TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Integrated Coating System for Corrosion Protection of Carbon Steel in Artificial Geothermal Brine N2 - Corrosive geothermal brines are a major challenge to geothermal power-plants. For cost reasons, plant designers prefer to use carbon and low alloyed steels, which are susceptible to uniform and localized corrosion when exposed to geothermal brines having acidic and saline properties. To solve such problem, coatings or inhibitors would be a protective solution as an alternative to the use of high alloyed materials. This study investigated a coating system consisting of polyaniline/silicon dioxide based on resources locally available in Indonesia. Protection against corrosion of carbon steel was shown by long-term (28 day) exposure and electrochemical tests of coated carbon steels, performed in an artificial acidic and saline geothermal brine, comparable to the conditions encountered at a site in Indonesia. Therefore, an integrated coating system is proposed for corrosion protection, combining the electrochemical functionality of polyaniline and the physical advantages of silica. T2 - AMPP International Corrosion Conference 2022 CY - San Antonio, TX, USA DA - 08.03.2022 KW - Geothermal KW - Corrosion KW - Coating KW - Polyaniline KW - Silicon dioxide PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-54452 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Challenges for corrosion resistance of metallic materials in geothermal applications N2 - Corrosion aspects for use of metallic materials in geothermal applications are presented and discussed. T2 - Corrosion Workshop beim Geothermie Kongress 2018 CY - Essen, Germany DA - 27.11.2018 KW - Corrosion KW - Geothermal KW - Steel PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46744 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Aristia, Gabriela T1 - SiO2-containing organic coatings for geothermal application N2 - Geothermal brine is considered to be an aggressive environment as it contains various dissolved salts. Even though carbon steel is commonly used as a construction material due to its machinability and economical reason, it is susceptible to uniform and localized corrosion in a high temperature and high pressure system. Therefore, a coating system is introduced to protect the carbon steel against corrosion in such environment. -It is necessary to find the optimum composition of SiO2 addition in the organic coatings to enhance the material performance, i.e. coatings adhesion, thickness optimization, thermal resistance. Current project aims at the addition of Polyaniline (PANi) as the active agent to improve the corrosion resistance of materials against a high saline medium at elevated temperatures. T2 - BAM PhD Day CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 21.09.2017 KW - Geothermal KW - Corrosion KW - Coating PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-43362 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Aristia, Gabriela T1 - Polyaniline/silicon dioxide containing coating for use in artificial geothermal brines N2 - Geothermal brine is a complex system containing a wide variety of dissolved salts resulting from the condition s in a geothermal well. These fluids lead to corrosion in pipes and other parts of geothermal system construction and necessitate intense research efforts in finding new suitable materials. Carbon steel is susceptible to corrosion in geothermal brine especially when it is exposed to a high temperature and high-pressure medium, which is considered to be an aggressive environment. An artificial geothermal water, bas ed on a brine composition found in Indonesia, was used to investigate the performance of high alloyed materials. The electrolyte has pH 4 and contains 1,500 mg/l Cl-, 20 mg/l SO4 2-, 15 mg/l HCO3 -, 200 mg/l Ca 2+, 250 mg/l K+, and 600 mg/l Na+. In order to protect the bare material in geothermal application, it is necessary to either use high alloyed material s or coatings. In this research, a coating system consisting of polyaniline and silicon dioxide was investigated regarding its behavior to protect carbon steel. In detail, the effect of SiO2 and polyaniline (PANi) addition was evaluated by exposure and electrochemical tests for 7 days, i.e. electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and open circuit potential (OCP) at room temperature and 150 °C with 1 MPa pressure. T2 - NACE International Annual Corrosion Conference CY - Phoenix, AZ, USA DA - 15.04.2018 KW - Geothermal KW - Coating KW - SiO2 KW - Polyaniline KW - Corrosion PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44919 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Aristia, Gabriela T1 - Electrochemical study of polyaniline/silicon dioxide containing coatings in geothermal solution N2 - Polyaniline/Silicon Dioxide containing coatings were electrochemically investigated in a saline geothermal solution. With the increase of exposure time, impedance values of coated specimens decreased at low frequency, which could be caused by the decrease of pore resistance due to electrolyte or water uptake. Coating system needs further optimization work. T2 - NACE International Annual Corrosion Conference CY - Phoenix, AZ, USA DA - 15.04.2018 KW - Geothermal KW - Coating KW - SiO2 KW - Polyaniline KW - Corrosion PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44918 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Yevtushenko, Oleksandra A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa A1 - Bettge, Dirk T1 - Suitability of Metallic Materials in CC(U)S Applications N2 - Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) is a promising technology to reach the target for reduction of CO2 emissions, e.g. from fossil-fuel operated power plants or cement mills. Crucial points for a sustainable and future-proof CCUS procedure are reliability and cost efficiency of the whole process chain, including separation of CO2 from the source, compression of CO2, its subsequent transportation to the injection site and injection into geological formations, e.g. aquifers. Most components that are in contact with CO2-stream consist of steel. Depending on the operating conditions (e.g. temperature, pressure, and CO2-stream composition) specific suitable steels should be used. The compressed CO2-stream is likely to contain process specific impurities; small amounts of SO2 and NO2 in combination with oxygen and water are most harmful. One approach, as currently preferred by pipeline operators, is to clean the CO2-stream to such levels, acceptable for carbon steel, commonly used as pipeline material. Another consideration would be, to use more corrosion resistant alloys for CO2-streams with higher amounts of impurities. Due to the absence of certified benchmarks for upper limits, systematic experiments with impurities in the CO2-stream were carried out reflecting mainly transport and injection conditions. Within the COORAL project (German acronym for “CO2 purity for capture and storage”) levels of impurities in the CO2-stream, being acceptable when using specific steels, were evaluated. Material exposure to dense or multiphase carbon dioxide (CO2) containing specific amounts of water vapor, oxygen (O2) sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO) can be a challenge to steels. In some situations, condensation of impurities and reaction products from the CO2 stream can occur. CO2 saturated brine is supposed to rise in the well when the injection process is interrupted. The material selection shall ensure that neither CO2 nor brine or a combination of both will leak out of the inner tubing. This COORAL-work was extended by a follow-up project, called CLUSTER. Here the additional influence of impurities was investigated when merging CO2 streams from different sources, combined within a “so-called” cluster. Results are summarized within the following table regarding suitability for different parts of the process chain. T2 - EUROCORR 2021 CY - Online meeting DA - 20.09.2021 KW - Carbon capture storage KW - Corrosion KW - Steel KW - CCS KW - CCU KW - CO2 PY - 2021 SP - 1 EP - 2 AN - OPUS4-53460 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Corrosion stability of piping steels in a circulating supercritical impure CO2 environment N2 - In supercritical impure CO2 (worst case scenario) highly alloyed Steels tend to pitting corrosion; iron and carbon steel tend to General corrosion, however, with low corrosion rates (< 0.1 mm/a) T2 - Kolloquium Uni Potsdam CY - Potsdam, Germany DA - 18.3.2016 KW - CCS KW - CO2 KW - Corrosion PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36990 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Stoljarova, A. A1 - Regenspurg, S. T1 - Material qualification in Saline, copper containing geothermal water N2 - By exposure and electrochemical tests in the laboratory the Cu-effect on corrosion behavior of carbon steel, high-alloyed steels and Ti-alloy can be assessed. Critical materials specific properties were determined by static exposure and electrochemical tests in an artificial geothermal water with high salinity and low pH, containing Cu. Conclusions were drawn using characteristic potential values. It could be shown that significant Cu-deposition and -precipitation only occurred in combination with carbon steel. High-alloyed materials (S31603, S31653, S31700, S31703, S31803 and N08904) prevent the disturbing Cu-agglomeration. Therefore, they are suitable to be chosen for future design of the piping system, either in massive or in cladded form, if formation of crevices with non-metallic materials can be excluded. From the interactions and pitting corrosion point of view, R50400 seems to be most favorable. T2 - NACE International Corrosion Conference 2019 CY - Nashville, TN, USA DA - 24.03.2019 KW - Copper KW - Corrosion KW - Steel KW - Geothermal energy PY - 2019 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - NACE International CY - Houston AN - OPUS4-47911 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Aristia, Gabriela A1 - Nofz, Marianne A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Sojref, Regine A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa T1 - Preliminary Study on Al2O3 Sol-Gel Coating for Corrosion Protection of Martensitic Stainless Steel in Artificial Geothermal Water N2 - Al2O3 coatings are often used as protective layers on steels against electrochemical and high-temperature corrosion because they are chemically inert and stable at elevated temperatures. This study presents preliminary work on the possibilities of using Al2O3 sol-gel coatings for corrosion protection of martensitic stainless steels in geothermal environments. Al2O3 sol-gel coatings were applied on UNS S42000, which is known to be susceptible to uniform and localized corrosion. The coated steel specimens were then tested in two types of artificial geothermal water, which simulate the geothermal fluids found in Sibayak (SBY), Indonesia, and North German Basin (NGB), Germany, respectively. SBY has pH 4 and 1.5 g/L of chloride ions, whereas NGB has a pH of 6 and 166 g/L of chloride ions. All experiments were carried out in autoclaves at 150 °C and 1 MPa under the deaerated condition. Evaluations were performed by investigating the surface profiles of both uncoated and coated steels before and after the corrosion test using a Laser Scanning Microscope (LSM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Finally, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) was performed to compare the corrosion resistance of Al2O3 coated steels in SBY and NGB solutions. It was observed from the corrosion test that Al2O3 coatings are more suitable for use in the geothermal water with a higher pH. T2 - AMPP Annual International Corrosion Conference 2021 CY - Online Meeting DA - 19.04.2021 KW - Protective coating KW - Sol-gel coating KW - Geothermal KW - Martensitic steel KW - Corrosion PY - 2021 SP - 16777-01 EP - 16777-12 CY - Houston AN - OPUS4-52501 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - On the corrosion mechanism of CO2 transport pipeline steels caused by impurities: Roles of each impure components and benchmarks N2 - Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) has been proposed as a promising technology for the mitigation of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere from fossil-fuel- operated power generation plants. As the reliability and cost effectiveness of the Pipeline transport network is crucial to the Overall operability and resilience of the CCUS system, it is vital to realize the possible corrosion risks of the employed Pipeline steels corresponding to the impurity Level of the gas source. Recent studies have shown that even the high alloyed materials might be susceptible to General and/or localized corrosion by the condensates forming from the impurities such as SOx, NOx, CO, O2 and water. Up to now, however, there is no regulation procedure which defines the maximum acceptable level of impurities and the combination of them for each employed pipeline steels. Herein, systematic experiment series were conducted by mixing pure CO2 gas with varying concentration of each impurity and with the varying combination of them. Each time, the mixture was then fed (1 L/min) into the reactor containing 12 specimens for 120-600 h at 5°C (to simulate the sub-level Pipeline transport). The resulted condensate was collected and analyzed by ionic chromatography and atomic Absorption spectroscopy to determine the chemical composition. In this study, the “worstcase scenario” gas mixture, containing 2.5 % H2O, 1.8 % O2, 1000 ppm NO2, and 220 ppm SO2 as impurities, resulted in the condensate containing H2SO4 0.114 M and HNO3 0.0184 M (pH 2.13). This “original” condensate was then reproduced to carry out exposure tests and electrochemical characterization including corrosion potentials and impedance spectroscopy in CO2 saturated condition for 7-14 days at the same temperature. The corrosion rate was also measured by mass loss method. We can conclude that, at the initial stage, HNO3 plays the dominant role in Fe dissolution process, while H2SO4 is responsible for the pit initiation followed by pitting corrosion. Future studies will be focused on the combination effect from the impurities and the exposure test under the regularly changing condensate to mimic the real CO2 pipeline system. T2 - Eurocorr 2016 CY - Montpellier, France DA - 11.09.2016 KW - Pipeline transport KW - Condensation KW - Corrosion KW - Carbon capture utilization KW - CO2 PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37752 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Stoljarova, A. A1 - Regenspurg, S. T1 - Influence of Precipitating Brine Components on Materials Selection for Geothermal Applications N2 - Since geothermal wells are a feasible energy source to replace fossil fuel supply, many technologies have been developed to take advantage of geothermal energy. Nevertheless, service conditions in geothermal facilities are in many cases extreme in terms of corrosion due to the chemical composition of hydrothermal fluids and temperatures. Therefore, materials selection based on preliminary material qualification is essential to guarantee a secure and reliable operation of the facilities. During operation of a geothermal research facility in Groß Schönebeck copper and lead effects have been found downhole. Occurring mechanisms and measures to prevent precipitation or scaling needed to be investigated as well as potential influences of such precipitates on corrosion resistance of metallic materials used for equipment. This contribution deals with the evaluation of the corrosion behavior of carbon steel and corrosion resistant alloys in copper and/or lead containing artificial geothermal water, simulating the conditions in the Northern German Basin. The behavior of these materials in an artificial geothermal water obtained by electrochemical measurements and exposure tests are presented. While carbon steel exhibits precipitation and deposition, higher alloyed material shows different response to such species and a higher resistance in saline geothermal water. Basing on these results the suitability of the investigated corrosion resistant alloy is given for use in such conditions, whereas carbon steel creates difficulties due to its susceptibility to Cu- and Pb-precipitation. T2 - World Geothermal Congress CY - Online meeting DA - 30.03.2021 KW - Copper KW - Lead KW - Corrosion KW - Steel KW - Geothermal energy PY - 2021 SP - 1 EP - 11 AN - OPUS4-52828 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Metallic Materials for Geothermal Applications N2 - The aim of the work presented was the evaluation of corrosion resistance of various materials in geothermal Waters as a base to create a catalogue of suitable materials for applications in (not only) German geothermal power plants. Users shall be enabled to have a basis for designing such facilities. High alloyed corrosion resistant alloys are suitable and do not cause copper or lead deposition. They shall be chosen for future design of the piping system, either in massive or in cladded form, if crevices formation with non-metallic materials can be prevented! T2 - IFPEN-Workshop: Corrosion in Low-Carbon Energies CY - Online meeting DA - 03.11.2020 KW - Geothermal KW - Corrosion KW - Saline brine PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51511 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Aristia, Gabriela A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Effect of CO2 gas on carbon steel corrosion in an acidic-saline based geothermal fluid N2 - Geothermal energy is one of the most promising energy resources to replace fossil fuel. To extract this energy, hot fluids of various salts and gases are pumped up from a geothermal well having a certain depth and location. Geothermal wells in volcanic regions often contain highly corrosive CO2 and H2S gases that can be corrosive to the geothermal power-plants, which are commonly constructed of different steels, such as carbon steel. This research focuses on the corrosion behaviour of carbon steel exposed to an artificial geothermal fluid containing CO2 gas, using an artificial acidic-saline geothermal brine as found in Sibayak, Indonesia. This medium has a pH of 4 and a chloride content of 1,500 mg/L. Exposure tests were conducted for seven days at 70 °C and 150 °C to simulate the operating temperatures for low and medium enthalpy geothermal sources. Surface morphology and cross-section of the specimens from the above experiments were analysed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). Electrochemical tests via open circuit potential (OCP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were performed to understand the corrosion processes of carbon steel in CO2-containing solution both at 70 °C and 150 °C. Localized corrosion was observed to a greater extent at 70 °C due to the less protectiveness of corrosion product layer compared to that at 150 °C, where FeCO3 has a high corrosion resistance. However, a longer exposure test for 28 days revealed the occurrence of localized corrosion with deeper pits compared to the seven-day exposed carbon steel. In addition, corrosion product transformation was observed after 28 days, indicating that more Ca2+ cations incorporate into the FeCO3 structure. T2 - EUROCORR 2019 CY - Sevilla, Spain DA - 09.09.2019 KW - Carbon steel KW - CO2 KW - EIS KW - Geothermal KW - Corrosion PY - 2019 SP - Paper 200245, 1 EP - 5 CY - Madrid, Spain AN - OPUS4-49099 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa T1 - On the corrosion behaviour of CO2 injection pipe steels: Role of cement N2 - Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is identified as an excellent technology to reach the target of CO2 reduction. However, the safety issue and cost-effectiveness hinder the future of CCS. For the reliability and safety issues of injection wells, the corrosion resistance of the materials used needs to be determined. In this study, representative low-cost materials including carbon steel 1.8977 and low alloyed steel 1.7225 were investigated in simulated pore water at 333 K and under CO2 saturation condition to represent the worst-case scenario: CO2 diffusion and aquifer fluid penetration. These simulated pore waters were made from relevant cement powder to mimic the realistic casing-cement interface. Electrochemical studies were carried out using the pore water made of cement powder dissolved in water in comparison with those dissolved in synthetic aquifer fluid, to reveal the effect of cement as well as formation water on the steel performance. Two commercially available types of cement were investigated: Dyckerhoff Variodur® and Wollastonite. Variodur® is a cement containing high performance binder with ultra-fine blast furnace slag which can be used to produce high acid resistance concrete. On the other hand, Wollastonite is an emerging natural material mainly made of CaSiO3 which can be hardened by converting to CaCO3 during CO2 injection. The results showed the pH-reducing effect of CO2 on the simulated pore water/aquifer (from more than 10 to less than 5) leading to the active corrosion process that happened on both 1.8977 and 1.7225. Electrochemical characterization showed negative free corrosion potential and polarisation curves without passive behaviors. The tested coupons suffered from pitting corrosion, which was confirmed by surface analysis. Interestingly, basing on the pit depth measurements from the tested coupons and the hardness of cement powder, it is suggested that Variodur® performed better than Wollastonite in both aspects. The electrochemical data was compared to that resulted from exposure tests to give a recommendation on material selection for bore-hole construction. T2 - EUROCORR 2019 CY - Sevilla, Spain DA - 09.09.2019 KW - Carbon capture KW - Utilization, and storage (CCUS) technology KW - Corrosion KW - Carbon steel KW - Mortel KW - Crevice corrosion PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49105 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Aristia, Gabriela T1 - Fenomena Korosi pada aplikasi panas bumi N2 - To accelerate the development of Indonesian geothermal energy, progress should be done in all aspects. Corrosion is an important part on the technological development to ensure the safety and longevity of a power plant. T2 - Fireside Chat der Indonesischen Botschaft CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 21.11.2019 KW - Corrosion KW - Korosi KW - Korrosion PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49735 LA - mul AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Aristia, Gabriela A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Roth, C. T1 - Polyaniline/silicon dioxide containing coating for use in artificial geothermal brines N2 - Geothermal brine is a complex system containing a wide variety of dissolved salts resulting from the condition s in a geothermal well. These fluids lead to corrosion in pipes and other parts of geothermal system construction and necessitate intense research efforts in finding new suitable materials. Carbon steel is susceptible to corrosion in geothermal brine especially when it is exposed to a high temperature and high-pressure medium, which is considered to be an aggressive environment. An artificial geothermal water, bas ed on a brine composition found in Indonesia, was used to investigate the performance of high alloyed materials. The electrolyte has pH 4 and contains 1,500 mg/l Cl-, 20 mg/l SO4 2-, 15 mg/l HCO3 -, 200 mg/l Ca 2+, 250 mg/l K+, and 600 mg/l Na+. In order to protect the bare material in geothermal application, it is necessary to either use high alloyed material s or coatings. In this research, a coating system consisting of polyaniline and silicon dioxide was investigated regarding its behavior to protect carbon steel. In detail, the effect of SiO2 and polyaniline (PANi) addition was evaluated by exposure and electrochemical tests for 7 days, i.e. electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and open circuit potential (OCP ) at room temperature and 150 °C with 1 MPa pressure . T2 - NACE International Annual Corrosion Conference CY - Phoenix, AZ, USA DA - 15.04.2018 KW - Geothermal KW - Coating KW - SiO 2 KW - Polyaniline KW - Corrosion PY - 2018 SP - 10708, 1 EP - 14 PB - Omnipress CY - Houston AN - OPUS4-44916 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Aristia, Gabriela A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Study of Polyaniline/Silicon Dioxide based Coating on Carbon Steel in Artificial Geothermal Brine N2 - Geothermal brines are corrosive in nature because of their salt contents and high temperatures. Therefore, they pose a major challenge to geothermal power-plants, which are mostly built of low alloyed steels, e.g., carbon steel. Carbon steel is susceptible to uniform and localized corrosion when exposed to geothermal brines having acidic-saline properties. To overcome this limitation, geothermal power plants should be built by either high alloyed materials or by integrating protection systems on carbon steel, such as coatings and inhibitors. We studied a coating system containing polyaniline/silicon dioxide basing on locally available resources that provides protection against corrosion of carbon steel and enhance the thermal resistance in geothermal environments. Here, exposure and electrochemical tests of coated carbon steels were performed in an artificial geothermal brine. The solution had a pH of 4, with the composition of 1,500 mg/L of chlorides, which is based on the chemical analysis of geothermal brine found in Sibayak, Indonesia. All exposure tests were conducted using autoclaves at 150 °C with a total pressure of 1 MPa, which was performed for up to six months to evaluate the durability of the coating system. Post-experimental analyses were performed by assessing the surface of specimens using optical and electron microscopes. On the other hand, electrochemical tests were performed for seven days at 25 °C and 150 °C to investigate the kinetics of electrochemical reactions by measuring open circuit potential and electrochemical impedance spectra. Experimental results showed the corrosion resistance of PANI/SiO2 composite coatings, where polyaniline and SiO2 play their roles as stabilizers. T2 - World Geothermal Congress CY - Online meeting DA - 30.03.2021 KW - Coatings KW - Corrosion KW - Polyaniline KW - Sibayak KW - SiO2 PY - 2021 SP - 1 EP - 7 AN - OPUS4-52830 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - An, Biwen Annie A1 - Shen, Y. A1 - Voordouw, J. A1 - Voordouw, G. T1 - Halophilic methylotrophic methanogens may contribute to the high ammonium concentrations found in shale oil and shale gas reservoirs N2 - Flow-back and produced waters from shale gas and shale oil fields contain high ammonium, which can be formed by methanogenic degradation of methylamines into methane and ammonium. Methylamines are added to fracturing fluid to prevent clay swelling or can originate from metabolism of the osmolyte triglycinebetaine (GB). We analyzed field samples from a shale gas reservoir in the Duvernay Formation and from a shale oil reservoir in the Bakken formation in Canada to determine the origin of high ammonium. Fresh waters used to make fracturing fluid, early flow-back waters, and late flow back waters from the shale gas reservoir had increasing salinity of 0.01, 0.58, and 2.66 Meq of NaCl, respectively. Microbial community analyses reflected this fresh water to saline transition with halophilic taxa including Halomonas, Halanaerobium, and Methanohalophilus being increasingly present. Early and late flow-back waters had high ammonium concentrations of 32 and 15 mM, respectively. Such high concentrations had also been found in the Bakken produced waters. Enrichment cultures of Bakken produced waters in medium containing mono, di-, or trimethylamine, or triglycinebetaine (GB) converted these substrates into ammonium (up to 20 mM) and methane. The methylotrophic methanogen Methanohalophilus, which uses methylamines for its energy metabolism and uses GB as an osmolyte, was a dominant community member in these enrichments. Halanaerobium was also a dominant community member that metabolizes GB into trimethylamine, which is then metabolized further by Methanohalophilus. However, the micromolar concentrations of GB measured in shale reservoirs make them an unlikely source for the 1,000-fold higher ammonium concentrations in flow-back waters. This ammonium either originates directly from the reservoir or is formed from methylamines, which originate from the reservoir, or are added during the hydraulic fracturing process. These methylamines are then converted into ammonium and methane by halophilic methylotrophic methanogens, such as Methanohalophilus, present in flow-back waters. KW - Methanogen KW - Oil and gas industry KW - Shale KW - Halophile KW - Corrosion PY - 2019 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-474982 DO - https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2019.00023 SN - 2296-598X VL - 7 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne AN - OPUS4-47498 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Aristia, G. A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Roth, C. T1 - The Effect of Different Polyaniline Types in Silicon Dioxide Containing Coatings for Carbon Steel Protection in Artificial Geothermal Brines N2 - According to the results of the experiments carried out, the following points can be concluded: 1. Exposure tests showed that specimens with the addition of SiO2 particles and polyaniline particles exhibit better corrosion resistance than specimens with the addition of only polyaniline particles or binder only. 2. Open circuit potential measurements showed that in the beginning of the experiments, both coatings had an open circuit potential 100 mV higher than carbon steel. Within one day of immersion, the potential of carbon steel increased significantly, indicating the formation of oxide layer. After extended exposure the carbon steel potential sat between PS1 (which had higher potential) and PS2 (which had a lower potential) and all three were in the range –600 mV to –500 mV vs Ag/AgCl. 3. Both coatings PS-1 and PS-2 were degraded with increasing exposure time, shown by the decrease of absolute impedance value at low frequency range after 2, 4, and 6 days exposure. 4. Potentiodynamic test was performed after 3 hours and 6 days exposure, and it was shown that the coating in the initial stage exhibited more passive behavior than the specimens exposed for 6 days. T2 - NACE International Corrosion Conference 2019 CY - Nashville, TN, USA DA - 24.03.2019 KW - Geothermal KW - Coating KW - Polyaniline KW - Corrosion PY - 2019 SP - 13121-1 EP - 13121-14 PB - NACE International CY - Houston AN - OPUS4-47913 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Henning, Ricky A1 - Sturm, Patrick A1 - Keßler, S. A1 - Gluth, Gregor T1 - Corrosion of hybrid alkaline cements in saline solution simulating evaporite rock – effect of the Portland clinker content N2 - Two hybrid alkaline cements (HAC) based on Portland clinker, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), fly ash and sodium sulfate, as well as an alkali-activated GGBFS/fly ash blend and a Portland cement paste were exposed to a saturated saline solution for 70 days. The combined chemical attack of chloride, magnesium and sulfate ions and the associated changes of the phase assemblage of the materials were studied by X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis and spatially resolved X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The experimental results revealed dissolution of ettringite, C-N-A-S-H and calcite, and the formation of gypsum, Kuzel's salt and Friedel's salt; thermodynamic modeling indicated the formation of M-S-H. The resistance of the HAC against attack by the saline solution increased with Portland clinker fraction. The capacity of portlandite to maintain pH at values above 10 is found to be a major factor controlling the resistance of HAC against corrosion in the saline solution. KW - Hybrid cements KW - Alkali-activated materials KW - Magnesium chloride KW - Corrosion KW - Salt attack PY - 2023 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2023.107215 SN - 0008-8846 SN - 1873-3948 VL - 172 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-57638 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gluth, Gregor T1 - Chemical resistance of hybrid cements against aggressive saline solutions N2 - The safe storage of radioactive material in nuclear waste repositories is a major task of our societies. The sealing function of such repositories is depending on the ability of the applied construction materials to form and maintain a geotechnical barrier with the surrounding rock. Corrosion of the construction material can lead to leakage of radioactive compounds and must therefore be avoided or minimized. Since concretes based on conventional Portland cement have not been found suitable in this context, alternative binders must be evaluated. One such class of binders are hybrid cements, which are blends of low fractions of Portland cement or Portland clinker and high fractions of supplementary cementitious materials, such as blast furnace slag and fly ash, activated by an alkali salt. Besides a low heat of hydration and a sufficient early compressive strength [1], chemical similarities with ancient Roman concrete suggest an excellent durability in saline environments [2], which makes these cements potentially suitable for applications in nuclear waste repositories in evaporite rock, such as the Morsleben repository in Germany. In the present study, two previously designed and characterized [3] hybrid cements, an alkali-activated slag/fly ash blend, and an OPC paste were studied regarding their resistance against corrosion in an aggressive saline solution. The saline solution was designed by the Gesellschaft für Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) [Association for Facility and Reactor Safety] as a reference representing a solution forming as the result of contact of surface water with evaporite rock. The cement pastes were exposed to the saline solution up to 70 days and characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and spatially resolved X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. In addition, thermodynamic modelling was performed to simulate the alterations of the phase assemblage with increasing exposure to the saline solution and, thus, provide indications on the long-term durability of the cement pastes. The experimental results revealed a correlation between the Portland clinker content of the cements and the resistance of the cement pastes against attack by the saline solution. This outcome was related to the formation of portlandite when sufficient clinker was available, which maintained the pore solution pH at ~12.5, and thus prevented the dissolution of cementitious phases. Once portlandite was consumed, C-N-A-S-H and ettringite dissolved and released calcium, aluminium, and hydroxide ions in the solution, maintaining the pH at ~10. In this pH range, the formation Cl-AFm phases was observed. At lower pH values, i.e., extended exposure durations, gypsum was the major corrosion product. The pH-dependent dissolution and formation of phases lead to pronounced zonation in the exposed cement pastes. Thermodynamic modelling indicated that the dissolved silicon from C-N-A-S-H reacts with magnesium ions in the saline solution to form M-S-H, and that long-term exposure eventually leads to a material rich in amorphous silica and brucite. T2 - Joint 6th International Workshop on Mechanisms and Modelling of Waste / Cement Interactions & EURAD - WP CORI Workshop CY - Prague, Czech Republic DA - 20.11.2023 KW - Hybrid cement KW - Corrosion KW - Salt solution KW - Magnesium chloride KW - Evaporite rock PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58885 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana A1 - Radtke, Martin A1 - Yusenko, Kirill A1 - Stawski, Tomasz A1 - Kulow, Anicó A1 - Cakir, Cafer Tufan A1 - Röder, Bettina A1 - Naese, Christoph A1 - Britzke, Ralf A1 - Sintschuk, Michael A1 - Emmerling, Franziska T1 - BAMline - A real-life sample materials research beamline N2 - With increasing demand and environmental concerns, researchers are exploring new materials that can perform as well or better than traditional materials while reducing environmental impact. The BAMline, a real-life sample materials research beamline, provides unique insights into materials’ electronic and chemical structure at different time and length scales. The beamline specializes in x-ray absorption spectroscopy, x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and tomography experiments. This enables real-time optimization of material properties and performance for various applications, such as energy transfer, energy storage, catalysis, and corrosion resistance. This paper gives an overview of the analytical methods and sample environments of the BAMline, which cover non-destructive testing experiments in materials science, chemistry, biology, medicine, and cultural heritage. We also present our own synthesis methods, processes, and equipment developed specifically for the BAMline, and we give examples of synthesized materials and their potential applications. Finally, this article discusses the future perspectives of the BAMline and its potential for further advances in sustainable materials research. KW - Extended X-ray absorption fine structure KW - Energy storage KW - Environmental impacts KW - Nondestructive testing techniques KW - X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy KW - Corrosion KW - Near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy KW - X-ray absorption spectroscopy PY - 2023 DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0157194 VL - 158 IS - 24 SP - 1 EP - 22 PB - AIP Publishing AN - OPUS4-57824 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -