TY - CONF A1 - Camplese, D. T1 - Analysis of high temperature degradation of multi-layer insulation (MLI) systems for liquid hydrogen storage tanks N2 - The interest in hydrogen-based green energy is increasing worldwide, and the same is true for hydrogen-powered vehicles. Among the possible solutions to store hydrogen in such vehicles, cryogenic tanks equipped with multi-layer insulation (MLI) are the most promising to increase the amount of energy stored per unit volume. However, MLI is affected by severe deterioration when exposed to an external source of heat such as a fire following a car accident, leaving the tank unprotected and leading to failure in a relatively short time. In this work, a one-dimensional model to evaluate MLI thermal degradation when a liquid hydrogen tank is exposed to fire is presented. The relevance of taking MLI degradation into account when simulating the pressure increase due to external fire exposure is here demonstrated through the analysis of several case studies. The results show that MLI systems performance depletes within a few minutes of exposure to hydrocarbon poolfire. T2 - ICheaP 16 CY - Naples, Italy DA - 21.05.2023 KW - LH2 KW - MLI KW - Fire KW - Tank PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57553 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Eberwein, Robert T1 - Tanks For The Large-Scale Transport And Storage Of Liquefied Hydrogen N2 - Hydrogen is seen as a potential energy source that enables us to achieve our climate targets. Hydrogen can be well integrated into the electrical energy infrastructure, and its production and use is free of direct GHG emissions. However, tanks are needed for worldwide storage and transportation, which need to be further developed and up-scaled. In the EU-funded NICOLHy project, BAM investigates a novel insulation concept based on Vacuum Insulation Panels (VIP) that enables the safe, cost- and energy-efficient storage of large quantities of LH2. Such large-scale LH2 storage technology is necessary to build tanks with capacities of 40.000 m³ to more than 200.000 m³ of LH2, as it is in application for LNG today. However, new design concepts are needed because the currently available technologies used in small and medium storages today are not suitable for up-scaling. The main problems prohibiting up-scaling are the long production time due to the process chain, the low failure tolerance, and the spherical shape of the tank, which reduces the payload in technical applications by up to 50% compared to other shapes. The novel concept will change these conditions by a system which is modular, open-form, time-and cost-efficient during production, operation and service, multi-failure tolerant and applicable for onshore and offshore applications. The NICOLHy consortium is ideally suited for this ambitious project. It brings together experts from the fields of thermodynamics, cryogenics, marine, chemistry, process, and safety engineering. Thereby, NICOLHy will accelerate the integration of hydrogen into the European energy economy and industry, which is necessary to be in line with the European Green Deal and to build trust of society in the policy and the technology. T2 - BAM Akademie H2 Safety - Colloquium CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 06.11.2024 KW - LH2 KW - Insulation KW - Liquefied Hydrogen KW - Tank PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61540 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Eberwein, Robert T1 - Systems for the storage of cryogenic liquefied gases N2 - Liquefied Hydrogen (LH2) or Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) establish themselves as important energy carriers in the transport sector. Its storage requires tanks with Thermal Super Insulations (TSI) to keep the transported fluid cold. The presentation includes 2 main topics of the department. First TSI has proven itself in various applications over a long time, but not in the land transport sector, where accidents involving collisions, fires, and their combination are to be expected. To analyze fire scenarios a High-Temperature Thermal Vacuum Chamber (HTTVC) was developed that allows the thermal loading of thermal insulation material in a vacuum and measuring the heat flow through the TSI in parallel. Within this chamber, 5 samples were tested regarding 3 different types of MLI, rock wool, and perlites. In the presentation, the results are presented. Second, the studying of accident scenarios enables the improvement of thermal superinsulation and to find novel insulation concepts. This is necessary for LH2 large-scale storages, for which state-of-the-art solutions are not suitable. Within the presentation, a novel insulation concept will be presented. T2 - Specialist Meeting - Threats to HAZMAT Pressure Vessels and BLEVE CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 25.04.2023 KW - Crygenic KW - LH2 KW - LNG KW - Fire KW - MLI PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57414 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Eberwein, Robert T1 - LH2 Tanks In Fire Incidents - The Cryogenic High Temperature Thermal Vacuum Chamber Enables In-Depth Insights N2 - Liquefied Hydrogen (LH2) and Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) establish themselves as important energy carriers in the transport sector. Their storage requires tanks with thermal super-insulations to keep them at cryogenic conditions for a long time. These insulation systems have proven itself in various applications over a long time. However, these insulations are still new in land transportation, where accidents involving collisions, fires, and their combination are to be expected. This study summarizes the results of the ongoing research program in which insulations commonly used in industry were analysed through experimental and numerical studies under fire-like conditions. It was found that there are strong differences among the various insulation systems. Several safety concerns and research gaps exists for layered insulations, which are typically used in land transport. To further analyse these insulation systems, a new test concept called Cryogenic High Temperature Thermal Vacuum Chamber (CHTTVC) was developed and manufactured. This concept enables the testing of large insulation samples under industrial conditions and the consideration of cryogenic conditions relevant for the investigation of various phenomena. The results are important for the evaluation of accident scenarios, the improvement of thermal super-insulations, and the development of emergency measures. T2 - IMECE 2024 CY - Portland, OR, USA DA - 17.11.2024 KW - LH2 KW - LNG KW - Fire KW - Insulation KW - Safety PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61752 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Camplese, Davide A1 - Scarponi, Giordano Emrys A1 - Eberwein, Robert A1 - Hajhariri, Aliasghar A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Cozzani, Valerio T1 - Comparative performance assessment of multilayer insulation (MLI) systems for liquid hydrogen vessels in fire scenarios N2 - Multilayer Insulation (MLI) systems are a mature technology for cryogenic liquid hydrogen (LH2) tank thermal insulation. Recent tests evidenced that MLI materials may be damaged when exposed to fire, resulting in critical safety issues in the case of accidents. Thus, an innovative approach to the performance assessment of aluminum and polyester-based MLIs for LH2 tanks in fire scenarios was developed. A specific model integrating the hightemperature degradation of MLIs and the thermodynamic modeling of the tank lading was coupled to specific key performance indicators. Results of the analysis applied to a vehicle-scale tank equipped with 80 MLI layers indicate that MLI degradation and consequent tank failure may occur in less than 20 min for external shell temperatures above 1160 K in the presence of full engulfment, regardless of insulation used. Conversely, degradation does not occur earlier than 3600s below 603 and 928 K for polyester and aluminum-based MLI, respectively. KW - LH2 KW - LNG KW - Cryogenic storage tank KW - Fire KW - Insulation PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-630841 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.04.534 SN - 0360-3199 VL - 135 SP - 537 EP - 552 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-63084 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Denora, Isabella A1 - Clute, Clara A1 - Murillo, Natalia Cano A1 - Theiler, Geraldine A1 - Balasooriya, Winoj A1 - Kaiser, Andreas A1 - Fasching, Michael A1 - Schwarz, Thomas A1 - Marano, Claudia T1 - A study on the mechanical behaviour of carbon black and Struktosil-filled NBR compounds for hydrogen applications N2 - This study investigates the effect of the addition of a 2D filler (Struktosil) to a carbon black-filled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber, developed for seals in hydrogen applications. Several characterization methods have been adopted. The addition of Struktosil increases the stiffness of the material up to a strain of about 100%, to a lesser extent in presence of a plasticizer. The dissipative response of the material is increased by Struktosil addition and decreased in presence of the plasticizer. Concerning fracture behaviour, the crack initiation and Rapid Gas Decompression (RGD) resistance were not affected by the addition of Struktosil but decreased in presence of plasticizer. Furthermore, the addition of Struktosil had a positive effect on crack propagation resistance. The effects of pressurized hydrogen exposure on physical-mechanical properties were also evaluated and correlated with the results. A correlation between fracture toughness and RGD resistance has been also attempted. KW - Acrylonitrile Butadiene rubber KW - Fracture mechanics KW - 2D filler KW - High-pressure hydrogen KW - Rapid gas decompression PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-648285 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.122 SN - 0360-3199 VL - 118 SP - 407 EP - 416 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-64828 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Neumann, Patrick P. A1 - Holtappels, Kai T1 - Overview of hydrogen safety & remaining challenges in a green economy and energy transition N2 - In this talk, general aspects of the safety and acceptance of hydrogen technologies were presented. How can trust in new technologies be built when past accidents led to myths and fairy tales? The presentation does away with general prejudices and shows that handling hydrogen is neither more unsafe nor safer than handling other fuel gases. The basis for the safe handling of hydrogen is always a risk analysis. T2 - 6th SAF€RA Symposium - Safety in the new economy and energy transition CY - Rome, Italy DA - 19.05.2022 KW - Sicherer Umgang KW - Sicherheit KW - Wasserstoff Hydrogen KW - Safety PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-54925 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Holtappels, Kai T1 - National Alliance for Hydrogen Safety N2 - Hydrogen as an energy carrier offers the possibility of establishing a global and local CO2-neutral energy economy. The Hydrogen Clusters4Future bundle already existing expertise in the field of hydrogen technologies in and around Aachen with actors from Industry, Science and Society. All while considering the entire hydrogen life cycle – from production to storage and distribution to use. Safety is also an important issue and independant analysis on a national level is actually not possible in Germany. Other countries like the US and Canada established national safety alliances to offer support to companies and authorities. BAM, together with other independant institutes in Germany started to establish the National Alliance for Hydrogen Safety and presented this alliance to the community of the Hydrogen Clusters4Future. T2 - Aachen Hydrogen Colloquium CY - Aachen, Germany DA - 14.05.2024 KW - Hydrogen Safety KW - National Alliance KW - Networking PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61403 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Theiler, Geraldine A1 - Cano Murillo, Natalia A1 - Sawae, Y. A1 - Shinmori, H. A1 - Hashimoto, H. A1 - Aoyagi, A. A1 - Dobbelaar, E. T1 - Towards sustainable and hydrogen compatible sealing materials N2 - Materialien auf PTFE-Basis werden in der Regel als Kolbenringe in Hochdruck- und/oder kryogenem Wasserstoff verwendet. In diesem Projekt werden neu formulierte und nachhaltigere Polymerwerkstoffe mit herkömmlichen Materialien verglichen. Auf Grundlage der tribologischen Ergebnisse werden vielversprechende Kandidaten zusammen mit Reibungsmechanismen sowohl bei Hochdruck- als auch bei Niedrigtemperatur-Wasserstoff vorgeschlagen. T2 - 66. GfT Tribologie-Fachtagung 2025 CY - Wernigerode, Germany DA - 29.09.2025 KW - Wasserstoff KW - Reibung KW - Verschleiß KW - Kolbenring KW - Dynamische Dichtung PY - 2025 VL - 09 SP - 1 EP - 4 AN - OPUS4-64314 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schaad, C. A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Groth, Katrina M. T1 - A Framework for Transforming Process Control System Data from a Hydrogen Fueling Station into HyCReD Data N2 - Reliability data for hydrogen infrastructure components is essential for developing Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) for these technologies, which in turn is necessary for a safer deployment and expansion of the hydrogen market. However, there is currently a lack of hydrogen component reliability data available for these systems, thus limiting the usefulness of insights obtained from these QRA. The Hydrogen Component Reliability Database (HyCReD) has been proposed as a tool for reliability data collection and as a source for future QRAs. In this paper, we develop a digital tool that automatically processes data coming from Process Control System (PCS) in a hydrogen fueling station, detects the relevant failure events for hydrogen systems during its operation, and then logs the event information into HyCReD. To build this tool, we first categorized the station components in hydrogen service, their specific failure modes, and the specific failure mechanisms that are relevant to a QRA. Then, we identified the data available in the station PCS and the methods available for diagnosing the relevant failure events. The resulting tool is divided into three steps: (1) PCS data collection through an API, (2) data analysis for the detection and diagnosis of new failure events, and (3) logging that event into HyCReD. Finally, we discuss the potential for expanding the detection and diagnosis to more complex failure modes present in a hydrogen fueling station. This digital tool is set for implementation and validation on an experimental hydrogen fueling site. The goal for this digital tool is to be applicable to every kind of hydrogen fueling station and to be extendable to similar hydrogen technologies. T2 - 35th European Safety and Reliability Conference (ESREL2025) and the 33rd Society for Risk Analysis Europe Conference (SRA-E 2025) CY - Stavanger, Norway DA - 15.06.2025 KW - Reliability data KW - Hydrogen safety KW - HyCReD KW - Hydrogen Component Reliability Database KW - Hydrogen fueling station KW - Hydrogen refuelling station KW - HRS PY - 2025 UR - https://rpsonline.com.sg/proceedings/esrel-sra-e2025/html/ESREL-SRA-E2025-P6264.html SN - 978-981-94-3281-3 DO - https://doi.org/10.3850/978-981-94-3281-3-procd SP - 2663 EP - 2670 PB - Research Publishing CY - Singapore AN - OPUS4-63532 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Theiler, Geraldine T1 - An overview of tribology in gaseous Hydrogen N2 - In this presentation, an overview in gaseous hydrogen is given along with examples related to metal, coatings, polymers and rubbers materials. T2 - International Seminar, Hydrogen & Materials 2024 CY - Espoo, Finland DA - 06.06.2024 KW - Hydrogen KW - Friction KW - Wear KW - Materials PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61408 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -