TY - CONF A1 - Sauer, Hannah A1 - Okpeke, Bright Ebikemefa A1 - Dzielendziak, Agnieszka Sylwia A1 - Batcke, Lars A1 - Eberwein, Robert A1 - Ehlers, Sören T1 - Comparative life cycle assessment of different vacuum insulation panel core materials for cryogenic storage tanks – with a focus on glass bubbles as a novel core material N2 - Developing a sustainable hydrogen supply chain is important in facilitating the energy transition towards climate neutrality. Hydrogen in its free form can be stored and transported either as a gas or a liquid. Due to gaseous hydrogen's comparatively low energy density, liquefied hydrogen (LH 2) is often preferred, especially with regard to long-distance transportation and storage in bulk. A notable challenge associated with LH2 is the inherent requirement to preserve it at a low temperature of -253°C. Consequently, the utilisation of thermally insulated tanks is necessary to minimise LH 2 evaporation. There is a lack of literature on the environmental impacts of insulation materials and concepts for cryogenic storage tank applications in the hydrogen supply chain. Hence, this study investigates a novel concept, namely vacuum insulation panels (VIPs), focusing on their core materials, with a view to assessing their environmental sustainability and circularity. A cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment (LCA) model is employed to investigate six distinct VIP core materials, namely, silica aerogel, rigid polyurethane foam, expanded perlite, glass fibre, fumed silica, and glass bubbles (hollow glass microspheres), with a special focus on the latter. The LCA results show that polyurethane foam and silica aerogel rank low in environmental performance, making them less suitable as primary choice. Expanded perlite is the most environmentally friendly material option, followed by glass fibre, glass bubbles, and fumed silica. Improvements to the environmental impact of glass bubbles can be achieved via the implementation of closed-loop recycling in their life cycle. T2 - The World Hydrogen Technologies Convention 2025 CY - Dublin, Ireland DA - 21.10.2025 KW - LH2 KW - Insulation KW - Life cycle assessment PY - 2025 UR - https://www.whtc2025.com/conference-proceedings SP - 65 EP - 67 AN - OPUS4-64668 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Eberwein, Robert A1 - Hajhariri, Aliasghar A1 - Camplese, D. A1 - Scarponi, G. E. A1 - Cozzani, V. A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Insulation Materials Used in Tanks for the Storage of Cryogenic Fluids in Fire Scenarios N2 - The importance of tanks for storing cryogenic fluids in the energy industry is increasing because of ongoing political conflicts and the implementation of more environmentally friendly energy sources. Key representatives for the application of cryogenic tanks are natural gas in the form of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) and hydrogen, e. g. in the form of Liquefied Hydrogen (LH2), for which significantly higher transport capacities can be achieved with the same transport volume using cryogenic storages than with storages based solely on overpressure. What applies to all cryogenic transported fluids in common is their condition that must be maintained. Hence heat flows into the preserved fluid must be minimized. Thermal super Insulations (TSI) based on e. g. multilayer insulations (MLI), perlites, and vacuum are utilized for this purpose and have already proven themselves in similar applications. However, for the use of tanks for cryogenic fluids in the transport sector, there is insufficient knowledge regarding the course and consequences of incidents, which is due to the still short period of use and the few documented incidents, hence few investigations carried out in this field. Typical scenarios in the transport sector represent car accidents with collisions, fires, and their combination, which are associated with extraordinary loads on the tank. The focus of this study is to investigate the behavior of TSI as a result of their thermal exposure to a heat source representing a fire. It is worth mentioning that this could lead to an increase of the heat flux into a tank by several orders of magnitude, and to permanent damage of the TSI, ultimately rapid release of flammable gas as well as a Boiling Liquide Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE). For this purpose, a high temperature thermal vacuum chamber (HTTVC) has been developed that allows thermal loading of MLI or perlites in a vacuum and simultaneous measurement of heat flow through this TSI. The HTTVC is designed to represent realistic insulation conditions and to withstand thermal loads from typical design fires. The HTTVC was applied to investigate TSI based on MLI and vacuum. It is shown that the thermal stress caused permanent damage to the TSI, with shrinkage, phase change, pyrolysis, and condensation being significant damage mechanisms. The results are relevant for the evaluation of accident scenarios and can thus contribute to the improvement of TSI and the development of emergency measures for the protection of persons and infrastructures. T2 - ASME 2023 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference (PVP2023) CY - Atlanta, Georgia, USA DA - 16.07.2023 KW - LH2 KW - LNG KW - MLI KW - Fire PY - 2023 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - ASME AN - OPUS4-57973 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Eberwein, Robert A1 - Scarponi, Giordano Emrys A1 - Cozzani, Valerio A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Lh2 Tanks In Fire Incidents - The Cryogenic High Temperature Thermal Vacuum Chamber Enables In-Depth Insights N2 - Liquefied Hydrogen (LH2) and Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) establish themselves as important energy carriers in the transport sector. Their storage requires tanks with thermal super-insulations to keep them at cryogenic conditions for a long time. These insulation systems have proven itself in various applications over a long time. However, these insulations are still new in land transportation, where accidents involving collisions, fires, and their combination are to be expected. This study summarizes the results of the ongoing research program in which insulations commonly used in industry were analysed through experimental and numerical studies under fire-like conditions. It was found that there are strong differences among the various insulation systems. Several safety concerns and research gaps exists for layered insulations, which are typically used in land transport. To further analyse these insulation systems, a new test concept called Cryogenic High Temperature Thermal Vacuum Chamber (CHTTVC) was developed and manufactured. This concept enables the testing of large insulation samples under industrial conditions and the consideration of cryogenic conditions relevant for the investigation of various phenomena. The results are important for the evaluation of accident scenarios, the improvement of thermal super-insulations, and the development of emergency measures. T2 - IMECE 2024 CY - Oregon, Portland, USA DA - 17.11.2024 KW - LH2 KW - LNG KW - Fire KW - Insulation KW - Safety PY - 2024 SN - 978-0-7918-8869-8 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - ASME AN - OPUS4-61751 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Theiler, Geraldine A1 - Cano Murillo, Natalia A1 - Sawae, Y. A1 - Shinmori, H. A1 - Hashimoto, H. A1 - Aoyagi, A. A1 - Dobbelaar, E. T1 - Towards sustainable and hydrogen compatible sealing materials N2 - Materialien auf PTFE-Basis werden in der Regel als Kolbenringe in Hochdruck- und/oder kryogenem Wasserstoff verwendet. In diesem Projekt werden neu formulierte und nachhaltigere Polymerwerkstoffe mit herkömmlichen Materialien verglichen. Auf Grundlage der tribologischen Ergebnisse werden vielversprechende Kandidaten zusammen mit Reibungsmechanismen sowohl bei Hochdruck- als auch bei Niedrigtemperatur-Wasserstoff vorgeschlagen. T2 - 66. GfT Tribologie-Fachtagung 2025 CY - Wernigerode, Germany DA - 29.09.2025 KW - Wasserstoff KW - Reibung KW - Verschleiß KW - Kolbenring KW - Dynamische Dichtung PY - 2025 VL - 09 SP - 1 EP - 4 AN - OPUS4-64314 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schaad, C. A1 - Tiebe, Carlo A1 - Groth, Katrina M. T1 - A Framework for Transforming Process Control System Data from a Hydrogen Fueling Station into HyCReD Data N2 - Reliability data for hydrogen infrastructure components is essential for developing Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) for these technologies, which in turn is necessary for a safer deployment and expansion of the hydrogen market. However, there is currently a lack of hydrogen component reliability data available for these systems, thus limiting the usefulness of insights obtained from these QRA. The Hydrogen Component Reliability Database (HyCReD) has been proposed as a tool for reliability data collection and as a source for future QRAs. In this paper, we develop a digital tool that automatically processes data coming from Process Control System (PCS) in a hydrogen fueling station, detects the relevant failure events for hydrogen systems during its operation, and then logs the event information into HyCReD. To build this tool, we first categorized the station components in hydrogen service, their specific failure modes, and the specific failure mechanisms that are relevant to a QRA. Then, we identified the data available in the station PCS and the methods available for diagnosing the relevant failure events. The resulting tool is divided into three steps: (1) PCS data collection through an API, (2) data analysis for the detection and diagnosis of new failure events, and (3) logging that event into HyCReD. Finally, we discuss the potential for expanding the detection and diagnosis to more complex failure modes present in a hydrogen fueling station. This digital tool is set for implementation and validation on an experimental hydrogen fueling site. The goal for this digital tool is to be applicable to every kind of hydrogen fueling station and to be extendable to similar hydrogen technologies. T2 - 35th European Safety and Reliability Conference (ESREL2025) and the 33rd Society for Risk Analysis Europe Conference (SRA-E 2025) CY - Stavanger, Norway DA - 15.06.2025 KW - Reliability data KW - Hydrogen safety KW - HyCReD KW - Hydrogen Component Reliability Database KW - Hydrogen fueling station KW - Hydrogen refuelling station KW - HRS PY - 2025 UR - https://rpsonline.com.sg/proceedings/esrel-sra-e2025/html/ESREL-SRA-E2025-P6264.html SN - 978-981-94-3281-3 DO - https://doi.org/10.3850/978-981-94-3281-3-procd SP - 2663 EP - 2670 PB - Research Publishing CY - Singapore AN - OPUS4-63532 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Theiler, Geraldine A1 - Halder, Karabi A1 - Balasooriya, Winoj T1 - Effect of high-pressure hydrogen environment on the physical and mechanical properties of elastomers N2 - This paper deals with the exposure of HBNR rubbers to high pressure hydrogen (100 MPa) at 120 °C for 7 and 21 days under static conditions followed by characterization of their physical and mechanical properties. T2 - EHEC European Hydrogen Energy Conference 2022 CY - Madrid, Spain DA - 18.05.2022 KW - Rubbers KW - Hydrogen KW - Characterization PY - 2022 SP - 1 EP - 2 AN - OPUS4-62085 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Harwege, Finn A1 - Schmidt, Heiko A1 - Eberwein, Robert T1 - Testing of vacuum insulation panels for liquid hydrogen storage tanks N2 - Vacuum insulation panel (VIP) based insulation could present an alternative to the common double walled vacuum insulation for large liquefied Hydrogen (LH2) storage tanks. In this paper a brief introduction on VIPs and the envisioned design of VIP-based LH2-tank insulation is given. The design of a flat plate boil-off calorimeter for the testing of the insulation concept is shown, with regard to thermal design, mechanical design and instrumentation. Finally, an overview over the particular challenges for modelling VIP-based insulation and the proposed testing to be performed on the test rig is presented. T2 - 18th Cryogenics IIR International Conference CY - Prague, Czech Republic DA - 07.04.2025 KW - Liquefied Hydrogen KW - Insulation KW - Calorimeter KW - Vacuum Insulation Panel KW - LH2 PY - 2025 SN - 0151-1637 DO - https://doi.org/10.18462/iir.cryo.2025.0010 SN - 978-2-36215-053-1 VL - 2025 SP - 168 EP - 174 PB - ICCEX CY - Prag AN - OPUS4-62959 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Holzwarth, Marcel A1 - Baer, Wolfram A1 - Mayer, Uwe A1 - Weihe, Stephan T1 - Investigation of the Master Curve Concept for Ferritic Ductile Cast Iron N2 - Within fracture mechanics safety assessment for steels in nuclear technology, the probabilistic master curve (MC) concept according to ASTM E1921 is currently used for quasi-static loading conditions as a supplement to the established deterministic ASME reference curve concept. However, for ductile cast iron (DCI), a systematic review of potential modifications to the assumptions and the procedure according to ASTM E1921 and an associated validation are still lacking. For this reason, the application of the fracture mechanics MC concept to ferritic ductile cast iron is being investigated in a recently started joint research project between MPA Stuttgart and BAM Berlin. According to the IAEA guidelines SSG 26, the safety assessment of DCI containers for transport as well as storage of radioactive materials is based on the fracture mechanics criterion of general crack initiation exclusion. Within this context, the focus of the current research project is on the further development of brittle fracture safety assessment methods. Therefore, a methodology shall be established to determine and assess dynamic fracture toughness values of DCI in the ductile-to-brittle transition regime, using samples extracted from a component. For the experimental program, a DCI material will be produced as it is generally used for transport and storage containers. A basic mechanical-technological material characterization consisting of tensile, Charpy and Pellini tests is planned and a comprehensive fracture mechanics test program was compiled covering dynamic testing of DC(T)9, C(T)25, C(T)50, SE(B)10, SE(B)25, and SE(B)140 specimens. Numerical analyses of different specimen geometries and test setups are planned to investigate the influences of stress triaxiality and loading rate. Throughout the experimental program, the microstructure-property relationship will be investigated based on quantitative metallographic and fractographic analyses. Finally, different MC assessment strategies will be considered and modifications will be made if necessary. T2 - 21st International Symposium ASTM/ESIS Symposium on Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics CY - Washington, DC, USA DA - 08.11.2023 KW - Ductile Cast Iron KW - Dynamic Fracture Toughness KW - Cleavage Fracture KW - Master Curve Concept PY - 2023 SP - 1 EP - 5 PB - ASTM International CY - West Conshohocken, PA AN - OPUS4-59064 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Holzwarth, Marcel A1 - Baer, Wolfram A1 - Mayer, Uwe A1 - Weihe, Stefan T1 - Master Curve-Auswertungen und Untersuchung des Größeneffekts für c(t)-proben - Aktuelle Erkenntnisse zur Untersuchung des Master Curve Konzepts für ferritisches Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit bei dynamischer Beanspruchung N2 - Ausgehend vom Stand des Regelwerkes und der Forschung wird in einem BMUV-Verbundprojekt zwischen der MPA Stuttgart und der BAM Berlin die Anwendung des Master Curve (MC)-Konzepts auf ferritisches Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit (DCI) untersucht. Ziel des Verbundprojekts ist die Anwendbarkeit des MC-Konzepts näher zu untersuchen und ggf. Modifikationen vorzunehmen, um eine Bewertungsmethode für die dynamische Bruchzähigkeit von DCI im Übergangsbereich zu erarbeiten. Auf den Jahrestagungen 2023 und 2024 des DVM-AK Bruchmechanik und Bauteilsicherheit wurden bereits der Forschungsansatz sowie erste Ergebnisse des Projekts MCGUSS präsentiert. Der Beitrag für die diesjährige Tagung soll nun MC-Auswertungen und den Größeneffekt für C(T)-Proben aus DCI diskutieren. T2 - 57. Tagung des DVM-Arbeitskreises Bruchmechanik und Bauteilsicherheit CY - Köln, Germany DA - 18.02.2025 KW - Versuche KW - Master Curve KW - Bruchmechanik KW - Dynamische Beanspruchung KW - Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit PY - 2025 DO - https://doi.org/10.48447/BR-2025-495 SP - 123 EP - 129 PB - DVM-Verlag CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-62555 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Holzwarth, Marcel A1 - Mayer, Uwe A1 - Baer, Wolfram T1 - Investigating the Applicability of the Master Curve Concept for Ductile Cast Iron – Early Results for 2 Different Test Temperatures N2 - Based on the state-of-the-art research and regulations, the application of the fracture mechanics master curve (MC) concept to ferritic ductile cast iron (DCI) is being investigated in a joint research project between MPA Stuttgart and BAM Berlin. This paper outlines the research approach, the planned investigations and first results of the experimental program. T2 - 8th SEDS Workshop: Safety of Extended Dry Storage CY - Garching, Germany DA - 15.05.2024 KW - Dynamic fracture KW - Brittle fracture KW - Ductile cast iron KW - Master Curve PY - 2024 SP - 1 EP - 4 AN - OPUS4-60013 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -