized by using statistical methods. The example shows that a reduced minimum burst pressure can be combined with a lower probability of acceptance for potentially unsafe design types. KW - Composite cylinder KW - Monte Carlo simulation KW - Burst requirements PY - 2017 UR - http://www.hanser-elibrary.com/doi/pdf/10.3139/120.110988 DO - https://doi.org/10.3139/120.110988 SN - 0025-5300 VL - 59 IS - 3 SP - 226 EP - 232 PB - Carl Hanser Verlag CY - München AN - OPUS4-39526 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Duffner, Eric T1 - Schallemissionsprüfung an Druckbehältern N2 - Neben Anwendungsbeispielen für die Schallemissionsprüfung bei der wiederkehrenden Prüfung von Druckspeichern, wird insbesondere auf Forschungsaspekte der Schallemissionsmessung an Composite-Druckbehältern eingegangen. T2 - Erfahrungsaustausch für amtlich anerkannte Sachverständige der Anlagenüberwachung der Industrie CY - Würzburg, Germany DA - 04 April 2017 KW - Schallemissionsprüfung KW - Druckspeicher KW - Composite-Druckbehältern PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39684 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Saul, Herbert T1 - Gefahrguttransport - Ablaufdiagramm "Verwaltungsvorgang" N2 - Das Poster stellt die verschiedenen Schritte zur Bearbeitung eines Verwaltungsvorangs dar. Dieser beginnt mit der Anbahnung des Vorgangs, mit Prüfung der Rechtsvorschriften und der Erforschung des Kundenwillens. Im nächsten Schritt wird die Vollständigkeit der Unterlagen geprüft, bevor im Fall positiv geprüfter Unterlagen (Nachweis der Erfüllung der Rechtsanforderungen) der Bescheid erstellt und der Verwaltungsakt abgeschlossen werden kann. T2 - Abteilungskolloquium "Verwaltungsrecht für Zulasser" CY - BAM-Berlin, Germany DA - 16.02.2017 KW - Antragstellung KW - Verwaltungsakt KW - Bescheid KW - Nachforderung PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39213 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Needs for safe hydrogen storage - Contributions of BAM N2 - This presentation provides general data about BAM, the structure of department 3 and a short impression of the application of pressure vessels for hydrogen in stationary use, supply chain and onboard storage. It guides to the actions of BAM as competent authority on this area and shows a lot different methods for testing operated at BAM. Based on this additional research has been detected as necessary for a competent tackling of the tasks as competent authority. After having mentioned several important research projects a figure is presented that compares the development of regulations with relevant re-actions of BAM. The outcome was a concept of a risk based definition of accepted failure rates in combination with probability-oriented safety assessment over entire service life. The second aspect raised at INERIS is the issue of advising the BMVI concerning pressure vessels for hydrogen. Since the pressure is high for saving material consumption and weight there is still high interest in changing regulatory requirements. Therefor we developed an approach for the display of minimum requirements of regulations in diagrams (sample performance charts; SPC) and the probabilistic analysis for these deterministic requirements. This is done by Monte-Carlo simulation and the analysis of acceptance rate and survival rate of basic populations all over the SPC. This finally provide same knowledge of non-approvable but safe ranges of parameters and even approvable but non-safe constellations. In addition, this analysis allows to optimise deterministic requirements in regulations to the intended level of safety for approved populations of pressure vessels, which is shown on the example of the GTR#13. T2 - WORKING MEETING Cooperation BAM - INERIS CY - INERIS, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France DA - 23.10.2017 KW - Competent authority KW - Monte-Carlo KW - Composite KW - Sample performance chart KW - Regulations PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-42637 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Monte-Carlo-analysis of requirements for CGH2-CPVs N2 - This presentation explains how the evaluation of technical requirements in regulations effects safety level. This shown by using the Monte-Carlo experiment consequently. The first step is to explain how deterministic requirements and how probabilistic requirements work. Then the statistical behaviour of the generally unknown basic population can be described and that his behaviour is independent from the regulatory approach. Subsequently, the concept of evaluating sample test results with respect to deterministic requirements is explained. The item “acceptance rate” of the basic population that is behind each sample and behind each individuum in a sample is defined. On this collective understanding, the differences in evaluation between the probabilistic approach PA and the most important RC&S are discussed. Some areas are validated in contradictorily. Then the parameters for acceptance of burst strength in the UN-GTR#13 are varied and opens the door for an accurate improvement of acceptance criteria. Finally, the special aspects of degradation in load cycle testing are shown. There, two aspects must be differentiated, the current reliability and its degradation by ongoing load cycles. This is a convincing argument against the very common opinion, which means that the number of hydraulically tested load cycles pro-vides a figure for the number of acceptable filling cycles. T2 - FiBreMoD Training Unit #5 CY - BAM-FB, Berlin, Germany DA - 05.10.2017 KW - Composite pressure vessels KW - Basic population KW - Acceptance criteria KW - Acceptance rate KW - Sample size KW - Lucky punch area KW - Load cycle test KW - Burst test KW - Scatter PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-43112 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Open Issues of Insuring Safety of CPVs by Strength Testing N2 - This presentation mentions the most important safety items that should be improved from the perspective of Germany. These are the improvement of the understanding and definition of term "safety", the agreement on procedures for the measurement of safety and the issue of degradation in combination with the safety level to be ensured until end of life. For using probabilistic experience for the whole production adequate measures for surveillance of the production should additionally become mandatory to be taken into account. The essential aspects of these issues are shortly explained and highlighted by especially aspects of the slow burst testing with respect to non-cycle fatigue sensitive designs and the hint on the general scatter of properties (Monte-Carlo simulation). T2 - 1st Meeting of the informal working group on Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Vehicles Global Technical Regulation No. 13 (Phase 2) CY - Brussels, Belgium - European Commission Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs Automotive and Mobility Industries (DG GROW C.4) DA - 17.10.2017 KW - Safety KW - Scatter KW - Cycle-fatigue sensitivity KW - ECE R134 KW - GTR 13 KW - Degradation PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-42638 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - The Sample Performance Chart & its use for the display of degradation N2 - This presentation explains how BAM operates the PA approach for the life-time surveillance based on the measurement of degradation. The starting point is the sample performance chart (SPC) as developed by BAM. There it is possible to show minimum requirements, sample properties and lines of constant survival rates, these lines are called isoasfalia. The BAM provides a tool for the safety evaluation of results from sample testing. Then the interaction to the micro-mechanical approach of the FiBreMoD-project is linked with the idea of a degradation of strength and reliability. This leads to the methods of burst and cycle testing. For both methods examples are shown and degradation is explained by showing data of two design types. This visualise the determination of safe service life. Finally, statistical aspects of misinterpretation of test results and the reasons for the decision in favour of the slow burst tests are explained. T2 - FiBreMoD Training Unit #5 CY - BAM-FB, Berlin, Germany DA - 05.10.2017 KW - Sample performance chart KW - End of Life KW - Loss of safety KW - Micro-mechanics KW - Creep effects PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-43110 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Concept of a Probabilistic Approval Approach (PAA) N2 - This presentation explains how an PA-based approval concept could work and would substitute the most of deterministic requirements based on a risk based quantification of accepted failure rates. The concept of a probabilistic approval approach is based on 5 separate types of requirements: 1. Testing and evaluation of properties at Beginning of Life (BoL) 2. Artificial aging with residual strength assessment 3. Testing against dedicated accidental loads 4. Surveillance of production quality 5. Surveillance of degradation/ check of estimated end of life (EoL) Each of these aspects is visualised by photos and diagrams. T2 - FiBreMoD Training Unit #5 CY - BAM-FB, Berlin, Germany DA - 04.10.2017 KW - Beginning of life KW - End of safe service life KW - Artificial ageing KW - Design type testing KW - Accidental loads KW - Survaillance of degradation PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-43111 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Tasks and needs of a competent authority for gas storage N2 - This presentation provides an impression of the boundary condition of the work on composite cylinders on a competent authority. It shows the various kinds of usage, the different tasks and duties around this kind of storage units and the wide spread of technical competence necessary for the substantial research when addressing the legislation. Based on this it shows how we react on changes in the regulations by research and how this influences the regulations, again. As an example, our probabilistic approach is mentioned and drafted for getting mentioned several times during the ongoing set of presentations. T2 - FiBreMoD Training Unit #5 CY - BAM-FB, Berlin, Germany DA - 05.10.2017 KW - Advisement KW - Frequency KW - Consequence KW - Safety assessment KW - NDT PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-43085 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Saul, Herbert A1 - Duffner, Eric T1 - Composite Pressure Vessels for Hydrogen - Research for Safety N2 - Referring to the inter-departmental project group "Pressure Equipment" and the section "Pressure Equipment-pressure receptacles; Fuel Gas Storage Systems" developed from, it is shown here how research on safety aspects, technical regulations and the activities of the Federal Institute BAM in its role as competent authority interact to the advantage of safety of composite pressure vessels. T2 - FiBreMoD Steering Committee Meeting and Training Unit #5 CY - BAM Berlin, Germany DA - 04.10.2017 KW - Pressure Equipment KW - ECE R110 KW - TPED KW - StorHy KW - HyComp KW - Service life tests KW - UN composite cylinders KW - PN020 KW - GTR KW - ECE R134 KW - Competent authority PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-42461 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Neumann, Patrick P. T1 - Bringing Mobile Robot Olfaction to the Next Dimension – UAV-based Remote Sensing of Gas Clouds and Source Localization N2 - This presentation introduces a novel robotic platform for aerial remote gas sensing. Spectroscopic measurement methods for remote sensing of selected gases lend themselves for use on mini-copters, which offer a number of advantages for inspection and surveillance. No direct contact with the target gas is needed and thus the influence of the aerial platform on the measured gas plume can be kept to a minimum. This allows to overcome one of the major issues with gas-sensitive mini-copters. On the other hand, remote gas sensors, most prominently Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS) sensors have been too bulky given the payload and energy restrictions of mini-copters. Here, we introduce and present the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for Remote Gas Sensing (UAV-REGAS), which combines a novel lightweight TDLAS sensor with a 3-axis aerial stabilization gimbal for aiming on a versatile hexacopter. The proposed system can be deployed in scenarios that cannot be addressed by currently available robots and thus constitutes a significant step forward for the field of Mobile Robot Olfaction (MRO). It enables tomographic reconstruction of gas plumes and a localization of gas sources. We also present first results showing the gas sensing and aiming capabilities under realistic conditions. T2 - IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA) CY - Singapore DA - 29.05.2017 KW - Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS) KW - 3-axis gimbal KW - Mobile Robot Olfaction KW - Tomographic reconstruction of gas plumes KW - Localization of gas sources KW - Aerial platform PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40546 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rücker, Werner A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo A1 - Georgi, Steven A1 - Karabeliov, Krassimire A1 - Baeßler, Matthias A1 - Johnsen, Björn ED - Durstewitz, M. ED - Lange, B. T1 - Please Avoid Tilting - Application-Oriented Design and Monitoring Model for Foundation Structures Subjected to Cyclic Loads N2 - A great deal is possible, even on the seabed. Together, wind and waves shake the foundations of the offshore wind turbines. "ere is also the “normal” current and ebb and #ow of the tides that are so distinctive in the North Sea. Pore water pressure can also occur on the seabed, loosening it. Where monopiles are involved, the worst case is that the stability of the whole turbine can be altered – even if such a monopile rammed into the seabed has a diameter of up to eight metres. Over half the planned offshore wind turbines in the North and Baltic Seas are to have monopile foundations, and over 40 % are to have multi-pile foundations, designed for example as a tripod. "is is why pile foundations and their loads deserve special attention. For one thing above all is to be avoided in plant operations, and that is the risk of turbine tilt. KW - Pile foundations KW - Offshore wind turbines KW - Cyclic loads PY - 2017 SN - 978-3-662-53178-5 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53179-2 SP - 53 EP - 59 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-39340 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kullolli, Borana T1 - On contact problem application for the local behavior of soil-pile interaction N2 - In this paper a shear test, which helps to study local behavior of the soil-pile interaction, is modelled numerically with the Finite Element Method as a 2D plane strain problem. A normal pressure on top and shear displacement on side were applied. So far, the material behavior was considered elastic for the sake of simplicity. The effect of thickness on contact elements and the presence of in plane stress has been highlighted. The purpose of the paper is to find a suitable contact element which represents more close to reality a soil-pile interaction problem under cyclic axial loading. Moreover, an insight on the presence of in-plane stress shows that it needs to be considered cautiously. T2 - ICCE 2017 CY - Tirana, Albania DA - 12.10.2017 KW - Contact problem KW - Numerical problem PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-42963 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tuma, Dirk A1 - Hernández-Gómez, R. A1 - Gómez-Hernández, A. A1 - Chamorro, C. R. T1 - Accurate experimental (p, rho, T) data for the introduction of hydrogen into the natural gas grid: Thermodynamic characterization of the nitrogen−hydrogen binary system from 240 to 350 K and pressures up to 20 MPa N2 - The experimental density data of the binary System nitrogen−hydrogen available at the time of the development of the equation of state for natural gases and related mixtures, GERG-2008, were limited to hydrogen contents higher than 0.15 (amount-of-substance fraction) and temperatures above 270 K. This work provides accurate experimental (p, ρ, T) data for three binary mixtures of nitrogen and hydrogen: (0.95 N2 + 0.05 H2), (0.90 N2 + 0.10 H2), and (0.50 N2 + 0.50 H2) at temperatures of 240, 250, 260, 275, 300, 325, and 350 K, thus extending the range of available experimental data to low hydrogen contents and low temperatures. The density measurements were performed by using a single-sinker densimeter with magnetic suspension coupling at pressures up to 20 MPa. Experimental data were compared with the corresponding densities calculated from the GERG-2008 and the AGA8-DC92 equations of state. The relative deviations of the experimental data from both equations of state were within the estimated uncertainty value of the equations. Therefore, the experimental data agree very well with the values estimated from the equations. The virial coefficients B(T,x), C(T,x), and D(T,x) as well as the second interaction virial coefficient B12(T) for the nitrogen−hydrogen binary system were also calculated from the experimental data set at temperatures from 240 to 350 K. The resulting values agree with those from literature. KW - Binary mixtures KW - Density measurements KW - GERG-2008 equation of state PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jced.7b00694 SN - 0021-9568 VL - 62 IS - 12 SP - 4310 EP - 4326 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington DC AN - OPUS4-43832 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Karabeliov, Krassimire A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo A1 - Baeßler, Matthias T1 - Großmaßstäbliche zyklische Versuche zum Zugtragverhalten von gerammten Stahlrohrpfählen N2 - Gerammte Stahlrohrpfähle sind das wesentlichste Gründungselement für Offshore-Konstruktionen. Typischerweise kommen diese als Monopiles oder als Mehrpfahlgründungen für Jacket-Konstruktionen zum Einsatz. Für die verhältnismäßig leichten Windenergieanlagen auf See wird bei Mehrpfahlgründungen regelmäßig die Zugtragfähigkeit maßgebend in der Bemessung. Zusätzlich sind Effekte aus wiederholten zyklischen Belastungen zu beachten, die sich auch auf die Zugtragfähigkeit auswirken können. Auch hier ergibt sich eine Besonderheit dadurch, dass im extremwertverteilten Lastspektrum wenige große (Wechsel-)Last-Amplituden entscheidend sind. Die gründungstechnischen Herausforderungen bei der Planung solcher Windparks auf See wurden von einer Reihe von Untersuchungen begleitet. Eine Versuchsserie zur Zugtragfähigkeit von großmaßstäblichen Pfählen wurde auf dem Testgelände der BAM nahe Horstwalde bei Berlin durchgeführt. Hierfür wurde ein Testfeld mit 10 Pfählen angelegt. Die Pfähle wurden monoton auf Zug und zyklisch belastet. Vergleichend wurden dynamische Pfahlprobebelastungen durchgeführt. Zwei der Pfähle wurden mit Dehnungssensoren instrumentiert und es konnte die Pfahl-Boden-Interaktion abschnittsweise ermittelt werden. T2 - 32. Christian Veder Kolloquium CY - Technische Universität Graz, Graz, Austria DA - 20.04.2017 KW - Offshore Windenergieanlagen KW - Pfahlgründungen KW - Zugtragfähigkeit KW - Zyklisches Tragverhalten PY - 2017 SN - 978-3-900484-75-0 IS - 58 SP - 103 EP - 120 PB - Gruppe Geotechnik Graz AN - OPUS4-40201 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo T1 - Deep foundations for offshore wind turbines T1 - Cimentaciones profundas para Aerogeneradores marinos N2 - In this lecture, both the physical behaviour and the general design procedures for deep foundations in the context of the offshore wind energy generation are presented. The first part of the lecture deals with the phenomenology and design of the pile foundations relative to the bearing of axial loads. The second part dwelves on the particularities of the lateral loads as well as on two research topics beyond the current design procedures, namely the hydromechanical coupling and the aging and fatigue phenomena as observed in the course of large-scale field tests. T2 - Internation Masters Course on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering CY - Geotechnical Laboratory of CEDEX, Madrid, Spain DA - 27.03.2017 KW - Pile foundations KW - Offshore wind turbines KW - Axial and lateral design KW - Physical phenomenology PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39585 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Baeßler, Matthias A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo A1 - Georgi, Steven A1 - Karabeliov, Krassimire A1 - Rücker, Werner A1 - Johnsen, Björn ED - Durstewitz, M. ED - Lange, B. T1 - Uncharted Territory on the Seabed - Monitoring Procedures and Assessment Model for the Foundations of Offshore Wind Turbines N2 - Offshore wind turbines enter unknown territory, especially where the foundations are concerned. This is because offshore wind power can only make use of the experience from the common offshore constructions used by the oil and gas industry to a limited extent. The offshore wind industry has tried to reduce foundation dimensions, especially the pile lengths, as much as possible compared with those of the oil and gas industry. This is because with the large number of wind turbines involved it can provide considerable economic advantages. On the other hand, the stability of the foundations is additionally at risk because due to the much larger number of cyclic loads they are subjected to it is very difficult to predict how they will behave. Since offshore wind farms are manufactured in series, every systematic fault in the foundation acts as a series fault for a large number of turbines. This calls for monitoring – and the right dimensions of pile foundation, the most common type of foundations used for wind turbines KW - Offshore wind turbines KW - Field tests KW - Axial pile capacity PY - 2017 SN - 978-3-662-53178-5 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53179-2 SP - 61 EP - 67 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-39341 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Neumann, Patrick P. T1 - Bringing Mobile Robot Olfaction to the Next Dimension – UAV-based Remote Sensing of Gas Clouds and Source Localization N2 - This presentation introduces a novel robotic platform for aerial remote gas sensing. Spectroscopic measurement methods for remote sensing of selected gases lend themselves for use on mini-copters, which offer a number of advantages for inspection and surveillance. No direct contact with the target gas is needed and thus the influence of the aerial platform on the measured gas plume can be kept to a minimum. This allows to overcome one of the major issues with gas-sensitive mini-copters. On the other hand, remote gas sensors, most prominently Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS) sensors have been too bulky given the payload and energy restrictions of mini-copters. Here, we introduce and present the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for Remote Gas Sensing (UAV-REGAS), which combines a novel lightweight TDLAS sensor with a 3-axis aerial stabilization gimbal for aiming on a versatile hexacopter. The proposed system can be deployed in scenarios that cannot be addressed by currently available robots and thus constitutes a significant step forward for the field of Mobile Robot Olfaction (MRO). It enables tomographic reconstruction of gas plumes and a localization of gas sources. We also present first results showing the gas sensing and aiming capabilities under realistic conditions. T2 - IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA) CY - Singapore DA - 29.05.2017 KW - Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS) KW - 3-axis gimbal KW - Mobile Robot Olfaction KW - Tomographic reconstruction of gas plumes KW - Localization of gas sources KW - Aerial platform PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40547 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Marzok, Ulrich T1 - Messung der H2-Permeabilität von Gläsern mit der VHE-Pulvermethode N2 - Die Entwicklung von Wasserstoffbarrieren aus Glas erfordert die Bestimmung geringer H2-Permeabililtäten. Bisherige Untersuchungen und numerische Simulationen haben gezeigt, dass die VHE-Pulvermethode (Vakuum-Heißextraktion mit massenspektrometrischem Gasnachweis) für die Bestimmung sehr geringer Diffusivitäten geeignet ist und nur geringe Glaspulvermengen benötigt werden. Die gemessene isotherme Gasabgabe wird dabei im Rahmen klassischer Diffusionsmodelle für sphärische Partikel gefittet und hieraus der H2-Diffusionskoeffizient berechnet. Über die aus den gleichen Messdaten bestimmte H2-Löslichkeit wird dann die H2-Permeabilität bestimmt. Bislang unklar ist jedoch der Einfluss von Abweichungen der Partikelform von der Kugelgestalt und der Partikelgrößenverteilung. Ausgehend von FE-Modellierungen mit COMSOL Multiphysics® wurde die Empfindlichkeit verschiedener Parameter (Partikelgröße, Partikelform, Partikelgrößenverteilung) auf die experimentelle Bestimmung des Diffusionskoeffizienten untersucht. Der Vortrag berichtet über daraus resultierende Optimierungen der Methode hinsichtlich der Probenvorbereitung und der Messdatenauswertung. Am Beispiel von Quarzglas wird gezeigt, dass mit der VHE-Pulvermethode annähernd die Genauigkeit klassischer Messverfahren erreicht wird. Weiter werden Messbeispiele an wesentlich gasdichteren Gläsern angegeben. T2 - 91. Glastechnische Tagung CY - Weimar, Germany DA - 29.05.2017 KW - Wasserstoffpermeation KW - Glas KW - Vakuumheißextraktion KW - Pulvermethode KW - Diffusionskoeffizient PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40443 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Würth, Christian T1 - Absolute quantum yield measurements of spectral conversion materials - Instrumentation and applications N2 - The direct measure for the conversion efficiency of absorbed photons into emitted light by an emissive species or chromophore is the photoluminescence quantum yield (pl).1 pl is the fluorometric key quantity that controls the suitability of a molecule or material e.g. for application as a label, probe or sensor molecule or as a converter material. A straightforward approach to pl values presents their absolute determination using an integrating sphere set up. This procedure circumvents the use of standards thereby avoiding additional measurements and uncertainties related to their often debated pl values. In this respect, we discuss the experimental requirements on absolute measurements of down and upconversion quantum yields (UC), the later presents currently one of the most challenging spectroscopic measurements due to its multiphotonic character. We explore the challenges for determination of excitation power density (P) dependent pl(P), present the design and characterization of a unique integrating sphere setup for such measurements in the vis to IR spectral region including its calibration, and the influence of the excitation beam profile to perform pl measurements of liquid and solid materials. As an example for downshifting materials we present doped core-shell CdSe/ZnS semiconductor quantum dots (d-dots) which show a nearly host material and crystal size independent emission with large Stokes shifts and minimum reabsorption.2 Systematic variation of the reaction components, parameters and thickness of the ZnS shell yielded doped nanocrystals with a very high pl, high reproducibility and large quantities. Application of these NCs in the light conversion layers of commercial monocrystalline silicon (mono-Si) solar cells led to a significant enhancement of the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of this devices in the ultraviolet spectral region between 300 and 400 nm. On the other hand, lanthanide-doped up-converting nanoparticles (UCNPs), are promising light converters from the near infrared to the visible region. These NPs show multiple narrow emission bands in the visible (vis) and NIR, excellent photostability, and long luminescence lifetimes. The rational design of brighter UCNP requires an improved understanding of the radiationless deactivation pathways, that are affected by size, surface chemistry, and microenvironment.3 We give an insight into the influences of these parameters on the photophysical key characteristics of the upconversion process such as UC(P), the luminescence decay behavior, the power dependent red-to-green intensity ratio, and intensities of the individual emission bands. T2 - MCare-Materials Challenges in Alternative and Renewable Energy CY - Jeju, Korea DA - 20.02.2017 KW - Energy conversion KW - Quantum yield KW - Doped quantum dots KW - Upconversion PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40009 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bresch, Sophie T1 - Pressure-assisted sintering of tape cast calcium cobaltite Ca3Co4O9 with varied powder compositions N2 - Calcium cobaltite Ca3Co4O9 is a promising p-type oxide thermoelectric material for applications between 600 °C and 900 °C in air. The properties and the morphology of Ca3Co4O9 are strongly anisotropic because of its layered crystal structure. By aligning the plate-like grains, the anisotropic properties can be assigned to the component. Hot-pressing of tablets is a well-known technology for grain alignment of Ca3Co4O9 and increases the thermoelectric properties in a/b-direction remarkably. However, hot-pressing of tablets is limited by the tablet size. An interesting alternative for larger components is the pressure assisted sintering of panels from tape casted layers. Tape casting already leads to grain orientation during green body forming. By combining tape casting and pressure assisted sintering (50 kN maximum force) of Ca3Co4O9, high densities and high thermoelectric properties can be reached for large components up to 200 mm edge length. The morphology of Ca3Co4O9-grains can be designed by doping as well as by varying the powder synthesis conditions. For example Bi-doping increases the anisotropy of the grains, and reaction sintering of uncalcined powder leads to a fine grained microstructure and increases the electrical conductivity for pressure-less sintered specimens. Doped and undoped Ca3Co4O9 powders were successfully tape cast with the doctor blade technique. Several layers of tape were stacked and laminated to 7 cm x 7 cm panels. These panels were sintered in a LTCC sintering press with combined in-situ shrinkage measurement. Pressure-less sintered panels from undoped powder have a 2.5 times higher electrical conductivity at room temperature than dry-pressed test bars with randomly orientated particles. By applying a uniaxial pressure of 10 MPa during sintering, the electrical conductivity (σ25°C = 15000 S/m) increases by the factor of 6 compared to the pressure-less sintered panels, which is in good accordance to the values reported in literature for conventional hot pressing [1, 3]. It is not possible to assign the increased anisotropy of Ca2.7Bi0.3Co4O9 to the pressure-assisted sintered panels, as Bi leads to an abnormal grain growth (up to 500 µm) with randomly oriented grains. This decreases the electrical conductivity (σ25°C = 5000 S/m). Such an abnormal grain-growth is reported for Bi over-doped Ca3Co4O9 but not because of hot-pressing. T2 - European Conference on Thermoelectrics (ECT) 2017 CY - Padua, Italy DA - 25.09.2017 KW - Thermoelectrics KW - Pressure assisted sintering KW - Grain growth PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-42283 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mieller, Björn T1 - Pressure-assisted sintering of Ca3Co4O9 multilayers for thermoelectric applications N2 - The development of competitive thermoelectric generators using oxide ceramics and multilayer technology requires the investigation of suitable sintering procedures. The sintering of Ca3Co4O9, which is the most promising p-type oxide regarding its figure of merit, is a special challenge, as the material starts to decompose at 926 °C. Pressure-assisted sintering (PAS), as known from large-scale production of low temperature co-fired ceramics, was used to sinter multilayers of Ca3Co4O9 green tape at 900 °C with different pressures and dwell times. In-situ shrinkage measurements, microstructural investigations and electric measurements were performed. Relative density increases from 57.4 % after free sintering for 24 h to 93.7 % after 2 h of PAS with 10 MPa axial load. The combination of tape casting and PAS induces a pronounced alignment of the anisotropic grains. In comparison to freely sintered multilayers, the electrical conductivity in the casting direction is thereby strongly increased by a factor of 5. With respect to dry-pressed bars, the improvement amounts to a factor of 15. This study shows that PAS is a proper technique to produce dense Ca3Co4O9 panels with good thermoelectric properties similar to hot-pressed tablets, even in large-scale production. T2 - International Conference on Sintering 2017 CY - San Diego, USA DA - 12.11.2017 KW - Thermoelectric oxide KW - Multilayer KW - Sintering KW - Calcium cobaltite PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-42975 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Widjaja, Martinus Putra T1 - Accumulation of fibre breaks under time-dependent loads in CFRP materials of pressure vessels N2 - For the moment, there is no existing method to quantify the time-dependent effect on carbon fibre pressure vessels or composite pressure vessels (CPV) in general. Hence, BAM started to investigate how to proof this phenomenon. Several researches has been done and discovered that it is possible for aged pressure vessels to have higher burst pressure value than a new vessels. However, the scientific explanation behind is still an on-going research. Whether the existing model can be used or using another measurement method to gain more data is still in question. Therefore, it is required to find a suitable method to explain such phenomenon and even develop furthermore to give a strength criterion for certain types of pressure vessels T2 - Fibremod 1st Consortium Meeting CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 04.10.2017 KW - Carbon fibre pressure vessels KW - Damage accumulation KW - Acoustic emission KW - Fibre-break model PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-42499 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bresch, Sophie T1 - Influence of solid-state-synthesis conditions on properties of oxide thermoelectric materials N2 - Calcium cobaltite and calcium manganate are promising oxide thermoelectric materials for applications between 600 °C and 900 °C in air to convert waste heat directly into electrical power. The solid state reaction, well known for large scale powder synthesis of functional materials, is used for the production of thermoelectric oxides. As a high temperature process, the powder synthesis consumes a lot of energy. In different studies, different synthesis conditions were used for the preparation of calcium cobaltite and calcium manganate powder. To the author’s knowledge, a systematic study of the synthesis conditions of calcium cobaltite and calcium manganate has not yet been published. Therefore, the synthesis conditions for calcium cobaltite (temperature, dwell time, and particle size of raw materials) were studied with a statistical design of experiments (2³) and investigated regarding phase composition (XRD), densification and thermoelectric properties. The gained knowledge was used to optimize the solid state reaction of calcium manganate. This study showed that a higher energy input (elevated temperatures, longer dwell times, or repeated calcinations) during powder synthesis does not improve but deteriorate the thermoelectric properties of calcium cobaltite. The same correlation was determined for the densification. As a higher energy input during powder synthesis leads to a larger grain size and therefore to a reduced sinter activity the densification at a given sinter profile is minimize as well as the thermoelectric properties. These results can be used to minimize the energy demand for the powder synthesis of oxide thermoelectric materials. T2 - 92. DKG Jahrestagung & Symposium Hochleistungskeramik 2017 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 19.03.2017 KW - Thermoelectrics KW - Solid-state-reaction KW - Calcium cobaltite KW - Calcium maganate PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39520 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -