TY - CONF A1 - Rolle, Annette A1 - Komann, Steffen A1 - Wille, Frank T1 - Ageing aspect in design approval of special form radioactive material N2 - In accordance with the IAEA transport regulations, the design of special form radioactive material (SFRM) shall resist a severe transport accident without undue loss or dispersal of radioactive material. The safety assessment for design approval includes besides the program for physical tests (impact, percussion, bending and heat test) also the evaluation of the management system for design, manufacture, testing, documentation, use, maintenance, and inspection. SFRM source design plus management system shall ensure, that every specimen of the approved design is able to survive the severe mechanical and thermal tests at any time of its SFRM-working life. Due to the long-term use of SFRM designs in most cases, the assessment of the source ageing behavior is an important aspect in the approval procedure. Different fields of application imply a wide range of environmental conditions, from clean room atmosphere to highly aggressive industrial conditions. Besides of radioactive content, corrosion is a main factor for possible SFRM design degradation. Although the IAEA Advisory Material SSG-26 already implies an indication of the need for considering ageing mechanisms, suitable amendments in the regulatory requirements of SSR-6 should be introduced to make the approval procedure more transparent and help to reduce rounds of questions by the authority. A supplementary requirement for considering of ageing mechanisms could be a helpful contribution to an international harmonization of the approval procedure. This paper will describe major influencing factors to be considered to assess the ageing behavior of a SFRM design and will identify the need for a regulatory specification of a SFRM-working life as basis for the assessment of the SFRM design regarding time-dependent weakening. A proposal for an explicit requirement for consideration of ageing mechanisms in safety assessment of SFRM, which should be considered in the ongoing SSR-6 revision cycle, will be explained. T2 - PATRAM22 Conference CY - Juan-Les-Pins, Antibes, France DA - 11.06.2023 KW - Ttransport KW - Radioactive material KW - Sealed sources KW - Ageing PY - 2023 SP - 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-57786 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rolle, Annette A1 - Neumeyer, Tino A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor A1 - Wille, Frank T1 - Investigations of Aged Metal Seals for Transport Package Safety Assessment N2 - Acceptable limits for activity release from transport casks for high-level radioactive material specified in the IAEA regulations must be kept by the integrity of cask body and the cask sealing system. BAM as the German competent authority for mechanical, thermal and containment assessment of packages liable for approval verifies the activity release compliance with the regulatory limits. One of the fundamental aspects in assessment is the specification of conservative package design leakage rates. To ensure the required package tightness for both, storage, and transport of the cask before and after storage usually metal seals of the Helicoflex® Type are used. Due to the long-term use the seal behavior is influenced by temperature and time. The mechanical and thermal loadings associated with the routine, normal and accident conditions of transport specified in the regulations can have a significant effect on the leak tightness of the sealing system. Whereas the safety for application of new, non- aged Helicoflex® seals is verified sufficiently, there are still technical data gaps concerning the efficiency of aged Helicoflex® seals. BAM performed experiments to learn more about the sealing efficiency of aged Helicoflex® seals with Aluminum and Silver outer jackets. The seals were compressed in test-flanges and for artificial ageing the complete flange systems were stored in an oven for several month at a high temperature. During the compression and decompression tests after the aging, load-deformation characteristics of the seals, and leakage rates were measured. With these tests a load situation was simulated, which can occur in the regulatory drop test of the cask: Under high impact loads the bolted lid can lift a little for a short moment, allowing a little movement of the seal, so that the contact area can change before compressing again. The poster presentation will show details about test conditions and first results. T2 - Interdisciplinary research symposium on the safety of nuclear disposal practices safeND2023 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 13.09.2023 KW - Radioactive material KW - Sealing KW - Ageing KW - Leaktightnes PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58436 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gleim, Tobias T1 - Safety Aspects for Transport Containers with regard to Ageing and Battery Accident Scenarios N2 - In Germany, the search for a final repository for highly radioactive material is currently based on the assumption that interim storage will take considerably longer than was anticipated. At that time, authorization procedures assumed that interim storage would be brief, until the containment systems could be placed in a final repository. For today's new approvals and extensions, the IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) regulations for the transport of radioactive material require an assessment of all components and component groups with regard to ageing. To assess the safety requirements not only over the previously envisaged periods but also over long durations, numerous individual parts and component groups must be examined and evaluated for ageing and interactions between materials. The metal seals of a double lid sealing system, for example, are critical components that must be studied with respect to ageing. In a containment system for radioactive material, metal seals must not only undergo classic ageing, but also withstand mechanical influences and radiation over extended periods. In addition to assessments by the applicants, BAM must also independently analyze and evaluate these ageing mechanisms as part of its sovereign mandate. Another challenge in both new approvals and extensions is the assessment of transport regarding changes in the state of the art, which are not synchronously assessed in the regulations. In transporting radioactive material, a classic oil fire has been assumed in a hypothetical accident scenario from the development of the regulations to the present day. Due to the rapid development of propulsion technologies in recent years, such as battery or hydrogen-powered vehicles, investigations must be conducted in the revision process of the IAEA regulations to assess the impact of these new technologies on safety assessments. It is important for the member states of the IAEA to know whether new technologies are covered by the regulations or if changes are necessary to continue issuing international licenses. By focusing on batteries from the material to the cell to the module and the application, BAM contributes to the evaluation of batteries at every step of the chain. In addition to the safety of current and new battery technologies, BAM also endeavors to address issues of compositional trace and sustainable energy materials. T2 - MSD: Leaf CY - Livermore, CA , USA DA - 07.08.2024 KW - Safety Aspects KW - Ageing KW - Accident Scenarios KW - Battery PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60851 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rolle, Annette T1 - Safety assessment of aged metal seals N2 - With our experiments we want to simulate a load situation which can result from a cask vertical drop test. The lid can lift a little for a very short moment and that can perhaps result in a little movement of the seal, a little rotation or a little lateral movement, so that the contact section can change. The aim of the project is to learn more about the sealing efficiency after the seal is compressed again. What we know from former component tests with non-aged seals is, that the leakage rate measured after one or more decompression /compression cycles with seal movement becomes significant higher. And this result is considered for specification of design leakage rates for release calculation in safety cases. In the recent years we all have learned more about the significant influence of temperature and time on seal behavior and so the plan was to do similar experiments with aged seals, just to get an idea about seal behavior and achievable leakage rates. What we did in detail is: We compressed Helicoflex-seals of both design types, with Aluminum and Silver outer jackets, in testflanges and aged them in an oven at a temperature of 125°C for 3 months to produce seal properties comparable with properties after several years use at more typical operating temperatures between 90 and 100°C. After this ageing procedure we opened the flanges completely, moved the seal a little to vary the contact area and compressed the flanges again. What we measured during all compression and decompression cycles was the load, the deformation and -as long as possible- the leakage rates. T2 - Workshop IRSN/BAM CY - Cadarache, France DA - 12.10.2022 KW - Transport KW - Radioactive KW - Seal behavior KW - Ageing PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56141 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rolle, Annette A1 - Neumeyer, Tino A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor A1 - Wille, Frank T1 - Investigations of Aged Metal Seals for Transport Package Safety Assessment N2 - Acceptable limits for activity release from transport casks for high-level radioactive material specified in the IAEA regulations must be kept by the integrity of cask body and the cask sealing system. BAM as the German competent authority for mechanical, thermal and containment assessment of packages liable for approval verifies the activity release compliance with the regulatory limits. The specification of conservative package design leakage rates is one of the most important aspects in assessment. Metal seals of the Helicoflex® Type are usually used to ensure the required package tightness for both, storage, and transport of the cask before and after storage. Due to the long-term use the seal behavior is influenced by temperature and time. The mechanical and thermal loadings associated with the routine, normal and accident conditions of transport specified in the regulations can have a significant effect on the leak tightness of the sealing system. Whereas the safety for application of new, non- aged Helicoflex® seals is verified sufficiently, there are still technical data gaps concerning the efficiency of aged Helicoflex® seals. BAM performed experiments to learn more about the sealing efficiency of aged Helicoflex® seals with Aluminum and Silver outer jackets. The seals were compressed in test-flanges and for artificial ageing the complete flange systems were stored in an oven for several month at a high temperature. After this ageing procedure the flanges were opened completely, the seals were moved a little to vary the contact area, and the flanges were compressed again. During the compression and decompression tests after the aging, load-deformation characteristics of the seals, and leakage rates were measured. With these tests a load situation was simulated, which can occur in the regulatory drop test of the cask: Under high impact loads the bolted lid can lift a little for a short moment, allowing a little movement of the seal, so that the contact area can change before compressing again. Details about test conditions and first results will be presented in the poster. T2 - RAMTrans 2024, 12th Internatiopnal Conference on the Transport , Storage and Disposal of Radioactive Materials CY - London, UK DA - 15.05.2024 KW - Seals KW - Ageing KW - Radioaktiv PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60112 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Völzke, Holger T1 - Issues on Aging of Spent Fuel Storage Systems N2 - The Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) and Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) in September 2012 to foster technical collaborations in the areas associated with the backend of the commercial nuclear fuel cycle. Specifically, the focus is on packaging, transportation, and storage of commercial spent nuclear fuel. The institutes meet about twice each year, alternating between institutes. This provides the opportunity for staff members from the host organization more exposure to technical issues that are of concern internationally and to collaborate with technical experts working on similar problems. Since 2012, the focus of the meetings has been on technical issues associated with extended dry storage and subsequent transportation of commercial spent fuel. Topics range from hydride effects on cladding integrity, spent fuel response during Normal Conditions of Transport (NCT), finite element analyses of fuel and cask response to accident conditions, bolt and seal behavior over extended periods of time, and corrosion associated with bolts, metallic seals, and stainless steel canisters. This MOU has provided an effective leverage for technical collaboration. For example, SNL is funding (through DOE), Savannah River National Laboratories (SRNL) to look at bolt and seal degradation issues. SRNL has an MOU with BAM to collaborate on bolt and seal degradation during extended storage. Likewise, Sandia and BAM are collaborating with the EC Joint Research Center on an International Nuclear Energy Research Initiative (I-NERI) to investigate spent fuel behavior when subjected to mechanical loadings. This important work will provide insight into failure mechanisms, as well as spent fuel release fractions, given a breach of the cladding wall. This presentation provides an overview of high ranked technical issues associated with extended storage and subsequent transportation, as well as the work underway at BAM and SNL that are addressing these issues. T2 - 7th US/German Workshop on Salt Repository Research, Design, and Operation CY - Washington, DC, USA DA - 07.09.2016 KW - Spent Fuel KW - Ageing KW - Storage PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37318 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schubert, Sven A1 - Reichardt, Adrian A1 - Müller, Lars A1 - Neumann, Martin A1 - Komann, Steffen A1 - Wille, Frank T1 - Introduction of the German ageing management guide for packages for transport of radioactive materials N2 - The consideration of ageing mechanisms is with integration of the new para 613A into IAEA SSR-6 (Rev. 1) now obligatory for the design of transport packages. In addition, para 809(f) requires for packages intended to be used for shipment after storage the consideration of the effects of ageing mechanisms during storage in safety analyses and the implementation of corresponding instructions for operation and maintenance. Para 503(e) requires that all packaging components and radioactive contents have been maintained during storage in a manner that all requirements specified in IAEA SSR-6 (Rev.1) and in the applicable certificates of approval have been fulfilled. The evaluation of ageing mechanisms and their effects including monitoring are part of BAM’s authority assessment tasks related to the mechanical and thermal package design and quality assurance aspects. BAM has compiled a guideline for the implementation of ageing assessment and of the measures for ageing management of the approval procedure based on requirements of IAEA SSR-6 (Rev.1). The guideline is applicable only for packages requiring a competent authority approval. The paper aims to describe the structure of the guideline and the general approach for ageing management requirements. The type and amount of measures for ageing management depend mainly on the use of the package and on the ageing effects for the component, which result from relevant ageing mechanisms during package operation time. The implementation of measures for ageing management is divided into three levels – systemic measures, package design related measures and documentation. The systemic measures are attributed to the general management system and define the whole activities for organization of ageing management like structure, responsibilities, documentation, reports and evaluation. The package design related measures are defined in an ageing management plan (AMP). These measures shall ensure that the anticipated changes of the package design under consideration of ageing effects still complies with the design approval specification. Therefore, an ageing surveillance program (ASP) and, if necessary, a gap analysis program shall be developed. The ageing management documentation (AMD) ensures the continuous documentation of the compliance of a specific package to the approved package design, comprising mainly records resulting from operation and surveillance. T2 - PATRAM22 - 20th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials CY - Juan-les-Pins, France DA - 11.06.2023 KW - Guide KW - Ageing KW - Mechanism KW - Package KW - Management PY - 2023 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - World Nuclear Transport Institute (WNTI) CY - London AN - OPUS4-57770 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schubert, Sven T1 - Introduction of the German Ageing Management Guide for Packages for Transport of Radioactive Materials – BAM-GGR 023 N2 - BAM-GGR 023 was published in June 2022 BAM-GGR 023 gives guidance to applicants regarding ageing management for competent authority approved package designs Ageing management with evaluation of ageing mechanisms according to para 613A of IAEA SSR-6 (Rev. 1) and their effects are part of the general management system. Essential items are: AMS (systemic-related), AMP (package design-related) and AMD (package-related) There are different requirements for organization and extent of ageing management depending on type of use There are also different requirements for ageing evaluation depending on type of use for packaging/package, classification of components and their accessibility and replaceability T2 - PATRAM22 CY - Juan-les-Pins, France DA - 11.06.2023 KW - Package KW - Ageing KW - Mechanism KW - Management KW - Guide PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57821 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Reichardt, Adrian T1 - Introduction of an ageing management approach for packages for the transport of radioactive materials N2 - With integration of the new para 613A into SSR-6 [1] the consideration of ageing mechanisms is now obligatory for the design of packages and their approval. In addition, para 809(f) of SSR-6 [1] requires consideration of the effects of storage on ageing mechanisms, safety analyses and operation and maintenance instructions. German competent authorities Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) and Bundesamt für die Sicherheit der nuklearen Entsorgung (BASE) are considering the aspect of ageing in approval procedures. Ageing assessment is mainly focused on dual purpose casks (DPC) package designs which are long-term stored in interim storage facilities. For these package designs, the evaluation of ageing management is now mandatory for the maintenance of the package design approvals with a validity period of 5 years and beyond. The ageing management includes amongst others a gap analysis, the assessment of ageing effects and operational experiences during operation and interim storage. BAM works on the compilation of a guideline for implementation of paras 613A, 809(f) and 809(k) for packages requiring competent authority approval at the application procedure in Germany. The paper describes essential items of ageing mechanisms and will give a foresight to the ageing management evaluation by BAM. T2 - INMM & ESARDA Joint Annual Meeting CY - Online Meeting DA - 30.08.2021 KW - Ageing KW - Dual purpose casks KW - Transport of radaioactive materials KW - Ageing mechanisms KW - Interim storage KW - SSR-6 PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53197 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schubert, Sven A1 - Reichardt, Adrian A1 - Wille, Frank A1 - Komann, Steffen A1 - Neumann, Martin T1 - Introduction of an ageing management approach for packages for the transport of radioactive materials N2 - With integration of the new para 613A into SSR-6 [1] the consideration of ageing mechanisms is now obligatory for the design of packages and their approval. In addition, para 809(f) of SSR-6 [1] requires consideration of the effects of storage on ageing mechanisms, safety analyses and operation and maintenance instructions. German competent authorities Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) and Bundesamt für die Sicherheit der nuklearen Entsorgung (BASE) are considering the aspect of ageing in approval procedures. Ageing assessment is mainly focused on dual purpose casks (DPC) package designs which are long-term stored in interim storage facilities. For these package designs, the evaluation of ageing management is now mandatory for the maintenance of the package design approvals with a validity period of 5 years and beyond. The ageing management includes amongst others a gap analysis, the assessment of ageing effects and operational experiences during operation and interim storage. BAM works on the compilation of a guideline for implementation of paras 613A, 809(f) and 809(k) for packages requiring competent authority approval at the application procedure in Germany. The paper describes essential items of ageing mechanisms and will give a foresight to the ageing management evaluation by BAM. T2 - INMM & ESARDA Joint Annual Meeting CY - Online meeting DA - 30.08.2021 KW - Dual purpose casks KW - Ageing KW - SSR-6 KW - Interim storage KW - Ageing mechanisms KW - Transport of radaioactive materials PY - 2021 UR - https://www.abstractsonline.com/pp8/#!/10383/presentation/964 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - Institute of Nuclear Materials Management (INMM) CY - Mount Laurel, NJ AN - OPUS4-53180 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Becker, B. A1 - Gesell, Stephan A1 - Wang, Bin T1 - Monte-Carlo-analysis of minimum load cycle requirements for composite cylinders for hydrogen N2 - Hydrogen is an attractive energy carrier that requires high effort for safe storage. For ensuring safety, storage cylinders must undergo a challenging approval process. Relevant standards and regulations for composite cylinders used for the transport of hydrogen and for its onboard storage are currently based on deterministic (e.g. ISO 11119-3) or to some respect semi-probabilistic criteria (UN GTR No. 13; with respect to burst strength). This paper provides a systematic analysis of the load cycle properties resulting from these regulations and standards. Their characteristics are compared with the probabilistic approach of the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing BAM. The most important aspect of comparing different concepts is the rate for accepting designs with potentially unsafe or critical safety properties. This acceptance rate is analysed by operating Monte-Carlo simulations over the available range of production properties. T2 - ICHS 2017 CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 11.09.2017 KW - Safety assessment KW - Failure rate KW - Ageing KW - Degradation KW - End of life KW - Production scatter PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.09.185 SN - 0360-3199 VL - 44 IS - 17 SP - 8833 EP - 8841 PB - Elsevier Ltd AN - OPUS4-46341 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Reichardt, Adrian T1 - Introduction of An Ageing Management Approach for Dual Purpose Casks N2 - With integration of the new para 613A into SSR-6 [1] the consideration of ageing mechanisms is now obligatory for the design of packages and their approval. In addition, para 809(f) of SSR-6 [1] requires consideration of the effects of storage on ageing mechanisms, safety analyses and operation and maintenance instructions. German competent authorities Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) and Bundesamt für die Sicherheit der nuklearen Entsorgung (BASE) are considering the aspect of ageing in approval procedures. Ageing assessment is mainly focused on dual purpose casks (DPC) package designs which are long-term stored in interim storage facilities. T2 - BAM-IRSN Symposium 2021 CY - Online meeting DA - 08.09.2021 KW - Ageing KW - DPC KW - Interim storage KW - Ageing management PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53287 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Eshwaran, S.B. T1 - Influence of ageing on the structure-property relationship of FKM, VMQ and EPDM rubber seals N2 - Elastomer seals are widely used as barrier seals in containers for low and intermediate level radioactive waste. In addition, they are also used in waste fuel storage and transportation as auxiliary seals. Depending on the area of use, the rubber materials have to demonstrate proper sealing performance with regard to mechanical, thermal and environmental conditions as well as irradiation during the entire operation period. A fundamental understanding of the structure property relationship can help to understand the performance of rubber seals in aged conditions. The present study focuses on the investigation of specific materials to study the structure-property and seal performance-correlation. Fluoro-elastomer (FKM), silicone rubber (VMQ) and ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) were chosen as the prime candidates. Mechanical properties for these seals were achieved by careful control of base rubber formulation, i.e., by opting for the right filler and its concentration, amount of crosslinking chemicals, and with the assistance of process oils. Moreover, with the same rubber, similar mechanical properties were achieved by varying the filler concentration and crosslinking degree, which enables us to understand the structure property dependency of the seals in detail. The materials are investigated in the pristine and under aged conditions to evaluate the influence of ageing on e.g. the stress relaxation or recovery behavior. These values appear to be suitable parameters to judge the expected seal performance. Due to the electrically conducting nature of fillers used to reinforce rubbers (such as carbon blacks, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), Graphene, etc.) it is possible to obtain current information about mechanical and visco-elastic properties by monitoring the electrical conductivity or resistivity. A simple relation that bridges electrical resistance and the mechanical stress was derived and the stress values were theoretically predicted from the electrical resistance values, which showed good correlation with experimental results. T2 - PPS Europe Afrika Conference 2017 CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 27.06.2017 KW - Structure property relation KW - Ageing KW - Rubber PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-42650 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Leonhardt, Robert T1 - Deconvoluting the impact of early-life abuse conditions on the degradation of lithium-ion cells N2 - The successful repurposing of degraded lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries in second-life applications is a vital step towards achieving a circular economy. While reusing aged Li-cells is a promising way of mitigating their overall environmental footprint, it is crucial to anticipate their future safety and performance characteristics . Unfortunately, predicting these properties is a cumbersome task, essentially caused by limited knowledge of the interference of different degradation modes in the cells’ first life. To still enable estimating of these parameters from a current state, the present study systematically investigates the impacts of abusive conditions in an early phase of the cells’ life on their subsequent degradation behavior. For this purpose, individual Li-cells are initially stressed by different measures such as overcharging, deep-discharging, plating, and deliberate combinations of the aforementioned methods. Electrochemical performance indicators are monitored during subsequent cycling of the cells which provides insights into the interdependencies of different degradation modes induced by specific stress conditions. In this manner, it is clarified whether or not the total degradation can be determined by a convolution or a superposition of individual deterioration effects and, thus, be described as a multidimensional state function. This knowledge will finally contribute to a better understanding of the performance and safety behavior of degraded Li-ion batteries which can help to successfully implement them into second-life applications. T2 - ECS Gothenburg CY - Gothenburg, Sweden DA - 08.10.2023 KW - Li-ion batteries KW - Early-life overstress KW - Ageing PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-59221 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Scharpmann, Philippa T1 - In-situ Quantification of the Ageing Dynamics in Lithium-Ion Cells up to Failure-Near Conditions N2 - Implementing end-of-life (EOL) lithium-ion batteries from automotive applications in stationary energy storages is of utmost relevance for a sustainable handling of scarce resources. Beneficial from an economic and ecological perspective, such second-life applications urgently require a guarantee for safe operation. Unlike the state of health (SOH), defined by classical performance indicators such as capacity and voltage, the state of safety (SOS) of an aged battery cannot be assessed straightforward. Its determination requires a plethora of cells to be tested which is a particular challenge for new technologies with limited access to EOL batteries. For providing cells with a defined SOH at a reasonable timescale, we herein propose a novel method of greatly accelerating the ageing process of lithium-ion batteries. In a preliminary test series, lithium-ion NMC pouch cells are exposed to incrementally increasing temperatures, current rates and/or states of charge (SOC), until thermal runaway is induced. In this manner, the critical state in proximity to cell failure is spotted for individual and combined stress parameters. Based on this knowledge, cell-specific test parameters for heavily accelerated ageing are developed. In this protocol, electrical abuse conditions are defined by over/under charging and high current rates. Typically, the cells are cycled utilizing a depth of discharge above 100 %. The accelerated aging dynamics under these critical conditions are monitored by systematic capacity, open circuit voltage and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. This enables a comparative assessment of the electrical behaviour, following conventional vs. heavily accelerated ageing. Such knowledge will in turn help to define the threshold to which cyclic ageing can be accelerated without changing the characteristic degradation mechanisms of lithium-ion batteries. T2 - 244th ECS Meeting CY - Gothenburg, Sweden DA - 08.10.2023 KW - Lithium-Ion Battery KW - Safety KW - Ageing PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-61490 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Scharpmann, Philippa T1 - Segregating the Degradation Mechanisms in Lithium-Ion Cells during Strongly Accelerated Ageing with Critically Extended Voltage Ranges N2 - Repurposing end-of-life (EOL) lithium-ion batteries from mobile applications, such as electric vehicles, is of utmost importance for a sustainable handling of scarce resources. For an economically and ecologically desirable reuse of aged batteries in second-life applications, a guarantee for safe and reliable operation is urgently required. However, the assessment of the state of safety (SOS) is not straightforward, as multiple abuse cases, variables and interactions need to be considered [1]. Therefore, defining safety parameters and test procedures, as well as determining the SOS requires a plethora of aged cells to be tested. In this study, a novel method of greatly accelerating the ageing process of lithium-ion batteries is proposed. Overcharging and overdischarging are embedded in cyclic ageing, continuously employing a depth of discharge larger than 100 %. Different electrical abuse conditions (overcharge, overdischarge, high current rates) are applied on lithium-ion NMC and LFP pouch cells in a preliminary test series. In this manner, the cells are stressed until a cell failure or a thermal runaway is induced. Thus, the critical state in proximity to a cell failure is spotted for individual and combined stress parameters. Based on this knowledge, a test protocol for strongly accelerated ageing with cell-specific, abusive electrical parameters is developed. The aging dynamics under these critical conditions are monitored by systematic capacity, open circuit voltage and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. This enables an assessment of the degradation mechanisms induced by overdischarge and overcharge cycling. A special focus is set on the comparative assessment of the electrical behaviour, following conventional vs. greatly accelerated ageing. This novel method is suitable for providing cells with a defined SOH at a reasonable timescale. Furthermore, the results are of high relevance for the evaluation to which degree cyclic ageing can be accelerated without changing the characteristic degradation mechanisms of lithium-ion batteries. T2 - Advanced Battery Power Conference 2024 CY - Münster, Germany DA - 10.04.2024 KW - Lithium-Ion Battery KW - Safety KW - Ageing PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61492 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kömmling, Anja T1 - Lifetime Prediction of Elastomeric O-Ring Seals N2 - BAM is the federal institute for materials research and testing in Germany. One of our tasks is to evaluate the safety of casks designed for transport and/or storage of radioactive waste. As elastomeric seals are used in the containers as safety-relevant parts, it is our goal to be able to evaluate the service lifetime of the seals with regard to the requirements for long-term safety (40 years and more) of the containers. For this reason, an accelerated ageing programme with selected rubbers often used for seals (HNBR, EPDM and FKM) was started. Ageing was performed at four different temperatures (75 °C, 100 °C, 125 °C and 150 °C) for up to 2 years. For assessing properties related to the sealability, O-rings were aged in compression by 25 % (corresponding to the compression during service) between plates. For comparison, uncompressed O-rings were aged as well. The aged materials were characterized with conventional polymer analysis methods such as hardness and tensile tests, but also with more seal-specific methods such as compression stress relaxation (CSR, reflecting the loss of sealing force of a compressed seal over time), and compression set (CS, representing the recovery behaviour of a seal after release from compression). CS is chosen as the property for lifetime prediction as it is both sensitive to degradation and related to the seal performance. CS data is extrapolated to 60 °C, which yields lifetimes of approximately 5 years for HNBR and 64 years for EPDM for a criterion of 85 % CS respectively, and approx. 40 years for FKM for a criterion of 65 % CS (the highest value measured so far). T2 - Herbsttagung DKG Bezirksgruppe Süd-Südwest CY - Würzburg, Germany DA - 06.10.2016 KW - Rubber KW - Ageing KW - EPDM KW - HNBR KW - FKM PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38010 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kömmling, Anja T1 - Lifetime Prediction of Elastomeric O-Ring Seals N2 - BAM is the federal institute for materials research and testing in Germany. One of our tasks is to evaluate the safety of casks designed for transport and/or storage of radioactive waste. As elastomeric seals are used in the containers as safety-relevant parts, it is our goal to be able to evaluate the service lifetime of the seals with regard to the requirements for long-term safety (40 years and more) of the containers. For this reason, an accelerated ageing programme with selected rubbers often used for seals (HNBR, EPDM and FKM) was started. Ageing was performed at four different temperatures (75 °C, 100 °C, 125 °C and 150 °C) for up to 2 years. For assessing properties related to the sealability, O-rings were aged in compression by 25 % (corresponding to the compression during service) between plates. For comparison, uncompressed O-rings were aged as well. The aged materials were characterized with conventional polymer analysis methods such as hardness and tensile tests, but also with more seal-specific methods such as compression stress relaxation (CSR, reflecting the loss of sealing force of a compressed seal over time), and compression set (CS, representing the recovery behaviour of a seal after release from compression). CS is chosen as the property for lifetime prediction as it is both sensitive to degradation and related to the seal performance. CS data is extrapolated to 60 °C, which yields lifetimes of approximately 5 years for HNBR and 64 years for EPDM for a criterion of 85 % CS respectively, and approx. 40 years for FKM for a criterion of 65 % CS (the highest value measured so far). T2 - Vortrag bei der Uni der Bundeswehr CY - Munich, Germany DA - 06.10.2016 KW - Rubber KW - Ageing KW - EPDM KW - HNBR KW - FKM PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38007 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kömmling, Anja T1 - Lifetime Prediction of Elastomeric O-Ring Seals N2 - The ageing of polymers, including elastomers, is an undesirable but inevitable process leading to a limited lifetime of rubber products such as seals. In order to investigate the degradation of material properties of elastomers used as seals, an ageing programme was started with hydrogenated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR), ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) and fluorocarbon rubber (FKM) [1-3]. Sheets of 2 mm thickness were aged at four different temperatures (75 °C, 100 °C, 125 °C and 150 °C) for time periods of 1 day up to 1 year. The aged samples were examined using standard analytical methods such as hardness, dynamic-mechanical analysis (DMA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), mass loss, density and tensile tests. Additionally, DMA equipment was used to investigate relaxation and recovery behaviour which is more sensitive to degradation effects and can help to correctly interpret data from hardness and DMA measurements. The results show e.g. an increase in hardness and glass transition temperature for HNBR and, less pronounced, for EPDM. This confirms ageing mechanisms described in the literature, e.g. dominant crosslinking reactions in HNBR and both chain scissions and crosslinking for EPDM. FKM, which is very heat resistant, exhibits only minor degradation. Where possible, shift factors for time-temperature data sets were determined. The values obtained from different methods are compared and discussed. T2 - Modification, Degradation and Stabilization of Polymer (MoDeSt) Conference CY - Cracow, Poland DA - 04.09.2016 KW - Rubber KW - Ageing KW - EPDM KW - HNBR KW - FKM PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38006 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaunich, Matthias A1 - Grelle, Tobias A1 - Kömmling, Anja A1 - Wolff, Dietmar A1 - Völzke, Holger ED - Stuke, M. T1 - Long-term evaluation of sealing systems for radioactive waste packages N2 - The investigation of the long-term performance of sealing systems employed in containers for radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel is one research focus area for division 3.4 “Safety of Storage Containers” at the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM). Our investigations comprise investigations on metallic and elastomeric seals and covers experimental investigations to get a database on the component/material behaviour, work on analytical descriptions and numerical analysis. Our aim is to understand the long-term behaviour of the sealing systems for evaluation of their performance during possible extended interim storage and subsequent transportation. T2 - 3rd Workshop on Safety of Extended Dry Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel CY - Garching, Germany DA - 05.06.2019 KW - Seal performance KW - Rubber seal KW - Metallic seal KW - Ageing PY - 2019 SP - 57 EP - 62 AN - OPUS4-48225 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Jaunich, Matthias A1 - Kömmling, Anja A1 - Wolff, Dietmar ED - Grellmann, W. ED - Langer, B. T1 - Investigations of elastomeric seals – Low temperature performance and aging behavior N2 - Due to their simple and reliable application, elastomers are used for many tasks. Many fields of application like transport, aviation and process technology, entail low temperatures where proper functionality of the employed seals has to be ensured. Therefore, understanding the low temperature behavior of elastomeric seals is important for safe seal operation to restrict the temperature application range. For all areas of application, the question of seal lifetime is also important for replacement or maintenance intervals. The lifetime is especially important in applications that allow no seal replacement. Since the seal can determine the lifetime of storage in such cases, reliable lifetime estimation is necessary for these applications, and requires an extensive knowledge of the specific aging behavior. KW - Seal KW - Rubber KW - Ageing KW - Replacement PY - 2017 SN - 978-3-319-41877-3 SN - 978-3-319-41879-7 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41879-7_30 SN - 0933-033X SN - 2196-2812 VL - 247 SP - 431 EP - 443 PB - Springer Verlag AN - OPUS4-41167 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -