TY - CONF A1 - Leo, Reinhold T1 - Duplex stainless steels - Compatibility for high-pressure hydrogen applications N2 - Duplex Stainless Steels (DSS) are an essential component used in the construction of transportation pipelines because of their many distinctive qualities. The choice of DSS for a particular hydrogen application mainly depends on its susceptibility level to Hydrogen Assisted Cracking (HAC). Several mechanisms have been proposed to describe the occurring microscale processes behind HAC, and these include metastable phase transformation, Hydrogen Enhanced Localized Plasticity (HELP), and Hydrogen Enhanced Decohesion (HEDE). This contribution describes the path to ascertain if DSS is suitable for high-pressure gaseous hydrogen applications. The interplay between several critical factors that result in HAC was examined using high-pressure gaseous hydrogen charging, Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD), tensile testing and hydrogen concentration measurements using Carrier Gas Hot Extraction (CGHE). T2 - Third German-African Green Hydrogen Forum 2025 CY - Bernburg (Saale), Germany DA - 23.09.2025 KW - Hydrogen Assisted Cracking KW - High Pressure Hydrogen KW - Duplex Stainless Steels KW - Hollow Specimen Technique PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64302 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Askar, Enis A1 - Grunewald, Thomas T1 - Entzündung von wasserstoffhaltigen Atmosphären durch mechanisch erzeugte Funken („HySpark“) N2 - Im Zuge der Energiewende finden Wasserstofftechnologien in der industriellen Praxis und im öffentlichen Raum immer mehr Anwendung. Beim Einsatz von Wasserstoff als Ersatz für andere fossile Energieträger wie Erdgas müssen u.a. Explosionsschutzmaßnahmen überprüft und angepasst werden. Eine Art von Explosionsschutzmaßnahmen ist die Vermeidung von Zündquellen. Gemäß den einschlägigen Regelwerken ist die Bildung von Funken oder heißen Aufschlagstellen beim mechanischen Schlag eine mögliche Zündquelle, die vor allem beim Wasserstoff berücksichtigt werden muss. Die Zündwirksamkeit ist dabei u.a. stark von der Werkstoffpaarung und der kinetischen Schlagenergie abhängig. Der Einsatz von funkenarmen Werkzeugen aus schwer oxidierbaren Nicht-Eisen-Metallen in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen kann z.B. eine Maßnahme sein, um diese Zündquelle zu vermeiden und wird als solche in den Regelwerken benannt. Es gibt aber kaum Quellen, die dabei helfen die Zündwirksamkeit bei Schlägen mit heterogenen Materialpaarungen einzuschätzen. In dieser Arbeit wurde zu diesem Zweck die Zündwirksamkeit von mechanischen Schlägen mit unterschiedlichen, auch nicht-metallischen Schlagpartnern in wasserstoffhaltigen Atmosphären systematisch untersucht. KW - Explosionsschutz KW - Zündquelle KW - ATEX KW - Erdgas KW - Mechanischer Schlag PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-579869 DO - https://doi.org/10.26272/opus4-57986 SP - 1 EP - 28 AN - OPUS4-57986 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Baer, Wolfram A1 - Wossidlo, Peter T1 - Experimental determination and analysis of dynamic fracture toughness data of ductile cast iron N2 - Ductile Cast Iron materials (DCI) have become important structural materials. Neverthe-less, to draw maximum benefit from DCIs property potential, tailored testing methods must be provided. The established dynamic Jd-R and CTOD 5d-R curve procedures are based on material specifically developed, independent experimental techniques but pro-vide almost matching results. This can be seen as additional validation of the Jd procedure which was mandatory. T2 - 14th International Conference on Fracture (ICF 14) CY - Rhodes, Greece DA - 18.07.2017 KW - Ductile cast iron KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Dynamic loading KW - Crack resistance curve KW - CTOD KW - J-integral PY - 2017 SP - Track 3, 1 EP - 2 AN - OPUS4-42721 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Baer, Wolfram A1 - Holzwarth, Marcel A1 - Mayer, Uwe ED - Vormwald, Michael T1 - Untersuchung des Master Curve-Konzepts für ferritisches Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit: Versuchswerkstoff und erste Ergebnisse an SE(B)140-Großproben N2 - In einem laufenden Kooperationsprojekt zwischen der BAM Berlin und der MPA Stuttgart wird das probabilistische Master Curve (MC) Konzept nach ASTM E1921 hinsichtlich seiner Übertragbarkeit auf ferritisches Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit (DCI) untersucht. Zielsetzung ist die Bereitstellung einer Vorgehensweise zur Bestimmung und Bewertung der dynamischen Bruchzähigkeit von DCI im Übergangsbereich. In diesem Beitrag wird der Versuchswerkstoff der Festigkeitsklasse GJS-400 näher vorgestellt. Ferner werden erste Ergebnisse von zwei bruchmechanischen Versuchsserien an SE(B)140-Großproben bei Belastungsraten von ca. 6∙104 MPa√ms-1 bei -40 °C und -60 °C präsentiert. T2 - 56. Tagung des DVM-Arbeitskreises Bruchmechanik und Bauteilsicherheit CY - Kassel, Germany DA - 20.02.2024 KW - Dynamische Beanspruchung KW - Bruchmechanik KW - Master Curve-Konzept KW - Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit PY - 2024 DO - https://doi.org/10.48447/BR-2024-BB SP - 49 EP - 58 PB - DVM-Verlag CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-59518 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Holzwarth, Marcel A1 - Baer, Wolfram A1 - Mayer, Uwe A1 - Weihe, Stefan ED - Vormwald, Michael T1 - Untersuchung des Master Curve-Konzepts für ferritisches Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit: Kritische Belastungsrate und erste Ergebnisse an C(T)-Proben N2 - Im laufenden Verbundprojekt MCGUSS untersuchen dieProjektpartner MPA Stuttgart und BAM Berlin das probabilistische Master Curve (MC) Konzept nach ASTM E1921 hinsichtlich seiner Übertragbarkeit auf ferritisches Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit (DCI). Ziel des Projektes ist die Entwicklung einer Methode zur Bestimmung und Bewertung der dynamischen Bruchzähigkeit von DCI im Übergangsbereich. In diesem Beitrag werden die Eigenschaften des verwendeten Werkstoffs der Festigkeitsklasse GJS-400 vorgestellt und die sich daraus ergebenden Probenentnahmestellen näher erläutert. Weiterhin werden erste Ergebnisse der C(T)25-Versuchsserien vorgestellt, die bei Belastungsraten von ca. 5∙103 MPa√ms-1, 5∙104 MPa√ms-1 und 5∙105 MPa√ms-1 und einer Temperatur von -40 °C durchgeführt wurden. T2 - 56. Tagung des DVM-Arbeitskreises Bruchmechanik und Bauteilsicherheit CY - Kassel, Germany DA - 20.02.2024 KW - Dynamische Belastung KW - Master Curve KW - Gusseisen KW - C(T)-Proben PY - 2024 SP - 37 EP - 47 PB - DVM Verlag CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-59519 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Baer, Wolfram T1 - Untersuchung des Master Curve-Konzepts für Ferritisches Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit: Versuchswerkstoff und erste Ergebnisse von SE(B)140-Grossproben N2 - In einem laufenden Kooperationsprojekt zwischen der BAM Berlin und der MPA Stuttgart wird das probabilistische Master Curve (MC) Konzept nach ASTM E1921 hinsichtlich seiner Übertragbarkeit auf ferritisches Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit (DCI) untersucht. Zielsetzung ist die Bereitstellung einer Vorgehensweise zur Bestim-mung und Bewertung der dynamischen Bruchzähigkeit von DCI im Übergangsbe-reich. In diesem Beitrag wird der Versuchswerkstoff der Festigkeitsklasse GJS-400 näher vorgestellt. Ferner werden erste Ergebnisse von zwei bruchmechanischen Versuchsserien an SE(B)140-Großproben bei Belastungsraten von ca. 6∙104 MPa√ms-1 bei -40 °C und 60 °C präsentiert. T2 - Jahrestagung des DVM-Arbeitskreises Bruchmechanik und Bauteilsicherheit CY - Kassel, Germany DA - 20.02.2024 KW - Bruchzähigkeit KW - Sprödbruch KW - Master Curve KW - Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit KW - ASTM E1921 PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-59860 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mayer, Uwe T1 - Untersuchung des Master Curve-Konzeptes für ferritisches Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit N2 - In dem Poster werden der Forschungsansatz, die Ziele, das Untersuchungsprogramm und die erwarteten Ergebnisse des BMUV-Forschungsvorhabens MCGUSS "Untersuchung des Master Curve-Konzeptes für ferritisches Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit" vorgestellt. Mit Blick auf bruchmechanische Sicherheitsbewertungen in der Kerntechnik werden Stähle momentan mit dem deterministischen ASME-Referenzkurvenkonzept, ergänzt durch das probabilistische Master Curve-Konzept nach ASTM E1921, bewertet. Das Master Curve-Konzept wird bereits für die Bewertung von ferritischen Schmiedestahlbehältern verwendet. Bewertungsmethoden für ferritisches Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit sind im Moment unvollständig. Normen wie die nationale BDG-Richtlinie P300 oder der internationale ASME-Code, Sect. III, Div. 3, WC-2330 decken Sprödbruch nicht ausreichend ab. Die Verwendung des Master Curve-Konzepts für ferritisches Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit würde eine bruchmechanische Bewertung via einer KJc,d Verteilung erlauben und gleichzeitig Größeneffekte und einen Temperaturbereich von 100 K berücksichtigen. T2 - GRS-Projektstatusgespräch 2023 CY - Karlsruhe, Germany DA - 06.11.2023 KW - Dynamische Bruchzähigkeit KW - Sprödbruch KW - Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit KW - Master Curve PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-59060 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mayer, Uwe T1 - Untersuchung des Master Curve-Konzeptes für ferritisches Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit N2 - In dem Vortrag werden der Forschungsansatz, die Ziele, das Untersuchungsprogramm und die erwarteten Ergebnisse des BMUVForschungsvorhabens MCGUSS "Untersuchung des Master Curve-Konzeptes für ferritisches Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit" vorgestellt. Mit Blick auf bruchmechanische Sicherheitsbewertungen in der Kerntechnik werden Stähle momentan mit dem deterministischen ASME Referenzkurvenkonzept, ergänzt durch das probabilistische Master Curve-Konzept nach ASTM E1921, bewertet. Das Master Curve-Konzept wird bereits für die Bewertung von ferritischen Schmiedestahlbehältern verwendet. Bewertungsmethoden für ferritisches Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit sind im Moment unvollständig. Normen wie die nationale BDG-Richtlinie P300 oder der internationale ASME-Code, Sect. III, Div. 3, WC-2330 decken Sprödbruch nicht ausreichend ab. Die Verwendung des Master Curve-Konzepts für ferritisches Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit würde eine bruchmechanische Bewertung via einer KJc,d Verteilung erlauben und gleichzeitig Größeneffekte und einen Temperaturbereich von 100 K berücksichtigen. T2 - GRS-Projektstatusgespräch 2023 CY - Karlsruhe, Germany DA - 06.11.2023 KW - Dynamische Bruchzähigkeit KW - Master Curve KW - Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit KW - Sprödbruch PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-59061 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Holzwarth, M. T1 - First results for the modification of the master curve concept for ferritic ductile cast iron N2 - Within the scope of fracture mechanics safety, ferritic ductile cast iron (DCI) does currently not have an established and validated method to determine and assess dynamic fracture toughness values in the ductile-to-brittle transition regime. For this reason, the applicability of the fracture mechanics Master Curve concept according to ASTM E1921 to DCI is being investigated in a joint research project between MPA Stuttgart and BAM Berlin. To investigate the applicability of the Master Curve concept for DCI, a DCI material of grade GJS-400 has been procured via a detailed manufacturing specification. From this material test specimens of various geometries and sizes (Tensile, Charpy-V, Pellini, SE(B)10, SE(B)25, SE(B)140, DC(T)9, C(T)25 and C(T)50) were produced. In total, about 500 test specimens will be tested to investigate and validate the Master Curve Concept as well as other assumptions (e.g. size effects, Weakest-Link, Weibull distribution) for DCI. While the whole project has not yet concluded, several work packages have yet been completed. Selected test results using C(T)25 specimens are presented. T2 - European Conference on Fracture 2024 CY - Zagreb, Croatia DA - 26.08.2024 KW - Dynamic fracture toughness KW - Ductile cast iron KW - Master curve PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61451 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Baer, Wolfram A1 - Ohm, Katrin A1 - Holzwarth, Marcel A1 - Mayer, Uwe T1 - Master Curve-Auswertungen und fraktographische Analysen zum Bruchmechanismus – neue Ergebnisse zur Untersuchung des Master Curve Konzepts für ferritisches Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit bei dynamischer Beanspruchung (Projekt MCGUSS) N2 - In diesem Beitrag werden erste Master Curve (MC)-Auswertungen und fraktographische Analysen zum Bruchmechanismus aus dem laufenden Kooperationsprojekt MCGUSS zwischen der BAM Berlin und der MPA Stuttgart diskutiert. Für zwei SE(B)140-Großprobenversuchsserien mit je 6-8 Versuchen bei -40 °C bzw. -60 °C und Belastungsraten von 5-8x10^4 MPa√m/s wurden Referenztemperaturen T0 bestimmt. Ergänzt wird dies für erste Versuchsreihen an SE(B)25-Kleinproben, die bei -60 °C und Belastungsraten von ca. 2x10^5 MPa√m/s geprüft wurden. An ausgewählten Bruchflächen dieser Versuche wurden detaillierte fraktographische REM-Analysen vorgenommen. Im Vordergrund stand die Charakterisierung des Bruchmechanismus in Abhängigkeit von den Einflussfaktoren Temperatur und Probengröße. In Richtung der Zähigkeitstieflage werden die Analysen komplettiert durch die Ergebnisse von zwei SE(B)140-Großprobenversuchen bei -100 °C bzw. -140 °C und Belastungsraten von ca. 5-8x10^4 MPa√m/s. T2 - 57. Tagung des DVM-Arbeitskreises Bruchmechanik und Bauteilsicherheit CY - Köln, Germany DA - 18.02.2025 KW - Dynamische Beanspruchung KW - Bruchmechanik KW - Master Curve-Konzept KW - Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit PY - 2025 DO - https://doi.org/10.48447/BR-2025-467 SP - 113 EP - 122 PB - DVM-Verlag CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-62554 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Holzwarth, Marcel A1 - Baer, Wolfram A1 - Mayer, Uwe A1 - Weihe, Stephan T1 - Investigation of the Master Curve Concept for Ferritic Ductile Cast iron N2 - Within fracture mechanics safety assessment for steels in nuclear technology, the probabilistic master curve (MC) concept according to ASTM E1921 is currently used for quasi-static loading conditions as a supplement to the established deterministic ASME reference curve concept. However, for ductile cast iron (DCI), a systematic review of potential modifications to the assumptions and the procedure according to ASTM E1921 and an associated validation are still lacking. For this reason, the application of the fracture mechanics MC concept to ferritic ductile cast iron is being investigated in a recently started joint research project between MPA Stuttgart and BAM Berlin. According to the IAEA guidelines SSG 26, the safety assessment of DCI containers for transport as well as storage of radioactive materials is based on the fracture mechanics criterion of general crack initiation exclusion. Within this context, the focus of the current research project is on the further development of brittle fracture safety assessment methods. Therefore, a methodology shall be established to determine and assess dynamic fracture toughness values of DCI in the ductile-to-brittle transition regime, using samples extracted from a component. For the experimental program, a DCI material will be produced as it is generally used for transport and storage containers. A basic mechanical-technological material characterization consisting of tensile, Charpy and Pellini tests is planned and a comprehensive fracture mechanics test program was compiled covering dynamic testing of DC(T)9, C(T)25, C(T)50, SE(B)10, SE(B)25, and SE(B)140 specimens. Numerical analyses of different specimen geometries and test setups are planned to investigate the influences of stress triaxiality and loading rate. Throughout the experimental program, the microstructure-property relationship will be investigated based on quantitative metallographic and fractographic analyses. Finally, different MC assessment strategies will be considered and modifications will be made if necessary. T2 - 21st International Symposium ASTM/ESIS Symposium on Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics CY - Washington, D.C., USA DA - 08.11.2023 KW - Dynamic Fracture Toughness KW - Cleavage fracture KW - Master Curve Concept KW - Ductile Cast Iron PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-59063 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Holzwarth, Marcel T1 - Investigation of the Master Curve Concept for Ferritic Ductile Cast Iron N2 - Within fracture mechanics safety assessment for steels in nuclear technology, the probabilistic master curve (MC) concept according to ASTM E1921 is currently used for quasi-static loading conditions as a supplement to the established deterministic ASME reference curve concept. However, for ferritic ductile cast iron (DCI), a systematic review of potential modifications to the assumptions and the procedure according to ASTM E1921 and an associated validation are still lacking. For this reason, the application of the fracture mechanics MC concept to ferritic ductile cast iron is being investigated in a joint research project between MPA Stuttgart and BAM Berlin. According to IAEA SSG-26, the safety assessment of DCI containers for transport as well as storage of radioactive materials is based on the fracture mechanics criterion of general crack initiation exclusion. Within this context, the focus of the research project is on brittle fracture. The goal is the establishment of a methodology to determine and assess dynamic fracture toughness values of DCI in the ductile-to-brittle transition regime, using samples extracted from a component. The experimental program uses a DCI material of grade GJS-400, which is generally used for transport and storage containers of radioactive materials. Firstly, a basic mechanical-technological material characterization will be performed consisting of tensile, Charpy and Pellini tests. Following the material characterization, the loading rate relevant for brittle fracture will be determined using instrumented C(T)25-fracture tests at a temperature of -40°C. To be able to transfer the relevant loading rate to other specimen geometries or sizes, the time-dependent course of the Weibull stress is assessed via numerical analyses. With this information an extensive experimental program consisting of DC(T)9, C(T)25, C(T)50, SE(B)10, SE(B)25 and SE(B)140 specimens is performed. These experimental results will be further supported by numerical and fractographic analyses. The empirical experimental database developed for DCI materials will be used to assess the applicability of the MC concept for DCI materials under dynamic loading. At the current time manufacturing and precracking of test specimens is ongoing. The authors provide first results concerning the mechanical-technological material characterization, the relevant loading rate for brittle fracture determined via C(T)25 tests, and some early results of other specimen types. These experimental results are also supported by preliminary numerical and statistical analyses. T2 - Conference SMiRT27 CY - Yokohama, Japan DA - 04.03.2024 KW - Dynamic fracture toughness KW - Ductile cast iron KW - ASTM E1921 KW - Master curve KW - Brittle fracture PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-59859 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Holzwarth, Marcel A1 - Mayer, Uwe A1 - Baer, Wolfram A1 - Weihe, Stefan T1 - Investigation of the Master Curve Concept for Ferritic Ductile Cast Iron N2 - Within fracture mechanics safety assessment for steels in nuclear technology, the probabilistic master curve (MC) concept according to ASTM E1921 is currently used for quasi-static loading conditions as a supplement to the established deterministic ASME reference curve concept. However, for ductile cast iron (DCI), a systematic review of potential modifications to the assumptions and the procedure according to ASTM E1921 and an associated validation are still lacking. For this reason, the application of the fracture mechanics MC concept to ferritic ductile cast iron is being investigated in a joint research project between MPA Stuttgart and BAM Berlin. According to Hojo et al. (2008) the MC concept is already in use for the brittle fracture safety assessment of ferritic forged steel containers, which would suggest an extension to ductile cast iron containers. In compliance with IAEA SSG-26, the safety assessment of DCI containers for transport as well as storage of radioactive materials is based on the fracture mechanics criterion of general exclusion of crack initiation. Within this context, the focus of the current research project is on the further development of brittle fracture safety assessment methods. Therefore, a methodology shall be established to determine and assess dynamic fracture toughness values of DCI in the ductile-to-brittle transition regime, using only a low number of small fracture mechanics test specimens extracted from a component. For the experimental program, a DCI material of grade GJS-400 (GGG-40) has been produced as it is generally used for transport and storage containers for nuclear material. A basic mechanical-technological material characterization consisting of tensile, Charpy, and Pellini tests has been planned and a comprehensive fracture mechanics test program was compiled covering dynamic testing of DC(T)9, C(T)25, C(T)50, SE(B)10, SE(B)25, and SE(B)140 specimens at various loading rates and temperatures. The specimen testing is divided between the project partners based on specimen geometry. MPA Stuttgart has been tasked with the testing of the C(T), DC(T) and Pellini specimens, while BAM Berlin was assigned the SE(B), Charpy and tensile tests. These tests allow for the determination of the loading rate relevant for brittle fracture via C(T)25 specimens and an assessment of size effects by transferring the relevant loading rate to other specimen geometries and sizes. Numerical analyses of different specimen geometries and test setups are planned to investigate the influence of stress triaxiality and loading rate. Furthermore, the time-dependent course of the Weibull stress is assessed via these numerical analyses. Throughout the experimental program, the microstructure-property relationship will also be investigated based on quantitative metallographic and fractographic analyses like scanning electron microscope images and metallographic sections. With the acquired experimental database fundamental assumptions of the MC concept, like the weakest link model and the Weibull distribution, will be assessed for the application to DCI. In the end, the applicability of the MC concept will be evaluated and if necessary, modifications to the MC concept for DCI will be proposed. This paper will present the preliminary results of the GJS400 material characterization and the related selection of test specimen extraction points. First results of the C(T)25 and SE(B)140 specimen testing will also be discussed supported by first metallographic analyses. T2 - SMiRT27 Conference CY - Yokohama, Japan DA - 03.03.2024 KW - Ductile Cast iron KW - Dynamic Fracture Toughness KW - Safety Assessment KW - Master Curve Concept PY - 2024 SP - 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-59302 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Holzwarth, Marcel A1 - Baer, Wolfram A1 - Mayer, Uwe A1 - Weihe, Stefan T1 - On the Applicability of the Master Curve Concept for Ductile Cast Iron based on experimental and microstructural results N2 - Based on the state-of-the-art research and regulations, the application of the fracture mechanics master curve (MC) concept to ferritic ductile cast iron (DCI) is being investigated in a joint research project (MCGUSS) between BAM Berlin and MPA Stuttgart. The experimental program included a basic mechanical-technological material characterization consisting of tensile, Charpy and Pellini tests. To determine the relevant loading rate for brittle fracture, instrumented C(T)25 fracture tests were performed at different loading rates at a temperature of -40°C. The relevant loading rates are 5x10^3 MPa√ms-1 and 5x10^4 MPa√ms-1. A series of dynamic fracture tests consisting of DC(T)9, C(T)25 and C(T)50 specimens were performed at MPA. BAM performed corresponding test series with SE(B)10 (pre-cracked Charpy), SE(B)25 and SE(B)140 specimens to cover the influence of specimen geometry. In total about 400 tests were performed during this project. The experimental program is complemented by extensive fractographic and metallographic studies using scanning electron microscopy and cross sectioning, as well as characterizations of the chemical composition of the material and of the morphology and distribution of the graphite particles. KJcd values were evaluated for all C(T)25 specimens and some C(T)50 and DC(T)9 specimens. First Master Curve analyses suggest that modifications on the Master Curve setup will be neccessary for instance changing the coefficient from 0.019 to 0.045. This modification requires further validation and is only one of many possible modifications. The SE(B) specimen results clearly show an inverse size effect. This does not correlate with the weakest link effect attributed to steels which dictates lower fracture toughness values for larger specimens. Due to the presence of graphite particles in the DCI material, it is currently assumed that these particles play a significant role in the failure behavior of DCI materials and the following fracture mechanism is proposed: “Specimen size-dependent arrest of local brittle fracures before global brittle failure by weakest link”. T2 - 9th SEDS Workshop: Safety of Extended Dry Storage, 20.-22. Mai 2025 CY - Garching, Germany DA - 20.05.2025 KW - Statistics KW - Dynamic fracture toughness KW - Ductile cast iron KW - Master curve KW - Safety assessment PY - 2025 SP - 1 EP - 3 AN - OPUS4-63566 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Castells-Gil, Javier A1 - Zhu, Jinjie A1 - Itskou, Ioanna A1 - Wolpert, Emma H. A1 - Hunter, Robert D. A1 - Tidey, Jeremiah P. A1 - Pedersen, Angus A1 - Solvay, Elisa A1 - Tyrrell, Helen A1 - Petit, Camille A1 - Barrio, Jesús T1 - Impact of N-heterocyclic amine modulators on the structure and thermal conversion of a zeolitic imidazole framework N2 - The zeolitic imidazole framework-8 (ZIF-8) is a crystalline porous material that has been widely employed as template to fabricate porous nitrogen-doped carbons with high microporosity via thermal treatment at high temperatures. The properties of the carbon scaffold are influenced by the pore structure and chemical composition of the parent ZIF. However, the narrow pore size distribution and microporous nature from ZIF-8 often results in low mesopore volume, which is crucial for applications such as energy storage and conversion. Here we show that insertion of N-heterocyclic amines can disrupt the structure of ZIF-8 and dramatically impact the chemical composition and pore structure of the nitrogen-doped carbon frameworks obtained after high-temperature pyrolysis. Melamine and 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine were chosen to modify the ZIF-8 structure owing to their capability to both coordinate metal ions and establish supramolecular interactions. Employing a wide variety of physical characterization techniques we observed that melamine results in the formation of a mixed-phase material comprising ZIF-8, Zn(Ac)6(Mel)2 and crystallized melamine, while 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine induces the formation of defects, altering the pore structure. Furthermore, the absence of heterocyclic amine in the ZIF-8 synthesis leads to a new crystalline phase, unreported to date. The thermal conversion of the modified ZIFs at 1000 °C leads to nitrogen-doped carbons bearing Zn moieties with increased surface area, mesopore volume and varying degree of defects compared to ZIF-8 derived carbon. This work therefore highlights both the versatility of heterocyclic amines to modify the structure of framework materials as well as their role in tuning pore structure in nitrogen-doped carbons, paving the way to targeted design of high-performance electrodes for energy storage and conversion. KW - Zeolitic imidazole framework KW - Heterocyclic amine KW - Triaminopyrimidine PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-639177 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D5TA04831A SN - 2050-7488 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) AN - OPUS4-63917 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Braga, Daniel S. A1 - Pedersen, Angus A1 - Riyaz, Mohd A1 - Barrio, Jesús A1 - Bagger, Alexander A1 - Neckel, Itamar T. A1 - Mariano, Thiago M. A1 - Winkler, Manuel E. G. A1 - Stephens, Ifan E. L. A1 - Titirici, Maria‐Magdalena A1 - Nagao, Raphael T1 - In situ structural evolution and activity descriptor of atomically dispersed catalysts during nitrate electroreduction N2 - Single‐Atom Catalysts (SAC) have emerged as a promising class of materials for various catalytic applications, including the electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (eNO3RR) and consequently ammonia production. While the efficiency and selectivity of these materials have been extensively highlighted for the eNO3RR, the in situ evolution to their structure and composition during electrocatalysis is largely unexplored and lacks catalyst design principles. To solve this, we investigated a series of high utilization metal‐nitrogen‐carbon (MNC) SACs (M = Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu) for eNO3RR. Except for CuNC, which selectively produced nitrite, all catalysts exhibited Faradaic efficiencies (FE) for ammonia exceeding 50%. NiNC demonstrated the highest performance (FE of 78.0 ± 2.9% at −0.4 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) at pH 13 and maximum ammonia production rate of 615.7 ± 176.5 µmol·h−1·, corresponding to an energy efficiency of 15.1 ± 1.4% at −0.6 VRHE), followed by CoNC. In situ Synchrotron X‐ray fluorescence (SXRF) mapping at various cathodic potentials (from open circuit potential to 0.0 VRHE and then −0.6 VRHE at 100 mV steps) revealed significant mobility of Ni within the carbon matrix, leading to the formation of metallic clusters from 0.0 VRHE. Similar in situ metal clustering is observed for CoNC. Structure‐activity plots are generated from both MNC literature and results obtained here, finding a clear trend between OH binding energy and turnover frequency, with the high activity of NiNC and CoNC in this work explained by their stronger OH binding in the metallic structure compared to their SAC coordination. This work therefore, reveals the structure‐activity‐stability of MNCs for eNO3RR and provides a simple descriptor for identifying highly active eNO3RR catalysts and their in situ structural evolution. KW - Single atom KW - Nitrate reduction KW - Structure-activity-selectivity KW - In situ PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-640353 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202510282 SN - 2198-3844 VL - 12 IS - 39 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-64035 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Butz, Adam T1 - Experimental and analytical investigation of notched components of a Nickel based superalloy under high temperature cyclic loading N2 - While the increase in use of renewable energy sources is a necessity in times of climate change the use of gas turbines as back-up requires them to be run in a much more flexible manner in order to compensate for side effects like sudden fluctuations of energy generation. The significant changes of stress and temperature levels in turbine blades due to start-up and shut down can cause crack initiation and growth in the blades‘ alloy. The aim of this research project is to identify a model for lifetime prediction for gas turbine components made of a Nickel base superalloy under high temperature with a Focus on stress concentration points such as cooling holes. T2 - HIDA-7 Conference on Life/Crack Assessment & Failures in Industrial Structures, UK CY - Portsmouth, UK DA - 15.05.2017 KW - LCF KW - Gas turbine KW - Service life model PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-42274 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Morcillo, Dalia A1 - Winckelmann, Alexander A1 - Oelze, Marcus A1 - Leonhardt, Robert A1 - Schmidt, Anita A1 - Richter, Silke A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian A1 - Vogl, Jochen A1 - Panne, Ulrich A1 - Abad Andrade, Carlos Enrique T1 - Exploring Age-Induced Lithium Isotope Fractionation in Lithium-Ion Batteries using Microwave-Induced Cold Nitrogen Plasma Mass Spectrometry N2 - This study explores Microwave-Inductively Coupled Atmospheric-pressure Plasma Mass Spectrometry (MICAP-MS) as a cost-effective alternative to Multi-Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) for analyzing lithium isotopic composition in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). We investigate the performance of MICAP-MS in measuring Li isotope ratios in new and aged commercial lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) batteries. Our results show that MICAP-MS, operating under cold plasma conditions at 800 W with an 8 mm torch position, achieves results metrologically compatible with MC-ICP-MS, with a precision ranging from 0.6‰ to 3.4‰ for δ7Li values. MICAP-MS benefits from a dielectric resonator for uniform plasma, better ion velocity control, and higher energy efficiency. Optimal settings were identified with dwell times of 10 ms for 6Li and 1 ms for 7Li. The study of LIBs revealed that 6Li migrates towards the anode over multiple charge–discharge cycles, causing 7Li to accumulate in the cathode, a fractionation effect that becomes more pronounced with prolonged cycling. MICAP-MS provides a cost-effective, precise alternative to MC-ICP-MS, with lower operational costs and enhanced portability, advancing the study of isotopic fractionation and aging in lithium-ion batteries. KW - MICAP-MS KW - Lithium KW - Battery aging KW - Lithium isotopes KW - Nitrogen plasma KW - Isotope fractionation KW - lithium cobalt oxide KW - LCO PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-643777 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ja00324a SN - 0267-9477 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) AN - OPUS4-64377 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Abad Andrade, Carlos Enrique T1 - Data-Driven Spectrochemical Sensing for Elemental and Isotopic Analysis—from Energy Systems to Biomedicine N2 - High-resolution optical spectrometers generate spectra containing tens of thousands of data points per sample. Picometre-scale isotope shifts, matrix-induced line broadening, and strong inter-feature correlations render classical peak fitting unreliable. Current analytical challenges, therefore, require rigorous algorithms able to expose latent structure, quantify uncertainty, and remain chemically interpretable. The research program presented in this lecture integrates state-of-the-art spectrochemical instrumentation with mathematically disciplined data models. Principal Component Analysis and Partial Least Squares provide chemically meaningful latent variables, while gradient-boosted decision trees or deep neural networks (ANNDL) capture residual non-linearity without sacrificing traceability. All models are trained on isotope-enriched or synthetically generated spectra and distributed with full validation workflows. Two research areas illustrate this strategy: (1) Isotopic analytics for materials, environment, and medicine. (2) Data-fusion diagnostics for battery ageing and failure. T2 - Temple University: Mechanical Engineering Transformative Science and Technology Engineering Lecture Series CY - Philadelphia, PA, USA DA - 02.10.2025 KW - Isotope KW - Data analysis KW - Machine learning KW - Elemental analysis KW - Battery PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64877 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Abad Andrade, Carlos Enrique T1 - Tracking Lithium-Ion Battery Ageing via Lithium Isotope Fractionation N2 - Lithium-ion batteries power portable devices, electric vehicles, and stationary power grids, yet hidden aging reactions still shorten their service life and raise concerns about cost and safety. An analytical proxy is needed to report these reactions and accelerate product development, quality control, and recycling. Here, we demonstrate that subtle shifts in the natural 7Li/6Li ratio accurately record the two decisive stages of cell aging, solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation and field-driven aging, which can be detected using multi-collector ICP-MS. Because Li is easily stripped from digested electrodes or electrolyte in a one-step cation-exchange column, high-purity solutions reach the spectrometer in minutes. A streamlined MC-ICP-MS run yields a δ7LiLSVEC precision of 0.4 ‰, enabling dozens of battery fractions to be analyzed per day. Applying the workflow to LiCoO2 coin cells as models, sampled from pristine to 700 cycles, reveals a clear isotopic narrative. During the first ≈45 cycles, 7Li leaves the LiCoO2 lattice, dissolves into the electrolyte, and is locked in the SEI on graphite, driving cathode δ7Li from +8 to –10 ‰ and raising the anode to +13 ‰ while capacity drops by 10 %. After the interphase matures, the electric field takes over: the lighter 6Li migrates faster to the anode, 7Li accumulates in the contracting Li1-xCoO2 lattice, and the bulk separation factor rises to α≈1.045 by 700 cycles. The δ7Li curve flattens roughly 70 cycles before capacity falls to 80%, providing an early warning of end-of-life. Isotopic gradients scale linearly with impedance growth, SEI thickness, and crack density confirmed by LA-ICP-MS mapping, FIB-SEM, XANES, and EXAFS. Although each data point requires one cell, lithium-isotope fractionation provides direct, element-specific, and structural fatigue insight unavailable from non-destructive tests. The straightforward chemistry and fast MC-ICP-MS routine make the approach practical for targeted aging studies, additive screening, and forensic autopsies, complementing high-throughput electrochemical methods and supporting the design of longer-lived batteries. T2 - SciX 2025 CY - Covington, KY, USA DA - 05.10.2025 KW - Isotope KW - Lithium KW - MC-ICP-MS KW - MICAP-MS KW - Isotope fractionation KW - Battery PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64879 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mesquita Silva da Veiga, Marcia T1 - Ultrasonic-assisted leaching of Li and Co from black mass using deep eutectic solvent N2 - The recovery of critical metals from spent lithium-ion batteries is a key strategy for sustainable resource management and the circular economy. Conventional hydrometallurgical processes typically rely on strong mineral acids and elevated temperatures, which, although effective, generate hazardous waste and demand high energy inputs. As a greener alternative, deep eutectic solvents (DES) combine low toxicity, non-volatility, simple synthesis, and tunable physicochemical properties, making them promising media for selective metal recovery1-2. Here, we report for the first time the use of ultrasound (US) to assist the leaching of Li and Co from LiCoO₂ black mass employing a deep eutectic solvent based on choline chloride and formic acid (ChCl:HCOOH, 1:2 molar ratio). The DES was synthesized at 90 °C for 3 h under stirring (300 rpm) and was characterized in terms of its molecular structure and formation by 1H-NMR and FT-IR, as well as by its viscosity and density. For each experiment, ~0.100 g of LiCoO2 was treated with 5 g of DES-FA in an ultrasonic bath (35 kHz, 60 °C) for different irradiation times (30–120 min), followed by three sequential extractions. All measurements were performed by ICP OES. Lithium solubilization reached ~80% at 90 min, while cobalt extraction was stabilizing at ~79% after 120 min. The enhanced performance under US is attributed to sonochemical effects that promote cavitation and microjets, leading to the disruption of particle agglomerates, the thinning of diffusion layers, and the generation of highly reactive local environments. These processes accelerate deintercalation and mass transfer within the solid–liquid interface. Combined with the mild acidity of DES-FA, which enables simultaneous leaching of both metals while favoring faster kinetics for Li, ultrasound provided a synergistic effect that enhanced the overall process and preserved the distinct extraction profiles of Li and Co. The extraction behavior of the two metals can be explained by their different speciation in the DES-FA medium. Cobalt is likely reduced from Co(III) to Co(II) by formic acid and stabilized through the formation of chloro-complexes such as [CoCl4]2- with chloride anions from ChCl, favoring its solubilization. In contrast, lithium does not form stable complexes with chloride under these conditions. It is primarily extracted as a solvated cation, stabilized by the extensive hydrogen-bond network of the DES. This difference accounts for the faster leaching kinetics observed for Li compared to Co. Selective recovery was achieved by pHcontrolled precipitation, with cobalt oxalate at pH 4-5 and lithium carbonate at pH 10. The Eco-Scale score of 85 confirmed the greenness of the method. This pioneering approach highlights the potential of coupling DES chemistry with ultrasound. Together, they represent a sustainable and efficient route for recovering critical metals from battery waste. T2 - 17th Rio Symposium on Atomic Spectrometry (17th RSAS) CY - São Pedro City, Brazil DA - 09.11.2025 KW - Black mass KW - deep eutectic solvent KW - Lithium KW - Cobalt KW - Lithium-ion battery recycling KW - Ultrasound-assisted extraction KW - Lithium and cobalt recovery KW - Green hydrometallurgy PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64956 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Askar, Enis T1 - Challenges for hydrogen technologies - Activities of H2Safety@BAM N2 - In this presentation the drivers for the rise of hydrogen technologies are outlined and main challenges for the market ramp-up are shown. Finally, the activities and capabilities of the competence center H2Safety@BAM are characterized and some of the current projects at BAM adressing the main challenges for hydrogen technologies are presented focussing on the hydrogen transport and infrastructure. T2 - Wasserstoff-Dialog - Stakeholder-Konferenz des Wasserstoff-Kompass CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 10.10.2022 KW - Hydrogen strategy KW - ModuH2Pipe KW - Hydrogen transport KW - Hydrogen infrastructure KW - Liquid hydrogen (LH2) PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-57065 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Grimault de Freitas, Tomás T1 - Comprehensive Standardisation of the Hollow Specimen Technique for Tests in High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas N2 - The hollow specimen technique is a simple and economical method that has the potential to overcome the limitations and complement the current techniques for qualifying metallic materials under highpressure hydrogen gas. In this technique, an axial hole is manufactured in a tensile specimen, which is then filled with hydrogen gas, sealed, and placed in a standard testing machine. This method requires significantly lower amounts of hydrogen, resulting in fewer safety measures and does not require complex equipment or a specialised laboratory, unlike the conventional autoclave technique. Initial studies have demonstrated the feasibility of assessing hydrogen effects in metallic materials using the hollow specimen technique. This led to the establishment of the committee ISO/TC 164/SC 1/WG 9 to standardise the method, however, there are still open questions that currently prevent the technique from being standardised for hydrogen testing. These open questions are being addressed in the H2HohlZug project, which is presented in this contribution. T2 - Oxford - EPRI Hydrogen Embrittlement Workshop CY - Oxford, United Kingdom DA - 23.06.2024 KW - Hollow Specimen Technique KW - High-pressure Gaseous Hydrogen KW - Hydrogen Embrittlement KW - Tensile Testing PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60501 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sobol, Oded T1 - Hydrogen assisted cracking phenomena in duplex stainless steels elucidated by in- and ex-situ ToF-SIMS experiments N2 - In the presented research, the high potential and abilities of secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) to detect and locally map the hydrogen distribution in two types of duplex stainless steels are shown. The research validates certain proposed mechanisms by combining ToF-SIMS with high-resolution scanning electron microscopy and electron-backscattered diffraction. The combination of data from several techniques on the same region was conducted in this field for the first time by applying data treatment of the ToF-SIMS raw data and data fusion approach. This powerful combination of methods allows reviewing of the occurring processes related to hydrogen assisted cracking. The step beyond the state of the art in this field was gained here by developing permeation and mechanical loading experiments within the ToF-SIMS during chemometric imaging of the hydrogen distribution in the microstructure. The research presents the necessary correlation between the hydrogen distribution and the resulted structural changes, the diffusion behavior in a duplex microstructure and stress induced diffusion of hydrogen by applying external load at the microscale. T2 - 6th WMRIF Early Career Scientist Summit CY - NPL Teddington UK DA - 18.06.2018 KW - ToF-SIMS KW - Duplex stainless steel KW - LDX KW - EBSD KW - Data-fusion PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46865 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Junias, Josua Kondja T1 - Prediction of Explosion Characteristics of Hydrogen Mixtures Using Machine Learning Models N2 - An understanding of Hydrogen-Oxygen/Air-Diluents gas mixtures combustion characteristics and their accurate prediction is crucial for ensuring the safety of hydrogen-related applications, reducing accidents risk, and protecting lives and property. Hydrogen detonation propagations are characterized by the detonation cell size, used to quantitatively predict for a mixture to detonate including, among others, the initiation energy, critical and minimum tube diameters. For the prediction of explosion limits, detonation run-up-distances and cell sizes, various empirical, semi-empirical and numerical models can be found in literature. These models are usually limited to a narrow range of explosion process or geometrical experimental parameters. Moreover, based on the limited availability of the detonation cell widths measurements, current estimation models are seemingly inaccurate. Machine learning models can be utilized to make justifiable prediction on the detonation cell sizes of hydrogen-air mixtures and other gaseous explosive mixtures cell sizes, explosion limits or run-up distance to detonation based on the mixture type, temperature, pressure, equivalence ratios as well as on geometrical parameters with consideration of highly diverse experimental data measurements uncertainties. Therefore, an up-to date database for explosion characteristics will be established and machine learning models will be developed, trained, tested, and validated using experimental data to predict explosion characteristics of hydrogen mixtures. The models predicted results will be validated against existing models. It will be tested whether machine learning models are able to predict the explosion characteristics of hydrogen mixtures with better accuracy and more comprehensively than conventional empirical and numerical models to be found in literature. T2 - Combustion Institute 40th International Symposium CY - Milano, Italy DA - 21.07. 2024 KW - Prediction, detonation KW - Machine Learning KW - Flammability limits PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60769 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nietzke, Jonathan T1 - Evolution of tensile testing methodologies for hydrogen embrittlement in austenitic steels: a comparative study N2 - The energy transition towards hydrogen utilisation has increased the demand for reliable testing methods to evaluate the susceptibility of metallic materials to hydrogen degradation. However, traditional electrochemical pre-charging techniques have limitations in represent-ing realistic gaseous hydrogen exposure conditions. This study presents three comparative analyses of tensile testing methodologies, focusing on the differences between electrochem-ical pre-charging, gaseous pre-charging, and in-situ testing using hollow specimens for aus-tenitic steels AISI 304L and 316L type austenitic steels. Based on the results obtained, the first comparison reveals that electrochemically pre-charged and gaseously pre-charged specimens exhibit different behaviours regarding the impact on the mechanical properties. This effect can be retraced to the varying distribution of hydrogen throughout the specimens. Although comparable embrittlement was observed for similar hydrogen concentrations, the relationship appears to be non-systematic. The second comparison evaluates the performance of pre-charged hollow specimens (300°C, 100 bar, 21 days) in comparison to hollow specimens tested in-situ under 200 bar hydrogen during slow strain rate tensile tests (SSRT). While pre-charged specimens show a slight de-crease in elongation at fracture and a noticeable decrease in reduction of area (RA), in-situ tested specimens exhibit significantly more pronounced embrittlement. This is in accord-ance with the results of Michler et. al. In the third comparison, geometry effects between pre-charged conventional and pre-charged hollow specimens are explored. In this case, the hydrogen effect appears to be of the same order of magnitude for both specimen types, although some differences are ob-served. The study's findings underscore the importance of considering differences between test methods when assessing materials’ compatibility with hydrogen. It specifically emphasises the need for in-situ testing with gaseous hydrogen to better represent real conditions in ap-plications within the hydrogen sector. Furthermore, the study provides an initial compari-son between conventional and hollow specimens, demonstrating their capability to reveal hydrogen effects. However, additional research is essential to enhance the comparability of results yielded by these testing methods. T2 - European Conference on Fracture 2024 CY - Zagreb, Croatia DA - 26.08.2024 KW - Hollow Specimen Technique KW - Hydrogen KW - Austenitic Stainless Steel KW - Hydrogen Testing KW - AISI 316L PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60929 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nietzke, Jonathan T1 - The relationship between surface condition and the influence of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of additively manufactured 316L N2 - The following contribution presents the analyses of additively manufactured (AM) 316L using hollow specimens at 200 bar hydrogen and a strain rate of 1E-5 s-1. The work includes a comparison of three types of hollow specimens: mechanically extracted from fully additively manufactured cylinders, near-net-shape additively manufactured specimens, i.e. as printed, and specimens made of conventional 316L. AM specimens were manufactured via powder bed fusion with laser beam of metals (PBF-LB/M). For the near-net-shape specimens the inner hole remained without any mechanical processing. The inner holes of the cylindric specimens were manufactured by drilling with subsequent honing. The susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement was found to be strongly dependent on the surface being in contact with hydrogen. While specimens with a clean surface had a relative reduction of area (RRA) of around 78 %, those with an as-printed surface showed a significantly larger RRA of around 90 %. One possible reason for this are oxide layers formed due to small amounts of oxygen during the AM-process. Further research is required to determine if the lower effect on the mechanical properties is permanently for as printed parts or e.g. time dependent. Additionally, further work with variation in the nominal strain rate is required. T2 - IIW 77th Annual Assembly 2024 CY - Rhodes, Greece DA - 07.07.2024 KW - Austenitic steel 316L KW - Additive manufacturing KW - PBF-LB/M KW - Hydrogen degradation KW - Hydrogen embrittlement KW - Hollow specimen technique PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60618 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nietzke, Jonathan T1 - Stainless Steels and Hydrogen Applications N2 - The contribution was presented at the Stainless Steel World Conference 2022. The presentation shows the influence of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of steel. Some test methods are shown and selected results are presented. T2 - Stainless Steel World Conference 2022 CY - Maastricht, Netherlands DA - 27.09.2022 KW - Gaseous hydrogen KW - Hydrogen Embrittlement KW - Hydrogen assisted cracking KW - SSRT PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55913 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Grimault de Freitas, Tomás T1 - Hollow Specimen Technique for Tests in High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas: The Path Towards Standardisation and the Case Study of a Pipeline Steel and its Weld N2 - The hollow specimen technique is a simple method that has the potential to make material qualification with gaseous pressurized hydrogen widely applicable for the hydrogen industry at low cost. The feasibility of this method has been demonstrated in several studies, leading to the establishment of an ISO committee for its standardization. Questions have emerged during this process, that currently prevent the method from being standardized for hydrogen testing. These questions relate to specimen geometry, specimen manufacturing and gas quality and are being systematically addressed in the TransHyDE-H2HohlZug project. The aim is to close the identified gaps towards the standardization of this method for hydrogen testing. This contribution presents the structure and milestones of the project, followed by the results regarding the influence of specimen production and its response to hydrogen effects. Depending on the production method, different roughness and residual stresses can be expected on the inner hole surface of the specimens. This is of importance since an increase in stress concentration sites have been found to be associated to a higher severity of hydrogen effects. This influence has been investigated after applying the following machining processes: a) drilled only; b) drilled and reamed; c) drilled and honed; d) electro-discharge machining (EDM) and honed; e) EDM and reamed. Roughness measurements using a profilometer, electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis and microhardness tests have been performed previous to mechanical testing to infer on the effect of the different production methods on the surface of the inner hole. Next, the specimens were mechanically tested via slow strain rate tensile tests in a argon and in hydrogen, both at 150 bar and room temperature. Here, a strain-rate sensibility analysis was also performed to identify an optimal strain-rate for the mechanical tests. Based on the results an optimal production method is identified and proposed. T2 - ASTM Conference on Hydrogen Materials CY - La Rochelle, France DA - 03.06.2025 KW - Hydrogen KW - Hydrogen Embrittlement KW - Hollow Specimen Technique KW - High-Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen KW - Austenitic Stainless Steel KW - H2HohlZug KW - TransHyDE KW - Tensile Test KW - Pipeline Steel PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63329 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sobol, Oded T1 - Challenges with metallic materials in hydrogen technologies N2 - The contribution was presented in the Joint European Summer School in Athens as part of several contributions from BAM in the field of hydrogen safety. These presentations are given in order to provide an overview about the activities of BAM as part of the competence center H2Safety@BAM T2 - JOINT EUROPEAN SUMMER SCHOOL (JESS) CY - Athens, Greece DA - 12.09.2022 KW - Gaseous hydrogen KW - Hydrogen Embrittlement KW - Hydrogen assisted cracking PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55822 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Battistella, Beatrice T1 - Isotopic Fractionation in Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs): A New Key to Understand Degradation N2 - The presentation summarizes the research work of division 1.6 on Li isotope fractionation in Li-ion batteries (LIB). This work interrogates whether changes in Li isotopic distribution in LIB components can be used as a diagnostic tool to monitor interphases growth at the electrodes surfaces and as a benchmark to track battery degradation. For this purpose, different analytical techniques have been employed to study the electrodes of commercial and lab-scale cells, providing bulk (MC-ICP-MS) and local (GD-MS, LA-ICP-MS) information about the Li isotope distribution changes upon cells cycle aging. The results show Li isotope fractionation in full Li ion cells upon aging, suggesting that the 6Li accumulation on the surface of the negative electrode might be used as a new benchmark to track the solid electrolyte interphase growth T2 - ADLERSHOFER KOLLOQUIUM Analytik – Abteilung 1 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 28.10.2025 KW - MC-ICP-MS KW - Li-ion Batteries KW - Li Isotopes KW - LA-ICP-MS KW - GD-MS PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64511 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wosniok, Aleksander A1 - Schukar, Marcus A1 - Breithaupt, Mathias A1 - Kriegsmann, Andreas T1 - Distributed Fibre Optic Monitoring of Hydrogen Storage Composite Pressure Vessels for Automotive Use N2 - We present our research work on the condition monitoring of hydrogen storage composite pressure vessels using distributed fibre optic sensors. The sensing fibres are integrated into the composite structure by wrapping them over the polymer liner in the helical and circumferential direction during the manufacturing process of the carbon fibre reinforced polymer. The following use of optical backscatter reflectometry allows for continuous condition monitoring and precise detection and localization of structural damages during the entire service life. To account for the time-dependent strength degradation of the composite pressure vessels, both slow burst and ambient hydraulic cycling tests, respectively, were conducted on five 70 MPa pressure vessels with integrated fibre optic sensors. The results achieved via distributed fibre optic strain sensing demonstrate a near linear strain response to pressure suitable for sensitive condition monitoring and confirm the required robustness of the selected sensor solution. T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2025 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 26.05.2025 KW - Distributed fibre optic sensor (DFOS) KW - Composite pressure vessel KW - Optical backscatter reflectometry KW - Slow burst test KW - Ambient hydraulic cycling test PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-653067 DO - https://doi.org/10.58286/32344 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - NDT.net AN - OPUS4-65306 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Becker, Ben A1 - Duffner, Eric A1 - John, Sebastian T1 - Storage systems for CGH2- systematic improvement of RC&s composite storage systems for compressed hydrogen - systematic improvement of regulations for more attractive storage units N2 - Hydrogen is an attractive energy carrier that requires high effort for safe storage. For ensuring safety they have to undergo a challenging approval process. Relevant standards and regulations for composite cylinders used for the transport of for on-board storage of hydrogen are currently based on deterministic (e.g. ISO 11119-3) or semi-probabilistic (UN GTR No. 13) criteria. This paper analysis the properties of such methods in regards to the evaluation of load cycle strength. Their characteristics are compared with the probabilistic approach of the BAM. Based on Monte-Carlo simulations, the available design range (mean value and scatter of strength criteria) of current concepts were exemplarily estimated. The aspect of small sample sizes is analysed and discussed with respect to the evaluation procedures. T2 - 10th International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Environmental Protection CY - Bled, Slovenia DA - 27.06.2017 KW - Probabilistic KW - Hydrogen KW - Composite KW - Cylinder KW - Regulations KW - Load cycles KW - GTR 13 KW - ISO 11119 PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-416820 SN - 978-961-286-054-7 DO - https://doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-054-7 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - University of Maribor Press CY - Maribor, Slovenia AN - OPUS4-41682 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Olejko, Lydia A1 - Bald, Ilko T1 - FRET efficiency and antenna effect in multi-color DNA origami-based light harvesting systems N2 - Artificial light harvesting complexes find applications in artificial photosynthesis, photovoltaics and light harvesting chemical sensors. They are used to enhance the absorption of light of a reaction center which is often represented by a single acceptor. Here, we present different light harvesting systems on DNA origami structures and analyze systematically the light harvesting efficiency. By changing the number and arrangement of different fluorophores (FAM as donor, Cy3 as transmitter and Cy5 as acceptor molecules) the light harvesting efficiency is optimized to create a broadband absorption and to improve the antenna effect 1 (including two energy transfer steps) from 0.02 to 1.58, and the antenna effect 2 (including a single energy transfer step) from 0.04 to 8.7, i.e. the fluorescence emission of the acceptor is significantly higher when the light-harvesting antenna is excited at lower wavelength compared to direct excitation of the acceptor. The channeling of photo energy to the acceptor proceeds by Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) and we carefully analyze also the FRET efficiency of the different light harvesting systems. Accordingly, the antenna effect can be tuned by modifying the stoichiometry of donor, transmitter and acceptor dyes, whereas the FRET efficiency is mainly governed by the spectroscopic properties of dyes and their distances. KW - DNA origami KW - Light-harvesting KW - FRET KW - Antenna effect PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-405867 UR - http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2017/ra/c7ra02114c#!divAbstract DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA02114C VL - 7 IS - 39 SP - 23924 EP - 23934 PB - The Royal Soc. of Chemistry AN - OPUS4-40586 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - THES A1 - Schneider, Ronald T1 - Time-variant reliability of deteriorating structural systems conditional on inspection and monitoring data N2 - The current practice of operating and maintaining deteriorating structural systems ensures acceptable levels of structural reliability, but it is not clear how efficient it is. Changing the current prescriptive approach to a risk-based approach has great potential to enable a more efficient management of such systems. Risk-based optimization of operation and maintenance strategies identifies the strategy that optimally balances the cost for controlling deterioration in a structural system with the achieved risk reduction. Inspections and monitoring are essential parts of operation and maintenance strategies. They are typically performed to reduce the uncertainty in the structural condition and inform decisions on future operation and maintenance actions. In risk-based optimization of operation and maintenance strategies, Bayesian updating is used to include information contained in inspection and monitoring data in the prediction of the structural reliability. All computations need to be repeated many times for different potential inspection and monitoring outcomes. This motivates the development of robust and efficient approaches to this computationally challenging task. The reliability of deteriorating structural systems is time-variant because the loads on them and their capacities change with time. In most practical applications, the reliability analysis of deteriorating structural systems can be approached by dividing their lifetime into discrete time intervals. The time-variant reliability problem can then be represented by a series of time-invariant reliability problems. Using this methodology as a starting point, this thesis proposes a novel approach to compute the time-variant reliability of deteriorating structural systems for which inspection and monitoring data are available. The problem is formulated in a nested way in which the prediction of the structural condition is separated from the computation of the structural reliability conditional on the structural condition. Information on the structural condition provided by inspections and monitoring is included in the reliability assessment through Bayesian updating of the system deterioration model employed to predict the structural condition. The updated system reliability is obtained by coupling the updated deterioration model with a probabilistic structural model utilized to calculate the failure probability conditional on the structural condition. This approach is the first main outcome of this thesis and termed nested reliability analysis (NRA) approach. It is demonstrated in two numerical examples considering inspected and monitored steel structures subject to high-cycle fatigue. An alternative – recently developed – approach, which also follows the strategy of discretizing time, describes deteriorating structural systems with hierarchical dynamic Bayesian networks (DBN). DBN combined with approximate or exact inference algorithms also enable the computation of the time-variant reliability of deteriorating structural systems conditional on information provided by inspection and monitoring data. In this thesis – as a proof of concept – a software prototype is developed based on the DBN approach, which can be used to assess the reliability of a corroding concrete box girder for which half-cell potential measurements are available. This is the second main outcome of this thesis. Both approaches presented in this thesis enable an integral reliability analysis of inspected and monitored structures that accounts for system effects arising from (a) the correlation among deterioration states of different structural elements, (b) the interaction between element deterioration and system failure, and (c) the indirect information gained on the condition of all unobserved structural elements from inspecting or monitoring the condition of some structural elements. Thus, both approaches enable a systemwide risk-based optimization of operation and maintenance strategies for deteriorating structural systems. The NRA approach can be implemented relatively easily with subset simulation, which is a sequential Monte Carlo method suitable for estimating rare event probabilities. Subset simulation is robust and considerably more efficient than crude Monte Carlo simulation. It is, however, still sampling-based and its efficiency is thus a function of the number of inspection and monitoring outcomes, as well as the value of the simulated event probabilities. The current implementation of the NRA approach performs separate subset simulation runs to estimate the reliability at different points in time. The efficiency of the NRA approach with subset simulation can be significantly improved by exploiting the fact that failure events in different years are nested. The lifetime reliability of deteriorating structural systems can thus be computed in reverse chronological order in a single subset simulation run. The implementation of the DBN approach is much more demanding than the implementation of the NRA approach but it has two main advantages. Firstly, the graphical format of the DBN facilitates the presentation of the model and the underlying assumptions to stakeholders who are not experts in reliability analysis. Secondly, it can be combined with exact inference algorithms. In this case, its efficiency neither depends on the number of inspection and monitoring outcomes, nor on the value of the event probabilities to be calculated. However, in contrast to the NRA approach with subset simulation, the DBN approach with exact inference imposes restrictions on the number of random variables and the dependence structure that can be implemented in the model. T3 - BAM Dissertationsreihe - 168 KW - Reliability KW - Structural systems KW - Deterioration KW - Bayesian analysis KW - Inspection KW - Monitoring KW - Zuverlässigkeit KW - Tragstrukturen KW - Schädigungsprozesse KW - Bayes'sche Analyse KW - Inspektion KW - Monitoring PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-512977 SN - 1613-4249 VL - 168 SP - 1 EP - 188 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-51297 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stengel, Dominik A1 - Mehdianpour, Milad T1 - Finite element modelling of electrical overhead line cables under turbulent wind load N2 - This paper presents a finite element model of an overhead transmission line using so called cable elements which allow reproducing the cable's nonlinear characteristics accurately employing only a few elements. Aerodynamic damping is considered in the equation of motion by taking into account the relative velocity between the flow of the wind and the moving structure. The wind flow itself is simulated by wave superposition making necessary assumptions on the lateral correlation between the wind velocities along the cable length. As result from the simulation, the following conclusions can be drawn. The first natural frequency of generally used wide spanning cables lies well below 1 Hz where also most of the energy content of the wind excitation is to be expected. Aerodynamic damping is significant for the moving cables holding very low structural damping which leads to a suppression of resonant amplification. This is particularly of interest regarding the support reaction which is dominated by the mean value and the so called background response. The latter is mostly influenced by the randomness of the wind flow, especially lateral to the main wind direction. KW - Nonlinear Finite Element Formulations KW - Nonlinear Equation of Motion KW - Turbulent Wind Excitation PY - 2014 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-304567 DO - https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/421587 SN - 2314-6494 SN - 2356-766X VL - 2014 IS - Article ID 421587 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Hindawi Publ. CY - New York, NY ; Cairo AN - OPUS4-30456 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hüllmann, Dino A1 - Kohlhoff, Harald A1 - Neumann, Patrick P. ED - Bársony, I. ED - Zolnai, Z. ED - Battistig, G. T1 - Embedded control of a PMSM servo drive without current measurements N2 - A permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) servo drive for lightweight robotic platforms that have a high torque demand at low rotational speeds has been developed. First, a current-independent torque controller is derived and cascaded with a speed and position controller, while merely an encoder is used as a sensor device in combination with a speed estimator. Finally, the speed estimator output is compared to gyroscope measurements and the overall functioning is verified on a real system. T2 - 30th Eurosensors Conference - Eurosensors 2016 CY - Budapest, Hungary DA - 04.09.2016 KW - BLDC KW - PMSM KW - Motor control KW - Servo drive KW - Optical incremental encoder PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-388973 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.11.487 SN - 1877-7058 VL - 168 SP - 1671 EP - 1675 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam, Netherlands AN - OPUS4-38897 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kuroiwa, T. A1 - Zhu, Y. A1 - Inagaki, K. A1 - Long, S. A1 - Christopher, S. A1 - Puelles, M. A1 - Porinsky, M. A1 - Hatamleh, N. A1 - Murby, J. A1 - Merrick, J. A1 - White, I. A1 - Saxby, D. A1 - Caciano de Sena, R. A1 - Dominguez de Almeida, M. A1 - Vogl, Jochen A1 - Phukphatthanachai, Pranee A1 - Fung, W.-H. A1 - Yau, H.-P. A1 - Okumu, T. O. A1 - Kang'iri, J. N. A1 - Tellez, J. A. S. A1 - Campos, E. Z. A1 - Galvan, E. C. A1 - Kaewkhomdee, N. A1 - Taebunpakul, S. A1 - Thiengmanee, U. A1 - Yafa, C. A1 - Tokman, N. A1 - Tunc, M. A1 - Can, S. Z. T1 - Report of the CCQM-K123: trace elements in biodiesel fuel N2 - The CCQM-K123 key comparison was organized by the Inorganic Analysis Working Group (IAWG) of CCQM to assess and document the capabilities of the national metrology institutes (NMIs) or the designated institutes (DIs) to measure the mass fractions of sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium phosphorous and sulfur in biodiesel fuel (BDF). The National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ) and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) acted as the coordinating laboratories. Results were submitted by 11 NMIs and DIs. The participants used different measurement methods, though most of them used inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), isotope dilution technique with ICP-MS and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) with microwave acid digestion. The material was quite challenging and a number of questions were raised at the IAWG meeting. Concerning S, the variation in S results between participants, particularly those using IDMS methods was discussed at the IAWG meeting. BAM, NIST and NMIJ reviewed their experimental conditions, results and/or uncertainty calculations for IDMS. According to the additional evaluation and investigation, the variances between the revised results became smaller than the original one, the revised results were overlapping between IDMS measurements of S content at the k=2 level. It is not possible to calculate a KCRV with values being modified after submission. It was concluded that this KC does not support S measurements. Accounting for relative expanded uncertainty, comparability of measurement results for each of Na, Ca, K, Mg and P was successfully demonstrated by the participating NMIs or DIs. It is expected that sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium and phosphorus at mass fractions greater than approximately 0.1 mg/kg, 0.1 mg/kg, 0.05 mg/kg, 0.05 mg/kg and 0.1 mg/kg respectively in biodiesel fuel and similar matrices (fuels and oils etc.) can be determined by each participant using the same technique(s) employed for this key comparison to achieve similar uncertainties mentioned in the present report. Furthermore, the results of this key comparison can be utilized along with the IAWG core capability approach. KW - Biodiesel KW - Fuel KW - Sulphur KW - Reference measurement PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-393941 UR - http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0026-1394/54/1A/08008/meta DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/54/1A/08008 SN - 0026-1394 SN - 1681-7575 VL - 54 SP - Tech. Suppl. 2017, 08008, 1 EP - 47 PB - IOP Publishing CY - Bristol, UK AN - OPUS4-39394 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - THES A1 - Kanzler, Daniel T1 - Zuverlässigkeitsanalyse von digitalen Radiographie-Systemen bei der Prüfung von realen Materialdefekten N2 - Die zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (ZfP) ist aus solchen Bereichen unseres Lebens nicht mehr wegzudenken, in denen Schäden mit hohen Folgekosten oder Gefährdungen von Menschenleben entstehen können (Beispiele: Transportwesen, Energieerzeugung, Chemieindustrie). In der Praxis kann ein Prüfsystem an seine Grenzen geraten, z.B. bei kleinen Defekten. Defekte mit kritischer Größe werden möglicherweise nicht detektiert. Daher müssen probabilistische Bewertungsverfahren das Prüfsystem beschreiben. Es wird eine objektive Qualitätskennzahl gesucht, auf deren Basis die Anwendbarkeit der Prüfmethode definiert werden soll. Die Auffindwahrscheinlichkeit (engl. probability of detection - POD) erfüllt diese Anforderung. Die POD zeigt auf Basis des Zusammenhangs und der Streuung der Daten, ob das Verfahren für die Prüftätigkeit akzeptiert werden kann oder noch verbessert werden muss. Das ursprüngliche POD-Verfahren wurde für quasi eindimensionale Defekte in dünnen Luftfahrtbauteilen entwickelt. In der industriellen Realität ist diese Bewertung ein Balanceakt zwischen Statistik und Durchführbarkeit: Die Prüfung soll mit realen Defektdaten für die spätere Produktion des Bauteils (bzw. wiederkehrende Wartungsprüfung) bewertet werden. Doch die notwendige Gegenüberstellung zwischen Schliffdaten, für die Erfassung der wahren Defektgröße von räumlich ausgeprägten Defekten und dem Signal eines ZfP-Systems stellt sich als herausfordernde und kostenintensive Aufgabe heraus. Sowohl die Aufstellung eines gemeinsamen Koordiantensystems als auch die Beschreibung und Angleichung der Daten stellen eine notwendige Vorarbeit dar. In dieser Arbeit wird ein mögliches Vorgehen entwickelt, dass im Weiteren eingesetzt werden kann. Während in der Literatur zum Thema POD häufig die Begrenzung des Einsatzes einer eindimensionalen POD (POD mit einem Defektparameter) für reale Defekte bereits erkannt wurde, soll außerdem in dieser Arbeit das Verfahren auf der Signalseite umfassender erweitert werden, um die Einbeziehung realer Defekte in die POD-Bewertung zu ermöglichen. Hierfür werden mit Hilfe dieser Arbeit zwei wesentliche Neuerungen in der POD-Bewertung eingeführt: 1. Die Anzeigenfläche wird als wichtiges Indiz zur Detektion in die Bewertung eingeführt. Dabei zeigt der Ansatz einer Observer-POD, bei dem der Detektierbarkeit eines Defekts beschrieben wird, eine Möglichkeit in die Bewertung zu erweitern. Jedoch wird die notwendige Datenanzahl die für eine Observer-POD selten mit Experimenten erreicht. Daher schlagen wir die Einführung eines Glättungsalgorithmus vor, um auch auf der Basis von wenigen Daten die Flächenabhängigkeit zu erfassen. Der Algorithmus wird hierbei durch simulierte Daten auf seine Funktionsfähigkeit überprüft, bevor er auf reale Defekte angewendet wird. Gleichzeitig helfen die simulierten Daten einen Vergleich zu den vorhergegangenen Ansätzen zu ermöglichen. 2. Darüber hinaus reichen die Daten der realen Defekte häufig nicht aus, um die statistische Forderung zu gewährleisten, so dass es notwendig, wird künstliche Defekte mit einzubeziehen. Deshalb sollen die vorhanden künstlichen Defekte in Form von Referenzdefekten mit einbezogen werden, um die statistische Grundlage zu erhöhen. Für die Prüfung von Referenzdefekten sind jedoch wichtige Einflussgrößen (z.B. Oberflächenrauhigkeit) nicht vorhanden. Wegen der unterschiedlichen Aussagekraft der Daten und zur Vermeidung einer zu optimistischen Abschätzung, ist eine einfache Mischung der Daten ausgeschlossen. Um realen Defekten eine Möglichkeit dafür zu schaffen, dass die Eigenschaften der realen Defekte angemessen auf das Ergebnis der Bewertung des Verfahrens Einfluss nehmen können, wird eine gewichtete Kombination der Defektdaten für die Bewertung vorgestellt. Das Vorgehen wird am Beispiel der radiographischen Prüfung einer elektronenstrahlgeschweißten Naht durchgeführt. Die Schweißnaht verbindet den Deckel zur Außenwand eines Kupferbehältern, der für die spätere Endlagerung von verbrauchten Brennstäben aus Kernkraftwerken entwickelt wurde. Die Messergebnisse stammen aus von der Firma Posiva Oy, dem zuständigen Unternehmen für die Endlagerung von verbrauchten Brennstäben aus Kernkraftwerken in Finnland. Hierbei stellt die POD-Bewertung ein wichtiges Element in der Gesamtrisikobewertung für das Endlagersystem dar. T3 - BAM Dissertationsreihe - 153 KW - Radiographie KW - POD KW - Zuverlässigkeit KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (ZfP) KW - Probabilistische Bewertung PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-388723 SN - 978-3-9818270-1-9 SN - 1613-4249 VL - 153 SP - iii EP - 134 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-38872 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kinne, Marko A1 - Thöns, Sebastian T1 - Fatigue Reliability Based on Predicted Posterior Stress Ranges Determined from Strain Measurements of Wind Turbine Support Structures N2 - In the present paper, an approach for updating the continuous stress range distribution of a welded connection of a wind turbine support structure with predicted information from strain measurements is presented. Environmental conditions, such as wind or, in offshore fields, waves and currents, in combination with rotor excitations generate cyclic stresses affecting the reliability of welded joints of the support structure over the service life. Using strain measurements, these conditions can be monitored, and the resulting stress ranges, under consideration of measurement, mechanical and material uncertainties, can be reconstructed. These stress ranges can be used as an input for updating the prior probability density function (PDF) of the stress ranges predicted by the overall dynamics and a detailed design analysis. Applying Bayesian probability theory and decision theoretical implications, the predicted posterior probability density of the stress ranges is calculated based on the design information and uncertainties. This approach is exemplified, and it is shown how the predicted stress ranges and the design stress ranges are distributed. The prior and the predicted posterior stress ranges are used for a reliability calculation for potentially entering a pre-posterior decision analysis KW - Strain measurements of wind turbine support structures KW - Bayesian updating of stress ranges KW - Posterior fatigue reliability PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-572663 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/en16052225 VL - 16 IS - 5 SP - 1 EP - 26 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-57266 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kinne, Marko A1 - Farhan, Muhammad A1 - Schneider, Ronald A1 - Thöns, Sebastian T1 - Influence of the structural integrity management on the levelized cost of energy of offshore wind: a parametric sensitivity analysis N2 - The levelized cost of energy (LCoE) is an important measure to quantify the macro-economic efficiency of an offshore wind farm and to enable a quantitative comparison with other types of energy production. The costs of the structural integrity management - which is required to ensure an adequate lifetime reliability of the turbine support structures - are part of the operational expenditures of an offshore wind farm. An optimization of the structural integrity management may reduce the operational expenditures and consequently the LCoE. However, the effect of the structural integrity management on the LCoE is hardly known. To investigate this effect, this paper presents a sensitivity analysis of the LCoE of a generic offshore wind farm. The probabilistic models of the parameters influencing the LCoE are based on a literature study including an explicit model for the structural integrity management. The analysis reveals that LCoE may potentially be reduced if an optimization of the structural integrity management enables a service life extension. T2 - International Probabilistic Workshop 2022 CY - Stellenbosch, South Africa DA - 08.09.2022 KW - Structural integrity management KW - Levelized cost of energy KW - Sensitivity analysis PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-572724 DO - https://doi.org/10.14311/APP.2022.36.0090 VL - 36 SP - 90 EP - 98 PB - Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings AN - OPUS4-57272 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sauermoser-Yri, M. A1 - Veldurthi, N. A1 - Wölfle, C. H. A1 - Svartvatn, P. J. A1 - Flo Hoem, S. O. A1 - Lid, M. J. A1 - Bock, Robert A1 - Palko, J. A1 - Torgersen, J. T1 - On the porosity-dependent permeability and conductivity of triply periodic minimal surface based porous media N2 - With the fast development in the field of additive manufacturing, triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) based porous media have recently found many uses in mechanical property tuning. However, there is still a lack of understanding in their porosity-dependent permeability and electrical as well as thermal conductivity. Here, we perform finite volume simulations on the solid and void domains of the Schoen gyroid (SG), Schwarz primitive (SP) and Schwarz primitive beam (SPB) TPMS with porosities between 63% and 88% in Ansys Fluent. A simple cubic lattice (CL) of equivalent porosity served as reference. The SPB and CL showed up to one order of magnitude higher permeabilities than the SG and SP. However, SG and SP have about 1.3 and 2.6 times the electrical and thermal conductivity of SPB and CL, respectively. Furthermore, the properties of SPB and CL are largely affected by the surface area density, whereas tortuosity variation does not impact permeability and conductivity to a major extent. Finally, empirical relations are adapted to describe the presented data and thus, they may enable future designers of TPMS based porous structures to fine-tune the geometries according to the requirements on permeability and electrical as well as thermal conductivity. KW - Metals and Alloys KW - Surfaces, Coatings and Films KW - Biomaterials KW - Ceramics and Composites PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-585250 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.09.242 SN - 2238-7854 VL - 27 SP - 585 EP - 599 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-58525 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bock, Robert A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Melzer, Michael A1 - Klaus, Christian A1 - Nattuveettil, Keerthana A1 - Engel, Thomas A1 - Prager, Jens T1 - Eine digitale QI für technische Anlagen: Beispiel Wasserstofftankstelle (H2) N2 - Mit der Initiative QI-Digital werden völlig neue Perspektiven für das Sicherheitsmanagement und die Qualitätssicherung technischer Anlagen erschaffen. Unsere Forschung im Kontext einer Wasserstofftankstelle zeigt, wie digitale Innovationen und Verfahren die Herausforderungen effizienter und verlässlicher Qualitätssicherung für komplexe Anlagen bewältigen können. In diesem Vortrag werden Potentiale und Beispiele der digitalen QI für technische Anlagen demonstriert und diskutiert: Moderne Anlagenüberwachung mit digitalen Zwillingen und KI sowie Kalibriermanagement mithilfe digitaler Kalibrierscheine und elektronischem Siegel. T2 - 2. QI Digital Forum CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 10.10.2023 KW - Wasserstoff KW - Sensorik KW - Qualitätsinfrastruktur KW - Digitalisierung KW - Druckspeicher KW - Verwaltungsschale PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58599 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bock, Robert T1 - Pilotprojekt Wasserstofftankstelle - Session 2: Verlässliche Wassertofftankstellen N2 - Was ist QI? Qualitätsinfrastruktur – Das Zusammenwirken von nationalen Institutionen im Bereich der Metrologie, Normung und Standardisierung, Akkreditierung, Konformitätsbewertung und Marktüberwachung, mit dem Ziel die Qualitätssicherung bei Produkten und Prozessen in Deutschland zu gewährleisten. Unser Ziel ist es, unsere bewährte Qualitätsinfrastruktur (QI) noch besser zu machen und so einen Beitrag zur Lösung von sozioökonomischen, ökologischen und technologischen Herausforderungen unserer Zeit zu leisten. Eine der bedeutendsten technologischen Herausforderungen unserer Zeit ist die Digitalisierung. Die zentralen Akteure der deutschen QI wollen diese digitalisieren. Beteiligte Institutionen sind aktuell BAM (Konformitätsbewertungen in bestimmten Bereichen), DAKKS (Akkreditierung), DIN/DKE (Normung), PTB (Metrologie). Wir wollen also ein Reallabor errichten, das die Wertschöpfungskette einer Tankstelle abbildet, also eine Wasserstofftankstelle beinhaltet, die dann mit erweiterter Sensorik ausgestattet werden soll. Somit sollen digitale Prozesse abgebildet werden können sowie sensorgestützte Verfahren zur qualitätsgesicherten Datenerfassung und -auswertung genutzt werden. Diese gesammelten Daten sollen dann in eine Dateninfrastruktur eingehen und mithilfe eines Datenmanagementsystems sowie künstlicher Intelligenz in einem Digitalen Zwilling zusammenlaufen, der die digitale Prozessüberwachung der Sicherheit möglich macht. Schließlich sollen die in QI Digital entwickelten digitalen Strukturelemente der QI erprobt werden, insbesondere die QI Cloud, Smart Standards und digitalen Zertifikate. Im Zusammenspiel ermöglicht das unter anderem die Entwicklung von Predictive Maintenance Verfahren für: 1. die Optimierung von Wartungszyklen und Minimierung von Ausfallzeiten Erhöhung der Betriebssicherheit durch frühzeitige Identifikation kritischer Zustände im Gesamtsystem 2. Entwicklung verlässlicher Qualitäts- und Sicherheitsstandards  3. Digital-gestützte Risikobeurteilung und Konformitätsbewertung Die im Pilotprojekte betrachteten Sicherheitsaspekte sind also zusammenfassbar als: a) Auswirkungsbetrachtungen bei möglichen Fehlfunktionen oder Defekten b) Die genannte vorrauschauende Instandhaltung und damit verbundene Lebensdauerprognose, die in Kombination eine bessere allgemeine Verfügbarkeit garantieren sollen Als Grundlage hierfür benötigen wir aber Änderungen im Bereich der technischen Regeln und Normen, um die neuen digitalen Werkzeuge zuzulassen und nutzbar zu machen. T2 - QI Forum 2022 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 11.10.2022 KW - Wasserstoff KW - Qualitätsinfrastruktur KW - Digitalisierung PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-61356 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa T1 - QI Digital Use Case Hydrogen Refueling Station N2 - BAM is part of the “Quality Infrastructure Digital” (QI Digital) initiative of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action (BMWK). This initiative aims at coordinating a large cooperation project, “QI Digital” for making German and European quality management systems fit for the digital transformation. It is a fact that the digitization of new products and services is occurring much faster than quality management systems can be accordingly updated. Thus, the digital transformation of quality management is necessary to preserve the competitiveness of the German and European industries that stand for quality and safety in the global market. The Use Case “Reliable Hydrogen Refueling Station” of QI Digital aims at creating new solutions that are transferable to other technical systems and at further developing standards and technical rules as a contribution to technology transfer and innovation. T2 - 4th German-Korean Hydrogen Conference CY - Seoul, Republic of Korea DA - 31.10.2023 KW - Hydrogen refueling station KW - Digital quality infrastructure PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-59303 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bock, Robert A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Pilotprojekt "Verlässliche Wasserstofftechnologie" - Beispielanwendung für eine technische Anlage N2 - Kurzvorstellung des Pilotprojektes Verlässliche Wasserstofftechnologie in QI Digital. Anwendung der QI Digital Werkzeuge an einer technischen Anlage beispielhaft gezeigt anhand von sechs im Projekt entwickelten Demonstratoren. Unser erklärtes Ziel ist die Unterstützung des Markthochlaufs von Wasserstofftechnologien durch Digitalisierung der QI. Bei der Qualitätsinfrastruktur von technischen Anlagen geht es vor allem die Themen QI Dokumentation und Zugänglichkeit, Verfügbarkeit der Anlage und Informationen darüber, sowie Inspektionszyklen mit zeitaufwändigen und teuren manuellen Prüfungen. Mit dem Übergang zu einer digitalen QI streben wir hier an, eine kontinuierliche Überwachung des momentanen Gesundheitszustandes der Anlage und automatisierter Dokumentation hierüber, die fälschungssicher und vertraulich zugänglich gemacht werden kann, zu erreichen. Hierzu sollen die im Gesamtprojekt entwickelten QI Digital Werkzeuge zum Einsatz kommen. T2 - QI Forum 2024 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 09.10.2024 KW - Wasserstoff KW - Qualitätsinfrastruktur KW - Digitalisierung PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61354 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kehr, Torsten T1 - Project QI-Digital - Quo vadis Use Case H2 Refueling Station? N2 - As a part of the QI-Digital cooperation project, BAM is setting up a hydrogen refuelling station research platform at the Test site for Technical Safety in Horstwalde. Based on this platform, BAM intends to develop, to test and to optimize new measurement techniques as well as data acquisition and processing methods for hydrogen refuelling stations and their periphery in close cooperation with partners from the quality infrastructure and industry. The presentation will introduce the hydrogen refuelling station use case and provide insights into the issues and research goals of the associated subprojects. T2 - H2-Colloquium of the Competence Centre „H2SAFETY@BAM” CY - Online meeting DA - 16.02.2022 KW - Hydrogen KW - Safety KW - QI-Digital PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-54361 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Aspekte einer digitalen Lebenslaufakte (Impulsvortrag) N2 - Durch Einsatz neuer Technologien im Transport von komprimiertem Wasserstoff konnte eine Verdreifachung des Nutzlastverhältnisses erreicht werden. Diese neuen Speicher auf den Transportfahrzeugen müssten aber anders auf ihre Sicherheit überprüft werden, als dies heute gefordert wird. Mit dem Markthochlauf Wasserstoff vervielfacht sich zudem die Anzahl der Transporteinheiten. Da sich im Zuge der neuen H2-Transportfahrzeuge aber auch die Anzahl der einzelnen Speicher pro Fahrzeug etwa verzwanzigfacht hat, kommen die Kapazitäten für die erforderliche wiederkehrende Prüfung an ihre Grenzen. Dies könnte evtl. durch eine entsprechende Erhöhung der Prüfkapazitäten gelöst werden. Da dies aber weder praktisch machbar ist noch technisch wirklich sinnvoll, müssen alternative Ansätze z.B. durch digital erfasste zerstörungsfreie Prüfkonzepte gesucht werden. Hierzu bedarf es aber einer Lebenslaufakte, die beginnend von der Definition einer Bauweise über die Baumusterprüfung, Zulassung, Herstellung, erstmalige Prüfung, Verwendung und wiederkehrenden oder begleitenden Prüfungen bis zum Verschrotten alle Daten erfassen und verwalten kann. Eine solche Lebenslaufakte könnte auch als eine Art digitaler Produktpass (DPP) verstanden werden. T2 - QI-digital Forum 2023 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 10.10.2023 KW - Wasserstoffspeicher KW - Lebenslaufakte KW - Digitaler Produktpass DPP KW - Wiederkehrende Prüfung KW - Lebensdauerüberwachung PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58559 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Tiebe, Carlo T1 - Error prevention, damage prevention, and safety management in hydrogen technologies N2 - This tutorial presents requirements and properties of sensor systems and shows application examples of these technologies for safety and process control for hydrogen technologies. Sensor systems are widely used in hydrogen technologies. The focus is on gas sensors as well as sensors for pressure, temperature, and gas flow. These systems are applied, among other things, for monitoring and control of operating conditions, indication of hazardous conditions and triggering of alarms. To integrate the error avoidance and loss prevention strategy into hydrogen technologies. This includes the implementation of preventive measures as elements of safety management to identify and eliminate potential sources of error. In addition, training should be specifically focused on avoiding errors and the safe use of hydrogen technologies. A well-thought-out strategy for error prevention makes a significant contribution to preventing accidents and increasing overall safety when using hydrogen. T2 - Sensor and Measurement Science International (SMSI) CY - Nuremberg, Germany DA - 06.05.2025 KW - Hydrogen KW - Safety Management KW - Gas Sensors KW - Performance Testing PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63280 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Flege, J. I. T1 - BTU-BAM Graduate School “Trustworthy Hydrogen” N2 - Beim Online-Meeting des Wasserstoffnetzwerks Lausitz mit dem Titel "Wirtschaft trifft Wissenschaft und Forschung" wurde die BTU-BAM-Graduiertenschule Trustworthy Hydrogen vorgestellt. Es handelt sich um die erste Graduiertenschule in Deutschland, die sich mit der Vertrauenswürdigkeit von Wasserstoff beschäftigt und die einzigartigen Kompetenzen von BAM und BTU zur Ausbildung der nächsten Generation von interdisziplinären Wasserstoff-Wissenschaftlern bündelt. N2 - The BTU-BAM graduate school Trustworthy Hydrogen was presented at the online meeting of the Lausitz Hydrogen Network entitled "Business meets Science and Research". It is the first graduate school in Germany to focus on the trustworthiness of hydrogen and combines the unique competencies of BAM and BTU to train the next generation of interdisciplinary hydrogen scientists. T2 - Lausitzer Netzwerktreffen DurcH2atmen "Wirtschaft trifft Wissenschaft und Forschung" " CY - Online meeting DA - 22.11.2022 KW - H2Safety@BAM KW - Graduate School KW - Trustworthy Hydrogen KW - Graduiertenkolleg PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56443 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -