TY - JOUR
A1 - Sauermoser-Yri, M.
A1 - Veldurthi, N.
A1 - Wölfle, C. H.
A1 - Svartvatn, P. J.
A1 - Flo Hoem, S. O.
A1 - Lid, M. J.
A1 - Bock, Robert
A1 - Palko, J.
A1 - Torgersen, J.
T1 - On the porosity-dependent permeability and conductivity of triply periodic minimal surface based porous media
N2 - With the fast development in the field of additive manufacturing, triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) based porous media have recently found many uses in mechanical property tuning. However, there is still a lack of understanding in their porosity-dependent permeability and electrical as well as thermal conductivity. Here, we perform finite volume simulations on the solid and void domains of the Schoen gyroid (SG), Schwarz primitive (SP) and Schwarz primitive beam (SPB) TPMS with porosities between 63% and 88% in Ansys Fluent. A simple cubic lattice (CL) of equivalent porosity served as reference. The SPB and CL showed up to one order of magnitude higher permeabilities than the SG and SP. However, SG and SP have about 1.3 and 2.6 times the electrical and thermal conductivity of SPB and CL, respectively. Furthermore, the properties of SPB and CL are largely affected by the surface area density, whereas tortuosity variation does not impact permeability and conductivity to a major extent. Finally, empirical relations are adapted to describe the presented data and thus, they may enable future designers of TPMS based porous structures to fine-tune the geometries according to the requirements on permeability and electrical as well as thermal conductivity.
KW - Metals and Alloys
KW - Surfaces, Coatings and Films
KW - Biomaterials
KW - Ceramics and Composites
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-585250
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.09.242
SN - 2238-7854
VL - 27
SP - 585
EP - 599
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-58525
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hajhariri, Aliasghar
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
A1 - Perrone, Luca Pakj
A1 - Cozzani, Valerio
A1 - Otremba, Frank
A1 - Seidlitz, Holger
T1 - Study the impact of spacer at thermal degradation process of MLI-based insulation in fire condition
N2 - To reduce CO2 emissions, energy carriers such as hydrogen are considered to be a solution. Consumption of hydrogen as a fuel meets several limitations such as its low volumetric energy density in gas phase. To tackle this problem, storage as well as transportation in liquified phase is recommended. To be able to handle this component in liquid phase, an efficient thermal insulation e.g., MLI insulation is required. Different studies have been addressed the vulnerability of such insulation against high thermal loads e.g., in an accident engaging fire. Some of research works have highlighted the importance of considering the MLI thermal degradation focusing on its reflective layer. However, limited number of studies addressed the thermal degradation of spacer material and its effect on the overall heat flux.
In this study, through systematic experimental measurements, the effect of thermal loads on glass fleece, glass paper as well as polyester spacers are investigated. The results are reported in various temperature and heat flux profiles. Interpreting the temperature profiles revealed that, as the number of spacers in the medium increases, the peak temperature detectable by the temperature sensor on the measurement plate decreases. Each individual spacer contributes to mitigating the radiative energy received by the measurement plate. Stacks of 20–50 spacers (this is the number of layers in commercial MLI systems applied for liquid hydrogen applications) can potentially reduce the thermal radiation by 1–2 orders of magnitude.
An empirical correlation to predict a heat flux attenuation factor is proposed, which is useful for further numerical and analytical studies in the temperature range from ambient to 300 ◦C.
KW - Cryogenic
KW - Liquid Hydrogen
KW - Multi-Layer Insultation
KW - Heat Transfer
KW - Hydrogen Storage Safety
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-614919
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105461
SN - 0950-4230
VL - 92
SP - 1
EP - 7
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-61491
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Camplese, Davide
A1 - Scarponi, Giordano Emrys
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
A1 - Hajhariri, Aliasghar
A1 - Otremba, Frank
A1 - Cozzani, Valerio
T1 - Modelling Fire Response of Cryogenic Liquid Hydrogen Tanks Equipped with Multilayer Insulation (MLI) Systems
N2 - In the context of the growing global interest in hydrogen-based green energy, cryogenic tanks equipped with multi-layer insulation (MLI) are emerging as a leading solution for storing hydrogen in vehicles. The integrity of these systems might be threatened during fire exposure. This can trigger the degradation of the MLI materials and induce rapid pressurization of the tank with a high risk of catastrophic failure. In this work, a novel lumped model to simulate the thermal response of MLI-equipped cryogenic liquid hydrogen tanks is presented. The model integrates the accurate database “Coolprop” for hydrogen thermodynamic properties and sub-models for detailed simulation of MLI degradation, providing a realistic simulation of the experimental data obtained under normal operating conditions. The application of the model to several case studies considering different numbers of MLI layers and tank geometries demonstrates that aluminum-based MLI offers scarce protection in case of exposure to a hydrocarbon poolfire.
T2 - CISAP 11
CY - Neapel, Italy
DA - 15.09.2024
KW - LH2
KW - LNG
KW - Cryogenic storage tank
KW - Insulation
KW - MLI
PY - 2024
DO - https://doi.org/10.3303/CET24111076
SN - 2283-9216
VL - 111
SP - 451
EP - 456
PB - AIDIC The Italian Association of Chemical Engineering
AN - OPUS4-61384
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Harwege, Finn
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
T1 - Testing of vacuum insulation panels for liquefied hydrogen storage tanks
N2 - For the future use of liquefied hydrogen (LH2) as a green energy carrier, new concepts for storage tanks and in particular their insulation are necessary. The methodology applied in current LH2 tanks has some disadvantages while manufacturing and operation of large tanks that may be required in the future. While liquefied natural gas tanks exist in the necessary capacities, they are incompatible with LH2 due to its significantly lower storage temperature. In this paper, the possibility of using vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) as an alternative to the conventional double walled, powder filled vacuum insulation is presented. The two systems are introduced and compared on a conceptual level with a focus on the loss of vacuum failure mode. Furthermore, a test rig that enables the testing and quantification of thermal properties of VIP based insulations in ordinary and loss of vacuum conditions is presented. The test rig is a boil-off calorimeter using liquefied nitrogen and features a square cold surface with a side length of 3 m. An overview over the planned testing and its goals is given.
KW - Liquefied Hydrogen
KW - Insulation
KW - Vacuum Insulation Panel
KW - LH2
KW - Cryogenics
PY - 2025
DO - https://doi.org/10.3303/CET2511612
SN - 2283-9216
VL - 2025
IS - 116
SP - 769
EP - 774
PB - AIDIC
CY - Milano, Italy
AN - OPUS4-63716
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Theiler, Geraldine
A1 - Gradt, Thomas
T1 - Comparison of the sliding behavior of several polymers in gaseous and liquid hydrogen
N2 - The development of hydrogen technologies entails high safety requirements in distribution and dispensing infrastructure. Therefore, it is necessary to pursue research on material compatibility in hydrogen, especially for critical parts with tribological issues.
The focus of this study is to evaluate the influence of hydrogen on a wider range of commercially available polymer materials. Thereby, the friction and wear behavior of different grades of TPE, POM, PA66, PA12, PPA, PEEK, PPS, PTFE, PAI, PI and PBI were investigated against a rotating steel disk (AISI 304). Filled and unfilled polymers from different suppliers were evaluated at room temperature in air, vacuum and hydrogen gas (H2) as well as in liquid hydrogen at - 253°C (LH2).
The sliding behavior of the polymer materials is discussed by means of surface analyses, whereby special attention is paid to the formation of a transfer film.
According to the results at ambient temperature, the effect of hydrogen environment on the tribological behavior of neat polymers may be related to lack of moisture, but also to saturated hydrocarbons in gaseous hydrogen. In liquid hydrogen, the best tribological performances were achieved with neat PA polymers as well as PPS and PI composites.
KW - Polymers
KW - Composites
KW - Sliding wear
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Cryogenic temperature
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-597123
DO - https://doi.org/10.2474/trol.18.217
SN - 1881-2198
VL - 18
IS - 5
SP - 217
EP - 231
PB - Japanese Society of Tribologists
AN - OPUS4-59712
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schmidt, Anita
T1 - Irrungen, Wirrungen und Lichtblicke - Überarbeitung des Gefahrguttransportrechts für Lithium- und Natrium-Ionen-Batterien
N2 - Die Überarbeitung des Gefahrgutrechts hinsichtlich der Einstufung von Lithium- und Natrium - Ionen Batterien nach Gefährlichkeit trägt so einige Stilblüten - wie zuletzt den Vorschlag von 135 neuen UN Nummern für Lithiumbatterien. Die BAM trägt mit ihrer Kompetenz aus eigenen Untersuchungen und Forschung dazu bei, dass die deutsche Delegation bei den Vereinten Nationen, wo die Regelwerke weiterentwickelt werden, gezielte Vorschläge einbringen kann. Der Artikel beschreibt die aktuellen Entwicklungen.
KW - Lithiumbatterien
KW - Gefahrguttransport
KW - Regelwerksentwicklung
PY - 2024
VL - 2024
IS - 6
SP - 29
EP - 32
PB - Verkehrs-Verlag J. Fischer GmbH & Co. KG
CY - Düsseldorf
AN - OPUS4-62334
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Günzel, Stephan
A1 - Saul, Herbert
A1 - Bock, Robert
T1 - Die volumenabhängige Druckbegrenzung als Maßnahme zur Konsequenzsteuerung im Wasserstofftransport
N2 - Mit der technologischen Entwicklung werden auch die Transporteinheiten für Druckgase größer und die zu transportierenden Gase wie Wasserstoff deutlich über die lange als Standard geltenden 200 bar hinaus komprimiert. Damit steigt das Konsequenzpotenzial eines Zwischenfalls, das nun begrenzt werden soll, um die bisherige Praxis mit wenigen Zwischenfällen von den Maßnahmen für die neuen Entwicklungen extrem großer Transportdruckbehälter abgrenzen zu können.
Hierzu wurde – ausgehend von einer technologisch und sicherheitstechnisch störenden Begrenzung des Volumens von Bergungsdruckgefäßen – das sogenannte Druck-Volumen-Produkt als Kenngröße und Konsequenzmaß vorgeschlagen. Um eine breit akzeptierte Abgrenzung der heute etablierten Druckgefäße gegenüber den zukünftigen Einheiten mit noch mehr Gasinhalt erarbeiten zu können, wurde eine Arbeitsgruppe bei den Vereinten Nationen eingerichtet, deren Weg zu ihrem Ergebnis „Einführung einer Obergrenze von 1.5 Mio. bar-Liter für das Druck-Volumen-Produkt von Druckgefäßen“ mit den Wasserstoff-
spezifischen Einzelschritten „Grenze zwischen Großunfall und Katastrophe“, „Die Wirkung von Druckwellen auf den menschlichen Körper“, „Die Ausbreitung von Druckwellen“, „Der
Referenzwert für die Bevölkerungsdichte“ und „Die Druckwellenberechnung“ hier dargestellt ist. Dieses Ergebnis der UN-Arbeitsgruppe wird bis 2027 zu einer verbindlichen Begrenzung
des Druckvolumenproduktes in Druckgefäßen führen.
KW - Risikosteuerung
KW - Druck-Volumen-Produkt
KW - Katastrophe
KW - Bevölkerungsdichte
KW - Druckwelle
PY - 2024
SN - 2191-0073
VL - 14
IS - 05-06
SP - 8
EP - 17
PB - VDI Fachmedien GmbH & Co. KG
CY - Düsseldorf
AN - OPUS4-64309
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hajhariri, Aliasghar
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
A1 - Camplese, Davide
A1 - Emrys Scarponi, Giordano
A1 - Otremba, Frank
A1 - Cozzani, Valerio
A1 - Seidlitz, Holger
T1 - A Comprehensive Numerical Study of the Behaviour of an LH2 Storage Tank in the Event of a Fire
N2 - As the world moves towards green energy production, effective storage and transportation solutions become essential. To support this transition, energy carriers with minimal or zero environmental impact are required. Liquified hydrogen represents a promising candidate due to its emissions-neutral properties. However, its highly flammable nature necessitates adherence to strict safety codes and standards. Storing hydrogen often requires advanced super-insulation materials. To enhance the safety of cryogenic hydrogen storage tanks under extreme conditions, such as those encountered during fire accidents, it is crucial to understand the thermal behaviour of the tank. Predicting pressurization and potential failure in advance demands a robust and comprehensive model. However, still such models suffer lack of detailed heat transfer models which account for various sub-processes during an accident scenario. Hence, this study introduces a comprehensive model for the pressurization of cryogenic tanks equipped with multi-layer insulation (MLI) systemsin the event of fire, which comprises several sub-models. These sub-models account for heat transfer phenomena through the thermal insulation at nominal conditions and its thermal degradation during fire exposure, the fluid, the internal pressurization, and the performance of the pressure relief valve. This study provides valuable insights into the safety and the behaviour of hydrogen storage tanks under thermal loads.
KW - Heat transfer
KW - Multi-Layer Insulation
KW - Cryogenic
KW - Liquid Hydrogen
PY - 2025
DO - https://doi.org/10.3303/CET25116114
VL - 116
SP - 679
EP - 684
PB - AIDIC
AN - OPUS4-63813
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Henning, Ricky
A1 - Sturm, Patrick
A1 - Keßler, S.
A1 - Gluth, Gregor
ED - Lothenbach, B.
ED - Wieland, E.
ED - Altmaier, M.
T1 - Influence of salt aggregate on the degradation of hybrid alkaline cement (HAC) concretes in magnesium chloride-rich saline solution simulating evaporite rock
N2 - Concretes produced from salt aggregate and hybrid alkaline cements, an alkali-activated slag/fly ash blend, or a Portland cement were exposed to a magnesium chloride-rich saline solution ([Mg2+] = 3.6 m, [Cl−] = 8.3 m), representing a solution formed after contact of surface water with evaporite rock (rock salt) in a nuclear waste repository. The hydration and deterioration of the concretes were studied with X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, pH mapping and permeability measurements. The results show that calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) or sodium-substituted calcium aluminium silicate hydrate (C-N-A-S-H) and Friedel's salt were the major reaction products in the concretes prior to exposure to the saline solution. During exposure to the saline solution, increasing amounts of C-S-H/C-N-A-S-H dissolved, and gypsum and a secondary AFm phase formed. The durability of the concretes improved with increasing amounts of Portland clinker in the cements, due to the associated differences in permeability and chemical resistance. Nevertheless, a massive increase of permeability occurred for all concretes, likely caused by crack formation due to the formation of gypsum from anhydrite in the salt aggregate. Thus, the behavior of the concretes differed from, and was more complex than, the behavior of plain cement pastes.
T2 - Joint 6th International Workshop on Mechanisms and Modelling of Waste/Cement Interactions (JCCW 2023)
CY - Prague, Czech Republic
DA - 20.11.2023
KW - Nuclear waste repository
KW - Evaporite rock
KW - Magnesium chloride brine
KW - Concrete
KW - Hybrid alkaline cement
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-599928
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2024.106027
SN - 0883-2927
SN - 1872-9134
VL - 168
SP - 1
EP - 14
PB - Elsevier
AN - OPUS4-59992
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hajhariri, Aliasghar
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
A1 - Camplese, Davide
A1 - Scarponi, Giordano Emrys
A1 - Cozzani, Valerio
A1 - Otremba, Frank
A1 - Seidlitz, Holger
T1 - Non-combustible MLI based insulation behavior under fire condition - Experimental and numerical investigation
N2 - The number of applications that demand zero-emission energy carriers, such as liquified hydrogen (LH2), is increasing worldwide. LH2 is typically transported or stored under cryogenic conditions. Storage in such conditions requires super thermal insulations which maintain very low boil-off for a prolonged time. Multi-Layer insulation (MLI) finds widespread use in cryogenic applications, designed to effectively restrict heat inleak towards cryogenic fluids. However, recent studies evidenced that exposure to high heat fluxes, such as in the event of a fire accident, can cause the thermal degradation of the insulation material, resulting in the severe collapse of its heat resistance performance. Therefore, the risk of rapid tank pressurization and its connection to the risk of BLEVE may be possible. This study proposes a numerical model to assess the performances of aluminum-based MLI materials under fire conditions. The model offers insights into the total heat transfer rate through the insulation, serving as a
KW - Multi-Layer Insulation
KW - Cryogenic
KW - Liquid Hydrogen
KW - CFD
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-617780
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2024.11.037
VL - 193
SP - 603
EP - 620
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-61778
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Camplese, D.
A1 - Chianese, C.
A1 - Scarponi, G.
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
A1 - Otremba, Frank
A1 - Cozzani, V.
T1 - Analysis of high temperature degradation of multi-layer insulation (MLI) systems for liquid hydrogen storage tanks
N2 - The interest in hydrogen-based green energy is increasing worldwide, and the same is true for hydrogen-powered vehicles. Among the possible solutions to store hydrogen in such vehicles, cryogenic tanks equipped with multi-layer insulation (MLI) are the most promising to increase the amount of energy stored per unit volume. However, MLI is affected by severe deterioration when exposed to an external source of heat such as a fire following a car accident, leaving the tank unprotected and leading to failure in a relatively short time. In this work, a one-dimensional model to evaluate MLI thermal degradation when a liquid hydrogen tank is exposed to fire is presented. The relevance of taking MLI degradation into account when simulating the pressure increase due to external fire exposure is here demonstrated through the analysis of several case studies. The results show that MLI systems performance depletes within a few minutes of exposure to hydrocarbon poolfire.
T2 - ICheaP 16
CY - Naples, Italy
DA - 21.05.2023
KW - LH2
KW - MLI
KW - Tiefkalt
KW - Fire
KW - Tank
PY - 2023
SN - 2283-9216
VL - 2023
SP - 1
EP - 6
PB - AIDIC Servizi S.r.l.
AN - OPUS4-57584
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Camplese, Davide
A1 - Scarponi, Giordano Emrys
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
A1 - Hajhariri, Aliasghar
A1 - Otremba, Frank
A1 - Cozzani, Valerio
T1 - Comparative performance assessment of multilayer insulation (MLI) systems for liquid hydrogen vessels in fire scenarios
N2 - Multilayer Insulation (MLI) systems are a mature technology for cryogenic liquid hydrogen (LH2) tank thermal insulation. Recent tests evidenced that MLI materials may be damaged when exposed to fire, resulting in critical safety issues in the case of accidents. Thus, an innovative approach to the performance assessment of aluminum and polyester-based MLIs for LH2 tanks in fire scenarios was developed. A specific model integrating the hightemperature degradation of MLIs and the thermodynamic modeling of the tank lading was coupled to specific key performance indicators. Results of the analysis applied to a vehicle-scale tank equipped with 80 MLI layers indicate that MLI degradation and consequent tank failure may occur in less than 20 min for external shell temperatures above 1160 K in the presence of full engulfment, regardless of insulation used. Conversely, degradation does not occur earlier than 3600s below 603 and 928 K for polyester and aluminum-based MLI, respectively.
KW - LH2
KW - LNG
KW - Cryogenic storage tank
KW - Fire
KW - Insulation
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-630841
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.04.534
SN - 0360-3199
VL - 135
SP - 537
EP - 552
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-63084
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Denora, Isabella
A1 - Clute, Clara
A1 - Murillo, Natalia Cano
A1 - Theiler, Geraldine
A1 - Balasooriya, Winoj
A1 - Kaiser, Andreas
A1 - Fasching, Michael
A1 - Schwarz, Thomas
A1 - Marano, Claudia
T1 - A study on the mechanical behaviour of carbon black and Struktosil-filled NBR compounds for hydrogen applications
N2 - This study investigates the effect of the addition of a 2D filler (Struktosil) to a carbon black-filled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber, developed for seals in hydrogen applications. Several characterization methods have been adopted. The addition of Struktosil increases the stiffness of the material up to a strain of about 100%, to a lesser extent in presence of a plasticizer. The dissipative response of the material is increased by Struktosil addition and decreased in presence of the plasticizer. Concerning fracture behaviour, the crack initiation and Rapid Gas Decompression (RGD) resistance were not affected by the addition of Struktosil but decreased in presence of plasticizer. Furthermore, the addition of Struktosil had a positive effect on crack propagation resistance. The effects of pressurized hydrogen exposure on physical-mechanical properties were also evaluated and correlated with the results. A correlation between fracture toughness and RGD resistance has been also attempted.
KW - Acrylonitrile Butadiene rubber
KW - Fracture mechanics
KW - 2D filler
KW - High-pressure hydrogen
KW - Rapid gas decompression
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-648285
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.122
SN - 0360-3199
VL - 118
SP - 407
EP - 416
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-64828
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Prewitz, M.
A1 - Gaber, M.
A1 - Müller, Ralf
A1 - Marotzke, C.
A1 - Holtappels, Kai
T1 - Polymer coated glass capillaries and structures for high-pressure hydrogen storage: Permeability and hydrogen tightness
N2 - The hydrogen tightness of high-pressure hydrogen storage is a Basic criterion for long-term storage. The H2 permeation coefficients of epoxy resin and a glass lacquer were determined to enable the geometric optimization of a glass capillary storage. It was found that the curing conditions have no significant influence on the H2 permeation coefficient of resin.
The H2 permeation coefficient of epoxy resin is only about three orders of Magnitude greater than that of borosilicate glass. This suggests that the initial pressure of 700 bar takes about 2.5 years to be halved in capillary array storage. Therefore, a high-pressure hydrogen storage tank based on glass capillaries is ideally suited for long-term storage in mobile applications.
KW - Permeability
KW - Glass capillaries
KW - Coating
KW - Hydrogen storage
KW - Long-term calculation
KW - Epoxy resin
PY - 2018
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.12.092
SN - 0360-3199
VL - 43
IS - 11
SP - 5637
EP - 5644
PB - Elsevier
AN - OPUS4-44327
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
A1 - Heßmann, Jennifer
A1 - Werner, Jan
A1 - Scarponi, Giordano Emrys
A1 - Cozzani, Valerio
A1 - Otremba, Frank
T1 - Investigation of Realistic Fire Scenarios Involving Cryogenic Storage Tanks
N2 - The number of vehicles using or transporting cryogenic fuels such as Liquefied Hydrogen (LH2) or Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) increases fast in the land transportation sector. Does this also entail new risks for instance from a BLEVE? A key to answer this question is to research representative fires by its characterization and its effect on the insulation. At BAM’s technical test side in Germany, a test series was started to answer this question among others. This paper presents results on a pool fire under a colorimeter, that simulates a tank. The investigation points out, that the full fire characterization approach allows to represent the fire. The findings are relevant for the investigation of a representative design fire that is applicable for the approval and improvement of tanks as well as to research accident scenarios and their consequences.
T2 - Loss Prevention 2025
CY - Bologna, Italien
DA - 09.06.2025
KW - LH2
KW - LNG
KW - Fire
KW - Tank
KW - Safety
PY - 2025
DO - https://doi.org/10.3303/CET25116031
SN - 2283-9216
IS - 116
SP - 181
EP - 186
PB - AIDIC
AN - OPUS4-63738
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Gomes, Bruna F.
A1 - Prokop, Martin
A1 - Bystron, Tomas
A1 - Loukrakpam, Rameshwori
A1 - Melke, Julia
A1 - Lobo, Carlos M. S.
A1 - Fink, Michael
A1 - Zhu, Mengshu
A1 - Voloshina, Elena
A1 - Kutter, Maximilian
A1 - Hoffmann, Hendrik
A1 - Yusenko, Kirill V.
A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana
A1 - Röder, Bettina
A1 - Bouzek, Karel
A1 - Paulus, Beate
A1 - Roth, Christina
T1 - Following Adsorbed Intermediates on a Platinum Gas Diffusion Electrode in H3PO3-Containing Electrolytes Using In Situ X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy
N2 - One of the challenges of high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells is the poisoning of the Pt catalystwith H3PO4. H3PO4 is imbibed into the routinely used polybenzimidazole-based membranes, which facilitate Proton conductivity in the temperature range of 120−200 °C. However, when leached out of the membrane by water produced during operation, H3PO4 adsorbs on the Pt catalyst surface, blocking the active sites and hindering the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR).
The reduction of H3PO4 to H3PO3, which occurs at the anode due to a combination of a low potential and the presence of gaseous H2, has been investigated as an additional important contributing factor to the observed poisoning effect. H3PO3 has an affinity toward adsorption on Pt surfaces even greater than that of H2PO4 −. In this work, we investigated the poisoning effect of both H3PO3 and H3PO4 using a half-cell setup with a gas diffusion electrode under ambient conditions. By means of in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy, it was possible to follow the signature of different species adsorbed on the Pt nanoparticle catalyst (H, O, H2PO4 −, and H3PO3) at different potentials under ORR conditions in various electrolytes (HClO4, H3PO4, and H3PO3). It was found that H3PO3 adsorbs in a pyramidal configuration P(OH)3 through a Pt−P bond. The competition between H3PO4 and H3PO3 adsorption was studied, which should allow for a better understanding of the catalyst poisoning mechanism and thus assist in the development of strategies to mitigate this phenomenon in the future by minimizing H3PO3 generation by, for example, improved catalyst design or adapted operation conditions or changes in the electrolyte composition.
KW - H3PO4 life cycle
KW - XAS
KW - In situ coupling
KW - High-temperature fuel cells
KW - H3PO3,
KW - Δμ XANES
PY - 2022
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.2c02630
SN - 2155-5435
VL - 12
IS - 18
SP - 11472
EP - 11484
PB - American Chemical Society (ACS)
AN - OPUS4-64733
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Peters, Stefan
A1 - Bartling, Stephan
A1 - Parlinska-Wojtan, Magdalena
A1 - Wotzka, Alexander
A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana
A1 - Wohlrab, Sebastian
A1 - Abdel-Mageed, Ali M.
T1 - Stabilization of intermediate Mo oxidation states by Nb doping enhancing methane aromatization on Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts
N2 - The dehydroaromatization of methane is a promising process to produce aromatics and ultra-pure hydrogen. Increased yields and stability of Mo/HZSM-5 against irreversible deactivation were achieved via a redox interaction by doping with otherwise inert Nb.
KW - General Materials Science
KW - Sustainability and the Environment
KW - General Chemistry
KW - Renewable Energy
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-597670
DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D3TA07532J
SN - 2050-7488
SP - 1
EP - 16
PB - Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
AN - OPUS4-59767
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - C. Pardo Pérez, L.
A1 - Arndt, A.
A1 - Stojkovikj, S.
A1 - Y. Ahmet, I.
A1 - T. Arens,, J.
A1 - Dattila, F.
A1 - Wendt, R.
A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana
A1 - Radtke, Martin
A1 - Davies, V.
A1 - Höflich, K.
A1 - Köhnen, E.
A1 - Tockhorn, P.
A1 - Golnak, R.
A1 - Xiao, J.
A1 - Schuck, G.
A1 - Wollgarten, M.
A1 - López, N.
A1 - T. Mayer, M.
T1 - Determining Structure-Activity Relationships in Oxide Derived CuSn Catalysts During CO2 Electroreduction Using X-Ray Spectroscopy
N2 - The development of earth-abundant catalysts for selective electrochemical CO2 conversion is a central challenge. Cu-Sn bimetallic catalysts can yield selective CO2 reduction toward either CO or formate. This study presents oxide-derived Cu-Sn catalysts tunable for either product and seeks to understand the synergetic effects between Cu and Sn causing these selectivity trends. The materials undergo significant transformations under CO2 reduction conditions, and their dynamic bulk and surface structures are revealed by correlating observations from multiple methods—X-ray absorption spectroscopy for in situ study, and quasi in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for surface sensitivity. For both types of catalysts, Cu transforms to metallic Cu0 under reaction conditions. However, the Sn speciation and content differ significantly between the catalyst types: the CO-selective catalysts exhibit a surface Sn content of 13 at. % predominantly present as oxidized Sn, while the formate-selective catalysts display an Sn content of ≈70 at. % consisting of both metallic Sn0 and Sn oxide species. Density functional theory simulations suggest that Snδ+ sites weaken CO adsorption, thereby enhancing CO selectivity, while Sn0 sites hinder H adsorption and promote formate production. This study reveals the complex dependence of catalyst structure, composition, and speciation with electrochemical bias in bimetallic Cu catalysts.
KW - Electrochemical CO2 conversion
KW - Cu catalysts
KW - X-ray absorption spectroscopy
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-547116
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202103328
SN - 1614-6832
VL - 12
IS - 5
SP - 2103328
PB - Wiley-VCH GmbH
AN - OPUS4-54711
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Sturm, Patrick
A1 - Moye, J.
A1 - Gluth, Gregor
A1 - Vogler, Nico
A1 - Taffe, A.
A1 - Kühne, Hans-Carsten
ED - Rossignol, S.
ED - Gluth, Gregor
T1 - Properties of alkali-activated mortars with salt aggregate for sealing structures in evaporite rock
N2 - Concrete structures for sealing of tunnels in the host rock are an essential part of systems for nuclear waste storage. However, concretes based on blended cements or magnesium oxychloride cements, which are commonly considered for this application, can deteriorate severely due to a significant heat of hydration and associated deformation and cracking. Alkali-activated materials (AAMs) offer a potential solution to this problem because of their low heat release during hardening. To explore their suitability for the construction of sealing structures in evaporite rock, various AAMs with salt aggregate were studied regarding fresh properties, heat release, mechanical properties and microstructure. The heat of reaction of the AAMs was up to 55% lower than that of a blended cement designed for sealing structures, indicating significant benefits for the intended application. Other relevant properties such as mechanical strength and permeability depended strongly on the mix-design of the AAMs and curing conditions.
KW - Alkali-activated materials
KW - Geopolymers
KW - Nuclear waste storage
KW - Sealing structures
KW - Evaporite rock
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-519422
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceram.2020.100041
SN - 2666-5395
VL - 5
IS - Special issue: Alkali-activated materials and geopolymers in ceramics and beyond
SP - 1
EP - 8
PB - Elsevier
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-51942
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Ha, Q. L. M.
A1 - Armbruster, U.
A1 - Atia, Hanan
A1 - Lund, H.
A1 - Agostini, G.
A1 - Radnik, Jörg
A1 - Vuong, H. T.
A1 - Martin, A.
T1 - Development of active and stable low nickel content catalysts for dry reforming of methane
N2 - Methane dry reforming (DRM) was investigated over highly active Ni catalysts with low metal content (2.5wt%) supported on Mg-Al mixed oxide. The aim was to minimize carbon Deposition and metal sites agglomeration on the working catalyst which are known to cause catalyst deactivation.
The solids were characterized using N2 adsorption, X-ray diffraction, temperature-programmed reduction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The results showed that MgO-Al2O3 solid solution phases are obtained when calcining Mg-Al hydrotalcite precursor in the temperature range of 550–800 °C. Such phases contribute to the high activity of catalysts with low Ni content even at low temperature (500 °C). Modifying the catalyst preparation with citric acid significantly slows the coking rate and reduces the size of large octahedrally coordinated NiO-like domains, which may easily agglomerate on the surface during DRM. The most effective Ni catalyst shows a stable DRM course over 60 h at high weight hourly space velocity with very low coke deposition. This is a promising result for considering such catalyst systems for further development of an industrial DRM technology.
KW - Dry reforming of methane
KW - Carbon dioxide
KW - Ni
PY - 2017
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-402904
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/catal7050157
SN - 2073-4344
VL - 7
IS - 5
SP - 157, 1
EP - 157, 17
PB - MDPI
AN - OPUS4-40290
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Broichert, C.
A1 - Klingenhof, M.
A1 - Frisch, M.
A1 - Dresp, S.
A1 - Kubo, N.M.
A1 - Artz, J.
A1 - Radnik, Jörg
A1 - Palkovits, S.
A1 - Beine, A.K.
A1 - Strasser, P.
A1 - Palkovits, R.
T1 - Particle size-controlled synthesis of highperformance MnCo-based materials for alkaline OER at fluctuating potentials
N2 - For the large-scale generation of hydrogen via water electrolysis the design of long term stable and active catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) remains a key challenge. Most catalysts suffer from severe structural corrosion that becomes even more pronounced at fluctuating potentials. Herein, MnCo based cubic particles were prepared via a hydrothermal approach, in which the edge length of the micron-sized particles can be controlled by changing the pH value of the precursor solution. The cubes are composed of varying amounts of MnCo2O4, CoCO3 and a mixed (Mn/Co)CO3 phase. Structure–activity relationships were deduced revealing a volcano-type behavior for the intrinsic OER activity and fraction of spinel oxide phase.
A low overpotential of 0.37 V at 10 mA cm−2 and a stability of more than 25 h was achieved in 1.0 M KOH using a rotating disc electrode (RDE) setup. The best performing catalyst material was successfully tested under dynamic process conditions for 9.5 h and shows a superior catalytic activity as anode for the Overall water splitting in an electrolyser setup in 1.0 M KOH at 333 K compared to a reference NiCo-spinel catalyst.
KW - Water electrolysis
KW - Oxygen evolution reaction
KW - Structure activity relationships
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-536050
DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d1cy00905b
SN - 2044-4753
VL - 11
IS - 12
SP - 7278
EP - 7286
PB - Royal Society of Chemistry
AN - OPUS4-53605
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Rautenberg, Max
A1 - Gernhard, M.
A1 - Radnik, Jörg
A1 - Witt, Julia
A1 - Roth, C.
A1 - Emmerling, Franziska
T1 - Mechanochemical synthesis of fluorine-containing Co-doped zeolitic imidazolate frameworks for producing electrocatalysts
N2 - Catalysts derived from pyrolysis of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising candidates to replace expensive and scarce platinum-based electrocatalysts commonly used in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. MOFs contain ordered connections between metal centers and organic ligands. They can be pyrolyzed into metal- and nitrogen-doped carbons, which show electrocatalytic activity toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Furthermore, metal-free heteroatom-doped carbons, such as N-F-Cs, are known for being active as well. Thus, a carbon material with Co-N-F doping could possibly be even more promising as ORR electrocatalyst. Herein, we report the mechanochemical synthesis of two polymorphs of a zeolitic imidazole framework, Co-doped zinc 2-trifluoromethyl-1H-imidazolate (Zn0.9Co0.1(CF3-Im)2). Time-resolved in situ X-ray diffraction studies of the mechanochemical formation revealed a direct conversion of starting materials to the products. Both polymorphs of Zn0.9Co0.1(CF3-Im)2 were pyrolyzed, yielding Co-N-F containing carbons, which are active toward electrochemical ORR.
KW - Mechanochemistry
KW - Metal-organic-frameworks
KW - Nobel-metal free electrocatalysis
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-546833
DO - https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2022.840758
SN - 2296-2646
VL - 10
IS - 840758
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - Frontiers Media
CY - Lausanne
AN - OPUS4-54683
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Frechilla, A.
A1 - Martínez, E.
A1 - del Moral, J.
A1 - López-Santos, C.
A1 - Frechilla, J.
A1 - Nuñez-Gálvez, F.
A1 - López-Flores, V.
A1 - de la Fuente, G.F.
A1 - Hülagü, Deniz
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
A1 - González-Elipe, A.R.
A1 - Borrás, A.
A1 - Angurel, L.A.
T1 - Influence of near-edge Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS) on the electrical properties of fs-laser-machined ITO microcircuits
N2 - Scalable, cost-effective methods for processing transparent electrodes at the microscale are pivotal to advancing in electrochemistry, optoelectronics, microfluidics, and energy harvesting. In these fields, the precise fabrication of micrometric circuits and patterns plays a critical role in determining device performance, material compatibility, and integration with added-value substrates. In this context, Laser Subtractive Manufacturing stands out as a suitable microfabrication technique for its adaptability to diverse materials and complex configurations, as well as its straightforward scalability, affordability, and eco-friendly nature. However, a challenge in micromachining metals and metal oxides is the inherent formation of Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS), which can significantly impair electrical conductivity, particularly when circuit dimensions fall within the micrometer range. Herein, we investigate the micromachining of electrical microcircuits using ultrashort pulse laser systems applied to transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films. We analyze the formation of LIPSS at the edges of the micromachined regions associated with the Gaussian distribution of the energy within the laser spot, and the impact of these structures on the electrical properties of the circuits. Thus, we systematically evaluate the influence of LIPSS orientation and periodicity by fabricating various circuit patterns using femtosecond lasers at green (515 nm) and ultraviolet (UV) (343 nm) wavelengths. A correlation between electrical resistivity measurements and microstructure analysis, as determined by field emission scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy, reveals distinct effects of the formed nanostructures depending on the laser source and its polarization. For the green wavelength, the edge side regions where LIPSS are oriented perpendicular to the ITO track exhibit a resistance higher by a factor just above two compared to those where LIPSS are parallel. Additionally, UV laser processing results in a pronounced reduction of ITO thickness at the boundary between the LIPSS region and the substrate. The mechanisms for the formation of LIPSS with both wavelengths are also discussed. Furthermore, we have determined that in narrow conductive tracks with a width ranging from 6 to 8 µm, the impact of LIPSS is particularly significant because the LIPSS structured region occupies a dominant fraction of the total width.
KW - ITO
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Laser subtractive manufacturing
KW - fs-laser processing
KW - Electrical properties
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-655921
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2026.166415
SN - 0169-4332
VL - 731
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-65592
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Rautenberg, Max
A1 - Bhattacharya, Biswajit
A1 - Witt, Julia
A1 - Jain, Mohit
A1 - Emmerling, Franziska
T1 - In situ time-resolved monitoring of mixed-ligand metal–organic framework mechanosynthesis
N2 - The mechanism of mixed-ligand metal–organic framework (MOF) formation, and the possible role of intermediate single-ligand metal complexes during mechanosynthesis, have not been explored yet. For the first time, we report here in situ real-time monitoring of the mechanochemical formation mechanism of mixed-ligand MOFs. Our results show that binary phases can act as intermediates or competing products in one-pot and stepwise synthesis.
KW - Mechanochemistry
KW - Metal-organic-frameworks
KW - In situ X-ray diffraction
KW - Mixed-ligand MOFs
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-558167
DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D2CE00803C
SP - 1
EP - 4
PB - Royal Society of Chemistry
AN - OPUS4-55816
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Chakraborty, Gouri
A1 - Das, Prasenjit
A1 - Bhattacharya, Biswajit
A1 - Prinz, Carsten
A1 - Emmerling, Franziska
A1 - Thomas, Arne
T1 - Room-temperature superprotonic conductivity in COOH-functionalized multicomponent covalent organic frameworks
N2 - In solid materials, the development of hydrogen bonding (H-bonding) networks within pores is crucial for efficient proton conductance. In this study, a chemically stable carboxylic acid-functionalized, quinoline-linked 2D microporous covalent organic framework (COF) (Qy-COOH) was synthesized using the Doebner multicomponent reaction (MCR) and compared to a similar framework lacking the –COOH functionality (Qy-H), prepared via an MC Domino reaction. The proton conductivity of the –COOH-functionalized MCR-COF was significantly enhanced, reaching 10−2 S cm−1, attributed to strong H-bonding interactions between water molecules and the dangling –COOH groups within the COF pores. In contrast, the analogous Qy-H framework exhibited a much lower proton conductivity of 10−5 S cm−1, while an imine-based COF showed only 10−6 S cm−1. This work represents the first demonstration of a general strategy to achieve efficient proton conduction in a class of layered 2D –COOH-functionalized COFs, offering superprotonic conductivity without requiring additives at room temperature. The MCR-COF design approach provides a promising pathway for developing highly stable and high-performance proton-conducting materials.
KW - Multicomponebt
KW - COF
KW - Proton Conductivity
KW - Superprotonic
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-653526
DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SC06953J
SN - 2041-6520
SP - 1
EP - 9
PB - Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
AN - OPUS4-65352
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana
A1 - Radtke, Martin
A1 - Yusenko, Kirill
A1 - Stawski, Tomasz
A1 - Kulow, Anicó
A1 - Cakir, Cafer Tufan
A1 - Röder, Bettina
A1 - Naese, Christoph
A1 - Britzke, Ralf
A1 - Sintschuk, Michael
A1 - Emmerling, Franziska
T1 - BAMline - A real-life sample materials research beamline
N2 - With increasing demand and environmental concerns, researchers are exploring new materials that can perform as well or better than traditional materials while reducing environmental impact. The BAMline, a real-life sample materials research beamline, provides unique insights into materials’ electronic and chemical structure at different time and length scales. The beamline specializes in x-ray absorption spectroscopy, x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and tomography experiments. This enables real-time optimization of material properties and performance for various applications, such as energy transfer, energy storage, catalysis, and corrosion resistance. This paper gives an overview of the analytical methods and sample environments of the BAMline, which cover non-destructive testing experiments in materials science, chemistry, biology, medicine, and cultural heritage. We also present our own synthesis methods, processes, and equipment developed specifically for the BAMline, and we give examples of synthesized materials and their potential applications. Finally, this article discusses the future perspectives of the BAMline and its potential for further advances in sustainable materials research.
KW - Extended X-ray absorption fine structure
KW - Energy storage
KW - Environmental impacts
KW - Nondestructive testing techniques
KW - X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
KW - Corrosion
KW - Near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy
KW - X-ray absorption spectroscopy
PY - 2023
DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0157194
VL - 158
IS - 24
SP - 1
EP - 22
PB - AIP Publishing
AN - OPUS4-57824
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Völzke, Holger
A1 - Nieslony, Gregor
A1 - Noack, Volker
A1 - Hagenow, Peter
A1 - Kovacs, Oliver
T1 - Current developments in container design testing for the Konrad repository
N2 - At present BAM works on numerous applications for Container design testing for the Konrad repository. Some licensing procedures were successfully finished in the past and BfS certified several Container types like Steel sheet, concrete until cast iron containers which are now available for waste packaging for final disposal. However, large quantities of radioactive wastes had been placed into interim storage using containers which are not already approved for the Konrad repository. Safety assessment of these so-called “old” containers is a big challenge for all parties because documentation sheets about container design testing and fabrication often contain gaps or have not yet been completed. Appropriate solution strategies are currently under development and discussion. Furthermore, BAM has successfully initiated and established an Information forum, called “ERFA QM Konrad Containers”, which facilitates discussions on various issues of common interest with respect to Konrad container licensing procedures as well as the interpretation of disposal requirements under consideration of operational needs. Thus, it provides additional, valuable supports for container licensing procedures.
T2 - KONTEC 2011 - 10. Internationales Symposium "Konditionierung radioaktiver Betriebs- und Stilllegungsabfälle"
CY - Dresden, Germany
DA - 06.04.2011
KW - Radioactive waste
KW - Container
KW - Testing
KW - Konrad repository
PY - 2012
SN - 1431-5254
VL - 57
IS - 5
SP - 343
EP - 346
PB - Inforum
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-25988
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Sauer, Hannah
A1 - Okpeke, Bright E.
A1 - Dzielendziak, Agnieszka S.
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
A1 - Baetcke, Lars
A1 - Ehlers, Sören
T1 - Comparative life cycle assessment of vacuum insulation panel core materials for liquid hydrogen storage tanks – glass bubbles compared to conventional core materials
N2 - The environmental performance of insulation materials for liquid hydrogen storage tank application is important to the development of sustainable supply chains. As new materials keep evolving, there is a need to assess their environmental impact. Therefore, this study investigates the environmental sustainability and circularity of cryogenic insulation concepts, namely vacuum insulation panels (VIPs), exclusively focussing on their core materials. Employing a cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment model, the VIP core materials are investigated with a special focus on glass bubbles. Based on the results, the global warming potential of the considered core materials, namely, glass bubbles, silica aerogel, fumed silica, expanded perlite, glass fibre, and polyurethane foam is 9.21∗10^−2, 7.00, 2.50∗10^−1, 3.63∗10^−2, 6.68∗10^−2, and 1.88 kg CO2 eq. per functional unit, respectively. In general, silica aerogel and polyurethane foam are the least environmentally friendly materials, while the most sustainable is expanded perlite, followed by glass fibre, glass bubbles, and fumed silica.
KW - LH2
KW - Insulation
KW - Cryogenic storage tank
KW - Life Cycle Assessment
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-655445
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.153937
SN - 0360-3199
VL - 219
SP - 1
EP - 11
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-65544
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Roy, Arkendu
A1 - Kumar, Sourabh
A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana
A1 - Prinz, Carsten
A1 - Götz, Emilia
A1 - Retzmann, Anika
A1 - Hickel, Tilmann
A1 - Bhattacharya, Biswajit
A1 - Emmerling, Franziska
T1 - Synergistic Catalytic Sites in High‐Entropy Metal Hydroxide Organic Framework for Oxygen Evolution Reaction
N2 - AbstractThe integration of multiple elements in a high‐entropy state is crucial in the design of high‐performance, durable electrocatalysts. High‐entropy metal hydroxide organic frameworks (HE‐MHOFs) are synthesized under mild solvothermal conditions. This novel crystalline metal–organic framework (MOF) features a random, homogeneous distribution of cations within high‐entropy hydroxide layers. HE‐MHOF exhibits excellent electrocatalytic performance for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), reaching a current density of 100 mA cm−2 at ≈1.64 VRHE, and demonstrates remarkable durability, maintaining a current density of 10 mA cm−2 for over 100 h. Notably, HE‐MHOF outperforms precious metal‐based electrocatalysts despite containing only ≈60% OER active metals. Ab initio calculations and operando X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) demonstrate that the high‐entropy catalyst contains active sites that facilitate a multifaceted OER mechanism. This study highlights the benefits of high‐entropy MOFs in developing noble metal‐free electrocatalysts, reducing reliance on precious metals, lowering metal loading (especially for Ni, Co, and Mn), and ultimately reducing costs for sustainable water electrolysis technologies.
KW - Electrocatalysis
KW - Green Hydrogen
PY - 2024
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202408114
SP - 1
EP - 14
PB - Wiley
AN - OPUS4-61739
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Chaudhuri, Somsubhro
A1 - Krankenhagen, Rainer
A1 - Lapšanská, Ivana
A1 - Stamm, Michael
T1 - Modeling Temperature Responses of a Wind Turbine Blade Section Under Climate Chamber Conditions – Part 1: Challenges for FEM Simulations
N2 - The rapid expansion of wind energy infrastructure over the past 20–30 years has led up to a situation where advanced non‐destructive testing (NDT) technologies are the need‐of‐the‐hour, not only for new wind turbine blades (WTBs) that are being installed, but also for older infrastructure which is reaching their designed lifetime. NDT technologies that improve both the quality as well as reduce the time required for the inspection are sought after, and one such example is passive infrared thermography (IRT). For passive IRT to provide significant information/insight into the integrity of the WTB, there needs to exist certain thermal contrast to both visualize and distinguish between features in WTB. These features could be surface features, subsurface structure or defects. The temperature variations due to air temperature fluctuations and the sun assist (passively) to obtain the necessary thermal contrast. To better understand the thermal response of composite structures such as WTBs, a validation study was conducted using a WTB section subjected to controlled temperature transients within a climate chamber, without external irradiation. Infrared measurements were recorded using a thermographic camera, and the same specimen was modeled using finite element methods (FEM) in COMSOL Multiphysics. While a direct validation of the simulation is limited due to transient and unmeasured variables in the experimental data, qualitative comparison provides valuable insight into the applicability of FEM for predicting thermal behavior in passive IRT scenarios. This article represents the first part of a two‐part study, focusing on the FEM modeling approach and associated challenges. The second part will address the experimental investigation in more detail, with an emphasis on thermal contrast behavior under varied transient conditions.
KW - Finite element modeling
KW - Non- destructive testing
KW - Passive infrared thermography
KW - Thermal contrast
KW - Wind turbine blades
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-655330
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/we.70102
SN - 1095-4244
VL - 29
IS - 3
SP - 1
EP - 14
PB - Wiley
AN - OPUS4-65533
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Czeskleba, Denis
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Wandtke, Karsten
A1 - Irfan, Muhammad Dary
A1 - Kannengiesser, Thomas
T1 - Hydrogen diffusion in thick-walled S690 saw joints: part 1—experimental determination of microstructure-dependent diffusion coefficients
N2 - High-strength low-alloyed steel S690 is widely used in heavy-duty applications, such as structural components, mobile cranes, and industrial plant construction, owing to their high strength and weldability. However, thick-plate submerged arc welding (SAW) can introduce elevated hydrogen levels and residual stresses that promote time-delayed hydrogen-assisted
cold cracking (HACC). Accurate, microstructure-specific diffusion data are scarce, limiting predictive HACC assessments. This study presents an experimental determination of hydrogen diffusion coefficients (DH) in two S690 variants: thermomechanically rolled (S690MC) and quenched and tempered (S690Q). Multi-layer SAW welds were produced from 30 mm thick plate material at three heat input levels, and diffusion membranes were extracted from weld metal (WM), heat-affected zone (HAZ), and base material (BM). Hydrogen permeation tests, conducted in accordance with DIN En ISO 17081, yielded flux curves normalized in time from which DH was derived using the inflection-point method. At room temperature, DH values ranged from 6 × 10−5 mm2/s to 9 × 10−5 mm2/s across all regions and heat inputs, with no significant difference between S690MC and S690Q. Weld metal exhibited marginally lower DH, attributed to enhanced hydrogen trapping, while base material measurements showed greater variability. These microstructure-resolved diffusion coefficients add quantitative data for modern S690 SAW welds and provide internally consistent input parameters for the numerical simulations presented in part 2. The results support improved parameterization for subsequent assessments of HACC risk through the optimization of welding parameters.
KW - Hydrogen assisted cracking
KW - Submerged arc welding
KW - Diffusion
KW - Electrochemical permeation
KW - Microstructure
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-655711
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-026-02400-7
SN - 0043-2288
SP - 1
EP - 15
PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC
AN - OPUS4-65571
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Czeskleba, Denis
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Wandtke, Karsten
A1 - Irfan, Muhammad Dary
A1 - Kannengiesser, Thomas
T1 - Hydrogen diffusion in thick-walled S690 SAW joints: part 2 – predictive modeling of heat input and microstructure influence
N2 - High-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels such as S690 are widely employed in thick-walled welded structures, where hydrogen-assisted cold cracking (HACC) remains a persistent concern. While microstructure-specific hydrogen diffusion coefficients (DH) for weld metal (WM), heat-affected zone (HAZ), and base material (BM) were experimentally established in Part 1 of this study, their quantitative influence on hydrogen accumulation and effusion has not yet been fully clarified. This work presents a transient, spatially resolved numerical model for simulating hydrogen transport in multi-pass submerged arc welds. The model integrates experimentally determined DH values with realistic thermal cycles and temperature-dependent boundary conditions. Developed in Python, the simulation tool is purpose-built for hydrogen diffusion in welded joints. It offers a focused, transparent alternative. It offers a focused, transparent alternative to general-purpose finite element platforms. Parametric analyses demonstrate that, although the diffusion coefficients vary by up to 50%, their impact on overall hydrogen retention is minor. In contrast, plate thickness, bead geometry, cooling time (t₈/₅), and interpass temperature exert a dominant influence on hydrogen distribution. Despite clear microstructural differences between the thermomechanically rolled (S690MC) and quenched and tempered (S690Q) variants, including opposite HAZ hardness responses (softening in S690MC, hardening in S690Q) in the (pen)ultimate weld bead, the simulations confirm that their diffusion behavior and hydrogen solubility are closely aligned. Consequently, differences in DH and solubility exert only a minor influence on hydrogen retention compared to thermal exposure and joint geometry. These findings support the interchangeable use of both steel grades in terms of HACC risk due to hydrogen diffusion kinetics under comparable welding conditions.
KW - Hydrogen assisted cracking
KW - Numerical simulation
KW - Diffusion
KW - Submerged arc welding
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-655721
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-026-02395-1
SN - 0043-2288
SP - 1
EP - 16
PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC
AN - OPUS4-65572
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Rautenberg, Max
A1 - Bhattacharya, Biswajit
A1 - Das, Chayanika
A1 - Emmerling, Franziska
T1 - Mechanochemical Synthesis of Phosphonate-Based Proton Conducting Metal-Organic Frameworks
N2 - Water-stable metal−organic frameworks (MOFs) with proton-conducting behavior have attracted great attention as promising materials for proton-exchange membrane fuel cells. Herein, we report the mechanochemical gram-scale synthesis of three new mixed-ligand phosphonate-based MOFs, {Co(H2PhDPA)(4,4′-bipy)H2O)·2H2O}n (BAM-1), {Fe(H2PhDPA)(4,4′-bipy) (H2O)·2H2O}n (BAM-2), and {Cu(H2PhDPA)(dpe)2(H2O)2·2H2O}n (BAM-3) [where H2PhDPA = phenylene diphosphonate, 4,4′-bipy = 4,4′-bipyridine, and dpe = 1,2-di(4-pyridyl)ethylene]. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurements revealed that BAM-1 and BAM-2 are isostructural and possess a three-dimensional (3D) network structure comprising one-dimensional (1D) channels filled with guest water molecules. Instead, BAM-3 displays a 1D network structure extended into a 3D supramolecular structure through hydrogenbonding and π−π interactions. In all three structures, guest water molecules are interconnected with the uncoordinated acidic hydroxyl groups of the phosphonate moieties and coordinated water molecules by means of extended hydrogen-bonding interactions. BAM-1 and BAM-2 showed a gradual increase in proton conductivity with increasing temperature and reached 4.9 × 10−5 and 4.4 × 10−5 S cm−1 at 90 °C and 98% relative humidity (RH). The highest proton conductivity recorded for BAM-3 was 1.4 × 10−5 S cm−1 at 50 °C and 98% RH. Upon further heating, BAM-3 undergoes dehydration followed by a phase transition to another crystalline form which largely affects its performance. All compounds exhibited a proton hopping (Grotthuss model) mechanism, as suggested by their low activation energy.
KW - Mechanochemistry
KW - Metal-organic-frameworks
KW - Proton conductivity
PY - 2022
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01023
VL - 61
SP - 10801
EP - 10809
PB - ACS Publications
AN - OPUS4-55448
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Ghazanfari, M. R.
A1 - Vittadello, L.
A1 - Al-Sabbagh, Dominik
A1 - Santhosh, A.
A1 - Frankcom, C.
A1 - Fuß, F.
A1 - von Randow, C. A.
A1 - Siemensmeyer, K.
A1 - Vrijmoed, J. C.
A1 - Emmerling, Franziska
A1 - Jerabek, P.
A1 - Irmlau, M.
A1 - Thiele, G.
T1 - Remarkable Infrared Nonlinear Optical, Dielectric, and Strong Diamagnetic Characteristics of Semiconducting K3[BiS3]
N2 - The ternary sulfido bismuthate K3[BiS3] is synthesized in quantitative yields. The material exhibits nonlinear optical properties with strong second harmonic generation properties at arbitrary wavelengths in the infrared spectral range and a notable laser-induced damage threshold of 5.22 GW cm−2 for pulsed laser radiation at a wavelength of 1040 nm, a pulse duration of 180 fs, and a repetition rate of 12.5 kHz. K3[BiS3] indicates semiconductivity with a direct optical band gap of 2.51 eV. Dielectric and impedance characterizations demonstrate κ values in the range of 6−13 at 1 kHz and a high electrical resistivity. A strong diamagnetic behavior with a susceptibility of −2.73 × 10−4 m3 kg−1 at room temperature is observed. These results suggest it is a promising nonlinear optical candidate for the infrared
region. The synergic physical characteristics of K3[BiS3] provide insight into the correlation of optical, electrical, and magnetic properties.
KW - Electrical properties
KW - Insulators
KW - Materials
KW - Nonlinear optics
KW - Quantum mechanics
PY - 2022
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01689
VL - 13
IS - 30
SP - 6987
EP - 6993
PB - ACS Publications
AN - OPUS4-55456
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Brirmi, M
A1 - Chabbah, T.
A1 - Chatti, S.
A1 - Schiets, F.
A1 - Casabianca, H.
A1 - Marestin, C.
A1 - Mercier, R.
A1 - Weidner, Steffen
A1 - Errachid, A.
A1 - Jaffrezic-Renault, N.
A1 - Ben Romdhane, H.
T1 - Effect of the pendent groups on biobased polymers, obtained from click chemistry suitable, for the adsorption of organic pollutants from water
N2 - In this work, four triazole-based poly(ether-pyridine)s polymers were synthesized and used as an adsorbent for the removal of phenolic compounds from aqueous solutions. For this purpose, new fluoromonomers containing 1,2,3-triazole units were prepared by the Cu(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction and then used for the elaboration of novel poly(ether-pyridine-triazole)s (PEPTs) by direct polyconden-sation with isosorbide and bisphenol A. Chemical structure of fluorinated pyridinicmonomers as well as resulting polymers was confirmed by 1H and 19F NMR spectroscopic methods. The thermal behavior of the obtained PEPTs was characterized using differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. Results of sorption showed that polymers can be effectively used as a sorbent for the removal of polarorganic pollutants. The isosorbide-based poly(ether-pyridine-triazole) which contains hydrophilic hydroxyl groups as pendants chains (P4) exhibited the highest sorption efficiencies (78%–100% after 1 h). In order to explain the results an adsorption mech-anism mainly based on π–π interactions and hydrogen bonding with the pendent groups is proposed.
KW - Adsorption
KW - Biobased polymers
KW - Cycloaddition
KW - Pentafluoropyridine
KW - Phenolic compounds
PY - 2022
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.5809
SN - 1042-7147
SP - 1
EP - 21
PB - Wiley online library
AN - OPUS4-55389
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Aliyah, K.
A1 - Berger, A.
A1 - Lazaridis, T.
A1 - Appel, C.
A1 - Prehal, C.
A1 - Menzel, A.
A1 - Guizar-Sicairos, M.
A1 - Smales, Glen J.
A1 - Pauw, Brian Richard
A1 - Gasteiger, H. A.
A1 - Gubler, L.
A1 - Büchi, F. N.
A1 - Eller, J.
T1 - Impact of Microporous Layer Composition on the Water Content in the Membrane Electrode Assembly of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells
N2 - Polymer electrolyte fuel cells are paramount for future emission-free mobility. One of the vital challenges for prospering commercialization of PEFCs is water management in the cells. A microporous layer (MPL) is typically positioned between the gas Diffusion layer (GDL) and the catalyst layer (CL) to boost the cell performance and facilitate water management. In this study, three different MPLs were investigated, namely, carbon black-based MPLs with different PTFE binder contents (20 wt % PTFE as a base case and 40 wt % PTFE), as well as perforated MPLs with micron-sized pores coated on the same GDL- Substrate (Freudenberg H14). The water content in the membrane, catalyst layers (CL), and MPLs was explored using operando scanning small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (S/WAXS). At Tcell = 80 °C, relative humidity = 100%, pabs = 3 bar, the MPL with larger pores exhibits slightly higher performance than the base case, while a considerably lower cathode CL and MPL saturation levels were observed for the MPL. In contrast, the MPL with higher amounts of PTFE binder shows lower performance than the base case, with considerably higher cathode CL and MPL saturation levels. 3D representations of how the pores could be filled in the cathode CLs were obtained from operando SAXS profiles using representative structure modeling for the different materials and operating conditions.
KW - Polymer electrolyte fuel cell
KW - Catalyst layer saturation
KW - Microporous layer saturation
KW - Membrane hydration
KW - Small and wide-angle scattering
KW - MOUSE
KW - SAXS
KW - X-ray scattering
KW - Energy storage materials
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-656691
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c22540
SN - 1944-8244
SP - 1
EP - 17
PB - American Chemical Society (ACS)
AN - OPUS4-65669
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Berger, J.
A1 - Zahedi-Azad, S.
A1 - Voss, H.
A1 - Ernst, O.C.
A1 - Hammerschmidt, R.
A1 - Boeck, T.
A1 - Martin, J.
A1 - Bonse, J.
A1 - Krüger, J.
A1 - Schmid, M.
T1 - CuInSe2-based micro-concentrator solar cells fabricated from In islands grown by laser-assisted MO-CVD
N2 - Micro-concentrator solar cells offer a promising route for reducing material usage in photovoltaics. For Cu(In,Ga)Se2, multiple micro-concentrator manufacturing methods have already been evaluated. All of them involve either high preparation complexity or post-processing to recycle unused precursor or absorber materials. In this work, a new method using laser-assisted metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (LA-MOCVD) was applied to directly grow arrays of indium micro-islands. These arrays are examined and further processed to CuInSe2 micro-solar cell arrays. The geometry and morphology of the islands were investigated and compared before and after absorber formation. The investigation shows that the absorber growth is limited to the vertical direction normal to the substrate surface and that the starting morphology is preserved. Furthermore, the absorber island arrays are processed into micro-modules and operational solar cells are achieved as a proof of principle. These not yet optimized arrays reach a conversion efficiency of 0.65% under 1 sun illumination. Under 17 suns of light concentration, the efficiency gain is between 60 and 250%. This work demonstrates the method's viability for the fabrication of micro-solar cell arrays, with clear potential for achieving higher conversion efficiencies through future optimization.
KW - Micro-concentrator solar cells
KW - Laser-assisted chemical vapor deposition
KW - CISe
KW - Bottom-up fabrication
KW - Resource efficiency
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-656711
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2026.114284
SN - 0927-0248
VL - 301
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-65671
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Engelking, Lorenz
A1 - Eissel, A.
A1 - Madia, Mauro
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Treutler, K.
A1 - Kruse, Julius
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
A1 - Wesling, V.
T1 - Influence of ultrasonic-assisted milling on surface integrity of additively manufactured components using MSG processes
N2 - Additive manufacturing (AM) is increasingly used for producing complex metallic components. Subsequent machining is essential to achieve final geometries and surface conditions. The resulting surface integrity, particularly the near-surface residual stress state, plays a crucial role in component performance and fatigue life. This study investigates the potential of ultrasonic-assisted milling (USAM), a hybrid machining process, to improve surface integrity and machinability compared to conventional milling (CM). Three materials were investigated, two difficult-to-cut materials CoCr26Ni9Mo5W and FeNi36 and a low-alloy steel S355J2C. The CoCr26Ni9Mo5W and FeNi36 were additively manufactured via Directed Energy Deposition (DED)-Arc and then machined with varying cutting speeds and feed rates within a Design of Experiments. USAM exhibited enhanced machinability and surface integrity, particularly at low cutting speeds, by reducing cutting forces up to 40% and shifting near-surface residual stresses from tensile to compressive. For S355J2C, USAM reduced cutting forces by approximately 45% and induced near-surface compressive residual stresses up to approximately −700 MPa. Rotating bending tests (DIN50100) show that USAM increases the technical fatigue limit from 307 MPa (CM) to 341 MPa (USAM), i.e., by ∼11%. These findings highlight the advantages of ultrasonic assistance in post-AM machining, offering enhanced fatigue performance and surface quality for various metallic materials.
T2 - 4th International Conference on Advanced Joining Processes 2025
CY - Coimbra, Portugal
DA - 16.10.2025
KW - Ultrasonic-assisted milling
KW - Residual stress
KW - Surface integrity
PY - 2026
DO - https://doi.org/10.1177/14644207261416395
SP - 1
EP - 12
PB - Sage Journals
AN - OPUS4-65682
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Scharf-Wildenhain, R.
A1 - Engelking, Lorenz
A1 - Hälsig, A.
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
A1 - Hensel, J.
T1 - Influence of build‑up height on residual stresses in additive repair and modification using DED‑Arc with high‑strength filler metals
N2 - Directed energy deposition (DED)-Arc is suitable for the hybrid additive manufacturing, modification and repair of large metal components with high deposition rates. Residual stresses and distortion are of central importance when characterizing the manufactured components and the sensitive transition area between additive manufactured (AM) component and semifinished product. Residual stresses caused by the thermal cycles during the manufacturing process can impair the mechanical properties of the manufactured parts and can lead to component failure, especially for high-strength steels. Therefore, understanding and controlling residual stresses, when combining different base and feedstock materials, is critical to improve the quality and efficiency of the hybrid DED-Arc process. This article deals with the influence of the build-up height on the residual stress distribution of additively manufactured components with a selected base and feedstock material from commercial high-strength steels. Using a robot-assisted DED-system and a controlled short arc, AM welding experiments were carried out with close to the application parameters at working temperature (200 °C) and heat input (650 kJ/m). Five hybrid AM specimens (AM wall on upright structural steel plate) were produced using a one bead per layer strategy and selected AM-wall heights between 15 and 300 mm. The influence of the AM build height on the longitudinal residual stress in the whole hybrid AM specimen (in welding direction) was analyzed and discussed. All experiments exhibit comparable stress distributions in the area of the substrate plate up to the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and the transition zone, regardless of the building height. The height significantly influences the residual stress distribution of the deposited AM-component. Tensile residual stresses with a maximum range between 300and 400 MPa were always found in the last approx. 18 component layers (upper 40 mm). This is due to restraint of the shrinking of the top layers by the layers below. The lower layers show homogeneous residual stress distributions characterized by low compressive stresses due to the process-related tempering during the deposition of each layer on top of each other. As a result, the significant difference between the various AM build-up heights of the hybrid AM specimens is the extent (or height) of this tempered zone with low compressive stresses. These correlations contribute to the understanding of residual stress development with increasing structure height or ratio of component heights of substrate semi-finished product and AM component in hybrid additive manufacturing.
T2 - 78th IIW Annual Assembly and International Conference
CY - Genoa, Italy
DA - 22.06.2025
KW - DED-Arc
KW - Residual stress
KW - Heat control
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-656793
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-026-02417-y
SN - 1878-6669
SP - 1
EP - 12
PB - Spriner
AN - OPUS4-65679
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Markötter, Henning
A1 - Sintschuk, Michael
A1 - Bruno, Giovanni
T1 - X-ray computed tomography scanning schemes and reconstruction capabilities at the BAMline (BESSY II)
N2 - The BAMline at the BESSY II synchrotron (Berlin, Germany) is a multipurpose beamline that is used for computed tomography, among other techniques. For more than 20 years it has been used in various scientific fields to access and analyze internal structural features such as porosity, cracks or delamination. The general trend of tomographic X-ray imaging is moving towards in situ and operando studies to access the above-mentioned features under the most realistic conditions. This article presents the X-ray computed tomography (XCT) capabilities and the software suite, such as live reconstruction available to imaging users. Direct XCT reconstruction plays an important role in the quality control of the performed experiments and is particularly crucial for in situ and operando experiments. The BAMline now offers a sequence-based step-scan XCT that enables preview reconstruction during the scan to gain early insight into the scanned sample even while the scan is in progress. In addition, the sequence-based scheme includes lateral shifts, thereby mitigating ring artifacts and improving image quality. Finally, since XCT scan parameters, such as sample–detector distance and beam energy, are of utmost importance, we devised calculation software allowing control of monochromators to set the desired beam spectrum.
KW - Synchrotron X-ray imaging
KW - Computed tomography
KW - Preview reconstruction
KW - CT scan scheme
KW - Software workflow
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-655792
DO - https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600577526001177
SN - 1600-5775
VL - 33
SP - 543
EP - 550
AN - OPUS4-65579
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Petitdemange, Eliot
A1 - Zhu, Jinjie
A1 - Pedersen, Angus
A1 - Parker, Joseph
A1 - Balaghi, Esmael
A1 - Li, Shaohua
A1 - Favero, Silvia
A1 - Ignacio Martínez, José
A1 - Haigh, Sarah
A1 - Titirici, Maria-Magdalena
A1 - Fischer, Anna
A1 - Barrio, Jesús
T1 - High-Yield Synthesis of Fe-NC Electrocatalysts Using Mg2+ Templating and Schiff-Base Porous Organic Polymers
N2 - The decoupled synthesis of Fe-NC single-site electrocatalysts mediated by Lewis acids enables high active site density and utilization. However, current approaches often rely on small organic molecules and suffer from low synthesis yields due to the high Lewis acid-to-precursor ratios required to achieve highly porous carbons. Here, a porous organic polymer (POP) based on 2,4,6-Triaminopyrimidine (TAP) is utilized as a carbon-nitrogen-based scaffold for the synthesis of Fe─NC electrocatalysts. By tuning the amounts of MgCl2 ·6H2O used both as porogen and active site templating agent, synthetic yields exceeding 45% are achieved, a significant improvement compared to the 6% yield from the molecular analogue and the highest reported forMg2+ templated systems. Subsequent low-temperature exchange with Fe leads to atomically dispersed FeNx, minimizing Fe aggregation. The resulting materials exhibit high specific surface areas (>1000 m2 g−1) with micro-, meso-, and macropores, which promote mass transport and active site accessibility. Compared to Fe─NC synthesized via direct pyrolysis of Fe-coordinated POP, the decoupled method enables significantly higher catalytic activity in both alkaline and acidic media, and delivers 1 A cm−2 at 0.687 ± 0.004 VRHE in an alkaline gas diffusion electrode, highlighting its potential for practical oxygen reduction devices.
KW - Porous Organic Polymers
KW - Single Atom
KW - Oxygen reduction
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-652618
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202518944
SN - 1616-3028
SP - 1
EP - 15
PB - Wiley-VCH GmbH
AN - OPUS4-65261
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Witte, Julien
A1 - Treutler, Kai
A1 - Schroepfer, Dirk
A1 - Kannengiesser, Thomas
A1 - Wesling, Volker
T1 - Influence of microstructure on the machinability and surface integrity of additively manufactured iron aluminides
N2 - The increasing global focus on energy and resource efficiency has stimulated a growing interest in additive manufacturing. AM offers economic advantages and enables an efficient use of materials. However, AM components often require subsequent mechanical post-processing, such as machining (e.g., milling), to achieve the final contours or surfaces. This is a particular challenge due to the heterogeneous and anisotropic nature of AM structures, which affect machining and the resulting component properties. High-performance materials such as iron aluminide represent a promising alternative to conventional high-temperature materials with a significant economic advantage. However, the strength and hardness properties, which are advantageous for applications in highly stressed lightweight components, pose a challenge for economical machining in addition to the AM microstructure properties. The difficult-to-cut material causes accelerated tool wear and insufficient surface quality. This study shows that crack-free additive manufacturing of the three-component system of iron-nickel-aluminum is possible, and advantages in terms of machinability compared to FeAl-AM components are achieved. The more homogeneous microstructure leads to a reduction in cutting forces, with positive effects on the machinability and optimized surface integrity. Ultrasonic assisted milling (USAM) offers great potential to address the major challenges posed by difficult-to-cut materials and additively manufactured weld structures. Therefore, this study focuses on assessing the transferability of previous positive results by USAM to the selected iron aluminide alloys. The machinability of the aluminides is analyzed by varying significant influencing variables in finish milling experiments and evaluated in terms of the loads on the tool and the resulting surface integrity.
KW - Iron aluminide
KW - Additive manufacturing
KW - Machinability
KW - Surface integrity
KW - Ultrasonic-assisted milling process
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-656993
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-026-02382-6
SN - 0043-2288
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC
AN - OPUS4-65699
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Battistella, Beatrice
A1 - Revill, Adam
A1 - Venzago, Cornel
A1 - Hoffmann, Volker
A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo
A1 - Al-Sabbagh, Dominik
A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian
A1 - Abad, Carlos
T1 - Depth-Resolved Lithium Isotope Fractionation as a Diagnostic of Interphase Evolution and Degradation in Lithium-Ion Batteries
N2 - Lithium isotopic fractionation is well-established in dynamic geochemical systems; however, its role in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) remains uninvestigated. Herein, we report the first depth-resolved demonstration that isotopic separation occurs during Li-ion cell operation whose magnitude depends on the cycling history. Using depth-resolved glow discharge mass spectrometry, we monitored the 7Li/6Li ratio in LiNi0.333Mn0.333Co0.333O2 (NMC111)||graphite coin cell electrodes at defined life-cycle stages. Different charging rates were examined to get mechanistic insight into kinetic and thermodynamic control in the fractionation process. Although pristine electrodes exhibit a uniform isotopic ratio, cycled electrodes show a distinct 7Li enrichment in the positive electrode and a corresponding accumulation of 6Li at the surface of the negative electrode. The degree of isotopic separation varies with the charging rate. Isotopic signatures correlate with capacity fading, indicating lithium isotope mapping as a sensitive diagnostic tool for tracking electrode degradation and the evolution of the electrode–electrolyte interphases in LIBs.
KW - Lithium-Ion Battery
KW - Li Isotopes
KW - Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry GD-MS
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-657229
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.5c0413737
SN - 2380-8195
VL - 11
IS - 3
SP - 2851
EP - 2857
PB - ACS Publications
AN - OPUS4-65722
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Engelking, Lorenz
A1 - Madia, Mauro
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Kruse, Julius
A1 - Saliwan Neumann, Romeo
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Influence of Ultrasonic-Assisted Milling on Surface Integrity and Fatigue Strength of a Low Alloy Steel
N2 - The milling process significantly influences the surface integrity of metallic components through machining induced near surface residual stresses. Modern hybrid machining processes, such as ultrasonic-assisted milling (USAM), offer the potential to induce beneficial near-surface compressive residual stresses compared to the near-surface tensile residual stresses typically resulting from conventional milling (CM). This study investigates the effects of USAM compared to CM on the near-surface residual stress state and fatigue performance of a S355J2C low-alloy steel. Milling experiments and subsequent rotating bending tests revealed that USAM significantly reduces cutting force by approximately 45% and induces near-surface compressive re sidual stresses as low as −733MPa. This leads to a significant improvement in fatigue strength estimated in approximately 34% compared to polished specimens and 11% compared to the CM. These findings highlight the potential of USAM to enhance the fatigue performance of components made of steel.
KW - Fatigue strength
KW - Residual stress
KW - Surface integrity
KW - Surface roughness
KW - Ultrasonic-assisted milling
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-657358
DO - https://doi.org/10.1111/ffe.70259
SP - 1
EP - 11
PB - Wiley
AN - OPUS4-65735
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Opitz, P.
A1 - Besch, L.
A1 - Panthöfer, M.
A1 - Kabelitz, Anke
A1 - Unger, R.
A1 - Emmerling, Franziska
A1 - Mondeshki, M.
A1 - Tremel, W.
T1 - Insights into the In Vitro Formation of Apatite from Mg‐Stabilized Amorphous Calcium Carbonate
N2 - A protein‐free formation of bone‐like apatite from amorphous precursors through ball‐milling is reported. Mg2+ ions are crucial to achieve full amorphization of CaCO3. Mg2+ incorporation generates defects which strongly retard a recrystallization of ball‐milled Mg‐doped amorphous calcium carbonate (BM‐aMCC), which promotes the growth of osteoblastic and endothelial cells in simulated body fluid and has no effect on endothelial cell gene expression. Ex situ snapshots of the processes revealed the reaction mechanisms. For low Mg contents (<30%) a two phase system consisting of Mg‐doped amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) and calcite “impurities” was formed. For high (>40%) Mg2+ contents, BM‐aMCC follows a different crystallization path via magnesian calcite and monohydrocalcite to aragonite. While pure ACC crystallizes rapidly to calcite in aqueous media, Mg‐doped ACC forms in the presence of phosphate ions bone‐like hydroxycarbonate apatite (dahllite), a carbonate apatite with carbonate substitution in both type A (OH−) and type B (PO43−) sites, which grows on calcite “impurities” via heterogeneous nucleation. This process produces an endotoxin‐free material and makes BM‐aMCC an excellent “ion storage buffer” that promotes cell growth by stimulating cell viability and metabolism with promising applications in the treatment of bone defects and bone degenerative diseases.
KW - Total Scattering
KW - XRD
KW - Mechanochemistry
PY - 2020
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202007830
VL - 31
IS - 3
SP - 7830
PB - Wiley VHC-Verlag
AN - OPUS4-51761
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Scholl, Juliane
A1 - Scharpmann, Philippa
A1 - Bagheri, Abbas
A1 - Lisec, Jan
A1 - Meiers, Emelie
A1 - Jaeger, Carsten
A1 - Leonhardt, Robert
A1 - Haase, Hajo
A1 - Koch, Matthias
T1 - Beyond the lab: Real-world composition of commercial Li-ion battery electrolytes
N2 - This study presents a systematic, characterization of electrolytes from commercial lithium-ion batteries (LIB), encompassing 90 batteries from leading global manufacturers across diverse formats and application sectors. An integrated, complementary mass spectrometric workflow combining LC–MS/MS, GC–MS, and high-resolution MS was employed. To ensure robust structural annotation, molecular identifications were assigned confidence levels following Schymanski et al. (2014).
Across all formats, PF6− was confirmed as the dominant Li+ counterion, frequently coexisting with BF4−, PO2F2−, and bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI−), forming binary and ternary salt systems optimized for both conductivity and safety. Solvent systems revealed the widespread use of propylene carbonate (PC) combined with diverse carbonate mixtures, demonstrating trends in performance optimization specific to cell format. A variety of additives were identified, reflecting a clear shift towards multifunctional, synergistic additive packages and the gradual replacement of fluorinated species with environmentally safer alternatives. Cycling studies demonstrated that electrolyte degradation mechanisms are strongly influenced by electrode composition and additive chemistry, with oxidative degradation pathways dominating.
Together, these findings provide rare empirical insight into the evolving formulation strategies of electrolytes in commercial LIB, still employing classic carbonates and LiPF6, but highlighting a trend toward safer, more robust, and sustainable electrolyte architectures by using synergistic multifunctional systems.
KW - Mass Spectrometry
KW - Lithium-ion batteries
KW - Electrolyte degradation
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-656254
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239739
SN - 0378-7753
VL - 673
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-65625
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Richter, Matthias
A1 - Baldan, A.
A1 - Beelen, R.
A1 - de Boed, E. J.J.
A1 - Tuma, Dirk
A1 - Kipphardt, Heinrich
A1 - Wilke, Olaf
A1 - van der Veen, A. M.H.
T1 - Primary gas standards for the determination of sulfur-based impurities at trace level in hydrogen
N2 - Hydrogen fuel quality needs to comply with ISO 14687:2025 to avoid harmful impact on applications using proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. For total sulfur as one of the most impactful contaminants, an amount fraction of 4 nmol/mol has been set as threshold (so-called Grade D quality). In this study, novel gaseous primary gas standards (PGS) of seven sulfur compounds were prepared either gravimetrically at 1000 nmol/mol, 100 nmol/mol, and 10 nmol/mol, or dynamically diluted down to 4 nmol/mol in hydrogen and argon matrices with relative expanded uncertainties well below 10 % (k = 2) and proven stability of at least 9–12 months. Two different cylinder passivation treatments were compared, with one treatment identified as unsuitable since reactions took place within the mixture. By performing a cross-check study, equivalence between both sets of PGS could be demonstrated (≤ 5 % relative deviation for most of the sulfur species).
KW - Hydrogen quality
KW - ISO 14687
KW - Sulfur impurities
KW - Primary gas standards
KW - TD-GC/SCD
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-656759
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.154461
SN - 0360-3199
VL - 224
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-65675
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Pedersen, Angus
A1 - Zhu, Jinjie
A1 - Barrio, Jesús
A1 - Parker, Joseph
A1 - Hunter, Robert D.
A1 - Haigh, Sarah J.
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
A1 - Stephens, Ifan E. L.
A1 - Titirici, Maria-Magdalena
T1 - Contribution of Mg-templated porosity to activity and durability in Fe–N–C O 2 reduction catalysts
N2 - Atomically dispersed Fe in N-doped carbon (Fe–N–C) catalysts are leading platinum-group-metal-free candidates for the O2 reduction reaction in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) derived Fe–N–C present the most promising performance; however, they possess a narrow distribution of small micropores, which limits active site accessibility. Here, to induce hierarchical porosity in Fe–N–C, we report a systematic study on MgCl2·6H2O-templated ZIF-8-derived Fe–N–C catalysts for the O2 reduction reaction. MgCl2·6H2O addition induced complete Zn removal, collapse of the ZIF-8 framework, and formation of large micro- and mesopores, with graphene-like structures. N content was markedly reduced, with conversion from pyridinic to pyrrolic N species. Rotating disc electrode tests showed a progressive increase in O2 reduction activity with MgCl2·6H2O, which is strongly correlated (R2 = 0.98) to the formation of large micropores and small mesopores (1–4 nm). This introduces an indirect structure–activity design principle for Fe–N–Cs. The enhanced Fe–N–C porosity also leads to increased degradation rates under accelerated stress test conditions, which we attributed to the oxidation of disordered carbon domains and active Fe loss. This study highlights a key trade-off between porosity-driven O2 reduction activity and durability in Fe–N–C catalysts.
KW - Porosity
KW - Single atom
KW - Oxygen reduction
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-657549
DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d5ma01488c
SN - 2633-5409
SP - 1
EP - 8
PB - Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
AN - OPUS4-65754
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - El Harrab, H.
A1 - Askar, E.
A1 - Franken, T.
A1 - Mauss, F.
T1 - Investigation of the impact of base oils on the auto-ignition behavior of hydrogen–air mixtures
N2 - Using hydrogen as a fuel in internal combustion engines (ICEs) poses several challenges that have yet to be resolved. One issue is the difficulty of controlling combustion, arising from the interaction of lubricant oil during the combustion process. This study examines the effect of lubricant oil on hydrogen's ignition behavior by measuring the minimum auto-ignition temperature (AIT) using a heated constant-volume autoclave at 20 bar. AIT measurements were performed in air and stoichiometric hydrogen–air mixtures to evaluate the effect of the base oil on ignition characteristics. Experimental results demonstrate that auto-ignition of a small volume of 0.2 ml in a total volume of 200 ml of base oil significantly altered the ignitability of H2, reducing the AIT of a stoichiometric H2-air mixture from 460 °C to 270 °C. Further increases in base oil volume up to 1 ml result in a further decrease in AIT in both air (260 – 240 °C) and H2-air mixtures (270 – 250 °C), indicating the need for further investigation into whether this suggests a higher risk of pre-ignition in H2 ICEs. Four common base oils – two mineral oils (Groups II and III) and two synthetic oils (Groups IV (polyalphaolefin) and V (ester)) – were tested to assess their ignition characteristics. The experimental results revealed that all four base oils exhibited similar AITs in air (260 °C) and in hydrogen–air mixtures (270 °C). However, their reactivity differed at a given temperature and pressure; the synthetic oils were less reactive than the mineral oils. Of the synthetic oils tested, the ester base oil exhibited the lowest reactivity, reflected in its longer ignition delay time. Additionally, a numerical investigation was conducted in an adiabatic, constant-volume reactor to examine the impact of base oil surrogates on H2 ignition across the temperature range. The simulated results showed that the base oil surrogates are more reactive than H2 at low temperatures. Of these tested oils, the ester showed the lowest reactivity at a given temperature and pressure, indicating its beneficial potential as a base lubricant for hydrogen engines.
KW - Reactivity
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Pre-ignition
KW - Auto-ignition temperature
KW - Base oil
KW - Ignition delay time
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-657683
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.154564
SN - 0360-3199
VL - 226
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-65768
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Ibrahim, Ahmed A. S.
A1 - Bochmann, Arne
A1 - Löhnert, Romy
A1 - Mieller, Björn
A1 - Wilde, Lutz
A1 - Capraro, Beate
A1 - Stelter, Michael
A1 - Töpfer, Jörg
T1 - Performance Enhancement of Ca3Co4O9‐based Transverse Multilayer Thermoelectric Generators for Low‐Power Applications
N2 - Transverse thermoelectric generators (TTEG) enable conversion of thermal into electrical energy with perpendicular directions of the applied temperature gradient and the induced thermoelectric voltage. We report on the fabrication of transverse multilayer thermoelectric generators (TMLTEG) based on p‐type Ca3Co4O9 (CCO) ceramic tapes and printed silver which were conventionally sintered (CS) in air at 920°C or using pressure‐assisted sintering (PAS) at 920°C and 1.5 MPa. The thermoelectric performance of TMLTEGs was evaluated using analytical calculations and simulations. The transverse thermoelectric power factor and thermoelectric figure‐of‐merit of an artificial layered structure composed of CCO and silver were calculated and simulated as functions of layers tilt angle φ and metal‐to‐ceramic thickness ratio. TMLTEG devices with various CCO layer thicknesses of 150 µm, 100 µm, or 33 µm were fabricated and cofired at 920°C in air, which exhibit power outputs of 2.3 mW, 3.2 mW, and 4.1 mW at ΔT = 160 K, respectively. TMLTEGs which were cofired using PAS show a higher power density of 16.4 mW/cm3 at ΔT = 225 K. This enhancement in power (≈ 80%) is crucial for thermoelectric modules comprising multiple TMLTEG devices. The device measurements were compared with 3D simulations.
KW - Ceramic multilayer
KW - Thermoelectric generator
KW - Pressure-assisted sintering
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-657868
DO - https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.70656
SN - 0002-7820
VL - 109
IS - 3
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - Wiley Periodicals LLC.
AN - OPUS4-65786
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -