TY - CONF
A1 - Trappe, Volker
T1 - Fatigue loading of sandwich shell test specimens with simulated production imperfections and in-situ NDT
N2 - A shell test bench was developed at BAM 5.3 which allows for static and fatigue testing of curved fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) structures, during which in-situ the damage state can be non-destructively inspected by thermography and strain-field measurement techniques. Sandwich shell specimens with typical wind turbine blade manufacturing defects were designed and tested. The tested imperfections show a fairly significant reduction (up to 90%) of the shell test specimens‘ lifetime, depending on the type of imperfection. Using the in-situ NDT methods incorporated in the shell test bench, the location and cycle time of the initial defects and the damage evolution was investigated.
T2 - 7. International Conference on Fatigue of Composites
CY - Vicenza, Italy
DA - 04.07.2018
KW - Fatigue of sandwich shell structures
KW - Non-destructive testing
KW - Wind turbine blades
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-50126
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Trappe, Volker
A1 - Nielow, Dustin
T1 - Fatigue loading of sandwich shell test specimens with simulated production imperfections and in-situ NDT
N2 - A shell test bench was developed at BAM 5.3 which allows for static and fatigue testing of curved fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) structures, during which in-situ the damage state can be non-destructively inspected by thermography and strain-field measurement techniques. Sandwich shell specimens with typical wind turbine blade manufacturing defects were designed and tested. The tested imperfections show a fairly significant reduction (up to 90%) of the shell test specimens‘ lifetime, depending on the type of imperfection. Using the in-situ NDT methods incorporated in the shell test bench, the location and cycle time of the initial defects and the damage evolution was investigated.
T2 - 7. International Conference on Fatigue of Composites
CY - Vicenza, Italy
DA - 04.06.2018
KW - Fatigue of sandwich shell structures
KW - Non-destructive testing
KW - Wind turbine blades
PY - 2018
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-501275
SP - 1
EP - 7
AN - OPUS4-50127
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Müller, Jan Peter
A1 - Dell'Avvocato, G.
A1 - Krankenhagen, Rainer
T1 - Assessing overload-induced delaminations in glass fiber reinforced polymers by its geometry and thermal resistance
N2 - The one-dimensional thermal quadrupole method is used to evaluate a pulsed thermography measurement at delaminations in a glass-fiber reinforced plastic plate quantitatively. The large-scale delaminations have been induced by tension overload and are air-filled and are usually located at the same depth as the notch bottom of a notch on the rear side. While classical evaluation methods like pulsed phase thermography and thermal Signal reconstruction are focused on the delamination depth only, the thermal quadrupole method determines spatially resolved two parameters for delaminations, delamination depth and local thermal resistance. Interestingly, lateral heat flows do not disturb this kind of depth evaluation.
KW - Pulsed thermography
KW - Delamination
KW - Debond
KW - Composite materials
PY - 2020
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2020.102309
VL - 116
SP - 102309
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-50937
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Retaining Competence for Safe Transports of Radioactive Material
N2 - The nuclear phase out in Germany will lead to a challenge finding skilled staff for all areas in nuclear business. Transport of spent fuel and high-level nuclear waste is an ongoing task over the next decades during the decommissioning of nuclear power plants and after the interim storage. The international regulations were adapted and address the issue of transports after storage now. The topic of aging and assessment of the development of the state-of-art technology are in focus. German research funds are supporting the investigations of future challenges of transport and storage of the nuclear heritage. BAM is involved and works on several topics related to the aging issue of packages. The behaviour of spent fuel claddings, long-term behaviour of metal and elastomeric gaskets and sensor/monitoring techniques of waste disposal are examples of research fields.
T2 - 7th Nuclear Decommissioning & Waste Management Summit 2020
CY - London, UK
DA - 12.02.2020
KW - Aging management
KW - Transport
KW - Spent fuel behaviour
KW - Disposal
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-50987
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Voigt, Sascha
A1 - Sträubig, Felix
A1 - Palis, Stephan
A1 - Kwade, A.
A1 - Knaust, Christian
T1 - CFD-analysis of Sensible Enthalpy Rise Approach to determine the heat release rate of electric-vehicle-scale lithium-ion batteries
N2 - This paper analyses the suitability of the Sensible Enthalpy Rise Approach for measuring the heat release rate of electric-vehicle-scale lithium-ion batteries. An apparatus is designed that meets the conditions of an electric-vehicle-scale lithium-ion battery fire by using cement board as wall material. Modifications of the Sensible Enthalpy Rise Methodology are presented due to the high emissivity and inhomogeneous temperature distribution of the apparatus wall material: a power 4 approach for the heat flow from the walls to the ambient air and an alternative determination methodology for the wall temperature. A one factor at a time parameter study is performed with Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations, investigating a new calibration method based on a fit approach compared to common methods, the wall temperature determination, the approach for the ambient heat flow, the calibration power and the volume flow at the outlet. The simulations show, that suitable estimations of the heat release rate are obtained by using the modifications for wall temperature determination and the power 4 approach for the ambient heat flow. The three calibration methods provide suitable constants, if the calibration power in the same order of magnitude as the mean of the heat release rate profile of the test object.
KW - Lithium-ion batteries
KW - Heat Release Rate
KW - Calorimetry
KW - Sensible Enthalpy Rise Approach
KW - Computational Fluid Dynamics
PY - 2020
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.102989
VL - 114
SP - 1
EP - 14
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-50964
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Palkowski, Carsten
T1 - Dynamic Test Method - an Update
N2 - An update about the dynamic test method for the determination of the seasonal performance of heat pumps given at the CEN/TC 113/WG 7 meeting.
T2 - Meeting of CEN/TC 113/WG 7
CY - Courbevoie, France
DA - 14.01.2020
KW - Heat pump
KW - Dynamic test method
KW - Seasonal performance
KW - Coefficient of performance
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-50579
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Florian, Camilo
A1 - Wonneberger, R.
A1 - Undisz, A.
A1 - Kirner, Sabrina V.
A1 - Wasmuth, Karsten
A1 - Spaltmann, Dirk
A1 - Krüger, Jörg
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
T1 - Chemical effects during the formation of various types of femtosecond laser-generated surface structures on titanium alloy
N2 - In this contribution, chemical, structural, and mechanical alterations in various types of femtosecond laser-generated surface structures, i.e., laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS, ripples), Grooves, and Spikes on titanium alloy, are characterized by various surface analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction and glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopy. The formation of oxide layers of the different laser-based structures inherently influences the friction and wear performance as demonstrated in oil-lubricated reciprocating sliding tribological tests (RSTTs) along with subsequent elemental mapping by energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. It is revealed that the fs-laser scan processing (790 nm, 30 fs, 1 kHz) of near-wavelength-sized LIPSS leads to the formation of a graded oxide layer extending a few hundreds of nanometers into depth, consisting mainly of amorphous oxides. Other superficial fs-laser-generated structures such as periodic Grooves and irregular Spikes produced at higher fluences and effective number of pulses per unit area present even thicker graded oxide layers that are also suitable for friction reduction and wear resistance. Ultimately, these femtosecond laser-induced nanostructured surface layers efficiently prevent a direct metal-to-metal contact in the RSTT and may act as an anchor layer for specific wear-reducing additives contained in the used engine oil.
KW - Laser-induced oxide layer
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface strctures (LIPSS)
KW - Femtosecond laser processing
KW - Tribology
KW - Surface processing
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-505660
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-020-3434-7
SN - 0947-8396
SN - 1432-0630
VL - 126
IS - 4
SP - 266
PB - Springer Nature Switzerland AG
AN - OPUS4-50566
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Akkerman, Floris
T1 - Ökodesign und Energielabel: Entwicklung, geltendes Recht und Ausblick
N2 - Der Vortrag gibt einen Überblick über die Entwicklung der Anforderungen, die geltenden und kommenden Regeln für Produkte unter den beiden Rechtsinstrumenten und berührt die Frage, was in Zukunft den Schwerpunkt der Rechtssetzung darstellen wird
T2 - Jahrestagung 2020 FA Haushaltstechnik der dgh
CY - Nuremberg, Germany
DA - 06.02.2020
KW - Ökodesign
KW - Energieverbrauchskennzeichnung
KW - Energieeffizienz
KW - Ressourceneffizienz
KW - EU-Recht
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-50355
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Pfennig, A.
A1 - Wolf, M.
A1 - Kranzmann, Axel
T1 - In-situ testing of corrosion and corrosion fatigue behavior of stainless steels in geothermal environment
N2 - In CCS environment (carbon capture and storage) pipes are loaded statically and/or cyclically and at the same time exposed constantly to the highly corrosive hot thermal water. Experimental procedures such as ambient pressure immersions tests, in-situ corrosion fatigue experiments using a flexibly designed corrosion chamber at ambient pressure and a specially designed corrosion chamber at high pressure. Experimental set-ups for push/pull and rotation bending load are introduced. The corrosion behavior and lifetime reduction of high alloyed steels (X46Cr13, 1.4043), (X5CrNiCuNb16-4, 1.4542) and (X2CrNiMoN22-5-3, 1.4462) is demonstrated (T=60 °C, geothermal brine: Stuttgart Aquifer flow rate: 9 l/h, CO2 ).
T2 - 10th International Conference on Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering ICBEE 2018
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 27.09.2018
KW - Adiabatic calorimeter
KW - Thermal energy storage
KW - Phase change material
KW - Salt eutectics
PY - 2018
DO - https://doi.org/10.7763/IPCBEE.2018.V103.5
VL - 103
SP - 13
EP - 20
AN - OPUS4-50364
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hu, W.-H
A1 - Tang, D.-H.
A1 - Wang, M.
A1 - Liu, J.-L.
A1 - Li, Z.-H.
A1 - Lu, W.
A1 - Teng, J.
A1 - Said, Samir
A1 - Rohrmann, R. G.
T1 - Resonance Monitoring of a Horizontal Wind Turbine by Strain-Based Automated Operational Modal Analysis
N2 - A strain-based automated operational modal analysis algorithm is proposed to track the long-term dynamic behavior of a horizontal wind turbine under operational conditions.
This algorithm is firstly validated by a scaled wind turbine model, and then it is applied to the dynamic strain responses recorded from a 5 MW wind turbine system. We observed variations in the fundamental frequency and 1f, 3f excitation frequencies due to the mass imbalance of the blades and aerodynamic excitation by the tower dam or tower wake. Inspection of the Campbell diagram revealed that the adverse resonance phenomenon and Sommerfeld effect causing excessive vibrations of the wind tower.
KW - Strain
KW - Automated operational modal analysis
KW - Resonance
KW - Horizontal wind turbine
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-503350
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/en13030579
VL - 13
IS - 3
SP - 579
EP - 584
PB - MDPI
CY - Schweiz, Basel
AN - OPUS4-50335
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
T1 - The role of scattering in the formation of laserinduced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
N2 - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) are a universal phenomenon that is accompanying laser materials processing. These surface nanostructures pave a simple way for surface functionalization with numerous applications in optics, fluidics, tribology, medicine, etc. This contribution reviews the current view on the role of electromagnetic scattering in the formation of LIPSS.
T2 - Workshop on Theoretical and Numerical Tools for Nanophotonics (TNTN 2020)
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 12.02.2020
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures, LIPSS
KW - Electromagnetic scattering
KW - Finite-difference time-domain calculations
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-50399
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Florian, Camilo
T1 - Femtosecond laser nanostructuring of metal and semiconductor surfaces
N2 - The irradiation of solids with high-intensity laser pulses can excite materials into extreme conditions, which then return to equilibrium via various structural and topographical relaxation mechanisms. Thus, ultrafast laser processing can manifest in various morphological surface transformations, ranging from direct contour shaping to large-area-surface functionalization through the generation of self-organized nano- and microstructures. The interaction mechanisms between semiconductors and metals with ultrashort laser pulses have been extensively studied using femtosecond laser sources, generating a general understanding of the main interaction mechanisms present during the processing of those materials. In the specific case of nanometer-scaled laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS), however, the general explanation that fits all the experimental outcomes is still to be completed. The most accepted explanation consists in the interference of the incoming laser pulse with light scattered at the rough surface, e.g. via surface plasmon polaritons. Such scattering and interference effects generate a spatially modulated pattern of the absorbed optical energy featuring maxima and minima with periods very close to the laser irradiation wavelength, λ. One general criterion that allows to classify LIPSS in terms of their spatial periodicity (Λ) for normally incident radiation is the following: low spatial frequency for Λ≈λ, and high spatial frequency for Λ≪λ. In this way, the right combination of irradiation parameters (laser fluence, number of pulses per spot area unit and repetition rate) could be used to cover a wide size range that can ultimately be exploited for different applications in optics, biology, fluidics and tribology among others.
T2 - SPIE Photonics West Conference, Symposium "Synthesis and Photonics of Nanoscale Materials XVII"
CY - San Francisco, CA, USA
DA - 01.02.2020
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Femtosecond laser ablation
KW - Metal
KW - Semiconductor
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-50388
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Florian, Camilo
T1 - Femtosecond laser functionalized surfaces inspired by nature
N2 - Nature has continuously inspired science when practical problems need to be solved in a functional and efficient way. The challenge for researchers usually consists in the transfer of such biological functionalities to diverse types of technical materials with the available processing technologies. In this regard, femtosecond laser-based approaches offer a large flexibility to modify virtually any material (metals, semiconductors and dielectrics), provide the ability to work under different environment conditions (air, vacuum or reactive atmospheres) and when combined with the proper optics, they offer exceptional spatial resolutions that could be used to mimic effectively very complex functionalities. In the particular case of surface processing, lasers have been proven feasible to functionalize materials by customizing its optical properties, chemical composition and surface morphology in a controllable way and in some cases at industrially relevant speeds. In this work, we present a selection of technical applications based on surface modifications in the form of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) to tailor the material properties for utilization in optics, fluid transport, wetting control and tribology.
T2 - SPIE Photonics West Conference, Symposium "Laser-Based Micro- and Nano-Processing XIV"
CY - San Francisco, CA, USA
DA - 01.02.2020
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures, LIPSS
KW - Biomimetics
KW - Surface functionalization
KW - Laser ablation
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-50400
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Florian, Camilo
A1 - Kirner, Sabrina V.
A1 - Krüger, Jörg
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
T1 - Surface functionalization by laser-induced periodic surface structures
N2 - In recent years, the improved understanding of the formation of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) has led to an emerging variety of applications that modify the optical, mechanical, and chemical properties of many materials. Such structures strongly depend on the laser beam polarization and are formed usually after irradiation with ultrashort linearly polarized laser pulses. The most accepted explanation for the origin of the structures is based on the interference of the incident laser radiation with electromagnetic surface waves that propagate or scatter at the surface of the irradiated materials. This leads to an intensity modulation that is finally responsible for the selective ablation in the form of parallel structures with periods ranging from hundreds of nanometers up to some micrometers. The versatility when forming such structures is based on the high reproducibility with different wavelengths, pulse durations and repetition rate laser sources, customized micro- and nanometric spatial resolutions, and compatibility with industrially relevant processing speeds when combined with fast scanning devices. In this contribution, we review the latest applications in the rapidly emerging field of surface functionalization through LIPSS, including biomimetic functionalities on fluid transport, control of the wetting properties, specific optical responses in technical materials, improvement of tribological performance on metallic surfaces, and bacterial and cell growth for medical devices, among many others.
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Laser processing
KW - Surface functionalization
KW - Applications
PY - 2020
DO - https://doi.org/10.2351/7.0000103
SN - 1938-1387
VL - 32
IS - 2
SP - 022063
PB - Laser Institute of America
AN - OPUS4-50780
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Perk, M.
A1 - Großwig, S.
A1 - Pfeiffer, T.
A1 - Rembe, M.
A1 - den Hartogh, M.
A1 - Weege, S.
A1 - Krebber, Katerina
A1 - Dijk, H. L.
T1 - Faseroptische Leckage-Ortung zum Nachweis von Undichtheiten in Bohrlochkomplettierungen
N2 - Im Rahmen der Integritätsbewertung einer zementierten 13 3/8" Rohrtour einer Sole-Produktionsbohrung wurden erstmals 2018 zeitgleich faseroptische Temperaturmessungen (DTS) und faseroptische Akustikmessungen (DAS) durchgeführt und ausgewertet. Dazu wurde die Bohrung zeitweise mit Stickstoff bespannt und wieder entlastet.
T2 - DGMK/ÖGEW-Frühjahrstagung 2020
CY - Celle, Germany
DA - 15.04.2020
KW - Kavernenspeicher
KW - Verteilte faseroptische akustische Sensorik
KW - Wasserstoffspeicher
PY - 2020
N1 - Die DGMK/ÖGEW Frühjahrstagung 2020 wurde abgesagt, der Tagungsband aber trotzdem veröffentlicht. - The DGMK/ÖGEW Frühjahrstagung 2020 was cancelled, the proceedings were published nevertheless.
VL - 136
IS - 4
SP - 25
EP - 26
PB - DVV Media Group
CY - Hamburg
AN - OPUS4-50783
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Palkowski, Carsten
T1 - Test methods for air conditioners
N2 - Comparison of test methods for air conditioners that are currently discussed in standardization. The limitations of the current standard are shown and different options for the further development of the standard are presented
T2 - Arbeitsgruppensitzung des Fachverbands Gebäude-Klima
CY - Online meeting
DA - 28.05.2020
KW - air conditioner
KW - test method
KW - Load-based testing
KW - energy label
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-50829
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Ghafafian, Carineh
T1 - Localized repairs for wind turbine rotor blades
N2 - The effect of localized repairs on the structural integrity and thus the lifespan of wind turbine rotor blade shells is examined.
T2 - SAMPE Symposium 2020
CY - Kassel, Germany
DA - 17.02.2020
KW - GFRP
KW - Wind turbine blade shells
KW - Scarf joint repairs
KW - Sandwich
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-50480
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schönfelder, Thorsten
T1 - Kerntechnische Entsorgung Herausforderungen im Transport und bei der Lagerung
N2 - Nach der Reaktorkatastrophe in Fukushima 2011 hat die Bundesregierung beschlossen die Nutzung der Kernenergie bis zum Jahr 2022 zu beenden. Seitdem erfolgt der Rückbau und die Stilllegung der kerntechnischen Anlagen in Deutschland. Dieser Vortrag erörtert die Herausforderungen, die sich mit dem Transport und der Lagerung von Kernbrennstoffen ergeben und leitet daraus Anforderungen ab, die an Transportbehälter gestellt werden.
T2 - Ausgewählte Kapitel der Werkstofftechnik - Brand- und Explosionsverhalten von Werkstoffen
CY - Wuppertal, Germany
DA - 24.01.2020
KW - Kerntechnische Entsorgung
KW - Rückbau
KW - Transport- und Lagerbehälter
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-50428
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Florian, Camilo
A1 - Déziel, J.-L.
A1 - Kirner, Sabrina V.
A1 - Siegel, J.
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
T1 - The role of the laser-induced oxide layer in the formation of laser-induced periodic surface structures
N2 - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) are often present when processing solid targets with linearly polarized ultrashort laser pulses. The different irradiation parameters to produce them on metals, semiconductors and dielectrics have been studied extensively, identifying suitable regimes to tailor its properties for applications in the fields of optics, medicine, fluidics and tribology, to name a few. One important parameter widely present when exposing the samples to the high intensities provided by these laser pulses in air environment, that generally is not considered, is the formation of a superficial laser-induced oxide layer. In this paper, we fabricate LIPSS on a layer of the oxidation prone hard-coating material chromium nitride in order to investigate the impact of the laser-induced oxide layer on its formation. A variety of complementary surface analytic techniques were employed, revealing morphological, chemical and structural characteristics of well-known high-spatial frequency LIPSS (HSFL) together with a new type of low-spatial frequency LIPSS (LSFL) with an anomalous orientation parallel to the laser polarization. Based on this input, we performed finite-difference time-domain calculations considering a layered system resembling the geometry of the HSFL along with the presence of a laser-induced oxide layer. The simulations support a scenario that the new type of LSFL is formed at the interface between the laser-induced oxide layer and the non-altered material underneath. These findings suggest that LSFL structures parallel to the polarization can be easily induced in materials that are prone to oxidation.
KW - Laser-induced oxide layer
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Surface chemistry
KW - Femtosecond laser processing
KW - Nanostructuring
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-502530
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010147
SN - 2079-4991
VL - 10(1)
IS - Special issue "Laser-generated periodic nanostructures"
SP - 147-1
EP - 147-18
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel
AN - OPUS4-50253
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Cubero, A.
A1 - Martínez, E.
A1 - Angurel, L.A.
A1 - de la Fuente, G.F.
A1 - Navarro, R.
A1 - Legall, Herbert
A1 - Krüger, Jörg
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
T1 - Effects of laser-induced periodic surface structures on the superconducting properties of Niobium
N2 - It is well known that the use of ultrashort (fs) pulsed lasers can induce the generation of (quasi-) periodic nanostructures (LIPSS, ripples) on the surface of many materials. Such nanostructures have also been observed in sample’s surfaces irradiated with UV lasers with a pulse duration of 300 ps. In this work, we compare the characteristics of these nanostructures on 1-mm and on 25-μm thick niobium sheets induced by 30 fs n-IR and 300 ps UV pulsed lasers. In addition to conventional continuous or burst mode processing configurations, two-dimensional laser beam and line scanning modes have been investigated in this work. The latter allows the processing of large areas with a more uniform distribution of nanostructures at the surface. The influence of the generated nanostructures on the superconducting properties of niobium has also been explored. For this aim, magnetic hysteresis loops have been measured at different cryogenic temperatures to analyse how these laser treatments affect the flux pinning behaviour and, in consequence, the superconductor’s critical current values. It was observed that laser treatments are able to modify the superconducting properties of niobium samples.
T2 - E-MRS Spring Meeting 2019
CY - Nice, France
DA - 27.05.2019
KW - Superconductivity
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Niobium
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-502541
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.145140
SN - 0169-4332
SN - 1873-5584
VL - 508
IS - 1
SP - 145140-1
EP - 145140-7
PB - Elsevier
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-50254
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Gleim, Tobias
A1 - Chen, Hefeng
ED - Kleiber, M.
ED - Onate, E.
T1 - High-Order Accurate Methods for the Numerical Analysis of a Levitation Device
N2 - This paper establishes different axisymmetric and two-dimensional models for a levitation device. Therein, the Maxwell equations are combined with the balance of linear momentum. Different possible formulations to describe the Maxwell equations are presented and compared and discussed in the example. A high order finite element discretization using Galerkin’s method in space and the generalized Newmark−alpha method in time are developed for the electro-magneto-mechanical approach. Several studies on spatial and temporal discretization with respect to convergence will be investigated. In addition, the boundary influences and the domain size with respect to the levitation device are also examined.
KW - Maxwell equations
KW - Levitation
KW - High-Order
KW - Accurate-Numerical-Methods
KW - Generalized Newmark-alpha
PY - 2020
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11831-020-09427-z
SN - 1134-3060
VL - 28
IS - 3
SP - 1517
EP - 1543
PB - Springer Nature
AN - OPUS4-50734
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Sachse, René
A1 - Bernsmeier, D.
A1 - Schmack, R.
A1 - Häusler, I.
A1 - Hertwig, Andreas
A1 - Kraffert, K.
A1 - Nissen, J.
A1 - Kraehnert, R.
T1 - Colloidal bimetallic platinum–ruthenium nanoparticles in ordered mesoporous carbon films as highly active electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction
N2 - Hydrogen features a very high specific energy density and is therefore a promising candidate for clean fuel from renewable resources. Water electrolysis can convert electrical energy into storable and transportable hydrogen gas. Under acidic conditions, platinum is the most active and stable monometallic catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Yet, platinum is rare and needs to be used efficiently. Here, we report a synthesis concept for colloidal bimetallic platinum–ruthenium and rhodium–ruthenium nanoparticles (PtRuNP, RhRuNP) and their incorporation into ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC) films. The films exhibit high surface area, good electrical conductivity and well-dispersed nanoparticles inside the mesopores. The nanoparticles retain their size, crystallinity and composition during carbonization. In the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), PtRuNP/OMC catalyst films show up to five times higher activity per Pt than Pt/C/Nafion® and PtRu/C/Nafion® reference catalysts.
KW - Ordered mesoporous carbon
KW - Bimetallic noble metal nanoparticles
KW - Platinum-ruthenium colloid
KW - Electrolysis
KW - Hydrogen evolution reaction
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506868
DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/C9CY02285F
SN - 2044-4753
VL - 10
IS - 7
SP - 2057
EP - 2068
PB - Royal Society of Chemistry
AN - OPUS4-50686
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Palkowski, Carsten
T1 - Test methods for heat pumps
N2 - Comparison of different test methods for the determination of the seasonal performance of heat pumps: 1) The current test standard EN14825, 2) the compensation test method and 3) the dynamic test method.
T2 - Impact Assessment / Consultation Space and Water Heaters WG2 Testing
CY - Online meeting
DA - 02.04.2020
KW - Heat pump
KW - Energy label
KW - Seasonal performance
KW - Compensation method
KW - Dynamic method
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-50713
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Palkowski, Carsten
T1 - Technical Meeting BAM RRT for Heat Pumps
N2 - Kickoff meeting for the BAM round robin test for load-based heat pump testing
T2 - Kickoff meeting BAM RRT for heat pumps
CY - Online meeting
DA - 26.03.2020
KW - Heat pump
KW - Round robin test
KW - Load-based testing
KW - Compensation method
KW - Energy efficiency
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-50715
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Palkowski, Carsten
T1 - Technical Meeting BAM RRT for Air Conditioner
N2 - Kickoff meeting for the BAM round robin test for load-based air conditioner testing.
T2 - Kickoff meeting BAM RRT for air conditioner
CY - Online meeting
DA - 26.03.2020
KW - Air conditioner
KW - Round robin test
KW - Load-based testing
KW - Compensation method
KW - Energy efficiency
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-50716
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Yusenko, Kirill
A1 - Spektor, K.
A1 - Khandarkhaeva, S.
A1 - Fedotenko, T.
A1 - Pakhomova, A.
A1 - Kupenko, I.
A1 - Rohrbach, A.
A1 - Klemme, S.
A1 - Crichton, W. A.
A1 - Dyachkova, T. V.
A1 - Tyutyunnik, A. P.
A1 - Zainulin, Y. G.
A1 - Gramilov, S. A.
A1 - Dubrovinsky, L. S.
T1 - Decomposition of single-source precursors under high-temperature highpressure to access osmium–platinum refractory alloys
N2 - Thermal decomposition of (NH4)2[OsxPt1-xCl6] as single-source precursors for Os-Pt binary alloys has been investigated under ambient and high pressure up to 40 GPa. Thermal decomposition of mixed-metal (NH4)2[OsxPt1-xCl6] precursor in hydrogen atmosphere (reductive environment) under ambient pressure results in formation of β-trans[Pt(NH3)2Cl2] and α-trans-[Pt(NH3)2Cl2] crystalline intermediates as well as single and twophase Os—Pt binary alloys. For the first time, direct thermal decomposition of coordination compound under pressure has been investigated. A formation of pure metallic alloys from single-source precursors under pressure has been shown. Miscibility between fcc- and hcpstructured alloys has been probed up to 50 GPa by in situ high-pressure X-ray diffraction. Miscibility gap between fcc- and hcp-structured alloys does not change its positions with pressure up to at least 50 GPa.
KW - High-pressure high-temperature
KW - Osmium
KW - Platinum
KW - Phase diagrams
KW - Alloys
KW - Single-source precursors
PY - 2020
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.152121
VL - 813
SP - 152121
PB - Elsevier
AN - OPUS4-50019
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - THES
A1 - Knieschewski, Arno
T1 - Energy efficiency rating of cooking fume extractors based on captured and filtered oil mist
N2 - The energy efficiency rating on the European Union energy label for cooking fume extractors is based on measurements of the flow rate and static pressure difference within the duct behind the cooking fume extractor according to standard EN 61591:1997/A12:2015 and regulation (EU) No 65/2014. These measurements do not enable a definite conclusion about the cooking fume extractor’s air purification performance.Measurements which evaluate the air purification performance directly would be more valuable for consumers.
In this thesis, a test method was developed that enables the energy efficiency rating of cooking fume extractors based on a direct measurement of the air purification by measuring the captured and filtered oil mist. The test method also enables the rating of cooking fume extractors that operate in recirculation mode, which is not possible using the current standard EN 61591:1997/A12:2015.
The performance rating based on removed oil mist requires a reproducible generation of oil mist. Furthermore, the generated oil mist should resemble the oil mist from common cooking scenarios to give meaningful performance ratings. The oil mist from the grease absorption test according to standard EN 61591:1997/A12:2015 was taken as a reference oil mist for common cooking scenarios. A round robin test revealed that the oil mist generation with the grease absorption test from the standard is not reproducible enough for performance tests. The oil mist generation with atomizer nozzles was found more suitable for the reproducible generation of an oil mist.
Two different atomizers were analyzed by measuring the properties of generated oil mist and by applying them in performance tests on cooking fume extractors. One “mantled atomizer” was bought from the market and one “open atomizer” was developed specifically for the test of cooking fume extractors.
It was found that an oil mist with similar properties compared to the reference oil mist can be generated with the design of the open atomizer. The proposed test method using the open atomizer led to a better repeatability compared to the grease absorption tests according to the current standard and has the potential to improve the reproducibility. The results suggest that the proposed test method could be used for standardized testing which would enable more meaningful energy efficiency ratings and the rating of cooking fume extractors that operate in recirculation mode.
N2 - Die Energieverbrauchskennzeichnung der Europäischen Union von Dunstabzugshauben basiert auf den Messungen des Volumenstroms und der statischen Druckdifferenz im Abluftrohr hinter der Dunstabzugshaube gemäß der Norm EN 61591:1997/A12:2015 und Verordnung (EU) No 65/2014. Diese Messungen erlauben keine eindeutigen Rückschlüsse auf die Luftreinigungsfunktion der Dunstabzugshaube. Eine Energieeffizienzbewertung, welche auf Messungen beruht, die die Luftreinigungsfunktion direkt messen, hätte einen größeren Nutzen für die Verbraucher.
In dieser Arbeit wird eine Prüfmethode vorgestellt, welche die Energieeffizienzbewertung von Dunstabzugshauben durch eine direkte Messung der Luftreinigungsfunktion ermöglicht, indem die Masse eines eingefangenen und gefilterten Ölnebels ausgewertet wird. The Prüfmethode erlaubt außerdem die Bewertung von Umlufthauben, was mit der jetzigen Prüfnorm EN 61591:1997/A12:2015 nicht möglich ist.
Die Leistungsbewertung bezogen auf entfernte Öltropfen benötigt eine reproduzierbare Ölnebelproduktion. Des Weiteren soll der produzierte Ölnebel dem Ölnebel von typischen Kochvorgängen ähneln, um eine aussagekräftige Energieverbrauchskennzeichnung zu ermöglichen. Der Ölnebel vom Fettabscheidegradtest der Norm EN 61591:1997/A12:2015 wurde als Referenz für typische Kochvorgänge genommen. Ein Ringversuch hat ergeben, dass die Ölnebelproduktion vom Fettabscheidegradtest nicht reproduzierbar genug ist, um die Leistung von Dunstabzugshauben zu bewerten. Eine zuverlässigere Ölnebelproduktion konnte mit Zerstäuberdüsen erreicht werden.
Zwei verschiedene Zerstäuber wurden analysiert, indem der produzierte Ölnebel vermessen wurde und die Zerstäuber in Leistungsprüfungen von Dunstabzugshauben eingesetzt wurden. Ein „verhüllter Zerstäuber“ wurde gekauft und ein „offener Zerstäuber“ wurde speziell für den Test von Dunstabzugshauben entwickelt.
Der offene Zerstäuber konnte einen Ölnebel erzeugen, welcher ähnliche Eigenschaften hatte wie der Referenzölnebel. Die vorgeschlagene Prüfmethode zeigte mit dem offenen Zerstäuber eine bessere Wiederholbarkeit als der Fettabscheidegradtest der derzeitigen Prüfnorm. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die vorgeschlagene Prüfmethode als Prüfnorm genutzt werden könnte, um die Aussagekraft der Energieverbrauchskennzeichnung zu erhöhen und die Bewertung von Umlufthauben zu ermöglichen.
KW - Energy label
KW - Cooking fume extractor
KW - Range hood
KW - Oil mist
KW - Removal efficiency
PY - 2020
SN - 978-3-8440-7498-7
SP - 1
EP - 132
PB - Shaker Verlag
CY - Düren, Deutschland
AN - OPUS4-51087
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Ringleb, F.
A1 - Eylers, K.
A1 - Teubner, T.
A1 - Boeck, T.
A1 - Symietz, Christian
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
A1 - Andree, Stefan
A1 - Krüger, Jörg
A1 - Heidmann, B.
A1 - Schmid, M.
A1 - Lux-Steiner, M.
T1 - Regularly arranged indium islands on glass/molybdenum substrates upon femtosecond laser and physical vapor deposition processing
N2 - A bottom-up approach is presented for the production of arrays of indium islands on a molybdenum layer on glass, which can serve as micro-sized precursors for indium compounds such as copper-indium-gallium-diselenide used in photovoltaics. Femtosecond laser ablation of glass and a subsequent deposition of a molybdenum film or direct laser processing of the molybdenum film both allow the preferential nucleation and growth of indium islands at the predefined locations in a following indium-based physical vapor deposition (PVD) process. A proper choice of laser and deposition parameters ensures the controlled growth of indium islands exclusively at the laser ablated spots. Based on a statistical analysis, these results are compared to the non-structured molybdenum surface, leading to randomly grown indium islands after PVD.
KW - Femtosecond laser
KW - Physical vapor deposition
KW - Indium
KW - Molybdenum substrate
KW - Microconcentrator solar cell
PY - 2016
DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4943794
SN - 0003-6951
VL - 108
IS - 11
SP - 111904-1
EP - 111904-4
AN - OPUS4-35602
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schlegel, Moritz-Caspar
T1 - Unterstützung der Marktüberwachung - Steigerung der Glaubwürdigkeit produktbezogener Energieeffizienz-Instrumente der EU
N2 - Vorstellung eines Projektes zur Evaluierung bestehender Prüfmethoden und zur Entwicklung von Werkzeugen für die Marktüberwachung.
T2 - Experten-Workshop des VZBZ
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 07.03.2016
KW - Marktüberwachung
KW - Ökodesign
KW - Energieverbrauchskennzeichnung
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-35530
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schlegel, Moritz-Caspar
T1 - Ökodesign und Industrieprodukte - Tendenzen der Marktüberwachungsaktivitäten
N2 - Sachstandbericht zu der Entwicklung gesetzlicher Auflagen zum in Verkehr bringen von Elektromotoren und den entsprechenden Aktivitäten der Marktüberwachung.
T2 - 14. Technischer Tag der VEM Gruppe
CY - Wernigerode, Germany
DA - 15.09.2015
KW - Marktüberwachung
KW - Elektromotoren
KW - Industriegüter
PY - 2015
AN - OPUS4-35532
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schlegel, Moritz-Caspar
T1 - Transformatoren, Netzteile und USV - Stand und Überwachung der EU-Verordnungen
N2 - Zusammenfassung des Ökodesigns, Berichterstattung über den Stand der EU-Verordnungen, der diesbezüglichen Marktüberwachungstätigkeiten und Überblick über aktuelle Diskussionen bei der europäischen Kommission über Produktprüfungen von Industriegütern.
T2 - Jahrestagung des ZVEI - Zentralverband Elektrotechnik- und Elektronikindustrie
CY - Magdeburg
DA - 11.04.2016
KW - Ökodesign
KW - Marktüberwachung
KW - Industriegüter
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-35740
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Aktuelles zur Weiterentwicklung der IAEA Transportempfehlungen
N2 - Die IAEA Transportempfehlungen stellen die Basis der sicherheitstechnischen Anforderungen von Behältern zum Transport radioaktiver Stoffe dar. Sie gelten als international harmonsiert und werden regelmäßig an den Stand von Wissenschaft und Technik angepasst. Der laufende Revisionsprozess berücksichtigt mehr als 150 Vorschläge zur Weiterentwicklung des Regelwerks. Wesentliche Themen, die für die hoheitlichen Prüfungen im Zuständigkeitsbereich der BAM eine Rolle spielen, werden im Vortrag vorgestellt. Das Implementieren der besonderen sicherheitstechnischen Anforderungen an Zwischenlagerbehälter werden im Detail behandelt. Ebenfalls von Interesse ist die Weiterenticklung der Anforderungen, die den Einfluss des radioaktiven Inventars auf das Verschlusssystem bei Fallprüfungen diskutiert.
T2 - 5. RAM-Behältersicherheitstage
CY - Berlin, Deutschland
DA - 16.03.2016
KW - IAEA
KW - Transportbehälter
KW - Sicherheitstechnische Auslegung
KW - Dual purpose casks
KW - Fallprüfungen
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-35655
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias
A1 - Kammermeier, Michael
A1 - Koeppe, Tabea
A1 - Werner, Klaus-Dieter
ED - Nicoletto, G.
ED - Pastrama, S.D.
ED - Emri, I.
T1 - High dynamic measurement of strain and acceleration using a multichannel measuring system with single cable serial connection
N2 - Strain and acceleration measurement during high dynamic drop tests, e.g., of containments for dangerous goods is performed using high speed multichannel measuring systems. So far established and operated systems need a cable connection of every strain gauge and acceleration sensor with the measuring device, often counting up to a number of more than 100 cables, corresponding to the number of applied sensors. The result is a massive cable harness consisting of all single cables, which is difficult to handle and causes a number of practical problems. An innovative approach is proposed by using a single cable measuring system, consisting of measuring modules with data bus connection and local data acquisition. Promising results were presented in a previous study. This paper follows up with additional results from full-scale testing of a further enhanced single cable system for the application in drop tests.
T2 - 32nd DANUBIA ADRIA SYMPOSIUM on Advances in Experimental Mechanics
CY - Starý Smokovec, Slovakia
DA - 22.09.2015
KW - Multichannel measuring
KW - Single cable serial connection
KW - Dangerous goods container
KW - Drop test
KW - High impact testing
PY - 2016
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2016.03.023
SN - 2214-7853
VL - 3
IS - 4
SP - 931
EP - 935
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-35689
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eisermann, René
T1 - Verteilte faseroptische Sensorik für die akustische Detektion von Teilentladungen
N2 - Eingeladener Seminarvortrag an der Technischen Universität Berlin über neuste wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Detektion von Teilentladungen an Kabelmuffen mittels verteilter akustischer Sensorik.
T2 - Seminarvortrag bei der Veranstaltung "Hochspannungstechnik/ Energieübertragung"
CY - Berlin, Deutschland
DA - 11.11.2015
KW - 8.6
KW - Fasersensorik
KW - Verteilte akustische Sensorik
KW - Teilentladungs Überwachung
PY - 2015
AN - OPUS4-35699
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Petrov, Sergej
A1 - Neumann, Patrick P.
A1 - Werner, Klaus-Dieter
A1 - Wosniok, Aleksander
A1 - Lazik, D.
A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias
ED - Nicoletto, G.
ED - Pastrama, S.D.
ED - Emri, I.
T1 - Concept for investigating mechanical and thermal impacts on distributed subsurface gas monitoring
N2 - A multifunctional sensor in line shape was developed and introduced in previous work for measuring of gas concentrations, temperature change, and strain. A current field study focuses on a spatially distributed monitoring of subsurface CO 2 gas storage sites in near real time.
Mechanical impacts, e.g., caused by construction work, denudation, and seismic activity, can affect the integrity of underground gas storage sites. Thermal or moisture impacts, e.g., caused by weather conditions, can influence the gas Distribution behavior. In this paper, we briefly describe the setup of a CO 2 injection soil test field. This setup contains actuating elements for the investigation of mechanical and thermal impacts on distributed subsurface gas monitoring. A concept is given for evaluating these impacts and first experimental results are presented.
T2 - 32nd DANUBIA ADRIA SYMPOSIUM on Advances in Experimental Mechanics
CY - Starý Smokovec, Slovakia
DA - 22.09.2015
KW - Linear sensor
KW - Distributed sensor
KW - Monitoring of CO 2
KW - Subsurface monitoring
KW - Gas storage areas
KW - Membrane-based gas sensing
KW - Fibre optical sensing
PY - 2016
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2016.03.060
SN - 2214-7853
VL - 3
IS - 4
SP - 1124
EP - 1128
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-35688
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Research activities at BAM related to extended spent fuel and HLW storage
N2 - This presentation starts with a brief overview about the current situation of spent nuclear fuel and high level waste storage in Germany followed by a discussion of the expected timeline towards final disposal. Furthermore an overview is presented about research programmes for radioactive waste disposal and also extended interim storage issues due to the delay of the national repository siting procedure. In the second part of the presentation BAM research activities related to extended interim storage are addressed. This includes the status and preliminary results of proactive R&D projects concerning metal seals, degradation effects of polymers used as neutron shielding materials and finally elastomer seals.
T2 - RIC 2016 - 28th Annual regulatory information conference
CY - North Bethesda, Maryland, USA
DA - 08.03.2016
KW - Spent Fuel
KW - Extended interim storage
KW - Radioactive waste
KW - Degradation effects
PY - 2016
UR - https://ric.nrc-gateway.gov/docs/abstracts/volzkeh-w22-hv.pdf
AN - OPUS4-35614
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Safety demonstrations with regard to extended interim storage
N2 - This presentation addresses safety aspects concerning dual purpose casks for transportation and storage of spent fuel and high level radioactive waste. The long term performance of casks and their safety relevant components like sealed lid systems and the long term performance of cask internals, especially spent fuel assemblies are discussed. Transportation after interim storage is another key issue and due to the fact of delayed disposal projects current interim storage periods need to be extended causing additional safety demonstration needs for longer periods of time. Regarding this situation present BAM research activities in this area and their preliminary outcomes are presented.
T2 - 5. RAM-Behältersicherheitstage
CY - Berlin
DA - 16.03.2016
KW - Interim storage
KW - Radioactive waste
KW - Spent fuel
KW - Safety
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-35615
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Neumann, Patrick P.
A1 - Ebert, S.
A1 - Lazik, D.
A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias
ED - Nicoletto, G.
ED - Dan Pastrama, S.
ED - Emri, I.
T1 - Inverse calibration routine for linear soil gas sensors
N2 - Gas sensors in linear form based on the measuring principle of gas selective permeability through a membrane were developed and introduced for the detection and quantification of gas concentrations. A current field study focuses on measuring CO2 concentrations for a spatially distributed monitoring of subsurface CO2 gas storage sites in near real time. A 400 m² test site and a corresponding laboratory system were built up to characterize, validate, and optimize the sensor. A calibration routine was developed, which can be applied subsequently to underground installation. First measurement results indicate the potential of the method.
T2 - 32nd Danubia Adria Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics
CY - Starý Smokovec, Slovakia
DA - 22.09.2015
KW - Linear sensor
KW - Distributed sensor
KW - Subsurface monitoring
KW - Gas storage areas
KW - Membrane-based gas sensing
KW - Calibration
PY - 2016
UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221478531600256X
DO - https://doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2016.03.051
SN - 2214-7853
VL - 3
IS - 4
SP - 1074
EP - 1078
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-35633
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schönhals, Andreas
T1 - Influence of a nanoscale confinement on the dynamics of discotic liquid crystals investigated by inelastic neutron scattering and relaxation spectroscopy
N2 - Discotic liquid crystals (DLCs) are self-assembled materials where self-assembly is driven by non-covalent intermolecular interactions. The corresponding molecules consist of a flat and rigid aromatic core substituted by flexible aliphatic side chains. While the former is responsible for the π-stacking, the latter gives rise to an increased solubility, processability, and rich thermotropic behavior. The disc-shaped molecules form columns that further assemble into two-dimensional arrays with a hexagonal mesophase. The alkyl chains fill the intracolumnar space giving rise to a nanophase separated state.
Two different homologous systems based on triphenylene derivatives were investigated as model systems for DCLs where the length of the aliphatic side chains is widely varied. Measurements were carried out in the bulk state and confined to the nanometre wide channels of anodic aluminum membranes (Pore diameter 20 nm, 40nm, 80 nm and 180 nm) by means of inelastic and quasielastic neutron scattering. These investigations were accompanied by calorimetry and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy. From the neutron scattering experiments the vibrational density of states (Boson Peak) from neutron time-of-flight spectroscopy, the molecular dynamics on a time scale of ca. 1 ns (elastic scans from neutron backscattering spectrometers) as well as quasielastic neutron scattering by a combination of time-of-flight spectroscopy and backscattering were considered. Structural information is retrieved by X-ray diffraction carried out on a synchrotron.
The dynamics of these unique soft matter materials are discussed in detail considering their structure (length of the aliphatic side chain), the effect of self-confinement (of the aliphatic chains in the intracolumnar space) and of outer confinement (influence of the pore size). Comparison is further made to pyrene based system.
T2 - 18. International Seminar on Neutron Scattering Investigations in Condensed Matter
CY - Poznan, Poland
DA - 12.05.2016
KW - Discotic liquid crystals
KW - Nanoconfinement
KW - Neutron scattering
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-36059
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Worzewski, Tamara
A1 - Röllig, Mathias
A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane
A1 - Doroshtnasir, M.
A1 - Steinfurth, H.
A1 - Krankenhagen, Rainer
T1 - Thermographic inspection of a wind turbine rotor blade segment utilizing natural conditions as excitation source, Part I: Solar excitation for detecting deep structures in GFRP
N2 - This study evaluates whether subsurface features in rotor blades, mainly made of Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastics (GFRP), can generally be detected with ‘‘solar thermography”. First, the suitability of the sun is tested for acting as a heat source for applying active thermography on a 30 mm thick GFRP test specimen. Second, a defective rotor blade segment is inspected outdoors under ideal natural conditions using the sun as excitation source. Additionally, numerical FEM-simulations are performed and the comparability between experiment and simulation is evaluated for outdoor measurements.
KW - NDT
KW - Numerical simulation
KW - Solar excitation
KW - On-site inspection
KW - Structural health monitoring
PY - 2016
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infrared.2016.04.011
SN - 1350-4495
VL - 76
SP - 756
EP - 766
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-36076
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Worzewski, Tamara
A1 - Krankenhagen, Rainer
A1 - Doroshtnasir, M.
T1 - Thermographic inspection of wind turbine rotor blade segment utilizing natural conditions as excitation source, Part II: The effect of climatic conditions on thermographic inspections – A long term outdoor experiment
N2 - The present study continues the work described in part I of this paper in evaluating a longterm-experiment, where a rotor blade segment of a wind turbine is exposed to the elements and thereby monitored with passive thermography. First, it is investigated whether subsurface features in rotor blades – mainly made of GFRP – can generally be detected with thermography from greater distances under favorable conditions. The suitability of the sun for acting as a heat source in applying active thermography has been tested in the previous study. In this study, the climatic influence on thermographic measurement is evaluated. It is demonstrated that there are favorable and unfavorable circumstances for imaging thermal contrasts which reflect inner structures and other subsurface features like potential defects. It turns out that solar radiation serves as a very effective heat source, but not at all times of day. Other environmental influences such as diurnal temperature variations also create temperature contrasts that permit conclusions on subsurface features. Particular scenarios are reconstructed with FEM-simulations in order to gain deeper insight into the driving mechanisms that produce the observed thermal contrasts. These investigations may help planning useful outdoor operations for inspecting rotor blades with thermography.
KW - NDT
KW - Meteorological influence
KW - Long-term experiment
KW - FEM
KW - On-site inspection
PY - 2016
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infrared.2016.04.012
SN - 1350-4495
VL - 76
SP - 767
EP - 776
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-36078
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Komann, Steffen
A1 - Wille, Frank
A1 - Droste, Bernhard
T1 - Transport von Großkomponenten aus der Stilllegung kerntechnischer Anlagen in Deutschland-Erfahrungen bei der mechanischen Integritätsbewertung
N2 - Im Zuge des Rückbaus kerntechnischer Anlagen in Deutschland müssen u. a. Großkomponenten (Dampferzeuger, Reaktordruckbehälter) über öffentliche Verkehrswege in Zwischenlager transportiert werden, in denen sie zerlegt bzw. zwischengelagert werden. Für diese Versandstücke ist eine mechanische Integritätsbewertung, nach den Vorschriften der Internationalen Atomenergie-Organisation (IAEO), notwendig, die in der Regel unter dem Einsatz einer komplexen numerischen Berechnung erfolgt.
----------------------------------------------------------
In the course of decommissioning of power plants in Germany large nuclear components (steam generator, reactor pressure vessel) must be transported over public traffic routes to interim storage facilities, where they are dismantled or stored temporarily. For these packages a safety evaluation considering the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) transport regulations is necessary, preferably by a complex numerical analysis.
KW - Radioaktive Stoffe
KW - Transport
KW - Mechanik
KW - Numerische Analyse
PY - 2016
SN - 0005-6650
VL - 91
IS - 5
SP - 188
EP - 192
PB - Springer VDI Verlag
CY - Düsseldorf
AN - OPUS4-36016
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sporea, D.
A1 - Mihai, L.
A1 - Negut, Daniel
A1 - Stajanca, Pavol
A1 - Krebber, Katerina
ED - Kalli, K.
ED - Mendez, A.
T1 - On-line monitoring of gamma irradiated perfluorinated polymer optical fiber
N2 - In this paper, we present the first results regarding the on-line monitoring of gamma-ray exposure effects on a commercial multi-mode perfluorinated polymer optical fiber (PF-POF), type GigaPOF-50SR from Chromis Fiberoptics. Our focus was to evaluate on-line the radiation induced attenuation (RIA) over a wide spectral range (320 nm – 1700 nm), in order to assess the fiber’s radiation hardness and its possible use in radiation detection. An Ocean Optics QE65000 high sensitivity spectrometer and a StellarNet near-IR spectrometer were used to cover the spectral ranges 200 nm – 1μm and 900 nm – 1.6 μm, respectively. Electron paramagnetic resonance was used to monitor the recovery of the irradiation induced centers at room temperature. The study indicated that the optical fiber can be used as radiation monitor at low dose rates by measuring the attenuation in the UV, while higher dose rates irradiation can be observed by RIA monitoring at specific wavelengths in the visible spectral range.
T2 - Photonics Europe 2016, Micro-Structured and Specialty Optical Fibers IV
CY - Brussels, Belgium
DA - 03.04.2016
KW - electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy
KW - Perfluorinated polymer optical fiber
KW - radiation effects
KW - gamma irradiation
KW - radiation hardness
KW - radiation induced attenuation
KW - radiation dosimetry
PY - 2016
DO - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2230688
VL - 9886
SP - 98861Q-1
EP - 98861Q-6
PB - SPIE
CY - Bellingham, USA
AN - OPUS4-35927
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hernández-Gómez, R.
A1 - Chamorro, C. R.
T1 - Experimental determination of (p, ρ, T) data for binary mixtures of methane and helium
N2 - The GERG-2008 and AGA8-DC92 equations of state enable the calculation of thermal and caloric properties for natural gases and other related mixtures consisting of up to 21 pure components. Experimental characterization of the thermodynamic behavior of gas binary mixtures is of great importance because most of the binary systems were taken into account by using adjusted reducing functions for density and temperature. Only for those binary mixtures for which sufficient accurate experimental data were available, specific departure functions were developed. For the binary mixture methane-helium no departure function was developed so far.
This work studied the thermodynamic behavior of two gravimetrically prepared methane-helium binary mixtures through accurate (p, ρ, T) experimental data obtained by using a single-sinker densimeter with magnetic suspension coupling.
T2 - 19th Symposium on Thermophysical Properties
CY - Boulder, CO, USA
DA - 21.06.2015
KW - GERG-2008 equation of state
KW - Binary mixture
KW - Density data
PY - 2015
AN - OPUS4-35941
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Brown, A. S.
T1 - Traceable standards and methods for the analysis of non-conventional energy gases
N2 - Declining European natural gas resources and increasing legislation mean that diversification towards ‘non-conventional gases’ is essential. Accurate and traceable measurements of the composition of non- conventional gases are required to ensure gases can be transported in existing pipeline networks, and used with existing appliances. The EMRP ‘Characterisation of energy gases’ project is successfully developing a metrology infrastructure to underpin these measurements. New standards and methods have been developed for biogas composition, biogas impurities, coal mine gases, refinery gases and environmentally-friendly odorants. The project is set to conclude in 2013 with the challenging analysis of a series of real non-conventional gas samples.
T2 - 28th Meeting of the CCQM Gas Analysis Working Group (GAWG)
CY - Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
DA - 24.10.2012
KW - metrology
KW - traceable standards
KW - energy gases
PY - 2012
AN - OPUS4-35946
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Rohwetter, Philipp
A1 - Eisermann, René
A1 - Krebber, Katerina
T1 - Random quadrature demodulation for direct detection single-pulse rayleigh C-OTDR
N2 - We present a demodulation method that partially compensates for the nonlinear and random transfer function of fiber-optic direct detection coherent Rayleigh optical time-domain reflectometry (C-OTDR). Specifically, the proposed method is shown to improve the detection of small amplitude, high frequency dynamic optical fiber strain as it occurs in acoustic emission sensing. The method is applicable provided that the dynamic fiber strain to be sensed is known to affect a longer section of sensing fiber in a spatially homogeneous way. It is shown that this knowledge can be used to extract more quantitative information from the measured C-OTDR signal by averaging signal components from the affected fiber section in a suitable and efficient way. The theoretical basis of the method is developed and supporting experimental results are presented.
KW - Optical fiber sensors
KW - Coherent optical time-domain reflectometry (C-OTDR)
KW - Fiber-optic speckle interferometry
KW - Remote acoustic emission sensing
PY - 2016
DO - https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2016.2557586
SN - 0733-8724
VL - 34
IS - 19
SP - 4437
EP - 4444
PB - IEEE
CY - Piscataway, NJ, USA
AN - OPUS4-35948
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
T1 - ASME-Regelwerksentwicklung zu numerischen Nachweismethoden
N2 - Es wird über die Weiterentwicklung des ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) – Regelwerks berichtet. Relevant für das Design von Behältern ist ASME BPVC (ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code) Section III Division 3. In den ASME BPVC in der Fassung von 2015 wurden dehnungsbasierte Bewertungskriterien aufgenommen. Eine dehnungsbasierte Bewertung erfordert die genaue Kenntnis der aufgetretenen Dehnungen, d.h. speziell möglichst genaue numerische Berechnungen der Behälterbeanspruchungsszenarien. Daher sind regulatorische Vorgaben notwendig für die Vorbereitung, Durchführung und Auswertung numerischer Simulationen. In einer Arbeitsgruppe (ASME Special Working Group on Computational Modeling for Explicit Dynamics) werden dazu Leitlinien für die Anwendung numerischer Berechnungsverfahren entwickelt. Im Vortrag werden diese Leitlinien vorgestellt.
T2 - 5. RAM-Behältersicherheitstage
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 16.03.2016
KW - ASME
KW - Regelwerk
KW - Leitlinien
KW - Numerische Nachweismethoden
KW - Numerische Berechnungsverfahren
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-35991
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Akkerman, Floris
T1 - Konformitätsprüfungen bei energieverbrauchsrelevanten Produkten - der Teufel steckt im Detail
N2 - Vortrag zu den Herausforderungen bei Konformitätsprüfungen für energieverbrauchsrelevante Produkte. Nach einer Einführung zur Regelungslandschaft wird auf Mängel bei der Reproduzierbarkeit bestimmter Prüfungen und die Grenzen der Prüfbarkeit eingegangen.
T2 - Thementag des VMPA "Realitätsnähe von Prüfungen"
CY - Bonn, Germany
DA - 24.5.2016
KW - Ökodesign
KW - Energieverbrauchskennzeichnung
KW - Konformitätsprüfung Messunsicherheit
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-36262
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Akkerman, Floris
T1 - Lampen und Leuchten unter der Ökodesign-und der EnVK-Richtlinie:Anforderungen und Marktüberwachung
N2 - Vortrag zur Ökodesignrichtlinie und zur Energieverbrauchskennzeichnung auf einer Branchentagung mit Schwerpunkt Beleuchtungstechnik
T2 - SGS Fachtag Lampen und Leuchten
CY - Düsseldorf, Germany
DA - 9.6.2015
KW - Ökodesign
KW - Energieverbrauchskennzeichnung
KW - Beleuchtung
PY - 2015
AN - OPUS4-36263
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Akkerman, Floris
T1 - Recycling, Ressourceneffizienz und Abfallvermeidung als Produkteigenschaft? – Das Beispiel Ökodesignrichtlinie
N2 - Die Richtlinie 2009/125/EU kurz Ökodesignrichtlinie, erlaubt dem Gesetzgeber Eingriffe in die Produktgestaltung. Die Kriterien für einzelne Produktkategorien werden als direkt anwendbaren EU-Verordnungen festgelegt. Zur Vorbereitung lässt die EU-Kommission eine Art vereinfachter Lebenszyklusanalyse (LCA) durchführen, um relevante Umweltauswirkungen zu identifizieren und Vorschläge zur deren Verbesserung zu machen, zunächst vor allem zur Energieeffizienz.
Bekanntestes Beispiel ist das sog. Glühlampenverbot, eine Regelung zur Mindesteffizienz. In den letzten Jahren wächst das Interesse, das Potenzial der Richtlinie auch für andere Aspekte wie Ressourceneffizienz und der Umweltauswirkungen in der Produktion bzw. Entsorgung auszuschöpfen.
Der Vortrag stellt die Richtlinie und ihre Möglichkeiten für den Bereich Recyclingfähigkeit dar.
T2 - 20th Leibniz Conference on Advanced Science– Recycling
CY - Lichtenwalde, Germany
DA - 19.5.2016
KW - Ökodesign
KW - Ressourceneffizienz
KW - Recycling
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-36264
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Neumann, Patrick P.
A1 - Lazik, D.
A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias
T1 - Tomographic reconstruction of soil gas distribution from multiple gas sources based on sparse sampling
N2 - A monitoring method is introduced that creates twodimensional (2D) maps of the soil gas distribution. The method combines linear gas sensing technology for in-situ monitoring of gases in soil with the mapping capabilities of Computed Tomography (CT) to reconstruct spatial and temporal resolved gas distribution maps. A weighted iterative algebraic reconstruction method based on Maximum Likelihood with Expectation Maximization (MLEM) in combination with a source-by-source reconstruction approach is introduced that works with a sparse setup of orthogonally-aligned linear gas sensors. The reconstruction method successfully reduces artifact production, especially when multiple gas sources are present, allowing the discrimination between true and non-existing so-called ghost source locations. Experimental validation by controlled field experiments indicates the high potential of the proposed method for rapid gas leak localization and quantification with respect to Pipeline or underground gas storage issues.
KW - Computed tomography
KW - Gas distribution mapping and gas source localization
KW - Discrimination of multiple gas sources
KW - Distributed linear sensor
KW - Membrane-based gas sensing
KW - Subsurface monitoring
KW - Gas storage areas
PY - 2016
DO - https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2016.2545103
SN - 1530-437X
VL - 16
IS - 11
SP - 4501
EP - 4508
PB - IEEE - Inst. Electrical Electronics Engineers Inc
CY - Hoes Lane, NJ, USA
AN - OPUS4-36228
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Zusätzliche Anforderungen und Sicherheitsnachweise für eine verlängerte Zwischenlagerung von BE- und HAW-Behältern
N2 - Bisherige Betriebserfahrungen und Erkenntnisse lassen die grundsätzliche Eignung der Transport- und Lagerbehälter auch über 40 Jahre hinaus erwarten.
Eine Verlängerung der genehmigten Zwischenlagerdauer erfordert eine Neugenehmigung. Hierbei sind die zu diesem Zeitpunkt sicherheitstechnisch relevanten Eigenschaften der tatsächlich vorhandenen Inventare und Behälter zu berücksichtigen.
Sicherheitstechnische Nachweise sind auf Grundlage belastbarer Daten und Erkenntnisse zu führen. Diese müssen rechtzeitig verfügbar sein (z.B. Betriebserfahrungen oder zusätzliche F&E-Programme z.B. zu Behälterdichtsystemen oder Inventarverhalten).
Alterungsmanagementprogramme und periodische Sicherheits-überprüfungen während der Zwischenlagerung haben sowohl für die verlängerte Zwischenlagerung als auch für nachfolgende Transporte eine erhebliche Bedeutung.Die Schaffung eines spezifischen Regelwerks für die verlängerte Zwischenlagerung von Transport- und Lagerbehältern und deren nachfolgendem Abtransport unter Berücksichtigung der Anforderungen aus beiden Verwendungsbereichen erscheint sinnvoll.
Eine verlängerte Zwischenlagerung dient ausschließlich der Überbrückung bis zur Endlagerung. Hierbei sollten die bestehenden Behälter und Inventare frühzeitig in die Überlegungen zur Definition von Anforderungen für die Endlagerung einbezogen werden.
Die internationalen Entwicklungen und Untersuchungen im Bereich der längerfristigen Zwischenlagerung sollten zur Nutzung von Synergieeffekten weiter verfolgt, ausgewertet und mitgestaltet werden.
T2 - Endlager-Symposium 2016
CY - Munich, Germany
DA - 04.02.2016
KW - Verlängerte Zwischenlagerung
KW - Extended interim storage
KW - Bestrahlte Brennelemente
KW - Spent Nuclear Fuel
KW - Behälter für radioaktive Stoffe
KW - Radioactive waste containers
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-35413
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Lazik, D.
A1 - Ebert, S.
A1 - Neumann, Patrick P.
A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias
T1 - Characteristic length measurement of a subsurface gas anomaly - A monitoring approach for heterogeneous flow path distributions
N2 - Geogenic gases from natural sources, carbon dioxide (CO2) from a geological repository (carbon capture and storage - CCS) or a leaking gas pipeline can present serious risks in industrial and urban areas. To extend the lead time for risk treatment in such critical regions, reliable detection of gases within the shallow subsurface is required to observe critical gas accumulations before degassing into the atmosphere.
A near real-time monitoring approach is introduced to determine the volumetric expansion of a leakinggas in the subsurface. Considering the pressure relaxation with the ambient air pressure, the approach enables the forecasting of the final size of a pressurized gas body in terms of characteristic lengths. According to theoretical basics, such a characteristic length, which enables us to perform a gas (safety) measurement based on a purely geometrical measure, behaves independently of subsurface properties,i.e., it enables a reliable quantification of the escaping gas irrespective of its heterogeneous or changingflow path distribution. A field test for a 10 l/min pinhole leakage injected into a 10 m long, 0.4 m wide, 0.95 m deep soil-filled trench that was equipped with linear sensors shows the lateral-vertical volumetric gas expansion along these sensors, and demonstrates the applicability of the characteristic length approach.
KW - Monitoring
KW - Carbon capture and storage
KW - Leakage
KW - Quantification
KW - Subsurface
KW - CO2
PY - 2016
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2016.02.008
SN - 1750-5836
VL - 2016
IS - 47
SP - 330
EP - 341
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-35425
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Extending interim storage of spent nuclear fuel: what are the needs and consequences?
N2 - This presentation addresses the current German policy in nuclear waste management and illustrates significant changes throughout the last decades. With the reset of the high level waste repository siting process in 2013 the need for extending interim storage beyond initial license periods will become a future challenge. For that purpose knowledge needs to be enhanced and data gaps need to be closed timely. In addition, international collaboration in R&D and regulatory improvements are explained.
T2 - NDC2016 7th Annual Nuclear Decommissioning Conference
CY - Manchester, UK
DA - 31.05.2016
KW - Nuclear waste management
KW - Diposal
KW - Storage cask
KW - Safety
KW - Extended storage
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-36353
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Integration across storage, transportation and disposal – important elements of the German program
N2 - This presentation addresses the following issues. Unexpected changes in national nuclear policy have significantly affected spent fuel management strategies.
The initial German spent fuel and HLW disposal concept has been delayed and finally “reset” by federal law in 2013. Repository site selection criteria and procedures will be defined by the Disposal Commission’s report end of June 2016. Final site selection should be finished by 2031.
The consistent German concept of dry interim storage in dual purpose casks has proven to be a safe and secure spent fuel management strategy.
The need for the extended interim storage of spent fuel and HLW casks towards disposal implicates additional challenges for the nuclear waste management strategy in Germany.
Recently, governmental research programs have been adjusted to address technical and scientific issues also in the predisposal area.
Interim storage, subsequent transportation, and final disposal are closely linked. Integrated approaches concerning waste package designs and operations are supposed to be beneficial for the establishment of efficient long-term spent fuel and HLW management strategies.
T2 - Reset of U.S. Nuclear Waste Management Strategy and Policy Meeting
CY - Washington, D.C., USA
DA - 17.05.2016
KW - Nuclear waste management
KW - spent fuel storage
KW - extended storage
KW - nuclear waste disposal
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-36354
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Stajanca, Pavol
T1 - Perfluorinated polymer optical fibers for gamma radiation monitoring
N2 - The sensitivity of low loss perfluorinated polymer optical fiber (PF-POF) to gamma radiation is investigated for on line radiation monitoring purposes. The radiation induced attenuation (RIA) of a commercial PF-POF based on Cytop material is measured in the visible spectral region. The fiber RIA shows strong wavelength dependence with rapid increase towards the blue side of the spectrum. The wide range of radiation sensitivities is available via careful selection of appropriate monitoring wavelength. The accessible sensitivities span from 1.99 ± 0.01 dBm⁻¹/kGy measured at 890 nm to 140.9 ± 0.6 dBm⁻¹/kGy measured at 460 nm. The fairly high radiation sensitivity as well as its wide tunability makes the fiber a promising candidate for a broad range of applications.
T2 - Sixth European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors
CY - Limerick, Ireland
DA - 31.05.2016
KW - Perfluorinated polymer optical fiber
KW - Cytop
KW - Gamma radiation
KW - Optical fiber sensors
KW - Radiation dosimetry
PY - 2016
DO - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2235528
AN - OPUS4-36460
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Stajanca, Pavol
A1 - Mihai, L.
A1 - Sporea, D.
A1 - Negut, D.
A1 - Krebber, Katerina
ED - Lewis, E.
T1 - Perfluorinated polymer optical fiber for gamma radiation monitoring
N2 - The sensitivity of low-loss perfluorinated polymer optical fiber (PF-POF) to gamma radiation is investigated for on-line radiation monitoring purposes. The radiation-induced attenuation (RIA) of a commercial PF-POF based on Cytop material is measured in the visible spectral region. The fiber RIA shows strong wavelength dependence with rapid increase towards the blue side of the spectrum. The wide range of radiation sensitivities is available via careful selection of appropriate monitoring wavelength. The accessible sensitivities span from 1.6 ± 0.2 dBm-1/kGy measured at 750 nm to 18.3 ± 0.7 dBm-1/kGy measured at 420 nm. The fairly high radiation sensitivity as well as its wide tunability makes the fiber a promising candidate for a broad range of applications.
T2 - Sixth European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors
CY - Limerick, Ireland
DA - 31.05.2016
KW - Perfluorinated polymer optical fiber
KW - Cytop
KW - gamma radiation
KW - optical fiber sensors
KW - radiation dosimetry
PY - 2016
UR - http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/proceeding.aspx?articleid=2525047&resultClick=1
DO - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2235528
VL - 9916
SP - 99160H-1
EP - 99160H-4
PB - SPIE
CY - Bellingham, WA, USA
AN - OPUS4-36461
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sentker, K.
A1 - Yildirim, Arda
T1 - Columnar axial orientation of discotic liquid crystals in nanoporous solids
N2 - Successful implementation of an optical polarimetry measurement setup. Due to wall anchoring interactions HAT6 embedded in an untreated alumina membrane exhibits a radial orientation for pore sizes in between 30 nm and 80 nm. Embedded in large membranes, pore size of 180 nm, HAT6 forms the favored hexagonal columnar phase along the pore axis.
T2 - 80. Jahrestagung der DPG und DPG-Frühjahrstagung
CY - Regensburg, Germany
DA - 06.03.2016
KW - Discotic Liquid Crystals
KW - Nanoconfinement
KW - Orientation
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-36479
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröder, Volkmar
T1 - Sicherheitstechnische Eigenschaften von Erdgas-Wasserstoff-Gemischen - Auswirkungen auf den Explosionsschutz
N2 - Im Beitrag werden die sicherheitstechnischen Eigenschaften von Wasserstoff diskutiert. Die Einspeisung von Wasserstoff ins Erdgasnetz wird im Hinblick auf mögliche Gefahren im Explosionsschutz durch die Veränderung von sicherheitstechnischen Kenngrößen unter Prozessbedingungen betrachtet.
T2 - DVGW-Seminar "Gasinfrastruktur für Erdgas-H2-Gemische"
CY - Bremen, Germany
DA - 03.09.2020
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Explosionsschutz
KW - Sicherheitstechnische Eigenschaften
KW - Erdgasinfrastruktur
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-51288
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Komann, Steffen
A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor
A1 - Quercetti, Thomas
A1 - Scheidemann, Robert
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Mechanical and thermal assessment by BAM of a new package design for the transport of SNF from a german research reactor
N2 - For disposal of the research reactor of the Technical University Munich FRM II a new transport and storage cask design was under approval assessment by the German authorities on the basis of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) requirements. The cask body is made of ductile cast iron and closed by two bolted lid systems with metal seals. The material of the lids is stainless steel. On each end of the cask the wood-filled impact limiters are installed to reduce impact loads to the cask under drop test conditions. In the cavity of the cask a basket for five spent fuel elements is arranged.
This design has been assessed by the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) in view to the mechanical and thermal safety analyses, the activity release approaches, and subjects of quality assurance and surveillance for manufacturing and operation of the package.
For the mechanical safety analyses of the package a combination of experimental testing and analytical/numerical calculations were applied. In total, four drop tests were carried out at the BAM large drop test facility. Two tests were carried out as a full IAEA drop test sequence consisting of a 9m drop test onto an unyielding target and a 1m puncture bar drop test. The other two drop tests were performed as single 9m drop tests and completed by additional analyses for considering the effects of an IAEA drop test sequence.
The main objectives of the drop tests were the investigation of the integrity of the package and its safety against release of radioactive material as well as the test of the fastening system of the impact limiters. Furthermore, the acceleration and strain signals measured during the tests were used for the verification of finite-element (FE) models applied in the safety analysis of the package design.
T2 - Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference 2020
CY - Online meeting
DA - 03.08.2020
KW - Mechanik
KW - radioaktives Material
KW - Transportbehälter
KW - Antragsverfahren
KW - Zulassungen
KW - Typ-B Versandstück
KW - Thermik
PY - 2020
VL - 2020
SP - 1
EP - 7
PB - ASME
CY - New York
AN - OPUS4-51103
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hicke, Konstantin
T1 - Infrastruktur- und Anlagenmonitoring mit verteilter faseroptischer akustischer Sensorik
N2 - Anwendungsfelder von verteilter faseroptischer akustischer Sensorik (DAS) werden anhand von früheren, gegenwärtigen und zukünftigen Projekten an der BAM vorgestellt und die Leistungsfähigkeit von DAS demonstriert. Die dargestellten Anwendungen sind Monitoring von Rohrleitungen, von Unterseekabeln, von Zügen und Gleisen, von Brücken, von Strassen und Verkehr, von Erdbebenauswirkungen in urbanen Gebieten, von Bohrlöchern im Kontext Erdgasspeicher und für Exploration und Monitoring von Untergründen für Geothermie-Anwendungen.
T2 - Sitzung des VDI/VDE-GMA FA 2.17
CY - Online meeting
DA - 24.09.2020
KW - Verteilte faseroptische Sensorik
KW - Verteilte faseroptische akustische Sensorik
KW - DAS
KW - Infrastrukturmonitoring
KW - Zustandsüberwachung
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-51304
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Heuser, Lina
A1 - Sobek, P.
T1 - Sintering of silver-alkali zinc borate glass composites
N2 - High conductive silver-glass-metallization-pastes are key components in photovoltaics and advanced microelectronics. However, the underlying mechanisms of liquid phase sintering as silver dissolution, diffusion and reprecipitation are poorly understood so far.
In the current work, the influence of different network modifier in alkali-zinc-borate paste-glasses on liquid phase sintering of silver-glass-composites was studied. Therefore, silver-glass-composites containing 30 vol% glass were prepared, using low melting X2O-ZnO-B2O3 glasses with X = Na, Li, and Rb (NZB, LZB, and RZB). Glass transition temperature, viscosity, glass-silver wetting, crystallization and sintering behavior was studied by means of thermal analysis, dilatometry, heating microscopy and microscopy.
Similar glass transition temperatures of 450 °C (RZB), 460 °C (LZB) and 465 °C (NZB) were found by means of thermal analysis for glasses under study. Also, all glasses have a similar crystallization onset at about 550 °C, even though exhibiting with a different degree of crystallization.
Despite these similarities, however, the sintering behavior, measured in terms of area shrinkage, significantly differs for the composites. This finding indicates a different degree of silver dissolution. Assuming that dissolved silver reduces the viscosity, this effect could explain why glass crystallization starts at lower temperature in the composites. For example, the crystallization peak of LZB at 629 °C measured for pure glass powder compacts was decreased to 586 °C for the composite. Confirmatively, microstructure analyses indicate different degrees of silver dissolution, as e.g. revealed by different amount of silver precipitates within the residual glass phase, and reprecipitation. Best silver dissolution appeared for the RZB glass. Nevertheless, the final densification of RZB was retarded probably due to swelling and crystallization.
T2 - XRM Workshop
CY - Halle, Germany
DA - 03.03.2020
KW - Silver-glass-metallization-paste
KW - Sintering
KW - Alkali ions
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-51243
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico
T1 - BAM-Aktivitäten im Bereich Elektrische Energiespeicher
N2 - Der Beitrag stellt die aktuellen, relevanten BAM-Projekte im Bereich der Sicherheit elektrischer Energiespeicher vor. Weiterhin werden derzeitige Kooperationen mit der vfdb präsentiert.
T2 - 82. Sitzung Referat 10, Umweltschutz der vfdb (Vereinigung zur Förderung des deutschen Brandschutzes e.V.)
CY - Online meeting
DA - 04.11.2020
KW - Behälterversagen
KW - Fahrzeugbrand
KW - Auswirkungsbetrachtung
KW - Alternative Antriebe
KW - Fragment
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-51522
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Gräf, T.
A1 - Hicke, Konstantin
A1 - Heidmann, G.
A1 - Kölling, M.
A1 - Menge, M.
A1 - Vaterrodt, K.
T1 - Integrierte lokale und verteilte faseroptische Sensorik zum flächende-ckenden Online-Monitoring von Kabelanlagen und Betriebsmitteln
N2 - Faseroptische Sensorsysteme bieten heute die Möglichkeit des Online-Monitorings von sensiblen, für die Energieversorgung wichtigen Betriebsmitteln. Insbesondere Hochenergiekabel, wie diese sowohl im Offshore- als auch im Onshorebereich eingesetzt werden, sind prädestiniert für eine zustandsorientierte Überwachung. Gerade Hochspannungshochenergiekabel sind Betriebsmittel, die im Falle eines Ausfalls durch Schäden mit hohen Reparatur- und Folgekosten verbunden sind. Mit dem Einsatz von faseroptischen Sensoren sind mechanische Einflüsse wie Vibrationen z. B. verursacht durch Ankerfall, Temperaturhotspots oder auch Teilentladungsaktivitäten an dezidierten vulnerablen Stellen wie Kabelendverschlüssen oder –muffen über längere Kabelstrecken detektierbar. Der Einsatz von im Rahmen des Verbundprojekts Monalisa entwickelter faseroptischer Diagnosetechnik in Verbindung mit faseroptischen Sensoren wird hier aufgezeigt.
T2 - VDE Fachtagung Hochspannungstechnik
CY - Online-Meeting
DA - 09.11.2020
KW - Verteilte faseroptische Sensorik
KW - Energiekabel
KW - Zustandsüberwachung
KW - Infrastrukturmonitoring
KW - Eingebettete Sensorik
PY - 2020
SN - 978-3-8007-5353-6
SN - 0341-3934
VL - 2020
SP - 1
EP - 6
PB - VDE Verlag GmbH
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-51559
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Müller, Lars
T1 - Drop tests assessment of internal shock absorbers for packages loaded with encapsulations for damaged spent nuclear fuel
N2 - Damaged spent nuclear fuel (DSNF) can be loaded in German dual-purpose casks (DPC) for transport and interim storage. Encapsulations are needed to guarantee a safe handling and a tight closure, separated from the package enclosure. These encapsulations shall be durable and leak-tight for a long storage period, because they are usually not accessible within periodical inspections of the DPC. Due to the general design of DPCs for standard fuel assemblies, specific requirements have to be considered for the design of encapsulations for DSNF to ensure the loading in existing package designs. Especially the primary lid system of a DPC is designed for maximum loads due to the internal impact of the content during drop test conditions. The main difference of encapsulations for damaged spent nuclear fuel is that they have usually a much higher stiffness than standard fuel assemblies. Therefore the design of an internal shock absorber, e.g. at the head of an encapsulation is required to reduce mechanical loads to the primary lid system during impacts.
BAM as part of the German competent authority system is responsible for the safety assessment of the mechanical and thermal package design, the release of radioactive material and the quality assurance of package manufacturing and operation. Concerning the mechanical design of the encapsulation BAM was involved in the comprehensive assessment procedure during the package design approval process. An internal shock absorber was developed by the package designer with numerical analyses and experimental drop tests. Experimental drop tests are needed to cover limiting parameters regarding, e.g. temperature and wall thickness of the shock absorbing element to enable a detailed specification of the whole load-deformation behavior of the encapsulation shock absorber.
The paper gives an overview of the assessment work by BAM and points out the main findings which are relevant for an acceptable design of internal shock absorbers. The physical drop tests were planned on the basis of pre-investigations of the applicant concerning shape, dimension and material properties. In advance of the final drop tests the possible internal impact behavior had to be analyzed and the setup of the test facility had to be validated. The planning, performance and evaluation of the final drop tests were witnessed and assessed by BAM. In conclusion it could be approved that the German encapsulation system for damaged spent nuclear fuel with shock absorbing components can be handled similar to standard fuel assemblies in existing package designs.
T2 - Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference 2020
CY - Online meeting
DA - 03.08.2020
KW - Drop tests
KW - Internal shock absorber
KW - Design assessment of RAM packages
KW - Encapsulations for damaged spent nuclear fuel
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-51550
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
T1 - Quo vadis LIPSS? - Recent and future trends on laser-induced periodic surface structures
N2 - Nanotechnology and lasers are among the most successful and active fields of research and technology that have boomed during the past two decades. Many improvements are based on the controlled manufacturing of nanostructures that enable tailored material functionalization for a wide range of industrial applications, electronics, medicine, etc., and have already found entry into our daily life. One appealing approach for manufacturing such nanostructures in a flexible, robust, rapid, and contactless one-step process is based on the generation of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS). This Perspectives article analyzes the footprint of the research area of LIPSS on the basis of a detailed literature search, provides a brief overview on its current trends, describes the European funding strategies within the Horizon 2020 programme, and outlines promising future directions.
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Direct laser interference patterning (DLIP)
KW - Surface functionalization
KW - Literature survey
KW - European funding strategies
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-513530
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10101950
SN - 2079-4991
VL - 10
IS - 10
SP - 1950-1
EP - 1950-19
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel
AN - OPUS4-51353
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
A1 - Gräf, S.
T1 - Maxwell Meets Marangoni — A Review of Theories on Laser‐Induced Periodic Surface Structures
N2 - Surface nanostructuring enables the manipulation of many essential surface properties. With the recent rapid advancements in laser technology, a contactless large‐area processing at rates of up to m2 s−1 becomes feasible that allows new industrial applications in medicine, optics, tribology, biology, etc. On the other hand, the last two decades enable extremely successful and intense research in the field of so‐called laser‐induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS, ripples). Different types of these structures featuring periods of hundreds of nanometers only—far beyond the optical diffraction limit—up to several micrometers are easily manufactured in a single‐step process and can be widely controlled by a proper choice of the laser processing conditions. From a theoretical point of view, however, a vivid and very controversial debate emerges, whether LIPSS originate from electromagnetic effects or are caused by matter reorganization. This article aims to close a gap in the available literature on LIPSS by reviewing the currently existent theories of LIPSS along with their numerical implementations and by providing a comparison and critical assessment of these approaches.
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Electromagnetic theories
KW - Matter reorganization theories
KW - Surface plasmon polaritons
KW - Self-organization
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-514089
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.202000215
SN - 1863-8899
VL - 14
IS - 10
SP - 2000215-1
EP - 2000215-25
PB - Wiley
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-51408
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Scherb, T.
A1 - Fantin, Andrea
A1 - Checcia, S.
A1 - Stephan-Scherb, Christiane
A1 - Escolástico, S.
A1 - Franz, A.
A1 - Seeger, J.
A1 - Meulenberg, W. A.
A1 - d'Acapito, F.
A1 - Serra, J. M.
T1 - Unravelling the crystal structure of Nd5.8WO12-d and Nd5.7W0.75Mo0.25O12-d mixed ionic electronic conductors
N2 - Mixed ionic electronic conducting ceramics Nd6-yWO12-d (d is the Oxygen deficiency) provide excellent stability in harsh environments containing strongly reactive gases such as CO2, CO, H2, H2O or H2S. Due to this chemical stability, they are promising and cost-efficient candidate materials for gas separation, catalytic membrane reactors and protonic ceramic fuel cell technologies. As in La6-yWO12-d, the ionic/electronic transport mechanism in Nd6-yWO12-d is expected to be largely controlled by the crystal structure, the conclusive determination of which is still lacking. This work presents a crystallographic study of Nd5.8WO12-d and molybdenum-substituted Nd5.7W0.75Mo0.25O12-d prepared by the citrate complexation route. High-resolution synchrotron and neutron powder diffraction data were used in combined Rietveld refinements to unravel the crystal structure of Nd5.8WO12-d and Nd5.7W0.75Mo0.25O12-d. Both investigated samples crystallize in a defect fluorite crystal structure with space group Fm3m and doubled unit-cell parameter due to cation ordering. Mo replacesWat bothWyckoff sites 4a and 48h and is evenly distributed, in contrast with La6-yWO12-d. X-ray absorption spectroscopy as a function of partial pressure pO2 in the near-edge regions excludes oxidation state changes of Nd (Nd3+) and W(W6+) in reducing conditions: the enhanced hydrogen permeation, i.e. ambipolar conduction, observed in Mo-substituted Nd6-yWO12-d is therefore explained by the higher Mo reducibility and the creation of additional – disordered – oxygen vacancies.
KW - Powder diffraction
KW - Mixed conductors
KW - X-ray absorption spectroscopy
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-514607
DO - https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576720012698
VL - 53
SP - 1471
EP - 1483
AN - OPUS4-51460
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Feldkamp, Martin
A1 - Quercetti, Thomas
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Outcomes of three large scale fire reference tests conducted in BAM fire test facility
N2 - Packages for the transport of high-level radioactive material are designed to withstand severe accidents. Hypothetical severe accident conditions are defined in the IAEA Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Materials.
One of these accident conditions is the thermal test, mainly consisting of a 30 minute fully engulfing 800°C pool fire or an equally severe fire test. The heat fluxes into the package depend substantially on the fire characteristics and the Surface temperature of the package.
Fire tests can be performed at BAM on a propane gas fire test facility. In order to investigate the heat fluxes over a wide range of surface temperatures in this test facility a fire reference package was designed for multiple use. The package represented the outer geometry of a specific transport cask for radioactive waste. The fire reference package is a closed steel sheet cylinder with a wall thickness of 10 mm, a length of 1500 mm and a diameter of 1050 mm. The package was instrumented with thermocouples and filled with heat resistant insulation material.
Three open-air fire tests were performed in the BAM propane gas fire test facility. The flames exposure time period varied slightly for the fire tests. The wind direction as well as the wind Speed were measured and changed between and during the tests. Test stand parameters such as wind shield location and propane gas volume flow were chosen constant for the three tests. The locally measured fire reference package steel sheet temperatures were used for the calculation of heat fluxes as function of time and surface temperature. The measured temperatures allowed further calculations. In a first approach effective fire characteristics of the propane gas fire, including the flame temperature, the fire convection coefficient and a Radiation exchange coefficient mathematically describing the determined average heat flux over the surface temperature were calculated.
T2 - Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference 2020
CY - Online meeting
DA - 03.08.2020
KW - Fire
KW - Testing
KW - Large scale testing
KW - Calorimeter
KW - Heat flux
PY - 2020
SP - 1
EP - 9
PB - ASME
CY - New York
AN - OPUS4-51192
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Feldkamp, Martin
T1 - Outcomes of three large scale fire reference tests conducted in BAM fire test facility
N2 - Packages for the transport of high-level radioactive material are designed to withstand severe accidents. Hypothetical severe accident conditions are defined in the IAEA Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Materials.
One of these accident conditions is the thermal test, mainly consisting of a 30 minute fully engulfing 800°C pool fire or an equally severe fire test. The heat fluxes into the package depend substantially on the fire characteristics and the Surface temperature of the package.
Fire tests can be performed at BAM on a propane gas fire test facility. In order to investigate the heat fluxes over a wide range of surface temperatures in this test facility a fire reference package was designed for multiple use. The package represented the outer geometry of a specific transport cask for radioactive waste. The fire reference package is a closed steel sheet cylinder with a wall thickness of 10 mm, a length of 1500 mm and a diameter of 1050 mm. The package was instrumented with thermocouples and filled with heat resistant insulation material.
Three open-air fire tests were performed in the BAM propane gas fire test facility. The flames exposure time period varied slightly for the fire tests. The wind direction as well as the wind Speed were measured and changed between and during the tests. Test stand parameters such as wind shield location and propane gas volume flow were chosen constant for the three tests. The locally measured fire reference package steel sheet temperatures were used for the calculation of heat fluxes as function of time and surface temperature. The measured temperatures allowed further calculations. In a first approach effective fire characteristics of the propane gas fire, including the flame temperature, the fire convection coefficient and a Radiation exchange coefficient mathematically describing the determined average heat flux over the surface temperature were calculated.
T2 - Pressure Vessels & Piping Virtual Conference 2020
CY - Online meeting
DA - 03.08.2020
KW - Fire
KW - Testing
KW - Convection coefficient
KW - Large scale fire testing
KW - Propane gas fire test facility
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-51194
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Lone, S. A.
A1 - Muck, M.
A1 - Fosodeder, P.
A1 - Mardare, C.C.
A1 - Florian, Camilo
A1 - Weth, A.
A1 - Krüger, Jörg
A1 - Steinwender, C.
A1 - Baumgartner, W.
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
A1 - Heitz, J.
A1 - Hassel, A.W.
T1 - Impact of Femtosecond Laser Treatment Accompanied with Anodization of Titanium Alloy on Fibroblast Cell Growth
N2 - Herein, Ti6Al4V alloy is surface modified by femtosecond laser ablation. The microstructure image obtained by secondary electron microscopy reveals a combination of micrometer spikes or cones superimposed by nanoripples (laser‐induced periodic surface structures). To make the surface hydrophilic, anodization is performed resulting in further smoothness of microstructure and a final thickness of 35 ± 4 nm is estimated for oxide produced after anodization at 10 V (scan rate = 0.1 V s−1) versus standard hydrogen electrode. The obtained electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) is approximately 8 times larger compared with flat mirror polished Ti6Al4V surface. Combined chemical analysis by Pourbaix diagram and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses reveal that titanium and aluminum are passivating into TiO2 and Al2O3, but the dissolution of aluminum in the form of solvated ion is inevitable. Finally, cell seeding experiments on anodized and laser‐treated titanium alloy samples show that the growth of murine fibroblast cells is significantly suppressed due to unique surface texture of the laser‐treated and anodized titanium alloy sample.
KW - Anodization
KW - Femtosecond laser ablation
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures, LIPSS
KW - Ti6Al4V alloys
KW - X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-510263
DO - https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.201900838
SN - 1862-6300
SN - 1862-6319
VL - 217
IS - 13
SP - 1900838-1
EP - 1900838-9
PB - WILEY-VCH Verlag
CY - Weinheim, Germany
AN - OPUS4-51026
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Babutzka, Martin
T1 - Überarbeitung des GfKORR-Leitfadens „Korrosionsschutz von Offshore-Windenergieanlagen"
N2 - Der Vortrag stellt den aktuellen Stand und die Diskussionsthemen für die Überarbeitung des GfKORR-Leitfadens "Korrosionsschutz von Offshore-Windenergieanlagen" vor.
T2 - Gemeinsame Sitzung des GfKORR Arbeitskreises „Korrosionsschutz von Windenergieanlagen“ mit der Fachgruppe „Korrosionsschutz“ der WAB e.V.
CY - Online meeting
DA - 07.12.2020
KW - Leitfaden
KW - Korrosionsschutz
KW - Offshore-Windenergieanlagen
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-51784
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Reichardt, Adrian
T1 - Assessment of ageing effects at BAM
N2 - In Germany, spent nuclear fuel and vitrified high active waste is stored in dual purpose casks (DPC) at interim storage facilities. In order to ensure the transportability of the DPC to a final repository in future, the maintenance of the package design approval is realized. Therefore, the assessment of possible ageing effects during interim storage is necessary to ensure an evaluation of the transportability. The lecture presents BAM's current ageing evaluation concept in the field of trasnport law.
T2 - IRSN-BAM Symposium - Safety of Transport and Storage Packages
CY - Online meeting
DA - 19.11.2020
KW - Ageing
KW - DPC
KW - Interim storage
KW - Ageing management
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-51718
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Nerger, Deborah
A1 - Moosavi, Robabeh
A1 - Bracklow, F.
A1 - Hering, M.
A1 - Kühn, T.
A1 - Curbach, M.
A1 - Hille, Falk
A1 - Rogge, Andreas
ED - Papadrakakis, M.
ED - Fragiadakis, M.
ED - Papadimitriou, C.
T1 - Impact damage characterization at RC plates with planar tomography and FEM
N2 - Prediction of dynamic effects of reinforced concrete structures under impact loading is a technical challenge. This is a consequence of the great variability of the physical properties resulting from the wide adaptability of reinforced concrete and a consequence of the wide range of impact loading. Experiments and numerical investigations are normally used on a small scale to address the problem. In this paper, impact tests on reinforced conrete plates with the lateral dimensions of 1.5 m x 1.5 m and a thickness of 30 cm are presented. In bending reinforcement, besides the velocity two properties are varied, the diameter and the spatial distribution of the rebars. Experiments are performed at the Otto-Mohr-Laboratory of the Institute of Concrete Structures of the Technische Universit¨at Dresden. Due to the accelerated fall of the impactor the velocity ranges between 20 and 70 m/s. In addition to the measured quantities such as bearing forces, accelerations are also measured at 4 different positions on and under the plate, as well as the deflection at several positions. The measured data are used for the analysis of the damage form and the numerical examinations with the program Ansys Autodyn and the material model after Drucker-Prager.
Numerical investigations support the tests, with detailed analysis of individual effects. These numerical computations and the planar tomographic investigations were carried out at BAM in Berlin. With the help of planar tomographic evaluation, the damaged structure is
made visible and compared with the numerical results. Influences of the bending reinforcement are explained on the basis of damage evaluation in the local area and on selected measured values. In addition to the test evaluation, the tomographic and numerical methods are presented.
T2 - XI International Conference on Structural Dynamics (EURODYN 2020)
CY - Online meeting
DA - 23.11.2020
KW - Post-impact evaluation
KW - Damage characterization
KW - Planar tomography
KW - Drucker-Prager
KW - Ansys Autodyn
PY - 2020
SN - 978-618-85072-2-7
VL - 1
SP - 2521
EP - 2543
PB - Institute of Structural Analysis and Antiseismic Research, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Greece
CY - Athens, Greece
AN - OPUS4-51769
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Feldkamp, Martin
T1 - Outcomes of Three Large-Scale Fire Reference Tests Conducted in Propane Gas Fire Test Facility
N2 - Packages for the transport of high-level radioactive material are designed to withstand severe accidents. Hypothetical severe accident conditions are defined in the IAEA Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Materials. One of these accident conditions is the thermal test, mainly consisting of a 30 minute fully engulfing 800°C pool fire or an equally severe fire test. The heat fluxes into the package depend substantially on the fire characteristics and the surface temperature of the package. Fire tests can be performed at BAM on a propane gas fire test facility. In order to investigate the heat fluxes over a wide range of surface temperatures in this test facility a fire reference package was designed for multiple use. The package represented the outer geometry of a specific transport cask for radioactive waste. The fire reference package is a closed steel sheet cylinder with a wall thickness of 10 mm, a length of 1500 mm and a diameter of 1050 mm. The package was instrumented with thermocouples and filled with heat resistant insulation material. Three open-air fire tests were performed in the BAM propane gas fire test facility. The flames exposure time period varied slightly for the fire tests. The wind direction as well as the wind speed were measured and changed between and during the tests. Test stand parameters such as wind shield location and propane gas volume flow were chosen constant for the three tests. The locally measured fire reference package steel sheet temperatures were used for the calculation of heat fluxes as function of time and surface temperature. The measured temperatures allowed further calculations. In a first approach effective fire characteristics of the propane gas fire, including the flame temperature, the fire convection coefficient and a radiation exchange coefficient mathematically describing the determined average heat flux over the surface temperature were calculated.
T2 - Abteilungskolloquium 3.3
CY - Online meeting
DA - 03.12.2020
KW - Fire
KW - Heat flux
KW - Convection coefficient
KW - Adiabatic surface temperature
KW - IAEA
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-51778
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Akkerman, Floris
T1 - Aktuelles zur Ökodesign-Verordnung - Entwicklung und Einschätzung zum Inverkehrbringen
N2 - Vorstellung der Rechtsinstrumente Ökodesign, Darstellung der Entwicklung und Einschätzung zu Szenarien zum Inverkehrbringen am Beispiel Kühlmöbel
T2 - Handel-Hersteller-Dialog der FG Kühlmöbel des VDMA
CY - Online meeting
DA - 07.12.2020
KW - Ökodesign
KW - Energieverbrauchskennzeichnung
KW - Energieeffizienz
KW - Kühlmöbel
KW - Supermarktkälte
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-51817
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schürmann, K.
T1 - Experimental investigations on the fatigue resistance of automatically welded tubular X-joints for jacket support structures
N2 - The development within the offshore wind sector towards more powerful turbines combined with increasing water depth for new wind parks is challenging both the designer as well as the manufacturer of bottom fixed support structures. Besides XL-monopiles, the market developed an innovative and economic jacket support structure which is based on automatically manufactured tubular joints combined with standardized pipes. Besides the improvements for a serial manufacturing process the automatically welded tubular joints show a great potential in terms of fatigue resistance e.g. due to a smooth weld geometry without sharp notches. However, these benefits are not considered yet within the fatigue design process of automatically manufactured jacket substructures according to current standards due to the lack of suitable S-N curves. Therefore, 32 axial fatigue tests on single and double-sided automatically welded tubular X-joints have been performed to determine a new hot spot stress related S-N curve. Based on these constant amplitude fatigue tests a new S-N curve equal to a FAT 126 curve was computed which implicitly includes the benefits of the automatically welding procedure.
T2 - EERA DeepWind 2020
CY - Trondheim, Norway
DA - 15.01.2020
KW - Notch stress approach
KW - Tubular X-joints
KW - Automated manufacturing
KW - Fatigue tests
KW - Structural stress approach
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-51873
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schumacher, David
T1 - From W. C. Röntgen to modern Tomography
N2 - A not complete review of X-Ray related milestones from 1895 to the 21st century.
T2 - ITN GW4SHM, First Training Event
CY - Online Meeting
DA - 23.11.2020
KW - X-Ray
KW - Computed Tomography
KW - Laminography
KW - Digital Detector Arrays
KW - Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-51881
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Feldkamp, Martin
T1 - Fire reference package - Results of large-scale fire tests
N2 - Packages for the transport of high-level radioactive material are designed to withstand severe accidents. Hypothetical severe accident conditions are defined in the IAEA Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Materials. One of these accident conditions is the thermal test, mainly consisting of a 30 minute fully engulfing 800°C pool fire or an equally severe fire test. The heat fluxes into the package depend substantially on the fire characteristics and the surface temperature of the package. Fire tests can be performed at BAM on a propane gas fire test facility. In order to investigate the heat fluxes over a wide range of surface temperatures in this test facility a fire reference package was designed for multiple use. The package represented the outer geometry of a specific transport cask for radioactive waste. The fire reference package is a closed steel sheet cylinder with a wall thickness of 10 mm, a length of 1500 mm and a diameter of 1050 mm. The package was instrumented with thermocouples and filled with heat resistant insulation material. Three open-air fire tests were performed in the BAM propane gas fire test facility. The flames exposure time period varied slightly for the fire tests. The wind direction as well as the wind speed were measured and changed between and during the tests. Test stand parameters such as wind shield location and propane gas volume flow were chosen constant for the three tests. The locally measured fire reference package steel sheet temperatures were used for the calculation of heat fluxes as function of time and surface temperature. The measured temperatures allowed further calculations. In a first approach effective fire characteristics of the propane gas fire, including the flame temperature, the fire convection coefficient and a radiation exchange coefficient mathematically describing the determined average heat flux over the surface temperature were calculated.
T2 - IRSN-BAM Symposium - Safety of Transport and Storage Packages
CY - Online meeting
DA - 19.11.2020
KW - Fire reference
KW - Calorimetric test
KW - Propane
KW - Heat flux
KW - Propane gas fire test facility
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-51686
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Update on the German Spent Fuel Management Strategy
N2 - The presentation provides an update on the German spent fuel Management strategy in the areas of transportation, dry interim storage and deep geological disposal.
T2 - IAEA 18th TWG-NFCO
CY - Online meeting
DA - 07.09.2020
KW - Spent nuclear fuel
KW - Final disposal
KW - Safety
KW - Transport and storage cask
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-51616
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Amano, K.O.A.
A1 - Hahn, S.-K.
A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico
A1 - Rappsilber, Tim
A1 - Krause, U.
T1 - Experimental Investigation on Explosion Pressure Characteristics of Lithium-based (NMC) Pouch Batteries during Thermal Runaway
N2 - Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are prone to spontaneous and subsequent fire or explosion resulting from thermal runaway. The vented gases are not only toxic and flammable, their emission can also raise the surrounding pressure rapidly. In this study, characteristic variations of explosion pressure rise, rate of explosion pressure rise and 𝐾(sT)-value have been evaluated. The characteristic 𝐾(𝑠𝑇)-values were determined to evaluate the explosive behavior of LIBs during thermal runaway. The estimated values were compared to that of other explosive substances.
T2 - Batterieforum Deutschland 2021
CY - Online meeting
DA - 20.01.2021
KW - Pressure
KW - Lithium
KW - Thermal Runaway
KW - Battery
KW - Pouch
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52033
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Gleim, Tobias
A1 - Chen, Hefeng
T1 - Numerical Analysis for an Electro‐Magneto‐Mechanical Phenomenon with High‐Order Accurate Methods
N2 - This paper establishes an axisymmetric model for a levitation device. Therein, the Maxwell equations are combined with the balance of linear momentum. Different possible formulations to describe the MAXWELL equations are presented and compared and discussed in the example. A high order finite element discretization using GALERKIN's method in space and the generalized NEWMARK‐α method in time are developed for the electro‐magneto‐mechanical approach. Several studies on spatial and temporal discretization with respect to convergence will be investigated. In addition, the boundary influences and the domain size with respect to the levitation device are also examined.
T2 - International Association for Applied Mathematics and Mechanics
CY - Kassel, Germany
DA - 16.03.2020
KW - High-Order Methods
KW - Electro-Magneto-Mechanical
KW - Levitation Device
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-520720
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pamm.202000018
VL - 20
IS - 1
SP - e202000018
PB - Wiley‐VCH GmbH
CY - Online
AN - OPUS4-52072
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Asna Ashari, Parsa
T1 - An Analysis of the Three Knowledge and Technology Transfer Channels: Publications, Patents, Standards – The Case of Hydrogen Technology
N2 - Climate change and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions pose tremendous challenges to policymakers, the economy, and society. In this context, the development of clean, low-emission technologies plays a crucial role in mitigating the negative impact of fossil fuels on the climate. Hydrogen is a promising energy carrier and fuel that, thanks to its versatility, can be used in many applications. However, the adoption of hydrogen technology requires sufficient trust in its safety. To proxy the development of hydrogen safety innovations, we provide an analysis along the three knowledge and technology transfer channels of publications, patents, and standards. Our results show that research on hydrogen safety has increased significantly in the last decades, with hydrogen safety patents experiencing a general upward trend between 1980 and 2020, just recently decreasing. However, an analysis of almost 100 international hydrogen and fuel cell standards shows only a small number of references to scientific publications. This apparently limited transfer of knowledge from publications points to the need to optimize the coordination of the three knowledge and technology transfer channels for the future development of hydrogen technology. Based on the exploration of this gap, we recommend that research on the three channels for hydrogen be intensified and that the impact of hydrogen safety technology research and development on their diffusion be investigated.
T2 - 25th EURAS Annual Standardisation Conference – Standardisation and Innovation
CY - Online meeting
DA - 06.09.2021
KW - Hydrogen Standards
KW - Fuel Cells
KW - Knowledge and Technology Transfer
KW - Publications
KW - Patents
KW - Standards
KW - Safety
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53215
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Feldkamp, Martin
T1 - Fire Testing - Current Activities
N2 - The presentation gives an overview over three current fire testing activities for testing transport packages for the transport of high-level radioactive material. Packages for the transport of high-level radioactive material must withstand severe hypothetical accidents. Regulatory test conditions shall cover these severe accident conditions and consist of mechanical tests and a following thermal test. To withstand the mechanical tests heavy weight packages are often designed with impact limiters consisting of wood encapsulated in steel sheets. The thermal test is defined precisely in the IAEA-regulations as a 30 minute fully engulfing 800 °C fire. After the fire phase a pre-damaged impact limiter might continue burning or smoldering and influence the cask thermal behavior with its energy release. The energy transferred from the impact limiter to the cask is of importance for the safety of transport packages. A full-scale fire test with an impact limiter of 2.3 m in diameter and filled with spruce wood was designed and performed. The impact limiter continued burning for 3 days. Energy transfer and temperature measurements were performed. A new test is designed to examine pressure build up and possible mechanical failures in an undamaged impact limiter with a diameter of 1.9 m. The test is designed to measure heat flux from the impact limiter in case of its ignition and burning. To furthermore examine the burning behavior of steel encapsulated wood piles, tests are prepared with wood fire containers and an infrared ignition source. A fire reference package for calorimetric tests was designed. The fire reference package design consists of a closed steel sheet cylinder with a length of 1,500 mm, an exterior diameter of 1,050 mm, and a wall thickness of 10 mm. The cylinder was filled with refractory insulation material and instrumented with thermocouples distributed all over the cylinder. The measured local steel sheet temperatures allow the determination of local as well as overall integral heat fluxes versus time and versus surface temperature. Currently, tests are planned with a new and relatively small fire reference package design. The new design will have a steel sheet cylinder with a length of 182 mm, an exterior diameter of 120 mm. Additionally heat flux sensors will be used in the new fire reference package test design. The propane gas fire will be adjusted with respect to the outcome of the fire tests to meet the requirements of the IAEA-fire.
T2 - Technical Exchange IRSN – BAM Transport & Storage of Packages for Radioactive Material
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 08.09.2021
KW - Heat flux sensor
KW - Propane gas fire
KW - Wood fire
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53242
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Linnemann, Konrad
T1 - Prestressed bolt connections under lateral displacements
N2 - The containment system of transport packages for spent nuclear fuel and high-level waste usually includes bolted lids with metal gaskets. The specified transport condition imply high loading on the lids and the bolt connections of the package. The response of the lid systems on these load conditions is generally investigated by drop tests or numerically. BAM has started a research project to get a better understanding about the behavior of prestressed bolt connection under loadings typical for drop tests.
T2 - BAM-IRSN-Workshop 2021
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 08.09.2021
KW - Transport packages
KW - Bolt connections
KW - Finite element analysis
KW - Experimental investigation
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53251
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Seher, Julia
A1 - Fröba, M.
T1 - Shape matters: The effect of particle morphology on the fast-charging performance of LiFePO4/C nanoparticle composite electrodes
N2 - For the successful use of lithium-ion batteries in automotive applications, reliable availability of high storage capacity and very short recharging times are essential. In order to develop the perfect battery for a certain application, structure–property relationships of each active material must be fully understood. LiFePO4 is of great interest due to its fast-charging capability and high stability regarding its thermal resistance and chemical reactivity. The anisotropic lithium-ion diffusion through the LiFePO4 crystal structure indicates a strong dependence of the electrochemical performance of a nanostructured active material on particle morphology. In this paper, the relationship of the particle morphology and fast-charging capability of LiFePO4/C core/shell nanoparticles in half-cells was studied. For this purpose, a new multistep synthesis strategy was developed. It involves the combination of a solvothermal synthesis followed by an in situ polymer coating and thermal calcination step. Monodisperse rodlike LiFePO4 nanoparticles with comparable elongation along the b-axis (30–50 nm) and a varying aspect ratio c/a (2.4–6.9) were obtained. A strong correlation of the fast-charging capability with the aspect ratio c/a was observed. When using LiFePO4 nanoparticles with the smallest aspect ratio c/a, the best electrochemical performance was received regarding the specific capacity at high C-rates and the cycling stability. A reduction of the aspect ratio c/a by 30% (3.6 to 2.4) was found to enhance the charge capacity at 10 C up to an order of magnitude (7.4–73 mA h·g–1).
KW - LiFePO4
KW - Schnellladung
KW - Nanoparticles
KW - Carbon
KW - Chemical synthesis
KW - Electrochemical cells
KW - Materials
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-533004
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c03432
SN - 2470-1343
VL - 6
IS - 37
SP - 24062
EP - 24069
PB - American Chemical Society
CY - Washington, DC
AN - OPUS4-53300
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Gleim, Tobias
T1 - Polyurethane Foam in Impact Limiters - Experimental and Numerical Analysis
N2 - Transport containers with radioactive material are usually shipped in Germany with wooden-filled impact limiters. Alternative energy-absorbing materials for this purpose can be polyurethane foam, for example. In order to perform adequate simulations with PU foam, experimental and numerical investigations must be carried out. With the help of a series of experimental test runs, a material model is developed, tested and compared in LS-Dyna.
T2 - Technical Exchange IRSN – BAM: Transport & Storage of Packages for Radioactive Material
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 08.09.2021
KW - Polyurethane Foam, Impact Limiters, PU-Foam
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53261
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Gleim, Tobias
T1 - Polyurethane Foam for Impact Limiters - Theory and Experimental Data
N2 - Transport containers with radioactive material are usually shipped in Germany with wooden-filled impact limiters. Alternative energy-absorbing materials for this purpose can be polyurethane foam, for example. In order to adequately determine the characteristics for a selected PU foam, various experimental investigations must be carried out. Classically, PU foam specimens are tested under uniaxial compression, confined compression and a tensile test. Using the experimental data and selected material models from the literature, the parameters can be determined to describe and apply material models.
T2 - Technical Exchange Sandia – BAM: Transport & Storage of Packages for Radioactive Material
CY - Online meeting
DA - 31.08.2021
KW - Polyurethane Foam
KW - Impact Limiters
KW - PU-Foam
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53262
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Wu, Z.
A1 - Guo, X.
A1 - Xie, G.
A1 - Yan, T.
A1 - Wu, Dejian
A1 - Zhang, F.
A1 - Ang, R.
T1 - Heat and electric flux coupling of closed-loop thermoelectric generator
N2 - Thermoelectric generator (TEG) has been proved as a promising technology for directly converting heat into electricity based on Seebeck effect. On the contrary, this electricity can trigger a solid-state cooling based on conventional Peltier effect. However, these two effects induce a coupling between heat and electric flux, especially for the quantitative relationship still remaining a mystery. Here, we show experimental evidence and theoretical calculation for the coupling by monitoring transient response of fluid temperature and output power. The experimental maximum heat flow in open circuit is 1162 W at cold fluid flow rate = 0.3 m3/h and fluid temperature difference ΔTf = 70 °C, enhanced by 13% owing to heat compensation from intrinsic coupling in closed-loop circuit. Meanwhile, the measured maximum output power of TEG is 18.2 W, and subsequently decreases to 15.4 W due to the objective existence of coupling. This double-edged sword in coupling vigorously inspires the potential applications in heat-dissipation situation such as spacecraft, electronic components, photovoltaic, refrigerator and etc. Present findings open a novel avenue for manipulating heat-electricity conversion in practical engineering.
KW - Thermoelectric generator
PY - 2021
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114529
SN - 0196-8904
VL - 244
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-53661
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CHAP
A1 - Droste, Bernhard
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
A1 - Bevilacqua, A.
A1 - Reiche, I.
A1 - Harvey, J.
A1 - Hirose, M.
A1 - Kumano, Y.
A1 - McConnell, P.
A1 - Saegusa, T.
A1 - Einziger, R.
ED - González-Espartero, A.
T1 - Methodology for a Safety Case of a Dual Purpose Cask for Storage and Transport of Spent Fuel
N2 - Spent nuclear fuel which is generated in the operation of nuclear reactors needs to be safely managed following its removal from the reactor core. On-site power reactor storage pools were designed on the assumption that after a short period of time spent nuclear fuel would be removed for reprocessing and disposal or further storage elsewhere. The amount of highly radioactive spent fuel that needs to be stored over longer periods of time is growing and additional storage capacity is required. One of the widely used options for additional storage capacity is the use of casks for dry storage of spent fuel. Among various existing dry storage concepts, several Member States are utilizing a concept of dual purpose casks (DPCs). This publication provides practical advice on the structure and contents of a DPC integrated safety case with reference to existing IAEA requirements relevant to the licensing and use of transport and storage casks for spent fuel.
KW - Dual Purpose Cask
KW - Spent Fuel
KW - Storage
KW - Transport
PY - 2020
UR - https://www.iaea.org/publications/10966/methodology-for-a-safety-case-of-a-dual-purpose-cask-for-storage-and-transport-of-spent-fuel
SN - 978-92-0-131620-2
SN - 1011–4289
SP - 1
EP - 109
PB - IAEA Publishing Section
CY - Vienna, Austria
AN - OPUS4-51962
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Palkowski, Carsten
T1 - BAM Round Robin Test for Heat Pumps and Air Conditioners
N2 - Preliminary results of the BAM RRTs are given in this presentation.
T2 - VHK Meeting
CY - Online meeting
DA - 11.11.2020
KW - Heat Pumps
KW - Air Conditioners
KW - Round Robin Test
KW - Load-Based Test Method
KW - Energy Label
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-51969
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Ruiz-Hervias, J.
A1 - Simbruner, Kai
A1 - Cristobal-Beneyto, M.
A1 - Perez-Gallego, D.
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
T1 - Failure mechanisms in unirradiated ZIRLO® cladding with radial hydrides
N2 - The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between hydride morphology, in particular the presence of radial hydrides (RHs), stress state and failure mechanisms associated with the ring compression test (RCT). Samples of ZIRLO®cladding were pre-hydrided and subjected to thermo-mechanical treatments to precipitate long radial hydrides. The results show that the reorientation treatment was very successful. A considerable fraction of RHs was generated, the radial hydride continuity factor being around 80 to 90% of the wall thickness. The samples with reoriented hydrides were tested using the RCT at room temperature. Macroscopic brittle failure was observed with sudden load drops for displacements around 0.5 mm, with a calculated “offset strain”between 0.5 and 1%. Crack nucleation occurs in RHs located in regions with the highest values of hoop stress. These locations are the inner diameter of cladding at the vertical plane of the sample (12 and 6 o’clock positions) and the outer diameter at the horizontal plane (3 and 9 o’clock positions). Noticeable load drops in the RCT are associated with unstable crack propagation events through the radial hydride network, the crack front reaching up to 90% of the wall thickness in some cases. The failure micro-mechanism is quasi-cleavage in the hydrides and micro-void nucleation, growth and coalescence in the Zr matrix, with ductile tearing patches connecting neighboring hydrides. The main conclusion is that radial hydride metrics is not the only parameter that determines cladding failure in the presence of RHs, but the interaction between the location and continuity of RHs and the stress normal to the hydride (the hoop stress in this case). Consequently, if a radial hydride is located at a position within the cladding where the hoop stress is small, a crack will not be initiated easily in the RCT.
KW - ZIRLO®
KW - Cladding Embrittlement
KW - Radial Hydrides
KW - Failure Mechanism
KW - Ring compression test
PY - 2021
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2020.152668
SN - 0022-3115
VL - 544
SP - 152668
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-52000
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Simbruner, Kai
T1 - Brittle failure analysis of spent fuel zirconium alloy claddings during long-term dry interim storage - Current approach at BAM
N2 - Understanding the mechanical behaviour of fuel cladding is decisive for an extended dry interim storage period beyond the currently licensed period of 40 years in Germany and subsequent handling, transport, and disposal considering normal and accidental conditions. Since fuel cladding acts as the first barrier for spent fuel, its integrity should be demonstrated to enable safe and secure discharge and handling options after interim storage and subsequent transportation in preparation of final disposal. An established method for characterizing cladding material is the Ring Compression Test (RCT), where a small, cylindrical sample of the cladding tube is subjected to a compressive load. This test is a laboratory representation of a fuel rod load case and has shown a high susceptibility to failure under the occurrence of radial hydrides. Certain hydride morphologies and low temperature might even lead to brittle fracture at very small loads. The BAM research project BRUZL (Fracture mechanical analysis of spent fuel claddings during long-term dry interim storage) aims to study the results of quasi-static RCTs and to establish numerical models to gain an in-depth understanding of the stress state during the experiments. Using a fracture mechanical approach, cases of sudden failure during the RCT procedure are used to characterize the material behaviour and establish a failure criterion. As an integral part of the project BRUZL, quasi-static Ring Compression Tests have been performed to identify all experimental details, which might be helpful for numerical modelling. Unirradiated samples of the cladding material ZIRLO® have been subjected to hydrogen charging and a thermo-mechanical treatment for radial hydride reorientation. Sample preparation, testing procedures, and analysis results are presented. A numerical model has been established and an elastic-plastic material model was derived from as-received RCT samples by inverse finite element analyses. Cohesive zone modelling has been implemented to reproduce sudden load drops during RCT. The project is funded by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) under contract no. 1501561.
T2 - Kolloquium der Abteilung 3
CY - Online meeting
DA - 05.11.2020
KW - Ageing Management
KW - Cladding Embrittlement
KW - Extended Storage
KW - Ring Compression Test
KW - Spent Nuclear Fuel
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-51987
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Simbruner, Kai
T1 - Embrittlement of Spent Fuel Claddings ‒ Results of Ring Compression Tests
N2 - An established method for characterizing cladding material is the Ring Compression Test (RCT), where a small, cylindrical sample of the cladding tube is subjected to a compressive load. This test is a laboratory representation of a fuel rod load case and has shown a high susceptibility to failure under the occurrence of radial hydrides. Certain hydride morphologies and low temperature might even lead to brittle fracture at very small loads. The BAM research project BRUZL (Fracture mechanical analysis of spent fuel claddings during long-term dry interim storage) aims to study the results of quasi-static RCTs and to establish numerical models to gain an in-depth understanding of the stress state during such experiments. Using a fracture mechanical approach, cases of sudden failure during the RCT procedure are used to characterize the material behaviour and establish a failure criterion.
As an integral part of the project BRUZL, quasi-static Ring Compression Tests have been performed to identify all experimental details, which might be helpful for numerical modelling. Unirradiated samples of the cladding material ZIRLO® have been subjected to hydrogen charging and a thermo-mechanical treatment for radial hydride reorientation. Sample preparation, testing procedures, and analysis results are presented. A numerical model has been established and an elastic-plastic material model was derived from as-received RCT samples by inverse finite element analyses. Cohesive zone modelling has been implemented to reproduce sudden load drops during RCT.
The project is funded by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) under contract no. 1501561.
T2 - 4th GRS Workshop on Safety of Extended Dry Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel
CY - Online meeting
DA - 03.06.2020
KW - Ageing Management
KW - Cladding Embrittlement
KW - Extended Storage
KW - Ring Compression Test
KW - Spent Nuclear Fuel
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-51988
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Stamm, Michael
T1 - EvalTherm - Evaluation of passive Thermography for the inspection of wind turbine blades
N2 - The EvalTherm project is presented. The concept of passive thermography on rotor blades as well as first results of field measurements are discussed. As this is an industry-related conference, the focus in this paper is on practical aspects that are of interest for industrial applications.
T2 - AMI Wind Turbine Blade Manufacture conference 2021
CY - Cologne, Germany
DA - 15.11.2021
KW - Windenergy
KW - Thermography
KW - Inspection
KW - NDT
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53928
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Lay, Vera
A1 - Buske, S.
A1 - Townend, J.
A1 - Kellett, R.
A1 - Savage, M.
A1 - Schmitt, D. R.
A1 - Constantinou, A.
A1 - Eccles, J. D.
A1 - Gorman, A.
A1 - Bertram, M.
A1 - Hall, K.
A1 - Lawton, D.
A1 - Kofman, R.
T1 - 3D Active Source Seismic Imaging of the Alpine Fault Zone and the Whataroa Glacial Valley in New Zealand
N2 - The Alpine Fault zone in New Zealand marks a major transpressional plate boundary that is late in its typical earthquake cycle. Understanding the subsurface structures is crucial to understand the tectonic processes taking place. A unique seismic survey including 2D lines, a 3D array, and borehole recordings, has been performed in the Whataroa Valley and provides new insights into the Alpine Fault zone down to ∼2 km depth at the location of the Deep Fault Drilling Project (DFDP)-2 drill site. Seismic images are obtained by focusing prestack depth migration approaches. Despite the challenging conditions for seismic imaging within a sediment filled glacial valley and steeply dipping valley flanks, several structures related to the valley itself as well as the tectonic fault system are imaged. A set of several reflectors dipping 40°–56° to the southeast are identified in a ∼600 m wide zone that is interpreted to be the minimum extent of the damage zone. Different approaches image one distinct reflector dipping at ∼40°, which is interpreted to be the main Alpine Fault reflector located only ∼100 m beneath the maximum drilled depth of the DFDP-2B borehole. At shallower depths (z < 0.5 km), additional reflectors are identified as fault segments with generally steeper dips up to 56°. Additionally, a glacially over-deepened trough with nearly horizontally layered sediments and a major fault (z < 0.5 km) are identified 0.5–1 km south of the DFDP-2B borehole. Thus, a complex structural environment is seismically imaged and shows the complexity of the Alpine Fault at Whataroa.
KW - Imaging
KW - Signal processing
KW - Seismic
KW - Borehole
KW - DAS
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-539163
DO - https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JB023013
VL - 126
IS - 12
SP - 1
EP - 21
PB - American Geophysical Union
AN - OPUS4-53916
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Völzke, Holger
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa
A1 - Herold, Christian
A1 - Bollingerfehr, W.
A1 - Wunderlich, A.
A1 - Prignitz, S.
T1 - Anforderungen an Behälter für die Endlagerung hochradioaktiver Abfälle in Steinsalz, Tonstein und Kristallingestein
N2 - Bei der Auswahl eines Standortes für ein Endlager für hochradioaktive Abfälle (Wärme entwickelnde radioaktive Abfälle und ausgediente Brennelemente) in Deutschland werden auf Grundlage des Standortauswahlgesetzes von 2017 die drei potenziellen Wirtsgesteine Steinsalz, Tonstein und Kristallingestein in Betracht gezogen. Die Auswahl eines konkreten Endlagerstandortes steht dabei in engem Zusammenhang mit den für die jeweiligen Wirtsgesteine geeignet erscheinender Endlagersystemen. Zentraler Bestandteil dieser Endlagersysteme sind die Endlagerbehälter, deren Gestaltung und Auslegung maßgeblich die Randbedingungen für die Transport- und Einlagerungstechnik vorgibt und zudem die Nachweise zur Betriebs- und Langzeitsicherheit entscheidend prägt. Daher ist es für die Behälterentwicklung erforderlich, die an Endlagerbehälter zu stellenden Anforderungen systematisch herzuleiten. Auf dieser Grundlage können anforderungsgerechte Endlagerbehälter zielgerichtet für die jeweils zu untersuchenden Endlagerstandorte in unterschiedlichen Wirtsgesteinen entwickelt werden.
Dieser Beitrag fasst die wesentlichen Ergebnisse des von BAM und BGE TECHNOLOGY GmbH im Zeitraum 2017 bis 2020 bearbeiteten und vom Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie (BMWi) geförderten Forschungsvorhabens KoBrA zusammen, die in einem Abschlussbericht und vier zugehörigen Teilberichten umfassend dokumentiert sind.
T2 - Tage der Standortauswahl
CY - Freiberg, Germany
DA - 11.02.2021
KW - Endlager
KW - Behälter
KW - Sicherheitsanforderungen
KW - hochradioaktive Abfälle
PY - 2021
SP - 1
EP - 10
AN - OPUS4-53114
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Anforderungen an Behälter für die Endlagerung hochradioaktiver Abfälle in Steinsalz, Tonstein und Kristallingestein
N2 - Bei der Auswahl eines Standortes für ein Endlager für hochradioaktive Abfälle (Wärme entwickelnde radioaktive Abfälle und ausgediente Brennelemente) in Deutschland werden auf Grundlage des Standortauswahlgesetzes von 2017 die drei potenziellen Wirtsgesteine Steinsalz, Tonstein und Kristallingestein in Betracht gezogen. Die Auswahl eines konkreten Endlagerstandortes steht dabei in engem Zusammenhang mit den für die jeweiligen Wirtsgesteine geeignet erscheinender Endlagersystemen. Zentraler Bestandteil dieser Endlagersysteme sind die Endlagerbehälter, deren Gestaltung und Auslegung maßgeblich die Randbedingungen für die Transport- und Einlagerungstechnik vorgibt und zudem die Nachweise zur Betriebs- und Langzeitsicherheit entscheidend prägt. Daher ist es für die Behälterentwicklung erforderlich, die an Endlagerbehälter zu stellenden Anforderungen systematisch herzuleiten. Auf dieser Grundlage können anforderungsgerechte Endlagerbehälter zielgerichtet für die jeweils zu untersuchenden Endlagerstandorte in unterschiedlichen Wirtsgesteinen entwickelt werden.
Dieser Beitrag fasst die wesentlichen Ergebnisse des von BAM und BGE TECHNOLOGY GmbH im Zeitraum 2017 bis 2020 bearbeiteten und vom Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie (BMWi) geförderten Forschungsvorhabens KoBrA zusammen, die in einem Abschlussbericht und vier zugehörigen Teilberichten umfassend dokumentiert sind.
T2 - Tage der Standortauswahl
CY - Freiberg, Germany
DA - 11.02.2021
KW - Endlager
KW - Behälter
KW - Sicherheitsanforderungen
KW - hochradioaktive Abfälle
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53115
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - RPRT
A1 - Herold, Christian
A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa
A1 - Völzke, Holger
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
T1 - Nationaler und Internationaler Stand zu bereits existierenden Anforderungen und Konzepten für Endlagerbehälter und Zusammenstellung sicherheitsrelevanter Behältereigenschaften; Bericht zum Arbeitspaket 1 des FuE-Verbundvorhabens KoBrA
N2 - Im hier vorliegenden Bericht wurde im Rahmen einer umfassenden Literaturrecherche der nationale und internationale Stand von Wissenschaft und Technik hinsichtlich Behälterkonzepten und Behälteranforderungen erfasst. Dabei wurde eine umfangreiche Dokumentensammlung zusammengestellt und sortiert, die als Quellenbasis für alle weiteren Arbeiten zur Verfügung steht. Die Auswertung der gesammelten Informationen resultiert in einem Überblick über internationale Behälterentwicklungen sowie einer detaillierten Übersicht über die Behälterkonzepte und die ihnen zugrundeliegenden Anforderungskataloge aus elf fortgeschrittenen Endlagerprogrammen.
KW - Endlager
KW - Behälter
KW - Sicherheitsanforderungen
KW - Hochradioaktive Abfälle
PY - 2020
DO - https://doi.org/10.2314/KXP:1759195804
N1 - Auftraggeber: Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie (BMWi), Förderkennzeichen: 02E11537.
SP - 1
EP - 284
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-53117
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - RPRT
A1 - Herold, Christian
A1 - Völzke, Holger
A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
A1 - Bollingerfehr, W.
A1 - Wunderlich, A.
A1 - Prignitz, S.
T1 - Erarbeitung von Vorschlägen für mögliche Behälterkonzepte in den drei potenziellen Wirtsgesteinen Steinsalz, Tonstein und Kristallingestein; Bericht zum Arbeitspaket 4 des FuE Verbundvorhabens KoBrA
N2 - Dieser Bericht untersucht die im ersten Arbeitspaket ermittelten vorhandenen bzw. entwickelten Behälterkonzepte dahingehend, inwieweit die jeweiligen Behälterfunktionen unter den im zweiten und dritten Arbeitspaket ermittelten Randbedingungen und Einwirkungen den im dritten Arbeitspaket ermittelten Anforderungen an endlagerfähige Behälter in einem deutschen Endlager genügen. Zum anderen sollen, basierend auf den im zweiten Arbeitspaket ermittelten Randbedingungen und den im dritten Arbeitspaket hergeleiteten und zusammengestellten Anforderungen an die Endlagerbehälter, Vorschläge für mögliche generische Endlagerbehälter in den drei potenziellen Wirtsgesteinen Steinsalz, Tonstein und Kristallingestein erarbeitet werden. Die im ersten Arbeitspaket recherchierten Behälterkonzepte, deren Entwicklungslinien und zugrundeliegende Behälteranforderungen bilden hier den Ausgangspunkt für weitergehende Überlegungen hinsichtlich ihrer potenziellen Eignung für ein zukünftiges deutsches Endlager und zur Skizzierung generischer Konzepte für zukünftige Endlagerbehälter.
KW - Endlager
KW - Behälter
KW - Sicherheitsanforderungen
KW - Hochradioaktive Abfälle
PY - 2020
DO - https://doi.org/10.2314/KXP:1759194123
N1 - Auftraggeber: Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie (BMWi), Förderkennzeichen: 02E11537.
SP - 1
EP - 76
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-53118
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - RPRT
A1 - Herold, Christian
A1 - Völzke, Holger
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa
A1 - Bollingerfehr, W.
A1 - Wunderlich, A.
A1 - Prignitz, S.
T1 - Herleitung und Zusammenstellung der Anforderungen an Endlagerbehälter für ein HAW-Endlager in den drei potenziellen Wirtsgesteinen Steinsalz, Tonstein und Kristallingestein; Bericht zum Arbeitspaket 3 des FuE Verbundvorhabens KoBrA
N2 - Der Bericht zum Arbeitspaket 3 baut auf den Ergebnissen der internationalen Recherche (AP1) sowie der Zusammenstellung der Randbedingungen und Beanspruchungsgrößen für die Endlagerbehälter (AP2) auf. Die Anforderungen an die Behälter – regulatorische, betriebliche sowie solche aus der Standortgeologie und den Einwirkungen und Prozessen, denen die Behälter ausgesetzt sind – werden hergeleitet und systematisch dargestellt.
Die für das Endlagersystem zu betrachtenden Nutzungsphasen werden aus den regulatorischen Anforderungen hergeleitet und charakterisiert. Die Einwirkungen auf die Behälter in den drei potenziellen Wirtsgesteinen sowie die sich für die Erfüllung der Sicherheitsfunktionen des Behälters als Teil des Endlagersystems ergebenden Behälterfunktionen werden ebenfalls wirtsgesteins- und zeitphasenabhängig betrachtet. Schließlich werden aus den Einwirkungen auf die Behälter und den Anforderungen an die Behälterfunktionen auch quantifizierbare Behälterfunktionen für alle drei potenziellen Wirtsgesteine abgeleitet.
KW - Endlager
KW - Behälter
KW - Sicherheitsanforderungen
KW - Hochradioaktive Abfälle
PY - 2020
UR - https://www.bge-technology.de/fileadmin/user_upload/MEDIATHEK/f_e_berichte/KoBrA/2020-KoBrA_Bericht_AP3.pdf
N1 - Auftraggeber: Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie (BMWi), Förderkennzeichen: 02E11527 und 02E11537.
SP - 1
EP - 254
PB - BGE Technology
CY - Peine
AN - OPUS4-53119
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Asna Ashari, Parsa
A1 - Blind, K.
ED - Jakobs, K.
T1 - An Analysis of the Three Knowledge and Technology Transfer Channels: Publications, Patents, Standards – The Case of Hydrogen Technology
N2 - Climate change and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions pose tremendous challenges to policymakers, the economy, and society. In this context, the development of clean, low-emission technologies plays a crucial role in mitigating the negative impact of fossil fuels on the climate. Hydrogen is a promising energy carrier and fuel that, thanks to its versatility, can be used in many applications. However, the adoption of hydrogen technology requires sufficient trust in its safety. To proxy the development of hydrogen safety innovations, we provide an analysis along the three knowledge and technology transfer channels of publications, patents, and standards. Our results show that research on hydrogen safety has increased significantly in the last decades, with hydrogen safety patents experiencing a general upward trend between 1980 and 2020, just recently decreasing. However, an analysis of almost 100 international hydrogen and fuel cell standards shows only a small number of references to scientific publications. This apparently limited transfer of knowledge from publications points to the need to optimize the coordination of the three knowledge and technology transfer channels for the future development of hydrogen technology. Based on the exploration of this gap, we recommend that research on the three channels for hydrogen be intensified and that the impact of hydrogen safety technology research and development on their diffusion be investigated.
T2 - 25th EURAS Annual Standardisation Conference – Standardisation and Innovation
CY - Aachen, Germany
DA - 05.09.2021
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Fuel Cells
KW - Knowledge and Technology Transfer
KW - Publications
KW - Patents
KW - Standards
KW - Safety
PY - 2021
SN - 978-3-95886-421-4
SP - 1
EP - 20
CY - Mainz
AN - OPUS4-53912
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Pampel, Jonas
T1 - Natrium- und Lithium-Metall-Batterien - Wie gefährlich sind sie wirklich
N2 - Das Verhalten von Batteriezellen bei Beschädigung ist von hoher Bedeutung für die Einschätzung der Sicherheit bei Transport, Lagerung sowie Verwendung. Vor allem im Zusammenhang mit dem exponentiell wachsenden Sektor der Lithium-Batterien kam es in der Vergangenheit immer wieder zu kritischen Vorfällen. Hierbei haben Lithium-Metall-Batterien, welche elementares Lithium enthalten, den Ruf besonders gefährlich zu sein. Um dieses Thema bewerten zu können, werden im Vortrag die Unterschiede zwischen Lithium-Ionen- und Lithium-Metall-Batterien erläutert und experimentelle Studien des Verhaltens von aktuellen Systemen bei Schädigung verglichen. Darüber hinaus wird auf die Eigenschaften sowie das Sicherheitsverhalten von zukünftigen Lithium- bzw. Natrium-Batterien eingegangen.
T2 - Fachkonferenz Lithiumbatterien - Logistik, Lagerung und Entsorgung
CY - Online meeting
DA - 26.01.2021
KW - Lithium-Batterien
KW - Sicherheit
KW - Thermisches Durchgehen
KW - Natrium-Batterien
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-54055
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Pampel, Jonas
T1 - Neues aus der Welt der Lithiumbatterien: Jüngste Forschungsergebnisse und deren Auswirkungen auf die Beförderung und Lagerung
N2 - Das Verhalten von Batteriezellen bei Beschädigung ist von hoher Bedeutung für die Einschätzung der Sicherheit bei Transport, Lagerung sowie Verwendung. Die Auswirkungen bei Schädigung hängen natürlich von der Art der Zelle, jedoch auch vom Ladezustand und der Schädigungsmethode ab.
Im Vortrag werden die Schädigungsversuche von Einzelzellen sowie Propagationsversuche an der BAM für verschieden Ladezustände präsentiert. Des Weiteren werden die aktuellen Vorgaben/Empfehlungen bezüglich der Lagerung von Lithium-Batterien kurz dargestellt. Darüber hinaus werden die neusten Entwicklung bezüglich der Vorgaben für den Transports von Natrium-Ionen-Batterien vorgestellt und diskutiert.
T2 - 18. Gefahrgut Technik Tage
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 18.11.2021
KW - Lithium-Batterien
KW - Sicherheit
KW - Thermisches Durchgehen
KW - Batterie-Lagerung
KW - Batterie-Transport
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-54078
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Bloi, L. M.
A1 - Hippauf, F.
A1 - Boenke, T.
A1 - Rauche, M.
A1 - Paasch, S.
A1 - Schutjajew, K.
A1 - Pampel, Jonas
A1 - Schwotzer, F.
A1 - Dörfler, S.
A1 - Althues, H.
A1 - Oschatz, M.
A1 - Brunner, E.
A1 - Kaskel, S.
T1 - Mechanistic insights into the reversible lithium storage in an open porous carbon via metal cluster formation in all solid-state batteries
N2 - Porous carbons are promising anode materials for next generation lithium batteries due to their large lithium storage capacities. However, their highsloping capacity during lithiation and delithiation as well as capacity fading due to intense formation of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) limit their gravimetric and volumetric energy densities. Herein we compare a microporous carbide-derived carbon material (MPC) as promising future anode for all solid-state batteries with a commercial high-performance hard carbon anode. The MPC obtains high and reversible lithiation capacities of 1000 mAh g−1carbon in half-cells exhibiting an extended plateau region near 0 V vs. Li/Li+ preferable for full-cell application. The well-defined microporosity of the MPC with a specific surface area of >1500 m2 g−1 combines well with the argyrodite-type electrolyte (Li6PS5Cl) suppressing extensive SEI formation to deliver high coulombic efficiencies. Preliminary full-cell measurements vs. nickel-rich NMC-cathodes (LiNi0.9Co0.05Mn0.05O2) provide a considerably improved average potential of 3.76 V leading to a projected energy density as high as 449 Wh kg−1 and reversible cycling for more than 60 cycles. 7Li Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy was combined with ex-situ Small Angle X-ray Scattering to elucidate the storage mechanism of lithium inside the carbon matrix. The formation of extended quasi-metallic lithium clusters after electrochemical lithiation was revealed.
KW - All solid-state battery
KW - Microporous carbon
KW - Lithium battery
KW - Anode
PY - 2022
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2021.11.061
SN - 0008-6223
VL - 188
SP - 325
EP - 335
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-54079
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Perk, M.
A1 - Großwig, S.
A1 - Pfeiffer, T.
A1 - Rembe, M.
A1 - den Hartogh, M.
A1 - Weege, S.
A1 - Krebber, Katerina
A1 - Dijk, H. L.
T1 - Faseroptische Leckage-Ortung zum Nachweis von Undichtheiten in Bohrlochkomplettierungen
N2 - Im Rahmen der Integritätsbewertung einer zementierten 13 3/8" Rohrtour einer Sole-Produktionsbohrung wurden erstmals 2018 zeitgleich faseroptische Temperaturmessungen (DTS, Distributed Temperature Sensing) und faseroptische Akustikmessungen (DAS, Distributed Acoustic Sensing) durchgeführt und ausgewertet. Dazu wurde die Bohrung zeitweise mit Stickstoff bespannt und wieder entlastet. Durch die Bespannung der Bohrung mit Stickstoff in Kombination mit dem Herunterdrücken des Stickstoff-Sole-Spiegels unter den Rohrschuh der 13 3/8" Rohrtour, konnte Stickstoff aus der Kavernenbohrung durch eine Leckagestelle in die Zementation übertreten und dort ein Stickstoff-Reservoir bilden.
Bei der anschließenden Stickstoffentlastung erfolgte der Wiederanstieg des Stickstoff-Sole-Spiegels deutlich schneller als die Entleerung des in der Zementation angelegten Stickstoff-Reservoirs. Der dadurch entstandene Druckgradient hatte zur Folge, dass an der Leckagestelle der Stickstoff aus der Zementation in die aufsteigende Sole in Form von Bläschen eingetreten und dort aufgestiegen ist. Dieser Übertritt der Stickstoffbläschen war sowohl mit der Entstehung eines akustischen Geräusches als auch mit einer Temperaturänderung verbunden, welche mit der DAS- und DTS-Technik nachgewiesen werden konnten.
Um die Ergebnisse bzgl. ihres physikalischen Hintergrundes zu überprüfen und basierend auf einer mathematisch-physikalischen Grundlage eine nachvollziehbare Interpretation der Messergebnisse zu ermöglichen, wurde ein numerisches Simulationsmodell der gekoppelten Festkörper- und Druckakustik für die Bohrung aufgebaut. Das Modell berücksichtigt die Geologie und die Komplettierung der Kavernenbohrung. Nach Identifikation der Schallquelle konnte mit dem Modell die Ausbreitung des Schalldrucks in der Bohrung erfolgreich nachgestellt werden.
Um dieses Verfahren einer simultanen DAS-DTS-Messung in eine feldtaugliche Version zu überführen, läuft seit November 2019 ein breit angelegtes und vom BMWi gefördertes ZIM-Kooperationsprojekt zwischen der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), der IAB Weimar gGmbH, der GESO GmbH & Co. Projekt KG, der DEEP.KBB GmbH sowie der Rembe Consulting PartG mbB.
Durch die Messdatenkopplung und den Wegfall der bewegungsbedingten Nachteile einer Messsonde werden präzisere Ergebnisse zur Bewertung der Bohrlochintegrität erwartet. Das Ziel ist, mit Hilfe der noch zu entwickelnden einfachen und robusten Technik, quantitative Aussagen über die Zustände im verrohrten Bohrloch direkt am Messplatz treffen zu können, wobei ein Fokus auf Detektierung und Quantifizierung von Kleinstleckagen liegt. Im Rahmen dieses Forschungsprojektes kommt neben numerischen Berechnungen auch ein geplanter Bohrlochsimulator zum Einsatz, mit dem umfangreiche Untersuchungen zur Ermittlung der Grenzparameter und Detektionsschwellen durchgeführt werden sollen.
T2 - DGMK/ÖGEW-Frühjahrstagung 2020
CY - Celle, Germany
DA - 15.04.2020
KW - Kavernenspeicher
KW - Verteilte faseroptische akustische Sensorik
KW - Wasserstoffspeicher
PY - 2020
UR - https://dgmk.egnyte.com/fl/k3KJMqKMSb#folder-link/
SN - 978-3-947716-04-3
SN - 1433-9013
N1 - Die DGMK/ÖGEW Frühjahrstagung 2020 wurde abgesagt, der Tagungsband aber trotzdem veröffentlicht. - The DGMK/ÖGEW Frühjahrstagung 2020 was cancelled, the proceedings were published nevertheless.
VL - DGMK-Tagungsbericht 2020-1
SP - 106
EP - 121
PB - DGMK - Deutsche Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft für Erdöl, Erdgas und Kohle
CY - Hamburg
AN - OPUS4-52159
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hicke, Konstantin
T1 - Fiber optic distributed acoustic and vibration sensing for condition monitoring of infrastructure and hazard monitoring applications
N2 - Fiber optic Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) is an emerging method for many different monitoring purposes, enabling a spatially and temporally resolved collection of acoustic and vibration information over many kilometers. DAS, thus being a "dynamic" sensing technique, allows for online condition monitoring and the detection and localization of threats or hazards in real time via characteristic acoustic/vibration states and their changes or via occurring anomalous signals, respectively.
At BAM, we have employed this technology for a number of different applications of monitoring of large infrastructures, e.g., bridges, pipelines, submarine power cables or railway tracks. Currently, we are investigating the use of DAS for further innovative uses, which aim at facilitating the energy transition, enabling "smart" infrastructure and providing the basis for comprehensive hazard monitoring and warning systems, respectively. Our research fields include fiber optic borehole monitoring in the context of hydrogen storage caverns, traffic and road monitoring, using DAS for earthquake monitoring in urban areas for disaster management and long-term monitoring of large-scale subsidence caused by mining activities. Another new topic is structural health monitoring in concrete structures in the framework of the FSP Security.
In this talk, we will first briefly present the basics and capabilities of DAS. Then, we will portray our previous and current works related to this technology and show some attractive results. Finally, we will discuss our upcoming projects on exciting new applications of DAS.
T2 - Abteilungsseminar 8.
CY - Online meeting
DA - 24.02.2021
KW - Distributed fiber optic sensing
KW - Distributed acoustic sensing
KW - DAS
KW - Infrastructure monitoring
KW - Hazard monitoring
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52160
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bischoff, Tristan
T1 - Heat storage testing method with realistic operating conditions
N2 - Development of a new testing method for comparing efficient stratified heat storages.
T2 - World sustainable energy days
CY - Online meeting
DA - 21.06.2021
KW - Heat storage
KW - Stratification
KW - Testing Methods
KW - Exergy
KW - Load profile
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52791
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Ghafafian, Carineh
T1 - The effect of fiber orientation mismatch on scarf joint damage mechanisms under fatigue load
N2 - Wind turbine rotor blades commonly fail before their projected 20-year lifespan largely due to defects that originate during manufacturing and are propagated by operational fatigue and environmental conditions. The cost-intensive replacement outcomes lead to a high loss of earnings, and are one of the inhibitors of wind turbine production. A potential repair alternative to restoring the mechanical properties of such lightweight fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) structures is to locally patch these areas with scarf joints. This type of repair allows for a smoother load distribution across the joint, and is favored especially on structures where minor aerodynamic contour changes are key. The effects of such repairs on the structural integrity, however, is still largely unknown. Building upon an understanding of the static load failure mechanism of GFRP scarf joints, presented at the ICCS23 Joint Event in 2020, the influence of the fiber orientation mismatch between parent and repair materials of 1:50 scarf joints on the failure mechanism of monolithic glass FRP specimens under cyclic fatigue load were examined in this study. Specimens with various layups were produced with the vacuum-assisted resin infusion (VARI) process using biaxial E-glass non-crimp fabric (NCF). The patch layers were then joined directly to the parent structure with the VARI using biaxial E-glass NCF with half the areal weight of the parent side to allow for better drapability. This mimics the soft-to-hard patch style utilized in wind turbine blade shell field repairs. The specimens were tested under uniaxial fatigue load, during which they were periodically monitored for damage onset. A comparison of the +45/-45° and 0/90° layups allowed for an understanding of the role of a highly mismatching fiber orientation in the transition zone between parent and patch material on the failure mechanism of the scarf joint. In addition to the tensile strength and stiffness property recovery assessment, a grayscale analysis using in-situ camera images determined the damage state leading to failure in each region across the scarf joint, which varied in the parent material versus scarf joint region, providing insight to the critical regions in this composite structure under cyclic loading.
T2 - ICCS24 - 24th International Conference on Composite Structures
CY - Online meeting
DA - 14.06.2021
KW - Glass fiber reinforced polymers
KW - Scarf repairs
KW - Damage mechanisms
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52817
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bresch, Sophie
T1 - Entwicklung thermoelektrischer Multilayergeneratoren auf der Basis von Calciumcobaltit
N2 - Thermoelectric generators can be used as energy harvesters for sensor applications. Multilayer thermoelectric generators (ML-TEGs) are a promising alternative to conventional π-type generators due to their high filling factor, high capability of automated production and the texturing potential during the production process. Calcium cobaltite is a promising thermoelectric oxide (p-type) with highly anisotropic properties. The following study shows the development of a textured unileg ML-TEG using ceramic multilayer technology.
Tape-casting and pressure assisted sintering are applied to fabricate textured calcium cobaltite. Compared to conventional sintering, pressure assisted sintering increases the strength by the factor 10. Thermoelectric properties can be tuned either towards maximum power factor or towards maximum figure of merit depending on the pressure level.
As electrical insulation material, a screen-printable glass-ceramic with high resistivity and adapted coefficient of thermal expansion is developed. From various commercial pastes a metallization with low contact resistance is chosen. The unileg ML-TEG is co-fired in one single step. The demonstrators reach 80% of the simulated output power and the power output is highly reproducible between the different demonstrators (99%). These results provide the first proof-of-concept for fabricating co-fired multilayer generators based on textured calcium cobaltite with high power factor, high density, and high strength.
N2 - Thermoelektrische Generatoren können zum „Energy harvesting“ für den autarken Betrieb von bspw. Sensoren eingesetzt werden. Eine interessante Alternative zu den herkömmlichen π-Typ Generatoren sind auf Grund der höheren Leistungsdichte und der guten Automatisierbarkeit thermoelektrische Multilayergeneratoren. Calciumcobaltit ist ein vielsprechendes oxidisches Thermoelektrika (p-Typ) mit stark anisotropen Eigenschaften. Die hier vorgestellte Studie zeigt die Entwicklung von texturierten Unileg-Multilayer-Generatoren mittels keramischer Multilayertechnologie.
Calciumcobaltit wird durch Foliengießen und druckunterstützte Sinterung texturiert. Im Vergleich zur konventionellen Sinterung verbessert sich die Festigkeit um den Faktor 10. Die thermoelektrischen Eigenschaften können je nach verwendetem Druckniveau hinsichtlich maximalem Power Factor oder hinsichtlich maximalem Gütefaktor optimiert werden.
Ein Glaskeramikkomposit wird als Isolationsmaterial mit hohem Volumenwiderstand und angepasstem Wärmeausdehnungskoeffizienten entwickelt. Der Unileg-Multilayer-Generator wird in einem Schritt co-gesintert. Die hergestellten Demonstratoren erreichen 80% der simulierten Output-Leistung. Diese Ergebnisse stellen den ersten Machbarkeitsnachweis für die Herstellung von co-gesinterten Multilayer-Generatoren aus texturiertem Calciumcobaltit mit hohem Power Factor und hoher Festigkeit dar.
T2 - Seminar des Lehrstuhls für Funktionsmaterialien, Universität Bayreuth
CY - Online meeting
DA - 18.06.2021
KW - Thermoelektrischer Generator
KW - Multilayertechnik
KW - Energy harvesting
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52834
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Babutzka, Martin
T1 - Investigation of the salinization in marine and offshore environment - test methods and challenges
N2 - Salinization and contamination of metal surfaces by chloride-containing aerosols is of great importance with regard to corrosion phenomena in the maritime sector and in offshore applications. The evaluation of the scientific literature and regulatory guidelines has shown that there are still many open questions regarding the contamination of metal surfaces by chlorides. This contribution will discuss how salinization of metal surfaces is evaluated and monitored according to current standards and guidelines.
T2 - 3rd Task Group Meeting TC124 WG4-TC 250 SC5 Task Group Corrosion
CY - Online Meeting
DA - 19.05.2021
KW - Maritime atmosphere
KW - Salinization
KW - Corrosion
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52677
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kraus, David
A1 - Trappe, Volker
T1 - Transverse damage in glass fiber reinforced polymer under thermo-mechanical loading
N2 - In this study, the thermomechanical damage behavior of a glass fiber reinforced polymer material is investigated. The coefficients of thermal expansion of the composite as well as the matrix are measured in a wide temperature range. Quasi-static experiments with neat resin, unidirectional and multidirectional laminates are performed as well as fatigue experiments in a temperature range from 213 K to 343 K. This study focusses on the matrix damage due to fiber-parallel loading. A correlation between matrix effort, the dilatational strain energy of the matrix and the damage state of the specimen is demonstrated. It is shown that a fatigue life assessment can be performed with the aid of a temperature-independent master fatigue curve.
KW - Composite
KW - Glass fiber reinforced polymer
KW - Thermo-mechanics
KW - Fatigue
KW - Damage
KW - Temperature
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-527462
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomc.2021.100147
SN - 2666-6820
VL - 5
SP - 100147
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-52746
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Ghafafian, Carineh
T1 - Restoring lightweight strength - Effect of localized repairs on the mechanical properties of composites sandwich structures
N2 - As a type of high-performance composite material, glass-fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP) are favored for the construction of wind turbine rotor blades due to their high specific strength and stiffness properties (Grasse et al, 2010). During the blade manufacturing process, however, imperfections are often introduced, then further propagated due to harsh environmental conditions and a variety of loads (Caminero et al, 2013; Trappe et al, 2018). This leads to failure significantly before their designed lifespan. Since replacement of entire blades can be a costly potential outcome, localized repairs of the damaged region to restore structural integrity and thus lengthen its lifespan can executed in the field by technicians accessing the blades directly by suspended roping. These methods involve replacing the lost load path with a new material that is joined to the parent structure. In recent years, considerable studies have been conducted to investigate the influence of different repair parameters on the stress distribution, ultimate strength, impact behavior, and residual stresses of bonded repaired structures [Caminero et al, 2013; Trappe et al, 2018; Shufeng et al, 2014; Harman and Rider, 2011; Ahn and Springer, 2000; Lekou and Vionis, 2002). However, there currently do not exist any standardized repair procedures for wind turbine rotor blades. Namely, there is a lack of understanding about the effects of the layup of various repair methods, especially on the damage mechanism and fatigue life of the shells of rotor blades (Caminero et al, 2013; Trappe et al, 2018).
This work therefore aims to begin to enrich this knowledge gap by testing the influence of different variables among repair patches on the mechanical properties of sandwich composite structures. Manufactured with the vacuum-assisted resin infusion (VARI) process, the test specimens are produced as a GFRP structure to represent the outer shell portion of a wind turbine blade, then repaired with a scarf joint. Scarf repairs are favored as the most efficient of the common structural joints, as the removal of the damaged area with angled walls leads to a nearly uniform shear stress distribution along the bond surface and no eccentricity in the load distribution (Caminero et al, 2013; Lekou and Vionis, 2002; Siener, 1992).
The performance of specific layup methods of repair patches, namely a large-to-small versus small-to-large scheme of repair layers, is studied with static and load-controlled fatigue testing, then compared to pristine test specimens as well as to each other in terms of mechanical property restoration. The transition layer between repair and parent material is especially of interest in the performance of the structure. Damage onset, crack development and eventual failure are monitored in-situ with non-destructive testing methods, including thermography with an infrared camera system and a 3D deformation analysis system, to develop a more robust understanding of the effects of these repair concept variables on wind turbine blade shell structures.
T2 - Wind Energy Science Conference
CY - Online Meeting
DA - 25.05.2021
KW - Glass fiber reinforced polymers
KW - Wind turbine blade shell structures
KW - Scarf joint repair
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52687
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - RPRT
A1 - Völzke, Holger
A1 - Herold, Christian
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa
A1 - Bollingerfehr, W.
A1 - Prignitz, S.
A1 - Wunderlich, A.
T1 - Abschlussbericht zum FuE-Verbundvorhaben KoBrA: Anforderungen und Konzepte für Behälter zur Endlagerung von Wärme entwickelnden radioaktiven Abfällen und ausgedienten Brennelementen in Steinsalz, Tonstein und Kristallingestein
N2 - Im Forschungsvorhaben KoBrA werden Anforderungen an Endlagerbehälter für hochradioaktive Abfälle erstmals systematisch und unter Berücksichtigung des internationalen Standes von Wissenschaft und Technik hergeleitet. Parallel werden die behälterrelevanten Randbedingungen und Beanspruchungsgrößen für Endlagerbehälter in den drei potenziellen Wirtsgesteinen Steinsalz, Tonstein und Kristallingestein ermittelt. Darauf aufbauend werden die zur Erfüllung der Anforderungen unter den gegebenen Einwirkungen und Beanspruchungen notwendigen Behälterfunktionen bestimmt und erste Konzeptideen für zukünftige Endlagerbehälter diskutiert bzw. entwickelt.
KW - Endlager
KW - Behälter
KW - Anforderungen
KW - Hochradioaktive Abfälle
KW - Wirtsgestein
PY - 2020
DO - https://doi.org/10.2314/KXP:1750909669
N1 - Auftraggeber: Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie (BMWi), Förderkennzeichen: 02E11527 und 02E11537.
SP - 1
EP - 110
PB - BGE Technology
CY - Peine
AN - OPUS4-52289
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Florian, Camilo
A1 - Fischer, Daniel
A1 - Freiberg, K.
A1 - Duwe, M.
A1 - Sahre, Mario
A1 - Schneider, S.
A1 - Hertwig, Andreas
A1 - Krüger, Jörg
A1 - Rettenmayr, M.
A1 - Beck, Uwe
A1 - Undisz, A.
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
T1 - Single Femtosecond Laser-Pulse-Induced Superficial Amorphization and Re-Crystallization of Silicon
N2 - Superficial amorphization and re-crystallization of silicon in <111> and <100> orientation after irradiation by femtosecond laser pulses (790 nm, 30 fs) are studied using optical imaging and transmission electron microscopy. Spectroscopic imaging ellipsometry (SIE) allows fast data acquisition at multiple wavelengths and provides experimental data for calculating nanometric amorphous layer thickness profiles with micrometric lateral resolution based on a thin-film layer model. For a radially Gaussian laser beam and at moderate peak fluences above the melting and below the ablation thresholds, laterally parabolic amorphous layer profiles with maximum thicknesses of several tens of nanometers were quantitatively attained. The accuracy of the calculations is verified experimentally by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (STEM-EDX). Along with topographic information obtained by atomic force microscopy (AFM), a comprehensive picture of the superficial re-solidification of silicon after local melting by femtosecond laser pulses is drawn.
KW - Femtosecond laser
KW - Silicon
KW - Amorphization
KW - Crystallization
KW - Spectroscopic imaging ellipsometry
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-523687
UR - https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/7/1651
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14071651
SN - 1996-1944
VL - 14
IS - 7
SP - 1651-1
EP - 1651-21
PB - MDPI AG
CY - Basel, Switzerland
AN - OPUS4-52368
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wosniok, Aleksander
T1 - Faseroptische Strahlungssensoren für kerntechnische Anwendungen
N2 - Faseroptische Strahlungssensoren ermöglichen ein räumlich verteiltes Online-Monitoring entlang der gesamten Sensorfaser. Verschiedene Messverfahren nutzen überwiegend zwei durch die ionisierende Strahlung in optischen Fasern induzierte Effekte, d. h. die Erhöhung der optischen Dämpfung und die damit verbundene Veränderung des Brechungsindex des Fasermaterials. Die Sensitivität der Strahlungssensoren lässt sich je nach Anwendung durch die Wahl der Dotierstoffe im Glasfaserkern sowie der Art des Polymermaterials des POF-Sensors beeinflussen. Ferner ist die Sensitivität auch durch den Betrieb bei geeigneten Wellenlängen einstellbar. Bei dem sensorischen Einsatz von faseroptischen Sensoren muss auch die vorhandene Ausheilung des Sensors sowie die Abhängigkeit der erfassten Messsignale von der Temperatur und der Dosisleistung berücksichtigt werden.
T2 - 2. Tage der Standortauswahl
CY - Online meeting
DA - 11.02.2021
KW - Faseroptischer Strahlungssensor
KW - Ortsauflösende Fasersensorik
KW - Strahlungsinduzierte optische Dämpfung
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52112
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wosniok, Aleksander
T1 - Faseroptische Strahlungssensoren für kerntechnische Anwendungen
N2 - Faseroptische Strahlungssensoren ermöglichen ein räumlich verteiltes Online-Monitoring entlang der gesamten Sensorfaser. Verschiedene Messverfahren nutzen überwiegend zwei durch die ionisierende Strahlung in optischen Fasern induzierte Effekte, d. h. die Erhöhung der optischen Dämpfung und die damit verbundene Veränderung des Brechungsindex des Fasermaterials. Die Sensitivität der Strahlungssensoren lässt sich je nach Anwendung durch die Wahl der Dotierstoffe im Glasfaserkern sowie der Art des Polymermaterials des POF-Sensors beeinflussen. Ferner ist die Sensitivität auch durch den Betrieb bei geeigneten Wellenlängen einstellbar. Bei dem sensorischen Einsatz von faseroptischen Sensoren muss auch die vorhandene Ausheilung des Sensors sowie die Abhängigkeit der erfassten Messsignale von der Temperatur und der Dosisleistung berücksichtigt werden.
T2 - 2. Tage der Standortauswahl
CY - Online meeting
DA - 11.02.2021
KW - Faseroptischer Strahlungssensor
KW - Ortsauflösende Fasersensorik
KW - Strahlungsinduzierte optische Dämpfung
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52113
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Ecke, Alexander
T1 - Magnetpartikelbasierte Immunoassays für die Bestimmung von Amoxicillin und Diclofenac im Trinkwasser
N2 - Wir berichten hier über die Entwicklung von magnetpartikelbasierten Immunoassays für die Bestimmung zweier relevanter Kontaminanten des Trinkwassers: Diclofenac (DCF) und Amoxicillin (AMX). Für die beiden Analyten wurden die Assays nach unterschiedlichen Prinzipien entwickelt, die sich auch auf weitere Analyten übertragen lassen. Im Vergleich zum herkömmlichen ELISA weisen die hier entwickelten magnetpartikelbasierten Assays einen größeren Messbereich mit niedrigeren Bestimmungsgrenzen bei gleichzeitig deutlich reduzierter Analysendauer auf. Darüber hinaus können die Immunoassays in ein automatisierbares Onlinesystem zur Analyse in der Trinkwasserversorgung implementiert werden. Strategien hierfür werden erläutert.
T2 - Spurenstoffe und Krankheitserreger im Wasserkreislauf
CY - Online Meeting
DA - 19.04.2021
KW - Immunoassay
KW - Amoxicillin
KW - Diclofenac
KW - Immunosensor
KW - Magnetpartikel
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52466
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico
T1 - Sicherheit elektrochemischer Energiespeicher in Second Life Anwendungen (SEE-2L) – Vorstellung des Verbundprojekts und Ergebnisse aus Vorversuchen
N2 - Der Vortrag stellt das BMBF-Verbundprojekt SEE-2L (Sicherheit elektrochemischer Energiespeicher in Second Life Anwendung) vor. Darüber hinaus werden Ergebnisse aus Vorversuchen der Universität Magdeburg vorgestellt, in denen Untersuchungen an Batteriezellen hinsichtlich der Gasfreisetzung beim thermischen Durchgehen durchgeführt wurden.
T2 - Projekttreffen BMBF-Vorhaben ALBERO
CY - Online meeting
DA - 20.04.2021
KW - Stationäre Energiespeicher
KW - Elektrische Energiespeicher
KW - EES
KW - Auswirkungsbetrachtungen
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52481
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Stargardt, Patrick
T1 - Modeling of the cooling behavior of thermoelectric multilayers
N2 - Multilayered designs are an attractive approach towards cost-effective manufacturing of thermoelectric generators. Therefore, efforts are being made to co-fire two promising thermoelectric oxides, namely calcium cobaltite and calcium manganate. In this study, ceramic tapes, multilayer technology, and pressure-assisted sintering (PAS) were used. A major challenge for the PAS of low-sintered calcium manganate was cracking during cooling. A relationship between the properties of the release tape used during PAS and the cracking behavior was experimentally observed.
To understand the origin of failure, reaction layers in the multilayer were analyzed and thermal stresses during cooling were estimated by finite element (FE) simulations. Thermal expansion, elastic properties, and biaxial strength of the thermoelectric oxides and selected reaction layers were determined on separately prepared bulk samples. The analysis showed that the reaction layers were not the cause for cracking of calcium manganate.
Using the FE model, thermal stresses in different manganate multilayer designs with varying properties of the release tape were studied. The FEM study indicated, and a validation experiment proved that the thickness of the release tape has the main effect on thermal stresses during cooling in separately sintered calcium manganate.
T2 - Keramik 2021 / Ceramics 2021
CY - Online Meeting
DA - 19.04.2021
KW - Fem
KW - Thermoelectric
KW - Pressure assisted sintering
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52489
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wille, Frank
A1 - Komann, Steffen
T1 - Aktuelle Entwicklungen und Prüfungen der BAM
N2 - Es werden im Rahmen des Vortrages die aktuellen Prüftätigkeiten und Arbeitsschwerpunkte der BAM vorgestellt. Des Weiteren wird darüber berichtet was es Neues in der aktuellen Normen- und Richtlinienentwicklung gibt.
T2 - Informationsveranstaltung zum Transport radioaktiver Stoffe
CY - Online meeting
DA - 14.04.2021
KW - Gefahrgutregeln der BAM
KW - Fallprüfungen
KW - Radioaktive Materialien
KW - Zulassung
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52493
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wosniok, Aleksander
A1 - Krebber, Katerina
T1 - Faseroptische Strahlungssensoren für kerntechnische Anwendungen
N2 - Der Anstieg der Vielfalt nuklearer Anwendungen weit über die Bereiche der kerntechnischen Stromerzeugung erhöht die Relevanz der Entwicklung und Anwendung neuer Technologien zur Strahlungsüberwachung. Auch die offenen Sicherheitsfragen bei der Entsorgung radioaktiver Abfälle einschließlich Zwischen- und Endlagerungsproblematik verstärkt die Nachfrage nach effizienten Monitoringsystemen zum Schutz von Mensch und Umwelt vor ionisierender Strahlung. Aufgrund ihrer messtechnisch vorteilhaften Materialeigenschaften stellen die faseroptischen Strahlungssensoren eine vielversprechende Alternative zu traditionellen Dosimetern dar. Bedingt durch ihre kleinen Abmessungen, elektromagnetische Unempfindlichkeit und ihr geringes Gewicht können faseroptische Sensoren in einer harschen Umgebung an schwer zugänglichen Stellen eingesetzt werden. Darüber hinaus bietet diese Art der Sensoren die Möglichkeit der ortsverteilten Messung entlang der gesamten Sensorfaser. Somit kann durch eine einzelne optische Faser eine Vielzahl an punktuell messenden Sensoren ersetzt werden. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt die in der BAM vorangetriebenen Entwicklungen unterschiedlicher Sensorprinzipien, -lösungen und -verfahren zur Detektion ionisierender Strahlung.
T2 - 2. Tage der Standortauswahl
CY - Online meeting
DA - 11.02.2021
KW - Faseroptischer Strahlungssensor
KW - Ortsauflösende Fasersensorik
KW - Strahlungsinduzierte optische Dämpfung
KW - Gammastrahlung
KW - Rayleigh-Streuung
KW - Brillouin-Streuung
PY - 2021
SP - 43
AN - OPUS4-52211
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wosniok, Aleksander
T1 - Optical fibers for sensing applications: Towards ionizing radiation monitoring
N2 - Overview about existing fiber optic sensing techniques including ionizing radiation monitoring.
T2 - WP7 Meeting EU project PREDIS
CY - Online meeting
DA - 05.02.2021
KW - Fiber optic sensor
KW - Radiation-induced attenuation
KW - Radiation sensing fibers
KW - Distributed sensing
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52090
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sandoval Saldias, Janina
T1 - Chloridische Salzschmelzen als latente Wärmespeicher
N2 - Latente Wärmspeicher auf der Basis von NaCl-KCl-MgCl2 Mischungen stellen eine kostengünstige Option für die Energiespeicherung von Prozesswärme dar. Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die materialwissenschaftlichen Herausforderungen im System Salz-Legierung, welche gelöst werden müssen, um diese Speichertechnologie industriell zu etablieren.
T2 - DMG Sektionstreffen Angewandte Mineralogie und Kristallographie
CY - Online Meeting
DA - 25.02.2021
KW - Wärmespeicher
KW - Korrosion
KW - Salzschmelzen
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52234
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
T1 - EURAD WP 8 (SFC) - Task 3: Behaviour of nuclear fuel and cladding after discharge
N2 - The European Joint Programme on Radioactive Waste Management (EURAD) deals in work package (WP) 8 with Spent Fuel Characterization (SFC). Inspired by the EURAD activities, an international Coordinated Research Project (CRP) on SFC was established by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The EURAD WP SFC participants are collaborating as a team on the IAEA CRP on SFC. The EURAD WP SFC project is divided into four tasks. Task 3 investigates the behaviour of nuclear fuel and cladding after discharge. The aim of these activities is to understand and describe the evolution of the cladding-pellet system and its ageing under conditions of extended interim storage, transportation and emplacement in a final disposal system. During an IAEA consultancy meeting, BAM as leader of Task 3 reported on the current status of the research work.
T2 - IAEA Consultancy Meeting on the Coordinated Research Project on Spent Fuel Characterization
CY - Online meeting
DA - 28.06.2021
KW - Nuclear Fuel
KW - Cladding
KW - Spent Fuel Characterization
KW - Extended Interim Storage
KW - Final Disposal
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52909
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Trappe, Volker
T1 - Thermo-mechanical fatigue of glass fiber reinforced polymer
N2 - Glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) materials in practical applications have to endure cyclic mechanical loading in a wide temperature range (e.g. aircraft applications, automotive, wind turbine blades). In this study the static strength and fatigue behavior of GFRP was investigated in a temperature range from 213 K to 343 K. Therefor the coefficients of thermal expansion of the composite as well as the matrix are measured in this temperature interval. The inverse laminate theory was extended and used to calculate the inter fiber-failure effort for a virtual UD-layer according to the layer wise strength approach. The experimentally determined results are compared with the micro-mechanical model according to Krimmer, which has been enhanced to include the effect of temperature and fiber-perpendicular failure modes. A correlation between matrix effort, the dilatational strain energy of the matrix and the damage state of the specimen is demonstrated. It is shown that a fatigue life assessment can be performed with the aid of a temperature-independent master fatigue curve, as it was similar done for the fatigue behavior of CFRP and GFRP to very high load cycles at room temperature.
T2 - ICFC8 - The 8th International Conference on the Fatigue of Composites
CY - Online meeting
DA - 23.06.2021
KW - Glass fibre reinforced plastics
KW - Fatigue
KW - Thermo-mechanical-loading
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52910
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Simo, Anne
T1 - Prüfmethoden für Wäschetrockner
N2 - Erkenntnisse zum Prüfverfahren bei Wäschetrocknern aus
dem Projekt „Unterstützung der Marktüberwachung“
T2 - 4. Praxisworkshop Marktüberwachung EVPG/EnVKG
CY - Gernsbach, Germany
DA - 16.05.2018
KW - Screening
KW - Marktüberwachung
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-48878
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Keller, Christian
T1 - Plastic Instability of Rate-Dependent Materials - Consideration of Isothermal and Adiabatic Conditions in Dynamic Tensile Tests -
N2 - During dynamic processes, a certain range of strain rates is often observed along loaded structures and components. For precise numerical simulations, it is necessary to determine rate-dependent properties in dynamic tests and to describe the material behavior correctly within an appropriate domain of strain rates including adiabatic heating effects at higher strain rates, typically higher than 10 1/s. In principle, numerical simulations are compared to experimental results to verify the applied material models. For dynamic tensile tests considering ductile materials and large plastic deformation beyond uniform elongation, it is challenging to obtain comparable results due to plastic instability and necking of the specimen, e.g..
Based on the strain gradient in a general tensile specimen, a theoretical criterion was derived describing the plastic instability in rate-dependent materials under isothermal conditions in. It was applied to different multiplicative and additive constitutive relations and the analytical onset of necking was compared to results from numerical calculations of quasi-static and dynamic tensile tests. The simulations of a sheet-metal specimen with rectangular cross-section were carried out using the Finite Element Method and it was found that the numerical calculated and the theoretical predicted onset of plastic instability agree very good. The analytical criterion for instability holds even for specimens without geometrical or material imperfections and confirms that the onset of plastic instability must be considered a material characteristic.
However, real dynamic problems with higher strain rates are not isothermal, the heat generated by plastic work is not dissipated to the surrounding and the temperature of the material increases significantly. Adiabatic heating and thermal softening must be considered within the constitutive relations of rate-dependent materials and the discussion of plastic instability. In this paper, an enhanced and more generalized approach for the description of the condition for stability is discussed and applied to phenomenological as well as more physical constitutive relations from the literature. This allows an individual assessment of the accuracy and verification of rate-dependent material models with respect to plastic instability.
T2 - 13th World Congress on Computational Mechanics
CY - New York, USA
DA - 22.07.2018
KW - Plastic Instability
KW - FEM
KW - Rate-dependent Materials
KW - Dynamic Tensile Test
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-48923
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Weber, Mike
A1 - Völzke, Holger
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
A1 - Hauer, Katharina
A1 - Herz, A.
A1 - Kreienmeyer, M.
T1 - Aufbau eines Aufprallfundamentes mit reproduzierbaren Eigenschaften für Baumusterprüfungen von Abfallbehältern für das Endlager Konrad
N2 - Abgeleitet aus den in Teil 3 der „Systemanalyse Konrad“ definierten Lastannahmen für den „untertägigen Anlagenbereich“ müssen Verpackungen, die der Abfallbehälterklasse I (ABK I) mit dem zusätzlichen Merkmal der störfallfesten (sf) Verpackung oder der ABK II zugeordnet werden, gemäß den „Endlagerungsbedingungen, Endlager Konrad“, nach einem „…Fall aus 5 m Höhe auf eine unnachgiebige Unterlage…“ bestimmten Anforderungen genügen.
Eine nähere Beschreibung der Prüfeinrichtung sowie die Definition detaillierter Anforderungen an das Aufprallfundament erfolgen in der „Produktkontrolle, Endlager Konrad“: „Die Prüfeinrichtung, bestehend aus einer Hebeeinrichtung und einem Fundament ist so zu gestalten, dass der Fall des Prüfmusters in jeder beliebigen Aufprallorientierung aus 5 m Höhe, gemessen von der Unterkante des Prüfmusters zum Fundament, möglich ist. Das Fundament ist aus Beton der Mindestgüte B 35 herzustellen und muss so beschaffen und verankert sein, dass keine Zerstörung in zahlreiche kleinere Bruchstücke erfolgt und keine horizontale Verschiebung des Fundamentes oder seiner Teile auftritt. Maße und Masse des Fundaments müssen so beschaffen sein, dass der Einfluss des Baugrundes unter dem Fundament auf den Aufprallwiderstand vernachlässigbar ist.“
Im Rahmen der Bauartprüfung für Behälter zur Endlagerung radioaktiver Abfälle mit zu vernachlässigender Wärmeentwicklung im Endlager Konrad wird die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) von der Bundesgesellschaft für Endlagerung (BGE) als Sachverständige hinzugezogen und ist in der Regel auch mit der Durchführung der notwendigen Fallprüfungen auf dem Testgelände Technische Sicherheit der BAM (BAM TTS) einschließlich der Bereitstellung der benötigten Prüfeinrichtungen sowie des regelkonformen Aufprallfundamentes beauftragt. Der Prozess, beginnend von der Gewährleistung einer von allen Beteiligten als gültig bewerteten Fallprüfung bis hin zur abschließenden Bewertung und Interpretation der Versuchsergebnisse erfordert dabei u.a. eine sorgfältige Planung und Fertigung der für das Endlager Konrad repräsentativen Fundamentplatte und deren Ankopplung an einen Untergrund im Sinne der „Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material“ wie er zum Beispiel auf den beiden Fallversuchsanlagen des BAM Testgelände Technische Sicherheit (BAM TTS) zur Verfügung steht.
Um diese Anforderungen zu erfüllen muss zum einen der Erhalt der Integrität der Fundamentplatte beim Fallversuch durch eine geeignete Auswahl und kraftflussgerechte Anordnung der Stabstahl-Bewehrung sowie deren Verankerung garantiert und damit eine unzulässige Energieaufnahme durch Risse sowie eine unzulässige „… Zerstörung (der Fundamentplatte) in zahlreiche kleinere Bruchstücke …“, wie in [3] gefordert, verhindert werden. Außerdem ist zu gewährleisten, dass der Beton die Anforderungen an die vorgeschriebene Mindestgüte bzw. -festigkeit zum Zeitpunkt der Fallprüfung erfüllt, die Betonfestigkeit jedoch zur Vermeidung unnötig verschärfter Prüfrandbedingungen eine zu definierende Obergrenze nicht überschreitet.
Ausgehend von dem 2009 im Rahmen der KONTEC veröffentlichten Wissensstand präsentiert die BAM im vorliegenden Beitrag die wesentlichen Ergebnisse der zwischenzeitlich bei der Planung und Durchführung von zahlreichen Fallprüfungen gewonnenen Erfahrungen bzgl. Spezifikation und Fertigung der für die Fallversuche notwendigen Fundamentplatten sowie deren Anbindung an den Untergrund. Neben den immer wieder notwendigen Anstrengungen zur Gewährleistung einer im Rahmen der Definition korrekten Betondruckfestigkeit am Tag der Fallprüfung wird die Anpassung der Bewehrungsführung an verschiedene Fallpositionen diskutiert.
Zur Ergänzung des gültigen Regelwerks entsteht parallel zu diesem Dokument eine Fachnotiz, in der BGE und BAM die Vorgaben und Spezifikationen zur regelwerkskonformen Herstellung und Montage von Fundamentplatten für Fallprüfungen im Rahmen der Behälterbauartprüfungsverfahren für das Endlager Konrad zusammenfassen und veröffentlichen werden. Diese Fachnotiz soll detaillierte Vorgaben und Spezifikationen zur Planung, Beauftragung, Herstellung und abschließenden Prüfung eines solchen Fundamentes und dessen Anbindung an den Untergrund enthalten. Damit soll allen beteiligten Organisationen wie Antragstellern, Sachverständigen und BGE ein langfristig verlässlicher Leitfaden im Hinblick auf die Durchführung anforderungsgerechter Fallprüfungen unter definierten und reproduzierbaren Randbedingungen im Rahmen der Bauartprüfungsverfahren für das Endlager Konrad an die Hand gegeben werden.
T2 - KONTEC 2021
CY - Dresden, Germany
DA - 25.08.2021
KW - Aufprallfundament
KW - Endlager Konrad
KW - Fallprüfung
PY - 2021
SP - 1
EP - 10
CY - Dresden
AN - OPUS4-53372
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Weber, Mike
A1 - Völzke, Holger
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
A1 - Hauer, Katharina
A1 - Herz, A.
A1 - Kreienmeyer, M.
T1 - Aufbau eines Aufprallfundamentes mit reproduzierbaren Eigenschaften für Baumusterprüfungen von Abfallbehältern für das Endlager Konrad
N2 - Abgeleitet aus den in Teil 3 der „Systemanalyse Konrad“ [1] definierten Lastannahmen für den „untertägigen Anlagenbereich“ müssen Verpackungen, die der Abfallbehälterklasse I (ABK I) mit dem zusätzlichen Merkmal der störfallfesten (sf) Verpackung oder der ABK II zugeordnet werden, gemäß den „Endlagerungsbedingungen, Endlager Konrad“ [2], nach einem „…Fall aus 5 m Höhe auf eine unnachgiebige Unterlage…“ bestimmten Anforderungen genügen.
Eine nähere Beschreibung der Prüfeinrichtung sowie die Definition detaillierter Anforderungen an das Aufprallfundament erfolgen in der „Produktkontrolle, Endlager Konrad“ [3]: „Die Prüfeinrichtung, bestehend aus einer Hebeeinrichtung und einem Fundament ist so zu gestalten, dass der Fall des Prüfmusters in jeder beliebigen Aufprallorientierung aus 5 m Höhe, gemessen von der Unterkante des Prüfmusters zum Fundament, möglich ist. Das Fundament ist aus Beton der Mindestgüte B 35 herzustellen und muss so beschaffen und verankert sein, dass keine Zerstörung in zahlreiche kleinere Bruchstücke erfolgt und keine horizontale Verschiebung des Fundamentes oder seiner Teile auftritt. Maße und Masse des Fundaments müssen so beschaffen sein, dass der Einfluss des Baugrundes unter dem Fundament auf den Aufprallwiderstand vernachlässigbar ist.“
Im Rahmen der Bauartprüfung für Behälter zur Endlagerung radioaktiver Abfälle mit zu vernachlässigender Wärmeentwicklung im Endlager Konrad wird die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) von der Bundesgesellschaft für Endlagerung (BGE) als Sachverständige hinzugezogen und ist in der Regel auch mit der Durchführung der notwendigen Fallprüfungen auf dem Testgelände Technische Sicherheit der BAM (BAM TTS) einschließlich der Bereitstellung der benötigten Prüfeinrichtungen sowie des regelkonformen Aufprallfundamentes beauftragt. Der Prozess, beginnend von der Gewährleistung einer von allen Beteiligten als gültig bewerteten Fallprüfung bis hin zur abschließenden Bewertung und Interpretation der Versuchsergebnisse erfordert dabei u.a. eine sorgfältige Planung und Fertigung der für das Endlager Konrad repräsentativen Fundamentplatte und deren Ankopplung an einen Untergrund im Sinne der „Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material“ [4], [5] wie er zum Beispiel auf den beiden Fallversuchsanlagen des BAM Testgelände Technische Sicherheit (BAM TTS) zur Verfügung steht.
Um diese Anforderungen zu erfüllen muss zum einen der Erhalt der Integrität der Fundamentplatte beim Fallversuch durch eine geeignete Auswahl und kraftflussgerechte Anordnung der Stabstahl-Bewehrung sowie deren Verankerung garantiert und damit eine unzulässige Energieaufnahme durch Risse sowie eine unzulässige „… Zerstörung (der Fundamentplatte) in zahlreiche kleinere Bruchstücke …“, wie in [3] gefordert, verhindert werden. Außerdem ist zu gewährleisten, dass der Beton die Anforderungen an die vorgeschriebene Mindestgüte bzw. -festigkeit zum Zeitpunkt der Fallprüfung erfüllt, die Betonfestigkeit jedoch zur Vermeidung unnötig verschärfter Prüfrandbedingungen eine zu definierende Obergrenze nicht überschreitet.
Ausgehend von dem 2009 im Rahmen der KONTEC veröffentlichten Wissensstand [6] präsentiert die BAM im vorliegenden Beitrag die wesentlichen Ergebnisse der zwischenzeitlich bei der Planung und Durchführung von zahlreichen Fallprüfungen gewonnenen Erfahrungen bzgl. Spezifikation und Fertigung der für die Fallversuche notwendigen Fundamentplatten sowie deren Anbindung an den Untergrund. Neben den immer wieder notwendigen Anstrengungen zur Gewährleistung einer im Rahmen der Definition korrekten Betondruckfestigkeit am Tag der Fallprüfung wird die Anpassung der Bewehrungsführung an verschiedene Fallpositionen diskutiert.
Zur Ergänzung des gültigen Regelwerks entsteht parallel zu diesem Dokument eine Fachnotiz, in der BGE und BAM die Vorgaben und Spezifikationen zur regelwerkskonformen Herstellung und Montage von Fundamentplatten für Fallprüfungen im Rahmen der Behälterbauartprüfungsverfahren für das Endlager Konrad zusammenfassen und veröffentlichen werden. Diese Fachnotiz soll detaillierte Vorgaben und Spezifikationen zur Planung, Beauftragung, Herstellung und abschließenden Prüfung eines solchen Fundamentes und dessen Anbindung an den Untergrund enthalten. Damit soll allen beteiligten Organisationen wie Antragstellern, Sachverständigen und BGE ein langfristig verlässlicher Leitfaden im Hinblick auf die Durchführung anforderungsgerechter Fallprüfungen unter definierten und reproduzierbaren Randbedingungen im Rahmen der Bauartprüfungsverfahren für das Endlager Konrad an die Hand gegeben werden.
T2 - KONTEC 2021
CY - Dresden, Germany
DA - 25.08.2021
KW - Endlager Konrad
KW - Fallprüfung
KW - Aufprallfundament
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53374
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Florian, Camilo
A1 - Deziel, J.-L.
A1 - Kirner, Sabrina V.
A1 - Siegel, J.
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
T1 - Femtosecond laser-induced oxidation in the formation of periodic surface structures
N2 - Micro- and nanostructuring with laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) has been demonstrated to be feasible in a wide variety of materials including metals, semiconductors and dielectrics. Suitable processing regimes for flat, curved and complex surfaces have been identified for many materials, allowing the generation of diverse applications in fields such as optics, tribology and medicine, to name a few. A common side effect when producing such structures in air environment is the formation of a thin surface oxide layer in the laser irradiated areas. Previous studies have shown that oxidation plays an important role in the tribological performance for which the structures where created, and very recently it has been shown that the laser-induced oxide graded layers may contribute to the formation of a new type of embedded low-spatial frequency LIPSS (LSFL) with annomalous orientation parallel to the laser polarization, in addition to the appearance of the well-known high-spatial frequency LIPSS (HSFL) at the surface. In this contribution, we explore this effect experimentally for chromium nitride (CrN) irradiated with femtosecond laser pulses and compare the findings to finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations of the intensity distributions at different depth positions.
T2 - 2021 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Europe – European Quantum Electronics Virtual Conferences
CY - Munich, Germany
DA - 21.06.2021
KW - Femtosecond laser ablation
KW - Finite-difference time-domain calculations
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Surface oxidation
PY - 2021
SN - 978-1-6654-1876-8
DO - https://doi.org/10.1109/CLEO/Europe-EQEC52157.2021.9542774
VL - 2021
SP - 1
PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
CY - Piscataway, NJ, USA
AN - OPUS4-53457
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Wahab, M. A.
A1 - Kebelmann, Katharina
A1 - Schartel, Bernhard
A1 - Griffiths, G.
T1 - Improving bio-oil chemical profile of seaweeds through anaerobic fermentation pre-treatment
N2 - Biomass pre-treatments for bio-oil quality improvement are mainly based on thermal and chemical methods which are costly and hence reduce the sustainability of pyrolysis-based refineries. In this paper, anaerobic digestion (AD) and dark fermentation (DF) are proposed as alternative ‘green’ pre-treatments to improve this situation. For this purpose, three seaweeds namely Sargassum polycystum, (Phaephyta), Gracilaria tenuistipitata, (Rhodophyta) and Ulva reticulata, (Chlorophyta) with high ash and oxygen contents were pre-treated to improve their composition and structure prior to pyrolysis. The results reveal that both biological pre-treatments affected, positively, the composition and structure of the seaweed biomass with AD pre-treatment reducing N and S contents by 86% and 63%, respectively. DF was more efficient in terms of ash and moisture reduction with 25% and 70%, respectively. In addition, oxygen (O) reduction by 27% was observed after DF which was evidenced by FTIR spectroscopy indicating the reduction of most oxygen-containing functional groups in the biomass. On the other hand, the carbon (C) content increased in DF pre-treated seaweeds up to 42%, almost two times higher relative content than C in the raw seaweed. The changes in the composition of pre-treated seaweeds resulted in changes in their thermal degradation and the volatile profiles produced during pyrolysis. Interestingly, anhydrosugars and furans which account for some 70% (by area) in raw seaweeds markedly declined or become undetectable after DF pre-treatment and correspondingly more acetic acid and hydrocarbons were produced while after AD more aromatics with high toluene content (ca.17%) were generated. The results indicate that biooil with profiles more similar to petroleum-based composition i.e. rich in hydrocarbons and low in anhydrosugars, N and S can be generated by AD and DF pre-treatments and opens up the possibility of these approaches to effect cost reduction in the overall generation of bio-based fuels.
KW - Anaerobic digestion
KW - Dark fermentation
KW - Pyrolysis
KW - Seaweeds
KW - Thermogravimetric analysis
KW - Pyrolysis volatiles
PY - 2021
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114632
SN - 0196-8904
VL - 245
SP - 1
EP - 12
PB - Elsevier
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-53136
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Asna Ashari, Parsa
T1 - Knowledge and Technology Transfer via Publications, Patents, and Standards - The Case of Hydrogen Technology
N2 - Climate change and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions pose tremendous challenges to policymakers, the economy, and society. In this context, the development of clean, low-emission technologies plays a crucial role in mitigating the negative impact of fossil fuels on the climate. Hydrogen is a promising energy carrier and fuel that, thanks to its versatility, can be used in many applications. However, the adoption of hydrogen technology requires sufficient trust in its safety. To proxy the development of hydrogen safety innovations, we provide an analysis along the three knowledge and technology transfer channels of publications, patents, and standards. Our results show that research on hydrogen safety has increased significantly in the last decades, with hydrogen safety patents experiencing a general upward trend between 1980 and 2020, just recently decreasing. However, an analysis of almost 100 international hydrogen and fuel cell standards shows only a small number of references to scientific publications. This apparently limited transfer of knowledge from publications points to the need to optimize the coordination of the three knowledge and technology transfer channels for the future development of hydrogen technology. Based on the exploration of this gap, we recommend that research on the three channels for hydrogen be intensified and that the impact of hydrogen safety technology research and development on their diffusion be investigated.
T2 - European Policy for Intellectual Property 2021 Conference - IP and the Future of Innovation
CY - Online meeting
DA - 08.09.2021
KW - Hydrogen and fuel cell technology
KW - Hydrogen safety
KW - Knowledge and technology transfer
KW - Publications
KW - Patents
KW - Standards
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53239
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wosniok, Aleksander
A1 - Krebber, Katerina
T1 - Distributed fiber optic radiation sensors
N2 - In this work, we present our results achieved in several research activities for development of distributed fiber optic radiation sensors using glass and polymer optical fibers. The findings show that both the measurement of the radiation-induced attenuation (RIA) along the entire sensing fiber and the accompanying change in the refractive index of the fiber core can be used for distributed radiation monitoring.
T2 - safeND
CY - Online meeting
DA - 10.11.2021
KW - Distributed fiber optic radiation sensors
KW - Radiation-induced attenuation
KW - Optical fiber sensor
KW - Incoherent optical frequency domain reflectometry
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-537531
DO - https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-15-2021
VL - 1
SP - 15
EP - 16
AN - OPUS4-53753
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Babutzka, Martin
T1 - BAM-Meerwassercontainer – Konzept und zukünftige Forschungsideen
N2 - Dieser Vortrag gibt einen Einblick in das Konzept und den Aufbau des BAM-Meerwassercontainers. Es werden Ergebnisse aus laufenden Messreihen gezeigt.
T2 - Sitzung der DECHEMA/GfKORR-Fachgruppe "Mikrobielle Materialzerstörung und Materialschutz"
CY - Online meeting
DA - 10.11.2021
KW - Korrosionsprüfung
KW - Kathodischer Korrosionsschutz
KW - Mariner Bewuchs
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53730
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schneider, Ronald
T1 - A risk-based framework for optimizing inspection and maintenance of deteriorating structures monitored by vibration-based monitoring systems
N2 - In this presentation, a framework for integrating vibration-based structural health monitoring data into the optimization of inspection and maintenance of deteriorating structural systems is presented. The framework is demonstrated in an illustrative example considering a steel frame subject to fatigue.
T2 - EERA JP Wind WORKSHOP on Ongoing research in offshore wind structures
CY - Online meeting
DA - 16.09.2021
KW - Structural Health Monitoring
KW - Inspection
KW - Maintenance
KW - Deterioration
KW - Vibration
KW - Structural Systems
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53749
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wosniok, Aleksander
T1 - Fibre optic sensors for monitoring tasks in a radiation environment
N2 - The topic of the presentation are distributed fiber optic measurement techniques that can be used for long-term monitoring of strain, temperature and radiation distribution in the radiation environment. The fiber optic sensors applied to the surface of waste packages provide detection and localization of cracks.
T2 - Workshop WP7.3 EU project PREDIS
CY - Online meeting
DA - 15.11.2021
KW - Distributed sensing
KW - Fiber optic sensor
KW - Radiation sensing fibers
KW - Brillouin distributed fiber sensor
KW - Distributed acoustic sensing
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53751
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wosniok, Aleksander
T1 - Distributed fiber optic radiation sensors
N2 - In this work, we present our results achieved in several research activities for development of fiber optic dosimeters. The findings show that both the measurement of the radiation-induced attenuation (RIA) along the entire sensing fiber and the accom panying change in the refractive index of the fiber core can be used for distributed radiation monitoring in the kGy and MGy range, respectively. Depending on the fiber type and material the RIA shows varying response to dose rates, environmental temperatures and the wavelength of the laser source used.
T2 - safeND
CY - Online meeting
DA - 10.11.2021
KW - Distributed sensing
KW - Fiber optic radiation sensor
KW - Radiation sensing fibers
KW - Radiation-induced attenuation
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53752
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Simbruner, Kai
T1 - Embrittlement of Spent Fuel Claddings – Fracture Mechanical Evaluation and Failure Criteria
N2 - The BAM research project BRUZL (Fracture mechanical analysis of spent fuel claddings during long-term dry interim storage) evaluates results of quasi-static Ring Compression Tests (RCT). Due to its simple realisation, the RCT is an established method for characterising the mechanical behaviour of fuel cladding, where a small tube sample is subjected to a compressive load and the relation between load and displacement is obtained. During tests at room temperature, unirradiated ZIRLO® samples with a distinct extend of radial hydrides have shown high susceptibility to sudden, brittle failure at relatively small loads. Hydride morphology and radial hydride metrics have been an integral part of the characterisation of degradation mechanisms of cladding. A software tool for the analysation of metallographic micrographs was developed. The program allows the automated calculation of hydride lengths, detection of continuous hydride structures, their statistical evaluation and visualisation. Numerical models have been established to reproduce experimental RCT results featuring an elastic-plastic material model, which was derived from inverse finite element analyses of as-received RCT samples. A cohesive zone model (CZM) is introduced to the model to reproduce load drops in the linear regime of the load vs. displacement curve. Using a traction-separation approach for the CZM, the cohesive parameters are fitted to match numerical and experimental results yielding the fracture mechanical material properties. Combining the three key aspects hydride morphology, fracture mechanics and RCT stress-state a failure criterion can be established as a result of the BRUZL project.
The project is funded by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) under contract no. 1501561.
T2 - 5th GRS Workshop on Safety of Extended Dry Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel
CY - Online meeting
DA - 09.06.2021
KW - Ageing Management
KW - Cladding Embrittlement
KW - Extended Storage
KW - Ring Compression Test
KW - Spent Nuclear Fuel
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53779
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa
T1 - European strategies, networks, projects, committees and initiatives & associations for promoting hydrogen safety and education
N2 - This lecture shows an overview of cross-cutting topics whithin the dynamic sector of hydrogen technologies including European and other international strategies, legal and policy frameworks, networks and relevant stakeholders, research and demo-projects, regulations, codes & Standards as well as initiatives and associations concerning hydrogen safety and education.
T2 - Joint European Summer School on Fuel Cell, Electrolyser and Battery Technologies JESS 2021
CY - Online meeting
DA - 12.09.2021
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Cross-cutting issues
KW - Competence centre H2Safety@BAM
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-54199
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Blaeß, Carsten
T1 - Viskose Rissschließung in Gläsern und Glasmatrixkompositen
N2 - Um die Langzeitbeständigkeit von Hochtemperatur-Festoxidbrennstoffzellen (SOFC) sicherzustellen, ist das grundlegende Verständnis der viskosen Schließung oder Heilung von Rissen, als Folge wechselnder thermischer oder mechanischer Belastung, in Gläsern und teilkristallinen Materialien ein entscheidender Faktor. In Glas ist die Rissheilung hauptsächlich durch viskoses Fließen bestimmt. In teilkristallinen Schmelzen bewirkt der kristalline Volumenanteil die Erhöhung der effektiven Viskosität. Um die Auswirkungen des kristallinen Volumenanteils auf die Rissheilung zu ergründen, wurden Glasmatrixkomposite mit variierten inerten kristallinen Fülleranteilen, die während der Wärme-behandlung konstant blieben, hergestellt. Verwendet wurde ein kristallisationsträges Natrium-Calcium-Silicatglas und ZrO2 als inerter Füller. Komplexe, reproduzierbare Rissstrukturen wurden durch Vickers-Eindrücke erzeugt und die viskose Rissschließung während isothermer Wärmebehandlungs-schritte mittels Laser-Scanning-Mikroskopie verfolgt. Die Untersuchungen zeigen, dass, verglichen zum füllerfreien Glas, der kristalline Phasenanteil die effektive Viskosität erhöht und dadurch großräumiges Fließen verlangsamt. Dies verzögert das Aufweiten der Risse. Dieser Effekt erschwert die Rissverkürzung und führt oftmals zu großen gerundeten Kavitäten und dadurch zu einer verzögerten Rissschließung. Wird dieses Aufweiten verringert, ist zunächst ein lokales viskoses Fließen der Restglasphase weiterhin gegeben, sodass sich die Risse sogar schneller schließen. Für kristalline Anteile > 27 Vol% bildet sich dann ein stabiles Perkolationsgerüst aus, das die weitere Rissschließung auch lokal unterbindet. Nur innerhalb größerer glasiger Bereiche ist hierbei noch eine Rissschließung zu beobachten. Ein Optimum der Risslängenverkürzung konnte bei 17 Vol% beobachtet werden.
T2 - 94. Glastechnische Tagung
CY - Online meeting
DA - 10.05.2021
KW - Glas
KW - Hochtemperaturbrennstoffzelle
KW - Glasmatrixkomposit
KW - Rissheilung
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-54245
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Fahmy, Alaa
A1 - Kolmangadi, Mohamed Aejaz
A1 - Schönhals, Andreas
A1 - Friedrich, J.
T1 - Structure of plasma‐deposited copolymer films preparedfrom acrylic acid and styrene: Part III sulfonation andelectrochemical properties
N2 - Acrylic acid-styrene copolymer films were deposited plasma-chemically more gently using the pulsed plasma mode instead of the continuous mode, with linear and some slightly branched chains and marginal crosslinking.
Then, the styrene unit of copolymers was wet-chemically sulfonated by chlorosulfuric acid. On exposure to air, the formed 4-chlorosulfonic acid groups hydrolyze to sulfonic acid groups (-SO3H).
FTIR, XPS and broadband dielectric spectroscopy were employed to characterize the composition, the structure, the functional groups, and the electrochemical performance for the copolymers. A high concentration of sulfonic acid-containing groups was obtained in the sulfonated PS sample. The values of the DC conductivity DC for the sulfonated sample of the AA/S copolymer are ca. five orders of magnitude higher than that of the not-sulfonated copolymer materials.
KW - Plasma Polymers
KW - Electrolyte membrane
PY - 2022
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/ppap.202100222
SP - 1
EP - 12
PB - Wiley VHC-Verlag
AN - OPUS4-54539
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Prabhakara, Prathik
T1 - Simulation and construction of a focussing borehole probe for ultrasonic investigations at sealing structures for radioactive waste repositories
N2 - A novel ultrasonic borehole probe is developed for the quality assurance of sealing structures in radioactive waste repositories using existing research boreholes. The aim is to analyse the sealing structures made of salt concrete concerning potential cracks, delamination, and embedded objects. A first prototype of the probe uses 12 individual dry point contact (DPC) shear horizontal wave transducers separated by equidistant transmitter/receiver arrays, each consisting of six individual transducers. It is operated with a commercial handheld ultrasonic testing device used in civil engineering. In order to increase the generated sound pressure of the borehole probe, the number of transducers will be increased to 32 for the novel probe. In addition, a time-controlled excitation of the individual probes is used to steer a focused sound beam to a certain angle and focus on a certain distance based on calculated time delays. Hence, the sensitive test volume is more limited, and the signal-to-noise ratio of the received signals improved. This paper presents the validation of the newly developed phased array borehole probe by beam simulation and experimentally on a half-cylindrical test specimen to investigate the directional characteristics. In combination with geophysical reconstruction method, an optimised radiation characteristic of the probe, an improved signal quality and thus an increased reliability of the results in imaging is expected. This is of great importance to construct safe sealing structures needed for radioactive or toxic waste disposal.
T2 - NDT UT-Online 21
CY - Online meeting
DA - 01.11.2021
KW - Borehole probe
KW - Engineered Barrier System (EBS)
KW - SealWasteSafe
KW - Phased array technique
KW - Monitoring
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-54500
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico
A1 - Bernardy, Christopher
T1 - Meilensteintreffen BMBF-Vorhaben SEE-2L, Teilvorhaben BAM: Aufbau eines Großversuchsstandes
N2 - Der Vortrag stellt den aktuellen Bearbeitungsstand des Teilvorhabens an der BAM dar. Neben dem eigentlichen Aufbau werden auch Herausforderungen bei der Beschaffung der Einzelkomponenten sowie Ergebnisse aus der Literaturrecherches zu den Auswirkungen von Li-Batteriespeichern beim thermischen Durchgehen vorgestellt. Als Abschluss wird noch ein Ausblick auf die anstehenden Probeversuche gegeben.
T2 - Meilensteintreffen zum BMBF-Vorhaben SEE-2L (Sicherheit elektrochemischer Energiespeicher in Second Life Anwendungen)
CY - Online meeting
DA - 01.02.2022
KW - Stationäre Energiespeicher
KW - Elektrische Energiespeicher
KW - Auswirkungsbetrachtungen
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-54572
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Wahab, M. A.
A1 - Kebelmann, Katharina
A1 - Schartel, Bernhard
A1 - Griffiths, G.
T1 - Valorization of macroalgae digestate into aromatic rich bio-oil and lipid rich microalgal biomass for enhanced algal biorefinery performance
N2 - The valorization of macroalgae digestate as a secondary resource for high value chemicals and nutrients will promote the sustainability and circularity of anaerobic digestion based biorefinery. In this study, three digestates from A. nodosum C.linum and L. digitata were separated into liquid and solid fractions to investigate the production of high value added chemicals through pyrolysis using Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (Py-GC/MS) while the filtered liquid fractions were tested as an alternative culture media to grow C. sorokiniana under mixotrophic conditions. The digestates showed different thermal degradation and an improvement of bio-oil profiles compared to the starter material. Pyrolyzates from raw macroalgae were characterized by a high anhydrosugar content in contrast to high aromatics observed in the case of their digestates. Toluene, benzofuran and vinylphenol, base chemicals for many industries, represented together 30–37% of the total chemicals produced during pyrolysis of the three macroalgae digestate. On the other hand, C. sorokiniana cultured on digestate-based media showed a higher lipid content with an increase in monounsaturated fatty acids and a lower poly-unsaturated fatty acid content in comparison to microalgae grown in standard tris-acetate-phosphate media. Thus, the acyl composition was shifted in a direction more suitable for biodiesel production by this process. In addition, the increase of Chemical Oxygen Demand and Volatile Fatty Acids concentration in the digestate was found to reduce ammonium toxicity. Finally, 94% of Chemical Oxygen Demand and 83% of ammonium were removed by microalgae from the digestate-based media which will reduce the pollution risk of the biorefinery. Overall, the results indicate that using macroalgae solid digestates can generate improvements in the quality of
products obtained by pyrolysis and the liquid digestate can positively influence microalgae growth and its products.
KW - Macroalgae
KW - Anaerobic digestion
KW - Aromatics
KW - Microalgae culture
KW - Biorefinery
PY - 2022
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130925
SN - 0959-6526
VL - 341
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-54365
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Frisch, M.
A1 - Raza, M. H.
A1 - Ye, M.-Y.
A1 - Sachse, René
A1 - Paul, B.
A1 - Gunder, R.
A1 - Pinna, N.
A1 - Kraehnert, R.
T1 - ALD-coated mesoporous iridium-titanium mixed oxides: Maximizing iridium utilization for an outstanding OER performance
N2 - With the increasing production of renewable energy and concomitant depletion of fossil resources, the demand for efficient water splitting electrocatalysts continues to grow. Iridium (Ir) and iridium oxides (IrOₓ) are currently the most promising candidates for an efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in acidic medium, which remains the bottleneck in water electrolysis. Yet, the extremely high costs for Ir hamper a widespread production of hydrogen (H₂) on an industrial scale. Herein, the authors report a concept for the synthesis of electrode coatings with template-controlled mesoporosity surface-modified with highly active Ir species. The improved utilization of noble metal species relies on the synthesis of soft-templated metal oxide supports and a subsequent shape-conformal deposition of Ir species via atomic layer deposition (ALD) at two different reaction temperatures. The study reveals that a minimum Ir content in the mesoporous titania-based support is mandatory to provide a sufficient electrical bulk conductivity. After ALD, a significantly enhanced OER activity results in dependency of the ALD cycle number and temperature. The most active developed electrocatalyst film achieves an outstanding mass-specific activity of 2622 mA mg(Ir)⁻¹ at 1.60 V(RHE) in a rotating-disc electrode (RDE) setup at 25 °C using 0.5 m H₂SO₄ as a supporting electrolyte.
KW - Acidic oxygen evolution reaction
KW - Atomic layer deposition
KW - Electrocatalysis
KW - Iridium oxide
KW - Soft-templated mesoporous films
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-542651
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.202102035
SN - 2196-7350
SP - 1
EP - 11
PB - Wiley-VCH
CY - Weinheim
AN - OPUS4-54265
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Rütters, H.
A1 - Fischer, S.
A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa
A1 - Bettge, Dirk
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
A1 - Maßmann, J.
A1 - Ostertag-Henning, C.
A1 - Wolf, J. L.
A1 - Pumpa, M.
A1 - Lubenau, U.
A1 - Knauer, S.
A1 - Jaeger, P.
A1 - Neumann, A.
A1 - Svensson, K.
A1 - Pöllmann, H.
A1 - Lempp, C.
A1 - Menezes, F. F.
A1 - Hagemann, B.
T1 - Towards defining reasonable minimum composition thresholds – Impacts of variable CO2 stream compositions on transport, injection and storage
N2 - To set up recommendations on how to define “reasonable minimum composition thresholds” for CO2 streams to access CO2 pipeline networks, we investigated potential impacts of CO2 streams with different and temporally variable compositions and mass flow rates along the CCS chain. All investigations were based on a generic “CCS cluster scenario” in which CO2 streams captured from a spatial cluster of eleven emitters (seven fossil-fired power plants, two cement plants, one refinery and one steel mill) are collected in a regional pipeline network. The resulting CO2 stream (19.78 Mio t impure CO2 per year) is transported in a trunk line (onshore and offshore) and injected into five generic replicate storage structures (Buntsandstein saline aquifers) offshore. Experimental investigations and modeling of selected impacts revealed beneficial as well as adverse impacts of different impurities and their combinations. Overall, no fundamental technical obstacles for transporting, injecting and storing CO2 streams of the considered variable compositions and mass flow rates were observed. We recommend to define minimum composition thresholds for each specific CCS project through limiting
i) the overall CO2 content,
ii) maximum contents of relevant impurities or elements,
iii) acceptable variability of concentrations of critical impurities, and defining impurity combinations to be avoided.
KW - Impurities
KW - CO2 quality
KW - Pipeline network
KW - Whole-chain CCS scenario
KW - Recommendations
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-543004
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2022.103589
SN - 1750-5836
VL - 114
SP - 1
EP - 14
PB - Elsevier
CY - New York, NY
AN - OPUS4-54300
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hicke, Konstantin
T1 - Monitoring von Strukturverhalten mittels integrierter verteilter faseroptischer Sensorik - Verteilte akustische Sensorik (DAS)
N2 - Die verteilte faseroptische akustische Sensorik (DAS) wird vorgestellt, hinsichtlich ihrer Leistungsfähigkeit beschrieben und verschiedenste Anwendungsfelder, z.B. für das Zustandsmonitoring oder für seismische Messungen, beispielhaft gezeigt. Zudem werden mögliche Anwendungsfelder von DAS für den Kontext Kerntechnische Entsorgung (KTE) und Rückbau aufgezeigt.
T2 - Online-Workshop „Dauerhafte Verschlussbauwerke für Endlager“
CY - Online meeting
DA - 14.02.2022
KW - Verteilte faseroptische Sensorik
KW - Verteilte akustische Sensorik
KW - DAS
KW - KTE
KW - Monitoring Endlager
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-54348
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Nehrig, Marko
A1 - Scheidemann, Robert
A1 - Wille, Frank
A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor
T1 - Investigation of the internal impact during a 9 m drop test of an accident-safe waste package
N2 - The safety assessment of packages for the transport of radioactive material follows the IAEA regulations and guidance. The specified regulatory tests cover severe accidents and demonstrate the package containment system integrity.
Special attention must be drawn to the behaviour of the content which could move inside the package due to unpreventable gaps caused by the loading procedure and the structure of the content. A possible internal impact of the content which occurs during the drop tests onto the lid system is investigated. The IAEA regulations SSR-6 and the Guidance SSG-26, revised recently, consider input from Germany and France related to the significance of internal gaps.
In the context of a waste package design assessment, a model was equipped with a representative content to conduct a drop test with an internal impact. The weight and kinetic impact of this content covered all possible real contents. The objective of the test was to maximize the load onto the lid system and to prove the mechanical integrity by complying with the required leak tightness. The test was conducted
conservatively at a package temperature lower than -40 °C at the BAM Test Site Technical Safety.
This paper gives an overview of efforts to address internal gaps and their consequences, and the BAM efforts with the implementation of this topic into IAEA regulations and guidance material. The paper then focuses on the conduction of a drop test and investigation of internal component impact.
T2 - ASME 2021 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference (PVP2021)
CY - Online meeting
DA - 13.07.2021
KW - Internal gaps
KW - Drop test
KW - IAEA
PY - 2021
SN - 978-0-7918-8535-2
DO - https://doi.org/10.1115/PVP2021-60996
SP - 1
EP - 6
PB - American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
CY - New York, NY, USA
AN - OPUS4-54742
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Nehrig, Marko
T1 - Investigation of the internal impact during a 9 m drop test of an accident-safe waste package
N2 - The safety assessment of packages for the transport of radioactive material follows the IAEA regulations and guidance. The specified regulatory tests cover severe accidents and demonstrate the package containment system integrity. Special attention must be drawn to the behaviour of the content which could move inside the package due to unpreventable gaps caused by the loading procedure and the structure of the content. A possible internal impact of the content which occurs during the drop tests onto the lid system is investigated. The IAEA regulations SSR-6 and the Guidance SSG-26, revised recently, consider input from Germany and France related to the significance of internal gaps.
In the context of a waste package design assessment, a model was equipped with a representative content to conduct a drop test with an internal impact. The weight and kinetic impact of this content covered all possible real contents. The objective of the test was to maximize the load onto the lid system and to prove the mechanical integrity by complying with the required leak tightness. The test was conducted conservatively at a package temperature lower than -40 °C at the BAM Test Site Technical Safety.
This paper gives an overview of efforts to address internal gaps and their consequences, and the BAM efforts with the implementation of this topic into IAEA regulations and guidance material. The paper then focuses on the conduction of a drop test and investigation of internal component impact.
T2 - ASME 2021 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference (PVP2021)
CY - Online meeting
DA - 13.07.2021
KW - Drop test
KW - Internal gaps
KW - IAEA
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-54744
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Simbruner, Kai
T1 - Embrittlement of Spent Fuel Claddings - Micromechanically Motivated Cohesive Zone Modelling
N2 - Since cladding acts as the first barrier for nuclear fuel, it is key to understand the degrading mechanisms leading to cladding embrittlement. Zirconium alloy based cladding samples subjected to simulated pre-storage drying conditions have shown high susceptibility to brittle failure under the occurrence of hoop stress and low temperature as expected after long-term interim storage. The stress state associated with a compressive pinch-load scenario is reproduced by the Ring Compression Test (RCT), which results in sudden failure at relatively small mechanical loads with high sensitivity to the presence of radial hydrides. As part of the BAM research project BRUZL (Fracture mechanics analysis of spent fuel claddings during long-term dry interim storage), static RCTs were conducted on non-irradiated, pre-hydrided ZIRLO® ring-shaped samples that were subjected to a radial hydride treatment. All samples failed in macroscopically brittle fashion with sudden load drops and severe crack propagation through almost the entire wall thickness. In a post-RCT examination of the fracture surfaces using scanning electron microscopy, radial hydrides could be identified as the weakest link of the structure. However, the microscopic failure mechanism is much more complex due to cracks initiating at different axial positions in depth direction of the ring, overlapping cracks, and arresting cracks. A considerable portion of the fracture surfaces appeared to have undergone plastic deformation of the zirconium matrix resulting in void growth and coalescence associated with ductile failure. The geometry of the ductile patches was measured, and the ductile surface fraction was determined. Based on these observations, a statistical model was developed that can reproduce the composition of the fracture surface as a one-dimensional projection. A micromechanically motivated cohesive zone model (CZM) was implemented in existing RCT finite element analysis (FEA) models with different constitutive laws for brittle hydrides and ductile matrix respectively. In this work, FEA results are presented for non-irradiated ZIRLO® and high-burnup M5® claddings. The impact of varying hydride-matrix combinations is discussed.
Acknowledgement:
The project was funded by the former Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) under contract no. 1501561.
T2 - 6th GRS Workshop on the Safety of Extended Dry Storage of Used Nuclear Fuel
CY - Garching, Germany
DA - 01.06.2022
KW - Ageing Management
KW - Cladding Embrittlement
KW - Extended Storage
KW - Ring Compression Test
KW - Spent Nuclear Fuel
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55023
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Jiang, C.
A1 - Xie, G.
A1 - Wu, Dejian
A1 - Yan, T.
A1 - Chen, S.
A1 - Zhao, P.
A1 - Wu, Z.
A1 - Li, W.
T1 - Experimental investigation on an energy-efficient floor heating system with intelligent control: A case study in Chengdu, China
N2 - The space heating system accounts for 20%~50% of building energy consumption, and may lead to energy waste due to unreasonable controls. In this study, an energy-efficient floor heating system with intelligent control was proposed to improve energy efficiency of the system. In order to validate the concept of the proposed intelligent control, an experimental system was designed and constructed in Chengdu, China. Temperature, control cycle and energy consumption were then studied under different control strategies. The result shows that a larger flow rate of supply water will result in a longer control cycle and a lower control frequency, i.e., the average control cycle at 7 L min−1 is 1.7 h during the test day, while it is 1.5 h at 5 L min−1. Moreover, adopting water with a higher temperature and flow rate could achieve a higher efficiency of the system. The energy consumptions in case 1 (5 L min−1, 50 °C), case 2 (5 L min−1, 55 °C), case 5 (7 L min−1, 55 °C) and case 6 (7 L min−1, 60 °C) are 4746 kJ, 3534 kJ, 3093 kJ and 3028 kJ, respectively. Based on the experimental data, the supply water temperature is suggested to set lower than 60 °C considering human comfort.
KW - Floor heating
KW - Intelligent control
KW - Experimental
KW - Energy consumption
KW - Control strategy
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-550522
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2021.101094
SN - 2214-157X
VL - 26
SP - 1
EP - 14
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-55052
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Asna Ashari, Parsa
A1 - Blind, K.
ED - Jakobs, K.
ED - Kim, D.-h.
T1 - The Impact of Publications, Patents, and Standards on International Trade - The Case of Hydrogen
N2 - Hydrogen as a clean energy carrier has received increased attention due to climate change and the need to introduce new, low-emissions technologies to the market. However, the drivers of increased hydrogen use have been barely explored. Therefore, this research paper investigates the impacts of publications, patents, and standards on international hydrogen trade, an established technology diffusion channel. In a fixed-effects (FE) regression model covering 37 countries between 1995 and 2020, we demonstrate that publications, patents, and standards are associated with increased levels of hydrogen exports and imports. Furthermore, we test the technology gap theory and explore the meaning of our empirical results for the hydrogen technological innovation system (TIS). Among others, we show that publications, patents, and standards can contribute to a more developed hydrogen TIS.
T2 - 26th EURAS Annual Standardisation Conference – Standards for Digital Transformation: Blockchain and Innovation
CY - Glasgow, Great Britain
DA - 08.06.2022
KW - Hydrogen Trade
KW - Publications
KW - Patents
KW - Standards
KW - Technological Innovation System
KW - Technology Gap Theory
PY - 2022
SN - 978-3-95886-446-7
SP - 25
EP - 44
PB - Verlag Mainz
CY - Mainz
AN - OPUS4-55061
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Asna Ashari, Parsa
T1 - The Impact of Publications, Patents, and Standards on International Trade - The Case of Hydrogen
N2 - Hydrogen as a clean energy carrier has received increased attention due to climate change and the need to introduce new, low-emissions technologies to the market. However, the drivers of increased hydrogen use have been barely explored. Therefore, this research paper investigates the impacts of publications, patents, and standards on international hydrogen trade, an established technology diffusion channel. In a fixed-effects (FE) regression model covering 37 countries between 1995 and 2020, we demonstrate that publications, patents, and standards are associated with increased levels of hydrogen exports and imports. Furthermore, we test the technology gap theory and explore the meaning of our empirical results for the hydrogen technological innovation system (TIS). Among others, we show that publications, patents, and standards can contribute to a more developed hydrogen TIS.
T2 - 26th EURAS Annual Standardisation Conference – Standards for Digital Transformation: Blockchain and Innovation
CY - Glasgow, United Kingdom
DA - 08.06.2022
KW - Hydrogen Trade
KW - Publications
KW - Patents
KW - Standards
KW - Technological Innovation System
KW - Technology Gap Theory
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55062
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bischoff, Tristan
T1 - Testing and evaluating norms for hot water storage tank efficiency
N2 - Überprüfung der aktuell gesetzlich festgeschriebenen Prüfnormen (EN 12977, EN 12897) zur Wärmeverlustmessung von Warmwasserspeichern mit Hilfe eines Ringversuchs mit fünf Laboren.
T2 - Conference of young scientists on energy and natural science issues
CY - Kaunas, Lithuania
DA - 24.5.2022
KW - Heat storage
KW - Standing Losses
KW - Round Robin Trial
KW - Statistical Analysis
KW - NAPE-Project
KW - Energy-Label
PY - 2022
UR - https://vimeo.com/710278130/8fae7db4d5
AN - OPUS4-55050
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wachau, Andre
T1 - BAM Test method for heat pumps and Air conditioners
N2 - The Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) has developed a load-based test method (compensation method) to determine the energy efficency of heat pumps and air conditioners. The method allows for testing with unfixed compressor speed and active control of the unit. Thus, at low part loads the unit under test is allowed to cycle on-off, when the frequency of the compressor drops below its minimum threshold. Therefore, the associated efficiency losses are directly measured and correction calculations as for the current steady state tests become obsolete. In addition, the testing can be performed without the support of the manufacturer by market surveillance authorities, for instance, since no frequency and expansion valve settings are required. To prove that the compensation method is repeatable and reproducible three round robin tests have been organised by BAM.
T2 - Informal Meeting of ISO/TC 86/SC 6/TG 13
CY - Online meeting
DA - 09.12.2021
KW - Heat pump
KW - Air conditioner
KW - Load-based testing
KW - Energy efficiency
KW - Compensation method
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-54848
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
T1 - Ultrakurzpulslaser induzierte Oxidschichten zur Reduktion von Reibung und Verschleiß auf Metalloberflächen
N2 - Die Reduktion von Reibung und Verschleiß in technischen Systemen bietet ein großes Potenzial zur Reduktion von CO2-Emissionen. Dieser Beitrag diskutiert die Erzeugung und tribologische Charakterisierung von Ultrakurzpuls-generierten Nano- und Mikrostrukturen auf Metallen (Stahl, Titan). Besonderes Augenmerk wird dabei auf die Rolle der laserinduzierten Oxidschicht im Zusammenspiel mit verschleißreduzierenden Additiven in ölbasierten Schmiermitteln gerichtet.
T2 - Workshop "Nachhaltigkeit durch Tribologische Schichten" - Europäische Forschungsgesellschaft Dünne Schichten e.V.
CY - Karlsruhe, Germany
DA - 17.05.2022
KW - Laser-induzierte periodische Oberflächenstrukturen
KW - Reibungsreduktion
KW - Verschleißreduktion
KW - Oberflächenmodifikation
KW - Oxidation
KW - Additive
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-54849
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Trappe, Volker
T1 - Dynamic mechanical analysis of epoxy-matrix cross linking measured in-situ using an elastomer container
N2 - A new patented dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) is presented, where the tensile, bending- or torsional stiffness of a media can be characterized in-situ during the phase transition from liquid to solid. An epoxy system, e.g. Hexion L285/H287, is filled into an elastomer container, such as a silicone tube. This can be mounted into a conventional DMA and, based on a linear viscoelastic approach, the storage modulus (E’;G’), the loss modulus (E’’;G’’) and the loss angle tan(delta) can be measured at constant temperature as a function of time in order to investigate the liquid to sol-gel to solid transition. With this new method, the stiffness increase as a result of the cure process can be directly measured more precisely than with a rheometer in a shear plate set-up, because using an elastomer container gives a defined cross section for calculating the Young’s modulus.
T2 - 20th European Conference on Composite Materials, ECCM20
CY - Lausanne, Switzerland
DA - 26.06.2022
KW - Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)
KW - Thermoset polymers
KW - Cure process
KW - Cross linking
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55213
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico
T1 - Projekte und Aktivitäten zu Elektrischen Energiespeichern an der BAM
N2 - Die Sicherheit von Lithiumbatterien ist ein entscheidender Punkt beim Ausbau der Elektromobilität. Der Beitrag gibt zunächst einen Überblick über das Aktivitätsfeld der elektrischen Energiespeicher an der BAM. Im weiteren werden sowohl die Projekte HaCLIB (Hazard Classification ofLithium-Ion Batteries) als auch SEE-2L (Sicherheit elektrochemischer Energiespeicher in 2nd-Life Anwendung) vorgestellt. Darüber hinaus werden noch die hoheitlichen Aufgaben der BAM im Bereich des Transports von kritisch defekten Batterien erläutert.
T2 - Sitzung des ProcessNet-AA Reaktionstechnik sicherheitstechnisch schwieriger Prozesse (AA-RTSSP) der DECHEMA
CY - Online meeting
DA - 13.04.2022
KW - Stationäre Energiespeicher
KW - Elektrische Energiespeicher
KW - Auswirkungsbetrachtungen
KW - EES
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-54649
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
T1 - Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures: when Maxwell meets Marangoni
N2 - Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS, ripples) are a universal phenomenon and can be generated in a contactless, single-step process on almost any material upon irradiation of solids with intense laser radiation. Nowadays, processing rates of up to m^2/min are enabling new industrial applications in medicine, optics, tribology, biology, etc. Depending on the specific type of LIPSS, their structural sizes typically range from several micrometers down to less than 100 nanometers – far beyond the optical diffraction limit – while their orientations exhibit a clear correlation with the local polarization direction of the laser radiation. From a theoretical point of view, however, a controversial and vivid debate has emerged during the last two decades, whether LIPSS originate from electromagnetic effects (seeded already during the laser irradiation) – or whether they emerge from matter reorganization processes, i.e. distinctly after the laser irradiation. This presentation reviews the currently existent theories of LIPSS. A focus is laid on the historic development of the fundamental ideas, their corresponding mathematical descriptions and numerical implementations, along with a comparison and critical assessment of the different approaches.
T2 - 16th International Conference on Laser Ablation (COLA 2021/22)
CY - Matsue, Japan
DA - 24.04.2022
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Laser ablation
KW - Theoretical modelling
KW - Electromagnetic scattering
KW - Hydrodynamics
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-54716
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Baensch, Franziska
T1 - Charakterisierung von Salzbeton und alkali-aktivierten Material basierend auf der Schallemissionsanalyse
N2 - Nach einer kurzen Einführung in die Schallemissionsprüfung und -Analyse wird ein Versuchsstand vorgestellt, der im Rahmen des Themenfeldprojektes Seal Waste Safe installiert wurde. Schwerpunkt des Vortrages sind die Schallemissionsmessungen an einem 150 l Demonstrator aus Salzbeton und einem weiteren aus alkali-aktiviertem Material. Neben der konventionellen Schallemissionsanaylse mit Aktivitäts- und Intensitätsparametern der Zeitsignale, werden auch frequenzbasierte Parameter zur Analyse andiskutiert.
N2 - After a brief introduction to acoustic emission testing and analysis, an experimental test setup is presented, which was part of the Seal Waste Safe project (internal BAM project 2019-2022). Herein, the acoustic emission measurements of a 150 l demonstrator made of salt concrete and another one made of alkali-activated material are focused. In addition to the conventional acoustic emission analysis regarding the activity and intensity parameters of the detected time signals, also frequency-based parameters were discussed for analysis.
T2 - Dauerhafte Verschlussbauwerke für Endlager
CY - Online meeting
DA - 14.2.2022
KW - Acoustic Emission
KW - Schallemission
KW - Salzbeton
KW - Alkali aktiviertes Material
KW - Geopolymer
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-54937
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Stamm, Michael
A1 - Krankenhagen, Rainer
T1 - Weather-dependent passive thermography of unheated wind turbine blades
N2 - Up to now, the inspection of wind turbines with industrial climbers has been considered ”state of the art”. However, ever-larger wind turbines and advancing digitization make modern and automated inspection methods indispensable. Passive thermography can serve as such a digital and atomized method while it is well known for its applications in the inspection of buildings or electrical circuits. However, its application relies on thermal gradients in the inspected object such that a temperature contrast exists between damaged and sound areas. This also holds for unheated structures like rotor blades of wind turbines which show no intrinsic temperature gradient and can hardly be heated. Under certain weather conditions with sufficient solar loading and diurnal temperature variations, passive thermography is suitable for the in-service inspection of rotor blades. However, for a reliable use of passive thermography on ”thermal passive” components, the incorporation of these environmental conditions in the planning and evaluation of thermal inspections is crucial. Additionally, the complex inner structure of wind turbine blades in comparison to other objects and buildings require a specific method referencing the individual rotor blades to each other. This allows the distinction between the thermal response of design-specific structural features and damages or irregularities between the three blades. We show thermal signatures of damage in rotor blades and contrast them with structural characteristics by comparing the three blades. In addition to measurements in industrial environments, laboratory measurements are shown and compared to simulations. The long-term goal is to simulate the influence of different weather parameters and thus gain a better understanding of measurements in the field. The results shown here can be seen as one step towards industrial application.
T2 - SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing
CY - Orlando, Florida, USA
DA - 03.04.2022
KW - Passive thermography
KW - Wind energy
KW - FEM simulations
PY - 2022
DO - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2618740
VL - 12109
SP - 1
EP - 8
PB - Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)
AN - OPUS4-54943
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Stamm, Michael
T1 - Weather-dependent passive thermography of unheated wind turbine blades
N2 - Up to now, the inspection of wind turbines with industrial climbers has been considered ”state of the art”. However, ever-larger wind turbines and advancing digitization make modern and automated inspection methods indispensable. Passive thermography can serve as such a digital and atomized method while it is well known for its applications in the inspection of buildings or electrical circuits. However, its application relies on thermal gradients in the inspected object such that a temperature contrast exists between damaged and sound areas. This also holds for unheated structures like rotor blades of wind turbines which show no intrinsic temperature gradient and can hardly be heated. Under certain weather conditions with sufficient solar loading and diurnal temperature variations, passive thermography is suitable for the in-service inspection of rotor blades. However, for a reliable use of passive thermography on ”thermal passive” components, the incorporation of these environmental conditions in the planning and evaluation of thermal inspections is crucial. Additionally, the complex inner structure of wind turbine blades in comparison to other objects and buildings require a specific method referencing the individual rotor blades to each other. This allows the distinction between the thermal response of design-specific structural features and damages or irregularities between the three blades. We show thermal signatures of damage in rotor blades and contrast them with structural characteristics by comparing the three blades. In addition to measurements in industrial environments, laboratory measurements are shown and compared to simulations. The long-term goal is to simulate the influence of different weather parameters and thus gain a better understanding of measurements in the field. The results shown here can be seen as one step towards industrial application.
T2 - Defense + Commercial Sensing 2022
CY - Orlando, Florida, USA
DA - 3.4.2022
KW - Passive thermography
KW - Wind energy
KW - FEM simulations
PY - 2022
UR - https://spie.org/defense-commercial-sensing/presentation/Weather-dependent-passive-thermography-of-unheated-wind-turbine-blades/12109-19?SSO=1
AN - OPUS4-54944
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - CASTOR in Warteposition, aber bitte sicher.
N2 - CASTOR-Behälter sollen den Auswirkungen schwerster Unfälle standhalten und müssen dabei ihre Sicherheitsfunktionen beibehalten. Dazu zählen der sichere Einschluss des radioaktiven Inventars mit nachgewiesener Behälterintegrität und -dichtheit, die ausreichende Abschirmung der radioaktiven Strahlung, die Ableitung der von den Brennelementen ausgehenden Wärme und der Ausschluss des Entstehens einer nuklearen Kettenreaktion, d.h. die Kritikalitätssicherheit sind zu gewährleisten.
Zum Nachweis dieser Fähigkeiten werden die Behälter gegen Stoß, Aufprall, Durchstoßen, Feuer sowie beim Eintauchen in Wasser geprüft. Durch diese Tests werden Beanspruchungen aus potentiellen schweren Unfällen abdeckend simuliert. Die hierfür erforderlichen experimentellen Tests, aber auch die Prüfung und Entwicklung komplexer rechnerischer Simulationen des Behälterverhaltens unter Anwendung der Finite-Elemente-Methode erfolgen bei der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM).
Die Basis bildet das Regelwerk der Internationalen Atom- und Energieorganisation (IAEO) zum sicheren Transport von radioaktiven Stoffen, welches international harmonisierte Schutzziele und Prüfanforderungen definiert. Die seit 60 Jahren praktizierte stetige Weiterentwicklung der Sicherheitsanforderungen trägt aktuellen Erkenntnissen, Erfahrungen und Risikoanalysen Rechnung. Die Brennelementbehälter werden mechanischen Prüfungen sowie Brand- und Wasserdruckprüfungen unterzogen. Hierdurch wird nachgewiesen, dass sie den Auswirkungen eines schweren Unfalls standhalten können.
Nur Behälter die zweifelsfrei die kumulativen mechanischen und thermischen Tests und auch die Wasserdruckprüfung mit Erfüllen aller Schutzziele bestehen, bekommen eine Zulassung, die es erlaubt die Behälter zu transportieren.
KW - Kerntechnik
KW - Radioaktive Stoffe
KW - Transport
KW - Zwischenlagerung
KW - IAEA
KW - Fallprüfung
PY - 2022
DO - https://doi.org/10.26125/73hj-nz53
SN - 1611-9479
VL - 24
IS - 3
SP - 112
EP - 114
PB - Bunsen-Gesellschaft
CY - Frankfurt
AN - OPUS4-54856
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Amano, K.
A1 - Hahn, S.
A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico
A1 - Rappsilber, Tim
A1 - Krause, U.
T1 - An Experimental Investigation of Thermal Runaway and Gas Release of NMC Lithium-Ion Pouch Batteries Depending on the State of Charge Level
N2 - In this study, 19 experiments were conducted with 25 pouch cells of NMC cathode to investigate thermal runaway and the release of gases from lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Single cells, double cells, and a four-cell battery stack were forced to undergo thermal runaway inside an air-tight reactor vessel with a volume of 100 dm3 . The study involved two series of tests with two types of ignition sources. In the Series 1 tests, a heating plug was used to initiate thermal runaway in LIBs in the ranges of 80–89% and 90–100% SOC. In the Series 2 tests, a heating plate was used to trigger thermal runaway in LIBs in the ranges of 30–50%, 80–89%, and 90–100% SOC. Thermal runaway started at an onset temperature of 344 ± 5 K and 345 K for the Series 1 tests and from 393 ± 36 K to 487 ± 10 K for the Series 2 tests. Peak reaction temperatures ranged between 642 K and 1184 K, while the maximum pressures observed were between 1.2 bar and 7.28 bar. Thermal runaway induced explosion of the cells and lead to a rate of temperature increase greater than 10 K/s. The amounts of gases released from the LIBs were calculated from pressures and temperatures measured in the reactor.
Then, the gas composition was analyzed using a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. The highest gaseous production was achieved at a range of 90–100% SOC and higher battery capacities 72 L, 1.8 L/Ah (Series 1, battery stack) and 103 L, 3.2 L/Ah (Series 2, 32 Ah cell)). Among the gases analyzed, the concentration of gaseous emissions such as C2H4 , CH4 , and C2H6 increased at a higher cell capacity in both series of tests. The study results revealed characteristic variations of thermal behavior with respect to the type of ignition source used.
KW - Lithium-ion batteries
KW - Battery
KW - Pouch cell
KW - NMC Cathode
KW - Thermal runaways
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-548601
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8050041
VL - 8
IS - 5
SP - 1
EP - 16
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel, Switzerland
AN - OPUS4-54860
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Ghafafian, Carineh
T1 - Fully-reversed fatigue behavior of scarf joint repairs for wind turbine blade shell applications
N2 - Due to manufacturing imperfections which can propagate to damage under in-service loads, wind turbine rotor blades, made primarily of glass fiber reinforced polymers (GFRP), often fail significantly before their design life. To enable a quick and cost-effective return to service, localized repairs can be executed by technicians in the field, directly accessing the blades by suspended roping. Scarf joint repairs, shown to be highly efficient with a smooth load transition across angled joint walls and a restored aerodynamic profile, are the focus of this study. The damage mechanisms of these structures were examined under fully-reversed mechanical cyclic loading with a load ratio R = -1, which was made possible on the coupon scale by a custom designed anti-buckling support. The number of cycles to failure were compared across load levels. While the scarf joint ratio was held constant at 1:50, known from industry and literature to be a good compromise between restored mechanical properties and repair size, the layup sequence was varied between small-to-large and large-to-small. Hereby the effect of the presence of resin pockets and fiber orientation mismatch between the parent and repair structure on the failure mechanism as well as fatigue strength of ±45° GFRP scarf joint repair structures was studied. Strain development across the joint length was measured to assess stiffness degradation in addition to the fatigue strength recovery of scarf joint structures with respect to pristine reference specimens. Grayscale analysis was used to monitor the damage state leading to fracture across the specimens. Post-mortem fractography analysis with light microscopy described the global failure mechanisms as well as local damage distribution within the structure, all of which provided insight to critical variables in scarf joint GFRP structures under fully-reversed mechanical cyclic loading, allowing for the tailoring of such repairs on wind turbine blade shells for maximum restoration of service life.
T2 - 20th European Conference on Composite Materials (ECCM20)
CY - Lausanne, Switzerland
DA - 26.06.2022
KW - Glass fiber reinforced polymers
KW - Scarf repairs
KW - Fatigue
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55638
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Feldkamp, Martin
A1 - Quercetti, Thomas
A1 - Gleim, Tobias
T1 - Temperature and Heat Flux Measurements in Fire Testing
N2 - Packages for the transport of Spent Nuclear Fuel and high active radioactive waste are designed to withstand severe accidents. Specific mechanical and thermal tests are defined in the IAEA Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Materials in order to cover these hypothetical severe accidents. The thermal test mainly consists of a 30 minute fully engulfing fire. Components such as the package impact limiters can lead to supplementary energy release during the thermal test as they might continue burning after the fire phase. Local heat flux into the package can occur. Measurement of heat flux into the package is of importance to evaluate component temperatures and review their acceptance. The usability of heat flux sensors and temperature measurement equipment has to be tested to apply them in impact limiter fire testing. Further questions arise such as :“Is the infrared camera a useful tool to determine heat flux at the boundary surface?”
T2 - Technical Exchange IRSN – BAM Transport & Storage of Packages for Radioactive Material
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 08.09.2021
KW - Heat flux sensor
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-55659
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zekhnini, Khalid
T1 - Corrosion testing in a laboratory container: Corrosion testing with artificial seawater and sediment
N2 - Electricity generation by offshore wind turbine generators (WTG) is an important pillar of the energy transition. Corrosion processes on WTGs pose a particular challenge with regard to safe operation over longer periods of time due to the highly corrosive conditions in the offshore area. BAM is therefore conducting research to ensure a safe operation of the turbines over their intended service life to protect people and the environment.
In a joint research project, different corrosion-relevant areas of a WTG foundation structure were specifically simulated in test basins within a laboratory container. The aim of the work was, on the one hand, the gravimetric and electrochemical determination of corrosion rates in the different areas of an WTG that are relevant for cathodic corrosion protection (CCP): Underwater and sediment zone as well as the transition area between these two zones. Also, targeted tests were carried out under CCP. In addition, investigations regarding calcareous deposition during CCP were carried out on idealized specimens under laboratory conditions to better assess its influence on the protection process. The investigations were carried out in a laboratory container with different basins, which were filled with sand as sediment and artificial seawater according to ISO 15711and connected via a closed water circuit.
The poster at EURCORR 2022 provides an overview of the investigations and the most important results. It will be evaluated, if a simulation of offshore corrosion conditions is possible to a certain extent in an idealized system with artificial seawater and sediment.
T2 - EUROCORR 2022
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 28.08.2022
KW - Corrosion
KW - Corrosion Testing
KW - Artificial Sea Water
KW - Laboratory Container
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55664
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hicke, Konstantin
T1 - Distributed fiber optic sensing @BAM
N2 - Research and developement activities of BAM regarding Distributed Fiber Optic Sensing are portrayed using exemplary previous and current projects. Shown results pertain to distributed acoustic sensing (DAS), distributed temperagture sensing (DTS) and distributed strain sensing (DSS).
T2 - Seismic seminar FU Berlin (group Prof. Shapiro)
CY - Online meeting
DA - 15.09.2022
KW - Distributed fiber optic sensing
KW - Distributed acoustic sensing
KW - Distributed temperature sensing
KW - Distributed strain sensing
KW - Infrastructure monitoring
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55721
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schönhals, Andreas
T1 - Inelastic and Quasielastic Neutron Scattering Experiments on Mircroporous Membranes for Green Separation processes
N2 - Polymers with intrinsic microporosity are promising candidates for the active separation layer in gas separation membranes. These polymers are characterized by a high permeability and reasonable permselectivity. The reasonable permselectivity of these materials is somehow surprising because for microporous systems a more Knudsen-like diffusion is expected rather than a size dependent temperature activated sieving process. It was argued in the framework of a random gate model that molecular fluctuations on a time scale from ps to ns are responsible for the permselectivity.
Here a series of microporous polynorbornenes with bulky SiMe3 side groups and a rigid backbone is considered which have different microporosities characterized by BET surface area values.
First inelastic time-of-flight neutron scattering measurements were carried out to investigate the low frequency density of state (VDOS). The measured data show the characteristic low frequency excess contribution to the VDOS above the Debye sound wave level, generally known as the Boson peak in glass-forming materials. It was found that the maximum position of the Boson peak correlates with the BET surface area.
For two selected comparable polynorbornenes elastic scans as well as QENS measurements by a combination of neutron time-of-flight and backscattering were carried out. A low temperature relaxation process was found for both polymers. This process was assigned to the methyl group rotation. It was analysed in terms of a jump diffusion in a three-fold potential. The analysis of the dependence of the elastic incoherent structure factor on the scattering vector yields the number of methyl groups which might be immobilized.
T2 - QENS / WINS 2022
CY - San Sebastian, Spain
DA - 23.05.2022
KW - Polymers of intrinsic Microporosity
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55673
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schönauer-Kamin, Daniela
T1 - Powder-Aerosol deposited (PAD) calcium manganate as n-type thermoelectric material
N2 - Currently, calcium manganate CaMnO3 and calcium cobaltite Ca3Co4O9 are being investigated as n-type resp. p-type semiconducting materials as oxidation- and temperature-resistant thermoelectric materials for oxide multilayer thermoelectric generators (TEGs). In order to manufacture multilayer TEGs, pressure-assisted sintering processes at high temperatures are necessary to achieve optimal thermoelectric material properties. To realize TEGs in planar film technology, another method to obtain dense ceramic layers directly from the synthesized starting powders without a subsequent high temperature step is emerging recently: the powder aerosol deposition (PAD) method. In the present work, it is investigated whether PAD is suitable to produce dense ceramic films from Sm-doped CaMnO3 and Ca3Co4O9 powders. The resulting thermoelectric properties are characterized as a function of temperature.
CaMnO3 powder could successfully be processed by PAD with resulting layer thicknesses of 5- 6 µm without any high-temperature sintering steps of the films. The electrical conductivity and the Seebeck coefficient of the films were determined in-plane from room temperature to 600 °C in air. The results show a Seebeck coefficient of around -200 µV/K, which is comparable to results of pressed and sintered bars. At 400 °C, the electrical conductivity corresponds to the conductivity of the bar. At higher temperatures the conductivity is better than with the reference. Below 400°C, the electrical conductivity is somewhat lower than that of the reference sample, a mild thermal treatment of the PAD layer improves it. It is expected that the thermal conductivity of the PAD film will be lower compared to the bars due to the nano-crystalline film morphology. This should result in a significantly increased ZT value for the PAD layers and a higher efficiency of the TEG.
The work shows that both CaMnO3 and Ca3Co4O9 can be successfully processed by PAD, and the PAD films show comparable thermoelectric properties.
T2 - 18th European Conference on Thermoelectrics
CY - Barcelona, Spanien
DA - 14.09.2022
KW - Film depositition
KW - Calcium cobaltite
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55771
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Stamm, Michael
T1 - Towards automated passive thermography of wind turbine blades
N2 - Up to now, the inspection of wind turbines by industrial climbers has been considered "state of the art". However, many aspects like ever-larger wind turbines, minimizing the risk for man and machine and the advancing digitalization make modern and automated inspection methods indispensable. A particular interest here is contactless and remote methods that can be used with drones instead of climbing robots. The work presented here contributes to the long-term goal of making autonomous and advanced inspections of wind turbine rotor blades using drones ready for industrial use.
Besides visual inspection, only a few inspection methods are capable of non-contact inspection on an industrial scale. Passive thermography can serve as such a contactless and digital inspection method and is well known for its applications in the inspection of buildings or electrical circuits. It can even sense both near-surface and subsurface defects. The sensitivity to subsurface defects makes one advantage of thermography over visual inspections. As a digital inspection method, it is generally also more objective and offers more comparability. For example, defects and their extent can be easily monitored and compared over time. However, its industrial application relies on thermal gradients in the inspected object such that a temperature contrast exists between damaged and sound areas. This also applies to large unheated structures such as wind turbine rotor blades, which do not have an intrinsic temperature gradient and at the same time cannot be easily heated externally.
Under certain weather conditions, a change of the environmental temperature or the solar loading conditions can provide the necessary thermal gradients to make passive thermography viable for the in-service inspection of rotor blades. For a reliable use of passive thermography on "thermal passive" components, the incorporation of these environmental conditions in the planning and evaluation of thermal inspections is crucial.
Compared to many other objects and buildings, wind turbine blades have varying and often unknown complex internal structures depending on the model. A special method is therefore required, that can be used independently of the internal structure of the blades and that relates the individual thermograms of the three rotor blades to each other. This allows the distinction between the thermal response of design-specific structural features and damages or irregularities between the three blades.
In this work we present thermal signatures of rotating in-service rotor blades taken under industrial relevant conditions. These thermograms show surface and subsurface damages and irregularities which we contrast with structural design features by referencing the three blades to each other. In addition, we examine the strong influence of different weather conditions on the inspection results. A direct comparison of measured results with inspection reports from industrial climbers serves as a benchmark.
T2 - EERA DeepWind conference
CY - Trondheim, Norway
DA - 19.01.2022
KW - Thermography
KW - Wind energy
KW - Passve IR
KW - Rotor blades
KW - Maintenance
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55818
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Stamm, Michael
T1 - Towards the in-service blade inspection by ground-based passive thermography
N2 - Until today, the optical inspection of rotor blades by industrial climbers is considered state of the art. However, both more and larger rotor blades and the increasing digitalization of maintenance work make modern inspection methods increasingly necessary. In this context, passive thermography can serve as a useful digital technique for in-service inspection of wind turbine blades. Unlike active thermography, this inspection method does not require an active heat source but takes advantage of heating by the sun and diurnal temperature fluctuations. This allows inspections from the ground during operation and does not require shutting down the wind turbine. However, an inspection with passive thermography is highly weather dependent. Thus, the already weak thermal signatures formed due to internal structures and possible internal damage are only strong enough under certain weather conditions.
To obtain meaningful inspection results despite the relatively small thermal differences between intact and defective components, three aspects are crucial:
1. Measurements should be taken at the time of optimum weather conditions. It must be kept in mind that different internal damage will be revealed by thermal signatures under different weather conditions.
2. The thermal signature of the rotor blades, including possible damages, must be simulated with FEM simulations. In this way, the influence of different weather conditions can be predicted but also understood in the aftermath.
3. The temperature differences between identically designed and assembled rotor blades must be considered to analyze variations between blades.
This work will address all these aspects and show, based on field measurements under industrial conditions (exemplarily shown in figure 1), laboratory measurements and FEM simulations, which steps must be taken to establish passive thermography as an industrial inspection method.
T2 - EERA SP7 Rotor Blade workshop
CY - Roskilde, Denmark
DA - 23.06.2022
KW - Thermography
KW - Wind energy
KW - Maintenance
KW - Rotor blades
KW - Passive IRT
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55819
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Junge, P.
A1 - Stargardt, Patrick
A1 - Kober, D.
A1 - Greinacher, M.
A1 - Rupprecht, C.
T1 - Thermally Sprayed Al2O3 Ceramic Coatings for Electrical Insulation Applications
N2 - Thermal spraying enables a fast and propelling way to additively deposit various ceramics as electric insulators, which are used in conditions where polymers are not suitable. Alumina (Al2O3) is among the most employed materials in the coating industry since it exhibits good dielectric properties, high hardness, high melting point while still being cost-effective. Various parameters (e.g. feedstock type, plasma gas mixture, plasma power) significantly influence the resulting coating in terms of microstructure, porosity, crystallinity, and degree of un-or molten particles. As a consequence, these parameters need to be investigated to estimate the impact on the electrical insulating properties of thermally sprayed alumina. This study focuses on the development of a novel electric insulation coating from Al2O3 feedstock powders deposited via atmospheric plasma spray (APS). The microstructure, porosity, and corresponding crystallographic phases have been analyzed with optical microscopy, XRD, and SEM images. To achieve an understanding of the parameters influencing the electrical insulation performance of the manufactured coatings, an in-depth analysis of the fundamental dielectric parameters e.g., DC resistance, breakdown strength, dielectric loss tangent, permittivity is presented.
T2 - International Thermal Spray Conference and Exposition 2022
CY - Vienna, Austria
DA - 04.05.2022
KW - Thermal Spray
KW - Alumina
KW - Dielectric properties
PY - 2022
SP - 1
EP - 8
AN - OPUS4-55821
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Stamm, Michael
T1 - In situ Charakterisierung von Reparaturen in GFK Schalenstrukturen mittels Lockin Thermografie und Felddehnungsmessungen
N2 - Die tiefgreifende Reparatur von Faserverbundwerkstoffen stellt durch deren inneren Aufbau eine besondere Herausforderung dar, die unter anderem bei der Instandhaltung von Rotorblättern von Windkraftanlagen zum Tragen kommt. Um die Reparaturen von Rotorblattschalen zu untersuchen und zu optimieren, wurden an der BAM Sandwich-Schalenprüfkörper aus Glasfaserkunststoff (GFK) entwickelt. Nachdem in diese Schalenprüfkörper Modell-Reparaturen eingebracht wurden, werden zyklische mechanische Ermüdungsversuche bis zum Bruch durchgeführt. Vorrangiges Ziel ist es, den Einfluss verschiedener Reparaturvariablen auf die Ermüdungslebensdauer der Struktur zu verstehen, sowie die stabilste Reparaturmethode zu bestimmen.
Während der zyklischen Lastversuche wurden regelmäßig in-situ Messungen mit einer Thermografie Kamera und einem optischen Felddehnungsmesssystem durchgeführt. Durch beide Messmethoden lassen sich Eigenschaften der Probekörper zeitlich und räumlich aufgelöst darstellen.
Während die Felddehnungsmessungen Aufschluss über die Verformung an der Oberfläche geben, erfasst die thermische Inspektion Temperaturänderungen an der Oberfläche. Besonders die thermografischen Messwerte bilden hier das oberflächennahe Volumen ab, in dem sich Temperaturänderungen an der Oberfläche abzeichnen.
Die Messergebnisse beider Systeme stellen also verschiede aber korrelierte Parameter dar. Denn die zyklische Belastung (Bewegung) ruft eine periodische Temperaturänderung im Bauteil hervor. Dieser so genannte Thermoeleastische Effekt kann durch eine Lockin-Analyse der Temperaturtransienten (Temperaturverläufe) nachgewiesen werden. Die räumliche Darstellung der thermischen Effekte lässt Rückschlüsse auf die tatsächliche Lastverteilung im Probekörpervolumen zu.
Darüber hinaus führen nichtelastische Verformungen zu einer zusätzlichen Wärmefreisetzung, die durch geeignete Auswerteverfahren ebenfalls nachgewiesen werden können. Entsprechende Hot-Spots in der räumlichen Verteilung erlauben eine frühzeitige Erkennung besonders belasteter Bereiche lange vor dem eigentlichen Bauteil-Versagen. Das gestattet die Lokalisierung des Initial-Schadens, was mit der numerischen Spannungsanalyse korreliert werden kann und die Entwicklung und Bewertung verschiedener Reparaturstrategien.
T2 - DGZfP Jahrestagung 2022
CY - Kassel, Germany
DA - 23.05.2022
KW - Lockin Thermografie
KW - GFK
KW - NDT
KW - ZfP
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55823
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
T1 - Laser-induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS): Mechanisms, Applications, and unsolved Problems
N2 - Laser-induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS, ripples) are a universal phenomenon and can be generated in a contactless, single-step process on almost any type of solid upon irradiation with intense laser pulses. They represent a (quasi-)periodic modulation of the surface topography in the form of a linear grating and are typically formed in a “self-ordered” way in the focus of a laser beam. Thus, they are often accompanying laser material processing applications. The structural sizes of LIPSS typically range from several micrometers down to less than 100 nanometers – far beyond the optical diffraction limit – while their orientations exhibit a clear correlation with the local polarization direction of the laser radiation. From a theoretical point of view, a controversial debate has emerged during the last decades, whether LIPSS originate from electromagnetic effects (seeded already during the laser irradiation) – or whether they emerge from matter-reorganization processes (distinctly after the laser irradiation). From a practical point of view, however, LIPSS represent a simple and robust way for the nanostructuring of solids that allows creating a wide range of different surface functionalities featuring applications in optics, tribology, medicine, energy technologies, etc. While the currently available laser and scanner technology already allows surface processing rates at the m^2/min level, industrial applications of LIPSS are sometimes limited by the complex interplay between the nanoscale surface topography and the specific surface chemistry. This typically manifests in difficulties to control the processing of LIPSS and in limitations to ensure the long-term stability of the created surface functions. This presentation reviews the currently existent theories of LIPSS. A focus is laid on the historic development of the fundamental ideas behind the LIPSS, their corresponding mathematical descriptions and numerical implementations, along with a comparison and critical assessment of the different approaches. Moreover, some unsolved scientific problems related to LIPSS are identified and the pending technological limitations are discussed. Hereby, it is intended to stimulate further research and developments in the field of LIPSS for overcoming these limitations and for supporting the transfer of the LIPSS technology into industry
T2 - 10th International LIPSS Workshop 2022
CY - Orléans, France
DA - 21.09.2022
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Surface functionalization
KW - Femtosecond laser processing
KW - Time-resolved coherent scattering
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55814
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Balscheit, Hagen
T1 - Buckling Behavior of embedded Shells
N2 - Presentation on ongoing test campaign on buckling of embedded piles, which is part of the VERBATIM-Project.
T2 - Phd Seminar LFU-Innsbruck
CY - Innsbruck, Austria
DA - 24.06.2022
KW - Buckling
KW - Monopiles
KW - Windenergy
KW - Foundations
KW - Offshore
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55458
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Linnemann, Konrad
T1 - Experimental and numerical investigation of prestressed bolt connections under lateral displacements
N2 - The containment system of transport packages for spent nuclear fuel and high-level waste usually includes bolted lids with metal gaskets. The packages are assessed to specific transport conditions which are specified in the IAEA safety standards SSR-6 (IAEA 2018). These transport conditions, especially the so-called accident conditions of transport, imply high dynamic loading on the lids and the bolt connections of the package. The response of the lid systems on the mechanical accident conditions is generally investigated by experimental drop tests or numerically, e.g., by finite element analyses. The interpretation of the drop test results for the verification of the numerical models is often not obvious due to the complex superposition of different effects in the real tests. BAM has started a research project to get a better understanding about the behavior of prestressed bolt connections under loadings typical for these drop tests. In this context an experimental test set-up was developed to investigate the response of a single bolt connection under a prescribed lateral displacement of clamped parts. The bolt is instrumented by strain gauges to get the pretensional, the torsional and the bending stress in the bolt shank. Furthermore, the lateral movement and the tilt of the bolt head is measured during the test. A finite element model of the test set-up has been created in Abaqus FEA (Simulia 2021). The very detailed instrumentation of the test set-up shall give the opportunity to investigate and validate the numerical model. The aim of this paper is to give an overview about the proposed research project and to present first results.
T2 - SMIRT26 - 26th International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology
CY - Potsdam, Germany
DA - 10.07.2022
KW - Transport packages
KW - Bolt connections
KW - Finite element analysis
KW - Experimental investigation
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55426
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Simbruner, Kai
A1 - Billone, M. C.
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
A1 - Liu, Y. Y.
A1 - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Brittle Failure Analysis of High-Burnup PWR Fuel Cladding Alloys
N2 - The general aim of this research is the development of methods for predicting mechanical behavior and identification of limiting conditions to prevent brittle failure of high-burnup (HBU) pressure water reactor (PWR) fuel cladding alloys. A finite element (FE) model of the ring compression test (RCT) was created to analyze the failure behavior of zirconium-based alloys with radial hydrides during the RCT. An elastic-plastic material model describes the zirconium alloy. The stress-strain curve needed for the elastic-plastic material model was derived by inverse finite element analyses. Cohesive zone modeling is used to reproduce sudden load drops during RCT loading. Based on the failure mechanism in non-irradiated ZIRLO® claddings, a micro-mechanical model was developed that distinguishes between brittle failure along hydrides and ductile failure of the zirconium matrix. Two different cohesive laws representing these types of failure are present in the same cohesive interface. The key differences between these constitutive laws are the cohesive strength, the stress at which damage initiates, and the cohesive energy, which is the damage energy dissipated by the cohesive zone. Statistically generated matrix-hydride distributions were mapped onto the cohesive elements and simulations with focus on the first load drop were performed. Computational results are in good agreement with the RCT results conducted on high-burnup M5® samples. It could be shown that crack initiation and propagation strongly depend on the specific configuration of hydrides and matrix material in the fracture area.
T2 - 26th International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology - SMiRT 26
CY - Potsdam, Germany
DA - 10.07.2022
KW - Cladding Embrittlement
KW - Cohesive Zone Modelling
KW - Spent Nuclear Fuel
KW - Ring Compression Test
PY - 2022
SP - 1
EP - 10
AN - OPUS4-55434
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Simbruner, Kai
T1 - Brittle Failure Analysis of High-Burnup PWR Fuel Cladding Alloys
N2 - The general aim of this research is the development of methods for predicting mechanical behavior and identification of limiting conditions to prevent brittle failure of high-burnup (HBU) pressure water reactor (PWR) fuel cladding alloys. A finite element (FE) model of the ring compression test (RCT) was created to analyze the failure behavior of zirconium-based alloys with radial hydrides during the RCT. An elastic-plastic material model describes the zirconium alloy. The stress-strain curve needed for the elastic-plastic material model was derived by inverse finite element analyses. Cohesive zone modeling is used to reproduce sudden load drops during RCT loading. Based on the failure mechanism in non-irradiated ZIRLO® claddings, a micro-mechanical model was developed that distinguishes between brittle failure along hydrides and ductile failure of the zirconium matrix. Two different cohesive laws representing these types of failure are present in the same cohesive interface. The key differences between these constitutive laws are the cohesive strength, the stress at which damage initiates, and the cohesive energy, which is the damage energy dissipated by the cohesive zone. Statistically generated matrix-hydride distributions were mapped onto the cohesive elements and simulations with focus on the first load drop were performed. Computational results are in good agreement with the RCT results conducted on high-burnup M5® samples. It could be shown that crack initiation and propagation strongly depend on the specific configuration of hydrides and matrix material in the fracture area.
T2 - 26th International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology - SMiRT 26
CY - Potsdam, Germany
DA - 10.07.2022
KW - Cladding Embrittlement
KW - Ring Compression Test
KW - Cohesive Zone Modelling
KW - Spent Nuclear Fuel
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55435
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Linnemann, Konrad
A1 - Komann, Steffen
A1 - Wille, Frank
A1 - Reiche, I.
A1 - Ramsay, J.
T1 - New Sco-III regulations to ship large objects as surface contaminated objects
N2 - The decommissioning or refurbishment of nuclear facilities necessitates either the storage or disposal of large radioactive components such as steam generators, pressurizers, reactor pressure vessels and heads, and coolant pumps, to list the major contributors. These components or objects are large in size and mass, measuring up to approximately 6 meters in diameter, up to 20 meters in length, and weighing over 400 000 kg. In many situations, the components are transported off-site to a storage, disposal or recycling/treatment facility. Previously, many large objects had to be transported under special arrangement.
The latest 2018 edition of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material, No. SSR-6 [1], incorporates regulations for the shipment of large objects as a new category of surface contaminated object, SCO-III, based on the IAEA “performance package” concept. This paper provides background and practical guidance on these regulations.
Additionally, the experiences of BAM with the appoval of two steam converters of the NPP Lingen are presented as the first approval process for SCO-III objects in Germany.
The primary additions to SSR-6 include SCO-III classification and requirements, approval and administrative requirements for the new classification, and the addition of SCO-III to the proper shipping
name for UN 2913. Advisory material drafted for the new requirements will be included in the next revision of SSG-26, Advisory Material for the IAEA Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material, expected to be published soon.
Note that at this time the proposed provisions for large objects do not include components such as reactor vessels, due to the more limited experience and greater radioactivity levels. The SCO-III concept lays the groundwork and may be extended to cover other large objects that are classified as low specific activity (LSA) material in the future.
T2 - Kerntechnik 2022
CY - Leipzig, Germany
DA - 21.06.2022
KW - Transport packages
KW - Radioactive materials
KW - SCO-III
KW - Large objects
PY - 2022
SP - 1
EP - 7
AN - OPUS4-55423
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Linnemann, Konrad
T1 - Neue SCO-III Regularien für den Transport grosser Gegenstände als oberflächenkontaminierte Objekte
N2 - The decommissioning or refurbishment of nuclear facilities necessitates either the storage or disposal of large radioactive components such as steam generators, pressurizers, reactor pressure vessels and heads, and coolant pumps, to list the major contributors. These components or objects are large in size and mass, measuring up to approximately 6 meters in diameter, up to 20 meters in length, and weighing over 400 000 kg. In many situations, the components are transported off-site to a storage, disposal or recycling/treatment facility. Previously, many large objects had to be transported under special arrangement.
The latest 2018 edition of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material, No. SSR-6 [1], incorporates regulations for the shipment of large objects as a new category of surface contaminated object, SCO-III, based on the IAEA “performance package” concept. This paper provides background and practical guidance on these regulations. Additionally, the experiences of BAM with the appoval of two steam converters of the NPP Lingen are presented as the first approval process for SCO-III objects in Germany.
The primary additions to SSR-6 include SCO-III classification and requirements, approval and administrative requirements for the new classification, and the addition of SCO-III to the proper shipping name for UN 2913. Advisory material drafted for the new requirements will be included in the next revision of SSG-26, Advisory Material for the IAEA Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material, expected to be published soon. Note that at this time the proposed provisions for large objects do not include components such as reactor vessels, due to the more limited experience and greater radioactivity levels. The SCO-III concept lays the groundwork and may be extended to cover other large objects that are classified as low specific activity (LSA) material in the future.
T2 - Kerntechnik 2022
CY - Leipzig, Germany
DA - 21.06.2022
KW - Transportbehälter
KW - Radioaktive Stoffe
KW - Oberflächenkontaminiert
KW - SCO-III
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55424
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Lay, Vera
T1 - Das Themenfeldprojekt SealWasteSafe im Überblick
N2 - Das Projekt SealWasteSafe verbessert Werkstofftechnik, Prüfverfahren und Überwachungsmethoden für sichere Verschlussbauwerke in Endlagern. Dieser Überblick fasst die laufenden Arbeiten in folgenden Bereichen zusammen: 1) Materialentwicklung und Dauerhaftigkeit; 2) Überwachung; 3) Inspektion.
T2 - Online-Workshop „Dauerhafte Verschlussbauwerke für Endlager“
CY - Online meeting
DA - 14.02.2022
KW - SealWasteSafe
KW - Salzbeton
KW - Verschlussbauwerke
KW - Monitoring
KW - Inspektion
KW - Ultraschall
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55089
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Effner, Ute
T1 - Ultraschall-Messungen an in-situ-Abdichtbauwerken mit neu entwickelten Messtechniken
N2 - Neue Ultraschall-Messsysteme (LAUS, Bohrlochsonde) haben ihre Funktionstüchtigkeit unter Beweis gestellt. Ergebnisse aus den Messungen konnten verifiziert werden. Standard-Mess- und –Auswerteverfahren müssen für Spritzbeton weiterentwickelt und angepasst werden. Mit sämtlichen Messmethoden konnten großflächige Risse detektiert werden. Messungen mit der Bohrlochsonde und LAUS sind zur Qualitätssicherung geeignet.
T2 - Workshop zum TFP-SealWasteSafe
CY - Online meeting
DA - 14.02.2022
KW - Abdichtbauwerk / Verschlussbauwerk
KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung
KW - Ultraschall-Echoverfahren
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55104
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bischoff, Tristan
T1 - Testing and evaluating norms for hot water storage tank efficiency
N2 - A round robin test was performed with different laboratories comparing the results for standing heat losses of hot water storage tanks utilizing the current norms for testing. Evaluating these results provides an empirical basis for further developing testing methods.
T2 - Conference of young scientists on energy and natural science issues 2022
CY - Kaunas, Lithuania
DA - 24.05.2022
KW - Heat storage
KW - Standing Losses
KW - EU regulations
KW - Statistical Analysis
KW - Round Robin Test
KW - Energy-Label
KW - NAPE Project
PY - 2022
SN - 2783-6339
SP - 133
EP - 135
AN - OPUS4-55852
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Grimault de Freitas, Tomás
T1 - Utilization of the Tubular Specimen Technique for the Qualification of Metallic Materials for Hydrogen Technologies
N2 - As the world shifts to a decarbonized economy, the demand for hydrogen-based technologies is rapidly increasing. In order to make optimal use of hydrogen as an energy carrier, the infrastructure for hydrogen storage and transport in particular, must meet high technical safety standards. The indispensable basis for such safety assessments are the material properties, which must be evaluated under operating conditions that are as real as possible.
The conventional method for the assessment of the material properties in gaseous hydrogen is conducted by testing materials in high-pressure hydrogen gas in a pressure vessel (autoclave). It is an established method that allows to perform common standardized tests such as tensile, fatigue and crack growth tests under varying hydrogen conditions. However, this method is complex and entails high costs due to extensive safety regulations.
The hollow specimen technique is a more efficient test method, which can be used to assess the mechanical properties of materials under high-pressure hydrogen gas. The procedure is conducted by enclosing high-pressure gas into a hole along the axis of the tensile test specimen. Recently, this method has been successfully performed at pressures up to 1000 bar and over a wide range of temperatures. Due to the low hydrogen volume needed, this method requires minimal safety regulation; therefore, the costs are reduced when compared to the conventional autoclave technique. This method is now in a standardization process, which has been initiated by Japan as a new working package in ISO (TC 164/SC 1/WG 9).
The following contribution presents preliminary results obtained testing common grades of metastable austenitic stainless steel. For this purpose, the mechanical properties and fracture surface of solid and tubular specimens were assessed and compared using slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) test as part of the preliminary work at the Fraunhofer IWM. In a similar way, pipeline steels evaluated under hydrogen atmospheres using the geometry adapted by BAM will be presented. Within the framework of the TransHyDE flagship project, more results with the goal of supporting the standardization of the hollow specimen technique are expected to be obtained.
T2 - ZwickRoell Forum for High-Temperature Testing
CY - Fürstenfeld, Austria
DA - 03.05.2023
KW - Hydrogen
KW - H2Hohlzug
KW - TransHyDE
KW - Tubular specimen technique
KW - Innovation
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57417
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schalau, Bernd
A1 - Schalau, Sebastian
T1 - Wasserstoff-Freisetzungen aus Ausbläsern
N2 - Mit zunehmender Produktion und Einsatz von Wasserstoff kommt immer mehr die Frage auf, inwieweit etablierte Freistrahlmodelle geeignet sind die Freisetzung von Wasserstoff aus Ausbläsern ausreichend genau zu berechnen, um darauf aufbauend Aussagen zum Explosionsschutz treffen zu können. Ein Vergleich mit experimentellen Untersuchungen zeigt, dass die Berechnungen von Modellen, die z.B. für Erdgas geeignete sind, für sehr leichte Gase größere Abweichungen ergeben können. Es sind daher Modifikationen für das Integralmodell von Schatzmann und das empirische Modell von Chen/Rodi entwickelt und mit experimentellen Untersuchungen verglichen worden. Bei einer verzögerten Zündung der Wasserstoff-Gaswolke sind bei experimentellen Untersuchungen relevante Explosionsüberdrücke gemessen worden, die bei einer Gefährdungsbeurteilung berücksichtigt werden sollten. Hierfür ist ein Berechnungsansatz in Verbindung mit dem Multi-Energy-Modell entwickelt worden.
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Gasausbreitung
KW - Gaswolkenexplosion
PY - 2023
SN - 2191-0073
VL - 13
IS - 5-6
SP - 24
EP - 29
PB - VDI Fachmedien
CY - Düsseldorf
AN - OPUS4-57576
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schalau, Bernd
T1 - Wasserstoff-Freisetzungen aus Ausbläsern
N2 - Mit zunehmender Produktion und Einsatz von Wasserstoff kommt immer mehr die Frage auf, inwieweit etablierte Freistrahlmodelle geeignet sind die Freisetzung von Wasserstoff aus Ausbläsern ausreichend genau zu berechnen, um darauf aufbauend Aussagen zum Explosionsschutz treffen zu können. Ein Vergleich mit experimentellen Untersuchungen zeigt, dass die Berechnungen von Modellen, die z.B. für Erdgas geeignete sind, für sehr leichte Gase größere Abweichungen ergeben können. Es sind daher Modifikationen für das Integralmodell von Schatzmann und das empirische Modell von Chen/Rodi entwickelt und mit experimentellen Untersuchungen verglichen worden. Bei einer verzögerten Zündung der Wasserstoff-Gaswolke sind bei experimentellen Untersuchungen relevante Explosionsüberdrücke gemessen worden, die bei einer Gefährdungsbeurteilung berücksichtigt werden sollten. Hierfür ist ein Berechnungsansatz in Verbindung mit dem Multi-Energy-Modell entwickelt worden.
T2 - DECHEMA-Fachgruppe Auswirkungen von Stoff-und Energiefreisetzungen
CY - Frankfurt am Main, Germany
DA - 27.04.2023
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Gasausbreitung
KW - Gaswolkenexplosion
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57577
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico
T1 - Abschlusstreffen BMBF-Vorhaben SEE-2L, Teilvorhaben BAM: Aufbau eines Großversuchsstandes
N2 - Der Vortrag stellt den aktuellen Bearbeitungsstand des Teilvorhabens an der BAM dar. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf der ersten Versuchsserie mit Batteriezellen und -modulen bis zu 6.8 kWh. Darüber hinaus werden die weiteren geplanten Versuche vorgestellt sowie die Ergbnisverwertung aus dem Projekt aufgezeigt.
T2 - Abschlusstreffen zum BMBF-Vorhaben SEE-2L
CY - Online meeting
DA - 24.04.2023
KW - Stationäre Energiespeicher
KW - Elektrische Energiespeicher
KW - Auswirkungsbetrachtungen
KW - Lithium-Ionen-Batterie
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57582
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico
T1 - A study on thermal runaway propagation in battery cells and modules assembled of pouch cells
N2 - Every technical system has a failure rate, including a lithium-ion battery. To minimize the effects in the event of a thermal runaway, it is necessary to know what consequences to expect. In the talk, current results from tests on the thermal runaway behaviour of lithium-ion batteries will be presented and conclusions drawn for the handling of those.
T2 - EUSAS Conference 2023, "Addressing the fire risks of electromobility"
CY - Frankfurt am Main, Germany
DA - 10.05.2023
KW - Electrical Energy Storage
KW - Lithium-ion battery
KW - Propagation
KW - Consequneces
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57583
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Balscheit, Hagen
T1 - Nichtlineares Tragverhalten stahlbaulicher Offshore-Strukturen unter spezieller Berücksichtigung der Bauwerk-Boden-Interaktion
N2 - Der Vortrag gibt einen Überblick über die ingenieurmäßige Handhabung der stahlbaulichen Bemessung von großen Monopiles für Offshorewindenergieanlagen. Besonderer Focus liegt dabei auf jenen Phänomenen, welche durch eine starke Interaktion zwischen Stahlstruktur und Boden gekennzeichnet werden.
T2 - Ringvorlesung: Praxisreihe Stahlbau
CY - Innsbruck, Austria
DA - 09.05.2023
KW - Pile Tip Buckling
KW - Shell Buckling
KW - Soil Struture Interaction
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57521
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Gaddampally, Mohan Reddy
T1 - Failure Analysis on Irradiated Claddings Subjected to Long-Term Dry Interim Storage
N2 - Long-term dry interim storage may adversely affect the mechanical properties of spent fuel rods, possibly resulting in a reduced resilience during handling or transport after storage. Since the cladding is the first barrier for the spent fuel pellets, its integrity must be demonstrated until the end of interim storage and subsequent transportation. An established method for characterizing the cladding material is the ring compression test, in which a small, cylindrical sample of the cladding tube is subjected to a compressive load. This test is a laboratory representation of a load case where the fuel rod is crushed.
Pre-storage drying and the early stage of interim storage can subject the cladding to higher temperatures and higher pressure induced tensile hoop stresses than those associated with in-reactor operation and pool storage. Under these conditions, radial hydrides may precipitate in zirconium-based alloys (Zircaloy) during slow cooling, which result in embrittlement of the cladding material and eventually a possible sudden failure of cladding integrity under additional mechanical loads. Especially long, continuous radial hydride structures and low temperature can cause severe embrittlement of claddings and finally failure by fracture even at small deformations. Therefore, the study of hydride morphology plays an important role in describing the brittle failure behaviour of the claddings.
The focus of the presented research is on the development of appropriate numerical methods for predicting the mechanical behaviour and identification of limiting conditions to prevent brittle fracture of Zircaloy claddings. Typical hydride morphologies are shown. An iterative inverse analysis method is described for deriving the elastic-plastic material properties in the hoop direction of a ring-shaped sample. A modelling approach based on cohesive zones is explained which is able to reproduce the propagation of cracks initiated at radial hydrides in the zirconium matrix. The developed methods are applied to defueled samples of cladding alloy ZIRLO®, which were subjected to a thermo-mechanical treatment to reorient existing circumferential hydrides to radial hydrides. A selected sample showing sudden load drops during a quasi-static ring compression test is analysed by means of fracture mechanics for illustrative purposes.
This project as part of the European Joint Programme on Radioactive Waste Management has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 847593.
T2 - BAM-Kolloquium der Abteilung 3
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 05.06.2023
KW - Cladding Embrittlement
KW - Cohesive Zone Modelling
KW - Ring Compression Test
KW - Spent Nuclear Fuel
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57598
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Wu, J.
A1 - Gong, M.
A1 - Zhang, W.
A1 - Mehmood, Asad
A1 - Zhang, J.
A1 - Ali, G.
A1 - Kucernak, A.
T1 - Simultaneously incorporating atomically dispersed Co-Nₓ sites with graphitic carbon layer-wrapped Co₉S₈ nanoparticles for oxygen reduction in acidic electrolyte
N2 - A facile yet robust synthesis is reported herein to simultaneously incorporate atomically dispersed Co-Nₓ sites with graphitic layer-protected Co₉S₈ nanoparticles (denoted as Co SACs+Co₉S₈) as an efficient electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction in acidic solution. The Co SACs+Co₉S₈ catalyst shows low H₂O₂ selectivity (∼5 %) with high half-wave potential (E1/2) of ∼0.78 V(RHE) in 0.5 M H₂SO₄. The atomic sites of the catalyst were quantified by a nitrite stripping method and the corresponding site density of the catalyst is calculated to be 3.2×10¹⁸ sites g⁻¹. Besides, we also found the presence of a reasonable amount of Co₉S₈ nanoparticles is beneficial for the oxygen electrocatalysis. Finally, the catalyst was assembled into a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) for evaluating its performance under more practical conditions in proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system.
KW - Co−N-Cs
KW - Fuel cells
KW - Single-atom catalysts
KW - Oxygen reduction reaction
KW - PGM-free catalysts
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-575993
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.202300110
SN - 2196-0216
VL - 10
IS - 12
SP - 1
EP - 9
PB - Wiley-VCH
CY - Weinheim
AN - OPUS4-57599
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico
A1 - Bernardy, Christopher
A1 - Wagner, Patrick
A1 - Rappsilber, Tim
A1 - Liebner, Christian
A1 - Hahn, S.-K.
A1 - Krause, U.
T1 - Harmful effects of lithium-ion battery thermal runaway: scale-up tests from cell to second-life modules
N2 - For a comprehensive safety assessment of stationary lithium-ion-battery applications, it is necessary to better understand the consequences of thermal runaway (TR). In this study, experimental tests comprising twelve TR experiments including four single-cell tests, two cell stack tests and six second-life module tests (2.65 kW h and 6.85 kW h) with an NMC-cathode under similar initial conditions were conducted. The temperature (direct at cells/modules and in near field), mass loss, cell/module voltage, and qualitative vent gas composition (Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and diode laser spectroscopy (DLS) for HF) were measured. The results of the tests showed that the battery TR is accompanied by severe and in some cases violent chemical reactions. In most cases, TR was not accompanied by pregassing of the modules. Jet flames up to a length of 5 m and fragment throwing to distances to more than 30 m were detected. The TR of the tested modules was accompanied by significant mass loss of up to 82%. The maximum HF concentration measured was 76 ppm, whereby the measured HF concentrations in the module tests were not necessarily higher than that in the cell stack tests.
Subsequently, an explosion of the released vent gas occurred in one of the tests, resulting in the intensification of the negative consequences. According to the evaluation of the gas measurements with regard to toxicity base on the “Acute Exposure Guideline Levels” (AEGL), there is some concern with regards to CO, which may be equally as important to consider as the release of HF.
KW - Large-scale tests
KW - Lithium-ion battery
KW - Gas emission
KW - Thermal runaway
KW - Consequences
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-579054
DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D3RA02881J
SN - 2046-2069
VL - 13
IS - 30
SP - 20761
EP - 20779
PB - Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
CY - Cambridge, UK
AN - OPUS4-57905
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Stratulat, C.
A1 - Ginghina, R. E.
A1 - Bratu, A. E.
A1 - Isleyen, A.
A1 - Tunc, M.
A1 - Hafner-Vuk, K.
A1 - Frey, A. M.
A1 - Kjeldsen, H.
A1 - Vogl, Jochen
T1 - Development- and Validation-Improved Metrological Methods for the Determination of Inorganic Impurities and Ash Content from Biofuels
N2 - In this study, five laboratories, namely, BRML (Romania), TUBITAK UME (Turkey), IMBIH (Bosnia and Herzegovina), BAM (Germany), and DTI (Denmark), developed and validated analytical procedures by ICP-MS, ICP-OES, MWP-AES, WD-XRF, and ID-MS for the determination of inorganic
impurities in solid and liquid biofuels, established the budget of uncertainties, and developed the method for determining the amount of ash in the measurement range 0–1.2% with absolute repeatability less than 0.1% and absolute reproducibility of 0.2% (according to EN ISO 18122). In order to create homogeneous certified reference materials, improved methodologies for the measurement and characterization of solid and liquid biofuels were developed. Thus, information regarding the precision, accuracy, and bias of the method, and identifying the factors that intervened in the measurement of uncertainty were experimentally determined, supplementing the information from the existing standards in the field.
KW - Development
KW - Validate method
KW - Biodiesel
KW - ICP-MS
KW - ICP-OES
KW - MW-AES
KW - WD-XRF
KW - ID-MS
KW - Inorganic impurities
KW - Ash content
KW - Wood chips
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-578743
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/en16135221
VL - 16
IS - 13
SP - 1
EP - 14
PB - MDPI
AN - OPUS4-57874
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
T1 - Forschungsprogramm 2009 - 2010
N2 - In den Zeiten der Globalisierung und der beschleunigten technologischen Entwicklungen lassen sich in den Industrieländern nur mit einer entsprechenden Innovationsdynamik und -dichte die Herausforderungen im Hinblick auf Wachstum, Beschäftigung und Strukturwandel erfüllen. Grundvoraussetzung hierfür ist eine leistungsfähige Forschung. Um die Forschungsinfrastruktur in der Bundesrepublik zu erhalten und global wettbewerbsfähig zu bleiben, sind verstärkte Investitionen des Staates und der Wirtschaft notwendig. Mit den Investitionen im Rahmen der Hightech-Strategie hat die Bundesregierung einen wichtigen Schritt zur Förderung des wissenschaftlich-technischen Fortschritts in Deutschland getan. Die Investitionen in die Forschungsinfrastruktur des Landes sind nun von den Forschungseinrichtungen und Universitäten effektiv und effizient zu nutzen.
Für einen möglichst wirksamen Einsatz der Forschungsetats sind Forschungsprogramme sowohl für die Forschungseinrichtung als auch für die Mittelgeber ein wichtiges Instrument im Hinblick auf die Darstellung der Aktivitäten. Dies gilt insbesondere für die Ressortforschungseinrichtungen des Bundes, zu denen die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) zählt. Diese Einrichtungen verfügen über einen klaren Auftrag und ihre Forschung ist mit der Wahrnehmung öffentlicher Aufgaben verbunden. Forschungsprogramme dienen daher besonders in diesen Einrichtungen dazu, Perspektiven im Bereich ihres Aufgabenfeldes sowie ihre Forschungsaktivitäten transparent darzustellen und politisch vertretbar zu machen.
Das vorliegende Forschungsprogramm der BAM gibt einen Überblick über die in den nächsten Jahren aktuellen Forschungsthemen und die hierfür erforderlichen Ressourcen und Rahmenbedingungen.
PY - 2009
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-578814
SP - 1
EP - 38
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-57881
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Trappe, Volker
T1 - Scarf-joint repairs under fatigue loading investigated for sandwich shell applications
N2 - Wind turbine rotor blades are produced as aerodynamic, three-dimensionally formed sandwich shell structures using mainly glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP). The GFRP used today have the potential to withstand the harsh operating conditions of rotor blades over the projected service life of 20 years. Premature damages that occur can be traced primarily back to design and/or manufacturing imperfections, as well as unusually high load scenarios (for instance lightning strikes, or strong winds combined with system control errors). Therefore, rotor blades have to be repaired several times (on average 2-3 times) during their projected service life. Approximately 70% of these are repairs of small- to medium-sized sandwich shells, carried out by technicians directly accessing the blade by suspended roping at the wind turbine location. The goal is to execute repairs that will last over the remaining service life, i.e. be sustainable.
Within the framework of a research project carried out at BAM, Division 5.3 Polymer Matrix Composites, Department 5 for Materials Engineering, not only was the geometric shape (round vs. square in relation to the top view) varied, but also the layup of the scarf repair structure, variables that have not been studied systematically to-date. Sub-component scale sandwich shell specimens with representative repairs were used in this work in addition to coupon-scale specimens that are more commonly seen in literature. These sub-component shell specimens were tested using a unique shell test bench under loading conditions representative of wind turbine blade shell operating conditions with respect to fatigue strength. Using non-destructive testing methods (field strain measurement and thermography), damage development and distribution was monitored and analyzed in-situ. As a result, a concept was developed in which the repaired areas showed at least equivalent if not higher fatigue strength than the reference shells that were not repaired.
T2 - ICFC9 - The 9th International Conference on the Fatigue of Composites
CY - Vicenza, Italy
DA - 21.06.2023
KW - Repair of sandwich shell structures
KW - Non-destructive testing
KW - Wind turbine blades
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57929
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Asna Ashari, Parsa
T1 - Fuel-cell Vehicles in Relation to Electric and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles – An Analysis of Technology Relations based on Publications, Patents, Standards
N2 - This presentation was held at the EURAS 2023 Conference in Aachen.
Against the backdrop of the sustainability transition of economies worldwide, decarbonizing road traffic is high on the agenda. This has focused the interest of policymakers and automobile manufacturers on sustainable, zero-emission powertrain technologies. Among these technologies, hydrogen fuel cell (FC) vehicles have a positive climate impact, given that their hydrogen is produced from renewable energy. However, FC vehicles have not yet gained significant market shares. Therefore, based on the technological innovation systems (TIS) approach, this study analyzes how FC vehicles are influenced by EVs and internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles as their context structures. To operationalize the technology relations between our focal FC-TIS and its context structures, we use the sum of international publications, patents filed at the European Patent Office, and international ISO and IEC standards as indicators for each technology. Our results show that the FC-TIS is dominated by its context structures, especially regarding commercially relevant patents and international standards. Therefore, we conclude that the FC-TIS is in its formative life-cycle phase and identify the need for intensified patenting and standardization in relation to the competing EVs and ICE vehicles.
T2 - 27th EURAS Annual Standardisation Conference - (Responsible) Standardisation for Smart Systems
CY - Aachen, Germany
DA - 28.06.2023
KW - Technological innovation system (TIS)
KW - Technology interaction
KW - Fuel cell vehicles
KW - Publications
KW - Patents
KW - Standards
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57841
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hicke, Konstantin
T1 - Distributed fiber optic radiation sensors for nuclear applications
N2 - Advantages and underlying principles of distributed fiber optic radiation sensing are discussed. Differences with regard to dose measurement range and resolution between glass optical fiber based sensing and polymer optical fiber based sensing are outlined.
T2 - DGZfP SMIRT26 Laborbesuch (BAM)
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 10.07.2022
KW - Distributed fiber optic sensing
KW - Fiber optic radiation monitoring
KW - Distributed fiber optic radiation sensing
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55264
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Test facilities for transport and storage packages at BAM
N2 - BAM acts as authority and for service in safety assessment of packages for transport and storage of radioactive materials. We offer extensive test capabilities and application of analytical methods for design verification and simulation for all types of packages for the transport and storage of radioactive materials according with the international IAEA Regulations for the safe transport and for national storage acceptance criteria. BAM operates several test facilities for drop and stacking testing, leak testing and thermal testing. The large drop test tower allows dropping full-scale specimens up to 200,000 kg in any drop orientation as requested. The comprehensive test facilities combined with long-term experience, newest equipment and measurement devices according to the latest state-of-the-art technology ensures realisation of complex test campaigns for package safety evaluation.
Beyond that, non-destructive and destructive material test devices and experts are available. Equipment and application of all kinds of typical measurement categories can be offered for testing campaigns.
In recent years we performed testing of full-scale type B package models with complex handling and preparation procedures. The results were contributed for different package design approval procedures. Type A packages mainly designed for medical related transport purposes, were continuously tested according to the transport regulations over recent years as well. Moreover, we work on research topics with relevance to package safety. The mechanical behaviour of lid closure systems under transport and storage conditions and the thermal behaviour of impact limiters were recently of special importance for the assessment competencies of BAM and were investigated under use of our test facilities.
The paper describes the test facilities and capabilities for package design safety evaluation at BAM and shows examples from our recent work.
T2 - PATRAM 2022, 20th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials
CY - Juan-les-Pins, France
DA - 11.06.2023
KW - Transport
KW - Drop testing
KW - Fire test
KW - IAEA
KW - Package
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58088
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Michler, T.
A1 - Grimault de Freitas, Tomás
A1 - Oesterlin, H.
A1 - Fischer, C.
A1 - Wackermann, K.
A1 - Ebling, F.
T1 - Tensile testing in high pressure gaseous hydrogen using conventional and tubular specimens: Austenitic stainless steels
N2 - Eight commercial austenitic stainless steels were tensile tested in reference atmosphere, in gaseous high-pressure hydrogen and in gaseous hydrogen precharged condition using conventional (CS) and tubular specimens (TS). For all configurations, 0.2 yield strength and ultimate tensile strength were comparable. In reference atmosphere, reduction of area of CS was higher compared to TS, whereas in gaseous high pressure hydrogen reduction of area of CS was lower compared to TS. In gaseous hydrogen precharged condition reduction of area of CS and TS were comparable for the severely affected grades. The differences in necking behavior between CS and TS are explained by different competitions between necking and hydrogen assisted crack initiation and growth especially for the tests in high pressure hydrogen gas.
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Hydrogen Embrittlement
KW - Tensile Test
KW - Conventional and Tubular Specimen
KW - Austenitic Stainless Steel
KW - High Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen
PY - 2023
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.03.248
SN - 0360-3199
VL - 48
IS - 65
SP - 25609
EP - 25618
PB - Elsevier BV
AN - OPUS4-58185
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
T1 - Forschungsprogramm 2019 - 2021
N2 - Die voranschreitende Digitalisierung, die Globalisierung sowie die daraus resultierende beschleunigte technologische Entwicklung bringen heute für die Industrieländer Herausforderungen im Hinblick auf Wachstum, Beschäftigung und Strukturwandel mit sich, denen nur mit einer entsprechenden Innovationsdynamik und -dichte begegnet werden kann. Grundvoraussetzung hierfür ist eine leistungsfähige Forschung und Entwicklung ebenso wie Wissens- und Technologietransfer zur Umsetzung von Forschungsergebnissen in marktfähige Produkte und Dienstleistungen. Europa hat sich im Rahmen des Lissabon-Prozesses zum Ziel gesetzt, den Anteil der Forschungsausgaben am Bruttoinlandsprodukt auf 3 % zu steigern. Um die Forschungsinfrastruktur in der Bundesrepublik zu stärken und global wettbewerbsfähig zu bleiben, hat die Bundesregierung mit der Hightech-Strategie 2025 einen weiteren wichtigen Schritt zur Förderung des wissenschaftlich-technischen Fortschritts in Deutschland getan.
Forschungsprogramme sind sowohl für Forschungseinrichtungen als auch für Mittelgeber ein wichtiges Instrument für die Darstellung und Steuerung ihrer Aktivitäten. Dies gilt auch für die Bundeseinrichtungen mit Forschungs- und Entwicklungsaufgaben, zu denen die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) zählt. Die BAM verfügt über einen klaren gesetzlichen Auftrag für die Sicherheit in Technik und Chemie. Ihre Forschung ist mit der Wahrnehmung öffentlicher Aufgaben verbunden. Das Forschungsprogramm zeigt Perspektiven im Bereich ihres Aufgabenfeldes sowie ihrer damit verbundenen Forschungsaktivitäten transparent und politisch nutzbar auf und dient darüber hinaus der Koordinierung der Ressortforschung. Das Forschungsprogramm der BAM wird alle zwei Jahre aktualisiert. Es gibt einen Überblick über die aktuellen und zukünftigen Forschungsthemen und die hierfür erforderlichen Rahmenbedingungen.
PY - 2019
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-577499
SP - 1
EP - 44
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-57749
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Komann, Steffen
A1 - Linnemann, Konrad
A1 - Wille, Frank
A1 - Reiche, Ingo
A1 - Ramsay, J.
T1 - New SCO-iii regulations to ship large comonents as surface contaminated objects
N2 - The decommissioning or refurbishment of nuclear facilities necessitates either the storage or disposal of large radioactive components such as steam generators, pressurizers, reactor pressure vessels and heads, and coolant pumps, to list the major contributors. These components or objects are large in size and mass, measuring up to approximately 6 meters in diameter, up to 20 meters in length, and weighing over 400 000 kg. In many situations, the components are transported off-site to a storage, disposal or recycling/treatment facility. Previously, many large objects had to be transported under special arrangement.
T2 - PATRAM22
CY - Juan les Pins, France
DA - 11.06.2023
KW - Gefahrgut
KW - Radioaktive Stoffe
KW - Rückbau kerntechnischer Anlagen
KW - Transport
PY - 2023
SP - 1
EP - 8
AN - OPUS4-57750
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Lay, Vera
T1 - Geophysikalische Methoden für die Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung im Bauwesen
N2 - Im Rahmen des Seminars "Angewandte Forschungsthemen (SAFT)" am Institut für Geowissenschaften der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel werden verschiedene geophysikalische Methoden vorgestellt, die bei der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung im Bauwesen zum Einsatz kommen. Neben einem Überblick der Arbeiten an der BAM im Allgemeinen und dem Fachbereich im Besonderen geht es vor allem um den Einsatz von Ultraschallmethoden. Drei wesentliche Schwerpunkte werden dabei beleuchtet:
1) (Geophysikalische) Antworten auf Herausforderungen bei Ultraschall-Anwendungen
2) Material research and multi-sensory monitoring for concrete sealing structures in rock salt unterground repositories (Projekt SealWasteSafe)
und 3) Untersuchung von Spritzbeton-Probekörpern unter Tage mit Ultraschall zur Qualitätssicherung von Verschlussbauwerken.
Insgesamt werden diverse Möglichkeiten für die Geophysik für Forschung und Studierende im Bereich der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung im Bauwesen aufgezeigt.
T2 - Seminar Angewandte Forschungsthemen
CY - Kiel, Germany
DA - 14.06.2023
KW - SealWasteSafe
KW - Ultraschall
KW - Verschlussbauwerke
KW - Abbildungsverfahren
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57828
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rolle, Annette
A1 - Komann, Steffen
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Ageing aspect in design approval of special form radioactive material
N2 - In accordance with the IAEA transport regulations, the design of special form radioactive material (SFRM) shall resist a severe transport accident without undue loss or dispersal of radioactive material. The safety assessment for design approval includes besides the program for physical tests (impact, percussion, bending and heat test) also the evaluation of the management system for design, manufacture, testing, documentation, use, maintenance, and inspection.
SFRM source design plus management system shall ensure, that every specimen of the approved design is able to survive the severe mechanical and thermal tests at any time of its SFRM-working life.
Due to the long-term use of SFRM designs in most cases, the assessment of the source ageing behavior is an important aspect in the approval procedure. Different fields of application imply a wide range of environmental conditions, from clean room atmosphere to highly aggressive industrial conditions. Besides of radioactive content, corrosion is a main factor for possible SFRM design degradation.
Although the IAEA Advisory Material SSG-26 already implies an indication of the need for considering ageing mechanisms, suitable amendments in the regulatory requirements of SSR-6 should be introduced to make the approval procedure more transparent and help to reduce rounds of questions by the authority. A supplementary requirement for considering of ageing mechanisms could be a helpful contribution to an international harmonization of the approval procedure.
This paper will describe major influencing factors to be considered to assess the ageing behavior of a SFRM design and will identify the need for a regulatory specification of a SFRM-working life as basis for the assessment of the SFRM design regarding time-dependent weakening. A proposal for an explicit requirement for consideration of ageing mechanisms in safety assessment of SFRM, which should be considered in the ongoing SSR-6 revision cycle, will be explained.
T2 - PATRAM22 Conference
CY - Juan-Les-Pins, France
DA - 11.06.2023
KW - Radioaktive Stoffe
KW - Beförderung
KW - Zulassung
KW - Strahlenschutz
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57781
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rolle, Annette
A1 - Komann, Steffen
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Ageing aspect in design approval of special form radioactive material
N2 - In accordance with the IAEA transport regulations, the design of special form radioactive material (SFRM) shall resist a severe transport accident without undue loss or dispersal of radioactive material. The safety assessment for design approval includes besides the program for physical tests (impact, percussion, bending and heat test) also the evaluation of the management system for design, manufacture, testing, documentation, use, maintenance, and inspection.
SFRM source design plus management system shall ensure, that every specimen of the approved design is able to survive the severe mechanical and thermal tests at any time of its SFRM-working life.
Due to the long-term use of SFRM designs in most cases, the assessment of the source ageing behavior is an important aspect in the approval procedure. Different fields of application imply a wide range of environmental conditions, from clean room atmosphere to highly aggressive industrial conditions. Besides of radioactive content, corrosion is a main factor for possible SFRM design degradation.
Although the IAEA Advisory Material SSG-26 already implies an indication of the need for considering ageing mechanisms, suitable amendments in the regulatory requirements of SSR-6 should be introduced to make the approval procedure more transparent and help to reduce rounds of questions by the authority. A supplementary requirement for considering of ageing mechanisms could be a helpful contribution to an international harmonization of the approval procedure.
This paper will describe major influencing factors to be considered to assess the ageing behavior of a SFRM design and will identify the need for a regulatory specification of a SFRM-working life as basis for the assessment of the SFRM design regarding time-dependent weakening. A proposal for an explicit requirement for consideration of ageing mechanisms in safety assessment of SFRM, which should be considered in the ongoing SSR-6 revision cycle, will be explained.
T2 - PATRAM22 Conference
CY - Juan-Les-Pins, Antibes, France
DA - 11.06.2023
KW - Ttransport
KW - Radioactive material
KW - Sealed sources
KW - Ageing
PY - 2023
SP - 1
EP - 6
AN - OPUS4-57786
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Komann, Steffen
T1 - New SCO-III regulations to ship large components as surface contaminated objects
N2 - The decommissioning or refurbishment of nuclear facilities necessitates either the storage or disposal of large radioactive components such as steam generators, pressurizers, reactor pressure vessels and heads, and coolant pumps, to list the major contributors. These components or objects are large in size and mass, measuring up to approximately 6 meters in diameter, up to 20 meters in length, and weighing over 400 000 kg. In many situations, the components are transported off-site to a storage, disposal or recycling/treatment facility. Previously, many large objects had to be transported under special arrangement
T2 - PATRAM22 Konferenz
CY - Juan-les-Pins, France
DA - 11.06.2023
KW - Radioaktive Stoffe
KW - Rückbau kerntechnischer Anlagen
KW - Transport
KW - Gefahrgut
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57751
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schönauer-Kamin, D.
T1 - Powder Aerosol deposited (PAD) calcium cobaltite as textured p type thermoelectric material
N2 - Oxide thermoelectric semiconducting materials like p-type calcium cobaltite Ca3Co4O9 are investigated as oxidation- and temperature-resistant thermoelectric materials for thermoelectric generators (TEGs). To realize TEGs in planar film technology, the powder aerosol deposition (PAD) method is emerging recently. PAD is a method to obtain dense ceramic films directly from the synthesized starting powders without a subsequent high temperature step.
In the present work, Ca3Co4O9 (CCO) powders are processed by PAD to ceramic films at room temperature. The thermoelectric properties of the films (film thickness 10 – 20 µm) are characterized from room temperature to 900°C. Additionally, the layer morphology and texture of the films will be investigated.
As result, the Seebeck coefficient of the CCO-PAD film is comparable to pressed and sintered CCO-bulk materials during the 1st heating cycle to 900°C. The morphology of the films after the thermal treatment shows strong aligned crystallites resulting in a strong texture of the films. The electrical conductivity increases strongly during the 1st heating cycle to 900°C and stays almost constant afterwards. Compared to CCO-bulks, the films provide higher electrical conductivity which could be explained by the oriented crystal growth in-plane direction of the film.
The relationship between thermoelectric properties and layer morphology as a function of thermal annealing parameters will be further investigated.
T2 - KERAMIK 2023 / 98. DKG-Jahrestagung
CY - Jena, Germany
DA - 27.03.2023
KW - Layer depostion
KW - Texture
KW - Heat treatment
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57285
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wille, Frank
A1 - Quercetti, Thomas
A1 - Scheidemann, Robert
T1 - Test Facilities for Radioactive Materials Transport and Storage Packagings at BAM
N2 - BAM acts as authority and for service in safety assessment of packages for transport and storage of radioactive materials. We offer extensive test capabilities and application of analytical methods for design verification and simulation for all types of packages for the transport and storage of radioactive materials according with the international IAEA Regulations for the safe transport and for national storage acceptance criteria. BAM operates several test facilities for drop and stacking testing, leak testing and thermal testing. The large drop test tower allows dropping full-scale specimens up to 200,000 kg in any drop orientation as requested. The comprehensive test facilities combined with long-term experience, newest equipment and measurement devices according to the latest state-of-the-art technology ensures realisation of complex test campaigns for package safety evaluation.
Beyond that, non-destructive and destructive material test devices and experts are available. Equipment and application of all kinds of typical measurement categories can be offered for testing campaigns.
In recent years we performed testing of full-scale type B package models with complex handling and preparation procedures. The results were contributed for different package design approval procedures. Type A packages mainly designed for medical related transport purposes, were continuously tested according to the transport regulations over recent years as well. Moreover, we work on research topics with relevance to package safety. The mechanical behaviour of lid closure systems under transport and storage conditions and the thermal behaviour of impact limiters were recently of special importance for the assessment competencies of BAM and were investigated under use of our test facilities.
The paper describes the test facilities and capabilities for package design safety evaluation at BAM and shows examples from our recent work.
T2 - PATRAM 2022, 20th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials
CY - Juan-les-Pins, France
DA - 11.06.2023
KW - IAEA
KW - Fire test
KW - Drop testing
KW - Transport
KW - Package
PY - 2023
SP - 1
EP - 12
AN - OPUS4-57967
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Asna Ashari, Parsa
A1 - Weiss, D.
A1 - Blind, K.
ED - Jakobs, K.
T1 - Fuel-cell Vehicles in Relation to Electric and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles – An Analysis of Technology Relations based on Publications, Patents, Standards
N2 - Against the backdrop of the sustainability transition of economies worldwide, decarbonizing road traffic is high on the agenda. This has focused the interest of policymakers and automobile manufacturers on sustainable, zero-emission powertrain technologies. Among these technologies, hydrogen fuel cell (FC) vehicles have a positive climate impact, given that their hydrogen is produced from renewable energy. However, FC vehicles have not yet gained significant market shares. Therefore, based on the technological innovation systems (TIS) approach, this study analyzes how FC vehicles are influenced by EVs and internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles as their context structures. To operationalize the technology relations between our focal FC-TIS and its context structures, we use the sum of international publications, patents filed at the European Patent Office, and international ISO and IEC standards as indicators for each technology. Our results show that the FC-TIS is dominated by its context structures, especially regarding commercially relevant patents and international standards. Therefore, we conclude that the FC-TIS is in its formative life-cycle phase and identify the need for intensified patenting and standardization in relation to the competing EVs and ICE vehicles.
T2 - 27th EURAS Annual Standardisation Conference & 12th International Conference on Standardisation and Innovation in Information Technology (SIIT) - (Responsible) Standardisation for Smart Systems
CY - Aachen, Germany
DA - 28.06.2023
KW - Fuel cell vehicles
KW - Patents
KW - Publications
KW - Standards
KW - Technological innovation system (TIS)
KW - Technology interaction
PY - 2023
SN - 978-3-95886-491-7
SP - 1
EP - 20
PB - Verlagshaus Mainz
CY - Aachen
AN - OPUS4-57870
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Gong, M.
A1 - Mehmood, Asad
A1 - Ali, B.
A1 - Nam, K.-W.
A1 - Kucernak, A.
T1 - Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity in Non-Precious Single-Atom (M−N/C) Catalysts − Contribution of Metal and Carbon/Nitrogen Framework-Based Sites
N2 - We examine the performance of a number of single-atom M−N/C electrocatalysts with a common structure in order to deconvolute the activity of the framework N/C support from the metal M−N4 sites in M−N/Cs. The formation of the N/C framework with oordinating nitrogen sites is performed using zinc as a templating agent. After the formation of the electrically conducting carbon−nitrogen metal-coordinating network, we (trans)metalate with different metals producing a range of different catalysts (Fe−N/C, Co−N/C, Ni−N/C, Sn−N/C, Sb−N/C, and Bi−N/C) without the formation of any metal particles. In these materials, the structure of the carbon/nitrogen framework remains unchanged-only the coordinated metal is substituted. We assess the performance of the subsequent catalysts in acid, near-neutral, and alkaline environments toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and ascribe and quantify the performance to a combination of metal site activity and activity of the carbon/nitrogen framework. The ORR activity of the carbon/nitrogen framework is about 1000-fold higher in alkaline than it is in acid, suggesting a change in mechanism. At 0.80 VRHE, only Fe and Co contribute ORR activity significantly beyond that provided by the carbon/nitrogen framework at all pH values studied. In acid and near-neutral pH values (pH 0.3 and 5.2, respectively), Fe shows a 30-fold improvement and Co shows a 5-fold improvement, whereas in alkaline pH (pH 13), both Fe and Co show a 7-fold improvement beyond the baseline framework activity. The site density of the single metal atom sites is estimated using the nitrite adsorption and stripping method. This method allows us to deconvolute the framework sites and metal-based active sites. The framework site density of catalysts is estimated as 7.8 × 1018 sites g−1. The metal M−N4 site densities in Fe−N/C and Co−N/C are 9.4 × 1018 sites−1 and 4.8 × 1018 sites g−1, respectively.
KW - Active site density
KW - Fuel cells
KW - Single-atom catalysts
KW - Oxygen reduction reaction
KW - PGM-free catalysts
KW - M−N/Cs
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-575640
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.3c00356
SN - 2155-5435
VL - 13
IS - 10
SP - 6661
EP - 6674
PB - American Chemical Society
AN - OPUS4-57564
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Amano, K. O. A.
A1 - Hahn, S.-K.
A1 - Butt, N.
A1 - Vorwerk, P.
A1 - Gimadieva, E.
A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico
A1 - Rappsilber, Tim
A1 - Krause, U.
T1 - Composition and Explosibility of Gas Emissions from Lithium-Ion Batteries Undergoing Thermal Runaway
N2 - Lithium-based batteries have the potential to undergo thermal runaway (TR), during which mixtures of gases are released. The purpose of this study was to assess the explosibility of the gaseous emission from LIBs of an NMC-based cathode during thermal runaway. In the current project, a series of pouch lithium-based battery cells was exposed to abuse conditions (thermal) to study the total amount of gases released and the composition of the gas mixture. First, the battery cells were placed in a closed vessel, and the pressure and temperature rise inside the vessel were measured. In a second step, the composition of gases was analysed using a Fourier transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer.
We found that the amount of released gases was up to 102 ± 4 L, with a clear dependence on the battery capacity. This study showed that the concentration of gaseous emissions such as carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), ethylene (C2H4), ethane (C2H6), and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) increased with higher cell capacity. Of the five studied flammable gases, the maximum concentrations of carbon monoxide (16.85 vol%), methane (7.6 vol%), and ethylene (7.86 vol%) were identified to be within their explosible range. Applying Le Chatelier’s law, a calculated lower explosion limit (LEL) of 7% in volume fraction was obtained for the gas mixture. The upper explosion limit (UEL) of the gas mixture was also found to be 31% in volume. A filter comprising pyrobubbles was used for the removal of the studied gas components released during the thermal abuse. The investigation revealed that the pyrobubbles filter was highly effect in the removal of HCN (up to 94% removal) and CO2 (up to 100% removal). Herein, we report the dependency of the method of thermal runaway trigger on the measured maximum temperature.
KW - Lithium-ion battery
KW - Thermal runaway
KW - Smoke gas emission
KW - Gas explosion
KW - Explosion limit
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-576477
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060300
VL - 9
IS - 6
SP - 1
EP - 19
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel, Switzerland
AN - OPUS4-57647
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Balscheit, Hagen
T1 - Offshore Gründungen - Nichtlineare Effekte bei der stahlbaulichen Auslegung großer Pfahlgründungen für Offshore Windenergieanlagen
N2 - Dieser Kurzvortragg erläutert nichtlineare Phänomene die angesichts der aktuell wachsenden Dimensionen von Monopfahlgründungen für Offshorewindenergieanlagen zunehmend an Bedeutung gewinnen. Insbesondere wird dabei auf das Pfahlfußbeulen sowie das Schalenbeulen des bereits installierten Pfahles eingegangen.
T2 - 27. Brandburgischer Bauingeniertag BBIT2023
CY - Cottbus, Germany
DA - 09.06.2023
KW - Beulen
KW - Pfahlfußbeulen
KW - Stabilität
KW - Monopile
KW - Windenergie
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57653
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Musolff, Andre
T1 - Fire Influence to Wood Filled Impact Limiters - Implications for the Package Design Safety Case
N2 - Impact limiters with wooden components are widely used in the design of packages for transportation of radioactive material. In most designs, the wood is encapsulated with steel sheets. Impact limiters mainly determine the mechanical and thermal behaviour of the package in accident conditions of transport in accordance with the IAEA Regulations.
In context with research and development for package design approval competence, the thermal behaviour of heavy-weight packages was investigated at BAM with an artificially pre-damaged generic impact limiter design. Within this first investigation, the pre-damaged impact limiter with a diameter of 2.3 meters was mounted on a water tank simulating the thermal capacity of a cask during the fire test. The water tank is part of a water circulating system built of several components such as pump, heater, cooler, sliding valve, flow meter, thermocouples and control unit in order to measure the heat flux.
Furthermore, the investigations focus on the effects this additional heat generation would have on the cask and especially on the lid-closure system with the gasket.
The results of these experiments could find consideration in the safety case of the transport packages of radioactive material using wood filled impact limiters.
T2 - 20th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials
CY - Juan-les-Pins, France
DA - 11.06.2023
KW - Fire test
KW - Impact limiter
KW - Mechanical and thermal behaviour
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57719
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Liepold, Philipp
T1 - Bewertung der Erstarrungsrissanfälligkeit hochfester Schweißverbindungen mittels MVT-Test
N2 - Der modifizierte Varestraint-Transvarestraint-Test (MVT-Test) ist die an der BAM vorherrschende Version des Varestraint-Tests der weltweit Anwendung findet. Die Auswertung des Tests erfolgt durch Messen von Risslängen unter dem Lichtmikroskop. Der Vortrag beleuchtet Theorien über die Aussagekraft der Messung, stellt neue Herangehensweisen vor und vergleicht diese anhand von Beispielen.
T2 - BMDK
CY - Magdeburg, Germany
DA - 24.05.2023
KW - MVT
KW - Varestraint
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57620
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Albakri, Bashar
T1 - Robustness in Fatigue Strength Estimation
N2 - Researchers study the properties of polymeric membranes - an important building block of batteries – by first measuring its impedance spectra and then determining a so called equivalent electronic circuit (EEC), that is an electronic circuit that approximately reproduces these measurements. Determining EEC is not completely automatized since it includes the search for the topology of the electronic circuit. This search is an inverse problem, since the formulas for determining the impedance spectra given the circuit topology and parameters are known while there are no formulas for the invers direction. To solve this invers problem, the original problem is split into two parts. The first part is to determine the topology of the circuit and the second part is to determine the parameters of the circuit. For the first part a Convolutional Neural Network Classifier is trained on a simulated data set, where the simulator is an implementation of the formulas for determining the impedance spectra given the complete description of the electronic circuit. After the topology is determined, the parameters of the electronic circuit are found by minimizing the error between the observed spectra and the spectra corresponding to these parameters. This minimization is a global optimization.
T2 - Mathematical and Statistical Methods for Metrology; MSMM 2023
CY - Turin, Italy
DA - 30.05.2023
KW - Equivalent Electrical Circuits
KW - Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
KW - Neural Networks
KW - Global Optimization
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57677
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Friedrich, Christian
T1 - Eignungsprüfungen geophysikalischer Sensoren zur Rissdetektion an Demonstrationsbauwerken
N2 - Bei der Betonage von Abdichtbauwerken können Temperaturen bis 110 °C und hohe Drücke bis 5 MPa erreicht werden. Mittels Technikumsversuchen wurde nachgewiesen, dass Mikroakustik- und Ultraschallsensoren zum Einbau in Demonstrationsbauwerke geeignet sind.
Die Untersuchungen wurden bei der BAM (Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung) in Berlin durchgeführt. Es ist vorgesehen, die Sensoren in Morsleben am Demonstrationsbauwerk im Anhydrit einzusetzen.
T2 - 84. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Geophysikalischen Gesellschaft
CY - Jena, Germany
DA - 10.03.2024
KW - Ultraschall
KW - Eignungsprüfung
KW - Risse
KW - Abdichtbauwerk
KW - Anhydrit
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59772
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Chaudhuri, Somsubhro
T1 - EvalTherm - Weather-dependent passive thermography and thermal simulation of in-service wind turbine blades
N2 - To cope with the increase in the manufacturing and operation of wind turbines, wind farm operators need inspection tools that are able to provide reliable information while keeping the downtime low. Current inspection techniques require to stop the wind turbine. This work presents the current progress in the project EvalTherm, in which passive thermography is evaluated as a possible non-destructive inspection tool for operational wind turbine blades (WTBs). A methodology to obtain thermal images of rotating WTBs has been established in this project. However, the quality of the results is heavily dependent on various aspects such as weather conditions, information on the inspected WTB, damage history, etc. In this work, a section of a used WTB is simulated using finite-element modelling (FEM) as well as experimentally tested for evaluating the accuracy of the model. Such a model will provide insight into the potential thermal response of a certain structure (with specific material properties) in given weather (boundary) conditions. The model is able to provide satisfactory predictions of the thermal response of the structure, as well as indicate what thermal contrast(s) result from artificial defects introduced in the structure.
T2 - WindEurope Annual Event 2023
CY - Copenhagen, Denmark
DA - 25.04.2023
KW - FEM
KW - Thermografie
KW - Wind turbine rotor blades
KW - Windenergie anlage rotorblätter
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58274
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Lesny, K.
A1 - Arnold, P.
A1 - Sorgatz, J.
A1 - Schneider, Ronald
T1 - Wie sicher sind unsere Bauwerke? - Strukturpapier des Arbeitskreises 2.15 der DGGT „Zuverlässigkeitsbasierte Methoden in der Geotechnik“
N2 - Der zukünftige Eurocode 7 wird ausdrücklich die Nutzung zuverlässigkeitsbasierter Methoden in der geotechnischen Planung und Bemessung erlauben. In Deutschland gibt es bisher kaum Erfahrung in der praktischen Anwendung derartiger Verfahren und entsprechend sind die Vorbehalte gegenüber diesen Methoden oft groß. Der neue DGGT-Arbeitskreis (AK) 2.15 „Zuverlässigkeitsbasierte Methoden in der Geotechnik“ hat sich zum Ziel gesetzt, durch praxisorientierte Anleitungen und Empfehlungen sowie begleitende Aus- und Weiterbildungsangebote den praktischen Zugang zu diesen Verfahren zu unterstützen. Ziel ist es, Möglichkeiten und Grenzen zu verdeutlichen sowie vor allem ihre Potenziale zu erschließen. In dem vorliegenden Beitrag werden allgemeine Grundlagen und die zukünftigen Arbeitsfelder des AK 2.15 vorgestellt. Ausgehend von der Einführung relevanter Fachbegriffe wird zunächst die Einbettung zuverlässigkeitsbasierter Verfahren in den aktuellen Normungs- und Regelungskontext aufgezeigt. Anschließend werden anhand des Lebenszyklus eines geotechnischen Bauwerks die Unsicherheiten in den geotechnischen Prognosen und Bewertungen beschrieben. Daran anknüpfend wird aufgezeigt, an welchen Stellen zuverlässigkeitsbasierte Methoden als mögliches Werkzeug sinnvoll genutzt werden können, um Ingenieur:innen, Bauherr:innen und Prüfer:innen in Nachweis- und Entscheidungsprozessen zu unterstützen. Zu den sich daraus ableitenden Arbeitsthemen werden durch den AK 2.15 zukünftig Empfehlungen erarbeitet und sukzessive veröffentlicht
KW - Brückensicherheit
KW - Sicherheit
KW - Wahrscheinlichkeit
KW - Zuverlässigkeit
KW - Bemessung
KW - Bewertung
KW - Offshore Wind
PY - 2023
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/gete.202300014
VL - 46
IS - 3
SP - 153
EP - 164
PB - Ernst & Sohn GmbH
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-58208
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
A1 - Gaddampally, Mohan Reddy
A1 - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Fracture Mechanics Analysis of Spent Fuel Claddings during Long-Term Dry Interim Storage
N2 - The prevention of brittle fracture of spent fuel claddings during long-term dry interim storage is based on experimental investigations, numerical analyses and assessment methods for predicting the mechanical behavior and determining limiting conditions. The ring compression test (RCT) is an established experimental method for characterizing cladding material. Test results for various high-burnup pressure water reactor zirconium-based fuel cladding alloys (e.g., ZIRLO®, M5®) are publicly available. To reduce the effort associated with irradiated samples in hot cells, it is helpful to perform studies on unirradiated surrogate cladding material. Based on such experimental data, load-displacement curves were numerically analyzed for selected cladding materials. In the presence of radial hydrides, a sample may suddenly fail by fracture even at small deformations. Noticeable load drops in the RCT occur associated to unstable crack propagation through the radial hydride network. The failure mechanism is quasi-cleavage in the hydrides and micro-void nucleation, growth, and coalescence in the zirconium matrix, with ductile tearing patches connecting neighboring hydrides. The failure process was simulated by cohesive zones controlled by the fracture energy and the cohesive strength. A modeling approach is presented in which the radial hydride morphology is taken into account. Based on the developed fracture mechanics approach with cohesive zone modeling, not only the deformation behavior but also the failure behavior of irradiated as well as unirradiated claddings with radial hydrides under RCT loading conditions can be adequately described.
T2 - 20th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials (PATRAM 2022)
CY - Juan-les-Pins, France
DA - 11.06.2023
KW - Extended Interim Storage
KW - Nuclear Fuel Cladding
KW - Numerical Failure Analysis
KW - Ring Compression Test
KW - Spent Fuel Characterization
PY - 2023
SP - 1
EP - 8
AN - OPUS4-59146
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
T1 - Fracture Mechanics Analysis of Spent Fuel Claddings during Long-Term Dry Interim Storage
N2 - The prevention of brittle fracture of spent fuel claddings during long-term dry interim storage is based on experimental investigations, numerical analyses and assessment methods for predicting the mechanical behavior and determining limiting conditions. The ring compression test (RCT) is an established experimental method for characterizing cladding material. Test results for various high-burnup pressure water reactor zirconium-based fuel cladding alloys (e.g., ZIRLO®, M5®) are publicly available. To reduce the effort associated with irradiated samples in hot cells, it is helpful to perform studies on unirradiated surrogate cladding material. Based on such experimental data, load-displacement curves were numerically analyzed for selected cladding materials. In the presence of radial hydrides, a sample may suddenly fail by fracture even at small deformations. Noticeable load drops in the RCT occur associated to unstable crack propagation through the radial hydride network. The failure mechanism is quasi-cleavage in the hydrides and micro-void nucleation, growth, and coalescence in the zirconium matrix, with ductile tearing patches connecting neighboring hydrides. The failure process was simulated by cohesive zones controlled by the fracture energy and the cohesive strength. A modeling approach is presented in which the radial hydride morphology is taken into account. Based on the developed fracture mechanics approach with cohesive zone modeling, not only the deformation behavior but also the failure behavior of irradiated as well as unirradiated claddings with radial hydrides under RCT loading conditions can be adequately described.
T2 - 20th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials (PATRAM 2022)
CY - Juan-les-Pins, France
DA - 11.06.2023
KW - Extended Interim Storage
KW - Nuclear Fuel Cladding
KW - Numerical Failure Analysis
KW - Ring Compression Test
KW - Spent Fuel Characterization
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-59147
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
T1 - EURAD WP 8 Task 3 Overview: Behaviour of nuclear fuel and cladding after discharge
N2 - Task 3 of Work package 8 (Spent Fuel Characterization) of the European Joint Programme on Radioactive Waste Management (EURAD) investigates the behaviour of nuclear fuel and cladding after discharge. The aim of the work is to understand and describe the be-haviour of spent nuclear fuel (SNF), irradiated cladding, fuel/cladding chemical interaction (FCCI) and ageing under conditions of extended interim storage, transportation and em-placement in a final disposal system. BAM contributes to the project as partner and leads Task 3. The presentation gives an overview of the project status, main achievements in experimental work and modelling studies, deviations from the plan, delays and challenges ahead.
T2 - EURAD Work Package 8 (SFC) Annual Meeting
CY - Wettingen, Switzerland
DA - 31.10.2023
KW - Nuclear fuel
KW - Cladding
KW - Discharge
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-59148
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - RPRT
A1 - Caruso, Stefano
A1 - Vlassopoulos, Efstathios
A1 - Dagan, Ron
A1 - Fiorito, Luca
A1 - Herm, Michel
A1 - Jansson, Peter
A1 - Kromar, Marjan
A1 - Király, Márton
A1 - Leppanen, Jaakko
A1 - Feria Marquez, Francisco
A1 - Metz, Volker
A1 - Papaioannou, Dimitrios
A1 - Herranz, Luis Enrique
A1 - Rochman, Dimitri
A1 - Schillebeeckx, Peter
A1 - Seidl, Marcus
A1 - Hernandez Solis, Augusto
A1 - Stankovskiy, Alexey
A1 - Alvarez Velarde, Francisco
A1 - Verwerft, Marc
A1 - Rodriguez Villagra, Nieves
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
A1 - Žerovnik, Gasper
T1 - EURAD - Work Package 8 - Deliverable 8.1 - State-of-the-art report
N2 - A state-of-the-art (SOTA) review on characterisation of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) properties in terms of source term and inventory assessment (neutron, gamma-ray emission, decay heat, radionuclide inventory, elemental content) and in terms of out-of-core fuel performance (cladding performance and fuel integrity in view of the safety criteria for SNF interim storage, transport and canister packaging) using several numerical and experimental approaches and methodologies is presented. This SOTA report is a result of the spent fuel characterisation (SFC) work package as part of the European Joint Programme on Radioactive Waste Management (EURAD), which offers an overview of the status of knowledge in the field of SNF characterisation and assessment during the pre-disposal phase. The document aims to focus on the current safety-significant gaps and related challenges, providing a direct link to the goals of the mandated actors of EURAD. The report is expected to be used by all EURAD colleagues in their national programmes as a key resource for knowledge management programmes and to contribute to demonstrating and documenting the state-of-the-art.
KW - Radioactive waste management
KW - Spent fuel characterisation
KW - Extended interim storage
KW - Predisposal
PY - 2022
UR - https://www.ejp-eurad.eu/publications/eurad-d81-state-art-report
SP - 1
EP - 112
PB - Agence Nationale pour la Gestion des Déchets Radioactifs (ANDRA)
CY - Châtenay-Malabry
AN - OPUS4-59154
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Gleim, Tobias
A1 - Neumann, Martin
A1 - Linnemann, Konrad
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Welding Seam Safety Evaluation in a Thick-Walled Type B Transport Package
N2 - The safety demonstration of heavy weight type B transport packages used for storing spent nuclear fuel (SNF) or radioactive waste is ensured by a combination of physical testing and numerical calculations. While experiments are performed in accordance with the IAEA regulations for selected drop scenarios, Finite-Element-Method (FEM) simulations are used to predict the most damaging case and to investigate additional drop positions. BAM as competent authority in Germany has performed different investigations of a welding seam for a typical large transport package made of A508 forged steel, where the bottom plate is welded to the cylindrical shell. The package has a mass of approx. 120 t. Results of physical drop tests with a full-scale model and accompanying preliminary FEM simulations are presented to determine the decisive stresses in the welding seam. A drop test only represents one set of a package and test parameters. A further parameter analysis is considered to account for allowable variations of packaging properties (e.g. resulting from the manufacturing process) and, based on IAEA requirements, the temperature dependence of the material behaviour. The results of the stress analyses from the drop test and the simulation form the basis and provide the input parameters for a fracture mechanics analysis. In addition to the IAEA specifications, further standards are taken into account for an in-depth investigation, see R6 [1], BS 7910 [2] and API 579-1/ASME FFS1 [3]. All the above-mentioned standards require a manufacturer-specific defect analysis with respect to size and position. Both result from the welding process and the following heat treatment regime. The maximum defect sizes are ensured with non-destructive test methods (such as ultrasonic or particle methods) as integral part of the manufacturing process of the welding seam. Another important parameter in the welding process is the residual stress (secondary stress). The combination of the primary and secondary stress determines the total stress in the welding seam. The most damaging case of the welding seam is determined and evaluated with help of the abovementioned standards and taking into account the IAEA requirements with respect to defect sizes, material properties, primary and residual stress, yield strength etc.
T2 - PATRAM 22 - The International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials
CY - Juan-Les-Pins, Antibes
DA - 11.06.2023
KW - Welding
KW - Transport Package
KW - Fracture Mechanics
PY - 2023
SP - 1
EP - 11
AN - OPUS4-59421
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
ED - Kulla, D.
ED - Saadat, A.
ED - Spalek, A.
ED - Bettge, Dirk
ED - Hesshaus, A.
T1 - GeoHyBe - Geothermische Anlagen unter hydrogeochemischen Aspekten der Betriebssicherheit
N2 - Mit GeoHyBe wurde ein neues Forum für die etwa 150 Vertreter der verschiedensten Berufszweige geschaffen, die eng mit dem Thema "Geothermische Anlagen unter hydrogeochemischen Aspekten der Betriebssicherheit" in Berührung stehen.
Insgesamt besteht der Beitrag zu Zielen des Forschungsschwerpunkts Geothermie somit in zwei Hauptergebnissen: in der Schaffung der oben genannten Plattform sowie im fachlichen Austausch über hydrogeochemische Probleme mit tiefen geothermischen Anlagen. Ferner wurden vor allem im Laufe der Podiumsdiskussion wünschenswerte Entwicklungen geäußert (Datenfreigabe bzw. Erleichterung des Zugangs zu relevanten Daten, Bedarf an weiterführenden oder vertiefenden Veranstaltungen etc.).
Die erreichten Ergebnisse haben das Potenzial, zu einer vereinfachten, besser angepassten Anlagenplanung und einer Verbesserung tiefengeothermischer Technologien und Materialien beizutragen. Dies führt zu einer erhöhten Betriebssicherheit und Energieausbeute geothermischer Anlagen, welche das klimapolitische Ziel der Erhöhung des Anteils regenerativer Energien am Gesamtenergieverbrauch und den Rückgang des CO₂-Ausstoßes unterstützen.
Als bedeutendstes wissenschaftlich-technisches Ergebnis des Workshops ist - neben dem Austausch von relevantem Fachwissen - sicherlich die Formulierung des gemeinsamen Verbesserungs- und Forschungsbedarfs hervorzuheben. Vor allem die Schwierigkeiten in der Beschaffung und im Austausch geothermisch relevanter Daten wurden betont. Daneben besteht bezüglich hydrogeochemischer und mikrobieller Prozesse unter den anspruchsvollen Bedingungen in der tiefen Geothermie offensichtlich noch ein großer Bedarf an Forschung und Entwicklung, um den Einsatz geeigneter Materialien und angepasster Technologien gewährleisten zu können.
Wesentliche Erfahrungen wurden vor allem bezüglich der Aktualität und des Diskussionsbedarfs zum Thema gemacht. GeoHyBe kann im Rückblick eher als Auftaktveranstaltung denn als abgeschlossenes Projekt betrachtet werden, da von vielen Seiten der Bedarf nach weiterführenden und/oder vertiefenden Veranstaltungen geäußert wurde.
T2 - GeoHyBe - Geothermische Anlagen unter hydrogeochemischen Aspekten der Betriebssicherheit
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 23.03.2009
KW - Alternative Energieformen
KW - Geochemie
KW - Grundwasser
KW - Regenerative Energieformen
PY - 2009
UR - https://edocs.tib.eu/files/e01fb10/617262454.pdf
N1 - Abschlussbericht zum Vorhaben 0325085 "GeoHyBe - Geothermische Anlagen unter hydrogeochemischen Aspekten der Betriebssicherheit", gefördert durch das Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit vom 01.07.2008 bis 30.06.2009.
SP - 1
EP - 33
PB - Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR)
CY - Hannover
AN - OPUS4-59555
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Su, Bin
A1 - Luo, Zhenmin
A1 - Krietsch, Arne
A1 - Wu, Dejian
A1 - Wang, Tao
A1 - Zhou, Shangyong
A1 - Deng, Jun
T1 - Quantitative investigation of explosion behavior and spectral radiant characteristics of free radicals for syngas/air mixtures
N2 - The combustion characteristics and explosive hazard of syngas (H2/CO)/air mixtures are affected by its exact composition and equivalence ratios. In this paper, the explosion pressure and spectral radiant intensity of free radicals were quantitatively examined for syngas with different H2 proportions ([H2 in syngas] = 0, 30, 50, 70, 100 vol%) and equivalence ratios (φ = 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 2.0, 2.5). The results show that the explosion process of syngas/air mixtures can be separated into the initial slow combustion stage, the violent deflagration stage and the deflagration ending stage. The peaks of explosion pressure, pressure rise rate, OH*spectral intensity and rise rate of spectral intensity first increase and then decrease with increasing the equivalence ratio, and they reduce gradually with the decrease of H2 proportion in syngas. The H2 content in syngas greatly affects the heat release and the concentration of excited state OH*, especially for the syngas/air mixtures with smaller proportion of H2. Additionally, the presence of H2 greatly increases the deflagration index and spectral radiant index of OH* for syngas/air mixtures. The average rise rates of explosion pressure and spectral intensity of free radicals are introduced and the coupling model between them is established based on the first law of thermodynamics and the principle of chain reaction. The established model is furthermore verified by the experimental results. It is indicated that there is a linear relationship between average rise rates of explosion pressure and spectral intensity (OH*). The results can be used to improve the combustion efficiency of syngas and to guide theoretically the prevention, mitigation and control of syngas explosions.
KW - Syngas
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Explosion pressure
KW - Free radicals
KW - Spectral intensity
PY - 2024
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.10.280
SN - 0360-3199
VL - 50
IS - Part A
SP - 1359
EP - 1368
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-59482
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Asna Ashari, Parsa
A1 - Blind, Knut
T1 - The effects of hydrogen research and innovation on international hydrogen trade
N2 - Climate change and the pressure to decarbonize, as well as energy security concerns, have drawn the attention of policymakers and the industry to hydrogen energy. To ad-vance the hydrogen economy at a global scale, research and innovation progress is of significant importance, among others. However, previous studies have provided only lim-ited quantitative evidence of the effects of research and innovation on the formation of a global hydrogen market. Instead, they postulate rather than empirically support this rela-tionship. Therefore, this study analyzes the effects of research and innovation measured by scientific publications, patents, and standards on bilateral hydrogen trade flows for 32 countries between 1995 and 2019 in a gravity model of trade, using regression analyses and Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML) estimation. The main results of the PPML estimation show that research and innovation progress is indeed associated with increased trade, especially with patenting and (international) standardization enhancing hydrogen export volumes. As policy implications, we derive that increased public R&D funding can help increase the competitiveness of hydrogen energy and boost market growth, along with infrastructure support and harmonized standards and regulations.
KW - Hydrogen supply
KW - Global hydrogen market
KW - Research and innovation
KW - Push and pull effects
KW - Hydrogen policies
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-594875
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113974
SN - 0301-4215
VL - 186
SP - 1
EP - 15
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-59487
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Balscheit, Hagen
T1 - Soil Embedded Piles - Reference Tests for Model Validation
N2 - This presentation shows buckling tests on embedded piles conducted within the VERBATIM project. The generated data may serve as a valuable validation basis for numerical buckling design verification of Windenergy foundations in terms of the GMNIA concept.
T2 - Buckling of Offshore Wind Energy Structures : 2-Day Buckling Colloquium
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 14.02.2024
KW - Wind Energy
KW - Shell Buckling
KW - Offshore Structures
KW - GMNIA
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59536
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sablowski, J.
A1 - Lugovtsova, Yevgeniya
A1 - Bulling, Jannis
A1 - Kupsch, C.
T1 - Experimental Study of Ultrasonic Guided Waves in a Bipolar Plate of a Fuel Cell
N2 - Water management in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is critical for efficient operation. However, in-situ measurements of the water distribution in an operating PEMFC are challenging. In this study, we investigate key aspects of ultrasonic guided wave (UGW) propagation through the bipolar plate of a PEMFC using 3D scanning laser Doppler vibrometry (3D LDV). Our results provide insights for the design and optimization of UGW-based sensor systems for water detection in PEMFCs.
T2 - 2023 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS)
CY - Montreal, QC, Canada
DA - 03.09.2023
KW - Ultrasonic guided waves
KW - Laser Doppler vibrometry
KW - Fuel cells
KW - Water management
PY - 2023
DO - https://doi.org/10.1109/IUS51837.2023.10307327
SP - 1
EP - 4
PB - IEEE
AN - OPUS4-59540
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Grimault de Freitas, Tomás
T1 - State of the Art in the Qualification of Metallic Materials for Hydrogen Technologies
N2 - The hydrogen economy is one of the main solutions for achieving climate neutrality in Europe. Metallic materials, predominantly steels, are the most common structural materials in the various components along the hydrogen supply chain. Ensuring their sustainable and safe use in hydrogen technologies is a key factor in the ramp-up of the hydrogen economy. This requires extensive materials qualification, however, most of the accepted, and standardised test methods for determining the influence of gaseous hydrogen on metallic materials describe complex and costly procedures that are only available to a very limited extent worldwide (e.g., autoclave technique).
The hollow specimen technique is presented as an alternative method that can overcome the limitations of current techniques and complement them. To standardise the technique, a process has been initiated by ISO in 2021. Knowledge gaps for tests with the technique in hydrogen have been identified by DIN. The H2HohlZug project, which falls under the umbrella of TransHyDE, aims to address the identified knowledge gaps and provide a foundation for a comprehensive standardisation of the hollow specimen technique.
T2 - E-World Energy & Water
CY - Essen, Germany
DA - 20.02.2024
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Hydrogen Embrittlement
KW - Hollow Specimen Technique
KW - High-Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen
KW - Standardisation
KW - H2HohlZug
KW - TransHyDE
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59564
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CHAP
A1 - Pittner, Andreas
A1 - Schürmann, Karsten
ED - Böhmer, Heike
ED - Brinkmann-Wicke, Tanja
ED - Sell, Sabine
ED - Simon, Janet
ED - Tebben, Cornelia
T1 - Automatisierte Rohrknotenfertigung in der Offshore-Windenergie – Potenzial zum Leichtbau im schweren Stahlbau
N2 - Um den Klimawandel wirksam zu bekämpfen, ist es entscheidend, fossile Brennstoffe durch erneuerbare Energiequellen wie Wind-, Solar- und Wasserkraft sowie alternative Energieträger, beispielsweise grünen Wasserstoff, zu ersetzen. Offshore-Windenergie spielt hierbei eine zentrale Rolle, da sie dank der Kombination aus globaler Verfügbarkeit, relativ geringen Betriebskosten und fortgeschrittenem technischen Entwicklungsstand besonders geeignet ist, zur regenerativen Stromerzeugung beizutragen. Sie ist zudem ein Schlüsselelement für die Umsetzung des Europäischen Green Deals, der das Ziel verfolgt, bis 2050 Klimaneutralität in der EU zu erreichen. Expertenschätzungen zufolge ist eine Steigerung der aktuellen Kapazität von 25 GW im Jahr 2020 auf etwa 450 GW notwendig, um diese ambitionierten Ziele zu erfüllen.
Bei der Entwicklung zukünftiger Offshore-Windparks, insbesondere in tieferen Gewässern, gewinnen Jacket-Gründungsstrukturen an Bedeutung. Diese Strukturen, die eine höhere Steifigkeit bei geringerem Materialeinsatz im Vergleich zu den bisher vorherrschenden Monopile-Gründungen bieten, basieren auf komplexen, räumlich aufgelösten Konstruktionen, die ähnlich den Öl- und Gasplattformen entwickelt werden. Die Herstellung der Jacketknoten, die bislang überwiegend manuell geschweißt wurden, birgt erhebliches Optimierungspotential. Durch Automatisierung und Digitalisierung der Fertigungsprozesse könnten nicht nur die Effizienz gesteigert, sondern auch die Qualität der Endprodukte durch präzise Überwachung und Kontrolle der Produktionsparameter verbessert werden. Diese technologischen Fortschritte sind für die Skalierung der Offshore-Windenergie und die Erreichung der Klimaziele von entscheidender Bedeutung.
KW - Automatisierte Fertigung
KW - Offshore Windenergie
KW - Jacket-Gründungsstrukturen
KW - Aufgelöste Tragstrukturen
KW - Leichtbau
PY - 2022
SN - 978-3-7388-0719-6
SP - 260
EP - 266
PB - Fraunhofer IRB Verlag
CY - Stuttgart
AN - OPUS4-59502
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Feldkamp, Martin
A1 - Quercetti, Thomas
A1 - Gleim, Tobias
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Evaluation of Heat Fluxes in Fire Reference Test Conducted in BAM Propane Gas Fire Test Facility
N2 - Packages for the transport of intermediate- and high-level radioactive waste are designed to withstand severe accidents. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has established specific mechanical and thermal tests. Packages for the transport of radioactive material must withstand these tests to comply with the Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Materials IAEA [IAEA (2018)]. A fire reference package was developed with the primary objective to demonstrate that the fire meets the regulatory requirements. Another aim is to characterise the boundary conditions of the actual fire as input parameters for thermo-mechanical simulations. A simple method to characterise the boundary conditions of a real steady state fire with a fire reference package is presented. The thermal test mainly consists of a 30 minute fully engulfing 800°C pool fire or an equally severe fire, such as a propane gas fire. The fire reference tests are performed prior to the actual fire test with the real package. The heat fluxes into the package depend substantially on the fire characteristics and the surface temperature of the package. To investigate local and overall heat fluxes over a wide range of surface temperatures in this test facility a fire reference package was designed for repeated use. The fire reference package presented in this paper represents the outer geometry of a small transport container for radioactive material and is used as a device in civil engineering. It is designed as a closed steel sheet cylinder with a wall thickness of 10 mm, a length of 182 mm and a diameter of 102 mm. The package was instrumented with thermocouples and filled with heat resistant insulation material. Open-air fire tests were performed in a BAM propane gas fire test facility with the fire reference package. The measured temperatures are used to determine the changes of heat fluxes into the fire reference package in relation to the package surface temperature. The calculated heat fluxes allow its fitting to express the thermal exposure as simple mathematical boundary condition. Therefore, in a first approach, fire properties such as adiabatic surface temperature (AST) as proposed by Wickström et al. (2007), convection coefficient and emissivity are determined mathematically fitting the heat flux development presented in this paper. The evaluated results provide an initial picture of local fire characteristics of the conducted propane gas fire and are a further development of previous works from Feldkamp et al. (2020). The results can be used in thermal and thermo-mechanical models to simulate the load on the real transport package in fire. The test shows that the examined propane gas fire covers the IAEA-fire over a wide range of surface temperatures with the chosen test stand parameters.
T2 - SMiRT 27 (27th conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology)
CY - Yokohama, Japan
DA - 03.03.2024
KW - Fire
KW - Propane
KW - Heat Flux
KW - Fire Reference
PY - 2024
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - IASMiRT
AN - OPUS4-59679
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Feldkamp, Martin
T1 - Evaluation of Heat Fluxes in Fire Reference Test Conducted in BAM Propane Gas Fire Test Facility
N2 - Packages for the transport of intermediate- and high-level radioactive waste are designed to withstand severe accidents. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has established specific mechanical and thermal tests. Packages for the transport of radioactive material must withstand these tests to comply with the Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Materials IAEA [IAEA (2018)]. A fire reference package was developed with the primary objective to demonstrate that the fire meets the regulatory requirements. Another aim is to characterise the boundary conditions of the actual fire as input parameters for thermo-mechanical simulations. A simple method to characterise the boundary conditions of a real steady state fire with a fire reference package is presented. The thermal test mainly consists of a 30 minute fully engulfing 800°C pool fire or an equally severe fire, such as a propane gas fire. The fire reference tests are performed prior to the actual fire test with the real package. The heat fluxes into the package depend substantially on the fire characteristics and the surface temperature of the package. To investigate local and overall heat fluxes over a wide range of surface temperatures in this test facility a fire reference package was designed for repeated use. The fire reference package presented in this paper represents the outer geometry of a small transport container for radioactive material and is used as a device in civil engineering. It is designed as a closed steel sheet cylinder with a wall thickness of 10 mm, a length of 182 mm and a diameter of 102 mm. The package was instrumented with thermocouples and filled with heat resistant insulation material. Open-air fire tests were performed in a BAM propane gas fire test facility with the fire reference package. The measured temperatures are used to determine the changes of heat fluxes into the fire reference package in relation to the package surface temperature. The calculated heat fluxes allow its fitting to express the thermal exposure as simple mathematical boundary condition. Therefore, in a first approach, fire properties such as adiabatic surface temperature (AST) as proposed by Wickström et al. (2007), convection coefficient and emissivity are determined mathematically fitting the heat flux development presented in this paper. The evaluated results provide an initial picture of local fire characteristics of the conducted propane gas fire and are a further development of previous works from Feldkamp et al. (2020). The results can be used in thermal and thermo-mechanical models to simulate the load on the real transport package in fire. The test shows that the examined propane gas fire covers the IAEA-fire over a wide range of surface temperatures with the chosen test stand parameters.
T2 - SMiRT 27 (27th conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology)
CY - Yokohama, Japan
DA - 03.03.2024
KW - Fire
KW - Propane
KW - Fire Reference Test
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59680
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Witte, Julien
T1 - Ultraschallunterstützte Zerspanung mit geometrisch bestimmter Schneide schwer spanbarer Werkstoffe
N2 - Das hybride Fertigungsverfahren der ultraschallunterstützen Zerspanung wird mit geometrisch unbestimmter Schneide wie bspw. dem Schleifen bereits erfolgreich in der Industrie eingesetzt und verspricht auch unter Verwendung von Werkzeugen mit geometrisch bestimmter Schneide vielversprechende Vorteile gegenüber den konventionellen spanenden Fertigungsverfahren. In den letzten Jahren wurden an der BAM positive Ergebnisse beim ultraschallunterstützten Fräsen (USAM) von schwer spanbaren Werkstoffen wie z.B. Ni-/Co-Legierungen oder Eisenaluminid für den Leichtbau erzielt aber auch die Finishbearbeitung von schweißtechnisch generierten Bauteilen (AM) bspw. aus FeNi36 konnte hinsichtlich erreichbarer Werkzeuglebensdauer sowie Oberflächenintegrität zur Verbesserung der Komponentensicherheit beitragen. Die mittels USAM erzeugten Oberflächen erscheinen homogener und weisen weniger Defekte infolge des Materialabtrags auf, was sich ebenfalls in verringerten Rauheitskennwerten abbildet. Durch die geringere thermo-mechanische Belastung der Bauteiloberfläche sind Eigenschaftsdegradationen zusätzlich reduziert. Besonders großes Zukunftspotenzial besitzt das ultraschallunterstütze Fräsen durch die Erzeugung von erwünschten Druckeigenspannungen bis unter die Bauteiloberfläche, was auf die oszillierende Wirkung der Werkzeugschneide - vergleichbar mit einem Strahlprozess - zurückzuführen ist. Druckeigenspannungen tragen maßgeblich zur Risssicherheit hochbelasteter Komponenten bei wie sie bspw. in Turbinen vorzufinden sind und können somit zum Leichtbau und zur Ressourceneffizienz beitragen.
T2 - Technologietag Ultrasonic DMG MORI 2023
CY - Stipshausen, Germany
DA - 11.10.2023
KW - Ultraschallunterstütztes Fräsen
KW - Oberflächenintegrität
KW - Werkzeuglebensdauer
KW - Schwer zerspanbare Werkstoffe
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-59384
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Linnemann, Konrad
A1 - Quercetti, Thomas
A1 - Sterthaus, Jens
A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor
T1 - Experimental and numerical investigation of prestressed bolt connections under lateral displacements
N2 - The containment system of transport packages for spent nuclear fuel and high-level waste usually includes bolted lids with metal gaskets. The packages are assessed to specific transport conditions which are specified in the IAEA safety standards SSR-6 (IAEA 2018). These transport conditions, especially the so-called accident conditions of transport, imply high dynamic loading on the lids and the bolt connections of the package. The response of the lid systems on the mechanical accident conditions is generally investigated by experimental drop tests or numerically, e.g., by finite element analyses. The interpretation of the drop test results for the verification of the numerical models is often not obvious due to the complex superposition of different effects in the real tests. BAM has started a research project to get a better understanding about the behavior of prestressed bolt connections under loadings typical for these drop tests. In this context an experimental test set-up was developed to investigate the response of a single bolt connection under a prescribed lateral displacement of clamped parts. The bolt is instrumented by strain gauges to get the pretensional, the torsional and the bending stress in the bolt shank. Furthermore, the lateral movement and the tilt of the bolt head is measured during the test. A finite element model of the test set-up has been created in Abaqus FEA (Simulia 2021). The very detailed instrumentation of the test set-up shall give the opportunity to investigate and validate the numerical model. The aim of this paper is to give an overview about the proposed research project and to present first results.
T2 - SMIRT 26 (26th conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology)
CY - Potsdam, Germany
DA - 10.07.2022
KW - Bolt connections
KW - Finite element anaylsis
KW - Experimental testing
KW - Transport package for radioactive materials
PY - 2022
UR - https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/resolver/1840.20/40614
SP - 1
EP - 7
PB - IASMiRT
AN - OPUS4-59378
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Ghasem Zadeh Khorasani, Media
T1 - Federated SHM: a Novel Collaborative ML Approach to Overcome Data Scarcity and Data Privacy Concerns in StructuralHealth Monitoring
N2 - The deployment of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) in structural health monitoring (SHM) faces multiple challenges. Foremost among these is the insufficient availability of extensive high-quality data sets essential for robust training. Within SHM, high-quality data is defined by its accuracy, relevance, and fidelity in representing real-world structural scenarios (pristine as well as damaged). Although methods like data augmentation and creating synthetic data can add to datasets, they frequently sacrifice the authenticity and true representation of the data. Sharing real-world data encapsulating true structural and anomalous scenarios offers promise. However, entities are often reluctant to share raw data, given the potential extraction of sensitive information, leading to trust issues among collaborating entities.
Our study introduces a novel methodology leveraging Federated Learning (FL) to navigate these challenges. Within the FL framework, models are trained in a decentralized manner across different entities, preserving data privacy. In our research, we simulated several scenarios and compared them to traditional local training methods. Employing guided wave (GW) datasets, we distributed the data among different parties (clients) using IID (independent, identically distributed or in other words, statistically identical) mini batches of dataset, as well as non-IID configurations. This approach mirrors real-world data distribution among varied entities, such as hydrogen refueling stations.
In our methodology, the initial round involves individualized training for each client using their unique datasets . Subsequently, the model parameters are sent to the FL server, where they are averaged to construct a global model. In the second round, this global model is disseminated back to the clients to aid in predictive tasks. This iterative process continues for several rounds to reach convergence.
Our findings distinctly highlight the advantages of FL over localized training, evidenced by a marked improvement in prediction accuracy . This research underscores the potential of FL in GW-based SHM, offering a remedy to similar challenges tied to data scarcity in other SHM approaches and paving the way for a new era of collaborative, data-centric monitoring systems.
T2 - QI Digital Forum
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 10.10.2023
KW - Machine learning
KW - Federated learning
KW - Structural health monitoring
KW - Artificial intelligence
KW - Hydrogen safety
KW - Data privacy
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-59415
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Asna Ashari, Parsa
T1 - Exploring the Technological Innovation System for Hydrogen Technologies - Four Essays on the Roles of Research, Innovation, and Safety
N2 - Presentation of the doctoral thesis held at the PhD Colloquium of the Chair of Innovation Management, Freie Universität Berlin. Hydrogen has recently come into political and industrial focus due to its potential to advance the transition to a net-zero economy. Despite this recognized potential, the market ramp-up of hydrogen technologies has not yet been realized at large. Therefore, this thesis attempts to investigate how advances in hydrogen research, innovation, and safety link up to market formation using the Technological Innovation Systems (TIS) and Quality Infrastructure (QI) frameworks. Thereupon, the thesis formulates several recommendations for transitioning to a hydrogen economy.
T2 - PhD Colloquium of the Chair of Innovation Management (Freie Universität Berlin)
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 09.01.2024
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Research and innovation
KW - Innovation system
KW - Safety
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59400
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kromm, Arne
T1 - Spannungen beim Schweißen von Bauteilen
N2 - Der Vortrag gibt einen Überblick über das Phänomen der Schweißeigenspannungen. Es wird auf die Bedeutung und Entstehungsursachen eingegangen. Mit besonderem Fokus auf die Eigenspannungen beim Schweißen von Komponenten werden Messmöglichkeiten und Anwendungsbeispiele vorgestellt.
T2 - Jahresmitgliederversammlung DVS Bezirksverbandes Berlin
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 24.04.2024
KW - Eigenspannungen
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59944
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zinas, Orestis
T1 - 3D Probabilistic Site Characterization
N2 - The aim of the study is to infer the soil stratification from the provided CPT and borehole data. We infer the soil type at any location within the domain of interest from the SBT index Ic (Robertson, 2009). This index can be directly related to the CPT data through an empirical correlation model. In addition, the soil classes contained in the borehole logs can be expressed as bounds on Ic. A log-transformation was applied to Ic, Y = ln(Ic), and Y was modelled by a 3D Random Field, with a fully Bayesian hierarchical Gaussian Process model to explicitly capture uncertainties.
T2 - 19th eawe PhD Seminar
CY - Hannover, Germany
DA - 06.09.2023
KW - Wind Energy
KW - Site-characterization
KW - Probabilistic
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58940
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Üstündag, Ömer
T1 - Process advantages of laser hybrid welding compared to conventional arc-based welding processes for joining thick steel structures of wind tower
N2 - The most common welding processes when joining thick-walled steels in the industry are arc-based welding processes such as GMAW or SAW. For this purpose, the sheets are joined in multi-layer technique, which can lead to productivity losses due to high welding times. The process-specific challenges in welding thick steels using multi-layer technique relate to the high heat input from the process. Therefore, alternative welding processes are being actively sought. A suitable alternative is provided by beam-based welding processes such as the laser beam or laser hybrid welding processes, which are characterized by deep penetration welds and lower heat input. With implementation of the laser hybrid welding process in the heavy industry, such as the wind tower industry, economic benefits can be reached such as the increase in productivity by reducing the layer number, and the lower consumption of filler material and energy. When comparing SAW welded 25 mm thick steels in five to six layers and single-pass laser hybrid welding, the welding time can be reduced more than 80 % and the costs of filler material, flux and energy can be saved up to 90 %. However, the industrial use of the laser hybrid welding process is still limited to applications, where the material thickness does not exceed 15 mm due to some process-specific challenges such as the sagging, sensitivity to manufacturing tolerances such as gaps and misalignment, limited filler wire mixing, and deteriorated mechanical properties resulting from high cooling rates. To overcome these challenges, an electromagnetic backing was used within the framework of this work, which works contactless and is based on an externally applied AC magnetic field. Eddy currents are induced due to the oscillating magnetic field, and an upward-oriented Lorentz force is generated to counteract the droplets formed due to gravitational forces. It allows to weld up to 30 mm thick structural steels in a single-pass with a 20-kW fiber laser system. Additionally, the gap bridgeability and the misalignment of edges were increased to 2 mm when welding 20 mm thick steels. With the aid of the AC magnetic field, a vortex was formed in the weld root, which had a positive effect on the filler wire mixing. A further significant advantage of the EM backing was the possibility to expand the process parameter window to maintain desired cooling times and mechanical properties, without suffering adverse effects concerning the root quality of the weld.
T2 - 19th Nordic Laser Material Processing Conference
CY - Turku, Finland
DA - 22.08.2023
KW - Laser hybrid welding
KW - Wind energy
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58616
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - el Dsoki, Chalid
T1 - Anforderungen für den Transport kritisch-defekter Lithiumbatterien nach Sondervorschrift 376
N2 - Die BAM legt als zuständige Behörde die zusätzlichen Prüfanforderungen an die verwendeten Verpackungen/ Großverpackungen nach P 911 und LP 906 fest (Teil A dieser BAM-GGR).
Außerdem kann die BAM gemäß Sondervorschrift 376 davon abweichende alternative Verpackungs- und/oder Beförderungsbedingungen zulassen (Einzelfallfestlegung,Teil B dieser BAM-GGR).
T2 - 19. Gefahrgut Technik Tage
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 16.11.2023
KW - Gefahrgutregel Transport kritische Batterien
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-59067
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - el Dsoki, Chalid
T1 - Hitzebeständigkeit von Funkgeräten
N2 - Lithium-Akkus können bei großer Hitzeeinwirkung thermisch durchgehen. Und doch sind sie in vielen Geräten der Feuerwehr verbaut, zum Beispiel in Funkgeräten. Ein Sicherheitsrisiko beim Löscheinsatz?
KW - Funkgeräte Löscheinsatz
PY - 2023
IS - 12
SP - 64
EP - 66
AN - OPUS4-59075
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Charmi, Amir
A1 - Mustapha, Samir
A1 - Yilmaz, Bengisu
A1 - Heimann, Jan
A1 - Prager, Jens
T1 - A Machine Learning Based-Guided Wave Approach for Damage Detection and Assessment in Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessels
N2 - The applications of composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPVs) in extreme conditions, such as storing hydrogen gases at very high pressure, impose new requirements related to the system's integrity and safety. The development of a structural health monitoring (SHM) system that allows for continuous monitoring of the COPVs provides rich information about the structural integrity of the component. Furthermore, the collected data can be used for different purposes such as increasing the periodic inspection intervals, providing a remaining lifetime prognosis, and also ensuring optimal operating conditions. Ultimately this information can be complementary to the development of the envisioned digital twin of the monitored COPVs. Guided waves (GWs) are preferred to be used in continuous SHM given their ability to travel in complex structures for long distances. However, obtained GW signals are complex and require advanced processing techniques. Machine learning (ML) is increasingly utilized as the main part of the processing pipeline to automatically detect anomalies in the system's integrity. Hence, in this study, we are scrutinizing the potential of using ML to provide continuous monitoring of COPVs based on ultrasonic GW data. Data is collected from a network of sensors consisting of fifteen Piezoelectric (PZT) wafers that were surface mounted on the COPV. Two ML algorithms are used in the automated evaluation procedure (i) a long short-term memory (LSTM) autoencoder for anomaly detection (defects/impact), and (ii) a convolutional neural network (CNN) model for feature extraction and classification of the artificial damage sizes and locations. Additional data augmentation steps are introduced such as modification and addition of random noise to original signals to enhance the model's robustness to uncertainties. Overall, it was shown that the ML algorithms used were able to detect and classify the simulated damage with high accuracy.
T2 - 13th European Conference on Non-Destructive Testing (ECNDT) 2023
CY - Lisbon, Portugal
DA - 03.07.2023
KW - Machine learning
KW - Structural health monitoring
KW - COPV
KW - Guided waves
KW - Damage localization
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-590789
DO - https://doi.org/10.58286/28079
SN - 2941-4989
VL - 1
IS - 1
SP - 1
EP - 6
PB - NDT.net
CY - Mayen
AN - OPUS4-59078
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Mustapha, S.
A1 - Yilmaz, Bengisu
A1 - Heimann, Jan
A1 - Brence, Blaz
A1 - Prager, Jens
T1 - Guided Waves Propagation in Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessel
N2 - The application of composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPV) to store hydrogen and other compressed gases, especially when operating at high pressures, imposed the need for an innovative and reliable approach to ensure the safe operation of the system. Continuous structural health monitoring (SHM) based on ultrasonic guided waves (GWs) is a promising approach due to the ability of the wave to propagate for long distances and go around complex structures, moreover the high sensitivity to various failure modes such as delamination, matrix cracking and debonding. In this study, we scrutinize the behavior of (GWs) within the COPV using a network of PZT elements that are used for excitation and sensing. A laser doppler vibrometer (LDV) was also used to scan the surface of the vessel in various directions. L(0,1) and L(0,2) were observed in the captured signal. The L(0, 2) appeared to be a dominant mode in the COPV and was capable of propagating along the entire length and maintaining a good signal-to-noise ratio. The L(0,2) mode maintained the same phase velocity when it is captured at various excitation angles (0, 45, and 90 degrees). The reduced effect of the orthotropy of the materials on the propagating waves is an important result as it will reduce the complexity in data processing when performing damage identification.
T2 - 13th. European Conference on Non-Destructive Testing (ECNDT)
CY - Lisbon, Portugal
DA - 03.07.2023
KW - Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessels
KW - Guided Waves
KW - Laser Doppler Vibrometer
KW - Structural Health Monitoring
KW - Sensors Placement
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-591081
DO - https://doi.org/10.58286/28068
SN - 2941-4989
VL - 1
IS - 1
SP - 1
EP - 6
PB - NDT.net
CY - Mayen
AN - OPUS4-59108
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Yilmaz, Bengisu
A1 - Heimann, Jan
A1 - Mustapha, S.
A1 - Charmi, Amir
A1 - Prager, Jens
T1 - Guided wave ultrasonic feature determination in Type IV composite overwrapped pressure vessels towards the digital twin
N2 - The digitalization of quality control processes and the underlying data infrastructures for safety relevant components, such as hydrogen pressure vessels, plays a significant role in the transition towards Industry 4.0. In the current safety regulations for hydrogen pressure vessels, there is no established concept for structural health monitoring. The development of a reliable structural health monitoring methodology for monitoring the structural integrity of pressure vessels enables a fast-forward transition from personnel- and costintensive recurring inspections, a.k.a. periodic maintenance, to predictive maintenance. In the work presented; we investigated the application of ultrasonic guided wave propagation to monitor and assess the condition of Type IV composite overwrapped pressure vessel (COPV). A sensor network of fifteen piezo-electric wafers is placed on the carbon fibre reinforced composite cylinder. Five different artificial damage configurations are created by gluing two different weight blocks on three different locations. The database containing measured guided wave data sets is enriched by two different boundary conditions. We utilized an open-source software, openBIS labnotebook, to store and analyse experimental datasets. The guided wave ultrasonic signals were investigated and analysed by using commonly used ultrasonic features (e.g., amplitude, frequency, time of flight) as well as non-traditional time-series features (kurtosis, skewness, variance). The features were used to calculate damage index and the detection performance for the results has been evaluated. The results suggest that both traditional and non-traditional features assume significant importance in artificial damage detection. The future works will additionally involve the impacts of operational conditions, such as periodic pressure variations temperature loadings as well as material degradations.
T2 - 13th European Conference on Non-Destructive Testing (ECNDT)
CY - Lisbon, Portugal
DA - 03.07.2023
KW - Industry 4.0
KW - Composite overwrapped pressure vessels
KW - Structural health monitoring
KW - Ultrasonic guided waves
KW - Predictive maintenance
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-591094
DO - https://doi.org/10.58286/28072
SN - 2941-4989
VL - 1
IS - 1
SP - 1
EP - 6
PB - NDT.net
CY - Mayen
AN - OPUS4-59109
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Ritz, Sebastian
A1 - Loewe, Anna
A1 - Bauer, Jan
T1 - Specialties of HAZID-Study for Large Unmanned Underwater Vehicles
N2 - This paper scopes the specialties of a hazard identification study for large and extra-large unmanned undersea vehicles (UUVs). A generic node/function structure is derived from different large and extra-large UUV designs, partially own vehicle designs from research projects, and partially from commercial vehicles. For each node, a short overview of its components and the proper function or operations is defined. A set of guide words is used to prompt a hazard discussion for each node, which identifies unwanted functions, resulting in potential hazards and unmitigated consequences. Related to the SafeMASS-Report from DNV, this work concentrates on selected topics of the bridge-related function on voyage, control & monitoring, and abnormal situations. For unmanned vehicles without any person on board, these three topics become more important for underwater vehicles with very limited connectivity or temporary disruptions of communication whereby an operator in a remote-control center could only be provided with rough vehicle or mission states. Therefore, vehicle control, whether in hard- or software, must handle most tasks belonging to the considered functions automatically or autonomously. Hence, the most appropriate reactions of the system to unwanted system
behavior must be implemented. This HAZID study could, on the one hand, be used as background for such an implementation, and on the other hand, it is used to verify the implemented actions on the risks and hazards.
T2 - OCEANS 2023 - Limerick
CY - Limerick, Ireland
DA - 05.06.2023
KW - Autonomous underwater vehicles
KW - HAZID
KW - Risk-based design
KW - Safety
KW - Cyber security
PY - 2023
DO - https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANSLimerick52467.2023.10244358
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - IEEE
AN - OPUS4-59099
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico
T1 - BEV Accidents - Consequences in Case of a Battery Thermal Runaway
N2 - The number of cars which use a battery for propulsion, like BEV (battery electric vehicle) or PHEV (plug-in hybrid electric vehicle), is increasing. Following, the probability of these car types being involved in car accidents will increase. In a worst-case accident scenario, the installed batteries could go under thermal runaway (TR). A TR could be initiated by various causes, e.g., high temperatures from outside, mechanical damage of the cells/modules/batteries or internal and external short circuits. During such an event, large amounts of heat and toxic and/or flammable gases are released. This poses a great hazard to people and property in the immediate vicinity. The paper describes a large-scale test series on the lithium-ion battery TR consequences of automobile cells and modules up to E = 6.85 kWh. Near field temperatures of ΔT > 800°C in a distance of l = 2 m were measured. During an overcharge test, fragment throwing distances of l > 30 m were detected. Subsequent gas explosions of the released gases were documented. Hydrogen fluoride (HF) was measured in all tests, from cell to module. The highest measured concentration was cHF = 76 ppm, which is significantly higher than the 30-min-level for AEGL 2 (acute exposure guideline level 2). Based on the experimentally determined consequences, concrete measures for the accident analysis are subsequently drawn.
T2 - 31st Annual Congress of the European Association for Accident Research and Analysis (EVU)
CY - Limassol, Cyprus
DA - 05.10.2023
KW - Consequences
KW - Electrical Energy Storage
KW - Lithium-ion battery
KW - BEV
KW - Gas release
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58547
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico
A1 - Hahn, Sarah-K.
A1 - Krause, Ulrich
T1 - BEV Accidents - Consequences in Case of a Battery Thermal Runaway
N2 - The number of cars which use a battery for propulsion, like BEV (battery electric vehicle) or PHEV (plug-in hybrid electric vehicle), is increasing. Following, the probability of these car types being involved in car accidents will increase. In a worst-case accident scenario, the installed batteries could go under thermal runaway (TR). A TR could be initiated by various causes, e.g., high temperatures from outside, mechanical damage of the cells/modules/batteries or internal and external short circuits. During such an event, large amounts of heat and toxic and/or flammable gases are released. This poses a great hazard to people and property in the immediate vicinity. The paper describes a large-scale test series on the lithium-ion battery TR consequences of automobile cells and modules up to E = 6.85 kWh. Near field temperatures of ΔT > 800°C in a distance of l = 2 m were measured. During an overcharge test, fragment throwing distances of l > 30 m were detected. Subsequent gas explosions of the released gases were documented. Hydrogen fluoride (HF) was measured in all tests, from cell to module. The highestmeasured concentration was cHF = 76 ppm, which is significantly higher than the 30-min-level for AEGL 2 (acute exposure guideline level 2). Based on the experimentally determined consequences, concrete measures for the accident analysis are subsequently drawn.
T2 - 31st Annual Congress of the European Association for Accident Research and Analysis (EVU)
CY - Limassol, Cyprus
DA - 05.10.2023
KW - Gas release
KW - Consequences
KW - Lithium-ion battery
KW - Electrical Energy Storage
KW - BEV
PY - 2023
SP - 1
EP - 18
AN - OPUS4-58552
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Gaddampally, Mohan Reddy
T1 - Cohesive Zone Modelling Approach on Irradiated Claddings Subjected to Long-Term Dry Interim Storage
N2 - Long-term dry interim storage may adversely affect the mechanical properties of spent fuel rods, possibly resulting in a reduced resilience during handling or transport after storage. Pre-storage drying and the early stage of interim storage can subject the cladding to higher temperatures and higher pressure induced tensile hoop stresses than those associated with in-reactor operation and pool storage. Under these conditions, radial hydrides may precipitate in zirconium-based alloys (Zircaloy) during slow cooling, which may result in embrittlement of the cladding material and eventually a sudden failure of cladding under additional mechanical loads. Especially long, continuous radial hydride structures and low temperature can cause severe embrittlement of claddings and finally failure by fracture even at small deformations. The focus of the presented research is on the development of appropriate numerical methods for predicting the mechanical behaviour and identification of limiting conditions to prevent brittle fracture of Zircaloy claddings. An iterative inverse analysis method is used for deriving the elastic-plastic material properties in the hoop direction of a ring-shaped sample. A modelling approach based on cohesive zones is explained which can reproduce the propagation of cracks initiated at radial hydrides in the zirconium matrix. The developed methods are applied to defueled samples of cladding alloy ZIRLO®, which were subjected to a thermo-mechanical treatment to reorient existing circumferential hydrides to radial hydrides. A selected sample showing sudden load drops during a quasi-static ring compression test is analysed by means of fracture mechanics for illustrative purposes.
T2 - 7th GRS Workshop on the Safety of Extended Dry Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel
CY - Garching, Germany
DA - 24.05.2023
KW - Ageing Management
KW - Cladding Embrittlement
KW - Extended Storage
KW - Ring Compression Test
KW - Spent Nuclear Fuel
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58553
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Heimann, Jan
T1 - Guided Waves Propagation in Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessel
N2 - The application of composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPV) to store hydrogen and other compressed gases, especially when operating at high pressures, imposed the need for an innovative and reliable approach to ensure the safe operation of the system. Continuous structural health monitoring (SHM) based on ultrasonic guided waves (GWs) is a promising approach due to the ability of the wave to propagate for long distances and go around complex structures, moreover the high sensitivity to various failure modes such as delamination, matrix cracking and debonding. In this study, we scrutinize the behavior of (GWs) within the COPV using a network of PZT elements that are used for excitation and sensing. A laser doppler vibrometer (LDV) was also used to scan the surface of the vessel in various directions. L(0,1) and L(0,2) were observed in the captured signal. The L(0,2) appeared to be a dominant mode in the COPV and was capable of propagating along the entire length and maintaining a good signal-to-noise ratio. The L(0,2) mode maintained the same phase velocity when it is captured at various excitation angles (0, 45, and 90 degrees). The reduced effect of the orthotropy of the materials on the propagating waves is an important result as it will reduce the complexity in data processing when performing damage identification.
T2 - European Conference on Non-Destructive Testing (ECNDT)
CY - Lisbon, Portugal
DA - 03.07.2023
KW - Structural Health Monitoring
KW - Guided Waves
KW - Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessel
KW - Laser Doppler Vibrometer
KW - Sensor Placement
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58873
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Lehmann, Jens
T1 - Offshore Auslagerung von Stahlcoupons
N2 - Darstellung von Ergebnissen einer Auslagerungskampagne auf dem EnBW Windpark Hohe See.
T2 - 2. Sitzung GfKORR Arbeitskreis “Atmosphärische Korrosion”
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 24.10.2023
KW - Korrosion
KW - Offshore
KW - Atmosphärische Korrosion
KW - ISO 9223
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58685
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Charmi, Amir
T1 - Closing the gap between simulation and experiment using autoencoders
N2 - Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) mittels geführter Ultraschallwellen ermöglicht eine kontinuierliche Überwachung komplexer Bauteile und liefert umfangreiche Informationen über deren strukturelle Integrität. Die aufgezeichneten Signale sind jedoch komplex und werden daher zunehmend mittels KI verarbeitet, um Anomalien in der Systemintegrität automatisch zu erkennen. Eine Herausforderung dabei ist jedoch das Trainieren solcher KI-Modelle, da dafür große Mengen an Trainingsdaten inklusive diverser Schadensfälle benötigt werden, um eine hohe Genauigkeit und Zuverlässigkeit zu gewährleisten. Experimentelle Generierung dieser Daten ist wegen des enormen Zeit- und Kostenaufwands nicht möglich.
Eine Alternative hierfür bieten die numerischen Simulationen, da dadurch Trainingsdaten für beliebige Anzahl an Schadenskonfigurationen erzeugt werden können. Das Hauptproblem dabei ist jedoch die Abweichung zwischen den experimentellen und simulierten Daten (durch z.B. Abweichungen bei der Geometrie, Randbedingungen oder Materialparameter). Um diese Abweichungen zu reduzieren bzw. zu eliminieren, wird ein KI-Modell mit einer Autoencoder-Decoder Architektur vorgestellt, die mittels eines Experiments kalibriert werden kann und anschließend in der Lage ist, die Genauigkeit der Simulationsergebnisse nachträglich zu erhöhen.
T2 - 28. DEGA-Workshop „Physikalische Akustik“ - Maschinelles Lernen in der physikalischen Akustik
CY - Bad Honnef, Germany
DA - 19.10.2023
KW - KI
KW - SHM
KW - Simulation
KW - Geführte Ultraschallwellen
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58686
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Charmi, Amir
T1 - A Machine Learning Based-Guided Wave Approach for Damage Detection and Assessment in Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessels
N2 - The applications of composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPVs) in extreme conditions, such as storing hydrogen gases at very high pressure, impose new requirements related to the system's integrity and safety. The development of a structural health monitoring (SHM) system that allows for continuous monitoring of the COPVs provides rich information about the structural integrity of the component. Furthermore, the collected data can be used for different purposes such as increasing the periodic inspection intervals, providing a remaining lifetime prognosis, and also ensuring optimal operating conditions. Ultimately this information can be complementary to the development of the envisioned digital twin of the monitored COPVs. Guided waves (GWs) are preferred to be used in continuous SHM given their ability to travel in complex structures for long distances. However, obtained GW signals are complex and require advanced processing techniques. Machine learning (ML) is increasingly utilized as the main part of the processing pipeline to automatically detect anomalies in the system's integrity. Hence, in this study, we are scrutinizing the potential of using ML to provide continuous monitoring of COPVs based on ultrasonic GW data. Data is collected from a network of sensors consisting of fifteen Piezoelectric (PZT) wafers that were surface mounted on the COPV. Two ML algorithms are used in the automated evaluation procedure (i) a long short-term memory (LSTM) autoencoder for anomaly detection (defects/impact), and (ii) a convolutional neural network (CNN) model for feature extraction and classification of the artificial damage sizes and locations. Additional data augmentation steps are introduced such as modification and addition of random noise to original signals to enhance the model's robustness to uncertainties. Overall, it was shown that the ML algorithms used were able to detect and classify the simulated damage with high accuracy.
T2 - European Conference on Non-Destructive Testing (ECNDT)
CY - Lisbon, Portugal
DA - 03.07.2023
KW - Guided waves
KW - Structural Health Monitoring
KW - Machine learning
KW - Damage localization
KW - COPV
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58687
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Pfender, Max
T1 - Über Seilschwingungen an Freileitungen - Zusammenfassender Überblick
T2 - 22. Tagung der Studiengesellschaft für Höchstspannungsanlagen
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 20.06.1950
KW - Freileitung
KW - Höchstspannungsanlage
KW - Seilschwingung
PY - 1950
AN - OPUS4-58712
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Pfender, Max
T1 - Über Seilschwingungen an Freileitungen - Zusammenfassender Überblick
T2 - 22. Tagung der Studiengesellschaft für Höchstspannungsanlagen
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 20.06.1950
KW - Freileitung
KW - Höchstspannungsanlage
KW - Seilschwingung
PY - 1950
SP - 13
EP - 41
PB - Studiengesellschaft für Höchstspannungsanlagen
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-58713
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico
A1 - Hahn, Sarah-K.
A1 - Saupe, Alexander
A1 - Janßen, Marvin
A1 - Krause, Ulrich
T1 - Sicherheitsrisiko Batterien – Demonstrator aus dem Projekt SEE-2L bereits im Einsatz
N2 - Der Beitrag beschreibt das BMBF-Verbundvorhaben SEE-2L. Im Artikel werden die wesentlichen Meilensteine des Projektes vorgestellt. Ebenso werden die wichtigsten im Projekt erzielten Ergebnisse aufgeführt und verlinkt.
KW - Stationäre Energiespeicher
KW - Batterie
KW - Auswirkungsbetrachtungen
KW - EES
KW - Elektrische Energiespeicher
PY - 2023
UR - https://info.sifo.de/public/a_25436_GZ5jd/file/data/669_Informationsbrief_zur_zivilen_Sicherheitsforschung_07-2023.pdf#page=7
IS - 7
SP - 7
EP - 9
PB - Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF)
CY - Bonn
AN - OPUS4-58347
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schepers, Winfried
A1 - Kulke, D.
ED - Wuttke, F.
ED - Aji, H. D. B.
ED - Özarmut, A.
T1 - Anwendung von Korrelationen zwischen Sondierergebnissen und dynamischen Bodeneigenschaften
N2 - Die natürliche Variabilität des Bodens bewirkt, dass jegliche in-situ Messung dynamischer Bodenparameter stets nur den Untersuchungsort beschreiben, und jede Verwendung für benachbarte Orte bereits eine Extrapolation ist. Gleichzeitig ist die Ermittlung von Bodeneigenschaften in-situ mit erheblichen Kosten verbunden, insbesondere bei Standorten wie z. B. Offshore-Windparks. Im innerstädtischen Raum sind seismische Messungen wegen der vorhandenen Bebauung und Flächenversiegelungen nur eingeschränkt möglich. Es bietet sich daher an, indirekte Methoden auf Basis von Drucksondierungen anzuwenden, weil diese Untersuchungen inzwischen zum Standardrepertoire selbst bei kleineren Bauvorhaben gehören.
Der neue nationale Anhang zu DIN EN 1998-1 erlaubt die Anwendung von Korrelationen zwischen Sondierergebnissen und dynamischen Bodeneigenschaften zur Anwendung bei seismischen Standortanalysen. Es werden jedoch keine Hinweise zur Auswahl geeigneter Korrelationen gegeben. Mit ISO/TS 14837-32 liegt ein Standard vor, in dem sogar für sandartigen Boden und tonartigen Boden zwei konkrete Korrelationen zur Anwendung vorgeschlagen werden. Dasselbe gilt für den Entwurf des Eurocode 7-2, prEN 1997-2 von 2022.
Untersuchungen zeigen, dass seismische Verfahren, wenn sie nicht unter Labor-Freifeldbedingungen durchgeführt werden, signifikante Streuungen aufweisen. Sofern statistische Korrelationen eine Streuung aufweisen, die in derselben Größenordnung liegen wie Ergebnisse seismischer Verfahren, können beide Verfahren in Grundsatz alternativ eingesetzt werden.
Wir zeigen, dass bei homogenen ausgeprägt sandartigen Böden mit statistisch ermittelten Korrelationen die dynamischen Bodensteifigkeiten mit einer Genauigkeit abgeschätzt werden können, die mit der Ungenauigkeit der seismischen Verfahren übereinstimmt. Mit zunehmenden Feinkornanteil werden die Unsicherheiten der statistischen Korrelationen größer. Bei stark überkonsolidierten glazialen Böden sollte von der Anwendung empirischer Korrelationen Abstand genommen werden.
T2 - 18. D-A-CH-Tagung Erdbebeningenieurwesen und Baudynamik
CY - Kiel, Germany
DA - 14.09.2023
KW - Scherwellengeschwindigkeit
KW - Schubmodul
KW - Wellenausbreitung
KW - Bodenvariabilität
KW - Statistische Auswertung
PY - 2023
SN - 978-3-930108-15-1
SP - 433
EP - 441
PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Erdbebeningenieurwesen und Baudynamik (DGEB) e. V. und Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel
CY - Kiel
AN - OPUS4-58351
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Melzer, Michael
A1 - Nattuveettil, Keerthana
T1 - Digital Calibration Certificates: Transforming Efficiency and Safety in Hydrogen Refuelling Station
N2 - Digital Certificates have emerged as a pivotal element in automation and digitalisation. This presentation highlights the added value of a digitalised metrology, its impact on the workflows on the calibration service providing and receiving side as well as their significance in enhancing the quality infrastructure. An overview of digital calibration certificates (DCC) for temperature sensors, including their structure and role in establishing trust in hydrogen refuelling stations (HRS), will be discussed. Additionally, it explores the impact of DCC on optimising efficiency in the hydrogen refuelling process.
Exploring the paradigm shift brought about by Industry 4.0, where machines possess the ability to autonomously interpret digital certificate data, leads to streamlined safety checks and reduced human intervention. We will discuss how automated verification of machine-readable certificates contributes to maintaining and elevating safety standards over human-readable certificates. Furthermore, we will take a deep dive into the application of DCCs in HRS, showcasing how they enhance operational efficiency, accuracy, and maintenance by enabling real-time monitoring and adjustment of process data.
By exploring the interdependent relationship between digital certificates, machine-readable environments, and HRS optimisation, this presentation will provide valuable insights into harnessing cutting-edge technologies to create a safer, more efficient, and technologically empowered hydrogen refuelling process.
T2 - H2Safety@BAM : Hydrogen Colloquium
CY - Online meeting
DA - 06.09.2023
KW - Digital Calibration Certificate
KW - Digitalization
KW - Digital Traceability
KW - QI-Digital
KW - Hydrogen Infrastructure
PY - 2023
UR - https://www.bam.de/Content/DE/Standardartikel/Themen/Energie/Wasserstoff/wasserstoff.html
AN - OPUS4-58353
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Weber, Mike
A1 - Völzke, Holger
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
A1 - Herz, A.
A1 - Kreienmeyer, M.
T1 - Design of a Drop Test Target with Reproducible Properties for Konrad Prototype Testing
N2 - Beginning in 1976 the former iron ore mine Konrad was geologically investigated concerning its suitability as a location for a German final repository for low and intermediate level waste. After a comprehensive licensing procedure it was approved and is now being prepared and equipped for the planned start of storage in 2027. At the end of the 1980s, the requirements for waste containers for storage in this repository were defined for the first time on the basis of an incident analysis of the on-site handling procedures, beginning with the unloading of the packages after the arrival at the site up to the final positioning in the underground storage galleries. A 5-meter drop onto the rock ground of the mine was identified as the covering case for high mechanical requirements (ABK II container class). In contrast to the 9-meter drop according to the IAEA Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material, the 5-meter drop is performed onto a hard but not essentially unyielding target. The container is typically not protected by an impact limiter. The requirements for a potential test facility are described in the regulations for the Konrad repository. The mechanical strength of the target is defined as a concrete strength equivalent to the identified properties of the rock ground of the mine.
Since 1991 BAM has consistently used precast reinforced concrete slabs as target for drop tests in the framework of licensing procedures as well as in research projects. While the original design fulfilled the requirement for the integrity of the concrete slab in most cases, it failed when drop tests onto an edge of a container were performed. A redesigned concrete slab developed in a research project and suggested as a reference target in 2009 has been successfully used in Konrad licensing procedures since then.
The paper gives a brief overview of the historical development and it describes BAM’s efforts and approaches to continuously guarantee a concrete slab of defined quality and to provide a test setup for valid drop tests from the applicants and the authorities view.
T2 - PATRAM 2022, 20th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials
CY - Juan-les-Pins, France
DA - 11.06.2023
KW - Target
KW - Drop test
KW - Final repository Konrad
PY - 2023
SP - 1
EP - 11
AN - OPUS4-58563
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Weber, Mike
T1 - Design of a Drop Test Target with Reproducible Properties for Konrad Prototype Testing
N2 - Beginning in 1976 the former iron ore mine Konrad was geologically investigated concerning its suitability as a location for a German final repository for low and intermediate level waste. After a comprehensive licensing procedure it was approved and is now being prepared and equipped for the planned start of storage in 2027. At the end of the 1980s, the requirements for waste containers for storage in this repository were defined for the first time on the basis of an incident analysis of the on-site handling procedures, beginning with the unloading of the packages after the arrival at the site up to the final positioning in the underground storage galleries. A 5-meter drop onto the rock ground of the mine was identified as the covering case for high mechanical requirements (ABK II container class). In contrast to the 9-meter drop according to the IAEA Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material, the 5-meter drop is performed onto a hard but not essentially unyielding target. The container is typically not protected by an impact limiter. The requirements for a potential test facility are described in the regulations for the Konrad repository. The mechanical strength of the target is defined as a concrete strength equivalent to the identified properties of the rock ground of the mine.
Since 1991 BAM has consistently used precast reinforced concrete slabs as target for drop tests in the framework of licensing procedures as well as in research projects. While the original design fulfilled the requirement for the integrity of the concrete slab in most cases, it failed when drop tests onto an edge of a container were performed. A redesigned concrete slab developed in a research project and suggested as a reference target in 2009 has been successfully used in Konrad licensing procedures since then.
The paper gives a brief overview of the historical development and it describes BAM’s efforts and approaches to continuously guarantee a concrete slab of defined quality and to provide a test setup for valid drop tests from the applicants and the authorities view.
T2 - PATRAM 2022, 20th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials
CY - Juan-les-Pins, France
DA - 11.06.2023
KW - Final repository Konrad
KW - Drop test
KW - Target
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58564
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Weber, Mike
T1 - Design of a Drop Test Target with Reproducible Properties for Konrad Prototype Testing
N2 - Beginning in 1976 the former iron ore mine Konrad was geologically investigated concerning its suitability as a location for a German final repository for low and intermediate level waste. After a comprehensive licensing procedure it was approved and is now being prepared and equipped for the planned start of storage in 2027. At the end of the 1980s, the requirements for waste containers for storage in this repository were defined for the first time on the basis of an incident analysis of the on-site handling procedures, beginning with the unloading of the packages after the arrival at the site up to the final positioning in the underground storage galleries. A 5-meter drop onto the rock ground of the mine was identified as the covering case for high mechanical requirements (ABK II container class). In contrast to the 9-meter drop according to the IAEA Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material, the 5-meter drop is performed onto a hard but not essentially unyielding target. The container is typically not protected by an impact limiter. The requirements for a potential test facility are described in the regulations for the Konrad repository. The mechanical strength of the target is defined as a concrete strength equivalent to the identified properties of the rock ground of the mine.
Since 1991 BAM has consistently used precast reinforced concrete slabs as target for drop tests in the framework of licensing procedures as well as in research projects. While the original design fulfilled the requirement for the integrity of the concrete slab in most cases, it failed when drop tests onto an edge of a container were performed. A redesigned concrete slab developed in a research project and suggested as a reference target in 2009 has been successfully used in Konrad licensing procedures since then.
The paper gives a brief overview of the historical development and it describes BAM’s efforts and approaches to continuously guarantee a concrete slab of defined quality and to provide a test setup for valid drop tests from the applicants and the authorities view.
T2 - ASME 2023 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference (PVP2023)
CY - Atlanta, GA, USA
DA - 16.07.2023
KW - Final repository Konrad
KW - Drop test
KW - Target
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58565
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Amano, Kofi Owusu Ansah
T1 - Study of thermal runaway and gas emissions in NMC lithium-ion batteries: State of Charge Dependence Investigation
N2 - Thermal runaway investigations were performed by subjecting single and double NMC pouch cells to thermal abuse condition inside an air-tight reactor vessel with an internal volume of 100 dm³. The study was divided into two series. The findings revealed the thermal runaway-induced explosion in the cells results in a rate of temperature increase greater than 10 K/s. The highest gaseous production was achieved at a range of 90 – 100% SOC and higher battery capacities 0.79 L/Wh (Series 1, 10 Ah cell) and 0.87 L/Wh (Series 2, 32 Ah cell). The investigation showed between 25 m³ and 84 m³ of explosible gas mixture could be released from electric vehicles of nominal useable electrical energy from 32 kWh up to 108 kWh at thermal runaway. It was also found that, the release of these explosible gases could undergo a secondary explosion.
T2 - 4th IBSW 2023 – International Battery Safety Workshop
CY - Ulm, Germany
DA - 28.09.2023
KW - Consequneces
KW - Electrical Energy Storage
KW - Propagation; Gas release
KW - Lithium-ion battery
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58543
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Komann, Steffen
A1 - Wille, Frank
A1 - Schubert, Sven
T1 - Neue Regel für das Alterungsmanagement
N2 - Die Regelwerksanforderungen für Verpackungen für den Transport radioaktiver Stoffe basieren auf den Empfehlungen der IAEA und werden über die verkehrsträgerspezifischen internationalen Regelwerke in nationales Recht umgesetzt.
Um die Anforderungen des Regelwerkes zu erläutern, entwickelt die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) Gefahrgutregeln (BAM-GGR), welche die Entwickler, Hersteller und Betreiber von Behältern über die von der BAM angewandten Verfahren bei der Umsetzung gesetzlicher Bestimmungen informieren und unterstützen sollen.
KW - Gefahrgut
KW - Radioaktive Stoffe
KW - Alterung
KW - Transport
PY - 2023
VL - 2023
IS - 9
SP - 16
EP - 18
PB - Heinrich Vogel
CY - München
AN - OPUS4-58577
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eichner, Lukas
T1 - Design of offshore jacket support structure for experimental fatigue life evaluation
N2 - One crucial metric of interest to wind farm operators is the remaining useful life (RUL) of single components, wind turbines, or even entire wind farms. Occasionally, questions arise regarding how to operate a turbine, even in the presence of manufacturing or design errors, which from a computational design standpoint reduce the remaining lifetime below the intended service life. A typical measure involves adapting the monitoring and inspection plan. Using such a maintenance plan, the author intends to simulate the lifetime of jacket-type structure in a fatigue test. The objective of the experiment is to demostrate that systems like three-dimensional jackets possess redundancies that enable reliable continued operation, despite the reduced fatigue life of individual components due to technical flaws, if an appropriate maintenance concept is in place. This presentation discusses the steps leading to the procedure of the experiment including the design process and the maintenance planning.
T2 - 19th eawe PhD Seminar
CY - Hannover, Germany
DA - 06.09.2023
KW - Offshore wind energy
KW - Jacket support structure
KW - Simulation and experiment
KW - Structural integrity management
KW - Risk-based maintenance planning
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58240
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Chaudhuri, Somsubhro
T1 - Weather-dependent passive thermography and thermal simulation of in-service wind turbine blades
N2 - The thermographic methods NDT division of BAM is aiming to develop a wind turbine blade (WTB) inspection tool using infrared thermographic scanning of operational wind turbines in the project EvalTherm.
T2 - WindEurope Annual Event 2023
CY - Copenhagen, Denmark
DA - 25.04.2023
KW - FEM
KW - Thermografie
KW - Wind turbine rotor blades
KW - Windenergie anlage rotorblätte
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58275
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
T1 - Spent Fuel Characterization - Current Activities at BAM
N2 - The European Joint Programme on Radioactive Waste Management (EURAD) is working on Spent Fuel Characterization (SFC) in its work package (WP) 8. Inspired by the EURAD activities, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) established an international Coordinated Research Project (CRP) on SFC. The EURAD WP SFC
participants are collaborating as a team on the IAEA CRP on SFC. The EURAD WP SFC project consists of four tasks. Task 3 investigates the behaviour of nuclear fuel and cladding after discharge. The aim of these activities is to understand and describe the evolution of the cladding-pellet system and its ageing under conditions of extended interim storage, transportation and emplacement in a final disposal system. At a Consultancy Meeting, BAM as contributor to Task 3 presented current results of the failure analysis of irradiated ZIRLO® claddings under conditions of the Ring Compression Test.
T2 - IAEA Consultancy Meeting on the Coordinated Research Project on Spent Fuel Characterization
CY - Online meeting
DA - 12.09.2023
KW - Nuclear Fuel Cladding
KW - Numerical Failure Analysis
KW - Ring Compression Test
KW - Spent Fuel Characterization
KW - Extended Interim Storage
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58276
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Chaudhuri, Somsubhro
A1 - Stamm, Michael
A1 - Krankenhagen, Rainer
T1 - Weather-dependent passive thermography and thermal simulation of in-service wind turbine blades
N2 - . To cope with the increase in the manufacturing and operation of wind turbines, wind farm operators need inspection tools that are able to provide reliable information while keeping the downtime low. Current inspection techniques require to stop the wind turbine. This work presents the current progress in the project EvalTherm, in which passive thermography is evaluated as a possible non-destructive inspection tool for operational wind turbine blades (WTBs). A methodology to obtain thermal images of rotating WTBs has been established in this project. However, the quality of the results is heavily dependent on various aspects such as weather conditions, information on the inspected WTB, damage history, etc. In this work, a section of a used WTB is simulated using finite-element modelling (FEM) as well as experimentally tested for evaluating the accuracy of the model. Such a model will provide insight into the potential thermal response of a certain structure (with specific material properties) in given weather (boundary) conditions. The model is able to provide satisfactory predictions of the thermal response of the structure, as well as indicate what thermal contrast(s) result from artificial defects introduced in the structure.
T2 - WindEurope Annual Event 2023
CY - Copenhagen, Denmark
DA - 25.04.2023
KW - FEM
KW - Thermografie
KW - Wind turbine rotor blades
KW - Windenergie Anlage Rotorblätter
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-582777
DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2507/1/012025
VL - 2507
SP - 1
EP - 12
PB - IOP Publishing Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-58277
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Chaudhuri, Somsubhro
T1 - EvalTherm - Detectability of internal defects in wind turbine rotor blades using passive infrared thermography
N2 - A steady increase of wind energy infrastructure brings along a challenge of maintaining and operating wind turbines (WT) with its multiple components. Inspection of wind turbine rotor blades (WTB) is an important part of maintaining the overall health and safety of a WT. It involves visually or mechanically examining the blades for signs of damage or wear that could affect their performance and structural integrity of the entire WT. A WTB is a complex structure due to its ever-increasing scale (going beyond 100 m for a 16 MW WT) as well as multi-material construction. Passive infrared thermography offers an alternative to contact- or proximity-based inspection techniques currently in use such as visual inspection performed by technical personnel (using a lift or a drone) and involves looking for signs of damage on the surface of the blades, and ultrasonic testing to detect internal defects. In contrast to active thermography, passive thermography uses the sun as source of heat, instead of conventional heat lamps, flash, or laser. An inspection technique to (semi-autonomously) inspect the WTBs of an operating WT from the ground has been developed. Given the optimum thermal contrast (weather conditions for field measurements), external as well as internal features of the WTB can be visualised with appropriate post-processing. The work presented here is part of an ongoing multi-partner project titled “EvalTherm”: the evaluation of passive thermography as a non-destructive inspection tool of WTBs in operation. In this work, artificial defects representative of realistic defects in glass fibre reinforced plastic (GFRP) WTBs are introduced in out-of-service WTB pieces. These are scanned using X-ray computed tomography to obtain a three-dimensional reconstruction to be used as input for finite-element based thermal simulation using COMSOL Multiphysics. The simulation data is compared with infrared thermal inspection of the same WTB section, in order to compare the effect of thermal contrast caused in certain weather conditions. In addition, the influence of defect characteristics such as defect size, morphology, and location on detectability is investigated. Validated simulation models are used to predict thermal signatures of defects along with the optimal thermal contrast. Such simulation models in combination with weather forecast data can assist operators of wind turbine infrastructure to plan passive thermography inspection without the need of dangerous inspection procedures and associated shutdown of energy production.
T2 - Wind Energy Science Conference (WESC) 2023
CY - Glasgow, Scotland
DA - 23.05.2023
KW - FEM
KW - Thermografie
KW - Wind turbine rotor blades
KW - Windenergie anlage rotorblätter
KW - Thermography
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58283
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Mehri Sofiani, F
A1 - Chaudhuri, Somsubhro
A1 - Elahi, S.A.
A1 - Hectors, K.
A1 - De Waele, W.
T1 - Quantitative Analysis of the Correlation between Geometric Parameters of Pits and Stress Concentration Factors for a Plate Subject to Uniaxial Tensile Stress
N2 - The offshore environment is inherently corrosive. Consequently, pits may nucleate on exposed steel surfaces. Corrosion pits can be a source of crack initiation when the structure is subject to fatigue loading. The criticality of a corrosion pit with respect to the structural integrity depends on its shape and size and can be quantified using a stress concentration factor (𝐾𝑡). In this work, a parametric 3D finite element model is developed to perform stress analysis of a pitted plate subjected to uniaxial tensile stress. The model is used for an extensive parameter study in which 𝐾𝑡 is determined for various pit configurations. It is demonstrated that each one of the geometrical parameters holds a substantial influence on the location of the Most Critical Region (MCR). It is shown that 𝐾𝑡 increases as the pit gets narrower. Pits with an elliptical mouth yield higher 𝐾𝑡 values when the angle between the load direction and the pit mouth major axis increases. Moreover, 𝐾𝑡 increases with the increase in the localized thickness loss which is more pronounced for relatively wider pits. Finally, a regression model is presented for estimating 𝐾𝑡 based on the geometric parameters of a pit.
KW - FEM
KW - Corrosion
KW - SCF
KW - Pitting corrosion
PY - 2023
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2023.104081
SN - 0167-8442
VL - 127
SP - 1
EP - 27
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-58284
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rolle, Annette
A1 - Neumeyer, Tino
A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Investigations of Aged Metal Seals for Transport Package Safety Assessment
N2 - Acceptable limits for activity release from transport casks for high-level radioactive material specified in the IAEA regulations must be kept by the integrity of cask body and the cask sealing system. BAM as the German competent authority for mechanical, thermal and containment assessment of packages liable for approval verifies the activity release compliance with the regulatory limits. One of the fundamental aspects in assessment is the specification of conservative package design leakage rates.
To ensure the required package tightness for both, storage, and transport of the cask before and after storage usually metal seals of the Helicoflex® Type are used. Due to the long-term use the seal behavior is influenced by temperature and time. The mechanical and thermal loadings associated with the routine, normal and accident conditions of transport specified in the regulations can have a significant effect on the leak tightness of the sealing system. Whereas the safety for application of new, non- aged Helicoflex® seals is verified sufficiently, there are still technical data gaps concerning the efficiency of aged Helicoflex® seals.
BAM performed experiments to learn more about the sealing efficiency of aged Helicoflex® seals with Aluminum and Silver outer jackets. The seals were compressed in test-flanges and for artificial ageing the complete flange systems were stored in an oven for several month at a high temperature. During the compression and decompression tests after the aging, load-deformation characteristics of the seals, and leakage rates were measured. With these tests a load situation was simulated, which can occur in the regulatory drop test of the cask: Under high impact loads the bolted lid can lift a little for a short moment, allowing a little movement of the seal, so that the contact area can change before compressing again.
The poster presentation will show details about test conditions and first results.
T2 - Interdisciplinary research symposium on the safety of nuclear disposal practices safeND2023
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 13.09.2023
KW - Radioactive material
KW - Sealing
KW - Ageing
KW - Leaktightnes
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58436
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Stamm, Michael
T1 - Semi-automated detection of rain erosion damages on turbine blades with passive thermography and AI image processing
N2 - The European Green Deal and the global fight against climate change call for more and larger wind turbines in Europe and around the world. To meet the increasing demand for maintenance and inspection, partly autonomous methods of remote inspection are increasingly being developed in addition to industrial climbers performing the inspection.
Rotor blades are exposed to extreme weather conditions throughout their lifetime of 20 years, and the leading edge erodes over time. These erosion damages change the aerodynamic features of blades and can cause structural damages. The estimated annual energy production (AEP) losses caused by erosion damages are between 0.5% and 2% per year. The classification of the severity of a rain erosion damage and the quantification of the resulting AEP losses for cost efficient repair and maintenance efforts and improved power production of wind turbines are subject of scientific research.
For the inspection of wind turbine rotor blades, passive thermography is an option that has been used to detect both internal damage [3, 4] as well as erosion on the surface [5, 6]. The advantage is that, given suitable boundary conditions, not only the rain erosion damage itself but also temperature differences caused by the resulting turbulences can be observed on the surface of the blade. Turbulences reduce the efficiency of the rotor blades and result in AEP losses. Optimised thermography inspections can contribute to detect and to evaluate rain erosion damages. The thermal inspection lasts 10 minutes per turbine and is performed while the turbine is in full operation, avoiding downtime and lost opportunities for the turbine owner which are usually caused by conventional blade inspections. The timely inspection procedure is complemented by an automatic data evaluation and results in a considerable number of inspected wind turbines in a certain period of time. A fully convolutional network (FCN) is implemented for the automated evaluation of thermal images.
In the presented study, more than 1000 thermographic images of blades were annotated, augmented and used to train and test the FCN. The aim is the precise marking of thermal signatures caused by erosion damage at the leading edge. The area size of the detected temperature difference caused by turbulences was used to identify and categorise damages. Certain strategies were adopted to group small individual indications as one large damage, in order to develop simplification rules based on realistic thermal imaging resolution.
T2 - Wind Energy Science Conference (WESC) 2023
CY - Glasgow, Scotland
DA - 23.05.2023
KW - Non-destructive testing
KW - Thermography
KW - Wind turbine blade
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58498
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Stamm, Michael
T1 - In situ characterisation of GFRP shell structures of wind turbine rotor blades under test using lock-in thermography
N2 - The work shown demonstrates the possibility of measuring the load distribution of complex components such as rotor blades in cyclic tests using thermography. This is confirmed in the experiments presented by comparison with DIC measurements. The advantage of thermography is that it does not require any treatment of the test specimens in the setup shown and the measurement procedure can in principle be scaled to large components. In addition, compared to other imaging methods, the actual loads and not the deformation are measured. With a suitable data evaluation by means of Lockin analysis, small loads can be verified in a formative manner. Using the example of model repairs in shell test specimens made of sandwich glass fibre composite material, it is shown that inhomogeneous load distribution due to internal structures can be detected using thermography.
T2 - WindEurope Annual Event 2023
CY - Copenhagen, Denmark
DA - 25.04.2023
KW - Thermography
KW - TSA
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58500
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Stamm, Michael
T1 - Infrared Thermography of wind turbine rotor blades: 3 use cases
N2 - Thermography is a widely accepted non-invasive measurement method and is generally used in various areas of the life cycle of infrastructure and machinery. This includes design, production and maintenance. Thermography is particularly suitable for remote inspection of large areas that are difficult to reach.
In this presentation, applications of thermography in the field of wind energy will be shown, touching on three explicit examples from rotor blade inspection.
Experimental testing and validation: Thermography can measure and visualise the stress distribution on the surface during cyclic tests of rotor blades and rotor blade sections. The so-called thermoelastic stress analysis makes use of special evaluation algorithms (Lockin analysis) of the measurement data and the cyclic loading of components. An advantage of the measurement methods compared to other measurement methods such as strain gauges or digital image correlation is that it does not require any extra treatment or sensoring of the components. In the work shown here, repair methods are optimised and evaluated in cyclic tests on shell test specimens.
Operation and maintenance: Rotor blades can be inspected from the ground during operation using passive thermography. Here, the integration of weather forecasts and conditions as input for simulations is crucial and will be demonstrated with some examples from the field. The goal of the ongoing research is to obtain detailed insights into the internal structure of the inspected rotor blades with individual measurements. A specially developed automated measuring system is able to measure a wind turbine (one-sided) within 5 minutes without impacting its operation.
Environmental impact: In cases where less strict time and economic constraints apply than in the maintenance of rotor blades in operation, thermography can also be used to realise other inspection processes that take more time. Examples of this are quality control or the characterisation of rotor blades during dismantling. In the latter case, for example, it can be crucial to know which components such as foam, balsa, belt and spar are present in which parts of the blade when dismantling the rotor blades. Long-term measurements (~1-2 h) under suitable weather conditions can provide good insights into the inner structure of the rotor blades, both during disassembly and during quality control before installation. For this purpose, the sun is used as a heat source, which induces a thermal response of the rotor blades. The thermal behaviour of the rotor blades then allows conclusions to be drawn about the internal structure.
T2 - EERA DeepWind conference 2023
CY - Trondheim, Norway
DA - 18.01.2023
KW - Thermography
KW - Wind turbine blade
KW - Inspection
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58501
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
T1 - Fachvortrag: Innovative Probenherstellungim Lichte der Proben-Bauteil-Beziehungen
N2 - Der Vortrag erörtert die aktuellen fachlichen Herausforderungen und Ziele in der Zentralwerkstatt/FB9.2 der BAM für den Helmholtz-AK "Bau wissenschaftlicher Geräte"
T2 - Helmholtz-Arbeitskreis "Bau wissenschaftlicher Geräte", 18. Jahrestagung
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 10.05.2023
KW - Probenfertigung
KW - Erneuerbare Energien
KW - Additive Fertigung
KW - Wasserstoff-Sicherheit
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-59263
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Blind, Knut
T1 - Transitions in the mobility sector: Empirical evidence from hydrogen fuel cell, electric, and internal combustion engine vehicles
N2 - This presentation was held at the 14th International Sustainability Transitions Conference 2023 in Utrecht.
Against the backdrop of the sustainability transition of economies worldwide, decarbonizing road traffic is high on the agenda. This has focused the interest of policymakers and automobile manufacturers on sustainable, zero-emission powertrain technologies. Among these technologies, hydrogen fuel cell (FC) vehicles have a positive climate impact, given that their hydrogen is produced from renewable energy. However, FC vehicles have not yet gained significant market shares. Therefore, based on the technological innovation systems (TIS) approach, this study analyzes how FC vehicles are influenced by EVs and internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles as their context structures. To operationalize the technology relations between our focal FC-TIS and its context structures, we use the sum of international publications, patents filed at the European Patent Office, and international ISO and IEC standards as indicators for each technology. Our results show that the FC-TIS is dominated by its context structures, especially regarding commercially relevant patents and international standards. Therefore, we conclude that the FC-TIS is in its formative life-cycle phase and identify the need for intensified patenting and standardization in relation to the competing EVs and ICE vehicles.
T2 - 14th International Sustainability Transitions Conference 2023
CY - Utrecht, Netherlands
DA - 30.08.2023
KW - Fuel cell vehicles
KW - Publications
KW - Patents
KW - Standards
KW - Technological innovation system (TIS)
KW - Technology interaction
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-59332
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Feldkamp, Martin
T1 - Fire Reference Tests for Qualification of IAEA Fire
N2 - A small cylindrical fire reference package was designed. A fire test setup was created using the fire reference package in accordance with IAEA standards. Four propane gas fire tests were conducted to determine heat fluxes into the fire reference package. The initial test setup was modified to create the final design of the fire test facility. This allowed for the heat flux to be adjusted to meet the regulatory IAEA fire qualification criteria. Furthermore, a numerical model of the fire reference package was created using boundary conditions derived from the experimental data. The simulation results demonstrated good agreement with the experimental data and provided additional insights.
T2 - Technical Exchange IRSN – BAM Transport & Storage of Packages for Radioactive Material
CY - Cadarache, France
DA - 13.10.2022
KW - Fire
KW - IAEA
KW - Propane
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-57251
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Sjöland, A.
A1 - Christensen, P.
A1 - Zetterström Evins, L.
A1 - Bosbach, D.
A1 - Duro, L.
A1 - Farnan, I.
A1 - Metz, V.
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
A1 - Ruiz-Hervias, J.
A1 - Rodriguez-Villagra, N.
A1 - Kiraly, M.
A1 - Schillebeeckx, P.
A1 - Rochman, D.
A1 - Seidl, M.
A1 - Dagan, R.
A1 - Verwerft, M.
A1 - Herranz Puebla, L. E.
A1 - Hordynskyi, D.
A1 - Feria, F.
A1 - Vlassopoulos, E.
T1 - Spent nuclear fuel management, characterisation, and dissolution behaviour: progress and achievement from SFC and DisCo
N2 - SFC is a work package in Eurad that investigates issues related to the properties of the spent nuclear fuel in the back-end of the nuclear fuel cycle. Decay heat, nuclide inventory, and fuel integrity (mechanical and otherwise), and not least the related uncertainties, are among the primary focal points of SFC. These have very significant importance for the safety and operational aspect of the back-end. One consequence is the operation economy of the back-end, where deeper understanding and quantification allow for significant optimization, meaning that significant parts of the costs can be reduced. In this paper, SFC is described, and examples of results are presented at about half-time of the work package, which will finish in 2024. The DisCo project started in 2017 and finished in November 2021 and was funded under the Horizon 2020 Euratom program. It investigated if the properties of modern fuel types, namely doped fuel, and MOX, cause any significant difference in the dissolution behavior of the fuel matrix compared with standard fuels. Spent nuclear fuel experiments were complemented with studies on model materials as well as the development of models describing the solid state, the dissolution process, and reactive transport in the near field. This research has improved the understanding of processes occurring at the interface between spent nuclear fuel and aqueous solution, such as redox reactions. Overall, the results show that from a long-term fuel matrix dissolution point of view, there is no significant difference between MOX fuel, Cr+Al-doped fuel, and standard fuels.
KW - Spent nuclear fuel management
KW - Spent fuel characterization
KW - Dissolution behaviour
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-572461
DO - https://doi.org/10.1051/epjn/2022029
SN - 2491-9292
VL - 9
SP - 1
EP - 12
PB - EDP Sciences
CY - Les Ulis Cedex, France
AN - OPUS4-57246
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Gerards-Wünsche, Paul
T1 - Der Weg vom Labor zur industriellen Einsetzbarkeit der Risslumineszenz
N2 - Der Vortrag beschreibt die Relevanz der Zuverlässigkeitsbewertung von klassischen ZfP- und SHM-Verfahren. Diese Zuverlässigkeitsbewertung soll auch für das an der BAM entwickelte Risslumineszenzverfahren durchgeführt werden. Die Risslumineszenz wird zunächst vorgestellt und es wird beschrieben welchen Weg man beschreiten muss, um eine Zuverlässigkeitsbewertung für eine Technik durchzuführen, die nicht nur als ZfP-Verfahren genutzt werden soll, sondern auch für die Dauerüberwachung unter der Einbindung einer KI-basierten automatisierten Risserkennung. Die mit dieser Erweiterung des Einsatzspektrums einhergehenden Faktoren für Messunsicherheit und -variabilität wird als Problematik erkannt und als zukünftige Aufgabe, die es zu lösen gilt, definiert.
T2 - ZfP-Seminar Prof. Große TU München WS22
CY - Online meeting
DA - 15.12.2022
KW - Rissprozes
KW - Structural Health Monitoring
KW - Risslumineszenz
KW - Ermüdungsprüfung
KW - Rissprozess
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56643
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
T1 - Laser-induced periodic surface structures: mechanisms, applications, and unsolved problems
N2 - Laser-induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS, ripples) are a universal phenomenon and can be generated in a contactless, single-step process on almost any type of solid upon irradiation with intense laser pulses. They represent a (quasi-)periodic modulation of the surface topography in the form of a linear grating and are typically formed in a “self-ordered” way in the focus of a laser beam. Thus, they are often accompanying laser material processing applications. The structural sizes of LIPSS typically range from several micrometers down to less than 100 nanometers – far beyond the optical diffraction limit – while their orientations exhibit a clear correlation with the local polarization direction of the laser radiation.
From a theoretical point of view, a controversial debate has emerged during the last decades, whether LIPSS originate from electromagnetic effects (seeded already during the laser irradiation) – or whether they emerge from matter-reorganization processes (distinctly after the laser irradiation). From a practical point of view, however, LIPSS represent a simple and robust way for the nanostructuring of solids that allows creating a wide range of different surface functionalities featuring applications in optics, tribology, medicine, energy technologies, etc.
This presentation reviews the currently existent theories of LIPSS. A focus is laid on the historic development of the fundamental ideas behind the LIPSS, their corresponding mathematical descriptions and numerical implementations, along with a comparison and critical assessment of the different approaches.
Fourth generation light sources, namely short wavelength, short pulse free electron lasers (FELs) are offering new and fascinating possibilities to resolve laser-induced structure formation at surfaces on the sub-micrometer to nanometer length scale and in temporal regimes ranging from picoseconds to several nanoseconds with sub-picosecond resolution. This unique spatio-temporal resolution allows to reveal early signatures of coherent/plasmonic electromagnetic scattering effects followed by the excitation of hydrodynamic capillary waves – providing new insights to the above-mentioned debate.
Finally, some unsolved scientific problems related to LIPSS are identified and the pending technological limitations are discussed. While the currently available laser and scanner technology already allows large area surface processing with rates at the m2/min level, industrial applications of LIPSS are sometimes limited by the complex interplay between the nanoscale surface topography and the specific surface chemistry. This typically manifests in difficulties to control the processing of LIPSS and in limitations to ensure the long-term stability of the created surface functions. Strategies for overcoming such limitations are outlined.
T2 - Institutskolloquium des Leibniz-Instituts für Oberflächenmodifizierung
CY - Leipzig, Germany
DA - 02.02.2023
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Surface functionalization
KW - Industrial applications
KW - Femtosecond laser
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-56949
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Stamm, Michael
A1 - Krankenhagen, Rainer
T1 - EvalTherm - Weather-dependent passive thermography of unheated wind turbine blades
N2 - Evaluation of passive Thermography for the inspection of wind turbine blades. Comparison of passive thermography from the ground with drone-supported images and active thermography. Better understand the influence of weather conditions through field measurements. Development of an inspection planning tool that incorporates weather forecasts. Use FEM simulations to predict thermal contrasts of different damages under different environmental conditions.
T2 - Kolloquium
CY - Saarbrücken, Germany
DA - 28.09.2022
KW - Thermography
KW - Wind turbine rotor blades
KW - FEM
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56913
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Das, P.
A1 - Chakraborty, Gouri
A1 - Roeser, J.
A1 - Vogl, S.
A1 - Rabeah, J.
A1 - Thomas, A.
T1 - Integrating Bifunctionality and Chemical Stability in Covalent Organic Frameworks via One-Pot Multicomponent Reactions for Solar-Driven H2O2 Production
N2 - Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) can be used to introduce different functionalities into highly stable covalent organic frameworks (COFs). In this work, the irreversible three-component Doebner reaction is utilized to synthesize four chemically stable quinoline-4-carboxylic acid DMCR-COFs (DMCR-1−3 and DMCR-1NH) equipped with an acid−base bifunctionality. These DMCR-COFs show superior photocatalytic H2O2 evolution (one of the most important industrial oxidants) compared to the imine COF analogue (Imine-1). This is achieved with sacrificial oxidants but also in pure water and under an oxygen or air atmosphere. Furthermore, the DMCR-COFs show high photostability, durability, and recyclability. MCR-COFs thus provide a viable materials’ platform for solar to chemical energy conversion.
KW - Reactions
KW - Bifunctionality
KW - Postsynthetic modification
KW - Multicomponent
PY - 2022
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.2c11454
SN - 0002-7863
VL - 145
IS - 5
SP - 2975
EP - 2984
PB - ACS Publications
AN - OPUS4-56922
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Lay, Vera
T1 - Innovations in cemented waste handling and pre-disposal storage (WP7 project PREDIS)
N2 - During the webinar "Dismantling and waste management: a playground for innovation" the innovative aspects of the PREDIS work package "innovations in cemented waste handling and pre-disposal storage" are presented. The webinar is jointly organised by Women in Nuclear Decommissioning (WINDI) and Women in Nuclear Innovation (WINI). The shown innovations include quality assurance (mainly NDE) and monitoring technologies with associated sensor systems, digital twin technology, and appropriate data handling including a decision framework. An overview of the on-going research in the field of pre-disposal waste management in the project Predis (WP7) is summarised.
T2 - Webinar "Dismantling and waste management: a great playground for innovation"
CY - Online meeting
DA - 13.10.2022
KW - Predis
KW - Waste management
KW - Concrete
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56926
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Sadowski, A.
A1 - Seidel, M.
A1 - Al-Lawati, H.
A1 - Azizi, E.
A1 - Balscheit, Hagen
A1 - Böhm, M.
A1 - Chen, Lei
A1 - van Dijk, I.
A1 - Doerich-Stavridis, C.
A1 - Kunle Fajuyitan, O.
A1 - Filippidis, A.
A1 - Winther Fischer, A.
A1 - Fischer, C.
A1 - Gerasimidis, S.
A1 - Karampour, H.
A1 - Kathirkamanathan, L.
A1 - Subramanian, S.
A1 - Topkaya, Cem
A1 - Wagner, H. N. R.
A1 - Wang, J.
A1 - Wang, J.
A1 - Kumar Yadav, K.
A1 - Yun, X.
A1 - Zhang, P.
T1 - 8-MW wind turbine tower computational shell buckling benchmark - Part 1: An international ‘round-robin’ exercise
N2 - An assessment of the elastic-plastic buckling limit state for multi-strake wind turbine support towers poses a particular challenge for the modern finite element analyst, who must competently navigate numerous modelling choices related to the tug-of-war between meshing and computational cost, the use of solvers that are robust to highly nonlinear behaviour, the potential for multiple near-simultaneously critical failure locations, the complex issue of imperfection sensitivity and finally the interpretation of the data into a safe and economic design.
This paper reports on an international ‘round-robin’ exercise conducted in 2022 aiming to take stock of the computational shell buckling expertise around the world which attracted 29 submissions. Participants were asked to perform analyses of increasing complexity on a standardised benchmark of an 8-MW multi-strake steel wind turbine support tower segment, from a linear elastic stress analysis to a linear bifurcation analysis to a geometrically and materially nonlinear buckling analysis with imperfections. The results are a showcase of the significant shell buckling expertise now available in both industry and academia.
This paper is the first of a pair. The second paper presents a detailed reference solution to the benchmark, including an illustration of the Eurocode-compliant calibration of two important imperfection forms.
KW - Wind turbine tower
KW - Computational
KW - Shell buckling
KW - Benchmark
PY - 2023
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2023.107124
SN - 1350-6307
VL - 148
SP - 1
EP - 23
PB - Elsevier Science
CY - Oxford
AN - OPUS4-57019
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Container requirements for high-level radioactive waste disposal in rock salt, claystone, and crystalline rock – Outcomes of the research project KoBrA
N2 - Suitable containers for receiving high-level radioactive waste are a key elements of every repository system concerning different host rocks like rock salt, claystone and crystalline rock as being considered in Germany. The disposal container design is decisive regarding boundary conditions for the transport, emplacement techniques, and the operational and long-term safety assessment. The systematic derivation of the requirements to be placed on disposal containers forms the basis for a targeted, comprehensible and transparent development of containers that meet the requirements. The presentation summarizes the outcomes of the research project KoBrA.
T2 - IGD-TP Symposium
CY - Zurich, Switzerland
DA - 20.09.2022
KW - Disposal
KW - Container
KW - Radioactive waste
KW - Safety
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-57021
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Liepold, Philipp
T1 - Anwendung von CNNs zur verbesserten Auswertung von MVT-Tests
N2 - Durch die Anwendung von Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) kann die Auswertung von Modifizierten Varestraint-Transvarestraint-Tests (MVT) erheblich verbessert werden. Im MVT-Test werden Proben während des Schweißvorgangs über einen Zylinder gebogen. Die auf der Oberfläche der Probe sichtbare Rissstruktur gibt über Parameter wie die Gesamtrisslänge Auskunft über die Erstarrungsrissbeständigkeit der verwendeten Kombination aus Grundstoff, Schweißzusatz und Schweißparametern. Jedoch kann eine Auswertung unter dem Mikroskop sehr aufwendig sein und je nach Beobachter unterschiedliche Ergebnisse liefern. Mit Hilfe von CNNs wird die Auswertung der Risse automatisiert was Genauigkeit, Geschwindigkeit und Vergleichbarkeit verbessert.
T2 - BMDK
CY - Magdeburg, Germany
DA - 05.12.2022
KW - CNN
KW - MVT
KW - KI
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56839
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rieck, Arielle
A1 - Schwarz, Irina
T1 - Electrochemical CO2 reduction (CO2RR) coupled to gas fermentation with acetogenic bacteria
N2 - For the realization of a sustainable energy economy, it is of great importance to develop CO2 -neutral methods producing multi-carbon organic chemicals used as feedstock in the chemical industry as well as carbon-neutral fuels. A promising method to alleviate the greenhouse effect and thereby forming value-added chemicals or syngas as an energy carrier, is through the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). In this work, a bioelectrotechnological approach is developed, in which the CO2RR reaction products (CO and H2) are directly fed to bacteria (acetogens), who use them as “reduction equivalents” to further metabolize CO2 to valuable carbon compounds. Therefore, a bio-electrochemical system consisting of a bioreactor coupled to a CO2 electrolysis cell will be established. Currently, scarce catalysts such as Ag and Au are used as for the CO2RR which may hamper the use of decentral CO2 conversion technology for cost reasons.
The technological viability of the bacteria-assisted electrolysis depends on the usage of efficient, biocompatible, and selective electrocatalysts prepared from inexpensive precursors. Porous transition metal and nitrogen co-doped carbons (M-N-Cs) have emerged as precious-metal free electrocatalysts for the direct electrochemical reduction of CO2 into CO and are excellent candidates for scale-up and deployment in technological applications. Furthermore, Co/Ni/Zn functioning as the catalytically active sites will be used, as they are expected to depict non-bactericidal properties in contrast to Cu and Ag catalysts. The non-bactericidal property could e.g., allow for application within the hybrid device (bio-electrochemical system), without the need to separate bacteria and cathode catalyst. The MNCs with the most promising electrocatalytic activity and selectivity will be evaluated in abiotic conditions in the hybrid bio-electrochemical reactor system.
T2 - DFG Summer School Workshop
CY - Hamburg, Germany
DA - 01.09.2022
KW - Katalysator
KW - CO2 Reduktion
KW - Bioelectrochemical CO2 reduction
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56618
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rieck, Arielle
A1 - Schwarz, Irina
T1 - Valorization of CO2 by electrocatalytic reduction coupled to acetogens via multiple electron carriers (Ecat-acetogens)
N2 - For the realization of a sustainable energy economy, it is of great importance to develop CO2 -neutral methods producing multi-carbon organic chemicals used as feedstock in the chemical industry as well as carbon-neutral fuels. A promising method to alleviate the greenhouse effect and thereby forming value-added chemicals or syngas as an energy carrier, is through the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). In this work, a bioelectrotechnological approach is developed, in which the CO2RR reaction products (CO and H2) are directly fed to bacteria (acetogens), who use them as “reduction equivalents” to further metabolize CO2 to valuable carbon compounds. Therefore, a bio-electrochemical system consisting of a bioreactor coupled to a CO2 electrolysis cell will be established. Currently, scarce catalysts such as Ag and Au are used as for the CO2RR which may hamper the use of decentral CO2 conversion technology for cost reasons.
The technological viability of the bacteria-assisted electrolysis depends on the usage of efficient, biocompatible, and selective electrocatalysts prepared from inexpensive precursors. Porous transition metal and nitrogen co-doped carbons (M-N-Cs) have emerged as precious-metal free electrocatalysts for the direct electrochemical reduction of CO2 into CO and are excellent candidates for scale-up and deployment in technological applications. Furthermore, Co/Ni/Zn functioning as the catalytically active sites will be used, as they are expected to depict non-bactericidal properties in contrast to Cu and Ag catalysts. The non-bactericidal property could e.g., allow for application within the hybrid device (bio-electrochemical system), without the need to separate bacteria and cathode catalyst. The MNCs with the most promising electrocatalytic activity and selectivity will be evaluated in abiotic conditions in the hybrid bio-electrochemical reactor system.
T2 - DFG Summer School Workshop
CY - Hamburg, Germany
DA - 01.09.2022
KW - CO2 Reduktion
KW - MNC catalyst
KW - Clostridium ragsdalei
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56619
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Lu, Xin
T1 - Introduction to group 8.6
N2 - A brief introduction of group 8.6 and the research work on the application of fiber sensing.
T2 - DIU Besuch
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 05.05.2023
KW - Structural health monitoring
KW - Distributed fiber sensing
KW - Distributed acoustic sensing
KW - Practical application
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57430
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Schalau, Bernd
T1 - Ausbläser – Berechnung von Ex-Bereichen
N2 - Die Gefährdungen durch die Freisetzung von Gasen und Dämpfen infolge der Ableitung über Ausbläser aus Sicherheitsventilen, Prozess-Berstscheiben, Entlüftungs- und Entspannungsleitungen sind in einer Gefährdungsbeurteilung zu bewerten. Freisetzungen aus Druckanlagen können nach TRBS 2141 beurteilt werden.
In der Fachbereich AKTUELL werden verschiedene Methoden mit ihren benötigten Eingangsdaten und Anwendungsgrenzen zur Beurteilung der Gefahren an Ausbläsern für brennbare Gase vorgestellt, um den Anwendern und Prüfern von solchen Anlagen eine Hilfestellung bei der Bewertung und Beurteilung möglicher Gefahren an den prozessbedingten Stoffauslässen ins Freie zu geben.
KW - Ex-Schutz bei Ausbläsern
PY - 2024
IS - FBRCI-028
SP - 1
EP - 12
PB - DGUV Fachbereich Rohstoffe und chemische Industrie
CY - Deutschland
AN - OPUS4-60961
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schalau, Bernd
T1 - Ermittlung des angemessenen Sicherheitsabstands - Aktueller Stand und Ausblick
N2 - Es wird die historische Entwicklung des Leitfadens KAS-18 dargestellt. Darauf aufbauend werden die aktuellen Entwicklungen diskutiert.
T2 - Meinungs- und Erfahrungsaustausch im Sinne von § 29a BImSchG
CY - Münster, Germany
DA - 05.09.2024
KW - LUP KAS-18
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60962
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Brunner-Schwer, Christian
A1 - Üstündağ, Ömer
A1 - Bakir, Nasim
A1 - Akyel, Fatma
T1 - Auf dem Weg zum einlagigen Schweißen von dickwandigen Bauteilen – Prozesse, Potenziale, Beispiele
N2 - Bislang kommt das Laserstrahlschweißen bzw. Laserhybridschweißen hauptsächlich bei Dickblechen mit einer Wandstärke von bis zu 15 mm zum Einsatz. Für Anwendungen über 20 mm war dieses Verfahren aufgrund einiger Herausforderungen bisher nur bedingt realisierbar. Die von der Ausgründung WeldNova GmbH der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) entwickelte Schweißbadsicherung ermöglicht nun ein einlagiges Schweißen von bis zu 40 mm Wandstärken mit einer Laserleistung von bis zu 20 kW.
T2 - 52. Sondertagung Schweißen im Anlagen und Behälterbau 2024
CY - Munich, Germany
DA - 12.03.2024
KW - Behälterbau
KW - Schweißen
KW - Laserschweißen
PY - 2024
SN - 978-3-96144-256-0
VL - 392
SP - 101
EP - 105
PB - DVS Media
CY - Düsseldorf
AN - OPUS4-60602
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Brunner-Schwer, Christian
A1 - Üstündağ, Ömer
A1 - Bakir, Nasim
A1 - Akyel, Fatma
T1 - Hochleistungslaserhybridschweißen von dickwandigen Stählen – potenzielle Anwendungen in der Windenergieindustrie
N2 - Das Laserstrahl-Lichtbogen-Hybridschweißverfahren kombiniert Laserstrahl- und Lichtbogenschweißverfahren in einem gemeinsamen Schmelzbad. Das Verfahren wurde Ende der 70er Jahre entwickelt, um die Synergieeffekte der Schweißprozesse effektiv zu nutzen. Durch die hohe Strahlungsintensität des Laserstrahls werden hohe Einschweißtiefen erreicht. Es ist möglich, die Anzahl der Schweißlagen zu reduzieren und somit die thermische Belastung des Grundwerkstoffes zu senken, da der Wärmeeintrag verringert wird. Die Überbrückung von Spalten und Kantenversatz kann durch die Zufuhr eines geschmolzenen Zusatzdrahtes durch das MSG-Verfahren erreicht werden. Der Zusatzdraht kann zudem das metallurgische Gefüge positiv beeinflussen. Daher ist das Laser-Hybridschweißverfahren ideal für das einlagige Schweißen von Dickblechen und wird bereits erfolgreich in der Schiffbauindustrie zum Schweißen von Blechen mit einer Dicke von bis zu 15 mm verwendet. Obwohl Hochleistungslaser heutzutage bereits im Multi-Kilowatt-Bereich verfügbar sind, sind sie für den industriellen Einsatz nur auf Stahlbleche mit einer Dicke von max. 15 mm geeignet. Hohe Abkühlgeschwindigkeiten, gravitationsbedingtes Austropfen beim einlagigen Schweißen von Dickblechen, Prozessinstabilitäten bei höheren Laserleistungen und Schweißnahtimperfektionen wie Rissbildung sind einige Faktoren, die den Einsatz von Laser-Hybridschweißtechnologien aktuell begrenzen. Ohne eine Badstütze ist eine Verringerung der Schweißgeschwindigkeit und somit der Abkühlgeschwindigkeit aufgrund unzulässiger Wurzelüberhöhungen oder gravitationsbedingtem Austropfen nicht möglich. Bei herkömmlichen Badstützen ist es allerdings erforderlich, dass sie mechanisch befestigt und die Wurzel entfernt oder nachbearbeitet werden muss. In dieser Arbeit wird als Alternative das innovative Konzept der elektromagnetischen Schweißbadsicherung vorgestellt und die Fähigkeiten dieses Verfahrens erläutert.
T2 - 21. Tagung Schweißen in der maritimen Technik und im Ingenieurbau
CY - Hamburg, Germany
DA - 24.04.2024
KW - Behälterbau
KW - Schweißen
KW - Laserschweißen
PY - 2024
VL - 21
SP - 26
EP - 35
PB - DVS-Bezirksverband Hamburg
CY - Hamburg
AN - OPUS4-60603
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Brunner-Schwer, Christian
T1 - How innovative welding technology can speed up the wind tower manufacturing process eightfold
N2 - In the wind industry, a great deal of welding is required for the manufacture of foundation structures, floating platforms and towers. The poster illustrates how this welding process can be realised much more efficiently with the help of electromagnetic weld pool backing.
T2 - Wind Europe Annual Event 2024
CY - Bilbao, Spain
DA - 20.03.2024
KW - Schweißen
KW - Laserschweißen
KW - Windeneergie
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60604
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Grunewald, Thomas
T1 - Nichtelektrischer Explosionsschutz - Grundlagen und Maßnahmen zum nichtelektrischen Explosionsschutz
N2 - Bei Geräten und Maschinen zur bestimmungsgemäßen Verwendung in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen gemäß 2014/34/EU muss in der europäischen Union eine Zündgefahrenbewertung durchgeführt werden. Dabei müssen unter anderem die Gefahren von nichtelektrischen Zündquellen betrachtet werden, zu denen auch die mechanischen Schlagvorgänge gehören.
Bei mechanischen Schlagvorgängen kommt es infolge des Zusammenstoßes zweier Werkstücke bzw. Bauteile zu einer Umwandlung der kinetischen Energie. Dabei erhöht sich die Temperatur der Werkstoffe an der Kontaktstelle und es kommt unter Umständen zu einem Abtrennvorgang kleiner Partikel erhöhter Temperatur. Sowohl die heißen Kontaktstellen (Zündquelle "heiße Oberflächen") als auch die abgetrennten Partikel (Zündquelle "mechanisch erzeugte Funken") können eine wirksame Zündquelle für ein explosionsfähiges Gasgemisch darstellen.
Zur Festlegung von Grenzwerten wurden in der Norm DIN EN ISO 80079-36:2016 die Gasgemische anhand ihrer Explosionsgruppe klassifiziert und zu jeder Gruppe die maximale Energie des Schlagvorgangs festgelegt, unter derer die Entstehung einer wirksamen Zündquelle als unwahrscheinlich angenommen werden kann.
Weitere Festlegungen von Grenzwerten für die kinetische Schlagenergie und geeignete Werkstoffpaarungen finden sich u.a. in der DIN EN 1755 (ex-geschützte Flurförderzeuge) und in der DIN EN 14986 (ex-geschützte Ventilatoren).
T2 - Ausbildung zum Explosionsschutzbeauftragten im HdT e.V., Veranstalt.-Nr. VA24-00169-E
CY - Essen, Germany
DA - 23.01.2024
KW - Explosionsschutz
KW - Nichtelektrischer Explosionsschutz
KW - Mechanischer Explosionsschutz
KW - Schlagfunken
KW - Schleiffunken
KW - Reibfunken
KW - Mechanische Funken
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60609
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Naster, Maximilian
T1 - Development of a Hydrogen Fire Test Rig for Thermal Testing
N2 - A new hydrogen-based test rig is being developed for a feasibility study on the use of hydrogen as an energy source for thermal testing in accordance with the IAEA SSR-6 guidelines for transport packages containing radioactive materials.
The test rig will be capable of combusting hydrogen for a wide range of different burner geometries, mass flows and if necessary hydrogen blends. As this type of fire test according to the IAEA boundary conditions (SSR-6 & SSG-26) does not yet exist, a large number of preliminary investigations, safety assessments and calculations must be carried out in order to develop a viable concept for hydrogen fires.
T2 - 1st JF BMUV Förderprogramm
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 22.05.2024
KW - IAEA Fire
KW - H2 Fire
KW - IAEA Regulations
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60555
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Grunewald, Thomas
T1 - Explosionsschutz - Grundlagen und Maßnahmen zum nichtelektrischen Explosionsschutz
N2 - Bei Geräten und Maschinen zur bestimmungsgemäßen Verwendung in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen gemäß 2014/34/EU muss in der europäischen Union eine Zündgefahrenbewertung durchgeführt werden. Dabei müssen unter anderem die Gefahren von nichtelektrischen Zündquellen betrachtet werden, zu denen auch die mechanischen Schlagvorgänge gehören.
Bei mechanischen Schlagvorgängen kommt es infolge des Zusammenstoßes zweier Werkstücke bzw. Bauteile zu einer Umwandlung der kinetischen Energie. Dabei erhöht sich die Temperatur der Werkstoffe an der Kontaktstelle und es kommt unter Umständen zu einem Abtrennvorgang kleiner Partikel erhöhter Temperatur. Sowohl die heißen Kontaktstellen (Zündquelle "heiße Oberflächen") als auch die abgetrennten Partikel (Zündquelle "mechanisch erzeugte Funken") können eine wirksame Zündquelle für ein explosionsfähiges Gasgemisch darstellen.
Zur Festlegung von Grenzwerten wurden in der Norm DIN EN ISO 80079-36:2016 die Gasgemische anhand ihrer Explosionsgruppe klassifiziert und zu jeder Gruppe die maximale Energie des Schlagvorgangs festgelegt, unter derer die Entstehung einer wirksamen Zündquelle als unwahrscheinlich angenommen werden kann.
Weitere Festlegungen von Grenzwerten für die kinetische Schlagenergie und geeignete Werkstoffpaarungen finden sich u.a. in der DIN EN 1755 (ex-geschützte Flurförderzeuge) und in der DIN EN 14986 (ex-geschützte Ventilatoren).
T2 - Ausbildung zum Explosionsschutzbeauftragten
CY - Lübeck, Germany
DA - 02.07.2024
KW - Mechanisch erzeugte Funken
KW - Nichtelektrische Funken
KW - Schlagfunken
KW - Schleiffunken
KW - Reibfunken
KW - Nichtelektrischer Explosionsschutz
KW - Mechanischer Explosionsschutz
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60558
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Grunewald, Thomas
T1 - Explosionsschutz - Grundlagen und Maßnahmen zum nichtelektrischen Explosionsschutz
N2 - Bei Geräten und Maschinen zur bestimmungsgemäßen Verwendung in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen gemäß 2014/34/EU muss in der europäischen Union eine Zündgefahrenbewertung durchgeführt werden. Dabei müssen unter anderem die Gefahren von nichtelektrischen Zündquellen betrachtet werden, zu denen auch die mechanischen Schlagvorgänge gehören.
Bei mechanischen Schlagvorgängen kommt es infolge des Zusammenstoßes zweier Werkstücke bzw. Bauteile zu einer Umwandlung der kinetischen Energie. Dabei erhöht sich die Temperatur der Werkstoffe an der Kontaktstelle und es kommt unter Umständen zu einem Abtrennvorgang kleiner Partikel erhöhter Temperatur. Sowohl die heißen Kontaktstellen (Zündquelle "heiße Oberflächen") als auch die abgetrennten Partikel (Zündquelle "mechanisch erzeugte Funken") können eine wirksame Zündquelle für ein explosionsfähiges Gasgemisch darstellen.
Zur Festlegung von Grenzwerten wurden in der Norm DIN EN ISO 80079-36:2016 die Gasgemische anhand ihrer Explosionsgruppe klassifiziert und zu jeder Gruppe die maximale Energie des Schlagvorgangs festgelegt, unter derer die Entstehung einer wirksamen Zündquelle als unwahrscheinlich angenommen werden kann.
Weitere Festlegungen von Grenzwerten für die kinetische Schlagenergie und geeignete Werkstoffpaarungen finden sich u.a. in der DIN EN 1755 (ex-geschützte Flurförderzeuge) und in der DIN EN 14986 (ex-geschützte Ventilatoren).
T2 - Ausbildung zum Explosionsschutzbeauftragten, Veranstalt.-Nr. VA24-00187-050-E
CY - Essen, Germany
DA - 04.06.2024
KW - Mechanisch erzeugte Funken
KW - Nichtelektrische Funken
KW - Schlagfunken
KW - Schleiffunken
KW - Reibfunken
KW - Nichtelektrischer Explosionsschutz
KW - Mechanischer Explosionsschutz
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60531
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Transport nach Zwischenlagerung, Besonderheiten des letzten Transports
N2 - Transportierbarkeit von Transport- und Lagerbehältern für radioaktive Stoffe, welche nach eine längerfristigen trockenen Zwischenlagerung
transportiert werden müssen. Überblick über die aktuellen Regelwerke und Richtlinien sowie die Zeitpläne für das Finden eines Endlagers für hochradioaktive Stoffe und die damit verbundene verlängerte Zwischenlagerung. Des Weiteren werden das für die verlängerte Zwischenlagerung notwendige Alterungsmanagement und die noch erforderlichen Forschungstätigkeiten vorgestellt.
T2 - BGZ Fachworkshop Zwischenlagerung
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 16.11.2021
KW - Transportbehälter
KW - Radioaktive Stoffe
KW - Transport
KW - Zwischenlagerung
KW - IAEA
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-60505
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Verkehrsrechtliche Betrachtungen Transport- und Lagerbehälter - Wo geht die Reise hin?
N2 - Transportierbarkeit von Transport- und Lagerbehältern für radioaktive Stoffe, welche nach eine längerfristigen trockenen Zwischenlagerung
transportiert werden müssen. Überblick über die aktuellen Regelwerke und Richtlinien sowie die Zeitpläne für das Finden eines Endlagers für hochradioaktive Stoffe und die damit verbundene verlängerte Zwischenlagerung. Des Weiteren werden das für die verlängerte Zwischenlagerung notwendige Alterungsmanagement und die noch erforderlichen Forschungstätigkeiten vorgestellt.
T2 - 10. Symposium Lagerung und Transport radioaktiver Stoffe
CY - Hannover, Germany
DA - 05.09.2023
KW - Transportbehälter
KW - Radioaktive Stoffe
KW - Transport
KW - Zwischenlagerung
KW - IAEA
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-60506
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Naster, Maximilian
T1 - Development of a Hydrogen Fire Test Rig for Thermal Testing
N2 - A new hydrogen-based test rig is being developed for a feasibility study on the use of hydrogen as an energy source for thermal testing in accordance with the IAEA SSR-6 guidelines for transport packages containing radioactive materials.
The test rig will be capable of combusting hydrogen for a wide range of different burner geometries, mass flows and if necessary hydrogen blends. As this type of fire test according to the IAEA boundary conditions (SSR-6 & SSG-26) does not yet exist, a large number of preliminary investigations, safety assessments and calculations must be carried out in order to develop a viable concept for hydrogen fires.
T2 - Technical Exchange IRSN – BAM Transport & Storage of Packages for Radioactive Material
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 04.06.2024
KW - IAEA Fire
KW - H2 Fire
KW - IAEA Regulations
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60554
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Chaudhuri, Somsubhro
A1 - Stamm, Michael
T1 - Infrared thermography of turbulence patterns of operational wind turbine rotor blades supported with high-resolution photography: KI-VISIR Dataset
N2 - With increasing wind energy capacity and installation of wind turbines, new inspection techniques are being explored to examine wind turbine rotor blades, especially during operation. A common result of surface damage phenomena (such as leading-edge erosion) is the premature transition of laminar to turbulent flow on the surface of rotor blades. In the KI-VISIR (Künstliche Intelligenz Visuell und Infrarot Thermografie – Artificial Intelligence-Visual and Infrared Thermography) project, infrared thermography is used as an inspection tool to capture so-called thermal turbulence patterns (TTP) that result from such surface contamination or damage. To compliment the thermographic inspections, high-resolution photography is performed to visualise, in detail, the sites where these turbulence patterns initiate. A convolutional neural network (CNN) was developed and used to detect and localise the turbulence patterns. A unique dataset combining the thermograms and visual images of operational wind turbine rotor blades has been provided, along with the simplified annotations for the turbulence patterns. Additional tools are available to allow users to use the data requiring only basic Python programming skills.
KW - Reference Data
KW - Infrared Thermography
KW - Wind energy
KW - Dataset
PY - 2024
DO - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13771899
PB - Zenodo
CY - Geneva
AN - OPUS4-61102
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - RPRT
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
A1 - Aguado, Carlos
A1 - Arkoma, Asko
A1 - Bertsch, Johannes
A1 - Cristóbal Beneyto, Miguel
A1 - Feria Marquez, Francisco
A1 - Herranz, Luis Enrique
A1 - Ivanov, Ivan
A1 - Király, Márton
A1 - Nasyrow, Ramil
A1 - Papaioannou, Dimitrios
A1 - Ruiz-Hervias, Jesus
A1 - Vlassopoulos, Efstathios
T1 - Thermo-mechanical-chemical properties of unirradiated and irradiated samples of spent nuclear fuel rod segments and cladding
N2 - The report addresses the experimental characterisation, thermo-mechanical modelling and performance of unirradiated and irradiated samples of spent nuclear fuel rod segments and cladding. Hydrogen is relocated in nuclear fuel claddings by diffusion along temperature, stress, and concentration gradients, and towards a liner if existent. The precipitation of hydrides during cool-down at the beginning of the storage is influenced by mechanical stress. A strong accumulation of hydrides and a disadvantageous hydride alignment in relation to the stress state can affect the mechanical properties and compromise the fuel cladding integrity. Neutron radiography is used to determine spatially resolved hydrogen and hydride distributions in claddings. A liner in duplex claddings attracts hydrogen, which will then no longer be available to form detrimental hydrides in the bulk part of the cladding. Individual three-point bending and gravitational impact tests on filled pressurised spent nuclear fuel rod segments were conducted in hot-cell facilities. The material behaviour under three-point bending in the presence of hydrides and at different temperatures was systematically investigated in quasi-static laboratory tests on unirradiated rod segments with and without surrogate pellets until rupture. Ring compression tests were carried out on irradiated and unirradiated samples at different temperatures and both with and without radial hydrides. With radial hydrides, brittle failure is possible even at low deformation and simultaneously low temperature. Crack initiation will occur on the radial hydride with the highest fracture mechanics load, which depends on the hydride size in the regions with the highest hoop stresses. Due to the high hydrogen content used in creep tests conducted, precipitation hardening of the hydrides in the zirconium alloy significantly reduces the creep rate, as it strengthens the material and inhibits the dislocation sliding. The use of finite element analyses on mechanical tests to determine the cladding properties using a numerical optimisation method based on a large number of automatically generated sensitivity calculations is demonstrated. The brittle fracture of cladding samples with radial hydrides in the ring compression test can be described with a cohesive zone model if the cohesive parameters are selected appropriately and the hydride morphology is specified. Progress was made in the verification, validation and enhancement of spent fuel performance codes by the compilation of a representative validation database (related to rod internal pressure, fission gas release, rod void volume, and in-clad hydrogen distribution), the enhancement of CIEMAT’s FRAPCON-xt code for rod internal pressure prediction at high burnup, the enhancement of CIEMAT’s in-clad hydrogen performance subroutine HYDCLAD with more phenomenological modelling, the extension of INL’s BISON code with a cladding creep law for dry storage, and a benchmark with FRAPCON-xt and BISON simulating in-reactor and dry storage scenarios.
KW - Spent Nuclear Fuel
KW - Cladding
KW - Experimental Characterisation
KW - Modelling
KW - Fuel Performance Code
PY - 2024
SP - 1
EP - 102
PB - European Joint Programme EURAD
AN - OPUS4-61008
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico
A1 - Hahn, Sarah-K.
A1 - Krause, Ulrich
T1 - BMBF-Vorhaben SEE-2L - Auswirkungen des thermischen Durchgehens von Second-Life-Lithium-Ionen-Batterien auf Modulebene
N2 - Elektrische Energiespeicher können unter bestimmten Bedingungen thermisch Durchgehen. Dies ist mit der Freisetzung von großen Mengen an Wärme sowie toxischen und/oder brennbaren Gasen assoziiert. Um die potenziellen Auswirkungen des thermischen Durchgehens zu quantifizieren, wurden Versuche mit Zellen und Modulen mit einem Energieinhalt von bis zu E = 6,85 kWh durchgeführt. Es wurden verschiedene Kenngrößen, wie z.B. Temperatur, Spannung, Massenabbrand, qualitative Gaszusammensetzung sowie Fragmente, messtechnisch erfasst und ausgewertet. Die Ergebnisse können sowohl für Bemessungen im vorbeugenden baulichen Brandschutz als auch in der Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit verwendet werden. Ebenso können sie in Konzept des abwehrenden Brandschutzes integriert werden.
KW - Auswirkungsbetrachtungen
KW - Elektrische Energiespeicher
KW - Lithium-Ionen-Batterie
KW - Stationäre Energiespeicher
KW - Thermisches Durchgehen
PY - 2024
SN - 1868-6540
VL - 73. Jahrgang
IS - 3
SP - 111
EP - 122
PB - Ebner Media Group GmbH & Co. KG
CY - Ulm
AN - OPUS4-61082
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Charmi, Amir
T1 - Application of deep learning for structural health monitoring of a composite overwrapped pressure vessel undergoing cyclic loading
N2 - Structural health monitoring (SHM) using ultrasonic-guided waves (UGWs) enables continuous monitoring of components with complex geometries and provides extensive information about their structural integrity and their overall condition. Composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPVs) used for storing hydrogen gases at very high pressures are an example of a critical infrastructure that could benefit significantly from SHM. This can be used to increase the periodic inspection intervals, ensure safe operating conditions by early detection of anomalies, and ultimately estimate the remaining lifetime of COPVs. Therefore, in the digital quality infrastructure initiative (QI-Digital) in Germany, an SHM system is being developed for COPVs used in a hydrogen refueling station. In this study, the results of a lifetime fatigue test on a Type IV COPV subjected to many thousands of load cycles under different temperatures and pressures are presented to demonstrate the strengths and challenges associated with such an SHM system. During the cyclic testing up to the final material failure of the COPV, a sensor network of fifteen surface-mounted piezoelectric (PZT) wafers was used to collect the UGW data. However, the pressure variations, the aging process of the COPV, the environmental parameters, and possible damages simultaneously have an impact on the recorded signals. This issue and the lack of labeled data make signal processing and analysis even more demanding. Thus, in this study, semi-supervised, and unsupervised deep learning approaches are utilized to separate the influence of different variables on the UGW data with the final aim of detecting and localizing the damage before critical failure.
T2 - 11th European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring
CY - Potsdam, Germany
DA - 10.06.2024
KW - Anomaly detection
KW - Damage localization
KW - Deep learning
KW - Structural health monitoring
KW - Ultrasonic-guided waves
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60745
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - El Moutaouakil, H.
A1 - Fuchs, C.
A1 - Savli, E.
A1 - Heimann, Jan
A1 - Prager, Jens
A1 - Moll, J.
A1 - Tschöke, K.
A1 - Márquez Reyes, O.
A1 - Schackmann, O.
A1 - Memmolo, V.
A1 - Schneider, T.
T1 - Acquiring a Machine Learning Data Set for Structural Health Monitoring of Hydrogen Pressure Vessels at Operating Conditions using Guided Ultrasonic Waves
N2 - Hydrogen is an energy source of increasing importance. As hydrogen is very reactive to air and needs to be stored under high pressure, it is crucial to provide safe transportation and storage. Therefore, structural health monitoring, based on guided ultrasonic waves and machine learning methods, is used for Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessels (COPVs) containing hydrogen. To acquire data that allows robust detection of COPV defects, there are two main process parameters to consider. These are the pressurization of the vessel and the temperature conditions at the vessel. This paper will focus on the derivation of a design of experiment (DoE) from the needs of various validation scenarios (e.g. concerning pressure, temperature or excitation frequency). Practical limitations must be considered as well. We designed experiments with multiple reversible damages at different positions. A network of 25 transducers, structured as five rings with five sensors in one line, is installed on a vessel. Guided ultrasonic waves are used via the pitch-catch procedure, which means that the transducers act pairwise as transmitter and receiver in order to measure all transmitterreceiver combinations. This leads to 600 signal paths, recorded by a Verasonics Vantage 64 LF data acquisition system. Finally, the influences of temperature and pressure within the acquired data set are going to be visualized.
T2 - 11th European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring
CY - Potsdam, Germany
DA - 10.06.2024
KW - Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessel
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Guided Ultrasonic Waves
KW - Data Acquisition
KW - Pressurization
KW - Machine Learning
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-607472
DO - https://doi.org/10.58286/29754
SN - 1435-4934
SP - 1
EP - 8
AN - OPUS4-60747
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Gleim, Tobias
T1 - Experimental And Numerical Analyses For The Evaluation Of Heat Fluxes Of A Fire Reference Test
N2 - Packages for the transport of high-level radioactive material are designed to endure severe accidents. To obtain approval, these transport packages must adhere to the specification-based criteria of the IAEA SSR-6 [1]. To ensure compliance with these requirements, specific mechanical and thermal tests need to be appointed with respect to the package type. Typically, IAEA SSR-6 [1] prescribes mechanical tests followed by a thermal fire test as part of a cumulative test sequence. To approve the fire test, BAM uses a reference package representing the original package in its outer geometry for characterizing the actual fire and its impact on the package. This serves a dual purpose: it allows the precise adjustment of experimental parameters for the package design to be approved, and it provides input parameters for thermomechanical simulations, cf. [2]. With the help of this methodology for characterizing boundary conditions of the package, temperature evolutions within the reference package can be studied in a Finite-Element Analyses (FEA). This helps to compare the experiments with the numerical simulations on the case of the reference package, but also serves at the same time for preliminary simulations with the package design to be approved.
The thermal test consists of a 30-minute fully engulfing 800°C pool fire or an equally severe fire, e.g. a propane gas fire. The fire reference test is performed prior to the regulatory fire test with the package design to be approved. The fire reference package in the described case is a closed sheet 316L steel cylinder with a wall thickness of 10 mm, a length of 182 mm, and a diameter of 102 mm. The package was instrumented with thermocouples and filled with heat resistant insulating material.
T2 - ASME PVP 2024
CY - Bellevue, WA, USA
DA - 28.07.2024
KW - Experimental
KW - Numerical
KW - Heat Flux
KW - Reference Test
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60847
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Gleim, Tobias
T1 - Safety Aspects for Transport Containers with regard to Ageing and Battery Accident Scenarios
N2 - In Germany, the search for a final repository for highly radioactive material is currently based on the assumption that interim storage will take considerably longer than was anticipated. At that time, authorization procedures assumed that interim storage would be brief, until the containment systems could be placed in a final repository. For today's new approvals and extensions, the IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) regulations for the transport of radioactive material require an assessment of all components and component groups with regard to ageing. To assess the safety requirements not only over the previously envisaged periods but also over long durations, numerous individual parts and component groups must be examined and evaluated for ageing and interactions between materials. The metal seals of a double lid sealing system, for example, are critical components that must be studied with respect to ageing. In a containment system for radioactive material, metal seals must not only undergo classic ageing, but also withstand mechanical influences and radiation over extended periods. In addition to assessments by the applicants, BAM must also independently analyze and evaluate these ageing mechanisms as part of its sovereign mandate.
Another challenge in both new approvals and extensions is the assessment of transport regarding changes in the state of the art, which are not synchronously assessed in the regulations. In transporting radioactive material, a classic oil fire has been assumed in a hypothetical accident scenario from the development of the regulations to the present day. Due to the rapid development of propulsion technologies in recent years, such as battery or hydrogen-powered vehicles, investigations must be conducted in the revision process of the IAEA regulations to assess the impact of these new technologies on safety assessments. It is important for the member states of the IAEA to know whether new technologies are covered by the regulations or if changes are necessary to continue issuing international licenses. By focusing on batteries from the material to the cell to the module and the application, BAM contributes to the evaluation of batteries at every step of the chain. In addition to the safety of current and new battery technologies, BAM also endeavors to address issues of compositional trace and sustainable energy materials.
T2 - MSD: Leaf
CY - Livermore, CA , USA
DA - 07.08.2024
KW - Safety Aspects
KW - Ageing
KW - Accident Scenarios
KW - Battery
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60851
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Naster, Maximilian
T1 - Experimental and Numerical Analyses for the Evaluation of Hydrogen as an Energy Source for Thermal Testing of Transport Packages of Radioactive Material
N2 - In this paper we present a new hydrogen-based test rig for an ongoing feasibility study of using hydrogen as an energy source for the thermal testing of transport packages containing radioactive materials. The test rig will be capable of combusting hydrogen for a wide range of different burner geometries, mass flows and if necessary hydrogen blends. As this type of fire test according to the IAEA boundary conditions does not yet exist, a large number of preliminary investigations, safety assessments and calculations must be carried out in order to develop a viable concept for hydrogen fires. In the first step of the feasibility study, the temperature, structure, and radiation of various hydrogen flames are surveyed. In future works, the results will make it possible to design burner frames that are suitable for fire reference tests in order to make comparisons with pool and propane fires used in assessment procedures today. In parallel comparative numerical simulations are conducted to model the thermal behaviour of hydrogen flames using the software package Ansys®. On the one hand, the numerical simulations support the experiments by providing an overview of numerous parameters and the measuring range; on the other hand, they will help with the design of the burner frame in future work. This paper gives an overview in the design and capabilities of the test rig. Furthermore, the results of the parameter studies show that burner geometry and mass flow provide a significant design margin for the thermal shape of the hydrogen flames. In addition, the results of the initial numerical calculations will be used to determine the necessary sensors, the positions, and their operating range. Only the optimal interaction allows a controlled system that permits user-defined hydrogen fires.
T2 - PVP2024, Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference
CY - Bellevue, Washington, USA
DA - 29.07.2024
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Fire
KW - IAEA Regulations
KW - CFD
KW - Burner
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60855
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - RPRT
A1 - Vlassopoulos, Efstathios
A1 - Dagan, Ron
A1 - Fiorito, Luca
A1 - Herm, Michel
A1 - Jansson, Peter
A1 - Kromar, Marjan
A1 - Király, Márton
A1 - Leppanen, Jaakko
A1 - Feria Marquez, Francisco
A1 - Metz, Volker
A1 - Papaioannou, Dimitrios
A1 - Herranz, Luis Enrique
A1 - Rochman, Dimitri
A1 - Schillebeeckx, Peter
A1 - Seidl, Marcus
A1 - Hernandez Solis, Augusto
A1 - Stankovskiy, Alexey
A1 - Alvarez Velarde, Francisco
A1 - Verwerft, Marc
A1 - Rodriguez Villagra, Nieves
A1 - Wiss, Thierry
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
A1 - Žerovnik, Gasper
T1 - EURAD Work Package 8 Deliverable 8.2 Updated State-of-the-Art Report
N2 - The state-of-the-art (SOTA) report offers an overview of the status of knowledge in the area of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) characterisation and assessment during the pre-disposal phase using several numerical and experimental approaches and methodologies. A review on characterisation of SNF properties in terms of source term and inventory assessment (neutron, gamma-ray emission, decay heat, radionuclide inventory, and elemental content) and in terms of out-of-core fuel performance (cladding performance and fuel integrity in view of the safety criteria for SNF interim storage, transport and canister packaging) is presented. This updated SOTA report provides the progress made in the spent fuel characterisation (SFC) work package as part of the European Joint Programme on Radioactive Waste Management (EURAD), documents the identified technical gaps, and provides recommendations for future work. The report is expected to be used by all EURAD colleagues in their national programmes as a key resource for knowledge management programmes and to contribute to demonstrating and documenting the state-of-the-art.
KW - Radioactive waste management
KW - Spent fuel characterisation
KW - Extended interim storage
KW - Predisposal
PY - 2024
UR - https://www.ejp-eurad.eu/publications/d82-updated-state-art-report
SP - 1
EP - 182
AN - OPUS4-61218
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Grunewald, Thomas
T1 - Entzündung von wasserstoffhaltigen Atmosphären durch mechanisch erzeugte Funken
N2 - In einer Forschungskooperation zwischen BG-RCI und der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) wurde im Rahmen des Forschungsvorhabens „HySpark“ untersucht, wie sich die Zündwahrscheinlichkeit von verschiedenen, metallischen Werkstoffpaarungen in unterschiedlichen Methan-Wasserstoff-Gemischen verhält. Es bestehen signifikante Unterschiede in der Zündwahrscheinlichkeit durch mechanisch erzeugte Schlagvorgänge zwischen den ver¬schiedenen Metallen bzw. Stählen und insbesondere zwischen den einzelnen Brenngas/Luft-Gemischen.
Mechanisch erzeugte Schlagfunken stellen in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen eine potentielle Zündquelle dar, oft in Verbindung mit der Zündquelle „heiße Oberflächen“. Eine Vielzahl von mechanischen und reaktionskinetischen Einflüssen verursacht dabei eine komplexe Interaktion von Parametern, von deren Auswirkung auf die Zündwahrscheinlichkeit bislang wenig bekannt ist. Die statistisch erfassten Eigenschaften von Schlagfunken in verschiedenen Untersuchung der BAM lassen auf stochastische Prozesse schließen, bei denen die Anzahl der durch einen Schlagprozess abgetrennten Partikel und deren Oxidationsverhalten sowie die Höhe der kinetischen Schlagenergie entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Zündwahrscheinlichkeit hat /L4/; /L5/.
Werkzeuge sind keine Geräte oder Schutzsysteme im Sinne der Richtlinie 2014/34/EU /L1/. Deshalb ist es nicht möglich, Werkzeuge in Übereinstimmung mit dieser Richtlinie zu zertifizieren. Trotzdem müssen die Materialien für solche Werkzeuge bestimmte Mindestanforderungen gemäß TRGS 723 /L2/ erfüllen. Die TRGS 723 Abschnitt 5.15 fordert den Nachweis der Funkenfreiheit der verwendeten Werkstoffpaarung bei Verwendung in explosionsgefährdeten Berei¬chen. Der Nachweis der Erfül¬lung dieser Anforderungen ist durch Zertifizierungen im sogenannten „gesetzlich nicht geregelten“ Bereich möglich. Die BAM bietet diese Zertifizierung im Rahmen ihres Zertifizierungsprogrammes 2.8 „Funkenarme Werkzeuge“ an /L3/.
Bei der Gefährdungsbeurteilung für den Gebrauch von Werkzeugen im explosionsgefährdeten Bereich müssen mechanisch erzeugte Funken oder heiße Reibflächen, die bei mechanischen Schlagvorgängen durch den Einsatz von Werkzeugen oder Geräten bzw. Maschinen entstehen können, müssen als Zündquelle gesondert betrachtet werden. Üblicherweise wird die Mindestzündenergie bzw. die Explosionsgruppe auch für die Beurteilung der Zündwirksamkeit von mechanischen Schlägen für Brenngase herangezogen [6]. Während Schlagvorgänge als Zündquelle für explosionsfähige Atmosphären der Explosionsgruppe IIA in vielen Fällen weniger relevant sind, werden sie besonders bei Vorhandensein einer explosionsfähigen Atmosphäre der Explosionsgruppe IIC als sehr wirksame Zündquelle angesehen, die berücksichtigt werden muss. Entsprechend wird in der TRGS 723 [6] sowie der DIN EN ISO 80079-36 [21] als Schutzmaßnahme z.B. die Verwendung von funkenarmen Werkzeugen aus nicht gehärtetem schwer oxidierbarem Nicht-Eisen-Metall genannt, wobei die mögliche kinetische Schlagenergie unter 60 J bleiben und die Funkenfreiheit für die jeweils vorliegende mögliche Werkstoffpaarung (Werkstück, Stützen, Boden usw.) nachgewiesen sein muss.
Manche Hersteller von Werkzeugen, die für den Einsatz in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen vorgesehen sind, nennen ihre Werkzeuge „funkenfrei“. Die Bezeichnung wird missverständlicher Weise abgeleitet aus dem englischen „non sparking tools“. Die Bezeichnung funkenarme Werkzeuge, „low sparking tools“, trifft eher zu, denn es gibt tatsächlich keine funkenfreien, metallischen Werkzeuge. Denn es ist immer eine Frage mit welcher kinetischen Energie und gegen welchen weiteren potentiellen Schlagpartner/Werkstoff die funkenarmen Werkzeuge geschlagen werden.
Üblicherweise werden Werkzeuge für den industriellen Einsatz aus hochlegierten Chromstählen hergestellt. Mit steigender kinetischer Schlagenergie und sinken¬der Zündenergie der Brenngas-Luft-Atmosphäre im explosionsgefährdeten Be¬reich, steigt die Zündwahrscheinlichkeit im Falle von Schlag- oder Reibbeanspru¬chung deutlich.
Funkenarme Werkzeuge für den Einsatz in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen wer¬den überwiegend aus speziellen Nichteisen-Metalllegierungen (NE-Metall) her¬stellt. Die beiden großen Werkstoffsorten zur Herstellung von funkenarmen Werkzeugen sind Aluminium-Bronze und Kupfer-Aluminium. Für diese beiden Werkstoffe und deren mögliche Schlagpartner gibt es bisher nur wenige umfassenden Untersuchungen mit Aussagen zur Zündwahrscheinlichkeit.
T2 - 18. Essener Explosionsschutztage, Haus der Technik e.V. (HdT), Außeninstitut der RWTH Aachen, Veranst.-Nr. VA24-00428-050-E
CY - Essen, Germany
DA - 24.09.2024
KW - Mechanisch erzeugte Funken
KW - Schlagfunken
KW - Schleiffunken
KW - Reibfunken
KW - Nichtelektrische Funken
KW - Mechanischer Explosionsschutz
KW - Nichtelektrischer Explosionsschutz
KW - Funkenarme Werkzeuge
KW - Funkenfreie Werkzeuge
KW - Ex-Werkzeuge
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61120
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eichner, Lukas
T1 - LUKAS’ JACKET: A test structure for model and monitoring based lifetime management of offshore jacket support structures
N2 - The goal of the experiments is to demonstrate that systems like three-dimensional jackets possess redundancies that, despite the reduced fatigue life of individual components, enable reliable operation if an appropriate maintenance concept is in place. In practice, individual potentially faulty components in the structure have been handled conservatively so far. To move away from this approach, methods and strategies in the field of life cycle management that enable economically optimal and reliable operation must be transferred from scientific research to practice. Experiments are the preferred method to establish the proof of concept.
To realistically simulate the operational lifetime of a jacket structure through an experiment, cyclic loads must be applied to the structure to replicate typical fatigue processes. To ensure that the test structure is not a "disposable product" and can undergo multiple test cycles, the experimental concept includes system-level and component-level tests. The latter are conducted on removable joints. These elements at the nodes of the structure have been manufactured in multiple variations, both to potentially contain mentioned flaws and to undergo more load cycles individually than the main structure. Once the removable joint is sufficiently pre-damaged and thus the reduced remaining fatigue life is established, the element is inserted into the overall structure. The defined maintenance strategy is then implemented on the entire system. This strategy consists of structural health monitoring (SHM), inspections, and repairs. At defined intervals, cyclic loading is interrupted to apply dynamic loads. Using the installed monitoring system and coupled operational modal analysis (OMA), the modal parameters of the structure are determined, which can help identify potential system damage. Optimal sensor placement (OSP) can be determined based on a maximum value of information (VoI) across the entire pre-posterior predicted service life. For detailed investigations at the hotspots, inspections are conducted using non-destructive methods, among others. Overall global and local information about the structure's condition is gathered these methods, which are then incorporated into models describing the structure through Bayesian updating. This allows for initial system identification based on different system responses and later updating of the predicted parameters of analytical and numerical models. Utilizing the updated models, decisions regarding maintenance actions, such as further inspections or repairs, are made, which are subject to uncertainties. The probabilistic models enable a reliability- and risk-based maintenance strategy, where, for example, maximum failure rates can act as triggers for maintenance actions. These decisions are relevant for the planned duration of the simulated operational lifetime, as well as for potential lifetime extensions, which are currently of significant importance in practice. Optimizing the maintenance strategy for the operational lifetime of the structures with these methods will lead to a higher utility of the offshore wind farm.
The work associated with the test structure encompasses a variety of topics (including fatigue, damage detection and identification, reliability, Bayesian updating, system identification, SHM, maintenance planning, decisions under uncertainties), which are integrated through corresponding models and methods. All these models have been and are being applied in the numerical accompaniment of the experiments. By applying them to a structure that includes the relevant locations and aspects of real-world structures, both well-functioning and suboptimal parts of the established framework will be revealed.
T2 - 20th EAWE PhD Seminar on Wind Energy
CY - Visby, Sweden
DA - 23.09.2024
KW - Offshore Jacket Support Structure
KW - Test Structure
KW - Fatigue
KW - Lifetime Management
KW - Structural Health Monitoring
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61146
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kolmangadi, Paulina
T1 - Molecular dynamics of nanophase-separated Janus polynorbornenes by neutron scattering, dielectric spectroscopy, and fast scanning calorimetry
N2 - The structure and molecular dynamics of a homologous series of Janus polytricyclononenes (PTCN) with rigid backbones and flexible n-alkyl (n = propyl, butyl, hexyl, octyl) side groups were studied. These polymers are novel, innovative materials that show potential in separating hydrocarbons. Janus PTCNs were designed to show an enhanced and controllable gas permeability via flexible alkyl side chains that promote mass transport, as opposed to conventional microporous polymers, where permeability is a function of the free-volume entities.
The materials, studied by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), show nanophase separation between the n-alkyl side chains and the backbones. The size of the nanodomains increases with the length of the n-alkyl side groups. In addition, for the alkyl chain-rich nanodomains a distinct α-relaxation (dynamic glass transition) was found by means of broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) and temperature modulated DSC (TMDSC). The glass transition of the backbone-rich domains, which is beyond or near to the degradation of the materials, was evidenced by fast scanning calorimetry (FSC) by decoupling it from decomposition by employing high heating rates up to 104 K/s.
Janus PTCNs were studied by quasielastic neutron scattering employing the backscattering instrument IN16B. For an overview of dynamic processes setting in at different temperatures inelastic (IFWS) and elastic fixed window scans (EFWS) were conducted. IFWS showed that the segmental motions of alkyl-rich nanodomains shift to higher temperatures with increasing alkyl chain length, which agrees with SAXS and BDS findings. For the lowest side chain lengths an additional low temperature relaxation process was found, assigned to methyl group rotations.
T2 - QENS / WINS 2022
CY - San Sebastian, Spain
DA - 23.05.2022
KW - Gas separation
KW - Membranes
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55898
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Szymoniak, Paulina
T1 - Molecular Dynamics of nNanophase-Separated Janus Polynorbornenes for gas separation
N2 - Janus polytricyclononenes (PTCN) with rigid backbones and flexible n-alkyl (n = propyl, butyl, hexyl, octyl, decyl) are novel, innovative materials that show potential in separating hydrocarbons. These superglassy polymers were designed to show an enhanced and controllable gas permeability via flexible alkyl side chains that promote mass transport, as opposed to conventional microporous polymers, where permeability is a function of the free-volume entities.
PTCNs, investigated by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), show nanophase separation between the n-alkyl side chains and the backbones. The size of the nanodomains increases with the length of the n-alkyl side groups. In addition, for the alkyl chain-rich nanodomains a distinct α-relaxation was found by means of broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) and temperature modulated DSC (TMDSC). The glass transition of the backbone-rich domains, which is beyond or near to the degradation of the materials, was evidenced by fast scanning calorimetry (FSC) by decoupling it from decomposition, employing high heating rates up to 104 K/s.
Further, Janus PTCNs were studied by quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) employing the backscattering IN16B (ILL, Grenoble) and time of flight FOCUS (PSI, Villigen) instruments. For an overview of dynamic processes setting in at different temperatures inelastic (IFWS) and elastic fixed window scans (EFWS) were conducted. IFWS showed that the segmental motions of alkyl-rich nanodomains shift to higher temperatures with increasing alkyl chain length, which agrees with SAXS and BDS findings. For the lowest side chain lengths an additional low temperature relaxation process was found, assigned to methyl group rotations.
T2 - IDS 2022
CY - San Sebastian, Spain
DA - 03.09.2022
KW - Gas separation
KW - Membranes
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55899
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
T1 - EURAD WP 8 Task 3 Overview: Behaviour of nuclear fuel and cladding after discharge
N2 - Task 3 of Work package 8 (Spent Fuel Characterization) of the European Joint Programme on Radioactive Waste Management (EURAD) investigates the behaviour of nuclear fuel and cladding after discharge. The aim of the work is to understand and describe the behaviour of spent nuclear fuel (SNF), irradiated cladding, fuel/cladding chemical interaction (FCCI) and ageing under conditions of extended interim storage, transportation and emplacement in a final disposal system. BAM contributes to the project as partner and leads Task 3. The presentation gives an overview of the project status, main achievements in experimental work and modelling studies, deviations from the plan, delays and challenges ahead.
T2 - EURAD Work Package 8 (SFC) Annual Meeting
CY - Kalmar, Sweden
DA - 19.09.2022
KW - Nuclear fuel
KW - Cladding
KW - Discharge
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56120
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
T1 - EURAD WP 8 (SFC) Task 3 - Update: Behaviour of nuclear fuel and cladding after discharge
N2 - The European Joint Programme on Radioactive Waste Management (EURAD) is working on Spent Fuel Characterization (SFC) in its work package (WP) 8. Inspired by the EURAD activities, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) established an international Coordinated Research Project (CRP) on SFC. The EURAD WP SFC participants are collaborating as a team on the IAEA CRP on SFC. The EURAD WP SFC project consists of four tasks. Task 3 investigates the behaviour of nuclear fuel and cladding after discharge. The aim of these activities is to understand and describe the evolution of the cladding-pellet system and its ageing under conditions of extended interim storage, transportation and emplacement in a final disposal system. At the Second Research Coordination Meeting on Spent Fuel Characterization, BAM as leader of Task 3 reported on the status of the research work.
T2 - IAEA 2nd Research Coordination Meeting of the Coordinated Research Project on Spent Fuel Characterization
CY - Kalmar, Sweden
DA - 20.09.2022
KW - Nuclear fuel
KW - Cladding
KW - Discharge
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56121
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rolle, Annette
A1 - Wille, Frank
ED - Czarwinski, R.
T1 - Radioaktive Stoffe in besonderer Form-wichtige Aspekte im Zulassungsverfahren
N2 - Für die Beförderung von umschlossenen radioaktiven Stoffen (Strahler) können Transporterleichterungen gelten, wenn das Strahlerdesign nachweislich unfallsicher ausgelegt ist und eine Zulassung als radioaktiver Stoff in besonderer Form vorliegt. Die in Deutschland zuständige Behörde für die Prüfung und Zulassung radioaktiver Stoffe in besonderer Form ist die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM).
Eine oft langfristige Nutzung der Strahler kann eine alterungsbedingte Schwächung der Umschließung des radioaktiven Stoffes zur Folge haben. Jeder Strahler einer zugelassenen Bauart muss jedoch im Beförderungsfall zu jeder Zeit, auch nach längerer Nutzung, den vorgeschriebenen Prüfanforderungen genügen. Die Alterungsbewertung auf der Grundlage einer vom Antragsteller zu spezifizierenden Nutzungsdauer des radioaktiven Stoffes in besonderer Form ist seit langer Zeit Bestandteil des Zulassungsverfahrens in Deutschland. Ein von Deutschland eingebrachter Vorschlag im Rahmen der anstehenden Revision der IAEA Empfehlungen für die sichere Beförderung von radioaktiven Stoffen (SSR-6) soll die Lesbarkeit des Regelwerkes bezüglich der Alterungsbewertung verbessern, Klarheit über die damit verbundenen Anforderungen erzeugen und damit zu einer Harmonisierung der Zulassungsverfahren auf internationaler Ebene beitragen. In diesem Beitrag sollen wichtige Einflussfaktoren auf das Alterungsverhalten von radioaktiven Stoffen in besonderer Form aufgezeigt und die Notwendigkeit für die Spezifikation einer Nutzungsdauer als Grundlage für die Alterungsbewertung begründet werden. Der deutsche Vorschlag für die Revision des IAEA Regelwerks zum sicheren Transport radioaktiver Stoffe (SSR-6) wird vorgestellt und erläutert.
T2 - Jahrestagung des FS 2022
CY - Konstanz, Germany
DA - 26.09.2022
KW - Strahlenschutz
KW - Radioaktive Stoffe
KW - Beförderung
KW - Zulassung
PY - 2022
SN - 1013-4506
SP - 15
EP - 20
PB - Fachverband für Strahlenschutz e.V.
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-56134
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rolle, Annette
T1 - Radioaktive Stoffe in besonderer Form - wichtige Aspekte im Zulassungsverfahren
N2 - Für die Beförderung von umschlossenen radioaktiven Stoffen (Strahler) können Transporterleichterungen gelten, wenn das Strahlerdesign nachweislich unfallsicher ausgelegt ist und eine Zulassung als radioaktiver Stoff in besonderer Form vorliegt. Die in Deutschland zuständige Behörde für die Prüfung und Zulassung radioaktiver Stoffe in besonderer Form ist die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM).
Eine oft langfristige Nutzung der Strahler kann eine alterungsbedingte Schwächung der Umschließung des radioaktiven Stoffes zur Folge haben. Jeder Strahler einer zugelassenen Bauart muss jedoch im Beförderungsfall zu jeder Zeit, auch nach längerer Nutzung, den vorgeschriebenen Prüfanforderungen genügen. Die Alterungsbewertung auf der Grundlage einer vom Antragsteller zu spezifizierenden Nutzungsdauer des radioaktiven Stoffes in besonderer Form ist seit langer Zeit Bestandteil des Zulassungsverfahrens in Deutschland. Ein von Deutschland eingebrachter Vorschlag im Rahmen der anstehenden Revision der IAEA Empfehlungen für die sichere Beförderung von radioaktiven Stoffen (SSR-6) soll die Lesbarkeit des Regelwerkes bezüglich der Alterungsbewertung verbessern, Klarheit über die damit verbundenen Anforderungen erzeugen und damit zu einer Harmonisierung der Zulassungsverfahren auf internationaler Ebene beitragen. In diesem Beitrag sollen wichtige Einflussfaktoren auf das Alterungsverhalten von radioaktiven Stoffen in besonderer Form aufgezeigt und die Notwendigkeit für die Spezifikation einer Nutzungsdauer als Grundlage für die Alterungsbewertung begründet werden. Der deutsche Vorschlag für die Revision des IAEA Regelwerks zum sicheren Transport radioaktiver Stoffe (SSR-6) wird vorgestellt und erläutert.
T2 - Jahrestagung des FS 2022
CY - Konstanz, Germany
DA - 26.09.2022
KW - Strahlenschutz
KW - Radioaktive Stoffe
KW - Beförderung
KW - Alterung
KW - Zulassung
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56137
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rolle, Annette
T1 - Safety assessment of aged metal seals
N2 - With our experiments we want to simulate a load situation which can result from a cask vertical drop test. The lid can lift a little for a very short moment and that can perhaps result in a little movement of the seal, a little rotation or a little lateral movement, so that the contact section can change. The aim of the project is to learn more about the sealing efficiency after the seal is compressed again. What we know from former component tests with non-aged seals is, that the leakage rate measured after one or more decompression /compression cycles with seal movement becomes significant higher. And this result is considered for specification of design leakage rates for release calculation in safety cases.
In the recent years we all have learned more about the significant influence of temperature and time on seal behavior and so the plan was to do similar experiments with aged seals, just to get an idea about seal behavior and achievable leakage rates.
What we did in detail is:
We compressed Helicoflex-seals of both design types, with Aluminum and Silver outer jackets, in testflanges and aged them in an oven at a temperature of 125°C for 3 months to produce seal properties comparable with properties after several years use at more typical operating temperatures between 90 and 100°C.
After this ageing procedure we opened the flanges completely, moved the seal a little to vary the contact area and compressed the flanges again. What we measured during all compression and decompression cycles was the load, the deformation and -as long as possible- the leakage rates.
T2 - Workshop IRSN/BAM
CY - Cadarache, France
DA - 12.10.2022
KW - Transport
KW - Radioactive
KW - Seal behavior
KW - Ageing
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56141
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hahn, S.-K.
A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico
A1 - Bernardy, Christopher
T1 - Forschung zur Sicherheit stationärer Energiespeicher - Zwischenspeicher als wichtiger Beitrag für eine erfolgreiche Energiewende
N2 - Der Artikel stellt das BMBF-Vorhaben SEE-2L dar. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf dem Beitrag des Vorhabens für die Sicherheit von stationären Energiespeichern. Darüber hinaus wird aufgezeigt, welche Versuche bisher durchgeführt wurden und mit welchen Ergebnissen bis Projektende zu rechnen ist.
KW - Stationäre Energiespeicher
KW - Elektrische Energiespeicher
KW - Auswirkungsbetrachtungen
KW - Batterie
KW - Thermal runaways
PY - 2022
UR - https://www.behoerden-spiegel.de/e-mobility-magazin-2022/
SN - 1437-8337
VL - 2022
IS - Sonderheft E-Mobility Magazin 2022
SP - 23
EP - 24
PB - ProPress
CY - Bonn
AN - OPUS4-56401
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
T1 - PREDIS The pre-disposal management of radioactive waste
N2 - This presentation summarizes the opbjectives and the progress of the EURATOM project PREDIS (pre-disposal management of radioactive waste) and its workpackage 7 in particular. Focus is on the development of wireless sensors for monitoring radioactive waste packages, measuring radiation, temperature, pressure and humidity.
T2 - DigiDecom 2022
CY - Halden, Norway
DA - 18.10.2022
KW - Radioactive waste
KW - Monitoring
KW - Wireless
KW - RFID
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56321
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
T1 - Surface nanotexturing by ultrashort laser pulses
N2 - The presentation reviews the BAM activities in the field of surface processing by ultrashort laser pulses. A focus is laid on the generation of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) which allow various surface functionalizations for applications in optics, tribology, liquid management, and medicine.
T2 - Photonics Days Berlin Brandenburg 2022
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 05.10.2022
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Femtosecond laser
KW - Surface functionalization
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55921
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico
T1 - Projekttreffen BMBF-Vorhaben SEE-2L, Teilvorhaben BAM: Aufbau eines Großversuchsstandes
N2 - Der Vortrag stellt den aktuellen Bearbeitungsstand des Teilvorhabens an der BAM dar. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf der ersten Versuchsserie mit Batteriezellen und -modulen bis zu 6.8 kWh. Aus diesen Versuche werden die wesentlichen Ergebnisse gezeigt, insbesondere die Teperatur-, Spannungs, Gas- und Gewichtsmessung beim thermischen Durchgehen.
T2 - Projekttreffen zum BMBF-Vorhaben SEE-2L (Sicherheit elektrochemischer Energiespeicher in Second Life Anwendungen)
CY - BAM TTS, Baruth/Mark - Horstwalde, Germany
DA - 08.11.2022
KW - Stationäre Energiespeicher
KW - Elektrische Energiespeicher
KW - Auswirkungsbetrachtungen
KW - EES
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56212
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - RPRT
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
A1 - Simbruner, Kai
A1 - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Entwicklung eines bruchmechanischen Berechnungsansatzes zur Beschreibung des Festigkeitsverhaltens von Brennstabhüllrohren bei längerfristiger Zwischenlagerung (BRUZL)
N2 - Es werden Methoden zur sicherheitstechnischen Bewertung des mechanischen Verhaltens von Brennstabhüllrohren entwickelt, um sprödes Versagen in Belastungsszenarien nach längerfristiger trockener Zwischenlagerung zu verhindern. Unbestrahlte Brennstabhüllrohrsegmente aus der Zirkoniumlegierung ZIRLO® wurden hydriert und thermomechanischen Behandlungen unterzogen, um Hüllrohrmaterial durch Ausscheidung radialer Hydride zu verspröden. Die Proben mit radialen Hydriden wurden im Ring Compression Test (RCT) bei Raumtemperatur untersucht. Bereits bei kleinen Probenverformungen wurden abrupte Kraftabfälle mit instabiler Rissausbreitung durch das Netzwerk radialer Hydride beobachtet. Die Risslängen erreichten in einigen Fällen bis zu 90 % der Wanddicke. Der mikromechanische Versagensmechanismus ist Quasi-Spaltbruch in den Hydriden und Porenbildung, -wachstum und -vereinigung in der Zirkoniummatrix an den duktilen Brücken zwischen benachbarten Hydriden. Es wurde ein Finite-Elemente-Modell des Ring Compression Tests erstellt, um das Versagensverhalten zirkoniumbasierter Legierungen mit radialen Hydriden im RCT zu analysieren. Die Fließkurve für das elastisch-plastische Materialmodell des Matrixmaterials wurde durch eine inverse Finite-Elemente-Analyse ermittelt. Kohäsivzonenmodelle wurden benutzt, um die plötzlichen Kraftabfälle zu reproduzieren. Es wurde ein mikromechanisches Modell mit statistisch generierten Matrix-Hydrid-Verteilungen entwickelt, das zwischen sprödem Versagen entlang der Hydride und duktilem Versagen der Zirkoniummatrix in der Kohäsivzone unterscheidet. Für das jeweilige Materialverhalten wird ein lokales zweiparametriges Versagenskriterium auf Grundlage der Kohäsionsfestigkeit und der Separationsenergie bei einer festgelegten Form des Kohäsivgesetzes vorgeschlagen. Geeignete Kohäsivparameter lassen sich mit einer inversen Finite-Elemente-Analyse des Versagensverhaltens von hydrierten Proben im Ring Compression Test bestimmen. In den Simulationen lag der Schwerpunkt auf dem ersten Kraftabfall. Die Berechnungsergebnisse stimmen gut mit den RCT-Ergebnissen überein. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Rissinitiierung und -ausbreitung stark von der speziellen Anordnung der radialen Hydride und Matrixbrücken in der Bruchzone abhängt. Die numerische Modellbildung wurde an Versuchen mit bestrahlten Proben aus der Zirkoniumlegierung M5® validiert.
KW - Zwischenlagerung
KW - Brennstabhüllrohr
KW - Versagensmechanismus
KW - Kohäsivzonenmodell
KW - Ring Compression Test
PY - 2022
SP - 1
EP - 106
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-56853
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Chaudhuri, Somsubhro
A1 - Stamm, Michael
A1 - Lapšanská, Ivana
A1 - Lançon, Thibault
A1 - Osterbrink, Lars
A1 - Driebe, Thomas
A1 - Hein, Daniel
A1 - Harendt, René
T1 - Infrared Thermography of Turbulence Patterns of Operational Wind Turbine Rotor Blades Supported With High‐Resolution Photography: KI‐VISIR Dataset
N2 - With increasing wind energy capacity and installation of wind turbines, new inspection techniques are being explored to examine wind turbine rotor blades, especially during operation. A common result of surface damage phenomena (such as leading edge erosion) is the premature transition of laminar to turbulent flow on the surface of rotor blades. In the KI-VISIR (Künstliche Intelligenz Visuell und Infrarot Thermografie—Artificial Intelligence-Visual and Infrared Thermography) project, infrared thermography is used as an inspection tool to capture so-called thermal turbulence patterns (TTPs) that result from such surface contamination or damage. To complement the thermographic inspections, high-resolution photography is performed to visualise, in detail, the sites where these turbulence patterns initiate. A convolutional neural network (CNN) was developed and used to detect and localise turbulence patterns. A unique dataset combining the thermograms and visual images of operational wind turbine rotor blades has been provided, along with the simplified annotations for the turbulence patterns. Additional tools are available to allow users to use the data requiring only basic Python programming skills.
KW - Thermography
KW - Thermografie
KW - Wind energy
KW - Leading edge erosion
KW - KI
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-615772
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2958
IS - e2958
SP - 1
EP - 9
PB - Wiley
AN - OPUS4-61577
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hicke, Konstantin
T1 - Fibre Optic Sensors (Division 8.6)
N2 - Fiber optic sensing technology being researched and developed at BAM and its numerous applications/ use cases is presented briefly after a short introductory part on the fundamentals of (distributed) fiber optic sensing.
T2 - BAM - RCNDE (UK) Webinar
CY - Online meeting
DA - 13.11.2024
KW - Distributed fiber optic sensing
KW - Structural health monitoring
KW - Condition monitoring
KW - DAS
KW - Embedded fiber optic sensors
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61643
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kardjilov, Nikolay
T1 - Neutron Thermo Tomography
N2 - This study presents an investigation of the neutron transmission signal as a function of martensitic steel sample temperature and phase transformation during a welding process. A theoretical description that includes the Debye-Waller factor was used to describe the temperature influence on the neutron cross-sections. Neutron imaging using a monochromatic beam helps to observe transmission variations related to the martensitic-austenitic phase transformations before the Bragg-edge and to the material temperature above the Bragg-edge. In-situ neutron imaging of welding experiments show the distribution of the phase transformation and of the temperature in bulk steel samples. The performed finite element modelling of expected temperature distributions shows good agreement with the obtained experimental data.
T2 - Neutron Wavelength-Dependent Imaging Workshop (NEUWAVE-12)
CY - Lund, Sweden
DA - 01.09.2024
KW - Neutron Imaging
KW - Energy Selective
KW - Neutron Thermo Tomography
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61265
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schneider, Ronald
T1 - Impulsvortrag: Ermüdungslebensdauerbewertung mittels Informationen aus Monitoring und Inspektionen
N2 - Kontext: Ermüdungsbeanspruchte Tragstrukturen von Windenergieanlagen,
Bestimmung der Ermüdungsbeanspruchungen und -zuverlässigkeit auf der Grundlage von Simulationen aus dem Design unter Berücksichtigung von Modellunsicherheiten, Aktualisierung der Ermüdungsbeanspruchungen und -zuverlässigkeit auf der Grundlage von globalen Monitoring- und lokalen Inspektionsinformationen aus dem Betrieb unter Berücksichtigung von Modell- und Messunsicherheiten
T2 - 3. Verbundtreffen ReNEW
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 05.09.2024
KW - Modellunsicherheiten
KW - Windenergie
KW - Ermüdungslebensdauer
KW - Tragstrukturen
KW - Monitoring
KW - Inspektionen
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61427
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Tightness Verification Procedures of welded Lids for Encapsulations for Damaged Spent Nuclear Fuel in the Design Approval Process of Dual-Purpose Cask
N2 - Damaged spent nuclear fuel (DSNF) can be loaded in Germany in dual-purpose casks (DPC) for transport and interim storage. Therefore, special encapsulations are needed to guarantee a safe handling and a reliable tight closure. These encapsulations must be durable and leak-tight for a possible long interim storage term and the transport thereafter. Because components inside the package containment like these special encapsulations are not accessible within periodical inspections of the DPC.
Due to the general design of DPCs for standard fuel assemblies, specific requirements needed to be considered for the design of the special encapsulations for DSNF to ensure the loading in existing package designs. Especially the content of the encapsulations with damaged spent nuclear fuel must be avoided to enter in the inner space of the DPC, due to the possible higher amount of corrosive and radioactive material as well as greater quantities of water, which can be trapped in defect fuel rods. The main difference of the e
T2 - ASME PVP 2024
CY - Bellevue, WA, USA
DA - 28.07.2024
KW - Tightness verification
KW - Weld seams
KW - Drop tests
KW - Encapsulations for damaged spent nuclear fuel
KW - Helium leak tests
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61353
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hahn, Sarah-K.
T1 - Second Life Verwendungen - Untersuchungen und erste Erfahrungen mit einem Ausbildungsdemonstrator
N2 - Der Vortrag gibt zunächst einen Themeneinstieg in den Bereich der Second-Life-Batterien sowie rechtliche und technische Grundlagen zu Lebenszyklus und Alterung. Im Weiteren werden experimentelle Ergebnisse aus Versuchen zum thermischen Durchgehen mit Batteriemodulen aus dem BMBF-Vorhaben SEE-2L vorgestellt. Darüber hinaus wird ein eigens entwickelter Ausbildungsdemonstrators vorgestellt, welcher einen wesentlichen Baustein des Ergebnistransfers aus dem Vorhaben darstellt.
T2 - Brände von Lithium-Ionen Batterien in Elektrofahrzeugen kontrollieren, eindämmen und vorbeugen
CY - Essen, Germany
DA - 25.04.2024
KW - Auswirkungsbetrachtungen
KW - Elektrische Energiespeicher
KW - Lithium-Ionen-Batterie
KW - Stationäre Energiespeicher
KW - Thermisches Durchgehen
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60187
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico
T1 - Sicherheit stationärer elektrischer Energiespeicher – Ergebnisse aus dem Projekt SEE-2L
N2 - Einleitend wird im Vortrag das Aktivitätsfeld Elektrische Energiespeicher und -umwandlung vorgestellt sowie eine kurze Einführung in die Terminologie der elektrischen Energiespeicher gegeben. Im Folgenden wird das BMBF-Vorhaben SEE-2L vorgestellt. Hier wird der Schwerpunkt auf die Entwicklung und den Aufbau eines Großversuchsstand für das thermische Durchgehen von Lithium-Batterien auf Modul- und Batterieebene gelegt. Darüber hinaus werden die Ergebnisse einer ersten Versuchsserie vorgestellt. Zum Abschluss wird ein kurzer Ausblick zu weiteren anstehenden Versuchen gegeben.
T2 - Behörden-Erfahrungsaustausch Anlagensicherheit 2024
CY - Berlin, Deutschland
DA - 03.06.2024
KW - Auswirkungsbetrachtungen
KW - Elektrische Energiespeicher
KW - Lithium-Ionen-Batterie
KW - Stationäre Energiespeicher
KW - Thermisches Durchgehen
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60190
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hahn, Sarah-K.
T1 - Sicherheit elektrochemischer Energiespeicher – Ergebnisse aus dem Projekt SEE-2L
N2 - Die Transformation der Energienutzung von konventionellen zu erneuerbaren Quellen führt dazu, dass zukünftig mehr Energie effizient zwischengespeichert werden muss. Eine Möglichkeit der elektrochemischen Zwischenspeicherung bieten Lithium-Ionen-Batterien. Hierfür können ausgemusterte Automobilantriebsbatterien verwendet werden. Erfüllen sie die hohen Anforderungen des mobilen Bereichs nicht mehr, haben sie oftmals noch eine ausreichende Kapazität und Leistungsfähigkeit für die stationäre Zwischenspeicherung.
Neben der Verwendung der Batterien im größeren Maßstab, z.B. bei Energieversorgern, werden durch den vermehrten Einsatz von Photovoltaik-Anlagen in Ein- und Mehrfamilienhäusern verstärkt Zwischenspeicher für Privathaushalte nachgefragt. Dies birgt auch für Einsatzkräfte neue Herausforderungen in der Gefahrenabwehr.
Im vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) geförderten Verbundprojekt „SEE-2L – Sicherheit elektrochemischer Energiespeicher in Second Life Anwendungen“ wurden Versuche mit Second Life Modulen durchgeführt. Verbundpartner im Projekt waren neben der vfdb die Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg und die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung. Zudem war das Institut der Feuerwehr Nordrhein-Westfalen eingebunden.
Die durchgeführten Versuche bilden eine Grundlage für die Einordnung der Batteriespeicher, z.B. aus Sicht des baulichen Brandschutzes, zur Methodik der Brandbekämpfung oder zur Risikobewertung hinsichtlich der Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit.
Im Beitrag werden die Versuchsergebnisse vorgestellt und Ansätze für deren Anwendung gezeigt. Um die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse zu vermitteln, wurde im Projekt zudem ein Schulungskonzept für Einsätze mit Lithium-Ionen-Technologien erarbeitet, das im Beitrag präsentiert wird. Es besteht aus theoretischen und praktischen Anteilen, sodass bei den Feuerwehren praxisnah aus- bzw. fortgebildet werden kann.
T2 - vfdb-Jahresfachtagung
CY - Magdeburg, Ger
DA - 06.05.2024
KW - Auswirkungsbetrachtungen
KW - Elektrische Energiespeicher
KW - Lithium-Ionen-Batterie
KW - Stationäre Energiespeicher
KW - Thermisches Durchgehen
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60192
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - RPRT
A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico
A1 - Bernardy, Christopher
T1 - Aufbau eines Großversuchsstandes sowie Realisierung von Brandversuchen mit elektrischen Energiespeichern im Bereich bis 500 kWh - Schlussbericht zum Teilvorhaben BAM, Teil I: Kurzbericht
N2 - Der Abschlussbericht stellt die wesentlichen Arbeitsschritte und Ergebnisse des Teilvorhabens der BAM im BMBF-Vorhaben SEE-2L vor. Im Rahmen dieses Vorhabens wurde auf dem Testgelände Technische Sicherheit (BAM TTS) ein Großversuchsstand für das thermische Durchgehen von Lithium-Batterien auf Modul- und Batterieebene entwickelt und aufgebaut. Im Zuge des Projektes konnte eine erste Versuchsserie zu den Auswirkungen des thermischen Durchgehens von Batteriemodulen durchgeführt werden. Der Abschlussbericht umfasst zwei Teile, im Teil I den Kurzbricht und im Teil II die eingehende Darstellung.
KW - Thermisches Durchgehen
KW - Auswirkungsbetrachtungen
KW - Elektrische Energiespeicher
KW - Stationäre Energiespeicher
KW - Lithium-Ionen-Batterie
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-600676
DO - https://doi.org/10.2314/KXP:1887873864
N1 - Das Projekt SEE-2L ist ein drittmittelfinanziertes Verbundvorhaben des BMBF, Förderkennzeichen 13N15493, Projektlaufzeit 01.02.2021 - 30.04.2023.
SP - 1
EP - 20
PB - Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)
CY - Hannover
AN - OPUS4-60067
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hahn, Sarah-K.
A1 - Saupe, Alexander
A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico
A1 - Bernardy, Christopher
A1 - Janßen, Marvin
A1 - Amano, Kofi Owusu Ansah
A1 - Krause, Ulrich
T1 - Sicherheit elektrochemischer Energiespeicher – Ergebnisse aus dem Projekt SEE-2L
N2 - Die Transformation der Energienutzung von konventionellen zu erneuerbaren Quellen führt dazu, dass zukünftig mehr Energie effizient zwischengespeichert werden muss. Eine Möglichkeit der elektrochemischen Zwischenspeicherung bieten Lithium-Ionen-Batterien. Hierfür können ausgemusterte Automobilantriebsbatterien verwendet werden. Erfüllen sie die hohen Anforderungen des mobilen Bereichs nicht mehr, haben sie oftmals noch eine ausreichende Kapazität und Leistungsfähigkeit für die stationäre Zwischenspeicherung.
Neben der Verwendung der Batterien im größeren Maßstab, z.B. bei Energieversorgern, werden durch den vermehrten Einsatz von Photovoltaik-Anlagen in Ein- und Mehrfamilienhäusern verstärkt Zwischenspeicher für Privathaushalte nachgefragt. Dies birgt auch für Einsatzkräfte neue Herausforderungen in der Gefahrenabwehr.
Im vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) geförderten Verbundprojekt „SEE-2L – Sicherheit elektrochemischer Energiespeicher in Second Life Anwendungen“ wurden Versuche mit Second Life Modulen durchgeführt. Verbundpartner im Projekt waren neben der vfdb die Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg und die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung. Zudem war das Institut der Feuerwehr Nordrhein-Westfalen eingebunden.
Die durchgeführten Versuche bilden eine Grundlage für die Einordnung der Batteriespeicher, z.B. aus Sicht des baulichen Brandschutzes, zur Methodik der Brandbekämpfung oder zur Risikobewertung hinsichtlich der Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit.
Im Beitrag werden die Versuchsergebnisse vorgestellt und Ansätze für deren Anwendung gezeigt. Um die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse zu vermitteln, wurde im Projekt zudem ein Schulungskonzept für Einsätze mit Lithium-Ionen-Technologien erarbeitet, das im Beitrag präsentiert wird. Es besteht aus theoretischen und praktischen Anteilen, sodass bei den Feuerwehren praxisnah aus- bzw. fortgebildet werden kann.
T2 - 70. Jahresfachtagung der vfdb
CY - Magdeburg, Deutschland
DA - 06.05.2024
KW - Auswirkungsbetrachtungen
KW - Elektrische Energiespeicher
KW - Lithium-Ionen-Batterie
KW - Stationäre Energiespeicher
KW - Thermisches Durchgehen
PY - 2024
SN - 978-3-9360-5038-7
SP - 645
EP - 657
PB - vfdb, Vereinigung zur Förderung des Deutschen Brandschutzes e.V.
CY - Münster
AN - OPUS4-60068
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kowalski, Kurt
A1 - Hulshoff, S.J.
A1 - Ströer, P.
A1 - Withag, J.
A1 - Genot, A.
A1 - Morgans, A.S.
A1 - Bake, Friedrich
A1 - Venner, K.
A1 - Sanders, M.P.J.
A1 - Hirschberg, Lionel
T1 - Entropy-patch choked-nozzle interaction: quasi-steady-modeling-regime limits probed
N2 - Indirect combustion noise due to the interaction of flow inhomogeneities with a choked combustion-chamber exit is an important cause of combustion instability in solid rocket motors.
Moreover, it is believed to be an issue in electrical-power generation turbines and aero-engines. If these flow inhomogeneities are essentially characterized by the fluid having a locally appreciablydifferent thermodynamic state, the acoustic response engendered by its interaction with the combustion-chamber exit is commonly referred to as entropy noise. In this paper, dedicated numerical-simulation results of entropy-patch choked-nozzle interactions are presented. Two types of entropy patches were considered: rectangular slugs and circular spots. Moreover, analytical-model-based analysis, of said simulation results, is presented. Based on said analysis, the authors posit the existence of three modeling regimes: the quasi-steady-modeling regime, the blended-physical-effects regime, and the inertial-modeling regime.
T2 - 30th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (2024)
CY - Rome, Italy
DA - 04.06.2024
KW - Entropy-Nozzle Interaction
KW - Indirect Combustion Noise
KW - Entropy Noise
PY - 2024
SN - 978-1-62410-720-7
DO - https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2024-3113
SP - 1
EP - 23
AN - OPUS4-60174
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Albakri, Bashar
A1 - Turski Silva Diniz, Analice
A1 - Benner, Philipp
A1 - Muth, Thilo
A1 - Nakajima, Shinichi
A1 - Favaro, Marco
A1 - Kister, Alexander
ED - Hillman, Robert
T1 - Machine learning-assisted equivalent circuit identification for dielectric spectroscopy of polymers
N2 - Polymers have become indispensable across fields of application, and understanding their structure–property relationships and dynamic behaviour is essential for performance optimization. Polymer membranes, particularly ion exchange membranes, play a crucial role in renewable energy conversion technologies, fuel cells, solar energy conversion, and energy storage. In this context, broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) offers a powerful, non-destructive approach to investigate the electrical response and relaxation dynamics of polymers. These properties are investigated by parametrizing the system’s impedance response in terms of a network of circuit elements, i.e. the electrical equivalent circuit (EEC), whose impedance resembles the one of the system under investigation. However, the determination of the EEC from BDS data is challenging due to system complexity, interdependencies of circuit elements, and researcher biases. In this work, we propose a novel approach that incorporates a convolutional neural network (CNN) model to predict the EEC topology. By reducing user bias and enhancing data analysis, this approach aims to make BDS accessible to both experienced users and those with limited expertise. We show that the combination of machine learning and BDS provides valuable insights into the dynamic behaviour of polymer membranes, thus facilitating the design and characterization of tailored polymers for various applications. We also show that our model outperforms state-of-the-art machine learning methods with a top-5 accuracy of around 80% for predicting the circuit topology and a parameter fitting error as low as 0.05%.
KW - Polymer membranes
KW - Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
KW - Broadband dielectric spectroscopy
KW - Deep learning
KW - Machine learning
KW - Equivalent circuit
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-602138
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2024.144474
SN - 0013-4686
VL - 496
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-60213
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Quercetti, Thomas
A1 - Feldkamp, Martin
A1 - Gleim, Tobias
A1 - Musolff, Andre
A1 - Werner, Jan
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Enhancement of the BAM Fire Test Stand for Testing a Large Transport Package for Radioactive Materials
N2 - Packages for the transport of spent nuclear fuel are designed to endure severe accidents. To obtain approval, these transport packages must adhere to the specification-based criteria of the international transport regulations SSR-6 of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). To ensure compliance with these requirements, specific mechanical and thermal tests need to be addressed with respect to the package type. Typically, SSR-6 prescribes a mechanical test followed by a thermal fire test as part of different testing scenarios. To approve the latter test of the sequence, BAM performs calorimeter tests in advance with so-called fire reference packages for characterizing the actual fire and its impact on the package to be tested. Packages are designed with different geometry sizes depending on their purpose. For previous tests, the implemented test setups in the fire test stand were sufficiently dimensioned and could cover all requirements in this respect. However, to cover additional testing needs in the future, BAM is expanding the test setup for the purpose of testing significantly larger packages.
In previous test setups one ring burner for propane surrounding the test specimen was sufficient. The limiting size in this configuration was the design height of the transport package to be tested. According to the thermal test of the IAEA-Regulations [1], a 30-minute fully engulfing 800°C pool fire or an equally severe fire, e.g., propane gas fire, must be applied to the transport package. Possible adjustments such as nozzle cross-section and propane mass flow can be adjusted to a certain extent. Further modifications, to cover significantly higher and larger packages all-around with a fully engulfing fire, must be accomplished with an additional, second burner ring. Both burner rings had the same dimensions and were mounted on top of each other at different heights to create a significantly larger volume of fire that completely engulfs the package including its impact limiter.
To meet the IAEA regulatory boundary conditions, the enhanced fire test stand with the second burner ring is tested with a large fire reference package and will then be used for real-size transport packages after all parameters are successfully met. This fire reference package represents the external geometry of a generic transport cask for radioactive material and is equipped with numerous temperature sensors to record temperature curves at the interior wall surfaces.
T2 - RAMTrans 2024
CY - London, United Kingdom
DA - 14.05.2024
KW - Fire testing
KW - Full-scale
KW - Transport package
PY - 2024
SP - 1
EP - 7
AN - OPUS4-60253
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Quercetti, Thomas
T1 - Enhancement of the bam fire test stand for testing a large transport package for radioactive materials
N2 - Packages for the transport of spent nuclear fuel are designed to endure severe accidents. To obtain approval, these transport packages must adhere to the specification-based criteria of the international transport regulations SSR-6 of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). To ensure compliance with these requirements, specific mechanical and thermal tests need to be addressed with respect to the package type. Typically, SSR-6 prescribes a mechanical test followed by a thermal fire test as part of different testing scenarios. To approve the latter test of the sequence, BAM performs calorimeter tests in advance with so-called fire reference packages for characterizing the actual fire and its impact on the package to be tested. Packages are designed with different geometry sizes depending on their purpose. For previous tests, the implemented test setups in the fire test stand were sufficiently dimensioned and could cover all requirements in this respect. However, to cover additional testing needs in the future, BAM is expanding the test setup for the purpose of testing significantly larger packages.
In previous test setups one ring burner for propane surrounding the test specimen was sufficient. The limiting size in this configuration was the design height of the transport package to be tested. According to the thermal test of the IAEA-Regulations [1], a 30-minute fully engulfing 800°C pool fire or an equally severe fire, e.g., propane gas fire, must be applied to the transport package. Possible adjustments such as nozzle cross-section and propane mass flow can be adjusted to a certain extent. Further modifications, to cover significantly higher and larger packages all-around with a fully engulfing fire, must be accomplished with an additional, second burner ring. Both burner rings had the same dimensions and were mounted on top of each other at different heights to create a significantly larger volume of fire that completely engulfs the package including its impact limiter.
To meet the IAEA regulatory boundary conditions, the enhanced fire test stand with the second burner ring is tested with a large fire reference package and will then be used for real-size transport packages after all parameters are successfully met. This fire reference package represents the external geometry of a generic transport cask for radioactive material and is equipped with numerous temperature sensors to record temperature curves at the interior wall surfaces.
T2 - RAMTrans 2024
CY - London, United Kingdom
DA - 14.05.2024
KW - Fire testing
KW - Full-scale
KW - Transport package
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60255
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kromm, Arne
T1 - Möglichkeiten zur Optimierung von schweißbedingten Beanspruchungen durch Einsatz von LTT-Zusatzwerkstoffen
N2 - Der Vortrag gibt einen Überblick zum Thema Low Transformation Temperature (LTT) Zusatzwerkstoffe. Es wird gezeigt, wie mit einem Experiment unter Nutzung von Sychrotronstrahlung das Phänomen der Umwandlungsplastizität untersucht werden kann.
T2 - 12. Vollversammlung des SFB 1120: Summer School 2024
CY - Steinfeld (Kall), Germany
DA - 11.06.2024
KW - Eigenspannungen
KW - LTT-Zusatzwerkstoffe
KW - Hochfester Stahl
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60259
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Griesche, Axel
T1 - Crystallographic phase transformations and corresponding temperature distributions during gtaw of supermartensitic stainless steel visualized by nbei
N2 - We investigated the phase transformations during butt-welding of supermartensitic steel plates with help of Neutron-Bragg-Edge Imaging (NBEI). Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) was used with a motorized torch allowing for automated weldments. The austenitization in the heat affected zone (HAZ) could be clearly visualized at λ = 0.39 nm, a wavelength smaller than the Bragg edge wavelengths of both austenite and martensite. The re-transformation into the martensitic phase during cooling was clearly detected. However, we observed an unexpected additional change in transmission at λ = 0.44 nm, a wavelength larger than the wavelength of the Bragg edges of both the martensitic and austenitic phases. We attribute this change to the Deybe-Waller-Factor that describes the temperature dependence of coherent scattering at a crystal lattice. The observed two-dimensional attenuation map corresponds well with a temperature distribution modelling by software macros in ANSYS [3]. Here, the absolute temperature values could be achieved by calibrating the modelled attenuation with help of a thermocouple placed at the steel plate. This allows in return for a direct two-dimensional temperature reading based on the Debye-Waller-relation between neutron attenuation and sample temperature.
T2 - WCNR-12
CY - Idaho Falls, Id, USA
DA - 02.06.2024
KW - Neutron
KW - Radiography
KW - Welding
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60242
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico
T1 - Sicherheit elektrochemischer Energiespeicher - Ergebnisse aus dem Projekt SEE-2L
N2 - Im Rahmen des BMBF-Vorhabens SEE-2L wurde auf dem Testgelände Technische Sicherheit (BAM TTS) ein Großversuchsstand für das thermische Durchgehen von Lithium-Batterien auf Modul- und Batterieebene entwickelt und aufgebaut. Im Zuge des Projektes konnte eine erste Versuchsserie zu den Auswirkungen des thermischen Durchgehens von Batteriemodulen durchgeführt werden. Im Vortrag werden die wesentlichen Ergebnisse der Versuche vorgestellt.
T2 - Magdeburg-Köthener Brandschutz- und Sicherheitstagung
CY - Magdeburg, Germany
DA - 14.03.2024
KW - Auswirkungsbetrachtungen
KW - Elektrische Energiespeicher
KW - Lithium-Ionen-Batterie
KW - Stationäre Energiespeicher
KW - Thermisches Durchgehen
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60143
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Li, Guiping
A1 - Liu, Ye
A1 - Schultz, Thorsten
A1 - Exner, Moritz
A1 - Muydinov, Ruslan
A1 - Wang, Hui
A1 - Scheurell, Kerstin
A1 - Huang, Jieyang
A1 - Szymoniak, Paulina
A1 - Pinna, Nicola
A1 - Koch, Norbert
A1 - Adelhelm, Philipp
A1 - Bojdys, Michael J.
T1 - One‐Pot Synthesis of High‐Capacity Sulfur Cathodes via In‐Situ Polymerization of a Porous Imine‐Based Polymer
N2 - AbstractLithium‐ion batteries, essential for electronics and electric vehicles, predominantly use cathodes made from critical materials like cobalt. Sulfur‐based cathodes, offering a high theoretical capacity of 1675 mAh g−1 and environmental advantages due to sulfur's abundance and lower toxicity, present a more sustainable alternative. However, state‐of‐the‐art sulfur‐based electrodes do not reach the theoretical capacities, mainly because conventional electrode production relies on mixing of components into weakly coordinated slurries. Consequently, sulfur‘s mobility leads to battery degradation—an effect known as the “sulfur‐shuttle”. This study introduces a solution by developing a microporous, covalently‐bonded, imine‐based polymer network grown in situ around sulfur particles on the current collector. The polymer network (i) enables selective transport of electrolyte and Li‐ions through pores of defined size, and (ii) acts as a robust host to retain the active component of the electrode (sulfur species). The resulting cathode has superior rate performance from 0.1 C (1360 mAh g−1) to 3 C (807 mAh g−1). Demonstrating a high‐performance, sustainable sulfur cathode produced via a simple one‐pot process, our research underlines the potential of microporous polymers in addressing sulfur diffusion issues, paving the way for sulfur electrodes as viable alternatives to traditional metal‐based cathodes.
KW - In-situ polymerization
KW - Sulfur cathodes
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-604215
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202400382
SN - 1433-7851
SP - 1
EP - 11
PB - Wiley VHC-Verlag
AN - OPUS4-60421
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schneider, Ronald
T1 - Modeling in support of offshore wind farm end-of-life decision making
N2 - The EU member states have set out ambitious long-term goals for deploying offshore wind energy. The installed offshore wind capacity is set to increase from 14.6 GW in 2021 to around 320 GW in 2050. This signifies the role of offshore wind energy as a major contributor to reaching the EU’s climate and energy goals. To ensure that the defined targets are met, a significant number of new wind farms has to be installed and existing wind farms reaching the end of their planned life need to be reused efficiently. Some of the relevant reuse alternatives are lifetime extension, repowering based on the existing support structures and repowering with new turbines.
As a basis of the decision-making regarding the reuse of existing offshore wind farm, the expected utility of each relevant option should be determined based on the associated expected rewards, costs and risks. The optimal concept maximizes the utility of the decision-maker and fulfills the existing constraints and requirements. To facilitate such a quantitative decision-making, models and methods have to be developed. In particular, models are required that enable predictions of (a) the condition and performance of the turbines and support structures and (b) the renumeration, costs and consequences of adverse events. These predictions have to consider (a) the governing uncertainties, (b) the available information from the planning, construction, installation and operating phase, (b) potential repair, retrofitting and strengthening schemes and (c) possible monitoring, inspection and maintenance regimes for the future operating phase.
Over the past years, several models, methods and tools have been developed at the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) to support the structural integrity management of offshore wind turbine substructures. These include:
(a) a prototype for reliability-based, system-wide, adaptive planning of inspections of welded steel structures in offshore wind farms,
(b) a method for monitoring and risk-informed optimization of inspection and maintenance strategies for jacket structures subject to fatigue, and
(c) a probabilistic cost model of inspection and maintenance of welded steel structures in offshore wind farms.
This contribution provides an overview on these works and discusses how they can be adapted and extended to support the decision-making regarding lifetime extensions and repowering of offshore wind farms.
T2 - 12th International Forum on Engineering Decision Making (12th IFED)
CY - Stoos, Switzerland
DA - 05.12.2023
KW - Windenergie
KW - Offshore Wind
KW - Lifetime Extension
KW - Repowering
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-60430
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Lu, Xin
A1 - Hicke, Konstantin
A1 - Krebber, Katerina
T1 - Distributed fiber optic sensing for monitoring of underground facilities
N2 - Distributed fiber optic sensing (DFOS) technique is a promising and robust non-destructive testing tool that can seamlessly acquire environmental conditions over large scales. Therefore, it has found extensive applications in structural health monitoring. Its appeal for monitoring underground facilities lies in the intrinsic properties of the optical fiber, such as immunity to magnetic interference, small size, chemical inertia, etc. This paper provides a concise overview of DFOS applications in underground facility monitoring. Following a brief introduction to the workingbnprinciple of the DFOS technique, various examples are provided to demonstrate how distributed fiber sensors contribute to monitoring underground facilities. The paper presents unpublished field test results with an emphasis in the energy sector, including monitoring gas storage facilities, geothermal reservoir exploration, and ground movement detection. Furthermore, the paper identifies several directions for enhancing the DFOS system.
T2 - SPIE Photonics Europe
CY - Strasbourg, France
DA - 07.04.2024
KW - Structure health monitoring
KW - Geothermal borehole
KW - Distributed fiber optic sensing
KW - Ground movement
KW - Leakage detection
PY - 2024
DO - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3023571
SN - 0277-786X
VL - 13001
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - SPIE
AN - OPUS4-60384
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Weber, Mike
T1 - Consequences of an Imperfectly Mounted Reinforcement Cage in a Cylindrical Concrete Container During Mechanical Specimen Tests
N2 - In 2007 the license for the German Konrad repository for low and intermediate level radioactive waste was finally confirmed. Since then, the site is improved, prepared and equipped for the currently planned start of waste package emplacement in 2029. Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung is regularly contracted by the Bundesgesellschaft für Endlagerung as the responsible authority for waste product control, waste container design testing, and waste package acceptance. In this context BAM is mainly responsible for design testing of various container types including the evaluation of quality assurance measures for container manufacturing.
In addition to general requirements concerning container design, the casks have to withstand specific mechanical load scenarios. Drop tests from different heights under consideration of the most damaging drop orientation and a stacking test are two examples for necessary safety demonstrations.
If the containers are made from concrete the reinforcement has the function to absorb tensile forces the concrete is not able to withstand by its own. Because of manufacturing imperfections of cylindrical concrete containers manufactured already decades ago, the reinforcement cages are not always exactly, asymmetrically positioned when they were poured. This inspired BAM to perform various ABAQUS® finite-element (FE) simulations by using the example of a simplified cylindrical container design with generic dimensions. On the basis of the calculated tensile and compressive stress distributions suggestions are derived on how a cylindrical concrete container with an imperfectly placed reinforcement cage has to be oriented for a drop or stacking test to ensure the most damaging test scenario.
T2 - RAMTRANS 2024
CY - London, United Kingdom
DA - 14.05.2024
KW - Finite-element-analysis
KW - Container design testing procedure
KW - Reinforced concrete containers
KW - Drop test
KW - Stacking test
KW - Imperfectly mounted reinforcement cage
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60120
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Gleim, Tobias
A1 - Feldkamp, Martin
A1 - Quercetti, Thomas
A1 - Musolff, André
A1 - Werner, Jan
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Enhancement of Fire Test Stand Performance at Test Site of BAM: Installation and Evaluation of an Augmented System with a Fire Reference Package
N2 - Packages for the transport of radioactive material are designed to en-dure severe accidents. Packages for the transportation of radioactive material must demonstrate that the package can withstand certain prescribed tests from the IAEA Regulations [1]. In addition to mechanical tests, a thermal test in form of a fire test must be carried out. As packages to be tested at BAM are signifi-cantly larger than previous package designs, BAM has expanded an existing fire test stand. A modular concept is chosen, which means that the arrangement of the burner nozzles can be adapted to the test specimen. The dimensions of the burner rings, the type, the orientation and the number of burner nozzles can be varied depending on the test specimen. In addition, various pumps can be used to set the corresponding mass flow. With the help of a calorimeter test, the fire test stand can be qualified for a specific size of packages regarding the boundary conditions of the IAEA Regulations [1]. Due to the typically wood filled impact limiters in German package designs, a fire test is necessary, as experiments have shown that possible openings that occurred during a mechanical test contributed to the igni-tion of the wood filled impact limiters within the prescribed 30 minutes of the IAEA Regulations [1]. From a series of experiments, two experiments are pre-sented to show the possibilities to obtain different temperatures and temperature rates in the test specimen. In addition to sensor data, the heat flux into the package is calculated to verify that the IAEA boundary conditions are satisfied. In addition to the temperature data, other data such as wind speed and wind direction are also recorded to explain subsequent effects in the measurement data in a comprehen-sible manner.
T2 - Wood & Fire Safety 2024
CY - Strbske Pleso, Slowakei
DA - 13.05.2024
KW - IAEA Regu-lations
KW - Fire Test Stand
KW - Accident Scenario
KW - Fire Qualification
PY - 2024
UR - https://link.springer.com/book/9783031591761
SN - 978-3-031-59176-1
SN - 978-3-031-59179-2
SN - 978-3-031-59177-8
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-59177-8_22
VL - 1
SP - 189
EP - 197
PB - Springer Cham
AN - OPUS4-60101
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Gleim, Tobias
T1 - Enhancement of Fire Test Stand Performance at Test Site of BAM: Installation and Evaluation of an Augmented System with a Fire Reference Package
N2 - Packages for the transport of radioactive material are designed to en-dure severe accidents. Packages for the transportation of radioactive material must demonstrate that the package can withstand certain prescribed tests from the IAEA Regulations [1]. In addition to mechanical tests, a thermal test in form of a fire test must be carried out. As packages to be tested at BAM are signifi-cantly larger than previous package designs, BAM has expanded an existing fire test stand. A modular concept is chosen, which means that the arrangement of the burner nozzles can be adapted to the test specimen. The dimensions of the burner rings, the type, the orientation and the number of burner nozzles can be varied depending on the test specimen. In addition, various pumps can be used to set the corresponding mass flow. With the help of a calorimeter test, the fire test stand can be qualified for a specific size of packages regarding the boundary conditions of the IAEA Regulations [1]. Due to the typically wood filled impact limiters in German package designs, a fire test is necessary, as experiments have shown that possible openings that occurred during a mechanical test contributed to the igni-tion of the wood filled impact limiters within the prescribed 30 minutes of the IAEA Regulations [1]. From a series of experiments, two experiments are pre-sented to show the possibilities to obtain different temperatures and temperature rates in the test specimen. In addition to sensor data, the heat flux into the package is calculated to verify that the IAEA boundary conditions are satisfied. In addition to the temperature data, other data such as wind speed and wind direction are also recorded to explain subsequent effects in the measurement data in a comprehen-sible manner.
T2 - Wood & Fire Safety 2024
CY - Štrbské Pleso, Slovakia
DA - 13.05.2024
KW - Fire Test Stand
KW - Accident Scenario
KW - Fire Qualification
KW - IAEA Regu-lations
PY - 2024
UR - https://link.springer.com/book/9783031591761
AN - OPUS4-60104
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rolle, Annette
A1 - Neumeyer, Tino
A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Investigations of Aged Metal Seals for Transport Package Safety Assessment
N2 - Acceptable limits for activity release from transport casks for high-level radioactive material specified in the IAEA regulations must be kept by the integrity of cask body and the cask sealing system. BAM as the German competent authority for mechanical, thermal and containment assessment of packages liable for approval verifies the activity release compliance with the regulatory limits. The specification of conservative package design leakage rates is one of the most important aspects in assessment.
Metal seals of the Helicoflex® Type are usually used to ensure the required package tightness for both, storage, and transport of the cask before and after storage. Due to the long-term use the seal behavior is influenced by temperature and time. The mechanical and thermal loadings associated with the routine, normal and accident conditions of transport specified in the regulations can have a significant effect on the leak tightness of the sealing system. Whereas the safety for application of new, non- aged Helicoflex® seals is verified sufficiently, there are still technical data gaps concerning the efficiency of aged Helicoflex® seals.
BAM performed experiments to learn more about the sealing efficiency of aged Helicoflex® seals with Aluminum and Silver outer jackets. The seals were compressed in test-flanges and for artificial ageing the complete flange systems were stored in an oven for several month at a high temperature. After this ageing procedure the flanges were opened completely, the seals were moved a little to vary the contact area, and the flanges were compressed again. During the compression and decompression tests after the aging, load-deformation characteristics of the seals, and leakage rates were measured.
With these tests a load situation was simulated, which can occur in the regulatory drop test of the cask: Under high impact loads the bolted lid can lift a little for a short moment, allowing a little movement of the seal, so that the contact area can change before compressing again.
Details about test conditions and first results will be presented in the poster.
T2 - RAMTrans 2024, 12th Internatiopnal Conference on the Transport , Storage and Disposal of Radioactive Materials
CY - London, UK
DA - 15.05.2024
KW - Seals
KW - Ageing
KW - Radioaktiv
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60112
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Feldkamp, Martin
A1 - Gleim, Tobias
A1 - Quercetti, Thomas
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Combustion Chamber Design for Encapsulated Wood-Component Testing
N2 - Heavy-weight packages for the safe transport of radioactive material are equippedwith impact limiters often built ofwood-filled steel sheet structures to fulfil the requirements of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) regulations. The requirements definemechanical tests followed by a thermal test, including criteria ensuring the package design’s ability to withstand severe accidents and provide a high level of technical safety.
Impact limiters are a package component mainly designed for the packages to withstand severe mechanical accident scenarios. In drop tests the impact limiters absorb the kinetic energy during impact of the package. The package must then - with its pre-damaged impact limiters - endure a thermal test defined precisely in the IAEA regulations as a 30-min fully engulfing 800 °C-fire. After the fire, a wood-filled impact limiter may continue to release thermal energy from an ongoing combustion process, defining relevant package temperatures. The energy flow from a possible burning impact limiter to the package is important for the safety evaluation of transport packages. To investigate the combustion behaviour of densely packed layers of spruce wood, encapsulated in pre-damaged cylindrical metal enclosures, a test set-up has been realised. The set-up consists of a combustion chamber to perform these tests under defined boundary conditions. The temperature development of the test specimens will be observed fromoutside with a thermographic imager, with HD-Cameras, and the mass loss will be measured during the entire test. Airflow conditions in the combustion chamber are analysed using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) calculations in OpenFOAM. The planned combustion test setup is described.
T2 - Wood & Fire Safety 2024
CY - Štrbské Pleso, Slovakia
DA - 12.05.2024
KW - Fire
KW - Combustion
KW - Smouldering
PY - 2024
SN - 978-3-031-59176-1
SN - 978-3-031-59179-2
SN - 978-3-031-59177-8
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-59177-8
SP - 215
EP - 222
PB - Springer Nature Switzerland AG
CY - Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
AN - OPUS4-60226
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Feldkamp, Martin
T1 - Combustion Chamber Design for Encapsulated Wood-Component Testing
N2 - eavy-weight packages for the safe transport of radioactive material are equippedwith impact limiters often built ofwood-filled steel sheet structures to fulfil the requirements of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) regulations. The requirements definemechanical tests followed by a thermal test, including criteria ensuring the package design’s ability to withstand severe accidents and provide a high level of technical safety. Impact limiters are a package component mainly designed for the packages to withstand severe mechanical accident scenarios. In drop tests the impact limiters absorb the kinetic energy during impact of the package. The package must then - with its pre-damaged impact limiters - endure a thermal test defined precisely in the IAEA regulations as a 30-min fully engulfing 800 °C-fire. After the fire, a wood-filled impact limiter may continue to release thermal energy from an ongoing combustion process, defining relevant package temperatures. The energy flow from a possible burning impact limiter to the package is important for the safety evaluation of transport packages. To investigate the combustion behaviour of densely packed layers of spruce wood, encapsulated in pre-damaged cylindrical metal enclosures, a test set-up has been realised. The set-up consists of a combustion chamber to perform these tests under defined boundary conditions. The temperature development of the test specimens will be observed fromoutside with a thermographic imager, with HD-Cameras, and the mass loss will be measured during the entire test. Airflow conditions in the combustion chamber are analysed using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) calculations in OpenFOAM. The planned combustion test setup is described.
T2 - Wood & Fire Safety 2024
CY - Štrbské Pleso, Slovakia
DA - 12.05.2024
KW - IAEA
KW - Combustion Chamber
KW - Smouldering
KW - Wood
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60227
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Barretto, T.
A1 - Gentes, S.
A1 - Braun, J.
A1 - Averin, Anton
A1 - Lecompagnon, Julien
A1 - Stroncik, N.
T1 - Automated non-destructive internal corrosion detection on radioactive drums (ZIKA)
N2 - The aim of the ZIKA research project, funded by the BMBF funding program FORKA (FKZ:15S9446 A-C), is the automated detection of internal corrosion of radioactive drums using non-destructive testing (NDT). The newly gained findings will be combined with research results from the previous project EMOS (FKZ:15S9420), which dealt with the external damage of drums. Using NDT, internal corrosion and possible internal sources of damage can be identified before they become a safety-relevant issue. However, if internally sourced damages can be seen externally, the integrity of the damaged drum is no longer guaranteed, which has significant consequences. Therefore, early detection before integrity failure is of particular importance for interim storage facilities with low- and medium-level radioactive waste drums.
T2 - Kerntechnik 2024
CY - Leipzig, Germany
DA - 11.06.2024
KW - Corrosion detection
KW - Non-destructive testing
KW - Automated inspection system
PY - 2024
SP - 1
EP - 5
AN - OPUS4-60322
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
A1 - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Brittle Failure Limits of Spent Fuel Claddings Subjected to Long-Term Dry Interim Storage Conditions
N2 - The mechanical properties of spent fuel claddings can be adversely affected under the conditions of long-term dry interim storage, so that the failure limits may be reached in case of mechanical loads during handling or transport after storage. Pre-storage drying and the early stage of interim storage can expose the cladding to higher temperatures and higher tensile hoop stresses than those associated with in-reactor operation and pool storage. During slow cooling of a cladding tube under internal pressure, radial hydrides may precipitate in zirconium-based cladding alloys. This can lead to embrittlement of the material and sudden failure of the cladding integrity under mechanical stress. In order to prevent brittle failure, numerical methods are being developed to predict the mechanical behaviour and identify limiting conditions. Experimental investigations, numerical analyses and evaluation methods are discussed.
An established experimental method for characterising cladding materials is the Ring Compression Test (RCT). Some test results on irradiated cladding tubes after operation in pressure water reactors are publicly available. However, it is helpful to carry out studies on unirradiated surrogate claddings with similar material properties to reduce the effort associated with irradiated samples in hot cells and to perform material tests with a wider range of parameters. On the basis of such experimental data, load-displacement curves have been numerically analysed for a selection of cladding materials.
Radial hydrides can cause a sample to break suddenly due to fracture even at low deformation. Noticeable load drops in the RCT are caused by unstable crack propagation through the radial hydride network. The failure mechanism is quasi-cleavage in the hydrides and micro-void nucleation, growth, and coalescence in the zirconium matrix, with ductile tearing patches connecting adjacent hydrides. The cohesive zone approach was used to simulate the failure process taking into account the radial hydride morphology.
The developed method can adequately describe both the deformation and failure behaviour of irradiated as well as unirradiated claddings of zirconium-based alloys with radial hydrides under RCT conditions. Limiting conditions can be expressed in terms of fracture energy and cohesive strength.
T2 - IAEA International Conference on the Management of Spent Fuel from Nuclear Power Plants - Meeting the Moment
CY - Vienna, Austria
DA - 10.06.2024
KW - Ageing Management
KW - Cladding Embrittlement
KW - Extended Storage
KW - Ring Compression Test
KW - Spent Nuclear Fuel
PY - 2024
SP - 1
EP - 10
AN - OPUS4-60323
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
T1 - Brittle Failure Limits of Spent Fuel Claddings Subjected to Long-Term Dry Interim Storage Conditions
N2 - The mechanical properties of spent fuel claddings can be adversely affected under the conditions of long-term dry interim storage, so that the failure limits may be reached in case of mechanical loads during handling or transport after storage. Pre-storage drying and the early stage of interim storage can expose the cladding to higher temperatures and higher tensile hoop stresses than those associated with in-reactor operation and pool storage. During slow cooling of a cladding tube under internal pressure, radial hydrides may precipitate in zirconium-based cladding alloys. This can lead to embrittlement of the material and sudden failure of the cladding integrity under mechanical stress. In order to prevent brittle failure, numerical methods are being developed to predict the mechanical behaviour and identify limiting conditions. Experimental investigations, numerical analyses and evaluation methods are discussed.
An established experimental method for characterising cladding materials is the Ring Compression Test (RCT). Some test results on irradiated cladding tubes after operation in pressure water reactors are publicly available. However, it is helpful to carry out studies on unirradiated surrogate claddings with similar material properties to reduce the effort associated with irradiated samples in hot cells and to perform material tests with a wider range of parameters. On the basis of such experimental data, load-displacement curves have been numerically analysed for a selection of cladding materials.
Radial hydrides can cause a sample to break suddenly due to fracture even at low deformation. Noticeable load drops in the RCT are caused by unstable crack propagation through the radial hydride network. The failure mechanism is quasi-cleavage in the hydrides and micro-void nucleation, growth, and coalescence in the zirconium matrix, with ductile tearing patches connecting adjacent hydrides. The cohesive zone approach was used to simulate the failure process taking into account the radial hydride morphology.
The developed method can adequately describe both the deformation and failure behaviour of irradiated as well as unirradiated claddings of zirconium-based alloys with radial hydrides under RCT conditions. Limiting conditions can be expressed in terms of fracture energy and cohesive strength.
T2 - IAEA International Conference on the Management of Spent Fuel from Nuclear Power Plants - Meeting the Moment
CY - Vienna, Austria
DA - 10.06.2024
KW - Ageing Management
KW - Cladding Embrittlement
KW - Extended Storage
KW - Ring Compression Test
KW - Spent Nuclear Fuel
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60324
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Gleim, Tobias
T1 - Potential Effects of Battery and Hydrogen Fires regarding Regulatory Requirements
N2 - Introduction and Necessity of the Investigation
The IAEA regulations for the safe transport of radioactive material (IAEA SSR-6) define the safety requirements for different package types and consider different transport conditions. The accident conditions of transport specify different mechanical and thermal tests based on investigations of real accident scenarios.
Considering the rapid development of new boundary conditions of transport such as electric mobility and the use of hydrogen as energy source for trucks and other kind of vehicles, potential effects of battery and hydrogen fires in transport accidents should be investigated. The aim is to evaluate the existing test requirements developed and derived decades ago, whether they are covering the current transport situation.
This concept paper will briefly present the reasons for detailed investigations as bases for a coordinated research project under the roof of the IAEA.
T2 - Technical Exchange IRSN – BAM Transport & Storage of Packages for Radioactive Material
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 04.06.2024
KW - Fire
KW - Battery
KW - Hydrogen
KW - IAEA Regulations
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60338
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Naster, Maximilian
T1 - Hydrogen Fire Testing
N2 - In this presentation we present a new hydrogen-based test rig for an ongoing feasibility study of using hydrogen as an energy source for the thermal testing of transport packages containing radioactive materials. The test rig will be capable of combusting hydrogen for a wide range of different burner geometries, mass flows and if necessary hydrogen blends. As this type of fire test according to the IAEA boundary conditions does not yet exist, a large number of preliminary investigations, safety assessments and calculations must be carried out in order to develop a viable concept for hydrogen fires. In the first step of the feasibility study, the temperature, structure, and radiation of various hydrogen flames are surveyed. In future works, the results will make it possible to design burner frames that are suitable for fire reference tests in order to make comparisons with pool and propane fires used in assessment procedures today. In parallel comparative numerical simulations are conducted to model the thermal behaviour of hydrogen flames using the software package Ansys®. On the one hand, the numerical simulations support the experiments by providing an overview of numerous parameters and the measuring range; on the other hand, they will help with the design of the burner frame in future work. This paper gives an overview in the design and capabilities of the test rig. Furthermore, the results of the parameter studies show that burner geometry and mass flow provide a significant design margin for the thermal shape of the hydrogen flames. In addition, the results of the initial numerical calculations will be used to determine the necessary sensors, the positions, and their operating range. Only the optimal interaction allows a controlled system that permits user-defined hydrogen fires.
T2 - Technical Exchange IRSN – BAM Transport & Storage of Packages for Radioactive Material
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 04.06.2024
KW - Hydrogen
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60341
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kromm, Arne
T1 - Best practice: How to work with a mobile diffractometer
N2 - Beginning with a general overview about resdiual stress determination by X-ray diffraction, the presentation is focussing on some does and dont's when working with a portable diffractometer.
T2 - European Conference on Residual Stresses 11 - Tutorial 1: Residual stresses in additive manufacturing
CY - Prague, Czech Republic
DA - 03.06.2024
KW - Residual stress
KW - X-ray diffraction
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60287
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Saeed, Hasan
A1 - Chaudhuri, Somsubhro
A1 - De Waele, Wim
T1 - Experimental evaluation of the short and long fatigue crack growth rate of S355 structural steel offshore monopile weldments in air and synthetic seawater
N2 - Welded steel structures used in the offshore wind industry are exposed to harsh marine environments, which can result in corrosion-induced fatigue damage. Of particular concern is the heat affected zone (HAZ) of welded joints, a region known for its altered microstructure and mechanical properties, which can significantly influence the initiation and propagation of fatigue cracks. This study investigates the short and long fatigue crack growth rates, and the effect of seawater exposure, for the HAZ in S355 steel weldments. Single-edge notch bend (SENB) specimens are used, with a shallow notch in the HAZ. A series of specimens is immersed in synthetic seawater that is continuously circulated at a controlled temperature to assess the synergistic effects of corrosion and fatigue. The experimental method integrates a novel application of front face strain compliance for monitoring short cracks, alongside an extended back-face strain compliance approach for monitoring long crack propagation. It is concluded that the short fatigue crack growth rate of the HAZ is 2.7 to 3.5 times higher in seawater as compared to air. As the crack propagates and enters into the long crack regime, the ratio decreases to 2.2 times at the transition point of the two-stage crack growth curve and further decreases to 1.5 times when the notch advances towards fracture. The findings indicate that the fatigue crack growth rates documented in standards tend to be on the conservative side. This study significantly enriches the fatigue crack growth data available in literature, which will contribute to a more accurate lifetime assessment offshore wind turbine structures.
KW - Fatigue crack growth rate
KW - Short crack
KW - Offshore monopile foundation
KW - Corrosion fatigue
PY - 2024
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2024.104063
VL - 149
SP - 1
EP - 17
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-60691
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Mehri Sofiani, F.
A1 - Tacq, J.
A1 - Elahi, S.A.
A1 - Chaudhuri, Somsubhro
A1 - De Waele, W.
T1 - A hybrid probabilistic-deterministic framework for prediction of characteristic size of corrosion pits in low-carbon steel following long-term seawater exposure
N2 - A hybrid deterministic-probabilistic framework is presented that combines in-situ measurements and numerical analysis to predict the characteristic size of corrosion pits over extended periods of exposure to seawater. A probabilistic model, informed by corrosion current density and temperature data, applies a sampling method to a range of overpotential values to reflect the surface deterioration in terms of pitting. The model is calibrated and validated with pit size data obtained from corroded coupons. Results reveal a positively skewed truncated lognormal distribution of pit depths which implies a higher prevalence of smaller pit depths, corroborated both experimentally and numerically.
KW - Pitting corrosion
KW - Offshore structures
KW - Probabilistic analysis
KW - Potentiodynamic polarisation
PY - 2024
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2024.112039
VL - 232
SP - 1
EP - 15
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-60693
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Chaudhuri, Somsubhro
T1 - Passive infrared thermography as an inspection tool for operational wind turbine rotor blades
N2 - The growing wind energy infrastructure presents a significant challenge in the maintenance and operation of wind turbines (WT) and their intricate components. An important aspect of WT maintenance is the inspection of wind turbine rotor blades (WTB) to ensure the overall health and safety of the turbine. This inspection process involves both visual and mechanical examinations of the blades to identify any indicators of damage or wear that could compromise their performance and, consequently, the structural integrity of the entire WT system. The complexity of WTBs is compounded by their ever-expanding dimensions, exceeding 100 meters in length for 16 MW WT systems, and their multi-material composition. Within this context, passive infrared thermography emerges as a potential alternative to conventional contact- or proximity-based inspection methods. Unlike active thermography, passive thermography uses solar radiation and ambient temperature variation for thermal contrast, eliminating the need for traditional heat lamps, flash, or laser-based techniques.
A novel inspection method has been developed to semi-autonomously assess wind turbine blades (WTBs) while the wind turbine (WT) is operational, from ground level. This approach leverages optimal thermal contrast, which depends on prevailing weather conditions during field measurements, enabling the visualization of both external and internal features of the WTBs through post-processing techniques. In this study, thermal data obtained through passive thermography is compared with contemporaneous visual imagery to definitively classify observed features in thermal images as either surface or sub-surface features. This analysis, coupled with corresponding weather conditions, provides valuable insights into the capabilities and limitations of the inspection technique. Additionally, finite-element-based (FE) thermal simulations of a WTB section are employed to parametrically assess the influence of weather conditions, beyond those observed during field measurements, based on a validated model.
In addition, the thermal images also consist of thermal signatures of leading-edge turbulence due to possible leading-edge erosion in WTBs. These are primarily vortices, and their shape and size depend on the morphology of the damage as well as the rotational speed of the WTBs. The inspections are accompanied by automatic data evaluation of the thermal signatures. To improve the precision of erosion damage identification, a fully convolutional network (FCN) is employed, trained, and tested using over 1000 annotated thermographic blade images. Additionally, the study introduces strategies for grouping smaller damage indications and simplification rules based on realistic thermal imaging resolutions. As leading-edge erosion could potentially lead to annual energy production (AEP) losses, this technique could prove to be a powerful tool in establishing the presence of damage and the resulting AEP loss.
T2 - 20th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing
CY - Incheon, South Korea
DA - 27.05.2024
KW - Non-destructive testing
KW - Thermografie
KW - Wind turbine rotor blades
KW - Windenergie Anlage Rotorblätter
KW - Thermography
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60695
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
T1 - Fracture Mechanics Analysis of Spent Fuel Claddings during Long-Term Dry Interim Storage
N2 - The European Joint Programme on Radioactive Waste Management (EURAD) is working on Spent Fuel Characterization (SFC) in its work package (WP) 8. Inspired by the EURAD activities, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) established an international Coordinated Research Project (CRP) on SFC. The EURAD WP SFC participants are collaborating as a team on the IAEA CRP on SFC. The EURAD WP SFC project consists of four tasks. Task 3 investigates the behaviour of nuclear fuel and cladding after discharge. The aim of these activities is to understand and describe the evolution of the cladding-pellet system and its ageing under conditions of extended interim storage, transportation and emplacement in a final disposal system. At the Third Research Coordination Meeting on Spent Fuel Characterization, BAM as contributor to Task 3 reported on the activities and status of its research work.
T2 - IAEA 3rd Research Coordination Meeting of the Coordinated Research Project on Spent Fuel Characterization
CY - Cockermouth, UK
DA - 01.07.2024
KW - Nuclear fuel
KW - Cladding
KW - Discharge
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60668
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
A1 - Gaddampally, Mohan Reddy
A1 - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Failure Analysis on Irradiated Claddings Subjected to Long-Term Dry Interim Storage
N2 - Long-term dry interim storage may adversely affect the mechanical properties of spent fuel rods, possibly resulting in a reduced resilience during handling or transport after storage. The cladding is the first barrier for the spent fuel pellets. An established method for characterising the cladding material is the ring compression test (RCT), in which a small, cylindrical sample of the cladding tube is subjected to a compressive load. Radial hydrides may precipitate in zirconium-based alloys (Zircaloy) under pre-storage drying and during slow cooling, which result in embrittlement of the cladding material and eventually a possible sudden failure of cladding integrity under additional mechanical loads. The focus of the presented research is on the development of appropriate nu-merical methods for predicting the mechanical behaviour and identification of limiting conditions to prevent brittle fracture of Zircaloy claddings. A modelling approach based on cohesive zones is ex-plained which is able to reproduce the propagation of cracks initiated at radial hydrides in the zir-conium matrix. The developed methods are applied to defueled samples of cladding alloy ZIRLO®, which were subjected to a thermo-mechanical treatment to reorient existing circumferential hy-drides to radial hydrides. A selected sample showing sudden load drops during a quasi-static ring compression test is analysed by means of fracture mechanics for illustrative purposes. Based on the developed fracture mechanics approach, not only the deformation behaviour but also the fail-ure behaviour of irradiated as well as unirradiated Zircaloy claddings with radial hydrides under RCT loading conditions can be adequately described.
T2 - 27th International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology - SMiRT 27
CY - Yokohama, Japan
DA - 03.03.2024
KW - Cladding Embrittlement
KW - Cohesive Zone Modelling
KW - Ring Compression Test
KW - Spent Nuclear Fuel
PY - 2024
SP - 1
EP - 8
AN - OPUS4-60671
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
T1 - Failure Analysis on Irradiated Claddings Subjected to Long-Term Dry Interim Storage
N2 - Long-term dry interim storage may adversely affect the mechanical properties of spent fuel rods, possibly resulting in a reduced resilience during handling or transport after storage. The cladding is the first barrier for the spent fuel pellets. An established method for characterising the cladding material is the ring compression test (RCT), in which a small, cylindrical sample of the cladding tube is subjected to a compressive load. Radial hydrides may precipitate in zirconium-based alloys (Zircaloy) under pre-storage drying and during slow cooling, which result in embrittlement of the cladding material and eventually a possible sudden failure of cladding integrity under additional mechanical loads. The focus of the presented research is on the development of appropriate nu-merical methods for predicting the mechanical behaviour and identification of limiting conditions to prevent brittle fracture of Zircaloy claddings. A modelling approach based on cohesive zones is ex-plained which is able to reproduce the propagation of cracks initiated at radial hydrides in the zir-conium matrix. The developed methods are applied to defueled samples of cladding alloy ZIRLO®, which were subjected to a thermo-mechanical treatment to reorient existing circumferential hy-drides to radial hydrides. A selected sample showing sudden load drops during a quasi-static ring compression test is analysed by means of fracture mechanics for illustrative purposes. Based on the developed fracture mechanics approach, not only the deformation behaviour but also the fail-ure behaviour of irradiated as well as unirradiated Zircaloy claddings with radial hydrides under RCT loading conditions can be adequately described.
T2 - 27th International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology - SMiRT 27
CY - Yokohama, Japan
DA - 03.03.2024
KW - Cladding Embrittlement
KW - Cohesive Zone Modelling
KW - Ring Compression Test
KW - Spent Nuclear Fuel
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60672
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Nietzke, Jonathan
T1 - Mechanische Eigenschaften von additiv gefertigtem AISI 316L unter Wasserstoffatmosphäre
N2 - Wasserstoff führt zu einer Degradation der mechanischen Eigenschaften vieler Stähle. In dieser Arbeit wurde dieser Effekt in additiv hergestelltem AISI 316L (1.4404) mithilfe von in-situ SSRT-Versuchen untersucht.
T2 - BMDK / Forschungsseminar Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg
CY - Magdeburg, Germany
DA - 11.12.2024
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - AISI 316L
KW - 1.4404
KW - SSRT
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62166
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Amano, Kofi Owusu Ansah
T1 - Thermal runaway characteristics and gas emission from sodium-ion cells – impact of state of charge level
N2 - Like lithium batteries, sodium batteries can also undergo thermal runaway. In a series of tests, 30 thermal runaway tests were carried out with sodium battery cells. The tests were carried out both in nitrogen and in air with different SOCs. The presentation shows the main results of these tests.
T2 - 7th International Battery Production Conference (IBPC)
CY - Braunschweig, Germany
DA - 27.11.2024
KW - Consequneces
KW - Electrical Energy Storage
KW - Sodium-ion battery
KW - Gas release
KW - SIB
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62178
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Heide, K.
A1 - Nolze, Gert
A1 - Völksch, G.
A1 - Heide, G.
T1 - Boracite Mg3[B7O13Cl] from the Zechstein salt deposits
N2 - Among the borates in the Middle European Zechstein Salt Succession boracite Mg3[B7O13Cl] is the most common mineral in quantity and local distribution. An exceptional enrichment is observed in Stassfurt Serie Z2) in the Stassfurth seam K2H. Boracite is to be found in two varieties: individual crystals in cubic, tetrahedral or dodecahedral habit on the one hand and fibrous crystals so-called “stassfurtite” on the other hand. The formation conditions such widely spread borates in the salt succession are ambiguous in two respects. First of all the synthetic formation of boracites is to be made by hydrothermal or melt conditions. Both processes can be suspended for the salt succession. Furthermore the cubic modification is stable above 265°C for the Mg-boracite. The cubic, tetrahedral or dodecahedral habit could be used as a geothermometer, but such conditions can be exclude by the paragenetic minerals, esp. carnallite (MgKCl3 x 6H2O). The chemical composition of orthorhombic, pseudo-cubic boracite depends on the location. Pure Mg-boracite in hexahedral habit and in fibrous habit, so-called “stassfurtite”, occurs in the North Harz region, whereas the Fe-, Mn-, Mg-boracite appears in the South Harz region. Until now the source of boron, the time of formation of crystals, but also the reasons for the differences in habit of the single hexahedral crystals are still unclear. The formation during a diagenetic/metamorphic process is evident. However, the preferred formation in Stassfurt seam could be an indication for the boron enrichment in an early diagenetic process. Furthermore permit the determination of the thermal stability and the volatile content of crystals conclusions to the chemical composition of the fluid. The observed variation suggests that the condition of crystal growth as well as the chemical composition of fluid repeatedly changed over the time. Randomly occuring xenomorpheous anhydrite and magnesite inclusions within single boracite crystals have been interpreted as an indication to factors of chemical milieu during the formation of crystals. The reversible phase transition temperature of the boracite is a linearly function of the iron and manganese content and varies from 265°C for Mg-boracite to 330°C for Fe(Mn)-boracite. The thermal decomposition of boracite is determined by two processes. The decomposition started with a boron-chlorine release (BOCl?), having a maximum rate at 1050°C. Additionally to this release one observes a simultaneous emission of H2O, HCl, HF, CO2 , N2 , SO2 , H2 , and hydro carbons. The results give evidence for the aged approach of a secondary formation of boracite within the complete Stassfurt seam, possibly in connection with the formation of salt diapirs in the Jura and Cretaceous period. The wider environmental distribution of borates is an indication of chemical transport processes within the salt succession. This should be a more important issue in the discussion about the utilisation of salt diapirs for the storage of nuclear waste.
KW - Borate
KW - Boracite
KW - Thermal behaviour
KW - Electron backscatter diffraction
KW - Energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy
PY - 2013
DO - https://doi.org/10.1524/zkri.2013.1633
VL - 228
SP - 467
EP - 475
PB - Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, München
AN - OPUS4-37982
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Redmer, Bernhard
T1 - Recent Developments in Digital Industrial Radiography
N2 - The lecture includes the following topics:
- Computed Radiography with Phosphor Imaging Plates is gaining more and more importance for mobile inspection and Film Replacement.
- New High Definition CR (HD CR) systems allow the CR application for Weld and Casting inspection with low energy X-rays.
- New calibration methods enable the High Contrast Sensitivity Technology (HCS RT) for radiographic inspection. The contrast sensitivity can be enhanced by a factor of 10 in comparison to film.
- New Digital Detector Arrays (DDA) are now available for stationary and mobile testing. They are also applied for automated defect recognition (ADR), CT, Back Scatter and Dual Energy Applications.
- Back Scatter Techniques are increasingly applied for Security and NDT
- Numeric Radiographic Modelling is applied for Experiment Planning, Film replacement, POD-calculations and training
- Mobile and portable CT devices are suitable for non-destructive cross sectioning in nuclear power industry and aircraft applications.
- Neutron radiography at research reactors was enhanced for visualisation of motions.
T2 - Instituts-Kolloquium der Werkstoffwissenschaften an der TU Ilmenau und DGZfP AK Thüringen, 223. Sitzung
CY - Ilmenau, Germany
DA - 25.02.2016
KW - 3D-Rekonstruktion
KW - Radiographie
KW - Computer-Tomographie
KW - Detektoren
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37987
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Klingelhöffer, Hellmuth
T1 - Neue Entwicklungen in der experimentellen thermo-mechanischen Prüfung
N2 - In dem Vortrag werden aktuelle Entwicklungen zum thermo-mechanischen Ermüdungsversuch aufgezeigt. In der Vergangenheit wurden ausschließlich dehnungsgeregelte TMF-Versuche durchgeführt. Zukünftig werden auch spannungsgeregelte TMF-Versuche eine Rolle spielen, besonders bei kleinen Belastungen und hohen Schwingspielzahlen. Daneben werden Rissfortschrittsmessungen bei TMF-Beanspruchung eine zunehmende Bedeutung zugemessen. Die Versuchstechnik hierzu ist noch nicht sehr verbreitet verfügbar und ist sehr anspruchsvoll. Es wird das Europäische Forschungsprojekt TEACH vorgestellt, welches beantragt, aber noch nicht bewilligt ist. Ferner wird der 3rd TMF-Workshop 2016 angekündigt, der bei der BAM in Berlin stattfinden wird.
T2 - Programmausschusssitzung DVM-AK TMF
CY - KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany
DA - 08.04.2014
KW - Thermo-mechanische Ermüdung
KW - TMF-Versuch
KW - Spannungsgeregelt
KW - Dehnungsgeregelt
KW - ISO 12111
PY - 2014
AN - OPUS4-38226
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Klingelhöffer, Hellmuth
T1 - German proposal for harmonisation of ISO 15363 and EN 10275 under lead of ISO
N2 - Bei den Normen ISO 15363 und EN 10275 handelt es sich um den hydraulischen Ringaufweitungsversuch, der in der Rohrprüfung in der Industrie genutzt wird. Auf Vorschlag von Salzgitter Mannesmann Forschung wurde im Arbeitsausschuss NA 062-01-53AA – Rohrprüfung - der Vorschlag eingebracht, beide Normen zu harmonisieren. Beide Normen sind fast identisch. Lediglich die verwendeten Symbole sind unterschiedlich. Daher soll in der ISO 15363 ein weiterer Anhang eingeführt werden, der eine Tabelle enthält, in der die Symbole der ISO 15363 und der EN 10275 gegenübergestellt werden. Die in der EN 10275 verwendeten Symbole entsprechen denen, die in Produktnormen für Stahlrohre verwendet werden. Der Normenharmonisierungsvorschlag, der unter dem Wiener Abkommen umgesetzt werden soll, wurde 2016 auf die Sitzung ISO TC 164 SC2 erfolgreich von deutscher Seite eingebracht.
T2 - ISO TC 164 SC2
CY - Tokyo, Japan
DA - 24.10.2016
KW - ISO 15363
KW - EN 10275
KW - Harmonisation
KW - Tube ring hydraulic pressure test
KW - Vienna agreement
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-38252
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Neumann, Patrick P.
A1 - Lazik, D.
A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias
T1 - Leak detection with linear soil gas sensors under field conditions - First experiences running a new measurement technique
N2 - A 400 m² soil test field with gas injection system was built up, which enables an experimental validation of linear gas sensors for specific applications and gases in an application-relevant scale. Several injection and soil watering experiments with carbon dioxide (CO2) at different days with varying boundary conditions were performed indicating the potential of the method for, e.g., rapid leakage detection with respect to Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) issues.
T2 - IEEE Sensors 2016
CY - Orlando, FL, USA
DA - 30.10.2016
KW - Soil test field
KW - Membrane-based linear gas sensor
KW - Leak detection
KW - Field conditions
PY - 2016
SN - 978-1-4799-8287-5
SN - 1930-0395
SP - B-3-65, 757
EP - 759
PB - IEEE
AN - OPUS4-38244
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wollschläger, Nicole
T1 - 3D reconstruction of thin porous TiO2 nano-particle films using focused ion beam technique
N2 - The present talk serves the routine characterization of the porous structure of unordered anatase NP-fillings by screen printing. Therefore the Focused Ion Beam technique was used to cut a defined volume of material slice per slice of the given material. From each slice electron micrographs are recorded. The won stack of images is than further processed using binarization and segmentation to reconstruct either the mesh of particles or pores. From the calibrated length-scales in the scanning electron microscope it is possible to determine the particular volumes for pore and material.
T2 - International Summer School: Nanoscience meets Metrology
CY - Turin, Italy
DA - 04.09.2016
KW - DSSC
KW - Titanium dioxide
KW - 3D reconstruction
KW - Focused ion beam
KW - Porosity
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-38245
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias
A1 - Neumann, Patrick P.
T1 - Leak detection with linear soil gas sensors under field conditions - First experiences running a new measurement technique
N2 - A 400 m² soil test field with gas injection system was built up, which enables an experimental validation of linear gas sensors for specific applications and gases in an application-relevant scale. Several injection and soil watering experiments with carbon dioxide (CO2) at different days with varying boundary conditions were performed indicating the potential of the method for, e.g., rapid leakage detection with respect to Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) issues.
T2 - IEEE Sensors 2016
CY - Orlando, FL, USA
DA - 30.10.2016
KW - Soil test field
KW - Membrane-based linear gas sensor
KW - Leak detection
KW - Field conditions
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-38247
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Apel, Andreas
A1 - Wille, Frank
A1 - Moutarde, M.
A1 - Sert, G.
A1 - Caillard-Lizot, M.-T.
A1 - Eckert, B.
A1 - Konnai, A.
A1 - Pstrak, D.
A1 - Harvey, J.
A1 - Desnoyers, B.
A1 - Purcell, P.
A1 - Fiaccabrino, V.
T1 - Stowage during transport: a proposal for harmonization
N2 - For stowage and retention during transport, the International Atomic EnergyAgency (IAEA) Transport regulations (SSR-6) only require that the package shall be securely stowed. Additional information is given in the IAEA guidance material (SSG-26), that includes specific load factors that should be considered in the safety demonstrations.
Nevertheless, applicants commonly use other load factors to justify the design of the packaging attachment points. In particular, acceleration values vary between different countries and this may lead to difficulties during the validation of foreign approval certificates.
Discussions with applicants identified that the load factors presented in the IAEA guidance material are not necessarily relevant for the different transport modes. For some modes, the load factors are representative of situations occurring in routine conditions of transport. For other modes, the load factors are more representative of situations occurring in normal or accident conditions of transport.
Furthermore, the origins of the specified values are not clear. In this context, some IAEA TRANSSC members decided to review the stowage guidance. An international working group was constituted in 2013, including representatives of competent authorities, technical support organizations, and transport stakeholders. Several topics were discussed
and many questions were raised during the two year review. For example, some discussions focused on Paper No.1031 2 the conditions which have to be considered for stowage design, both as relevant to the load factors used for strength and fatigue analysis, as well as the criteria which have to be considered for the package attachment points. In addition, related questions on operational aspects were also discussed. Overall, the working group concluded that new guidance material was warranted as input into SSG-26.
As a result of those discussions, the international working group produced new guidance material for stowage in transport, addressing each of these topics. The proposal to modify the IAEA guidance material (SSG-26, Appendix IV), presented by France to the TRANSSC in the 2015 initiated Review cycle of the Regulations, was unanimously accepted and will be implemented in the next edition of the guidance material.
T2 - PATRAM 2016
CY - Kobe, Japan
DA - 18.09.2016
KW - Packages for radioactive material
KW - IAEA regulations (SSR-6, SSG-26)
KW - Tie-down and stowage
KW - Load cases for transport
KW - Design of the packaging attachment points
PY - 2016
SP - Paper 1031, 1
EP - 8
AN - OPUS4-38644
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Scheidemann, Robert
A1 - Qiao, Linan
A1 - Müller, Karsten
T1 - Ermittlung dynamischer Kennwerte von Dämpferbeton für die Simulation des Beanspruchungsverhaltens
N2 - Die Sicherheit und Integrität von Verpackungen radioaktiver Stoffe wird anhand von numerischen Berechnungen bewertet. Bei einem Anprall oder Absturz sind die mechanischen Beanspruchungen auf die Behälter auch von den Eigenschaften des Untergrunds abhängig. Um potentielle Gefahren während der Verladung zu minimieren, wird energieabsorbierender Dämpferbeton in den Handhabungsbereichen nuklearer Lager eingesetzt.
Zu einer umfassenden sicherheitstechnischen Analyse und Bewertung gehört die Berücksichtigung des Beanspruchungsverhaltens von Dämpferbeton. Hierfür ist ein numerisches Materialmodell notwendig, das in der Literatur bisher nicht vorlag. Die dafür notwendigen dynamischen Kennwerte sind in verschiedenen Druck- und Eindringversuchen ermittelt worden. Dazu wurden dynamische Druckversuche an würfelförmigen Prüfkörpern durchgeführt, sowie Eindringversuche mit unterschiedlichen Eindringkörpern und Dämpferbetonproben. Die experimentell ermittelten Kennwerte wurden verwendet, um ein Materialmodell für Dämpferbeton zu entwickeln und kritische Beanspruchungsszenarien numerisch zu berechnen. Um die Qualität des Materialmodells zu überprüfen, wurde ein realitätsnaher Fallversuch eines Behälters in Originalgröße auf ein lagertypisches Dämpferbetonfundament durchgeführt.
In dem Beitrag sollen die unterschiedlichen Untersuchungen zur Ermittlung dynamischer Kennwerte sowie deren Ergebnisse dargestellt werden. Gezeigt werden ebenso numerische Nachberechnungen einzelner Versuche sowie die ausführliche Berechnung des Fallversuchs im Originalmaßstab. Experimentelle und numerische Ergebnisse aus der Simulation werden hier gegenübergestellt.
T2 - Tagung Werkstoffprüfung 2016
CY - Neu-Ulm, Germany
DA - 01.12.2016
KW - Druckversuche
KW - Eindringversuche
KW - Dynamisch
KW - Simulation
KW - Materialmodell
KW - Dämpferbeton
PY - 2016
SN - 978-3-514-00830-4
VL - 2016
SP - 149
EP - 154
PB - Stahleisen GmbH
CY - Düsseldorf
AN - OPUS4-38580
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Linnemann, Konrad
T1 - Aspects of spent fuel behavior assessment for transport packages
N2 - Transport packages for spent nuclear fuel have to be assessed with respect to specific transport conditions which are defined in the safety regulations of the International Atomic Energy Agency. In general, gastight fuel rods constitute the first barrier of the containment system. The physical state of the spent fuel and the fuel rod cladding as well as the geometric configuration of the fuel assemblies are important inputs for the evaluation of the package safety under transport conditions. The objective of this paper is to discuss the methodologies accepted by BAM for the authority assessment of spent fuel behavior within the package design approval procedure of German package designs. In particular, cracks or failures in the fuel rod cladding can occur under regulatory transport conditions. These defects can cause the release of gas, volatiles, fuel particles or fragments into the package cavity and have to be considered properly in the safety analysis. Another issue is the transport of defective fuel rods. One concept is to use special canisters which can be handled like fuel assemblies. This concept requires additional assessment concerning drying, sealing and the mechanical and thermal design of such canisters. The package as a mechanical system is characterized by a complex set of interactions, e.g. between the fuel rods within the assembly as well as between the fuel assemblies, the basket, and the cask containment. This complexity together with the limited knowledge about the material properties and the variation of the fuel assemblies regarding cladding material, burn-up and the operation history makes an exact mechanical analysis of the fuel rods nearly impossible. The simplified approaches to consider conservatively spent fuel behavior currently accepted by BAM are presented here.
T2 - International Conference on the Management of Spent Fuel from Nuclear Power Reactors: An Integrated Approach to the Back End of the Fuel Cycle
CY - Wien, Austria
DA - 15.06.2015
KW - Transport packages
KW - Spent fuel assessment
PY - 2005
AN - OPUS4-38101
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schönhals, Andreas
T1 - Broadband dielectric spectroscopy as an orthogonal tool to mechanical analysis – From theory to applications
N2 - The basics of broadband dielectric spectroscopy were introduced in detail. The analysis of the data was discussed. As application of broadband dielectric spectroscopy the alpha-relaxation (dynamic glass transition), the chain dynamics of polymers, and the behavior of a high performance polymer were illustrated.
T2 - Geesthachter Polymertage
CY - Geesthcht, Germany
DA - 08.11.2016
KW - Broadband dielectric spectroscopy
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-38185
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Linnemann, Konrad
A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor
A1 - Müller, Lars
A1 - Rolle, Annette
A1 - Wille, Frank
A1 - Droste, Bernhard
T1 - Aspects of spent fuel behavior assessment for transport packages
N2 - Transport packages for spent nuclear fuel have to be assessed with respect to specific transport conditions which are defined in the safety regulations of the International Atomic Energy Agency. In general, gastight fuel rods constitute the first barrier of the containment system. The physical state of the spent fuel and the fuel rod cladding as well as the geometric configuration of the fuel assemblies are important inputs for the evaluation of the package safety under transport conditions. The objective of this paper is to discuss the methodologies accepted by BAM for the authority assessment of spent fuel behavior within the package design approval procedure of German package designs. In particular, cracks or failures in the fuel rod cladding can occur under regulatory transport conditions. These defects can cause the release of gas, volatiles, fuel particles or fragments into the package cavity and have to be considered properly in the safety analysis. Another issue is the transport of defective fuel rods. One concept is to use special canisters which can be handled like fuel assemblies. This concept requires additional assessment concerning drying, sealing and the mechanical and thermal design of such canisters. The package as a mechanical system is characterized by a complex set of interactions, e.g. between the fuel rods within the assembly as well as between the fuel assemblies, the basket, and the cask containment. This complexity together with the limited knowledge about the material properties and the variation of the fuel assemblies regarding cladding material, burn-up and the operation history makes an exact mechanical analysis of the fuel rods nearly impossible. The simplified approaches to consider conservatively spent fuel behavior currently accepted by BAM are presented here.
T2 - International Conference on Management of Spent Fuel from Nuclear Power Reactors - An Integrated Approach to the Back-End of the Fuel Cycle
CY - Wien, Austria
DA - 15.06.2015
KW - Transport packages
KW - Spent fuel assessment
PY - 2015
SP - 1
AN - OPUS4-38102
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Linnemann, Konrad
T1 - Aspects of spent fuel behavior assessment for transport packages
N2 - Transport packages for spent nuclear fuel have to be assessed with respect to specific transport conditions. The physical state of the spent fuel and the fuel rod cladding as well as the geometric configuration of the fuel assemblies are important inputs for the evaluation of the package safety. The objective of this paper is to discuss the methodologies accepted by BAM for the authority assessment of spent fuel behavior within the package design approval procedure.
T2 - SNL/BAM Workshop 2015
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 29.10.2015
KW - Transport packages
KW - Spent fuel assessment
PY - 2015
AN - OPUS4-38103
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Linnemann, Konrad
T1 - Analysis of parameters affecting the bending behavior of spent fuel rods
N2 - Transport packages for spent nuclear fuel have to be assessed with respect to specific transport conditions which are defined in the regulations of the International Atomic Energy Agency. The physical state of the spent fuel and the fuel rod cladding as well as the geometric configuration of the fuel assemblies are important inputs for the evaluation of the package capabilities under these conditions. Cracks or failures in the fuel rod cladding can cause the release of gas, volatiles or fuel particles into the cavity. The amount of substances in the cavity has to be considered in the assessment of the activity release and criticality safety.
The mechanical analysis of the compound system formed by the fuel rod cladding and the spent fuel pellets is very difficult due to the limited knowledge of the material properties and the insufficient understanding of the interaction between pellets and cladding and between adjacent pellets. The variation of fuel assembly properties regarding cladding material, burn-up and the history of usage makes reliable predictions of the fuel rod behavior even harder.
For a better understanding about the behavior of spent fuel rods, JRC-ITU and BAM have started a joint research project. In this context, JRC-ITU has developed a test device which allows quasi-static 3-point-bending test on fuel rod segments in the hot cell. The loads are applied with respect to the boundary conditions of the activity release assessment. This paper deals with the numerical calculation of a single fuel rod segment under bending load. The aim is to identify the governing mechanical parameters by the variation of constitutive assumptions, contact conditions, inner constraints, etc. This knowledge helps for the interpretation of the experimental results. Furthermore, the improved understanding about the behavior of the cladding-pellets system will be beneficial for the assessment of spent fuel transport conditions.
T2 - 18th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials, PATRAM 2016
CY - Kobe, Japan
DA - 18.09.2016
KW - Transport packages
KW - Spent fuel assessment
KW - Finite element methods
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-38104
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Stengel, Dominik
T1 - Bericht zum Zwischenstand des Forschungsvorhabens MOSYTRAF
N2 - Präsentation des Zwischenstands des Forschungsvorhabens MOSYTRAF mit erreichten Zielen, Einordnung der Ergebnisse und Ausblick auf eine weitere Laufzeit vor den Projektpartnern und -förderern.
T2 - MOSYTRAF Projektgruppentreffen zum Zwischenstand
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 24.11.2016
KW - MOSYTRAF
KW - Hochspannungs-Freileitungen
KW - Dauerüberwachung
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-38490
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Stephan, Christiane
A1 - Greiner, D.
A1 - Schorr, S.
A1 - Kaufmann, Ch.
T1 - The influence of sodium on the point defect characteristics in off stoichiometric CuInSe2
N2 - The device performance of polycrystalline chalcogenide thin film solar cells is strongly influenced by different kinds of defects within the material. The presence of sodium or other alkali metals like potassium during the deposition process is well known to influence the electronic properties of the solar cell and thus to improve the efficiency of the final device. Structural analysis of neutron powder diffraction data collected at low temperatures and subsequent profile analysis by the LeBail and Rietveld method demonstrates the impact of sodium on the point defect characteristics in off stoichiometric CuInSe2. The analyzed materials are powder and thin film solar absorber material with addition of NaF and free of sodium. It is illustrated, the so called “sodium effect” cannot be reduced to one single origin. A range of effects, the reduction of InCu donors with a followed increase of VCu acceptors is possible. The main effect is an increased ordered character of the chalcopyrite crystal structure at off stoichiometric composition, when containing sodium.
KW - Semiconductors
KW - Chalcogenides
KW - Defects
PY - 2016
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2016.07.022
SN - 0022-3697
VL - 2016
IS - 98
SP - 309
EP - 315
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-38462
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Nehrig, Marko
T1 - Effects of additional gases resulting from residual water inside ILW packages
N2 - Packages for intermediate level waste (ILW) often contain residual water besides the actual waste. The water either exists as obvious free water or it may be bound physically or chemically, e.g. as pore water. A water driven gas generation could occur by vaporisation and by radiolysis. Steam as the result of vaporisation causes an increasing pressure inside a package and can affect corrosion. Vaporisation and condensation processes itself change the thermal behavior of the content especially during strongly unsteady thermal situations like accident fire situations. Radiolysis changes the chemical composition of the content which could cause an unexpected interaction, e.g. hydrogen embrittlement. Besides the pressure build-up the radiolysis of water generates hydrogen and oxygen, which can be highly flammable respectively explosive. The gas generation caused by vaporisation and radiolysis must be taken into account during the design and the safety assessment of a package. Pressure build-up, a changed thermal behavior and content chemistry, and especially the risk of accumulation of combustible gases exceeding the limiting concentration for flammability has to be considered in the safety assessment. Approaches to ensure the transportability of stored packages due to radiolysis will be discussed.
T2 - ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference (PVP2016)
CY - Vancouver, BC, Canada
DA - 17.07.2016
KW - Radiocactive material
KW - Thermal
KW - Pressure build-up
KW - Gas generation
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-38448
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Nehrig, Marko
A1 - Wille, Frank
A1 - Rolle, Annette
A1 - Linnemann, Konrad
T1 - Effects of additional gases resulting from residual water inside ILW packages
N2 - Packages for intermediate level waste (ILW) often contain residual water besides the actual waste. The water either exists as obvious free water or it may be bound physically or chemically, e.g. as pore water. A water driven gas generation could occur by vaporisation and by radiolysis. Steam as the result of vaporisation causes an increasing pressure inside a package and can affect corrosion. Vaporisation and condensation processes itself change the thermal behavior of the content especially during strongly unsteady thermal situations like accident fire situations. Radiolysis changes the chemical composition of the content which could cause an unexpected interaction, e.g. hydrogen embrittlement. Besides the pressure build-up the radiolysis of water generates hydrogen and oxygen, which can be highly flammable respectively explosive. The gas generation caused by vaporisation and radiolysis must be taken into account during the design and the safety assessment of a package. Pressure build-up, a changed thermal behavior and content chemistry, and especially the risk of accumulation of combustible gases exceeding the limiting concentration for flammability has to be considered in the safety assessment. Approaches to ensure the transportability of stored packages due to radiolysis will be discussed.
T2 - ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference (PVP2016)
CY - Vancouver, BC, Canada
DA - 17.07.2016
KW - Radioactive material
KW - Pressure build-up
KW - Gas generation
PY - 2016
SN - 978-0-7918-5045-9
VL - 7
SP - Paper 63008, 1
EP - 6
AN - OPUS4-38451
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Nielow, Dustin
T1 - In situ thermography of crack growth in sandwich shell segments with manufactured imperfections
N2 - A new test rig for the efficient material testing of curved GFRP composite specimens is developed. The presented intermediate scale test facility allows the fatigue testing of representative shell segments of rotor blades for the wind power industry. The non-destructive condition monitoring is performed by a combination of thermography and optical 3 D deformation analysis, automated in situ throughout the fatigue test. In many cases cracks in the shells of wind turbine rotor blades are detected long time before the calculated lifetime of 20 years. As a consequence of the harsh weather conditions damage progress occurs, that causes costly in-service repairs. Approximately 70% to 80% of defects in rotor blades are the consequence of imperfections through the manufacturing process or the rotor blade design. Production-related imperfections are supposed to be one possible reason for crack formation and crack growth. Therefore, a test rig for shell structures is constructed and launched into operation. In the test bench sandwich shells and full laminate shells of different sizes with artificially created defects (e.g. wrinkles, laminate change, etc.) are tested under cyclic tension and compression load. The characterization of the damage state and evolution during the fatigue test by simultaneous passive thermography and optical 3D deformation analysis is performed. The in- and out-off-plane deformations of sandwich shells under cyclic tension and compression load are determined by optical 3 D deformation analysis (with ARAMIS). For the non-destructive detection of developing material defects (e.g. cracks) in the shells due to cyclic loading thermography is used. The passive thermography is well suited for the characterization of the crack formation and crack growth of composites during fatigue tests. The cyclic strain energy introduces the damage and the damage progress can be recorded and documented in the material. By thermography the damage is recognized in the laminate long time, before the surface of the painted specimen is damaged. The experiments show a correlation between the hotspots, observed by passive thermography and the location of the final failure.
In the paper the design of the test bench and the results of the experiments will be presented.
T2 - WCNDT 2016, 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing
CY - München, Germany
DA - 13.06.2016
KW - shell
KW - composites
KW - fatigue test
KW - thermography
KW - rotor balde
KW - sandwich
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-36557
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Nielow, Dustin
T1 - Effects of defects – Fertigungsbedingte Imperfektionen in Sandwichschalenstrukturen unter Betriebsbeanspruchungen
N2 - In den Blattschalen von Rotorblättern von Windenergieanlagen (WEA) bilden sich häufig weit vor der projektierten Lebensdauer von 20 Jahren Risse aus. Durch Witterungseinflüsse kommt es zum Schadenfortschritt. Die Folge sind der Stillstand der Anlage und kostenintensive Reparaturen am Turm oder der komplette Austausch der Rotorblätter. Als eine mögliche Ursache der Rissentstehung und des Risswachtums gelten fertigungsbedingte Imperfektionen. Aufgrund der Effizienz werden Komponententests mit repräsentative Schalensegmenten und –ausschnitten von Rotorblättern angestrebt. Für diese Untersuchungen wurde ein Versuchsstand für die Prüfung von Schalenstrukturen konstruiert und an der BAM betrieben. Mit dem Versuchsstand kann der Einfluss von fertigungsbedingten Imperfektionen auf die Rissentstehung und das Risswachstum untersucht werden. In dem Prüfstand werden gekrümmte Sandwichschalen mit eingebrachten Imperfektionen (z.B. Schaumstöße, Laminatabstufungen) unter schwellender Druckbelastung untersucht. Die aufgebrachte Last entspricht realistischen Belastungsniveaus (z. B. 50 Jahres Böe) von Rotorblättern. Die in situ Zustandsüberwachung erfolgt kombiniert mittels Thermografie und der optischen 3 D Felddehnungsmessungen. Mit dem optischen 3 D Felddehnungssystem (ARAMIS) werden die In- und Out-Off-Plane Verformungen der Sandwichschale unter der zyklischen Schwingbelastung detektiert. Die zerstörungsfreie Detektion der Werkstoffermüdung (z.B. Risse) in den Schalenprüfkörpern infolge der zyklischen Beanspruchung erfolgt mittels begleitender passiver Thermografie. Mit den durchgeführten Versuchen konnte der Einfluss der unterschiedlichen fertigungsbedingten Imperfektionen auf die Betriebsfestigkeit der Sandwich Schalenprüfkörper herausgestellt werden. Aus diesen Erkenntnissen wurden für den Rotorblattbau Design Hinweise abgeleitet. Weiterhin wurde in den Versuchen die Eignung der kombinierten Zustandsüberwachung für die Detektion der Verformungsänderungen, Schadensentstehung und dem Schadensfortschritt nachgewiesen. Die kombinierte Zustandsüberwachung mittels Thermografie und der optischen 3 D Felddehnungsmessung eignet sich sehr gut zur Schadensdetektion von Sandwichstrukturen unter Schwingbeanspruchung.
T2 - 8. Tagung: Rotorblätter von Windkraftanlagen
CY - Haus der Technik, Essen, Deutschland
DA - 16.06.2016
KW - Rotorblatt
KW - Zerstörungsfreie Zustandsüberwachung
KW - Sandwich Schalenstrukturen
KW - FVK
KW - Imperfektion
KW - Betriebsfestigkeit
KW - Schwingversuch
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-36827
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Neumann, Patrick P.
A1 - Werner, Klaus-Dieter
A1 - Petrov, Sergej
A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias
A1 - Lazik, D.
ED - Puente León, F.
ED - Zagar, B.
T1 - Aufbau eines großflächigen Testfeldes für verteilte Bodengassensorik und Untersuchung einer Monitoringmethode basierend auf Tomographie
T1 - Setup of a large-scale test field for distributed soil gas sensors and testing of a monitoring method based on tomography
N2 - A 400 m² soil test field with gas injection system was built up for the purpose of large-scale validation, optimization, and characterization of a novel comprehensive monitoring method for underground gas storage areas. The method combines gas sensing technology with linear form factor for in-situ monitoring of gases in soil with the mapping capabilities of Computed Tomography (CT) to reconstruct time-series of gas distribution maps based on samples of orthogonally-aligned linear gas sensors. Several injection experiments with carbon dioxide (CO2) at different days with varying boundary conditions indicates the potential of the method for, e.g., rapid leakage detection with respect to Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) issues.
N2 - Zur Validierung, Optimierung und praxisnahen Demonstration eines flächendeckenden Monitoringverfahrens für Untergrundgasspeichern wurde ein 400 m² großes Testfeld mit Gasinjektionssystem auf dem BAM Testgelände Technische Sicherheit aufgebaut. Die Methode kombiniert verteilte, linienförmige Gassensorik für die In-situ-Überwachung von Gasen im Boden mit den Mapping-Fähigkeiten der Computertomographie (CT). Auf Basis von orthogonal zueinander ausgerichteten linearen Gassensoren können mit diesem Verfahren so Zeitreihen der Gasverteilung rekonstruiert werden. Experimente mit
Kohlendioxid (CO2) zeigen das Potential des Verfahrens zur schnellen Lokalisierung von Leckagen auf.
KW - Soil test field
KW - Distributed linear sensor
KW - Membrane-based gas sensing
KW - Subsurface monitoring
KW - Gas storage areas
KW - Computed tomography
PY - 2016
DO - https://doi.org/10.1515/teme-2016-0015
SN - 2196-7113
SN - 0171-8096
VL - 83
IS - 10
SP - 606
EP - 615
PB - Walter de Gruyter GmbH
CY - Berlin, Deutschland
AN - OPUS4-37653
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Komann, Steffen
A1 - Wille, Frank
A1 - Droste, Bernhard
T1 - Gap analysis by periodical reviews of transport package design safety reports of German SNF/HLW dual purpose casks
N2 - Storage of spent nuclear fuel and high-level waste in dual purpose casks (DPC) is related with the challenge of maintaining safety for transportation over several decades of storage. Beside consideration of aging mechanisms by appropriate design, material selection and operational controls to assure technical reliability by aging management measures, an essential issue is the continuous control and update of the DPC safety case. Not only the technical objects are subject of aging but also the safety demonstration basis is subject of “aging” due to possible changes of regulations, standards and scientific/technical knowledge. The basic document, defining the transport safety conditions, is the package design safety report (PDSR) for the transport version of the DPC. To ensure a safe transport in future to a destination which is not known yet (because of not yet existing repository sites) periodical reviews of the PDSR, in connection with periodic renewals of package design approval certificates, have to be carried out. The main reviewing tool is a gap analysis. A gap analysis for a PDSR is the assessment of the state of technical knowledge, standards and regulations regarding safety functions of structures, systems and components.
T2 - 18th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials PATRAM2016
CY - Kobe, Japan
DA - 18.09.2016
KW - Radioactive material
KW - Gap analysis
KW - Periodical review
KW - Approved packages
PY - 2016
SP - Paper 5004, 1
EP - 9
AN - OPUS4-37641
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias
A1 - Neumann, Patrick P.
T1 - Validation of membrane-based linear soil gas sensors – results from repetitive CO2 injection experiments performed in the field
N2 - This work presents first results from repeti-tive CO2 injection experiments performed on a recently built-up 400 m² soil test field with gas injection system. The test field contains 48 membrane-based linear gas sensors that were installed in several depths of the test field. Sensors for measuring meteorological parameters (e.g., wind / rain) and the parameters soil temperature, soil moisture, and groundwater level were installed additionally. A more de-tailed description of the test field setup can be found in. A short description of the mem-brane-based linear gas sensors’ functional prin-ciple can be found in.
T2 - 33rd Danubia- Adria Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics
CY - Portorož, Slovenia
DA - 20.09.2016
KW - Distributed linear sensor
KW - Gas distribution mapping and gas source localization
KW - Gas storage areas
KW - Membrane-based gas sensing
KW - Subsurface monitoring
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37643
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Neumann, Patrick P.
A1 - Lazik, D.
A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias
ED - Aulova, Alexandra
ED - Rogelj Ritonja, A.
ED - Emri, I.
T1 - Validation of membrane-based linear soil gas sensors – results from repetitive CO2 injection experiments performed in the field
N2 - This work presents first results from repetitive CO2 injection experiments performed on a recently built-up 400 m² soil test field with gas injection system. The test field contains 48 membrane-based linear gas sensors that were installed in several depths of the test field. Sensors for measuring meteorological parameters (e.g., wind / rain) and the parameters soil temperature, soil moisture, and groundwater level were installed additionally.
T2 - 33rd Danubia- Adria Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics
CY - Portorož, Slovenia
DA - 20.09.2016
KW - Distributed linear sensor
KW - Gas distribution mapping and gas source localization
KW - Gas storage areas
KW - Membrane-based gas sensing
KW - Subsurface monitoring
PY - 2016
SN - 978-961-94081-0-0
SP - 174
EP - 175
CY - Ljubljana
AN - OPUS4-37644
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
A1 - Ertel, Jens-Peter
A1 - Sochor, M.
A1 - Unseld, H.
T1 - Nachbestimmung von Pfahllängen am Beispiel von Masten
N2 - Im Rahmen der Lebensdauerverlängerung oder der Umnutzung von Bauwerken (z. B. Brücken, Bürogebäude oder Maste) müssen diese zum Teil neu bewertet werden. Dafür ist eine Nachrechnung für statische und dynamische Lastfälle erforderlich. Dies betrifft zum einen die Struktur selbst, die gegebenenfalls verstärkt werden muss. Aber auch die Gründung (oft Pfähle verschiedenster Typen) muss neu beurteilt werden. Nach mehreren Jahrzehnten sind jedoch für einige Bauwerke keine zuverlässigen Bestandsunterlagen verfügbar.
Eine vollständige Freilegung der Pfähle verbietet sich aus Kostengründen sowie Verlust an Widerstand gegen Zug. Lediglich der Pfahlanschluss kann visuell begutachtet werden, um Pfahlzahl, -typ und Durchmesser zu bestimmen. Für die Bestimmung der Pfahllänge müssen zerstörungsfreie Verfahren eingesetzt werden. In einer Machbarkeitsstudie wurden von den Autoren teils im Blindversuch drei Verfahren evaluiert: die klassische Pfahlintegritätsprüfung nach der Hammerschlagmethode, eine mehrkanalige Variante hierzu und das Parallel-Seismik-Verfahren. Die ersten beiden Methoden lieferten an den untersuchten Pfählen nur in Einzelfällen verwertbare Ergebnisse. Die Parallel-Seismik-Methode lieferte auch im Blindversuch an Fundamenten, bei denen die Pfahllänge dem Eigentümer bekannt war, Ergebnisse mit einer Abweichung von max. 0,5 m. Diese Toleranz lässt sich bei der Standfestigkeitsbeurteilung berücksichtigen. Die Mehrkosten des Verfahrens (anders als bei den anderen Verfahren wird ein verrohrtes Bohrloch im Boden nahe dem Pfahl benötigt) halten sich in Grenzen, wenn man es in die geotechnische Untersuchung integriert. Daher wurde es inzwischen auch in der Praxis eingesetzt. Auch liegen die Gesamtkosten für die Untersuchung deutlich unter denen für eventuell notwendigen Ersatz – oder Verstärkungsmaßnahmen, die notwendig werden, wenn keine Daten zur Pfahllänge verfügbar sind.
Der Vortrag erläutert die Ergebnisse der Machbarkeitsstudie, zeigt erste Praxisfälle und weist auf Möglichkeiten hin, das Parallel-Seismik Verfahren in Zukunft noch genauer und effizienter einzusetzen.
T2 - 34. Baugrundtagung
CY - Bielefeld, Germany
DA - 15.09.2016
KW - Mast
KW - Pfahl
KW - Länge
KW - Parallel-Seismik
KW - Integritätsprüfung
PY - 2016
SN - 9783946039013
SP - 31
EP - 36
PB - DGGT
CY - Essen
AN - OPUS4-37648
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Yildirim, Arda
T1 - Structure and dynamics of 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexakis[hexyloxy] triphenylene in nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide membranes
N2 - Due to their chemical structure, a rigid disk-like aromatic core and flexible alkyl chains attached to the core, discotic liquid crystals (DLCs) can organize and stack themselves into columns in a hexagonal columnar mesophase, a mesophase in between the plastic crystalline and isotropicphase. The overlap of the π orbitals of the aromatic core in the hexagonal columnar mesophase leads to a high charge-carrier mobilitie along the column axis – these columns can be considered as “moleculer nanowires” making liquid crystals a promising class of materials for electronic applications. Previous studies on DLCs showed that the phase behavior of DLCs is susceptible to nano confinement. Here in this study, the thermotropic collective orientational order of 2,3,6,7,10,11 hexakis[hexyloxy] triphenylene (HAT6), a triphenylene based DLC, and the effects of nano confinment on of its phase behavior were investigated by broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). HAT6 was embedded into nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide membranes by melt infiltration in the isotropic phase under argon atmosphere. The filled membranes have the thickness of 80 µm and the diameter of 15mm and parallel aligned tubular nanopores having the pore diameters of 25, 40, 80 and 180 nm. The filling degree for each sample was checked by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in order to ensure complete filling. The bulk HAT6 forms, a hexagonal columnar phase between the isotropic phase above 371 K, and the plastic crystalline phase below 340 K. Unlike the bulk, the confined HAT6 forms two peaks in the heat flow during the plastic crystalline-to-hexagonal columnar phase transition, which might be the evidence of two different phase structures close to the wall and in the pore center. Moreover, the isotropic-to-columnar transition of the confined HAT6 shifts with decreasing pore diameter to lower temperatures.
T2 - 9th International Conference on Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy and its Applications
CY - Pisa, Italy
DA - 11.09.2016
KW - Discotic liquid crystals
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37712
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Krankenhagen, Rainer
T1 - Thermographic rotor blade inspection from larger distances - a promising tool for the maintenance of wind turbines
N2 - The permanently increasing number of wind turbines requires suited inspection and monitoring methods to ensure liability and security. Concerning the inspection of ro-tor blades, only manual inspections are state of the art. Thermographic Testing (TT) has the potential to detect typical failures and damages on rotor blades. The presentation demopnstrates the measurement principle and some results of onsite measurements carried out as “passive thermogra-phy”, i.e. without a defined heating procedure. Due the totally contactless meas-urement principle, TT can be applied to rotating blades as well as to resting blades. Both methods will be compared with respect to their possible realization.
T2 - WCNDT 2016
CY - Munich, Germany
DA - 13.06.2016
KW - Wind turbine rotor blade
KW - Thermographic inspection
KW - Passive thermography
KW - Nondestructive testing
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-36629
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rohwetter, Philipp
T1 - Fibre-optic sensing for partial discharge monitoring
N2 - Es werden aktuelle Arbeiten im Fachbereich Faseroptische Sensorik der BAM vorgestellt, die auf die Verfügbarmachung nichtelektrischer Sensorik für die Diagnostik von Hochspannungskabelgarnituren zielen. Neben Ergebnissen zur faseroptisch-akustischen Detektion von Teilentladungen in Garnituren werden neuartige isolierstoffintegrierbare Sensoren präsentiert, mit deren Hilfe Teilentladungen anhand ihrer Lichtemission empfindlich und spezifisch detektiert werden können.
T2 - Seminar talk at ABB Corporate Research
CY - Baden-Dättwil, Switzerland
DA - 21.06.2016
KW - Fibre-optic sensing
KW - Partial discharge
KW - Elastomeric optical waveguides
KW - Distributed acoustic sensing
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-36632
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Pavlovic, Mato
T1 - Reliability Analysis of the Phased-Array Ultrasonic System used for the Inspection of Friction Stir Welds of Copper Canisters
N2 - The canister for the permanent storage of spent nuclear fuel used by SKB in Sweden consists of a cast iron insert surrounded by a five centimetre thick shell of copper. It is a safety critical component and in order to secure long-term structural integrity non-destructive methods are used to inspect 100% of the volume of each canister, before it is disposed of in the repository. One of the critical components that requires inspection is a sealing weld, joining the copper tube and the lid. The friction stir weld is inspected using an ultrasonic phased array system. The area of the weld is inspected with several inspection channels with different angles and varying coverage. To make sure that no defects that might occur in the weld are overseen, the reliability of the inspection must be quantified. The reliability of NDT is usually quantified with the probability of detection curves. The influence of the parameters that might influence the POD of the flaws in the weld is investigated analysing the experimental results, as well as with a help of a numerical simulation of the inspection.
T2 - Proceedings of the 19th World Conference on Nondestructive Testing
CY - Munich, Germany
DA - 13.06.2016
KW - Ultrasonic
KW - Copper
KW - NDT
KW - FSW
KW - JLH
KW - Weld
KW - POD
KW - Reliability
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-36703
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Augustin, Sven
A1 - Hübers, H. -W.
A1 - Hieronymus, J.
T1 - Characterization of a THz SLM and its application for improved high resolution THz imaging
N2 - Spatial light modulators (SLM) can be used for many applications, including imaging and beam steering. With the emergence of THz SLMs being able to control thousands of pixels, the aforementioned applications become feasible for the THz region. The degree of control that can be exerted with a SLM and in turn its usefulness directly depends on the light pattern it creates. The resulting light patterns can be quite different from the intended light patterns, due to systematic and random non-uniformities, especially for large THz wavelengths. Here we present results on the performance of a Germanium based THz SLM. These results enable the efficient application of Compressed Sensing techniques in THz SLM imaging settings.
T2 - 40th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz)
CY - Hong Kong, China
DA - 23.08.2015
KW - Spatial light modulators
KW - SLM
PY - 2015
SN - 2162-2027
PB - IEEE
CY - New York, NY, USA
AN - OPUS4-36669
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kailasam, K.
A1 - Mesch, M. B.
A1 - Möhlmann, Lennart
A1 - Baar, M.
A1 - Blechert, S.
A1 - Schwarze, M.
A1 - Schröder, M.
A1 - Schomäcker, R.
A1 - Senker, J.
A1 - Thomas, A.
T1 - Donor–acceptor-type heptazine-based polymer networks for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution
N2 - A heptazine-based polymer network (HMP-3) with a donor–acceptor (D–A) structure was prepared and tested as catalyst for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from water. Compared to other heptazine-based materials, which are typically prepared at high temperatures and have recently received much interest as metal-free photocatalysts, the low-temperature protocol applied here allows the defined introduction of organic functional groups within the polymer backbone. The structure of HMP-3 contains alternating heptazine and benzothiadiazole moieties as electron acceptors connected by aminobenzene bridges as electron donors. The resulting material leads to enhanced hydrogen evolution compared to graphitic carbon nitride materials prepared at high temperatures (>500 8C) most probably because of the stabilization of photogenerated charge carriers in the D–A structure.
KW - Photocatalysis
KW - Water splitting
KW - Water reduction
KW - Carbon nitride
PY - 2016
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.201500478
VL - 4
IS - 6
SP - 744
EP - 750
PB - Wiley
AN - OPUS4-36915
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Komann, Steffen
T1 - Gap analysis by periodical reviews of transport package design safety reports of German SNF/HLW dual purpose casks
N2 - Storage of spent nuclear fuel and high-level waste in dual purpose casks (DPC) is related with the challenge of maintaining safety for transportation over several decades of storage. Beside consideration of aging mechanisms by appropriate design, material selection and operational controls to assure technical reliability by aging management measures, an essential issue is the continuous control and update of the DPC safety case. Not only the technical objects are subject of aging but also the safety demonstration basis is subject of “aging” due to possible changes of regulations, standards and scientific/technical knowledge. The basic document, defining the transport safety conditions, is the package design safety report (PDSR) for the transport version of the DPC. To ensure a safe transport in future to a destination which is not known yet (because of not yet existing repository sites) periodical reviews of the PDSR, in connection with periodic renewals of package design approval certificates, have to be carried out. The main reviewing tool is a gap analysis. A gap analysis for a PDSR is the assessment of the state of technical knowledge, standards and regulations regarding safety functions of structures, systems and components.
T2 - 18th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials PATRAM2016
CY - Kobe, Japan
DA - 18.09.2016
KW - Radioactiv material
KW - Transportation
KW - Periodoc inspection
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37748
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Komann, Steffen
T1 - Anforderungen an Verpackungen für prüfpflichtige Versandstücke
N2 - Ziel dieses Beitrages soll es sein, zum einen das Vorgehen bei der Erlangung einer Anerkennung zur qualitätsgesicherten Herstellung einer Verpackung für prüfpflichtige Versandstücke der zuständigen Behörde im Sinne des ADR Unterabschnittes 1.7.3 darzustellen und zum anderen Probleme bei der Umsetzung der rechtsverbindlichen Vorschriften des Gefahrgutrechts aufzuzeigen.
T2 - 5. RAM-Behältersicherheitstage
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 16.03.2016
KW - Qualitätssicherung
KW - Radioaktive Stoffe
KW - Gefahrgut
KW - Transport
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37749
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Neumann, Martin
A1 - Wille, Frank
A1 - Droste, Bernhard
T1 - Introduction of BAM safety assessment experience feedback list
N2 - BAM as competent authority regarding assessment of mechanical and thermal design, activity release and quality assurance aspects of SNF and HLW transport packages developed a thesaurus of experience feedback topics from recent approval procedures. The list is structured according to the European PDSR guide. It involves issues, which from BAM point of view, needed clarification during last package design assessment procedures. The list contains issues from operation (e.g. deactivation of handling lugs not intended for package handling), maintenance (e.g. leak tightness of impact limiting devices) to technical assessment (e.g. formation of hydrogen by radiolysis and its impact on pressure and ignitability, consideration of ageing mechanisms, thermo-mechanical assessment, impact of gaps between content and flask, spent fuel behaviour) as well as to general and specific safety analysis report requirements (e.g. report structure and required data).
T2 - PATRAM 2016
CY - Kobe, Japan
DA - 18.09.2016
KW - Experience feedback list
KW - Radioactive material
KW - Transport
PY - 2016
UR - http://www.patram2016.org/
SP - Paper 4002, 1
AN - OPUS4-37850
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Feldkamp, Martin
A1 - Nehrig, Marko
A1 - Bletzer, Claus
A1 - Musolff, André
A1 - Erenberg, Marina
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Behaviour of Wood Filled Impact Limiters during Fire Test
N2 - Packages for the transport of radioactive material are often equipped with impact limiters consisting of wood, encapsulated by steel sheets. These impact limiters shall ensure the transport cask meets the mechanical and thermal IAEA regulatory test requirements. After damage caused by the mechanical tests the package has to withstand a severe fire scenario. According to the regulations during and following the thermal test, the specimen shall not be artificially cooled and any combustion of materials of the package shall be permitted to proceed naturally.
Corresponding to results of the French institute IRSN combustion and smouldering of wood inside the impact limiter occurred during and after the fire test. An additional energy supply from a pre-damaged impact limiter to the cask could be the consequence for the safety assessment of the containment.
BAM started a first test phase to examine the issue of combustion for such kind of package components. The goal was to understand the phenomena under the consideration of relevant regulatory boundary conditions. Several metal buckets were filled with wood and equipped with thermocouples. The test specimens have been prepared with different damage arrangements to take the influence of the mechanical tests into account. This paper shows the experimental setup and the conduction of the tests. The first test shows that pre-damaged metal encapsulations can lead to smouldering of the wood and with this to a supplement energy release after the end of the 30 minute fire. BAM is in the preparation process for a second test phase. A thermal test will take place with a wood filled test specimen weighing about 2Mg.
T2 - The 18th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials (PATRAM 2016)
CY - Kobe, Japan
DA - 18.09.2016
KW - Large scale testing
KW - Fire test
KW - Impact limiter
KW - Shock absorber
KW - Thermal test
KW - Typ-B
KW - Wood
KW - Smouldering
PY - 2016
SP - paper no. 1011
AN - OPUS4-37854
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schlegel, Moritz-Caspar
A1 - Többens, D.
A1 - Svetogorov, R.
A1 - Krüger, M.
A1 - Stock, N.
A1 - Reinsch, H.
A1 - Wallacher, D.
A1 - Stewart, R.
A1 - Russina, M.
T1 - Conformation-controlled hydrogen storage in the CAU-1 metal-organic framework
N2 - We have studied the mechanism of hydrogen storage in the aluminium based metal–organic framework CAU-1 or [Al4(OH)2 OCH3)4(O2C-C6H3NH2-CO2)3] using a complementary multidisciplinary approach of volumetric gas sorption analysis, in situ neutron diffraction and spectroscopy and ab initio calculations. The structure of CAU-1 forms two different types of microporous cages: (i) an octahedral cage with a diameter of about 10 Å and (ii) a tetrahedral cage with a diameter of about 5 Å. Though all metal sites of CAU-1 are fully coordinated, the material exhibits relatively high storage capacities, reaching 4 wt% at a temperature of 70 K. Our results reveal that hydrogen sorption is dominantly driven by cooperative guest–guest interactions and interactions between guest hydrogen molecules and organic linkers. The adsorption of hydrogen on the organic linkers leads to the contraction of the host framework structure and as a result to changes in the electronic potential surface inside the pores. This, in turn, leads to cooperative rearrangement of the molecules inside the pores and to the formation of additionally occupied positions, increasing hydrogen uptake. At the final stage we observe the formation of solid amorphous hydrogen inside the pores.
KW - Hydrogen storage
KW - MOF
KW - X-ray diffraction
KW - Neutron diffraction
KW - Neutron scattering
PY - 2016
DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/c6cp05310f
SN - 1463-9076
SN - 1463-9084
VL - 18
SP - 29258
EP - 29267
PB - The Royal Soc. of Chemistry
CY - Cambridge
AN - OPUS4-37794
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Duffner, Eric
T1 - Hydraulic Test Procedures - Load Cycle Test (LCT)
N2 - Specifications, Challenges and Problems of Load Cycles Test (LCT)
T2 - Follow-up Workshop on statistical safety assessment
CY - BAM, Berlin, Germany
DA - 05.10.2016
KW - Load cycle tests
KW - Hydraulic tests
KW - Leak detection
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37834
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Feldkamp, Martin
T1 - Behaviour of Wood Filled Impact Limiters during Fire Test
N2 - Packages for the transport of radioactive material are often equipped with impact limiters consisting of wood, encapsulated by steel sheets. These impact limiters shall ensure the transport cask meets the mechanical and thermal IAEA regulatory test requirements. After damage caused by the mechanical tests the package has to withstand a severe fire scenario. According to the regulations during and following the thermal test, the specimen shall not be artificially cooled and any combustion of materials of the package shall be permitted to proceed naturally.
Corresponding to results of the French institute IRSN combustion and smouldering of wood inside the impact limiter occurred during and after the fire test. An additional energy supply from a pre-damaged impact limiter to the cask could be the consequence for the safety assessment of the containment.
BAM started a first test phase to examine the issue of combustion for such kind of package components. The goal was to understand the phenomena under the consideration of relevant regulatory boundary conditions. Several metal buckets were filled with wood and equipped with thermocouples. The test specimens have been prepared with different damage arrangements to take the influence of the mechanical tests into account. This paper shows the experimental setup and the conduction of the tests. The first test shows that pre-damaged metal encapsulations can lead to smouldering of the wood and with this to a supplement energy release after the end of the 30 minute fire. BAM is in the preparation process for a second test phase. A thermal test will take place with a wood filled test specimen weighing about 2Mg.
T2 - PATRAM 2016
CY - Kobe, Japan
DA - 18.09.2016
KW - Burning
KW - Fire test
KW - Impact limiter
KW - Shock absorber
KW - Thermal test
KW - Typ-B
KW - Wood
KW - Smouldering
KW - Large scale testing
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37842
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Epishin, A. I.
A1 - Petrushin, N. V.
A1 - Link, T.
A1 - Nolze, Gert
A1 - Loshchinin, Yu. V.
A1 - Gerstein, G.
T1 - Thermal stability of the structure of a heat-resistant cobalt alloy hardened with intermetallic γ'-phase precipitates
N2 - The thermal stability of the microstructure of a heat-resistant cobalt alloy, which consists of a γ solid solution strengthened with γ'-phase precipitates, has been studied. The temperature behavior of the dissolution of the hardening γ' phase and the kinetics of its coarsening at 700 and 800°C have been determined. It is found that, during prolonged annealing at 800°C, the γ' → β phase transformation occurs.
KW - Superalloy
KW - Microstructure
KW - Hardening
KW - Electron backscatter diffraction
KW - TEM
PY - 2016
DO - https://doi.org/10.1134/S0036029516040078
SN - 0036-0295
VL - 2016
IS - 4
SP - 286
EP - 291
PB - Pleiades Publishing
AN - OPUS4-37768
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hüllmann, Dino
A1 - Kohlhoff, Harald
A1 - Erdmann, Jessica
A1 - Neumann, Patrick P.
ED - Aulova, Alexandra
ED - Rogelj Ritonja, A.
ED - Emri, I.
T1 - Current-independent torque control of PMSM servo drives
N2 - A permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is controlled using measurements from a digital, optical incremental encoder. The motor speed is estimated from these measurement. Basic performance results are presented.
T2 - 33rd Danubia Adria Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics
CY - Portorož, Slovenia
DA - 20.09.2016
KW - BLDC
KW - PMSM
KW - Motor control
KW - Servo drive
PY - 2016
SN - 978-961-94081-0-0
SP - 172
EP - 173
PB - Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica
CY - Ljubljana, Slovenia
AN - OPUS4-37813
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Nützmann, Kathrin
T1 - Influence of chromium on orientation dependent high temperature corrosion
N2 - Ferritic steels with Cr-contents up to 13 wt. % are used as building components in combustion based power plants. These materials are subject to aggressive corrosion caused by the reaction of the steel with highly corrosive gases under high temperatures up to 620°C. Detailed knowledge about corrosion mechanisms regarding the attack of gaseous sulfur dioxide have a significant influence and are not entirely understood. The reaction with SO2 can be seen as two simultaneous processes; oxidation and sulfidation. Especially in the initial state, these processes are more kinetically controlled than thermodynamically. However, a detailed knowledge is a key aspect to understand the complex high temperature corrosion of high alloyed steels with a variety of alloying components ageing under combustion gases with a variety of gas components such as CO2, O2, N2, or SO2/SO3, and to better predict altering of building components and inspection intervals. To get more information about corrosion mechanisms in general and the simultaneous process of oxidation and sulfidation under SO2, initial stadia of the corrosion mechanism have to be studied. In order to minimize and control the free parameters of the corrosion procedure, simplified systems with model alloys and simplified gas compositions are a feasible tool.
The current presentation will deal with the initial stages of high temperature corrosion on Fe-Cr model alloys under SO2+Ar atmospheres. Experiments took place using an infra-red light furnace with higher heating and cooling rates compared to regular tubular furnaces to preserve the high temperature phase distribution. Pure Fe, Fe with 2 wt. % and 13 wt. % Cr were used and aged for time scales between 30s < t < 6h under 0.5% SO2 and 99.5% Ar. Specific positions on each sample were marked with Vickers indentations and the crystal orientations were analyzed using ‘Electron Backscatter Diffraction’ (EBSD) to get the orientation of the ferrite grains in advance. After the corrosion experiment, the same positions were analyzed again using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) to correlate the crystal orientation with the corrosion product and the elemental distribution. Further, cross sections of the samples were prepared to analyze the phase distribution in depth. Even though Cr and Fe form a solid solution in the crystal lattice, a significant difference in oxide island growth was observed for orientation dependent corrosion on different Fe-Cr alloys.
T2 - Junior Euromat
CY - Lausanne, Switzerland
DA - 10.07.2016
KW - crystal orientation
KW - corrosion
KW - sulfidation
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37784
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Nützmann, Kathrin
T1 - Nucleation and growth of sulfur phases in grain boundaries
N2 - Ferritic-martensitic high temperature alloys are used as building components for different power plant technologies. Depending on the type of fuel, the used power plant materials are exposed to different temperatures and reactive atmospheres containing e.g. CO2, O2, or SO2. Despite the sulfur chemistry is commonly present as an impurity in fossil or bio fuels; its role in high temperature corrosion is not entirely understood. During high temperature corrosion, high-alloyed steels often show sulfur precipitates with the ignoble alloy component(s) along grain boundaries within the base material. Sulfur precipitates are known to seriously influence the mechanical properties of the building component. In the case of VM12 and T92 steels, sulfur phases penetrate the base material along grain boundaries during the corrosion under oxyfuel atmosphere up to 20 µm within the first 960h (Fig. 1a). Figure 1a shows the oxide scale and (Cr, Mn, Fe)xSy grain boundary precipitates in the base material for a T92 steel aged for 960h under oxyfuel atmosphere. Figure 1b shows a thin oxide scale with nodules and also sulfur precipitates of (Fe, Cr)xSy along grain boundaries of the base material for a Fe13Cr model alloy aged for 24h under SO2 atmospheres. After 24h, sulfur precipitates already reached a depth of ca. 15 µm.
The present work shows the corrosion behavior of Fe-Cr model alloys with Cr-contents similar to technical steels up to 13 wt%, aged under oxyfuel (27H2O/60CO2/1SO2/10N2/2O2) and SO2 atmospheres in the temperature range of 550 °C < T < 700 °C and for different time scales between 24 h < t < 960 h. During aging, the reactive gases were added when the experimental temperature was reached. To focus on the reaction of the intended elements Fe, Cr, S, and O, model alloys of high purity are used. Transport depths of sulfur and the nucleation of the precipitates are discussed for both, model alloys and technical steels.
T2 - Materials Science & Engineering
CY - Darmstadt, Germany
DA - 27.09.2016
KW - Corrosion
KW - Sulfide
KW - Sulfidation
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37786
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Duffner, Eric
T1 - Hydraulic Test Procedures - Slow Burst Test (SBT)
N2 - Specifications, Challenges and Problems for Slow Burst Tests (SBT)
T2 - Follow-up Workshop on statistical safety assessment
CY - BAM, Berlin, Germany
DA - 05.10.2016
KW - Slow burst test
KW - Hydraulic tests
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37832
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Becker, Ben
T1 - Influence of sample size and distribution function
N2 - Influence of sample size and statistical distribution function on the safety evaluation of composite pressure cylinder.
T2 - Follow-up Workshop on Statistical Safety Assessment of Composite Cylinders
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 05.10.2016
KW - Statistic
KW - Composite
KW - Pressure
KW - Cylinder
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37976
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Becker, Ben
T1 - Determination of consequences and accepted failure rates
N2 - Evaluation of probability and consequence of critical failures of composite cylinders.
T2 - Follow-up Workshop on Statistical Safety Assessment of Composite Cylinders
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 05.10.2016
KW - Failure
KW - Composite
KW - Pressure
KW - Cylinder
KW - Consequence
KW - Rate
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37977
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Becker, Ben
T1 - General aspects of risk based safety evaluation
N2 - Comparison of methods for safety assessment of composite cylinders by statistical simulations.
T2 - Follow-up Workshop on Statistical Safety Assessment of Composite Cylinders
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 05.10.2016
KW - Monte-carlo simulation
KW - Composite
KW - Pressure
KW - Cylinder
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37978
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Epishin, A.
A1 - Link, T.
A1 - Nolze, Gert
T1 - SEM investigation of interfacial dislocations in nickel-base superalloys
N2 - A new technique for investigation of interfacial dislocations in nickel-base superalloys by scanning electron microscopy is presented. At high temperatures the pressure of interfacial dislocations against the gamma/gamma'-interface causes grooves. This 'fingerprint of the dislocation network' is visualized by deep selective etching, which removes the gamma'-phase down to the gamma/gamma'-interface. Compared with transmission electron microscopy, the proposed method has important advantages: observation of large sample areas, no superposition of dislocations lying in different specimen depths, possibility of three-dimensional view of dislocation configurations, information about the dislocation mobility, reduced time for preparation and visualization. The method can be applied for multiphase materials where the interface is grooved by interfacial dislocations.
KW - Dislocation structure
KW - Interface
KW - Nickel alloys
KW - SEM
PY - 2007
VL - 228
IS - 2
SP - 110
EP - 117
PB - The Royal Microscopical Society
AN - OPUS4-38016
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Abou-Ras, D.
A1 - Gibmeier, J.
A1 - Nolze, Gert
A1 - Gholinia, A.
A1 - Konijnenberg, P.
T1 - On the capability of revealing the pseudosymmetry of the chalcopyrite-type crystal structure
N2 - The tetragonal crystal- structure type of chalcopyrites (chemical formula AIBIIICVI2) is a superstructure of sphalerite type. The c/a ratio differs generally from the ideal value 2, i.e., the crystal structure is pseudocubically distorted. For CuInSe2 and CuGaSe2 thin films, simulations demonstrate that it is theoretically possible to reveal the tetragonality in electron backscatter-diffraction (EBSD) patterns for CuGaSe2, whereas it may not be possible for CuInSe2. EBSD experiments on CuGaSe2 thin films using the ”Advanced Fit” band-detection method show that it is possible to extract accurate misorientation-angle distributions from the CuGaSe2 thin film. Pole figures revealing the texture of the CuGaSe2 thin film are shown, which agree well with X-ray texture measurements from the same layer.
KW - Pseudosymmetry
KW - Chalcopyrite
KW - Electron backscatter diffraction
KW - Pattern simulation
KW - Pattern matching
KW - Sphalerite
PY - 2008
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/crat.200711082
VL - 43
IS - 3
SP - 234
EP - 239
PB - WILEY-VCH
AN - OPUS4-38003
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Epishin, A. I.
A1 - Nolze, Gert
T1 - Investigation of the competitive grain growth during solidification of single crystals of nickel-based superalloys
N2 - The competitive growth of columnar grains in a single-grain selector, which is used for directional solidification of single-crystal blades from nickel-based superalloys, has been investigated by electron backscattered diffraction and local X-ray diffraction analysis. It has been found that the competitive grain growth in a starter block is determined by the crystallographic factor: rapidly growing grains with the axial orientation close to the [001] direction dominate in this part of the casting. For the competitive grain growth in a helicoidal separator, the geometric factor (the position of a grain at the input of the separator) is also important. The results obtained suggest that an appropriate geometry of the single-grain selector was chosen. In addition, the distribution of the orientations of columnar grains obtained by electron backscattered diffraction, can be used for approximate estimation of the yield of suitable (i.e., with the deviation of the axial orientation from the [001] direction within a specified tolerance) single-crystal blades.
KW - Electron backscatter diffraction
KW - Single crystal
KW - Growth competition
KW - Nickel alloy
PY - 2006
DO - https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063774506040298
SN - 1063-7745
SN - 1562-689X
VL - 51
IS - 4
SP - 710
EP - 714
AN - OPUS4-38028
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kapa, Thomas
A1 - Hicke, Konstantin
T1 - Sicherer Netzbetrieb durch Erkennung von betriebsgefährdenden Zuständen in Hoch- und Mittelspannungs-Betriebsmitteln unter Verwendung von integrierbaren faseroptischen Sensorsystemen ("Monalisa")
N2 - Selbstdarstellung des Verbundvorhabens "Monalisa" auf der Konferenz "Zukunftsfähige Stromnetze" 2016 der entsprechenden Forschungsinitiative der Bundesregierung
Kurzzusammenfassung der Teilprojekte und F&E-Ziele aller beteiligten Partnerinstitutionen (BAM,TU Berlin, HTW Berlin, BeuthHS Berlin, IPH GmbH) zum Bereich Monitoring von elektrischen Betriebsmitteln mit Hilfe von faseroptischer Sensorik.
T2 - Statuskonferenz "Zukunftsfähige Stromnetze" 2016
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 22.09.2016
KW - Faseroptische Sensoren
KW - Kabelmonitoring
KW - Betriebsmittelüberwachung
KW - Hochspannungsanlagen
KW - Verteilte faseroptische Sensorik
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-38056
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Stengel, Dominik
T1 - Sequential tests of HTLS conductors
N2 - Mechanical and electrical sequential tests of high temperature low sag (HTLS) conductors and accessories to be performed at the BAM laboratories are presented.
T2 - BestPaths Subtask 6.1 HTLS Workshop & Meeting
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 01.06.2016
KW - High temperature low sag (HTLS) conductors
KW - Mechanical tests
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-38438
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rohwetter, Philipp
A1 - Eisermann, René
A1 - Großwig, S.
A1 - Krebber, Katerina
T1 - Fibre-optic distributed acoustic and vibration sensing for monitoring of industrial plants and installations
N2 - We propose the application of Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) based on Rayleigh Coherent Optical Time-Domain Reflectometry (C-OTDR) to unconventional sensing tasks in industrial condition monitoring. As examples we present results on the way to fibre-optic remote sensing of dielectric damage processes in high voltage cable joints as well as to condition monitoring of passive rollers in large industrial belt conveyor systems.
T2 - International Conference on Smart Infrastructure and Construction
CY - Cambridge, UK
DA - 27.06.2016
KW - Distributed sensing
KW - C-OTDR
KW - Strain measurement
KW - Structural health monitoring
PY - 2016
UR - http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/abs/10.1680/tfitsi.61279.063
SN - 978-0-7277-6127-9
DO - https://doi.org/10.1680/tfitsi.61279.063
SP - 63
EP - 68
PB - ICE Publishing
CY - London, UK
AN - OPUS4-38411
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eisermann, René
T1 - Quasi-distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) for online monitoring in high voltage environment
N2 - Es werden aktuelle Ergebnisse der quasi-verteilten Faseroptische Sensorik der BAM bzgl. der Diagnostik von Hochspannungskomponenten vorgestellt. Hierbei werden Ergebnisse der akustischen Teilentladungs-Überwachung von Kabelmuffen präsentiert.
Ferner werden Resultate zur Verbesserung der Fasersensoreigenschaften einer Faser durch induzierte Streuer dargestellt.
T2 - Energie und Photonik
CY - Goslar, Germany
DA - 18.10.2016
KW - Distributed acoustic sensing
KW - Fibre-optic sensing
KW - Partial discharge
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-38414
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eisermann, René
T1 - Accoustic monitoring of high-voltage components using optical fibre
N2 - Die faseroptische Detektion akustischer Signale eines Transformators bietet die Möglichkeit, eine Echtzeit Zustandsüberwachung durchzuführen. Hierfür wurde ein Konzept entwickelt und in realitätsnahen Versuchen demonstriert.
T2 - Seminar Hochspannungstechnik und Energieversorgung
CY - Techische Universität Berlin, Germany
DA - 16.11.2016
KW - Distributed acoustic sensing
KW - Transformer Monitoring
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-38415
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Radziszewska, Agnieszka
A1 - Kranzmann, Axel
A1 - Dörfel, Ilona
A1 - Mosquera Feijoo, Maria
A1 - Solecka, M.
T1 - Microstructure and chemical composition of Fe-Cr alloy tempered in high temperature and atmosphere containing Ar-SO2
N2 - The paper presents the microstructure, chemical and phase composition of thin scale, obtained as a result of high temperature corrosion of X20Cr13 stainless steel. Samples were exposed to gas atmosphere of the following composition: 0.25 vol.% of SO2 and 99.75 vol.% of Ar at 600 °C for 5 h. As a consequence, thin compact scale was formed on steel surface.
This scale consisted of three different zones. An amorphous zone was formed close to steel surface. Then, nanocrystalline Zone could be observed. Finally, larger grains were formed during the corrosion process. The analysis of the chemical composition revealed higher concentration of chromium near steel surface. In contrast, to chromium, the content of iron, increased near the scale surface. It was found out that the (Cr, Mn, Fe)5O12 phase appeared in the thin scale.
KW - High-temperature corrosion
KW - X20Cr13 steel
PY - 2016
DO - https://doi.org/10.1515/amm-2016-0262
SN - 1733-3490
SN - 2300-1909
VL - 61
IS - 3
SP - 1607
EP - 1612
PB - De Gruyter
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-38351
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bresch, Sophie
T1 - Entwicklung oxidkeramischer Werkstoffe und Folien für thermoelektrische Multilayergeneratoren
N2 - Calcium cobaltite is a promising oxide thermoelectric materials for applications between 600 °C and 900 °C in air to convert waste heat directly into electrical power. The solid-state reaction, well known for large scale powder synthesis of functional materials, is used for the production of thermoelectric oxides. As a high temperature process, the powder synthesis consumes a lot of energy. In different studies, different synthesis conditions were used for the preparation of calcium cobaltite. To the author’s knowledge, a systematic study of the synthesis conditions of calcium cobaltite and calcium manganate has not yet been published.
Therefore, the synthesis conditions for calcium cobaltite (temperature, dwell time, and particle size of raw materials) were studied with a statistical design of experiments (2³) and investigated regarding phase composition (XRD), densification, and thermoelectric properties.
This study showed that a higher energy input (elevated temperatures, longer dwell times, or repeated calcinations) during powder synthesis does not improve but deteriorate the thermoelectric properties of calcium cobaltite. The same correlation was determined for the shrinkage. As a higher energy input during powder synthesis leads to a larger grain size and therefore to a reduced sinter activity the shrinkage at a given sinter profile is minimize as well as the thermoelectric properties. These results can be used to minimize the energy demand for the powder synthesis of oxide thermoelectric materials.
In addition an increase of power factor by factor 10 can be achieved by applying pressure assisted sintering.
T2 - Funktionsmaterialien - Lehrstuhlseminar
CY - Bayreuth, Germany
DA - 18.11.2016
KW - Thermoelectrics
KW - Solid-state-reaction
KW - Calcium cobaltite
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-38375
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Hübert, Thomas
T1 - H2Sense - Cost-effective and reliable Hydrogen Sensors for Facilitating the Safe Use of Hydrogen
N2 - The H2SENSE (Cost-effective and reliable hydrogen sensors for facilitating the safe use of hydrogen) project promoted hydrogen primarily, but not exclusively, for its use as an alternative fuel. It brought together different stakeholders including sensor manufacturers, end-users, certification bodies and independent evaluators to ensure the optimum use of low-cost and reliable hydrogen sensors.
Project partners analysed sensor performance in real-life applications in industrial environments and identified increased requirements for sensors and for regulations, codes and standards. H2SENSE also facilitated the safe use and implementation of hydrogen as an alternative fuel by ensuring the correct use of effective hydrogen detection devices.
European scientists worked together with colleagues from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in Colorado, USA. They pooled their knowledge of developments in hydrogen sensor technology as well as deployment and commercialisation strategies. These benefits will be continued through trans-Atlantic inter-laboratory sensor testing programmes in which EU and US laboratories perform complementary tests and exchange results.
KW - Sensors
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Renewable energy
PY - 2016
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-387484
SP - 1
EP - 3
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-38748
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
ED - Klingelhöffer, Hellmuth
T1 - 3rd Workshop on Thermo-Mechanical Fatique - Interntional TMF-Workshop
N2 - Components in the Aerospace, Power and Automotive engineering sectors are frequently subjected to cyclic stresses induced by thermal fluctuations and mechanical loads. For the design of such components, reliable material property data are required which need to be acquired using well accepted and reproducible test procedures for thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) loading. Available materials TMF property data are limited so that there is a need for further TMF data generated by TMF testing. The TMF behaviour of materials is often desired to be simulated in models which describe the cyclic stress-strain behaviour, the fatigue life and the cyclic crack growth behaviour. There is a continuous need for the development and amendment of such models. Models can be validated by using materials in industrial applications which are subjected to TMF loading.
T2 - 3rd Workshop on Thermo-Mechanical Fatique - Interntional TMF-Workshop
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 27.04.2016
KW - Thermo-mechanical fatigue
KW - TMF
KW - Cyclic stress-strain behaviour
KW - Fatigue life
KW - Cyclic crack growth behaviour
PY - 2016
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-386960
SP - 1
EP - 696
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-38696
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Heidmann, B.
A1 - Andree, Stefan
A1 - Levcenko, S.
A1 - Unold, T.
A1 - Abou-Ras, D.
A1 - Schäfer, N.
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
A1 - Krüger, Jörg
A1 - Schmid, M.
T1 - Fabrication of regularly arranged chalcopyrite micro solar cells via femtosecond laser-induced forward transfer for concentrator application
N2 - A laser-based bottom-up technique for the fabrication of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe) micro solar cells is presented.
We use femtosecond laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) to transport a metallic precursor composed of copper, indium, and gallium onto a molybdenum back contact layer on a glass substrate. A CIGSe absorber forms by subsequent selenization. An array of micro absorbers with defined spacing is fabricated to solar cells and characterized under concentrated light illumination. The solar cell array exhibited a conversion efficiency of 1.4‰ at 1 sun as well as a significant efficiency enhancement of 68% rel. under 20-fold concentration. This work demonstrates the possibility of directly grown micrometer-sized solar cells based on chalcogenide absorber layers, enabling effective material usage.
KW - Micro solar cells
KW - Light concentration
KW - LIFT
KW - Chalcopyrite
KW - Femtosecond laser
PY - 2018
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.7b00028
SN - 2574-0962
VL - 1
IS - 1
SP - 27
EP - 31
PB - ACS
CY - Washington, DC
AN - OPUS4-43999
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Midtlyng, Jan
A1 - Epishin, A. I.
A1 - Petrushin, N. V.
A1 - Link, T.
A1 - Nolze, Gert
A1 - Svetlov, I. L.
A1 - Reimers, W.
T1 - Creep behavior of a γ΄-strengthened Co-base alloy with zero γ/γ΄-lattice misfit at 800 °C, 196 MPa
N2 - Deformation and structural behavior of an experimental γ΄-strengthened Co-base alloy during creep at 800 °C and 196 MPa have been investigated. The characteristic features of this alloy are zero γ/γ΄-lattice misfit and a fine γ/γ΄-microstructure. In the initial condition, the γ΄-precipitates in this alloy are small (size of about 100 nm), have polyhedral morphology, and are separated by the very narrow c-channels (width of about 10 nm). The tests performed up to about 1% creep strain (about 500 h creep time) gave creep curves with a slow constant strain rate and without an apparent transient creep, typical for superalloys with nonzero misfit. In this initial stage of creep, entering of the narrow γ-channels by dislocations is blocked by a strong Orowan force. The micromechanism of creep was identified as an octahedral glide of h011i superdislocations simultaneously in two phases, γ and γ΄. The γ/γ΄-microstructure with zero misfit shows no rafting but rapidly coarsens isotropically. It is concluded that zero misfit is beneficial at the initial stages of the creep but is unfavourable for longterm creep because of the continuous microstructural coarsening.
KW - Co-Basis-Legierung
KW - Gitterfehlpassung
KW - Kriechen
KW - Ausscheidung
PY - 2017
DO - https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2017.424
SN - 0884-2914
SN - 2044-5326
VL - 32
IS - 24
SP - 4466
EP - 4474
PB - Cambridge Univ. Press
CY - Cambridge
AN - OPUS4-44027
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Babutzka, Martin
A1 - Burkert, Andreas
T1 - Untersuchungen zur Versalzung von Metalloberflächen im maritimen Bereich
N2 - Die Versalzung und Verunreinigung von Metalloberflächen durch chloridhaltige Aerosole hat eine große Bedeutung für das Korrosionsverhalten von beschichteten Metalloberflächen im maritimen Bereich und bei Offshore-Anwendungen. So ist z. B. zu klären, ob und in welchem Maße eine Versalzung der Oberfläche Einfluss auf die Haftung und Dauerhaftigkeit von Beschichtungen hat. Dafür sind Detailfragen zu klären, etwa mit welcher Versalzung nach welchem Zeitraum zu rechnen ist oder wie für systematische Untersuchungen eine definierte und reproduzierbare Versalzung im Labor nachgestellt werden kann. Der Beitrag widmet sich diesen Fragestellungen. Es werden Ergebnisse eines Feldversuches auf Helgoland gezeigt und ein einfaches Verfahren zur definierten Beladung von Metalloberflächen mit Chloriden im Labormaßstab vorgestellt.
T2 - 17. Tagung "Korrosionsschutz in der maritimen Technik"
CY - Hamburg, Germany
DA - 24.01.2018
KW - Maritime Atmosphäre
KW - Maritime atmosphere
KW - Versalzung
KW - Salinization
PY - 2018
SN - 978-3-935406-65-9
VL - 17
SP - 87
EP - 102
AN - OPUS4-43937
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schlegel, Moritz-Caspar
A1 - Simo, Anne
A1 - Palkowski, Carsten
A1 - Kniechewski, Arno
A1 - Akkerman, Floris
T1 - Following the evidence – How quality of appliance components can hint at non-compliance with efficiency requirements
N2 - Improving the energy efficiency of products was identified as the most important short-term opportunity to decrease energy consumption and therefore CO2-emission worldwide. More efficient products are created due to technical innovation. Restricting market access to efficient products only and making the most efficient products stand out by energy labelling are legislative approaches to encourage this development. Market surveillance authorities’ checks are fundamental to protect the consumer from wrongly declared goods on the market and ensure fair competition between manufacturers. However, the activities of market surveillance authorities are limited by their financial resources. Testing all product efficiency parameters in an accredited laboratory is very time consuming and cost intensive. In this article, a theoretical concept is presented which can be used to develop screening tests enabling market surveillance authorities to perform product tests with less financial resources. The concept identifies components which lead to non-compliance or make a product less energy efficient with minimum effort. The principle is based on a combination of random product tests, disassembling specific products and comparing components. This represents a new approach in product testing procedures beyond the current market surveillance activities. The concept is being tested within a research project funded by the German government.
T2 - EEDAL'17
CY - Irvine, CA, USA
DA - 13.09.2017
KW - Methodology
KW - Market surveillance
KW - Ecodesign
PY - 2018
UR - http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC109209
SN - 978-92-79-77173-6
DO - https://doi.org/10.2760/68449
SN - 1018-5593
VL - 3
SP - 1113
EP - 1116
PB - Publications Office of the European Union
CY - Luxembourg
AN - OPUS4-43925
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Babutzka, Martin
T1 - Untersuchungen zur Versalzung von Metalloberflächen im maritimen Bereich
N2 - Die Versalzung und Verunreinigung von Metalloberflächen durch chloridhaltige Aerosole hat eine große Bedeutung für das Korrosionsverhalten von beschichteten Metalloberflächen im maritimen Bereich und bei Offshore-Anwendungen. So ist z. B. zu klären, ob und in welchem Maße eine Versalzung der Oberfläche Einfluss auf die Haftung und Dauerhaftigkeit von Beschichtungen hat. Dafür sind Detailfragen zu klären, etwa mit welcher Versalzung nach welchem Zeitraum zu rechnen ist oder wie für systematische Untersuchungen eine definierte und reproduzierbare Versalzung im Labor nachgestellt werden kann. Der Beitrag widmet sich diesen Fragestellungen. Es werden Ergebnisse eines Feldversuches auf Helgoland gezeigt und ein einfaches Verfahren zur definierten Beladung von Metalloberflächen mit Chloriden im Labormaßstab vorgestellt.
T2 - 17. Tagung "Korrosionsschutz in der maritimen Technik"
CY - Hamburg, Germany
DA - 24.01.2018
KW - Maritime Atmosphäre
KW - Maritime atmosphere
KW - Versalzung
KW - Salinization
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-43936
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Krüger, Jörg
T1 - Femtosecond laser pulses for photovoltaic bottom-up strategies
N2 - A bottom-up approach to produce arrays of indium islands on a molybdenum layer on glass using 30-fs laser pulses at 790 nm wavelength is presented. These islands can serve as micro-sized precursors for indium compounds such as copper-indium-gallium-diselenide (CIGSe) used in photovoltaics. Molybdenum is the standard back contact material of CIGSe solar cells. Femtosecond laser ablation of glass and a subsequent deposition of a molybdenum film or direct laser processing of the molybdenum film both allow the preferential nucleation and growth of indium islands at the predefined locations in a following indium-based physical vapor deposition (PVD) process. A proper choice of laser and deposition parameters ensures the controlled growth of indium islands exclusively at the laser ablated spots. Based on a statistical analysis, these results are compared to the non-structured molybdenum surface, leading to randomly grown indium islands after PVD.
T2 - 10. Mittweidaer Lasertagung
CY - Mittweida, Germany
DA - 16.11.2017
KW - Copper-indium-gallium-diselenide
KW - CIGSe
KW - Femtosecond laser
KW - Micro solar cell
KW - Laser ablation
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-42987
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Andree, Stefan
A1 - Heidmann, B.
A1 - Ringleb, F.
A1 - Eylers, K.
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
A1 - Boeck, T.
A1 - Schmid, M.
A1 - Krüger, Jörg
T1 - Femtosecond laser pulses for photovoltaic bottom-up strategies
N2 - A promising technology in photovoltaics is based on micro-concentrator solar cells, where the photovoltaic active area is realized as an array of sub-millimeter sized cells onto which the incident light is focused via microlenses. This approach allows to increase the cell efficiency and to realize much more compact modules compared to macroscopic concentrator devices. At the same time, expensive raw materials can be saved, which is of interest, for example, with respect to indium in the case of copper-indium-gallium-diselenide (CIGSe) thin film solar cells. Two methods to produce micro-sized precursors of CIGSe absorbers on molybdenum are presented using 30-fs laser pulses at 790 nm wavelength. On the one hand, a multi pulse surface structuring of the molybdenum film or the underlying glass substrate and a subsequent physical vapor deposition were used for a site-selective aggregation of indium droplets. On the other hand, a single pulse laser-induced forward transfer was utilized to selectively deposit combined copper-indium precursor pixels on the molybdenum back contact of the solar cell. Post-processing (selenization, isolation, contacting) of the laser-generated micro-sized precursors results in functional CIGSe solar cells.
T2 - 10. Mittweidaer Lasertagung
CY - Mittweida, Germany
DA - 16.11.2017
KW - Copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGSe)
KW - Micro solar cell
KW - Femtosecond laser
KW - Laser ablation
KW - Laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT)
PY - 2017
SN - 1437-7624
VL - 2
SP - 1
EP - 4
PB - Hochschule Mittweida
CY - Mittweida
AN - OPUS4-42988
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Stajanca, Pavol
A1 - Krebber, Katerina
T1 - Polymer optical fibers for sensing applications: Ionizing radiation monitoring
N2 - In the last decades, considerable attention has been paid to the development of polymer optical fibers (POFs) that may in certain cases represent more suitable or cost-effective alternative to their glass-based counterparts. Among other applications, special attention was paid to the utilization of optical fiber sensors in radiation environments. A concept of attenuation-based radiation sensing with perfluorinated POFs is here presented as a potential candidate for low-cost easy-to-use on-line radiation monitoring system.
T2 - The Fiber Society 2017 Spring Conference: Next Generation Fibers for Smart Products
CY - Aachen, Germany
DA - 17.05.2017
KW - Polymer optical fibers
KW - Radiation monitoring
KW - Cytop
PY - 2017
SP - 50
AN - OPUS4-43026
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Babutzka, Martin
T1 - Prüfverfahren zur Bewertung der kathodischen Enthaftung bei organischen Beschichtungen – Eine kritische Betrachtung
N2 - Im Vortrag werden mit Blick auf die geltenden Regelwerke und Normen die Unterschiede verschiedener Prüfmethoden zur kathodischen Enthaftung bei organischen Beschichtungen vorgestellt und deren Aussagekraft kritisch betrachtet. Am Beispiel von systematischen Versuchsreihen an einem Kurzzeittest werden die Grenzen einiger Methoden herausgearbeitet und die Anwendbarkeit für Reparaturbeschichtungen in Offshore-Bereich ausgelotet.
T2 - Arbeitskreissitzung „Korrosionsuntersuchung und -überwachung“ des GfKORR e. V.
CY - Magdeburg, Germany
DA - 21.11.2017
KW - Kathodische Enthaftung
KW - Cathodic delamination
KW - Korrosionsprüfung
KW - Corrosion testing
KW - Organische Beschichtungen
KW - Organic coatings
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-43038
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Komann, Steffen
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Zur Prüfung verpflichtet - Die BAM-Gefahrgutregel 016 (BAM-GGR 016)
N2 - Im Gegensatz zu den zulassungspflichtigen Versandstücken für die gemäß der gefahrgutrechtlichen Regelwerksanforderungen eine behördlich ausgestellte Zulassung erforderlich ist, ist für die prüfpflichtigen Versandstücke lediglich eine behördliche Anerkennung und Überwachung des Managementsystems für die Auslegung, Herstellung, Prüfung, Dokumentation, den Gebrauch, die Wartung und Inspektion erforderlich.
In der Bundesrepublik Deutschland ist gemäß den Festlegungen in der Gefahrgutverordnung Straße, Eisenbahn und Binnenschifffahrt die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) zuständig für die Anerkennung und Überwachung von Managementsystemen.
KW - Gefahrgut
KW - Radioaktive Stoffe
KW - Normen
KW - Regeln
PY - 2018
SN - 0944-6117
VL - 2018
IS - 1-2
SP - 10
EP - 12
PB - Springer Fachmedien München GmbH
CY - München
AN - OPUS4-44168
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Le Quilliec, G.
A1 - Leroy, R.
A1 - Richard, C.
A1 - Woydt, Mathias
A1 - Morandeau, A.
T1 - Comparison of the life-span of NbC-Co and WC-Co inserts during different machining operations on 100Cr6 (SAE 52100) bearing steel
N2 - The aim of the study presented in this paper is to highlight the potential of niobium carbide cutting tool inserts for machining and to compare their performance to commercially available tungsten carbide inserts. In this work, a comparison between a conventional Wc-Co insert and NbC-Co inserts was carried out under hard machining conditions on specimens made of 100Cr6 bearing steel grade (SAE 52100).
T2 - International Symposium on Wear Resistant Alloys for the Mining and Processing Industry
CY - Sao Paulo, Brazil
DA - 04.05.2015
KW - Niobium carbide
KW - Cobalt
KW - Fe3Al
KW - Inserts
KW - Cutting tools
KW - Wear
KW - Turning
PY - 2018
SN - 978-0-692-05382-9
SP - 535
EP - 545
AN - OPUS4-44207
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Komann, Steffen
A1 - Gröke, Carsten
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Assessment of quality management for transport packages not requiring authority design approval
N2 - The majority of transports of radioactive materials are carried out in packages which don’t need a package design approval of a competent authority. Low active radioactive materials are transported in such kind of packages e.g. in the medical and pharmaceutical industry and in the nuclear industry as well.
In Germany the decision to phase out nuclear energy leads to a strong demand for packages to transport low and middle active radioactive waste due to the dismantling and decommissioning of nuclear power plants. According to IAEA regulations the “non-competent authority approved package types” are the excepted packages and the industrial packages of Type IP-1, IP-2 and IP-3 and of Type A.
For the packages of Type IP-2, IP-3 and Type A an assessment by the German competent authority is required for the quality management for the design, manufacture, testing, documentation, use, maintenance and inspection. In general a compliance audit of the manufacturer of the packaging is required during this assessment procedure.
T2 - Waste Management Conference 2018
CY - Phoenix, USA
DA - 18.3.2018
KW - Radioactive material
KW - Quality management system
KW - Transport packages
PY - 2018
SP - Article 18194, 1
EP - 7
AN - OPUS4-44170
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Nofz, Marianne
A1 - Dörfel, Ilona
A1 - Sojref, Regine
A1 - Wollschläger, Nicole
A1 - Mosquera Feijoo, Maria
A1 - Schulz, Wencke
A1 - Kranzmann, Axel
T1 - Thin Sol-Gel Alumina Coating as Protection of a 9% Cr Steel Against Flue Gas Corrosion at 650 °C
N2 - Samples of sol-gel alumina coated and uncoated P92 steel were exposed to flue gas at 650 °C for 300 h. As result of this treatment a 50 µm thick bi-layered oxide scale had formed on the surface of the uncoated sample. Below the scale a 40 µm thick inner oxidation zone was detected. In contrast, the porous, micron thick alumina coating enabled the formation of a chromium oxide scale with a thickness of some nanometers at the interface between steel substrate and coating. In this case high temperature corrosion of the steel was prevented so far.
KW - Steel
KW - Oxide coatings
KW - High-temperature corrosion
KW - TEM
KW - SEM
PY - 2018
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11085-017-9799-0
SN - 0030-770X
SN - 1573-4889
VL - 89
IS - 3-4
SP - 453
EP - 470
PB - Springer
AN - OPUS4-44472
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schmid, M.
A1 - Heidmann, B.
A1 - Ringleb, F.
A1 - Eylers, K.
A1 - Ernst, O.
A1 - Andree, Stefan
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
A1 - Boeck, T.
A1 - Krüger, Jörg
T1 - Locally grown Cu(In,Ga)Se2 micro islands for concentrator solar cells
N2 - Light concentration opens up the path to enhanced material efficiency of solar cells via increased conversion efficiency and decreased material requirement. For true material saving, a fabrication method allowing local growth of high quality absorber material is essential. We present two scalable fs-laser based approaches for bottom-up growth of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 micro islands utilizing either site-controlled assembly of In(,Ga) droplets on laser-patterned substrates during physical vapor deposition, or laser-induced forward transfer of (Cu,In,Ga) layers for local precursor arrangement. The Cu(In,Ga)Se2 absorbers formed after selenization can deliver working solar devices showing efficiency enhancement under light concentration.
T2 - SPIE OPTO, 2018
CY - San Francisco, USA
DA - 29.01.2018
KW - Chalcopyrite
KW - Cu(In,Ga)Se2
KW - Fs-laser patterning
KW - Laser-induced forward transfer
KW - Micro solar cell
PY - 2018
SN - 978-1-5106-1540-3
SN - 0277-786X
SN - 1996-756X
VL - 10527
SP - 1052707-1
EP - 1052707-9
PB - SPIE
CY - Bellingham, WA, USA
AN - OPUS4-44450
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Knieschewski, Arno
A1 - Schlegel, Moritz-Caspar
A1 - Akkerman, Floris
A1 - Simo, Anne
T1 - Evaluation of performance tests of range hoods used for the European energy efficiency label
N2 - Several models of range hoods were tested by independent and accredited testing institutes. The results have been compared to the information declared by the manufacturer on the energy efficiency label and the product fiche. The measured electric power input of the lighting System and the measured grease absorption factor often differed significantly from the declared values.
The reasons for these observations and the necessary steps to ensure accurate measurements and a meaningful EU energy efficiency label are elucidated. It is suggested that the ranges of the lighting efficiency classes are readjusted to fit the nowadays prevalent LED technology.
Furthermore the tolerance in the regulation for the nominal electric power input of the lighting could be extended by a minimum absolute tolerance. The grease absorption test method may need a rework to achieve a satisfying accuracy.
T2 - EEDAL 2017
CY - Irvine, California, USA
DA - 13.09.2017
KW - Energy label
KW - Range hood
KW - Cooking fume extractor
PY - 2018
SN - 978-92-79-77173-6
DO - https://doi.org/10.2760/68449
SN - 1018-5593
IS - Part III
SP - 1065
EP - 1072
AN - OPUS4-43831
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Palkowski, Carsten
A1 - Schlegel, Moritz-Caspar
A1 - Akkerman, Floris
A1 - Simo, Anne
T1 - Telling the truth - Validity of energy efficiency values of heat pumps determined under laboratory conditions
N2 - In this study, the test method EN 14825 for testing heat pumps is validated by verifying the sensitivity of the seasonal space heating energy efficiency ηs,(declared on the energy Efficiency label) in relation to the nominal heating capacity Pdesign. Therefore, the two major parts of the test method, the measurement part and the calculation part, were investigated. The calculation part was subjected to a sensitivity analysis in order to identify the properties of a heat pump which have a strong influence on ηs. The analysis revealed that the energy consumption in Special operating states, the duration in active-mode and seasonal performance values in active-mode (SCOPon) significantly affect the sensitivity of ηs. Especially short operating times, in which the heat pump is in active-mode, lead to large changes in ηs with varying Pdesign. In addition, the range of power of Pdesign turned out to have an increasing impact on ηs with decreasing Pdesign. For Pdesign values ≤10 kW, the sensitivity of ηs increases tremendously. Especially the determination of the ηs for devices with short operating times in active-mode (1400 h) and low values for Pdesign (≤10 kW)cannot be reproduced anymore.
T2 - 9th international conference on energy efficiency in domestic appliances and lighting (EEDAL '17)
CY - Irvine, CA, USA
DA - 13.09.2017
KW - Circumvention
KW - Energy efficiency
KW - Energy labelling
KW - Heat pumps
KW - Test method standard optimization
PY - 2017
SN - 978-92-79-77174-3
DO - https://doi.org/10.2760/113534
SN - 1831-9424
VL - 2017
IS - Part III
SP - 1104
EP - 1112
AN - OPUS4-43833
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Völzke, Holger
A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa
T1 - Latest developments in Germany concerning extended interim storage
N2 - The presentation explains recent administrative developments in Germany concerning nuclear waste management and adresses national and European R&D funding concepts. National and international collaboration is explained followed by the latest update on long term metal seal investigations at BAM. Finally, fuel cladding failure mechanisms during long term dry storage and related R&D initiatives at BAM are explained.
T2 - EPRI Extended Storage Collaboration Program (ESCP) International Subcommittee Meeting
CY - Jeju, Korea
DA - 15.09.2017
KW - Nuclear waste management
KW - Long term storage
KW - Spent fuel
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-43793
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa
T1 - Perspectives on demonstrating fuel cladding integrity for extended dry interim storage in Germany
N2 - The presentation highlights recent investigations by BAM on how to address fuel cladding integrity under long term dry storage conditions. National and European initiatives and research programs related to radioactive waste management and disposal are explained.
T2 - EPRI Extended Storage Collaboration Program (ESCP) Winter Meeting 2017
CY - Charlotte, NC, USA
DA - 14.11.2017
KW - Fuel cladding integrity
KW - Extended interim storage
KW - Spent fuel
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-43795
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Update on long-term investigations of metal seals at BAM and future perspectives of spent fuel management in Germany
N2 - The presentation focuses on the latest developments of the German nuclear waste management policy including restructering of responsible organizations and the restart of the repository site selection process for high level radioactive waste.
The second part illustrates latest results of long term investigations of metal seals at BAM with regard to extended interim storage periods.
T2 - EPRI Extended Storage Collaboration Program (ESCP) Winter Meeting 2017
CY - Charlotte, NC, USA
DA - 14.11.2017
KW - Spent fuel
KW - Metal seal
KW - Extended interim storage
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-43796
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Scheidemann, Robert
A1 - Qiao, Linan
A1 - Müller, Karsten
T1 - Comparison of experimental results and numerical simulations of penetration tests with damping concrete
N2 - The shock absorbing material damping concrete is for the foundation in dry interim storage facilities for radioactive waste in Germany. In case of a potential cask drop damping concrete minimizes the mechanical loads to the cask. In course of safety analyzes this accident scenario is considered by numerical simulations using the finite element method. To get reliable results of numerical simulations a suitable material model is needed to take the characteristics of damping concrete into account. Due to the lack of sufficient material knowledge a research project was started to characterize the material’s behavior under different load conditions. This paper presents the test program to analyze the material behavior of damping concrete which is characterized by large volume change and
strain rate hardening dependence. The determined Parameters were used to adapt an existing material model of the FE-code ABAQUS®. This model has to handle the mechanical damage behavior of damping concrete which occurs under compression and shear loads during a potential cask drop. To verify the material model numerical simulations are compared with dynamic penetration tests, which were conducted with specimens assembled similar to the real application of the damping concrete footings. The transferability of the material
model to a real accident scenario was verified by a drop test with a full-scale cask on a damping concrete footing.
T2 - ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference (PVP2017)
CY - Waikoloa, Hawaii, USA
DA - 16.07.2017
KW - Drop test
KW - Damping concrete
KW - Cask
KW - Material model
PY - 2017
SN - 978-0-7918-5802-8
VL - 7
SP - Article UNSP V007T07A034, 1
EP - 6
PB - The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
CY - New York
AN - OPUS4-44042
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Quercetti, Thomas
A1 - Müller, Karsten
A1 - Johnson, Mark
A1 - Tait, Trevor
A1 - Tso, Chi-Fung
A1 - Izatt, Conrad
ED - ASME,
T1 - Drop testing of a container for the storage. transport and disposal of intermediate level waste
N2 - Impact tests were performed, as part of a corresponding container’s substantiation, during design development of a shielded container. The container will be used for storage, transport, and disposal of intermediate level waste in the UK.
The mechanical test program comprised a 9m free drop test onto an unyielding target in a container long lid edge down orientation at ambient conditions. Further, a 0,5m free drop test onto a punch target was performed. Here, the container was orientated with the lid downwards in a way that the punch, a mild steel bar, impacts a filter lid.
The test specimen was instrumented with strain gauges and accelerometers for the drop tests. Transient strains at selected points of the inner and outer container walls, at the shielding lid, as well as at the lid bolts were measured during the container’s impact. Furthermore, decelerations of the container body, container lid, and the skip were measured. The complex geometrical changes of the container due to impact were determined by optical 3d- deformation measures using the projected fringes method in combination with multi-image photogrammetry.
This paper summarizes the performance of the drop tests and various drop test results in context with the design development as well as aspects regarding the associated Finite Element (FE) analyses and post-test evaluation.
KW - Drop testing
KW - Container
KW - Intermediate level waste
PY - 2017
SN - 978-0-7918-5802-8
VL - 7
SP - Article UNSP V007T07A036, 1
EP - 7
CY - New York
AN - OPUS4-44047
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Simo, Anne
T1 - Prüfmethoden für das Energielabel auf dem Prüfstand
N2 - Vorstellung des NAPE-Projekts „Unterstützung der Marktüberwachung“.
T2 - 7. ERFA MÜ
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 28.06.2017
KW - Screening Methoden
KW - Ringversuche
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-44261
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
T1 - Laser-induced Periodic Surface Structures: Fundamentals & Applications
N2 - During the past few years significantly increasing research activities in the field of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS, ripples) have been reported since the generation of LIPSS in a single-step process provides a simple way of surface nanostructuring towards a control of optical, mechanical or chemical surface properties. In this contribution the current research state in this field is reviewed. The formation of LIPSS upon irradiation of metals, semiconductors and dielectrics by multiple linearly polarized Ti:sapphire fs-laser pulses (30-150 fs) is studied experimentally and theoretically. Different types of LIPSS with periods even below 100 nm can be generated. Their dynamics and formation mechanisms are analyzed and identified in ultrafast optical experiments. Complementing theoretical calculations of the laser-induced carrier dynamics address transient changes of the optical properties of the irradiated materials and reveal the importance of surface plasmon polaritons in the early stage of LIPSS formation. Various applications of these nanostructures are outlined.
T2 - Workshop "Materialbearbeitung mit gepulsen Lasern" der Universität Stuttgart
CY - Hirschegg, Austria
DA - 13.02.2018
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Laser ablation
KW - Surface functionalization
KW - Femtosecond laser
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-44295
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Auersch, Lutz
A1 - Markfort, Greta
T1 - Static and dynamic behaviour of pile foundations in homogeneous and inhomogeneous soils
N2 - Offshore wind energy towers are dynamically loaded by waves and wind. Pile foundations provide stiffness and damping and should be properly calculated. A combined finite-element boundary-element method for the dynamic interaction of flexible structures and the soil has been developed. The flexible structures such as single piles or complete wind energy towers are modeled by the finite element method whereas the homogeneous or layered soil is modeled by the boundary element method which uses the Green’s functions for interior loads in the layered half-space to establish the dynamic stiffness matrix of the soil. Soils with a stiffness that is continuously increasing with depth can be modeled as multi-layer soils with step-wise increasing stiffness. The effects of different parameters such as the stiffness of the soil, the axial and bending stiffness of the pile, and the radius of the cylindrical contact area will be analysed for the different components of excitation (vertical, horizontal, rotation and coupling). The results can be determined as specific power laws which are different for the different load cases and for the different soil models (Winkler support, homogeneous continuum, continuum with increasing stiffness). The dynamic effect of radiation damping will be analysed by the frequency-dependent compliance functions. A clear layering of the soil can cause noticeable changes in the dynamic compliances as reductions of the stiffness and the damping in certain frequency ranges (below and around layer resonance frequencies). The distribution of the displacements along the pile help to explain the observed laws. An example of an offshore wind energy tower has been modeled and calculated for wind, wave and weight loads. The resonances of the tower are usually limited by the radiation damping which is strongest for a soft soil.
T2 - COMPDYN 2017
CY - Rhodes, Greece
DA - 15.06.2017
KW - Pile foundation
KW - Finite-element boundary-element method
KW - Pile bending stiffness
KW - Soil stiffness
KW - Continuously inhomogeneous soils
KW - Layered soils
KW - Wind energy tower
PY - 2017
SP - 4675
EP - 4690
PB - NTUA
CY - Athens
AN - OPUS4-42089
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schlegel, Moritz-Caspar
T1 - Following the evidence - How quality of appliance components can hint at non-compliance with efficiency requirements
N2 - Vortrag zu Steigerung der Effizienz der Marktüberwachungsaktivitäten.
T2 - EEDAL'17
CY - Los Angeles, CA, USA
DA - 13.09.2017
KW - Market surveillance
KW - Product test
KW - Methodology
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-42231
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Knieschewski, Arno
T1 - Evaluation of performance tests of range hoods used for the European energy efficiency label
N2 - The performance of 49 range hoods has been tested. The tests were done acoording to Regulation (EU) No 65/2014, that specifies the tests for the energy label of range hoods. The results are evaluated and solutions for problematic tests are suggested.
T2 - EEDAL 2017
CY - Los Angeles, CA, USA
DA - 13.09.2017
KW - Range hood
KW - Energy label
KW - Energy efficiency
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-42232
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Andree, Stefan
A1 - Heidmann, B.
A1 - Ringleb, F.
A1 - Eylers, K.
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
A1 - Boeck, T.
A1 - Schmid, M.
A1 - Krüger, Jörg
T1 - Production of precursors for micro-concentrator solar cells by femtosecond laser-induced forward transfer
N2 - Single-pulse femtosecond laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT, 30 fs, 790 nm) is used to deposit micron-sized dots of copper and/or indium onto a molybdenum layer on glass. Such systems can serve as precursors for the bottom-up manufacturing of micro-concentrator solar cells based on copper-indium-gallium-diselenide. The influence of the thickness of the copper, indium and combined copper-indium donor layers on the quality of the transferred dots was qualified by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, and optical microscopy. The potential for manufacturing of a spatial arrangement adapted to the geometry of micro-lens arrays needed for micro-concentrator solar cells is demonstrated.
T2 - EMRS Spring Meeting 2017, Symposium X “New frontiers in laser interaction: from hard coatings to smart materials"
CY - Strasbourg, France
DA - 22.05.2017
KW - Laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT)
KW - Femtosecond laser
KW - Micro-concentrator solar cell
KW - Copper-indium-gallium-diselenide
KW - CIGSe
PY - 2017
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-017-1282-x
SN - 1432-0630
SN - 0947-8396
VL - 123
SP - Article 670, 1
EP - 8
AN - OPUS4-42273
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Babutzka, Martin
T1 - Vorstellung der Korrosionsuntersuchungen im Rahmen des Themenfeldprojektes LeBeWind an der BAM
N2 - Im Vortrag wird das Teilprojekt Korrosion des Themenfeldprojektes LeBeWind vorgestellt. Dabei werden mit Blick auf die geltenden Regelwerke und Normen die Unterschiede verschiedener Prüfmethoden zur kathodischen Enthaftung bei organischen Beschichtungen vorgestellt und deren Aussagekraft kritisch betrachtet. Am Beispiel von systematischen Versuchsreihen an einem Kurzzeittest werden die Grenzen einiger Methoden herausgearbeitet und die Anwendbarkeit für Reparaturbeschichtungen in Offshore-Bereich hinterfragt. Zusätzlich werden die Problemstellungen bei der Versalzung von metallischen Oberflächen im maritimen und Offshore-Bereich betrachtet.
T2 - Arbeitskreissitzung „Korrosionsschutz von Windenergieanlagen“ des GfKORR e. V.
CY - Bremen, Germany
DA - 29.11.2017
KW - Kathodische Enthaftung
KW - Cathodic delamination
KW - Korrosionsprüfung
KW - Corrosion testing
KW - Organische Beschichtungen
KW - Organic coatings
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-43231
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - RPRT
A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias
A1 - Neumann, Patrick P.
T1 - Multifunktionaler Sensor zur Überwachung von Untergrundspeichern durch flächendeckendes ortsaufgelöstes Monitoring von Gasen, Temperatur und Gefügebewegungen im Boden
N2 - Untergrundspeicher für Roh- und Abfallstoffe gewinnen zunehmend an Bedeutung. Verwendet werden sie vor allem für Stoffe wie Erdgas, Wasserstoff, Erdöl und neuerdings auch für Kohlen-stoffdioxid (CO2). Diese Stoffe werden meist unter Druck in Kavernen- oder Porenspeichern einge-lagert. Die Speicher dienen einerseits zum Ausgleich von Ungleichgewichten zwischen Ange-bot/Förderung und Nachfrage/Verbrauch und zur Erhöhung der Versorgungssicherheit. Anderer-seits bestehen Konzepte Abfallstoffe oder Gefahrstoffe für die Umwelt (aktuell CO2-Speicherung) dort für lange Zeiträume einzulagern. Mit den Einlagerungsstoffen verbunden ist ein signifikantes Gefahrenpotential für Mensch und Umwelt, falls es trotz aller Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu einem unkontrollierten Austritt dieser Stoffe kommen sollte. Daher kommt dem Monitoring derartiger Untergrundspeicher und den darüber befindlichen Bodenstrukturen eine extrem hohe Bedeutung zu.
Ein hochaktuelles Beispiel, das die Überwachung entsprechender Bodenflächen fordert, ist die unterirdische CO2-Speicherung im Rahmen der CO2-Abscheidung und -Speicherung (Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage, CCS). CCS gilt als wichtige Brückentechnologie der Energiewirtschaft und wird weltweit vorangetrieben, während die Sicherheit von Bevölkerung und Biosphäre noch kont-rovers diskutiert wird. Auch die EU setzt auf CCS und gibt in der EU-Richtlinie 2009/31 als Ziel-setzung bis 2015 vor, 15 Pilotanlagen zu bauen und in Betrieb zu nehmen. Als Bedingung für die Genehmigung der CO2-Speicherung ist explizit die Überwachung der Speicheranlagen durch Monito-ring vorgeschrieben, wobei die technisch besten Lösungen zum Einsatz kommen sollen.
Das zu entwickelnde Messsystem adressiert neben den o.g. Anwendungsfeldern weitere, bei denen insbesondere die Emission von Gasen ein Risiko für Mensch und Umwelt darstellt oder wirt-schaftlichen Schaden verursachen kann. Hierzu zählen die Überwachung von Abfalldeponien, Ge-fahrgutlagerstätten, kontaminierten Altlastengebieten, Moor-, Torf-, Kohleflözen (präventive Branderkennung) und geodynamisch aktiven Regionen. Auch moderne Fördertechnologien, wie das Hot-Dry-Rock-Verfahren (HDR) zur Energiegewinnung durch Einpressen von überkritischem CO2 in den Erdkörper, das die Beweglichkeit eines Gases mit der Dichte einer Flüssigkeit kombiniert und Wärmeaustausch im Erdinneren bewirkt, bergen das Risiko unkontrollierter Gasemissionen und bedürfen der umfassenden Überwachung.
KW - Verteilte Sensorik
KW - Gassensor
KW - CCS
KW - Gasspeicher
PY - 2015
DO - https://doi.org/10.2314/GBV:867138327
SP - 1
EP - 13
AN - OPUS4-43195
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Auersch, Lutz
T1 - Static and dynamic behaviour of pile foundations in homogeneous and inhomogeneous soils
N2 - Offshore wind energy towers are dynamically loaded by waves and wind. Pile foundations provide stiffness and damping and should be properly calculated. A combined finite-element boundary-element method for the dynamic interaction of flexible structures and the soil has been developed. The flexible structures such as single piles or complete wind energy towers are modeled by the finite element method whereas the homogeneous or layered soil is modeled by the boundary element method which uses the Green’s functions for interior loads in the layered half-space to establish the dynamic stiffness matrix of the soil. Soils with a stiffness that is continuously increasing with depth can be modeled as multi-layer soils with step-wise increasing stiffness. The effects of different parameters such as the stiffness of the soil, the axial and bending stiffness of the pile, and the radius of the cylindrical contact area will be analysed for the different components of excitation (vertical, horizontal, rotation and coupling). The results can be determined as specific power laws which are different for the different load cases and for the different soil models (Winkler support, homogeneous continuum, continuum with increasing stiffness). The dynamic effect of radiation damping will be analysed by the frequency-dependent compliance functions. A clear layering of the soil can cause noticeable changes in the dynamic compliances as reductions of the stiffness and the damping in certain frequency ranges (below and around layer resonance frequencies). The distribution of the displacements along the pile help to explain the observed laws. An example of an offshore wind energy tower has been modeled and calculated for wind, wave and weight loads. The resonances of the tower are usually limited by the radiation damping which is strongest for a soft soil.
T2 - Compdyn 2017
CY - Rhodes, Greece
DA - 15.06.2017
KW - Pile foundation
KW - Finite-element boundary-element method
KW - Pile bending stiffness
KW - Soil stiffness
KW - Continuously inhomogeneous soils
KW - Layered soils
KW - Wind energy tower
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-42486
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hüllmann, Dino
A1 - Paul, Niels
A1 - Neumann, Patrick P.
ED - Cosmi, F.
T1 - Motor Speed Transfer Function for Wind Vector Estimation on Multirotor Aircraft
N2 - A set of equations is derived to estimate the 3D wind vector with a multirotor aircraft using the aircraft itself as a flying anemometer. Since the thrust component is required to compute the wind vector, the PWM signal controlling the motors of the aircraft is measured and a transfer function describing the relation between the PWM signal and the rotational speed of the motors is derived.
T2 - 34th Danubia-Adria Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics
CY - Trieste, Italy
DA - 19.09.2017
KW - Anemometer
KW - Multicopter
KW - UAV
KW - Wind
KW - PWM
PY - 2017
UR - https://www.openstarts.units.it/handle/10077/14834
SN - 978-88-8303-863-1
SP - 75
EP - 77
PB - University of Trieste, Italy
CY - Trieste, Italy
AN - OPUS4-42426
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hüllmann, Dino
T1 - Wind Vector Estimation on Multirotor Aircraft
N2 - An equation for wind vector estimation using a multirotor aircraft as a flying anemometer is shown. To compute the wind vector an estimate of the thrust of the aircraft is required, which is related to the rotational speed of the rotors. Hence, a sensing system for the rotational speed using phototransistors is presented.
T2 - 34th Danubia-Adria Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics
CY - Trieste, Italy
DA - 19.09.2017
KW - Wind
KW - Thrust
KW - Phototransistor
KW - Anemometer
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-42428
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Auersch, Lutz
A1 - Stengel, Dominik
T1 - Measurements of downburst wind loading acting on an overhead transmission line in northern Germany
N2 - Along an overhead transmission line in Northern Germany, a unique instrumentation of anemometers and force measurements is installed. Details of this test line with wind measurements along a horizontal axis are given. A recent event of a presumable downburst wind event is analyzed by means of available data and precedent works on thunderstorm analysis. The measured response of the conductors at the suspension tower is investigated and compared with time domain simulation of a finite element model.
T2 - EURODYN 2017
CY - Rome, Italy
DA - 10.09.2017
KW - Downburst
KW - Overhead transmission line
KW - Finite element method
KW - Non-synoptic wind event
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-42491
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Becker, Ben
T1 - Basics of statistic
N2 - Basic methods and concepts of statistics. An introduction into statistical models, distribution functions and confirmatory data analyses.
T2 - Fibremod Training unit #5
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 5.10.2017
KW - Fibremod
KW - Statistics
KW - Cylinder
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-42494
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Becker, Ben
T1 - Risk Assessment and Communication
N2 - Risk Assessment and Communication in case of composite cylinders
T2 - Fibremod Training unit #5
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 05.10.2017
KW - Risk assessment
KW - Risk communication
KW - Composite cylinder
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-42495
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Becker, Ben
T1 - Statistical safety assessment of composite cylinders
N2 - Statistical safety assessment of composite cylinders in terms of load cycle and burst testing. Showing the influence of test conditions and parameters on test results. Introduction into BAM – Tool for safety assessment.
T2 - Fibremod Training unit #5
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 05.10.2017
KW - Safety assessment
KW - Statistics
KW - Composite cylinder
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-42497
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Becker, Ben
T1 - Evaluation of test results
N2 - Evaluation of test results from burst tests and load cycle tests.
T2 - Fibremod Training unit #5
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 05.10.2017
KW - Evaluation
KW - Burst Test
KW - Load cycle Test
KW - Composite Cylinder
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-42498
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Heyn, A.
A1 - Rosemann, Paul
A1 - Babutzka, Martin
A1 - Bender, S.
T1 - Electrochemical noise of unalloyed steel in mixtures of water-based binders and pigments
N2 - The development of organic coatings for corrosion protection is an elaborate process with a multitude of often interminable investigations and tests of protection properties. Electrochemical methods support the processes of development to a great extent and help to understand mechanisms of action and failure. They are usually carried out on applied coating systems with a completed formulation. An examination possibility is presented in this publication that enables the characterization of waterbased coatings with different formulation variations in the liquid (aqueous) state with the aid of electrochemical noise technique. Thus, selection of binders, pigments, and other additives is supported essentially and made more efficient in a very early Phase of formulation development. The paper shows that a unique insight into the dynamic processes of a metal in contact with an aqueous coating dispersion is possible using the example of the development of zinc-free corrosion-inhibiting pigments for waterbased coatings. In addition, it is presented in which way the results correlate with the performance of applied coatings.
KW - Organic coatings
KW - Electrochemical noise
KW - Corrosion
KW - Corrosion protection
KW - Corrosion protection pigments
PY - 2017
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.201709671
SN - 0947-5117
SN - 1521-4176
VL - 68
IS - 12
SP - 1295
EP - 1301
PB - Wiley-VCH Verlag
CY - Weinheim
AN - OPUS4-43319
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Krüger, Jörg
T1 - Production of micro solar cells using femtosecond laser pulses
N2 - A promising technology in photovoltaics is based on micro-concentrator solar cells, where the photovoltaic active area is realized as an array of sub-millimeter sized thin-film solar cells. For copper-indium-gallium-diselenide (CIGSe), the solar cells can be arranged in the foci of a regular arrangement of micro-lenses to enhance their efficiency by light concentration, to allow a better heat dissipation and to save expensive raw material (indium). Different approaches to produce micro-sized precursors of CIGSe absorbers on molybdenum are presented using 30-fs laser pulses at 790 nm wavelength. On the one hand, a multi pulse surface structuring of the molybdenum or the underlying glass substrate and a subsequent physical vapor deposition (PVD) process were used for a site-selective aggregation of indium droplets. On the other hand, a single pulse laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) was utilized to selectively deposit combined copper/indium/gallium precursor pixels on the molybdenum back contact of the solar cell. It was demonstrated that a postprocessing (selenization, isolation, contacting) of the laser-generated micro-sized precursors results in an array of working CIGSe solar cells with an efficiency of 2.8% for 1 sun illumination.
T2 - 15th Erwin Schrödinger Colloquium 2017
CY - Vienna, Austria
DA - 01.12.2017
KW - Solar cell
KW - Micro-concentrator
KW - Copper-indium-gallium-diselenide (CIGSe)
KW - Femtosecond laser
KW - Laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT)
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-43338
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
T1 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt, Band 47, Heft 3
T3 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt der BAM - 3/2017
KW - Zulassungen
KW - Zertifikate
KW - Richtlinien
KW - Ausnahmegenehmigungen
KW - Festlegungen
PY - 2017
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-421619
SN - 0340-7551
VL - 47
IS - 3
SP - 455
EP - 512
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-42161
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Dittrich, Matthias
T1 - Endlagerbehälter und deren Qualifizierung
N2 - Vorlesung zum Thema Qualifizierung von Endlagerbehältern für das Endlager Konrad. Grundlagen der Bauartprüfung.
T2 - Modul 6 – Konditionierung, Entsorgung und Endlagerung radioaktiver Abfälle
KW - Endlager Konrad
KW - Bauartprüfung
KW - Endlagerbehälter
PY - 2017
SP - Kap. 18, 1
EP - 60
PB - AiNT
CY - Aachen
AN - OPUS4-42350
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schlegel, Moritz-Caspar
T1 - Elektro"älter"geräte
N2 - Inhalte: (i) Gründe für Ressourceneffizienzanforderungen im Ökodesign. (ii) Bisherige und zukünftige gesetzliche Anforderungen an die Ressourcen-/Materialeffizienz (iii) Entwicklungsstand der Normen zur Umsetzung des Circular Economy Action Plan – M/543
T2 - VDI Wissensforum
CY - Dusseldorf, Germany
DA - 05.12.2018
KW - Kreislaufwirtschaft
KW - Ökodesign
KW - Ressourceneffizienz
KW - Normung
KW - Europäische Kommission
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-46921
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kullolli, Borana
T1 - A generalized plasticity model adapted for shearing interface problems
N2 - The response of many geotechnical systems, whose structural behavior depends on shearing effect, is closely related to soil structure interaction phenomenon. Experimentally it is found that the localisation of these effect happens at a narrow soil layer next to the structure. Numerically, this behavior can be modelled through interface elements and adequate constitutive models. In this work, a constitutive model in the framework of Generalized Plasticity for sandy soils has been chosen to be adapted for the interface zone.
From the direct shear experiments a sandy soil at loose and dense states under different normal pressures is considered. The adapted constitutive model is able to reproduce contraction and dilatation of the soil according to its relative density and it shows a good agreement with the experimental data.
T2 - Numerical Geotechnics
CY - Porto, Portugal
DA - 25/06/2018
KW - Interface model
KW - Cyclic axial shearing
KW - Numerical model
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-47068
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
T1 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt, Band 48, Heft 4
T3 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt der BAM - 4/2018
KW - Zulassungen
KW - Anerkennungen
KW - Richtlinien
KW - Festlegungen
PY - 2018
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-474302
SN - 0340-7551
VL - 48
IS - 4
SP - 235
EP - 282
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-47430
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Linnemann, Konrad
A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor
A1 - Rolle, Annette
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Considerations on spent fuel behavior for transport after extended storage
N2 - Packages for the transport of spent nuclear fuel shall meet the International Atomic Energy Agency regulations to ensure safety under different transport conditions. The physical state of spent fuel and the fuel rod cladding as well as the geometric configuration of fuel assemblies are important inputs for the evaluation of package capabilities under these conditions. In this paper, the mechanical behavior of high burn-up spent fuel assemblies (> approx. 50 GWd/tHM, value averaged over the fuel assembly) under transport conditions is analyzed with regard to the assumptions which are used in the Containment and criticality safety analysis. In view of the complexity of the interactions between the fuel rods as well as between the fuel assemblies, basket, and cask containment, the exact mechanical analysis of such phenomena is nearly impossible. Additionally, the gaps in information concerning the material properties of cladding and pellet behavior, especially for the high burn-up fuel, make the analysis more complicated. Considerations and knowledge gaps for the transport after extended interim storage are issues of growing interest. In this context, practical approaches are discussed based on the experience of BAM within the safety assessment of packages approved for transport of spent nuclear fuel.
KW - Transport packages for radioactive material
KW - Spent nuclear fuel
PY - 2018
VL - 83
IS - 6
SP - 488
EP - 494
PB - Hanser
AN - OPUS4-47359
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Knieschewski, Arno
T1 - Cheaper compliance verification for the energy label of tumble dryers
N2 - The energy label is a tool that informs the consumer about the energy consumption of certain appliances. The tumble dryer is one of these appliances that were considered relevant for receiving an energy label in the European Union. All classes and values on the energy label are stated by the manufacturers. In order to guarantee that the manufacturers do not cheat and appliances are labeled correctly, the stated values are checked by the market surveillance of each country in compliance verification tests. However, in the case of tumble dryers these compliance verification tests are very expensive and can only be realized for a small sample size out of models which are available on the market. The fewer compliance verification tests are carried out, the higher is the chance that there are incorrectly labeled appliances on the market. Therefore, a modification of the test standard for tumble dryers has been analyzed which would reduce the costs of a performance test by at least 11 %.
T2 - WSED 2018 - World Sustainable Energy Days
CY - Wels, Austria
DA - 28.02.2018
KW - Tumble dryer
KW - Energy label
KW - Test standard
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-47473
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Knieschewski, Arno
T1 - Unterstützung der Marktüberwachung
N2 - Es werden Ergebnisse des NAPE Projekts bezüglich Wäschetrockner und Dunstabzugshauben vorgestellt.
T2 - 6. Jour Fixe - Unterstützung der Marktüberwachung
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 23.03.2018
KW - NAPE
KW - Wäschetrockner
KW - Dunstabzugshauben
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-47474
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mosquera Feijoo, Maria
T1 - Cr and Co distribution in 12-13 % Cr alloys after single and dual corrosion experiments
N2 - This work investigates the distribution of Chromium and Cobalt as well as other elements and their effect on the corrosion scale formation of ferritic-martensitic alloys under single and dual conditions. For this purpose, coupons of technical VM12-SHC alloy and model Fe-13Cr alloy were annealed at 600°C for 960 h in artificial flue gas. This kind of experiment represents the classical single condition corrosion test. To realize dual condition, an experimental setup was designed in such way that each face of the specimens could be in contact with a different atmosphere.
In this presentation the comparison between single and dual conditions will be evaluated in terms of phase composition of the scale and material loss. Preliminary results show clear deviations between both conditions in the distribution of chromium, as well as the diffusion outward of cobalt in the technical alloy.
T2 - EUROCORR 2017
CY - Prague, Czech-Republic
DA - 03.09.2017
KW - Hydrogen transport
KW - Dual atmosphere
KW - High temperature corrosion
KW - Minor alloying elements
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-42636
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schlegel, Moritz-Caspar
T1 - Following the Evidence - How quality of appliance components can hint at non-compliance with efficiency requirements
N2 - Improving the energy efficiency of products was identified as the most important short-term opportunity to decrease energy consumption and therefore CO2-emission worldwide. More efficient products are created due to technical innovation. Restricting market access to efficient products only and making the most efficient products stand out by energy labelling are legislative tools to encourage this development. Market surveillance authorities’ checks are fundamental to protect the consumer from wrongly declared goods on the market and ensure fair competition between manufacturers. However, the activities of market surveillance authorities are limited by their financial resources. Testing all product efficiency parameters in an accredited laboratory is very time consuming and cost intensive. In this study, a theoretical concept is presented which can be used to develop screening tests in order to perform product tests by market surveillance authorities with less financial resources. The method identifies components which lead to non-compliance or make a product less energy efficient with minimum effort. The concept is based on a combination of random product tests, dismantling specific products and comparing components. This represents a new approach in product testing procedures beyond the current market surveillance activities. The concept is being tested within a research project funded by the German government.
T2 - EEDAL '17
CY - Irvine, CA, USA
DA - 12.09.2017
KW - Compliance
KW - Energy efficiency
KW - Ecodesign
KW - Energy labelling
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-43517
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Herold, Christian
T1 - Project KoBrA - Requirements and concepts for disposal containers for heat-generating radioactive waste and spent fuel in salt, clay and crystalline rock
N2 - After restarting the site selection process for a final repository for spent nuclear fuel (SNF) and heat-generating radioactive waste, all areas with one of the three potential host rock formations considered in Germany – salt, clay and crystalline rock – are under review. The project “KoBrA“, run by BGE TECHNOLOGY and BAM, collects and reviews requirements, criteria and proposals for final disposal container concepts complying with the current safety standards, taking into consideration international experience in the field of high-level nuclear waste (HLW) management.
T2 - IGD-TP Exchange Forum 8
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 03.12.2018
KW - Final disposal container
KW - Spent fuel
KW - HLW
KW - Concepts
KW - Requirements
PY - 2018
UR - https://igdtp.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/EF8-P9-Herold-KoBrA_V1b2.pdf
AN - OPUS4-46983
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Erenberg, Marina
A1 - Bletzer, Claus
A1 - Feldkamp, Martin
A1 - Musolff, André
A1 - Nehrig, Marko
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Experimental investigations of the burning behaviour of transport package impact limiters and of fire spread impact onto the cask
N2 - Accident safe packages for the transport of spent nuclear fuel and high-level waste shall fulfil international IAEA safety requirements. Compliance is shown by consecutive mechanical and thermal testing. Additional numerical analysis are usually part of the safety evaluation. For damage protection some package designs are equipped with wood filled impact limiters encapsulated by steel sheets. The safety of these packages is established in compliance with IAEA regulations. Cumulative mechanical and fire tests are conducted to achieve safety standards and to prevent loss of containment. Mechanical reliability is proven by drop tests. Drop testing might cause significant damage of the impact limiter steel sheets and might enable sufficient oxygen supply to the impact limiter during the fire test to ignite the wood filling. The boundary conditions of the fire test are precisely described in the IAEA regulatory. During the test the impact limiter will be subjected to a 30 minute enduring fire phase. Subsequent to the fire phase any burning of the specimen has to extinguish naturally and no artificial cooling is allowed. At BAM a large-scale fire test with a real size impact limiter and a wood volume of about 3m3 was conducted to investigate the burning behaviour of wood filled impact limiters in steel sheet encapsulation. The impact limiter was equipped with extensive temperature monitoring equipment. Until today burning of such impact limiters is not sufficiently considered in transport package design and more investigation is necessary to explore the consequences of the impacting fire. The objective of the large scale test was to find out whether a self-sustaining smouldering or even a flaming fire inside the impact limiter was initiated and what impact on the cask is resulting. The amount of energy, transferred from the impact limiter into the cask is of particular importance for the safety of heavy weight packages. With the intention of heat flux quantification a new approach was made and a test bench was designed.
T2 - ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference
CY - Prague, Czech Republic
DA - 15.07.2018
KW - Shock absorber
KW - Impact limiter
KW - Wood
KW - Thermal testing
KW - Fire
KW - Smoldering
KW - IAEA
KW - Fire test
PY - 2018
SN - 978-0-7918-5170-8
VL - PVP2018
SP - 84714-1
EP - 84714-10
AN - OPUS4-46984
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Ringleb, F.
A1 - Andree, Stefan
A1 - Heidmann, B.
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
A1 - Eylers, K.
A1 - Ernst, O.
A1 - Boeck, T.
A1 - Schmid, M.
A1 - Krüger, Jörg
T1 - Femtosecond laser-assisted fabrication of chalcopyrite micro-concentrator photovoltaics
N2 - Micro-concentrator solar cells offer an attractive way to further enhance the efficiency of planar-cell technologies while saving absorber material. Here, two laser-based bottom-up processes for the fabrication of regular arrays of CuInSe2 and Cu(In,Ga)Se2 microabsorber islands are presented, namely one approach based on nucleation and one based on laser-induced forward transfer.
Additionally, a procedure for processing these microabsorbers to functioning micro solar cells connected in parallel is demonstrated. The resulting cells show up to 2.9% efficiency and a significant efficiency enhancement under concentrated Illumination.
KW - Chalcopyrite
KW - Femtosecond laser patterning
KW - Laser-induced forward transfer
KW - Micro-concentrator solar cell
KW - Photovoltaics
PY - 2018
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-470026
DO - https://doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.9.281
SN - 2190-4286
VL - 9
SP - 3025
EP - 3038
PB - Beilstein-Institut zur Förderung der Chemischen Wissenschaften
CY - Frankfurt, M.
AN - OPUS4-47002
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Spent fuel behavior under Transport Conditions
N2 - German packages for the transport of spent nuclear fuel are assessed with respect to specific transport conditions which are defined in the safety regulations of the International Atomic Energy Agency. In general, gastight fuel rods constitute the first barrier of the containment system. The physical state of the spent fuel and the fuel rod cladding as well as the geometric configuration of the fuel assemblies are important inputs for the evaluation of the package safety under transport conditions. The objective of this paper is to discuss the methodologies accepted by German authority BAM for the evaluation of spent fuel behavior within the package design approval procedure. Specific test conditions will be analyzed with regard to assumptions to be used in the activity release and criticality safety analysis. In particular the different failure modes of the fuel rods, which can cause release of gas, volatiles, fuel particles or fragments, have to be properly considered in these assumptions. The package as a mechanical system is characterized by a complex set of interactions, e.g. between the fuel rods within the assembly as well as between the fuel assemblies, the basket, and the cask containment. This complexity together with the limited knowledge about the material properties and the variation of the fuel assemblies regarding cladding material, burn-up and the operation history makes an exact mechanical analysis of the fuel rods nearly impossible. The application of sophisticated numerical models requires extensive experimental data for model verification, which are in general not available. The gaps in information concerning the material properties of cladding and pellets, especially for the high burn-up fuel, make the analysis more complicated additionally, and require a conservative approach. In this context some practical approaches based on experiences by BAM within safety assessment of packages for transport of spent fuel will be discussed. Ongoing research activities to investigate SNF mechanical behavior in view of gas and fissile material release under transport loads are presented.
T2 - IRSN Conference on Safe Transport of Radioactive Material
CY - Fontenay aux Roses, France
DA - 13.11.2018
KW - ENSA
KW - SNL
KW - Real transport
KW - IAEA
KW - Drop test
KW - Multi-Modal Transportation Test
KW - Radioactive
KW - ACT
KW - NCT
KW - Hot cell
KW - Activity release
KW - Fuel rod
KW - Fuel rods
KW - Burn-up
KW - Cladding alloy
KW - Criticality safety analysis
KW - Containment analysis
KW - Fuel assemblies
KW - Spent fuel
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-46880
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schuberth, J.
A1 - Wachau, André
A1 - Schuhmann, K.-U.
ED - Sironi, M.
T1 - Strukturiertes Vorgehen erforderlich
N2 - Seit September 2015 gelten für neue Heizgeräte EU-weit einheitliche Mindeststandards: Heizkessel müssen mindestens den Standard der Brennwerttechnik erreichen (ausgenommen sind B1-Gasetagenheizungen für Mehrfachbelegung). Wird ein alter Wärmeerzeuger ausgetauscht, muss daher stets der Schornstein für die Abgasabführung im Überdruck geeignet sein und gegen Kondensat ertüchtigt werden, also feuchtebeständig sein. Handelt es sich um eine mehrfach belegte Abgasanlage der Arten C4, C8 oder B3, sind alle am Schornsteinstrang angeschlossenen Gasgeräte betroffen. In einem Expertengremium des DVGW wurden Handlungsempfehlungen erarbeitet. Einige Lösungsansätze vermeiden einen sofortigen Austausch aller Geräte an einem gemeinsamen Schornsteinstrang.
KW - Gasetagenheizungen
KW - Heizkessel
KW - Abgasanlage
KW - Schornstein
PY - 2018
UR - https://www.ikz.de/heizungstechnik/news/detail/strukturiertes-vorgehen-erforderlich/
VL - Juli 2018
SP - 18
EP - 23
PB - STROBEL VERLAG GmbH & Co. KG
CY - Arnsberg
AN - OPUS4-46893
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Wachau, André
A1 - Schuberth, J.
A1 - Schuhmann, K.-U.
T1 - Gasetagenheizungen der Arten C4, C8 und B3- Alternativen bei der Erneuerung von mehrfachbelegten Abgasanlagen
N2 - Seit September 2015 gelten für neue Heizgeräte EU-weit einheitliche Mindeststandards: Heizkessel müssen mindestens den Standard der Brennwerttechnik erreichen (ausgenommen sind B1-Gasetagenheizungen für Mehrfachbelegung). Wird ein alter Wärmeerzeuger ausgetauscht, muss daher stets der Schornstein für die Abgasabführung im Überdruck geeignet sein und gegen Kondensat ertüchtigt werden, also feuchtebeständig sein. Handelt es sich um eine mehrfach belegte Abgasanlage der Arten C4, C8 oder B3, sind alle am Schornsteinstrang angeschlossenen Gasgeräte betroffen. In einem Expertengremium des DVGW wurden Handlungsempfehlungen erarbeitet. Einige Lösungsansätze vermeiden einen sofortigen Austausch aller Geräte an einem gemeinsamen Schornsteinstrang.
KW - Gasetagenheizungen
KW - Heizkessel
KW - Abgasanlage
KW - Schornstein
PY - 2018
SN - 1436-6134
VL - 2018
IS - 6/7
SP - 20
EP - 25
PB - dvgw Wirtschafts- und Verlagsgesellschaft Gas und Wasser mbH
CY - Bonn
AN - OPUS4-46894
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bettge, Dirk
T1 - Interaction of Oxidizing and Reductive Impurities in CO2 Streams with Transport Pipeline Steel
N2 - A main goal of CLUSTER CCS project at BAM was to study the corrosion behaviour of pipeline steel with dense phase carbon dioxide containing impurities. Depending on the kind of impurities specific corrosion mechanisms and corrosion rates were determined.
T2 - CO2 and H2 Technologies for the Energy Transition
CY - BAM, Berlin, Germany
DA - 28.11.2018
KW - Carbon capture
KW - Carbon dioxide
KW - Corrosion
KW - CCS
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-47016
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kratzig, Andreas
T1 - Interaction of Reactive Components in CO2 Streams with Transport Pipeline Steel X70
N2 - In context of CLUSTER project, impacts of impurities (SO2, NO2, O2, CO, H2S, H2, N2, Ar and H2O) in CO2 streams captured from different sources in a regional cluster on transport, injection and storage were investigated. Corrosion studies of oxidizing, reductive or mixed atmospheres towards transport pipeline steel X70 were carried out applying high pressure (10 MPa) at low temperatures (278 K or 313 K).
T2 - GHGT-14 Conference
CY - Melbourne, Australia
DA - 22.10.2018
KW - Carbon capture
KW - CCS
KW - Carbon dioxide
KW - Corrosion
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-47017
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Gesell, Stephan
T1 - WP8 - RCS standardisation work
N2 - The presentation presents a first work premise for the acceptable failrate of a hydrogen pressure vessel. Based on this premise, the basic algorithm for the analysis of given acceptance criteria is presented.
T2 - TAHYA PSB Meeting#1
CY - TU Chemnitz, Germany
DA - 20.11.2018
KW - FCH JU
KW - TAHYA
KW - Horizon 2020
KW - Safety assessment
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-47178
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Palkowski, Carsten
T1 - How cool? - Energy label for air conditioners and possibilities for circumvention
N2 - In this study, the test method EN 14825 for testing air conditioners is validated by verifying the sensitivity of the seasonal energy efficiency ratio SEER (declared on the energy efficiency label) in relation to the nominal cooling capacity Pdesign. Therefore, the two major parts of the test method, the measurement part and the calculation part, were investigated. Measurements were conducted on several single-split units. The calculation part was subjected to a sensitivity analysis in order to identify the properties of an air conditioner which have a strong influence on the SEER. The analysis revealed that the measurement procedure delivers reproducible results. However, the energy consumption in special operating states, the duration in active-mode and seasonal performance values in active mode (SEERon) significantly affect the sensitivity of the SEER. Especially assumption of short operating times for a cooling active mode leads to large changes in the SEER with varying Pdesign. In addition, the range of power of Pdesign turned out to have an increasing impact on the SEER with decreasing Pdesign. For Pdesign values ≤10 kW, which is the most popular type of ACs in the EU, the sensitivity of the SEER increases tremendously.
Especially the determination of the SEER for devices with short operating times in cooling active-mode (350 h) and low values for Pdesign (≤10 kW) cannot be reproduced anymore. In consequence, manufacturer could use the sensitivity of the SEER on Pdesign to artificially “increase” the energy efficiency of their air conditioner for the Energy label about 10 %.
T2 - World Sustainable Energy Days
CY - Wels, Austria
DA - 28.02.2018
KW - Air Conditioner
KW - Energy Efficiency
KW - Circumvention
KW - Energy Label
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-47480
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Babutzka, Martin
T1 - Prüfverfahren zur Bewertung der kathodischen Enthaftung bei organischen beschichtungen – Eine kritische Betrachtung
N2 - Im Vortrag werden mit Blick auf die geltenden Regelwerke und Normen die Unterschiede verschiedener Prüfmethoden zur kathodischen Enthaftung bei organischen Beschichtungen vorgestellt und deren Aussagekraft kritisch betrachtet. Am Beispiel von systematischen Versuchsreihen an einem Kurzzeittest werden die Grenzen einiger Methoden herausgearbeitet und die Anwendbarkeit für Reparaturbeschichtungen in Offshore-Bereich ausgelotet.
T2 - Arbeitskreissitzung „Korrosionsschutz durch Beschichtungen“ des GfKORR e. V.
CY - Dresden, Germany
DA - 23.10.2018
KW - Kathodische Enthaftung
KW - Cathodic delamination
KW - Korrosionsprüfung
KW - Corrosion testing
KW - Organische Beschichtungen
KW - Organic coatings
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-46380
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
T1 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt, Band 48, Heft 3
T3 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt der BAM - 3/2018
KW - Anerkennungen
KW - Richtlinien
KW - Zulassungen
KW - Festlegungen
KW - Zustimmungen
PY - 2018
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-463844
SN - 0340-7551
VL - 48
IS - 3
SP - 99
EP - 136
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-46384
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Internationale Forschungsprojekte zur langfristigen trockenen Zwischenlagerung bestrahlter Brennelemente
N2 - Der Vortrag vermittelt einen Überblick über internationale Forschungsaktivitäten im Hinblick auf zukünftig deutlich zu verlängernde Zwischenlagerzeiträume für bestrahlte Brennelemente. Ausgehend von der aktuellen Entsorgungssituation werden die relevanten Fragestellungen skizziert. Davon ausgehend werden die FuE-Aktivitäten der IAEA vorgestellt sowie die wichtigsten Themen beim Extended Storage Collaboration Program (ESCP) in den USA. Schließlich wird das "European Joint Programme on Radioactive Waste Management and Disposal“ kurz vorgestellt und werden die nationalen Initiativen auf diesem Sektor diskutiert.
T2 - 8. Symposium Lagerung und Transport radioaktiver Stoffe
CY - Hannover, Germany
DA - 04.09.2018
KW - Brennelemente
KW - Zwischenlagerung
KW - Forschung
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-46373
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Palkowski, Carsten
A1 - Zottl, A.
T1 - Dynamische Energieeffizienzprüfung von Wärmepumpen
N2 - Die bisher üblichen Verfahren zur Bewertung der Effizienz einer Wärmepumpe durch Labormessungen berücksichtigen kaum transiente Zustände. Können dynamische Bewertungsverfahren im Labor ein realistischeres Verhalten im Feld wiederspiegeln und damit zu sinnvolleren Entscheidungen führen?
T2 - Chillventa 2018
CY - Nuremberg, Germany
DA - 15.10.2018
KW - Wärmepumpen
KW - Energieeffizienz
KW - Dynamische Prüfung
KW - Methodenentwicklung
KW - Energielabel
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-46343
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Knieschewski, Arno
T1 - Unterstützung der Marktüberwachung - Dunstabzugshauben
N2 - Eine neue Methode zur Prüfung von Dunstabzugshauben wurde vorgestellt.
T2 - AK 513.2.5 Dunstabzugshauben Sitzung
CY - Bretten, Germany
DA - 28.09.2016
KW - Normung
KW - Energie Label
KW - Dunstabzugshauben
KW - Fettabscheidegrad
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-46422
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Knieschewski, Arno
T1 - Ergebnisse aus Ringversuch und Einzelprüfungen
N2 - Die Ergebnisse vieler Produktprüfungen aus Ringversuch und Einzelprüfungen wurden vorgestellt.
T2 - AK 513.2.5 Dunstabzugshauben Sitzung am 21.06.2017
CY - Frankfurt am Main, Germany
DA - 21.06.2017
KW - Energie Label
KW - Dunstabzugshauben
KW - Produktprüfungen
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-46424
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Knieschewski, Arno
T1 - Berichterstattung – Nape Projekt
N2 - Ergebnisse zur modifizierten Fettabscheidung und das weitere Vorgehen wurden vorgestellt.
T2 - AK 513.2.5 Dunstabzugshauben Sitzung am 06.03.2018
CY - Frankfurt am Main, Germany
DA - 06.03.2018
KW - Normung
KW - Dunstabzugshauben
KW - Fettabscheidegrad
KW - Produktprüfungen
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-46426
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Weber, Mike
T1 - Numerical Approach to Determine the Correct Length for the IAEA Puncture Bar Drop Test
N2 - Among other mechanical tests the 1 meter drop onto a steel puncture bar shall be considered for accident safe packages for the transport of radioactive material. According with the IAEA regulations “the bar shall be of solid mild steel of circular section, 15.0 ± 0.5 cm in diameter and 20 cm long, unless a longer bar would cause greater damage…”. The most damaging puncture bar length can be estimated by iterative processes in numerical simulations. On the one hand, a sufficient puncture bar length has to guarantee that shock absorbers or other attachments do not prevent or reduce the local load application to the package, on the other hand, a longer and thus less stiff bar causes a smaller maximum contact force. The contrary influence of increasing puncture bar length and increasing effective drop height shall be taken into account if a shock absorber is directly placed in the target area. The paper presents a numerical approach to identify the bar length that causes maximum damage to the package. Using the example of two typical package masses the sensitivity of contact forces and puncture bar deformations to the initial length are calculated and assessed with regard to the international IAEA package safety requirements.
T2 - ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference 2018
CY - Prague, Czech Republic
DA - 15.07.2018
KW - Transport of radioactive materials
KW - Mechanical assessment
KW - Puncture bar test
KW - Length of puncture bar
KW - Numerical simulation
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-45785
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rosemann, Paul
A1 - Müller, C.
A1 - Roßberg, S.
A1 - Pensel, P.
A1 - Halle, T.
A1 - Burkert, A.
T1 - Precipitation behavior and corrosion resistance of nickel-free, high-nitrogen austenitic stainless steels
N2 - Nickel-free, nitrogen alloyed austenitic stainless-steels, with about 19 wt.-% Mn and 0,8 wt. % N, are an interesting alternative to classic CrNi austenitic stainless steels due to their superior mechanical properties (Rm > 900 MPa, A5 > 50 %, Av > 350 J) in the solution annealed condition. The formation of chromium-rich nitrides during suboptimal heat treatment, processing or application leads to an inhomogeneous distribution of alloying elements in the microstructure, which reduces the corrosion resistance. Consequently, an accurate knowledge of the sensitization behavior is indispensable for the use of nickel-free, high-nitrogen austenitic stainless steels. The relationship between artificial aging, phase formation and corrosion resistance was investigated on the alloys X8CrMnN18-19 (1.3815) and X8CrMnMoN18-19-2 (1.4456), both alloyed with 0,8 wt.-% Nitrogen, in the present work. The microstructural evolution was studied by LM and SEM while the corrosion resistance was characterized with the electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation (EPR) and the KorroPad indicator-test. Both alloys showed increased corrosion susceptibility within critical aging parameters. Finally, a sensitization diagram was described successfully for both alloys showing the positive effect of molybdenum.
T2 - EUROCORR 2018
CY - Krakow, Poland
DA - 09.09.2018
KW - Corrosion
KW - KorroPad
KW - Stainless steel
KW - Corrosion resistance
KW - Heat treatment
KW - ThermoCalc
KW - Pitting corrosion
KW - Nitrogen
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-45954
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Welter, T.
T1 - Silicate glass structures with low hydrogen permeability
N2 - Efficient energy provision using fuel cells requires effective hydrogen storage capacities. Glass is a material of low intrinsic hydrogen permeability and is therefore a promising material for hydrogen storage containers or diffusion barriers. Pioneer work on oxidic glasses seems to indicate a correlation between glass composition and hydrogen permeation, which was mainly derived from the behavior of silica glass. In this study, we focus on the relationship between topologic (free volume; network polymerization) and thermodynamic (configurational entropy) glass parameters. Experiments were performed well below the glass transition temperature, which excludes significant structural relaxation and chemical dissolution of hydrogen. The compositional dependence of seven glasses on the SiO2-NaAlO2 join pointed out that in fully polymerized glasses the H2 permeability cannot be solely derived from the total free volume of the glass structure. Hence, evidence is provided that the size distribution of free volume contributes to hydrogen diffusion and solubility. Additionally, results indicate that hydrogen permeability of the glasses is affected by the configurational heat capacity ΔCp at Tg.
T2 - 15th International Conference on the Physics of Non-Crystalline Solids & 14th European Society of Glass Conference
CY - Saint Malo, France
DA - 09.07.2018
KW - Diffusion coefficient
KW - 3D glass structure model
KW - Glass composition
KW - Hydrogen permeation
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-45911
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schneider, Ronald
T1 - Risikoanalyse technischer Systeme: Aktivitäten an der BAM
N2 - Die Risikoanalyse ist ein formales Verfahren zur Unterstützung von Entscheidungen unter Unsicherheit und Risiko. Es ermöglicht eine Optimierung von Maßnahmen zur Verhinderung unerwünschter Konsequenzen. Der Vortrag stellt die aktuellen Aktivitäten an der BAM in dem Feld Risikoanalyse technischer System vor.
T2 - 4. Sitzung des Beirates „Infrastruktur“ der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 19.04.2018
KW - Risiko
KW - Risikoanalyse
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-46436
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schneider, Ronald
T1 - Bayes‘sche Analyse von Ingenieurmodellen
N2 - Der Vortrag zeigt, dass Unsicherheiten in Ingenieurmodellen quantitativ mit Methoden der Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie modelliert werden können. Zusätzlich können durch eine Bayes‘sche Analyse probabilistische Ingenieurmodelle konsistent anhand von Daten „gelernt“ werden.
T2 - Workshop "Digitaler Zwilling" des BAM Koptenzzentrums „Modellierung und Simulation“
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 04.06.2018
KW - Probabilitische Ingenieurmodelle
KW - Bayes'sche Analyse
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-46437
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rolle, Annette
A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor
A1 - Neumeyer, Tino
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Application of leakage rates measured on scaled cask or component models to the package containment safety assessment
N2 - The containment systems of transport casks for spent fuel and high radioactive waste usually include bolted lids with metallic or elastomeric seals.
The mechanical and thermal loadings associated with the routine, normal and accident conditions of transport can have a significant effect on the leak tightness of such containment system.
Scaled cask models are often used for providing the required mechanical and thermal tests series. Leak tests have been conducted on those models.
It is also common practice to use scaled component tests to investigate the influence of deformations or displacements of the lids and the seals on the standard leakage rate as well as to study the temperature and time depending alteration of the seals.
In this paper questions of the transferability of scaled test results to the full size design of the containment system will be discussed.
T2 - ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference
CY - Prag, Czech Republic
DA - 15.08 2018
KW - Containment
KW - Spent fuel
KW - Leakage rate
PY - 2018
VL - 7
SP - PVP2018-84089, 1
EP - 8
AN - OPUS4-46533
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Babutzka, Martin
T1 - Prüfverfahren zur Bewertung der kathodischen Enthaftung bei organischen Beschichtungen – Eine kritische Betrachtung
N2 - Im Vortrag werden mit Blick auf die geltenden Regelwerke und Normen die Unterschiede verschiedener Prüfmethoden zur kathodischen Enthaftung bei organischen Beschichtungen vorgestellt und deren Aussagekraft kritisch betrachtet. Am Beispiel von systematischen Versuchsreihen an einem Kurzzeittest werden die Grenzen einiger Methoden herausgearbeitet und die Anwendbarkeit für Reparaturbeschichtungen in Offshore-Bereich ausgelotet.
T2 - Arbeitskreissitzung des DIN-Arbeitskreises NA 002-00-07-17 AK „Elektrochemische Verfahren“
CY - Bremerhaven, Germany
DA - 07.11.2018
KW - Kathodische Enthaftung
KW - Korrosionsprüfung
KW - Organische Beschichtungen
KW - Cathodic delamination
KW - Corrosion testing
KW - Organic coatings
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-46514
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Weber, Mike
A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor
A1 - Wille, Frank
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
T1 - Numerical approach to determine the correct puncture bar length for the IAEA puncture bar drop test
N2 - Among other mechanical tests the 1 meter drop onto a steel puncture bar shall be considered for accident safe packages for the transport of radioactive material. According with the IAEA regulations “the bar shall be of solid mild steel of circular section, 15.0 ± 0.5 cm in diameter and 20 cm long, unless a longer bar would cause greater damage…”. The most damaging puncture bar length can be estimated by iterative processes in numerical simulations. On the one hand, a sufficient puncture bar length has to guarantee that shock absorbers or other attachments do not prevent or reduce the local load application to the package, on the other hand, a longer and thus less stiff bar causes a smaller maximum contact force. The contrary influence of increasing puncture bar length and increasing effective drop height shall be taken into account if a shock absorber is directly placed in the target area. The paper presents a numerical approach to identify the bar length that causes maximum damage to the package. Using the example of two typical package masses the sensitivity of contact forces and puncture bar deformations to the initial length are calculated and assessed with regard to the international IAEA package safety requirements.
T2 - ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference 2018
CY - Prague, Czech Republic
DA - 15.07.2018
KW - Length of puncture bar
KW - Mechanical assessment
KW - Numerical simulation
KW - Puncture bar test
KW - Transport of radioactive materials
PY - 2018
SP - PVP2018-84614, 1
EP - 7
AN - OPUS4-46538
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Simo, Anne
T1 - NAPE Unterstützung der Marktüberwachung
N2 - Ergebnisse und Erkenntnisse aus dem NAPE-Projekt "Unterstützung der Marktüberwachung"
T2 - Abteilungskolloquium
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 31.10.2018
KW - Energieeffizienz
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-46541
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias
T1 - Comparison of the Temperature Behavior of Oil and Gas Damped Piezoresistive Accelerometers
N2 - This study presents the characterization of a piezoresistive accelerometer damped with silicon oil for the application in drop tests carried out at BAM. Experiments were performed with the Hopkinson Bar method in close correlation to the real-world application conditions. The results point out certain limitations regarding the temperature influence and the frequency response. Additional experiments were performed with a gas damped type of piezoresistive accelerometer, which has superior specifications, particularly for low temperatures. The results allow for a comparison.
T2 - IEEE SENSORS 2018
CY - Neu Delhi, Indien
DA - 28.10.2018
KW - Accelerometer
KW - Temperature behavior
KW - Frequency response
KW - Hopkinson Bar
KW - Drop test
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-46484
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rosemann, Paul
T1 - Precipitation behavior and corrosion resistance of nickel-free, high-nitrogen austenitic stainless steels
N2 - Nickel-free, nitrogen alloyed austenitic stainless-steels, with about 19 wt.-% Mn and 0,8 wt. % N, are an interesting alternative to classic CrNi austenitic stainless steels due to their superior mechanical properties (Rm > 900 MPa, A5 > 50 %, Av > 350 J) in the solution annealed condition. The formation of chromium-rich nitrides during suboptimal heat treatment, processing or application leads to an inhomogeneous distribution of alloying elements in the microstructure, which reduces the corrosion resistance. Consequently, an accurate knowledge of the sensitization behavior is indispensable for the use of nickel-free, high-nitrogen austenitic stainless steels. The relationship between artificial aging, phase formation and corrosion resistance was investigated on the alloys X8CrMnN18-19 (1.3815) and X8CrMnMoN18-19-2 (1.4456), both alloyed with 0,8 wt.-% Nitrogen, in the present work. The microstructural evolution was studied by LM and SEM while the corrosion resistance was characterized with the electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation (EPR) and the KorroPad indicator-test. Both alloys showed increased corrosion susceptibility within critical aging parameters. Finally, a sensitization diagram was described successfully for both alloys showing the positive effect of molybdenum.
T2 - Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (MSE)
CY - Darmstadt, Germany
DA - 26.09.2018
KW - Corrosion
KW - Corrosion resistance
KW - Heat treatment
KW - KorroPad
KW - Nitrogen
KW - Pitting corrosion
KW - Stainless steel
KW - ThermoCalc
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-46093
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Ghafafian, Carineh
T1 - Betriebsfestigkeit von Reparaturstellen an Rotorblättern von Windkraftanlagen
N2 - Hochleistungsverbundwerkstoffe, bzw. Glasfaser-Kunststoff-Verbunde (GFK), haben sich als Leichtbauwerkstoffe für Leichtflugzeuge und Rotorblätter von Windkraftanlagen etabliert. Die hohe spezifische Festigkeit und Steifigkeit qualifizieren sie besonders für diese Anwendung. Während der Fertigung werden Imperfektionen häufig in die Blattschalen eingebracht. Durch Witterungseinflüsse kommt es zum Schadensfortschritt. Infolgedessen treten Schäden in der Blattschale, die den sicheren Betrieb gefährden können, weit vor der projektierten Lebensdauer von 20 Jahren auf. Da der Austausch von ganzen Blättern sehr kostintensiv ist, ist eine lokale Reparatur des geschädigten Bereichs zur Wiederherstellung der strukturellen Integrität, viel preisgünstiger. Die Reparatur von Rotorblättern ist in den letzten Jahren zu einem wichtigen Thema geworden. Derzeit werden verschiedenste Reparaturkonzepte angewendet. Eine einheitliche Reparaturvorgabe gibt es bisher nicht. Die Auswirkungen der angewendeten Reparaturkonzepte auf die Betriebsfestigkeit der Reparaturstelle sind weitestgehend unbekannt und sollen deshalb in diesem Projekt untersucht werden. Gekrümmte Voll-Laminat sowie Sandwich Prüfkörper werden mit dem Vacuum-Assisted-Resin-Infusion-Prozess (VARI) produziert. Um einen Teil einer Rotorblattschale darzustellen, sind sie als GFK aufgebaut, beziehungsweise die Sandwich Strukturen mit einem Polyvinylchlorid-Schaumkern (PVC) Kern, wie im Original. Schalenreparaturen in verschiedenen Layup-Techniken und Geometrie werden eingebracht und die Materialeigenschaften mit zyklischen Ermüdungstests untersucht. Im Projekt werden ideal im Labor erzeugte Reparaturstellen mit in der Praxis angewendeten Ausführungstechniken eines Industriepartners experimentell verglichen. Für die in-situ Detektion der Schadensentwicklung während des Ermüdungsversuches kommt ein kombiniertes Felddehnungs- und Thermografie-Kamerasystem zum Einsatz. Das mechanische Verhalten und die Schadensentwicklung in den verschiedenen reparierten Prüfkörper wird miteinander sowie mit den Referenzproben ohne Reparaturstellen verglichen. Zudem wird in numerischen Modellen für die verschiedenen Reparaturtechniken eine Spannungsanalyse durchgeführt um hinsichtlich der Betriebsbeanspruchung eine Bewertung angeben zu können.
T2 - Kolloquium Luftfahrzeugbau und Leichtbau, TU Berlin
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 18.06.2018
KW - Sandwich
KW - Faserverstärkte Kunstoffe
KW - Betriebsfestigkeit
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-46026
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kiewitt, W.
A1 - Bardl, Richard
A1 - Kühnel, C.
A1 - Loudon, D.
A1 - Stengel, D.
A1 - Wunkte, M.
T1 - Comparative study of the long-term reliability of HTLS conductor systems
N2 - In recent years, several high temperature low sag conductors (HTLS) have been developed and are now commercially available. Very few utilities have long-term experience with all the technologies. Moreover, most of the operational experience is at low temperatures. An independent testing program at maximum operational temperatures comparing most of the available technologies would provide useful guidance to utilities considering using such conductors.
This paper describes the approach and results of an international research project assessing the long-term reliability of a wide range of commercially available high temperature conductor systems. Each system was exposed to 4,400 hours of simultaneous mechanical and electrical stresses. A set of standard mechanical and electrical tests were carried out to determine any changes. A conventional ACSR conductor was also tested and provided a validation that the testing program was realistic.
The majority of the conductor systems performed satisfactorily. However the ACSS system joint resistance and the grease on the TACSR performed poorly.
T2 - CIGRE Sesstion 2018
CY - Paris, France
DA - 26.08.2018
KW - HTLS
KW - Conductor
KW - Freileitung
PY - 2018
SP - B2-204,1
EP - 10
AN - OPUS4-46028
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hernández-Gómez, R.
A1 - Tuma, Dirk
A1 - Lozano-Martín, D.
A1 - Chamorro, C. R.
T1 - Accurate experimental (p, rho, T) data of natural gas mixtures for the assessment of reference equations of state when dealing with hydrogen-enriched natural gas
N2 - The GERG-2008 equation of state is the approved ISO standard (ISO 20765-2) for the calculation of thermophysical properties of natural gas mixtures. The composition of natural gas can vary considerably due to the diversity of origin. Further diversification was generated by adding hydrogen, biogas, or other non-conventional energy gases. In this work, high-precision experimental (p, rho, T) data for two gravimetrically prepared synthetic natural gas mixtures are reported. One mixture resembled a conventional natural gas of 11 components (11 M) with a nominal mixture composition (amount-of-substance fraction) of 0.8845 for methane as the matrix compound with the other compounds being 0.005 for oxygen, 0.04 for nitrogen, 0.015 for carbon dioxide, 0.04 for ethane, 0.01 for propane, 0.002 each for n- and isobutane, and ultimately 0.0005 each for isopentane, n-pentane, and nhexane. The other mixture was a 13-component hydrogen-enriched natural gas with a low calorific value featuring a nominal composition of 0.7885 for methane, 0.03 for hydrogen, 0.005 for helium, 0.12 for nitrogen, 0.04 for carbon dioxide, 0.0075 for ethane, 0.003 for propane, 0.002 each for n- and isobutane, and 0.0005 each for neopentane, isopentane, npentane, and n-hexane. Density measurements were performed in an isothermal operational mode at temperatures between 260 and 350 K and at pressures up to 20 MPa by using a single-sinker densimeter with magnetic suspension coupling. The data were compared with the corresponding densities calculated from both GERG-2008 and AGA8-DC92 equations of state to test their performance on real mixtures. The average absolute Deviation from GERG-2008 (AGA8-DC92) is 0.027% (0.078%) for 11 M and 0.095% (0.062%) for the 13-component H2-enriched mixture, respectively. The corresponding maximum relative Deviation from GERG-2008 (AGA8-DC92) amounts to 0.095% (0.127%) for 11 M and 0.291% (0.193%) for the H2-enriched mixture.
KW - Hydrogen-enriched natural gas
KW - Gravimetric preparation
KW - Volumetric data
KW - GERG-2008 equation of state
PY - 2018
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.10.027
SN - 0360-3199
SN - 1879-3487
VL - 43
IS - 49
SP - 21983
EP - 21998
PB - Elsevier
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-46686
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Aidagulov, Gallyam
A1 - Qiu, Xiangdong
A1 - Brady, Dominic
A1 - Abbad, Mustapha
A1 - Onel, Yener
A1 - Ewert, Uwe
T1 - New insights into carbonate matrix stimulation from high-resolution 3D images of wormholes obtained in radial acidizing experiments
N2 - We analyzed the results of high-energy X-ray CT scans for three 20×16×16 in. block samples of Indiana limestone from our recent radial acidizing experiments with HCl. CT scans were done for complete samples, and 3D images of internal dissolution patterns were built. Each 3D image consists of submillimeter-size voxels to capture fine details of individual wormholes.
The obtained 3D images of acidized blocks allow us to observe from various angles the details of the wormholes obtained in the three experiments, which demonstrated wide pore-volume-to-breakthrough (PVBT) range with three different injection rates. Also, variation of the CT number reveals the presence of depositional layers in all block samples, and the obtained CT images were used to interpret the effect that rock layers might have on wormhole penetration at different injection rates.
Further, the built voxel models were used to calculate the radial distributions of dissolved rock volume, which otherwise are not obvious for such complex branched structures as wormholes. We observed how varied experimental conditions affected those distributions. The radial distributions were found very similar across the samples, which suggested the way to detect the effective wormhole penetration depth.
T2 - SPE Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Annual Technical Symposium and Exhibition
CY - Dammam, Saudi Arabia
DA - 23.04.2018
KW - Carbonate matrix stimulation
KW - High-energy X-ray CT
KW - XL-CT
KW - Analysis of wormholes
PY - 2018
DO - https://doi.org/10.2118/192366-MS
SP - SPE-192366-MS, 1
EP - 19
AN - OPUS4-46654
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kapa, Thomas
A1 - Hicke, Konstantin
T1 - Sicherer Netzbetrieb durch Erkennung von betriebsgefährdenden Zuständen in Hoch- und Mittelspannungs-Betriebsmitteln unter Verwendung von integrierbaren faseroptischen Sensorsystemen ("Monalisa")
N2 - Selbstdarstellung des Verbundvorhabens "Monalisa" auf der Konferenz "VDE Hochspannungstechnik" 2018 der entsprechenden Forschungsinitiative der Bundesregierung Kurzzusammenfassung der Teilprojekte und F&E-Ziele aller beteiligten Partnerinstitutionen (BAM,TU Berlin, HTW Berlin, BeuthHS Berlin, IPH GmbH) zum Bereich Monitoring von elektrischen Betriebsmitteln mit Hilfe von faseroptischer Sensorik.
T2 - VDE Fachtagung Hochspannungstechnik
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 12.11.2018
KW - Betriebsmittelüberwachung
KW - Faseroptische Sensoren
KW - Hochspannungsanlagen
KW - Kabelmonitoring
KW - Verteilte faseroptische Sensorik
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-46707
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rolle, Annette
A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor
A1 - Neumeyer, Tino
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Application of leakage rates measured on scaled cask or component models to the package containment safety assessment
N2 - The mechanical and thermal loadings associated with the routine, normal and accident conditions of transport can have a significant effect on the leak tightness of the containment system of transport casks for spent fuel and high radioactive waste. The containment systems of such transport casks usually include bolted lids with metallic or elastomeric seals.
Scaled cask models are often used for providing the required mechanical and thermal tests series. Leak tests have been conducted on those models.
It is common practice to use scaled component tests to investigate the influence of deformations or displacements of the lids and the seals on the standard leakage rate as well as to study the temperature and time depending alteration of the seals.
In this paper questions and open points of the transferability of scaled test results to the fullscale design of the containment system will be discussed.
T2 - 11th International Conference on the Transport, Storage and Disposal of Radioactive Materials
CY - London, UK
DA - 15. Mai 2018
KW - Transport packages
KW - Radioactve
KW - Seals
KW - Leakage rate
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-46734
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wang, Bin
T1 - Monte Carlo Simulation - Zuverlässigkeit und Plausibilität
N2 - Um ein verlässliches Ergebnis der Monte-Carlo-Simulation zu garantieren, muss die Zuverlässigkeit des Tools vor dessen Anwendung sorgfältig geprüft werden. In diesem Vortrag werden die Validierung der angenommenen Verteilungsfunktionen, die Vertrauensbereiche und die Grenzwerte der generierten Grundgesamtheit vorgestellt. Darauf aufbauend wird der Ablauf der gesamten Simulation von der Erzeugung der Zufall-Variablen bis hin zur Akzeptanzrate gezeigt.
T2 - Abteilungskolloquium
CY - BAM, Berlin, Germany
DA - 08.11.2018
KW - Monte Carlo Simulation
KW - GAUSSsches Wahrscheinlichkeitsnetz
KW - Normalverteilung
KW - Weibull-Verteilung
KW - Anderson Darling - GoF Test
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-46666
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hicke, Konstantin
T1 - Sicherer Netzbetrieb durch Erkennung von betriebsgefährdenden Zuständen in Hoch- und Mittelspannungs-Betriebsmitteln unter Verwendung von integrierbaren faseroptischen Sensorsystemen („Monalisa“)
N2 - Darstellung des Verbundvorhabens "Monalisa" und der im Rahmen des Projekts erzielten F&E-Fortschritte auf dem 2. Statusseminar "Zukunftsfähige Stromnetze" des PTJ zur gleichnamigen Forschungsinitative der Bundesregierung. Präsentiert werden Fortschungsergebnisse zum Thema Zustandsüberwachung von verschiedenen elektrischen Betriebsmitteln (Kabel, Garnituren, Schaltanlagen, Schalter) mittels faseroptischer Sensorik. Das Monitoring bezieht sich dabei auf Temperatur, Vibrationen, eindringende Feuchte, Dehnung, und die Detektion von Teilentladungen
T2 - 2. Statusseminar „Zukunftsfähige Stromnetze“
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 20.11.2018
KW - Faseroptische Sensorik
KW - Energiekabelmonitoring
KW - Unterseekabel
KW - Zustandsüberwachung
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-46750
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Feldkamp, Martin
T1 - Investigations of the burning behavior of transport package impact limiters and thermal effects onto the cask
N2 - Accident safe packages for the transport of spent nuclear fuel and high-level waste shall fulfil international IAEA safety requirements. Compliance is shown by consecutive mechanical and thermal testing. Additional numerical analysis are usually part of the safety evaluation. For damage protection some package designs are equipped with wood filled impact limiters encapsulated by steel sheets. The safety of these packages is established in compliance with IAEA regulations. Cumulative mechanical and fire tests are conducted to achieve safety standards and to prevent loss of containment. Mechanical reliability is proven by drop tests. Drop testing might cause significant damage of the impact limiter steel sheets and might enable sufficient oxygen supply to the impact limiter during the fire test to ignite the wood filling. The boundary conditions of the fire test are precisely described in the IAEA regulatory. During the test the impact limiter will be subjected to a 30 minute enduring fire phase. Subsequent to the fire phase any burning of the specimen has to extinguish naturally and no artificial cooling is allowed. At BAM a large-scale fire test with a real size impact limiter and a wood volume of about 3m³ was conducted to investigate the burning behaviour of wood filled impact limiters in steel sheet encapsulation. The impact limiter was equipped with extensive temperature monitoring equipment. Until today burning of such impact limiters is not sufficiently considered in transport package design and more investigation is necessary to explore the consequences of the impacting fire. The objective of the large scale test was to find out whether a self-sustaining smouldering or even a flaming fire inside the impact limiter was initiated and what impact on the cask is resulting. The amount of energy, transferred from the impact limiter into the cask is of particular importance for the safety of heavy weight packages. With the intention of heat flux quantification a new approach was made and a test bench was designed. A first computational simulation of transport package temperatures taking into account the results of the conducted fire test was performed.
T2 - IRSN Conference on Safe Transport of Radioactive Material
CY - Fontenay aux Roses, France
DA - 13.11.2018
KW - Impact limiter
KW - Shock absorber
KW - Smoldering
KW - Smouldering
KW - Burning
KW - Thermal testing
KW - BAM TTS
KW - Combustion
KW - Fire
KW - Energy release
KW - Thermal simulation
KW - Heat emission
KW - Radioactive
KW - Transport
KW - IAEA
KW - Wood
KW - Spruce wood
KW - Lid temperature
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-46882
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schlegel, Moritz-Caspar
A1 - Rockland, Ulrike
T1 - Wer schließt eigentlich unsere "Kreis"laufwirtschaft?
N2 - Die Ressourcen der Erde sind nicht nur endlich, sondern werden zudem ineffizient genutzt. Mit dem im Dezember 2015 verabschiedeten Aktionsplan zur Kreislaufwirtschaft fördert die Europäische Kommission den Übergang zur stärker kreislauforientierten Wirtschaft. So werden Anforderungen an Reparaturfähigkeit, Lebensdauer und Recyclingfähigkeit von Produkten zukünftig in der Ökodesign-Richtlinie gesetzt. Die Ökodesign-Richtlinie regelt momentan die Energieeffizienz von energieverbrauchsrelevanten Produkten. Um Anforderungen an den nachhaltigen Einsatz von Ressourcen zu formulieren, fehlen jedoch Normen und Definitionen. Diese Normen werden Momentan geschaffen - erst danach können gesetzliche Anforderungen folgerichtig umgesetzt werden.
KW - Kreislaufwirtschaft
KW - Circular economy
KW - Normung
KW - Ökodesign
KW - Lebensdauer
KW - Reparierbarkeit
KW - Recyclingfähigkeit
KW - Durability
KW - Reparability
KW - Recyclability
PY - 2018
VL - 11
SP - 21
EP - 23
PB - Beuth Verlag
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-46884
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Krüger, Jörg
T1 - Femtosecond laser-assisted photovoltaic bottom-up strategies
N2 - A promising technology in photovoltaics is based on micro-concentrator solar cells, where the photovoltaic active area is realized as an array of sub-millimeter sized thin-film solar cells. Different approaches to produce micro-sized precursors of CIGSe absorbers on molybdenum are presented using 30-fs laser pulses at 790 nm wavelength. On the one hand, a multi pulse surface structuring of the molybdenum or the underlying glass substrate and a subsequent physical vapor deposition (PVD) process were used for a site-selective aggregation of indium droplets. On the other hand, a single pulse laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) was utilized to selectively deposit combined copper/indium/gallium precursor pixels on the molybdenum back contact of the solar cell. It was demonstrated that a postprocessing of the laser-generated micro-sized precursors results in an array of working CIGSe solar cells with an efficiency of 2.9% for 1 sun Illumination.
T2 - Leibniz-Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung (IOM), Institutskolloquium
CY - Leipzig, Germany
DA - 29.11.2018
KW - Femtosecond laser patterning
KW - Laser-induced forward transfer
KW - CIGSe
KW - Micro solar cell
KW - Light concentration
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-46831
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - THES
A1 - Müller, Alexander
T1 - Schädigungscharakterisierung an Faser-Kunststoff-Verbunden im Schwingversuch mittels Röntgenrefraktionstopographie unter Berücksichtigung der Matrixeigenschaften
N2 - In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden verschiedene Epoxidharzsysteme charakterisiert. Zwei Systeme mit großen bruchmechanischen Unterschieden wurden zur Fertigung äquivalenter GFK- und CFK-Laminate mit Faserausrichtungen in 0/90° und ±45° ausgewählt. In quasi-statischen Zugversuchen und Einstufenschwingversuchen mit einem Beanspruchungsverhältnis von R= 0,1 wurden diese Laminate hinsichtlich ihres Schädigungsbeginns und ihrer Schädigungsentwicklung untersucht. Die Detektion der Schädigungen sowie die Dokumentation der Schädigungsentwicklung wurde anhand der Lichtabsorptionsanalyse an GFK-Laminaten und anhand der Röntgenrefraktionsanalyse an CFK-Laminaten umgesetzt. Auf diese Weise konnten Einflüsse der bruchmechanischen Eigenschaften der Matrix auf die Schädigungsentwicklung im Verbund aufgezeigt werden. Zudem wurden für die untersuchten Laminate die Schädigungsgrenzen bei schwingender Beanspruchung ermittelt. Anhand durchgeführter Schwingversuche an CFK-Laminaten im Very High Cycle Fatigue-(VHCF)-Lastwechselbereich bis 108 konnten Rückschlüsse vom Schädigungsverhalten im High Cycle Fatigue-(HCF)-Lastwechselbereich bis 106 auf die Dauerfestigkeit im VHCF-Bereich gezogen werden und damit VHCF-Dauerfestigkeitsgrenzen bestimmt werden. Mit dem Ziel die Ermüdung der Laminate auf die Beanspruchung der Matrix zurückzuführen, wurden die Erweiterte Inverse Laminattheorie, mikromechanikbasierte Mischungsregeln sowie eine Vergleichsspannungshypothese auf die untersuchten Laminate angewendet. Die Schädigungsgrenzen konnten damit in Form der Matrixbeanspruchung wiedergegeben werden. Die Abbildung der Ermüdung verschiedener Laminate anhand einer matrixspezifischen normierten Masterschädigungslinie ist für die behandelten CFK- und GFK-Laminate gelungen.
T3 - BAM Dissertationsreihe - 162
KW - CFK
KW - GFK
KW - Ermüdung
KW - Epoxidharz
KW - Masterschädigungslinie
KW - Röntgenrefraktion
KW - ZfP
PY - 2018
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-467833
SN - 1613-4249
VL - 162
SP - 1
EP - 204
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-46783
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
T1 - Tribologische Eigenschaften mittels Femtosekunden-Laserstrahlung nano- und mikrostrukturierter Metalloberflächen
N2 - Lasermaterialbearbeitung ist eine sich schnell entwickelnde Technologie, um eine Vielzahl von Oberflächenfunktionalitäten auf Basis optischer, mechanischer oder chemischer Eigenschaften zu realisieren. Die Verwendung ultrakurzer Laserimpulse mit Dauern im Femtosekundenbereich ermöglicht dabei neben einer herausragenden Bearbeitungs-präzision auch die selbstorganisierte Erzeugung verschiedener charakteristischer Ober-flächenstrukturen mit Größenskalen im Mikrometer- bis hinunter in den sub-100-nm-Bereich, z.B. sogenannte Ripples („Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures“, LIPSS), Grooves, oder Spikes.
In dem Vortrag wird ein Überblick über die in den vergangenen Jahren in Zusammenarbeit mit dem BAM Fachbereich 6.3 durchgeführten tribologischen Experimente gegeben. Besonderes Augenmerk liegt dabei auf den tribologischen Eigenschaften (Reibung und Verschleiß) der unterschiedlichen Femtosekunden-Laser-generierten Oberflächen-morphologien auf gängigen Metallen (z.B. Stahl, Titan). Einflüsse durch die Veränderungen der Härte des Werkstoffs infolge Laser-induzierter Oxidation, der Dicke und Struktur der Oxidschicht, und die Wirksamkeit unterschiedlicher Schmiermittel (z.B. additiviertes Motoröl) werden diskutiert.
T2 - 76. Tribologie-Kolloquium des GfT-Arbeitskreises Berlin Brandenburg
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 12.06.2018
KW - Femtosekunden-Laserablation
KW - Tribologie
KW - Reibung
KW - Verschleiß
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-45169
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Müller, Lars
A1 - Schönfelder, Thorsten
A1 - Komann, Steffen
A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor
A1 - Wille, Frank
ED - Müller, Lars
T1 - Assessment experience on packages loaded with damaged spent nuclear fuel for transport after storage
N2 - In 2017 the first German package approval certificate was issued for a dual purpose cask (DPC) design with encapsulated damaged spent nuclear fuel. At the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) a comprehensive assessment procedure was carried out with respect to the mechanical and thermal design, the containment design and quality assurance for manufacturing and operation. Main objective of this procedure was to verify the Package Design Safety Report (PDSR) fulfils the requirements according to the IAEA regulations SSR-6.
Until now only standard spent nuclear fuel assemblies were designated for interim storage and transports. Due to nuclear phase out in Germany all other kinds of SNF in particular damaged fuel has to be packed. Therefore specific requirements have to be considered in accordance with international experiences written in IAEA technical reports. In Germany damaged spent nuclear fuel (DSNF) needs a tight encapsulation with special encapsulations and clearly defined properties.
Due to the limited amount of DSNF these encapsulations are designed for storage and transport in existing packages. From the assessment experience it has been seen, corresponding PDSR need an extensively expansion to cover the design of these encapsulations and their influences on the package. Then such well-defined encapsulations can be handled like standard fuel assemblies. The main difference to standard package components is, encapsulations with permanent closure achieve their specified condition not after manufacturing but only during operation after loading and closing.
Thus specific handling instruction and test procedures are necessary especially for welding, where BAM is able to survey the quality of this first part of operation.
T2 - 11th International Conference on the Transport, Storage and Disposal of Radioactive Materials
CY - London, UK
DA - 15.05.2018
KW - Assessment
KW - Dual purpose cask
KW - Spent nuclear fuel
PY - 2018
SP - Paper 18524, 1
EP - 8
AN - OPUS4-45258
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Lugovtsova, Yevgeniya
A1 - Prager, Jens
T1 - Analysis of Guided Wave Propagation in an Aluminium-CFRP Plate
N2 - Guided waves cover comparably long distances and thus allow for online structural health monitoring of safety relevant components, e.g. lightweight composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPV) as used for the transportation of pressurised gases. Reliable non-destructive assessment of COPVs’ condition is not available yet due to their complex composite structure comprising a thin metal liner and a fibre reinforced plastics (FRP) overwrap. The conventional overload hydrostatic pressure testing used for the metal vessels is not suitable for the composite vessels, because it may damage the FRP overwrap reducing the service life of the COPV. Therefore, ISO and CEN defined a maximum service life of composite pressure vessels as of 15 to 20 years. To extend the COPVs’ service life and to ensure a safer usage a structural health monitoring system based on guided ultrasonic waves is to be developed.
In this contribution first results of guided waves propagation in a flat composite plate consisting of an aluminium layer firmly bonded to a carbon fibre reinforced plastic laminate are presented. Based on experimental results material properties of FRP are reconstructed by means of the Scaled Boundary Finite Element Method (SBFEM).
T2 - ECNDT 2018
CY - Gothenburg, Sweden
DA - 11.06.2018
KW - Structural Health Monitoring
KW - Pressure tanks
KW - Hydrogen storage
KW - Natural gas
KW - Composites
PY - 2018
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-452084
SP - 1
EP - 6
AN - OPUS4-45208
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Lugovtsova, Yevgeniya
T1 - Analysis of Guided Wave Propagation in an Aluminium-CFRP Plate
N2 - Guided waves cover comparably long distances and thus allow for online structural health monitoring of safety relevant components, e.g. lightweight composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPV) as used for the transportation of pressurised gases. Reliable non-destructive assessment of COPVs’ condition is not available yet due to their complex composite structure comprising a thin metal liner and a fibre reinforced plastics (FRP) overwrap. The conventional overload hydrostatic pressure testing used for the metal vessels is not suitable for the composite vessels, because it may damage the FRP overwrap reducing the service life of the COPV. Therefore, ISO and CEN defined a maximum service life of composite pressure vessels as of 15 to 20 years. To extend the COPVs’ service life and to ensure a safer usage a structural health monitoring system based on guided ultrasonic waves is to be developed.
In this contribution first results of guided waves propagation in a flat composite plate consisting of an aluminium layer firmly bonded to a carbon fibre reinforced plastic laminate are presented. Based on experimental results material properties of FRP are reconstructed by means of the Scaled Boundary Finite Element Method (SBFEM).
T2 - ECNDT 2018
CY - Gothenburg, Sweden
DA - 11.06.2018
KW - Structural Health Monitoring
KW - Pressure tanks
KW - Hydrogen storage
KW - Natural gas
KW - Composites
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-45210
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Vlassopoulos, E.
A1 - Caruso, S.
A1 - Linnemann, Konrad
A1 - Nasyrow, R.
A1 - Gretter, R.
A1 - Fongaro, L.
A1 - Papaioannou, D.
T1 - Mechanical integrity of spent nuclear fuel rods
N2 - The properties of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) rods change significantly during their operation life in the reactor core. Further changes occur after their discharge mainly due to the heating-cooling processes and possible ageing associated with the cumulative effects of radioactive decay induce damage in the fuel. Such changes may affect the response of the SNF rods to mechanical solicitations corresponding to normal and accidental conditions.
Research activities at JRC-KARLSRUHE aim at assessing the integrity of SNF rods and processes which might affect their mechanical properties during their interim storage, transport or other handling operations. JRC Hot Cell facilities have been fully adapted to fulfil the experimental goals. The number of experiments that can be performed, however, is limited and there is an acute need to model them, using this process to validate codes, to deeper understand and to extend the results gained at the JRC beyond the conditions that have been tested. For the experimental campaigns two devices for gravitational impact and 3-point bending tests were developed and installed in a hot cell. Segments of real SNF rods pressurized at their original pressures after discharge have been investigated. The setup is fully operational and new results are reported continuously.
T2 - ANS Annual 2018
CY - Philadelphia, PA, USA
DA - 17.06.2018
KW - Spent nuclear fuel
KW - Mechanical testing
KW - Hot cell testing
PY - 2018
SP - 170
EP - 172
AN - OPUS4-44862
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Linnemann, Konrad
T1 - Update on Work and Meetings in Germany about the Spent Fuel Behavior for Transport and Storage
N2 - The presentation gives an update about the work on the spent fuel behavior for transport and storage in Germany. Recent developments and meetings are discussed. In this context the results of the hot cell tests on fuel rod segments performed at JRC in Karslruhe in collaboration with BAM are shown. Furthermore, a new research project about the investigations on potential brittle failure of cladding materials under long-term dry interim storage conditions, which is currently starting at BAM 3.4 is presented.
T2 - SNL BAM Workshop
CY - Albuquerque, NM, USA
DA - 14.03.2018
KW - Spent nuclear fuel
KW - Fuel rod behavior
KW - Hot cell testing
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-44865
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Revision of IAEA Guidance Material for Package Load Attachment Points
N2 - For transport operations according IAEA regulations SSR-6, the package shall be securely stowed and the package shall be capable to withstand specific effects, e.g. accelerations, during routine transport conditions. The supporting IAEA Advisory Material SSG-26 provides information how to do that. General information and detailed load factors for use in safety demonstrations are provided.
Up to now package designers in different countries use other load factors for the design of attachment points than those specified in the IAEA guidance material. In particular the acceleration factors vary between different countries and lead to difficulties during the validation of foreign approval certificates. The background of the existing guidance including specified load values was not clear enough. The application of specified values and the boundary conditions, i.e. transport conditions, seemed to be improvable.
The IAEA started a discussion process to review the existing guidance text. An international working group was constituted in 2013. Representatives came from different stakeholders, e.g. transport operators, competent authorities and modal organizations. The discussions concluded especially on the transport conditions which has to be considered for stowage design, including on the one hand the relevance of the load factors used for strength and fatigue analysis and, on the other hand the criteria which have to be considered for the attachment points. In addition, complementary questions relative to the operational aspects were discussed. Revised load values for different transport modes were proposed. The values are derived from standards and include safety factors now.
As a result of those discussions, the international working group wrote new guidance material for stowage in transport, addressing all the previously quoted topics.
T2 - WM2018 Conference
CY - Phoenix, Arizona, USA
DA - 18.03.2018
KW - Acceleration values
KW - IAEA regulations
KW - Routine conditions of transport
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-44866
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Akkerman, Floris
T1 - Neues Energielabel
N2 - Warum gibt es ein neues Label und welche Änderungen ergeben sich daraus?
Kurzvortrag anlässlich der VZBV-Veranstaltung "Mehr Transparenz für Verbraucher durch Energielabel und Energieausweis" im Rahmen der Berliner Energietage 2018
T2 - Berliner Energietage 2018
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 07.05.2018
KW - Energieverbrauchskennzeichnung
KW - Verbraucherschutz
KW - Energieeffizienz
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-44869
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Musolff, Andre
A1 - Quercetti, Thomas
A1 - Müller, Karsten
A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias
T1 - Kinematic aspects of RAM packages drop tests
N2 - BAM is the German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing and the competent authority for mechanical and thermal safety assessment of transport packages for spent fuel and high level waste. In context with safety assessment of RAM packages BAM performed numerous drop tests in the last decades. The tests were mostly accompanied by extensive and various measurement techniques especially by instrumented measurements with strain gages and accelerometers.
The procedure of drop testing and the resulting measurement analysis are the main methods to evaluate the safety against mechanical test conditions. Measurement techniques are dedicated to answer questions in regard to the structural integrity of a RAM package, the mechanical behavior of the prototype as well as of its content under impact conditions.
Test results like deceleration-time functions constitute a main basis for the validation of assumptions in the safety analysis and for the evaluation of numerical calculations. In this context the adequate selection of accelerometers and measurement systems for the performance of drop tests is important. Therefore it is not only necessary to find suitable positions for the accelerometers at the test specimens, but also to consider technical boundary conditions as e.g. temperature.
T2 - 2018 WM Symposia
CY - Phoenix, AZ, USA
DA - 18.03.2018
KW - Drop
KW - Test
KW - Measurement
KW - Analysis
KW - Prototyp
PY - 2018
SP - Paper 18149, 1
EP - 12
AN - OPUS4-44872
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Duffner, Eric
T1 - TFP COD AGE Schallemissionprüfung
N2 - Zwischenstand der Ergebnisse der Schallemissionsprüfungen im Rahmen des TFP COD AGE
T2 - 5. Projektmeeting COD AGE
CY - BAM Berlin, Germany
DA - 13.04.2018
KW - Schallemission
KW - Composite-Druckspeicher
KW - Degradation
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-44900
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
A1 - Kirner, Sabrina V.
A1 - Griepentrog, Michael
A1 - Spaltmann, Dirk
A1 - Krüger, Jörg
T1 - Femtosecond laser texturing of surfaces for tribological applications
N2 - Laser texturing is an emerging technology for generating surface functionalities on basis of optical, mechanical, or chemical properties. Taking benefit of laser sources with ultrashort (fs) pulse durations features outstanding precision of machining and negligible rims or burrs surrounding the laser-irradiation zone. Consequently, additional mechanical or chemical post-processing steps are usually not required for fs-laser surface texturing (fs-LST). This work aimed to provide a bridge between research in the field of tribology and laser materials processing. The paper reviews the current state-of-the-art in fs-LST, with a focus on the tribological performance (friction and wear) of specific self-organized surface structures (so-called ripples, grooves, and spikes) on steel and titanium alloys. On the titanium alloy, specific sickle-shaped hybrid micro-nanostructures were also observed and tribologically tested. Care is taken to identify accompanying effects affecting the materials hardness, superficial oxidation, nano- and microscale topographies, and the role of additives contained in lubricants, such as commercial engine oil.
KW - Femtosecond laser processing
KW - Surface texture
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Friction
KW - Wear
PY - 2018
UR - http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/11/5/801
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11050801
SN - 1996-1944
VL - 11
IS - 5
SP - 801, 1
EP - 19
PB - MDPI AG
CY - Basel, Switzerland
AN - OPUS4-44905
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Musolff, Andre
T1 - Kinematic aspects of RAM packages drop tests
N2 - BAM is the German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing and the competent authority for mechanical and thermal safety assessment of transport packages for spent fuel and high level waste. In context with safety assessment of RAM packages BAM performed numerous drop tests in the last decades. The tests were mostly accompanied by extensive and various measurement techniques especially by instrumented measurements with strain gages and accelerometers.
The procedure of drop testing and the resulting measurement analysis are the main methods to evaluate the safety against mechanical test conditions. Measurement techniques are dedicated to answer questions in regard to the structural integrity of a RAM package, the mechanical behavior of the prototype as well as of its content under impact conditions.
Test results like deceleration-time functions constitute a main basis for the validation of assumptions in the safety analysis and for the evaluation of numerical calculations. In this context the adequate selection of accelerometers and measurement systems for the performance of drop tests is important. Therefore it is not only necessary to find suitable positions for the accelerometers at the test specimens, but also to consider technical boundary conditions as e.g. temperature.
T2 - 2018 WM Symposia
CY - Phoenix, AZ, USA
DA - 18.03.2018
KW - Drop
KW - Test
KW - Measurement
KW - Kinematic
KW - Analysis
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-44874
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Scheidemann, Robert
T1 - Comparison of experimental results and numerical simulations of penetration tests with damping concrete
N2 - The shock absorbing material damping concrete is for the foundation in dry interim storage facilities for radioactive waste in Germany. In case of a potential cask drop damping concrete minimizes the mechanical loads to the cask. In course of safety analyzes this accident scenario is considered by numerical simulations using the finite element method. To get reliable results of numerical simulations a suitable material model is needed to take the characteristics of damping concrete into account. Due to the lack of sufficient material knowledge a research project was started to characterize the material’s behavior under different load conditions. This paper presents the test program to analyze the material behavior of damping concrete which is characterized by large volume change and
strain rate hardening dependence. The determined Parameters were used to adapt an existing material model of the FE-code ABAQUS®. This model has to handle the mechanical damage behavior of damping concrete which occurs under compression and shear loads during a potential cask drop. To verify the material model numerical simulations are compared with dynamic penetration tests, which were conducted with specimens assembled similar to the real application of the damping concrete footings. The transferability of the material
model to a real accident scenario was verified by a drop test with a full-scale cask on a damping concrete footing.
T2 - ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference (PVP2017)
CY - Waikoloa, Hawaii, USA
DA - 16.07.2017
KW - Cask
KW - Damping concrete
KW - Drop test
KW - Material model
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-44875
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Bauartprüfung von Transportbehältern für verglaste Abfälle aus der Wiederaufarbeitung
N2 - Aufgrund zwischenstaatlicher Verträge werden in den nächsten Jahrzehnten zahlreiche Transporte von hoch radioaktiven Abfällen notwendig. Die BAM führt die Bauartprüfung von dafür vorgesehenen Castor-Behältern durch. In diesem Zusammenhang sind 17 Fallprüfungen durchgeführt worden. Ergänzt werden diese durch komplexe numerische Analysen, die die BAM prüft und eigene Modellierungen vornimmt. Der Beitrag stellt darüber hinaus das mehrjährige Validierungsverfahren zur Akzeptanz der bruchmechanischen Berechnungswerkzeuge vor.
T2 - VdTÜV Forum Kerntechnik
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 16.04.2018
KW - Transport
KW - Bauartprüfung
KW - Fallprüfungen
KW - Radioaktive Stoffe
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-44853
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Quercetti, Thomas
T1 - Drop testing of a container for the storage, transport and disposal of intermediate level waste
N2 - Impact tests were performed, as part of a corresponding container’s substantiation, during design development of a shielded container proposed for use at Sellafield for waste retrieval from the First Generation Magnox Storage Pond (FGMSP) in the UK.
The mechanical test program comprised a 9m free drop test onto an unyielding target in a container long lid edge down orientation at ambient conditions. Further, a 0,5m free drop test onto a punch target was performed. Here, the container was orientated with the lid downwards in a way that the punch, a mild steel bar, impacts a filter lid.
The test specimen was instrumented with strain gauges and accelerometers for the drop tests. Transient strains at selected points of the inner and outer container walls, at the shielding lid, as well as at the lid bolts were measured during the container’s impact. Furthermore, decelerations of the container body, container lid, and the skip were measured. The complex geometrical changes of the container due to impact were determined by optical 3d- deformation measures using the projected fringes method in combination with multi-image photogrammetry.
This paper summarizes the performance of the drop tests and various drop test results in context with the design development as well as aspects regarding the associated Finite Element (FE) analyses and post-test evaluation.
T2 - WM2018 Conference
CY - Phoenix, Arizona, USA
DA - 18.03.2018
KW - Drop testing
KW - Container
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-44859
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Linnemann, Konrad
T1 - Experience by BAM in the transport package safety assessment of German waste containers
N2 - Transport and storage containers for low and midlevel radioactive waste are getting more and more of relevance due to the nuclear phase out decision in 2011. For higher activities Type B(U) approved waste containers will be needed for the shut down and dismantling phases of NPPs. It is expected that large quantities are required in the near future. German waste containers are generally approved for transport and interim storage and are also intended for the final disposal in the Konrad repository. BAM is involved in the authority licensing of transport package designs in Germany. In this context, BAM is responsible for the assessment of safe containment, mechanical, thermal and quality management issues. BAM also operates test facilities and performs drop as well as thermal tests during package licensing procedures.
This paper summarizes our experience in the transport package design assessment of Type B(U) waste containers. A general overview of the approval process, the requirements and approaches BAM applies are described. Some examples are used to illustrate different aspects and technical issues we are addressing during the package assessment. In the first part of the paper the specific design aspects of German waste containers are described. Here, a general overview is given e.g. about closure systems, impact limiter designs, and the handling concepts. Furthermore, the wide range of radioactive content and their physical behavior including the impact on the packages assessment are described. The second part is focused on questions about the licensing and assessment process of German waste containers from the BAM authority point of view. The general approaches for the strategy of demonstration are outlined on the basis of the test conditions according to IAEA Regulations SSR-6. Furthermore, particular issues of the mechanical and thermal assessment with respect to the specific test conditions are discussed. For accident conditions of transport, aspects to be mentioned are e.g. the assessment of the lid bolts, the axial gap applied between content and lid, and the thermal behavior of the wood filled impact limiter after the fire test. However, issues of the assessment for routine and normal conditions of transport are addressed in this paper, too. The intention of this paper is introduce recent approval procedure experience in Germany, describing technical evaluation issues and so reduce rounds of questions during applications.
T2 - 2018 WM Symposia
CY - Phoenix, AZ, USA
DA - 18.03.2018
KW - Transport packages
KW - Safety assessment
KW - Lowlevel midlevel radioactive waste
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-44860
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Linnemann, Konrad
A1 - Nehrig, Marko
A1 - Musolff, André
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Experience by BAM in the transport package safety assessment of German waste containers
N2 - Transport and storage containers for low and midlevel radioactive waste are getting more and more of relevance due to the nuclear phase out decision in 2011. For higher activities Type B(U) approved waste containers will be needed for the shut down and dismantling phases of NPPs. It is expected that large quantities are required in the near future. German waste containers are generally approved for transport and interim storage and are also intended for the final disposal in the Konrad repository. BAM is involved in the authority licensing of transport package designs in Germany. In this context, BAM is responsible for the assessment of safe containment, mechanical, thermal and quality management issues. BAM also operates test facilities and performs drop as well as thermal tests during package licensing procedures.
This paper summarizes our experience in the transport package design assessment of Type B(U) waste containers. A general overview of the approval process, the requirements and approaches BAM applies are described. Some examples are used to illustrate different aspects and technical issues we are addressing during the package assessment. In the first part of the paper the specific design aspects of German waste containers are described. Here, a general overview is given e.g. about closure systems, impact limiter designs, and the handling concepts. Furthermore, the wide range of radioactive content and their physical behavior including the impact on the packages assessment are described. The second part is focused on questions about the licensing and assessment process of German waste containers from the BAM authority point of view. The general approaches for the strategy of demonstration are outlined on the basis of the test conditions according to IAEA Regulations SSR-6. Furthermore, particular issues of the mechanical and thermal assessment with respect to the specific test conditions are discussed. For accident conditions of transport, aspects to be mentioned are e.g. the assessment of the lid bolts, the axial gap applied between content and lid, and the thermal behavior of the wood filled impact limiter after the fire test. However, issues of the assessment for routine and normal conditions of transport are addressed in this paper, too. The intention of this paper is introduce recent approval procedure experience in Germany, describing technical evaluation issues and so reduce rounds of questions during applications.
T2 - 2018 WM Symposia
CY - Phoenix, AZ, USA
DA - 18.03.2018
KW - Transport packages
KW - Safety assessment
KW - Lowlevel and midlevel radioactive waste
PY - 2018
SP - Paper 18469, 1
EP - 10
AN - OPUS4-44861
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kapa, Thomas
A1 - Schreier, Andy
A1 - Krebber, Katerina
T1 - 63 km BOFDA for temperature and strain monitoring
N2 - We demonstrate (and are the first to do so) 63 km Brillouin Optical Frequency-Domain Analysis (BOFDA) for temperature and strain monitoring using a 100 km fiber loop. The use of BOFDA for long-range applications can be considered a novel approach, as previous investigations focused on the utilization of Brillouin Optical Time-Domain Reflectometry and Analysis (BOTDR and BOTDA, respectively). At 51.7 km, a 100 m hotspot (37 °C) was detected without using distributed Raman amplification or image processing.
KW - Distributed sensing
KW - Stimulated Brillouin scattering
KW - Fiber optics sensors
PY - 2018
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-449679
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051600
SN - 1424-8220
VL - 18
IS - 5
SP - 1600, 1
EP - 9
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel, Switzerland
AN - OPUS4-44967
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Epishin, A.
A1 - Petrushin, N.
A1 - Gerstein, G.
A1 - Maier, J.
A1 - Nolze, Gert
T1 - Investigation of the gamma'-strengthened quaternary co-based alloys Co-Al-W-Ta
N2 - The alloying system Co-Al-W-Ta is comprehensively investigated in the vicinity of the compositional point Co-9Al-10W-2Ta, at. pct. These investigations provided a large amount of quantitative information, which can be used for alloy development, namely, the compositional dependences of the The alloying system Co-Al-W-Ta is comprehensively investigated in the vicinity of the compositional point Co-9Al-10W-2Ta, at. pct. These investigations provided a large amount of quantitative information, which can be used for alloy development, namely, the compositional dependences of the γ‘-solvus, solidus, and liquidus temperatures; fraction of the extrinsic phases after casting; the compositional dependence of the γ/γ‘-lattice misfit; the element partitioning between γ- and γ‘-phases; and the two Phase compositional area γ/γ‘ in the Co-rich part of the Co-Al-W-Ta phase diagram at 900°C. It is shown that additions of Ta elevate the γ‘-solvus temperature and increase the γ/γ‘-lattice misfit, but adding more than about 3 at. pct Ta results in a large amount of undissolvable extrinsic phases. Additionally, two Co-Al-W-Ta alloys with lower content of W were developed and solidified as [001] single crystals for mechanical testing in a temperature range between 20 and 1200°C. These tests included measurement of the Young modulus, tensile tests with constant strain rate, and stress rupture tests. It was found that at temperatures up to about 750°C the ultimate tensile strength of Co-Al-Ta-W alloys can be at the same level or even higher than of Ni-based superalloys.
KW - Cobald based alloy
KW - Microstructur
KW - Segregation
PY - 2018
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-018-4756-3
SN - 1543-1940
SN - 1073-5623
VL - 49A
IS - 9
SP - 4042
EP - 4057
PB - Springer Sciences & Business Media
CY - New York, NY
AN - OPUS4-45395
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Ongoing R&D work at BAM
N2 - The presentation provides an update on the German nuclear waste management policy towards final disposal and related reasearch at BAM. Topics include long term investigations of metal seals, investigations of fuel cladding failure mechanisms, and the development of requirements and concepts for high level radioactive waste and spent fuel disposal containers.
T2 - EPRI Extended Storage Collaboration Program (ESCP) International Subcommittee Meeting 2018
CY - Munich, Germany
DA - 05.06.2018
KW - Radioactive waste
KW - Metal seal
KW - Disposal container
KW - Fuel cladding
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-45328
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa
T1 - R&D initiatives at BAM concerning spent nuclear fuel integrity during long term storage
N2 - The presentation provides an overview about the understanding of fuel cladding failure mechanisms dominated by hydride embrittlement during long term dry storage. A currently launched research project focuses on the development of a fracture mechanics approach to describe brittle failure of fuel cladding during long term interim storage (BRUZL)“. Finally, the BAM contribution to the current European Joint Program (EJP) on radioactive waste management is illustrated.
T2 - 2nd GRS Workshop on Safety of Extended Dry Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel
CY - Munich, Germany
DA - 06.06.2018
KW - Spent fuel
KW - Extended interim storage
KW - Hydride precipitation
KW - Fuel cladding integrity
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-45329
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Nehrig, Marko
T1 - Large Scale IAEA Thermal Test with Wood filled Impact Limiters
N2 - Packages for the transport of radioactive material are often equipped with impact limiters consisting of wood. Mostly this wood is encapsulated by steel sheets. The impact limiters are needed to ensure that the transport casks meet the IAEA safety requirements. According to the IAEA safety requirements a package has to withstand consecutively severe mechanical tests followed by a thermal test. The mechanical tests have to produce maximum damage concerning the thermal test. Following this, the impact limiters may have serious pre-damage when the thermal tests begins. The IAEA safety requirements state that during and following the fire test, the specimen shall not be artificially cooled and any combustion of materials of the package shall be permitted to proceed naturally.
Small scale fire tests with wood filled metal drums by BAM and works of the French Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN) showed that pre-damaged steel encapsulated wooden structures could start smoldering initiated by the thermal test. These processes supply additional energy to the cask which should be considered within the safety assessment of the package.
As not much is known about smoldering processes in encapsulated wooden structures with a reduced oxygen supply the need for a test was identified. To investigate the influence of a smoldering impact limiter concerning the amount of energy supplied to the cask in dependence of the time BAM conducted a large scale impact limiter thermal test. For that, a pre-damaged impact limiter with a diameter of 2,3 m was mounted on a water tank simulating a cask. A complex system of a regulated pump, a heater, a cooler, a slide valve, a flow meter and numerous thermocouples were installed and connected to a control unit to ensure all needed operating conditions.
After a pre-heating compared to typical SNF decay-heat, the 30 min lasting fire phase of the thermal test was started. After that, the expected and initiated smoldering began. The results of the large scale test are presented in this poster. Systematic small scale tests will follow to identify the influence of different parameters, e.g. moisture content and scale effects. The tests took place at BAM Test Site for Technical Safety (TTS) with its various possibilities for mechanical and thermal tests. The results of these tests will have direct influence in the safety assessment of transport cask for the transport of radioactive material.
T2 - SNL BAM Workshop
CY - Albuquerque, NM, USA
DA - 14.03.2018
KW - Type-B Package
KW - Thermal Test
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-45313
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Linnemann, Konrad
A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor
A1 - Sterthaus, Jens
A1 - Rolle, Annette
A1 - Wille, Frank
A1 - Nasyrow, R.
A1 - Papaioannou, D.
A1 - Rondinella, V.
A1 - Vlassopoulos, E.
A1 - Pautz, A.
T1 - Finite element modeling of spent fuel rod segments under bending loads
N2 - Transport packages for spent nuclear fuel have to be assessed with respect to specific transport conditions which are defined in the regulations of the International Atomic Energy Agency. The physical state of the spent fuel and the fuel rod cladding as well as the geometric configuration of the fuel assemblies are important Inputs for the evaluation of the package capabilities under These conditions. Cracks or failures in the fuel rod cladding can cause the release of gas, volatiles or fuel particles into the cavity. The amount of substances in the cavity has to be considered in the assessment of the activity release and criticality safety.
The mechanical analysis of the compound system formed by the fuel rod cladding and the spent fuel pellets is very difficult due to the limited knowledge of the material properties and the insufficient understanding of the interaction between pellets and cladding and between adjacent pellets. The variation of fuel assembly properties regarding cladding material, burn-up and the history of usage makes reliable predictions of the fuel rod behavior even harder.
For a better understanding about the behavior of spent fuel rods, JRC and BAM have started a joint research project. In this context, JRC has developed a test device which allows quasi-static 3-point-bending test on fuel rod segments in the hot cell. The loads are applied with respect to the boundary conditions of the activity release assessment. This paper deals with the numerical calculation of a single fuel rod segment under bending load. The aim is to identify the governing mechanical parameters by the variation of constitutive assumptions, contact conditions, inner constraints, etc. This knowledge helps for the interpretation of the experimental results. Furthermore, the improved understanding about the behavior of the cladding-pellets system will be beneficial for the assessment of spent fuel transport conditions.
T2 - SMIRT24 - 24th Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology
CY - Busan, Korea
DA - 20.08.2017
KW - Finite element methods
KW - Spent fuel assessment
KW - Transport packages
PY - 2017
SP - 1
EP - 8
AN - OPUS4-45316
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias
T1 - Temperature characteristics of a piezoresistive accelerometer for high impact shock application
N2 - This study presents the characterization of a piezoresistive accelerometer damped with silicon oil for the application in drop tests carried out at BAM. Experiments were performed with the Hopkinson Bar method in close correlation to the real-world application conditions. The results point out certain limitations regarding the temperature influence and the frequency response. Additional experiments were performed with a gas damped type of piezoresistive accelerometer, which has superior specifications, particularly for low temperatures. The results allow for a comparison.
T2 - Sensoren und Messsysteme
CY - Nürnberg, Germany
DA - 26.06.2018
KW - Piezoresistive accelerometer
KW - Hopkinson bar
KW - High impact shock application
KW - Temperature characteristics
KW - Drop test
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-45322
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias
ED - Werner, Klaus-Dieter
T1 - Temperature characteristics of a piezoresistive accelerometer for high impact shock application
N2 - This study presents the characterization of a piezoresistive accelerometer damped with silicon oil for the application in drop tests carried out at BAM. Experiments were performed with the Hopkinson Bar method in close correlation to the real-world application conditions. The results point out certain limitations regarding the temperature influence and the frequency response. Additional experiments were performed with a gas damped type of piezoresistive accelerometer, which has superior specifications, particularly for low temperatures. The results allow for a comparison.
T2 - Sensoren und Messsysteme
CY - Nürnberg, Germany
DA - 26.06.2018
KW - Piezoresistive accelerometer
KW - High impact shock application
KW - Drop test
KW - Temperature characteristics
KW - Hopkinson bar
PY - 2018
SN - 978-3-8007-4683-5
SN - 0932-6022
SP - 465
EP - 467
PB - VDE Verlag GmbH
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-45323
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Wollschläger, Nicole
A1 - Nofz, Marianne
A1 - Dörfel, Ilona
A1 - Schulz, Wencke
A1 - Sojref, Regine
A1 - Kranzmann, Axel
T1 - Exposition of sol-gel alumina-coated P92 steel to flue gas: Time-resolved microstructure evolution, defect tolerance, and repairing of the coating
N2 - Technically relevant P92 steel (9% Cr) was coated with a micron-thick porous alumina layer prepared by sol-gel technique and treated with flue gas (60 CO2-30 H2O-2 O2-1 SO2-7 N2 (mole fraction in %)) at 650 ° to mimic an oxyfuelcombustion process. Local defects in the coating were marked using focused ion beam (FIB) technique and were inspected after exposition to hot flue gas atmosphere at 300, 800, and 1300 h, respectively. Local defects like agglomerated alumina sol particles tend to spall off from the coating uncovering the underlying dense chromia scale. Re-coating was found to restore the protection ability from oxidation when repeatedly treated with hot flue gas. Cracks and voids did not promote the local oxidation due to the formation of crystalline Mn/S/O species within and on top of the coating. The protective character of the steel-coating system is a result of (i) the fast formation of a dense chromia scale at the surface of sol-gel alumina-coated P92 steel bars in combination with (ii) the porous alumina coating acting as diffusion barrier, but also as diffusion partner in addition with (iii) fast Mn outward diffusion capturing the S species from flue gas.
KW - Alumina coatings
KW - Oxyfuel
KW - Steel P92
KW - High temperature corrosion
PY - 2018
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.201709712
SN - 1521-4176
SN - 0947-5117
SN - 0043-2822
VL - 69
IS - 4
SP - 492
EP - 502
PB - Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH&Co. KGaA
CY - Weinheim
AN - OPUS4-45300
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CHAP
A1 - Nehrig, Marko
A1 - Wille, Frank
ED - Saegusa, Toshiari
ED - Sert, Gilles
ED - Völzke, Holger
ED - Wille, Frank
T1 - Internal Pressure build-up of Waste Packages with Wet Contents Under Fire Impact
N2 - Intermediate level waste often contains residual water or other liquids. The liquids can be decomposed due to radiolysis and can also vaporize especially under fire impact. These pressure generating processes are described. One example for the pressure determination inside a closed cask is discussed using two different approaches: analytical and CFD
KW - Wet Content
KW - Pressure build-up
KW - Type-B Package
PY - 2018
SN - 978-981-3234-03-1
SP - 195
EP - 209
PB - World Scientific Publishing
CY - Singapore
ET - Erste
AN - OPUS4-45301
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Nehrig, Marko
T1 - Large Scale IAEA Thermal Test with Wood filled Impact Limiters
N2 - Packages for the transport of radioactive material are often equipped with impact limiters consisting of wood. Mostly this wood is encapsulated by steel sheets. The impact limiters are needed to ensure that the transport casks meet the IAEA safety requirements. According to the IAEA safety requirements a package has to withstand consecutively severe mechanical tests followed by a thermal test. The mechanical tests have to produce maximum damage concerning the thermal test. Following this, the impact limiters may have serious pre-damage when the thermal tests begins. The IAEA safety requirements state that during and following the fire test, the specimen shall not be artificially cooled and any combustion of materials of the package shall be permitted to proceed naturally.
Small scale fire tests with wood filled metal drums by BAM and works of the French Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN) showed that pre-damaged steel encapsulated wooden structures could start smoldering initiated by the thermal test. These processes supply additional energy to the cask which should be considered within the safety assessment of the package.
As not much is known about smoldering processes in encapsulated wooden structures with a reduced oxygen supply the need for a test was identified. To investigate the influence of a smoldering impact limiter concerning the amount of energy supplied to the cask in dependence of the time BAM conducted a large scale impact limiter thermal test. For that, a pre-damaged impact limiter with a diameter of 2,3 m was mounted on a water tank simulating a cask. A complex system of a regulated pump, a heater, a cooler, a slide valve, a flow meter and numerous thermocouples were installed and connected to a control unit to ensure all needed operating conditions.
After a pre-heating compared to typical SNF decay-heat, the 30 min lasting fire phase of the thermal test was started. After that, the expected and initiated smoldering began. The results of the large scale test are presented in this poster. Systematic small scale tests will follow to identify the influence of different parameters, e.g. moisture content and scale effects. The tests took place at BAM Test Site for Technical Safety (TTS) with its various possibilities for mechanical and thermal tests. The results of these tests will have direct influence in the safety assessment of transport cask for the transport of radioactive material.
T2 - 2018 WM Symposia
CY - Phoenix, AZ, USA
DA - 18.03.2018
KW - Type-B Package
KW - Accident Conditions of Transport
KW - Thermal Test
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-45310
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Nehrig, Marko
A1 - Erenberg, Marina
A1 - Feldkamp, Martin
A1 - Bletzer, Claus
A1 - Musolff, André
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Large Scale IAEA Thermal Test with Wood filled Impact Limiters
N2 - Packages for the transport of radioactive material are often equipped with impact limiters consisting of wood. Mostly this wood is encapsulated by steel sheets. The impact limiters are needed to ensure that the transport casks meet the IAEA safety requirements. According to the IAEA safety requirements a package has to withstand consecutively severe mechanical tests followed by a thermal test. The mechanical tests have to produce maximum damage concerning the thermal test. Following this, the impact limiters may have serious pre-damage when the thermal tests begins. The IAEA safety requirements state that during and following the fire test, the specimen shall not be artificially cooled and any combustion of materials of the package shall be permitted to proceed naturally.
Small scale fire tests with wood filled metal drums by BAM and works of the French Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN) showed that pre-damaged steel encapsulated wooden structures could start smoldering initiated by the thermal test. These processes supply additional energy to the cask which should be considered within the safety assessment of the package.
As not much is known about smoldering processes in encapsulated wooden structures with a reduced oxygen supply the need for a test was identified. To investigate the influence of a smoldering impact limiter concerning the amount of energy supplied to the cask in dependence of the time BAM conducted a large scale impact limiter thermal test. For that, a pre-damaged impact limiter with a diameter of 2,3 m was mounted on a water tank simulating a cask. A complex system of a regulated pump, a heater, a cooler, a slide valve, a flow meter and numerous thermocouples were installed and connected to a control unit to ensure all needed operating conditions.
After a pre-heating compared to typical SNF decay-heat, the 30 min lasting fire phase of the thermal test was started. After that, the expected and initiated smoldering began. The results of the large scale test are presented in this poster. Systematic small scale tests will follow to identify the influence of different parameters, e.g. moisture content and scale effects. The tests took place at BAM Test Site for Technical Safety (TTS) with its various possibilities for mechanical and thermal tests. The results of these tests will have direct influence in the safety assessment of transport cask for the transport of radioactive material
T2 - 2018 WM Symposia
CY - Phoenix, AZ, USA
DA - 18.03.2018
KW - Type-B Package
KW - Thermal Test
PY - 2018
SP - Paper 18257, 1
EP - 11
AN - OPUS4-45311
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Ernst, O.
T1 - Local growth and insulation of CIGSe islands for micro concentrator solar cells
N2 - Thin film solar cells made of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe) suffer from high costs, since the rare elements indium and gallium are used for a multitude of technical applications. The concept of micro-concentrator CIGSe solar cells allows substantial material saving. Therefore a reliable bottom up process for the preparation of the absorber islands is required. In addition, this also results in an increase of solar cell efficiency. We show that the indium islands can be grown at predefined locations by novel methods of surface treatment before indium deposition. By this, regular island patterns with a well-defined morphology have been obtained. The controlled deposition of copper, followed by selenization in a PVD system, and selective etching of copper selenides yields polycrystalline CIGSe micro islands with promising material properties. For the samples, we proof ways to place a non-conducting layer in between CIGSe islands to insulate the front and back contact. This layer is obtained by spin-coating and curing a novolak based resist. At first, the photovoltaic active absorber islands is completely covered by the resin. The top of the islands can be stripped by plasma etching for front contacting. A characterization of the obtained devices provided evidence for their functionality.
T2 - European Materials Research Society (EMRS) Spring Meeting 2018, Symposium A “Thin film chalcogenide photovoltaic materials”
CY - Strasbourg, France
DA - 18.06.2018
KW - Cu(In,Ga)Se2
KW - Micro solar cell
KW - Light concentration
KW - Laser patterning
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-45380
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Recent developments in standards and IAEA guidance material for package load attachment points
N2 - For transport package design and operation according to IAEA regulations, the package shall be securely stowed and its retention system shall be capable to withstand load conditions of routine transport. The supporting IAEA Advisory Material SSG-26 provides information how to do that.
Up to now package designers in different countries use other load factors for the design of attachment points than those specified in the IAEA guidance material. In particular the acceleration values vary between different countries and lead to difficulties during the validation of foreign approval certificates. Therefore the IAEA started a discussion process to review the existing guidance text. An international working group was constituted in 2013. Representatives came from different stakeholders, e.g. transport operators, competent authorities and modal organizations. The discussions concluded especially on the transport conditions which has to be considered for stowage design, including on the one hand the relevance of the load factors used for strength and fatigue analysis and on the other hand the criteria which have to be considered for the attachment points.
Another standard with relevance to the load attachment of packages is ISO 10276. This standard deals with trunnion design, manufacturing and operational aspects. The regular standard revision phase started in 2017. An expert group discussed new state-of-the-art technology and proposed revised text for the ISO standard for international discussion.
The paper describes relevant tie-down aspects, gives background argumentation, and tries to support harmonized application of the revised IAEA guidance material and future ISO 10276 standard.
T2 - 11th International Conference on the Transport, Storage and Disposal of Radioactive Materials
CY - London, UK
DA - 15.05.2018
KW - Acceleration
KW - Package design
KW - ISO
KW - Ladungssicherung
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-45293
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wille, Frank
A1 - Moutarde, M.
A1 - Apel, Andreas
A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor
A1 - Sterthaus, Jens
T1 - Recent developments in standards and IAEA guidance material for package load attachment points
N2 - For transport package design and operation according to IAEA regulations, the package shall be securely stowed and its retention system shall be capable to withstand load conditions of routine transport. The supporting IAEA Advisory Material SSG-26 provides information how to do that.
Up to now package designers in different countries use other load factors for the design of attachment points than those specified in the IAEA guidance material. In particular the acceleration values vary between different countries and lead to difficulties during the validation of foreign approval certificates. Therefore the IAEA started a discussion process to review the existing guidance text. An international working group was constituted in 2013. Representatives came from different stakeholders, e.g. transport operators, competent authorities and modal organizations. The discussions concluded especially on the transport conditions which has to be considered for stowage design, including on the one hand the relevance of the load factors used for strength and fatigue analysis and on the other hand the criteria which have to be considered for the attachment points.
Another standard with relevance to the load attachment of packages is ISO 10276. This standard deals with trunnion design, manufacturing and operational aspects. The regular standard revision phase started in 2017. An expert group discussed new state-of-the-art technology and proposed revised text for the ISO standard for international discussion.
The paper describes relevant tie-down aspects, gives background argumentation, and tries to support harmonized application of the revised IAEA guidance material and future ISO 10276 standard.
T2 - 11th International Conference on the Transport, Storage and Disposal of Radioactive Materials
CY - London, UK
DA - 15.05.2018
KW - Verzögerungswerte
KW - Lastanschlag
KW - Trunnion design
KW - ISO
KW - Retention
PY - 2018
SP - 18511, 1
EP - 8
AN - OPUS4-45294
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Debruyne, M.
A1 - Eckert, B.
A1 - Wille, Frank
A1 - Gauthier, F.
A1 - Le Bars, I.
A1 - Cordier, N.
A1 - Jouve, A.-C.
T1 - Assessment of safety demonstrations relative to packages containing UF6
N2 - Specific attention should be paid on safety demonstrations transmitted by applicants in the case of approval request for the package designs containing enriched UF6. Concerning the shipment of enriched UF6, the package designs consist in general of a filled 30B cylinder surrounded by an overpack.
The description of the content, considering the UF6 origin, i.e. natural or reprocessed, shall be clearly justified especially when the UF6 isotopic composition exceeds the limits specified in ASTM standards.
Concerning the containment of the UF6, the applicant shall demonstrate in all conditions of Transport the leak-tightness of the valve and plug of the cylinders filled with enriched UF6. In this regard, when justifications are based on numerical calculations, the absence of contact between These components of the cylinder and the internal surfaces of the overpack after the regulatory drop tests shall be shown. In particular, absence of contact between the valve and any other component of the packaging shall be confirmed to respect the current IAEA regulations [3]. If complementary calculations show a contact between the plug and the internal surfaces of the overpack, additional tests are required to confirm that the strength resulting from this contact will not affect the plug leak-tightness. It can be noticed that the future revision of the IAEA regulations will include additional provision in case of contact of the plug with any other component of the packaging. In addition, the applicant shall demonstrate that the melting temperature of the valve, including the tinned joint, will not be exceeded during the regulatory fire test.
Furthermore, the representativeness of the ballast used to simulate the behaviour of the UF6 loaded within the cylinder shall be justified if drop tests are performed.
Finally, specific provisions relative to the use of plugs and the maintenance of cylinders should be included in the safety analysis reports.
T2 - 11th International Conference on the Transport, Storage and Disposal of Radioactive Materials
CY - London, UK
DA - 15.05.2018
KW - Uranhexaflourid
KW - Package safety
KW - Valve
KW - Drop testing
KW - Radioactive material
PY - 2018
SP - 18523, 1
EP - 8
AN - OPUS4-45295
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kuschke, Christian
T1 - international and German standards and guidelines for the design of trunnions of transport packages for radioactive materials
N2 - Trunnion systems of packages for the transport of radioactive materials have to guarantee the safe handling of package during crane operations (lifting, tilting) and to secure package tie down to the transport vehicle, if the trunnions are used as attachment points during transport. The design of trunnions is based on IAEA Regulations SSR-6, the supporting Advisory Material SSG-26 and further appropriate technical standards and/or guidelines. For package approval procedures in Germany the guideline BAM GGR 012 has to be applied. If a package is handled inside a german nuclear power plant, the standard KTA 3905 has to be fulfilled additionally.
In this paper the requirements of KTA 3905 concerning the trunnion systems as load attaching points (LAP) are discussed in connection with the recommendations in the guideline BAM-GGR 012 . This guideline is prepared at BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing for analysis and assessment of bolted lid and trunnion systems of Type B(U) transport packages. The quality assurance questions concerning trunnion systems are discussed as well.
T2 - 11th International Conference on the Transport, Storage and Disposal of Radioactive Materials
CY - London, UK
DA - 15.05.2018
KW - Trunnion
KW - Transport packages for radioactive materials
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-45009
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Scheidemann, Robert
T1 - Approach for determining the length of the bar in compliance with the IAEA 1m puncture test
N2 - The paper focuses on the preliminary determination of the bar length and the experimental performance of the 1m-puncture test in compliance with the guidelines of the IAEA under the given boundary conditions. Following aspects have to be considered concerning the determination of an appropriate length of the bar to obtain maximum damage to the specimen: the design of the package, its drop orientation and the impact point as well as a pre-damage of the package resulting from a previous 9m drop test. According to the Regulations the minimum length of the bar is defined as 20 cm, which has to be adapted to the outer surface of the package, especially to packages with large impact limiters.
In this context, two main aspects are important: First, the realisation of a maximum puncture load applied to the package while no other component of the package has contact with the impact target. Second, the reduction of the risk of buckling and maximising the stiffness of the bar by a length which is as short as possible. In order to optimize the bar length, finite element calculations are often done by simulating the global behaviour of the package during the puncture test. The evaluation of the conducted puncture test regarding IAEA compliance is done by analysing deceleration measurements. The paper presents a possible approach to determine the length of the bar and the construction of a form-fitted connection to the target showing various examples of puncture tests.
T2 - RAMTRANSPORT 2018
CY - London, UK
DA - 16.05.2018
KW - Puncture test
KW - Bar length
KW - Numerical simulation
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-45027
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schlegel, Moritz-Caspar
T1 - Wie weiter in Ressourcenfragen?
N2 - Entwicklung der gesetzlichen Anforderungen an die Ressourceneffizienz und aktuelle Aktivitäten der Europäischen Kommission.
T2 - Praxisworkshop Marktüberwachung
CY - Gernsbach, Germany
DA - 16.05.2018
KW - Ressourcen
KW - Energiepolitik
KW - Ökodesign
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-44950
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Ringleben-Fricke, Thomas
A1 - Schlegel, Moritz-Caspar
T1 - Einführung in die Nutzung der Internetplattform Erfahrungsaustausch
N2 - Einführungsveranstaltung zur Nutzung einer Internetplattform für die Marktüberwachung (erstellt von einer AG des BLA EVPG/EnVKG, Vorsitz HH und BAM)
T2 - Praxisworkshop Marktüberwachung
CY - Gernsbach, Germany
DA - 16.05.2018
KW - Internetplattform
KW - Marktüberwachung
KW - Ökodesign
KW - Energieverbrauchskennzeichnung
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-44951
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa
A1 - Völzke, Holger
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
T1 - Relevance of cladding failure mechanisms due to zirconium hydride precipitation under extended dry storage conditions in Germany
N2 - The German nuclear waste management strategy consists of dry interim storage of spent fuel inside dual purpose casks and its subsequent direct final disposal in a deep geological repository. Interim storage is limited to 40 years so far, but will have to be extended until repository site selection and operation is concluded, potentially up to 100 years. In this context, research on the long term performance of safety relevant cask components and fuel rod integrity during such extended periods of time is of outmost importance. The barrier function of the fuel cladding depends on its integrity under operational and accidental conditions along with storage and subsequent transportation and is mainly affected over time by altering of the cladding microstructure and by thermo-mechanical conditions during reactor operation and subsequent wet and dry storage.
This paper focuses on failure mechanisms regarding cladding embrittlement caused by physical phenomena concerning hydrogen dissolution and precipitation of hydrides in the zirconium matrix. Within this context, potential cladding integrity issues under extended interim storage conditions followed by transportation are emphasized.
Delayed hydride cracking (DHC) is a well-known time-dependent temperature-activated phenomenon failure mechanism of the fuel cladding during reactor operation. The phenomenon consists of hydrogen diffusion and hydride precipitation at the tip of an initial crack and the propagation of the crack to an approximate distance equal to the length of the hydride. This failure mechanism is temperature-activated phenomenon and enhances along with thermal cycling of the fuel cladding, e. g. during reactor shutdowns. DHC shows limited relevance under quasi static storage conditions with continuously lowering temperatures. However, the literature points that DHC may occur when the temperature during storage decreases to a certain level after some decades and in combination with stress concentrations in the cladding material.
When spent fuel is transferred to dry storage by vacuum drying, the cladding temperature raises up to peak temperatures of ~370°C. Under these conditions, hydrides dissolute into the zirconium matrix up to the solubility limit defined by the peak temperature and this amount of hydrogen can precipitate in a radial re-oriented fashion due to the temperature decrease during storage. Cladding materials with radially precipitated hydrides show significant embrittlement. Radially oriented hydrides are perpendicularly oriented to hoop stresses representing the most critical configuration. Brittle failure of the cladding then occurs by crack propagation through radially oriented hydrides and finally through the zirconium matrix. The susceptibility to radial hydride precipitation depends on cladding material type and microstructure, hydrogen content, pre-drying hydride distribution, irradiation conditions, and temperature and stress histories during drying and storage operations.
This paper addresses major considerations concerning spent fuel cladding embrittlement due to hydride precipitation with regard to the boundary conditions of dry spent fuel storage in Germany. Analytical, numerical, and experimental approaches are to be discussed by BAM in order to identify the specific needs for future R&D work in that area with the purpose to provide the necessary data base for proper safety demonstration and evaluation along with future extended storage licensing procedures.
T2 - 2017 Water Reactor Fuel Performance Meeting
CY - Jeju, Korea
DA - 10.09.2017
KW - Cladding
KW - Hydride precipitation
KW - Spent fuel
PY - 2017
SP - 1
EP - 8
AN - OPUS4-44749
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Qualification of Nuclear Waste Packages - Needs and Challenges from BAM's Perspective
N2 - This Presentation adresses the major needs and challenges of qualification processes for nuclear waste packages performed by BAM. Packages include those for high level radioactive waste like spent fuel as well as those for low and intermediate level waste to be disposed of in the Konrad repository.
Beginning with the current German nuclear waste management policy design testing capabilities and experience at BAM is explained followed by illustrating the major strategic process to identify future challenges including specific R&D needs.
T2 - 5th International Nuclear Decommissioning Summit
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 30.01.2018
KW - Radioactive
KW - Container
KW - Testing
KW - Safety
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-44750
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
A1 - Kirner, Sabrina V.
A1 - Epperlein, Nadja
A1 - Spaltmann, Dirk
A1 - Krüger, Jörg
T1 - Surface functionalization by laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
N2 - In this contribution the mechanisms of formation and current applications of LIPSS are reviewed, including the colorization of technical surfaces, the control of surface wetting properties, the mimicry of the natural texture of animal integuments, the tailoring of surface colonization by bacterial biofilms, and the improvement of the tribological performance of nanostructured metal surfaces.
T2 - 10th Stuttgart Laser Technology Forum 2018
CY - Stuttgart, Germany
DA - 05.06.2018
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Femtosecond laser ablation
KW - Surface functionalization
KW - Wetting
KW - Tribology
KW - Biofilms
PY - 2018
SP - 35
AN - OPUS4-45128
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
T1 - Surface functionalization by laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
N2 - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS, ripples) are a universal phenomenon that can be observed on almost any material after the irradiation by linearly polarized laser beams, particularly when using ultrashort laser pulses with durations in the femtosecond to picosecond range.
During the past few years significantly increasing research activities have been reported in the field of LIPSS, since their generation in a single-step process provides a simple way of nanostructuring and surface functionalization towards the control of optical, mechanical, biological, or chemical surface properties. In this contribution the mechanisms of formation and current applications of LIPSS are reviewed, including the colorization of technical surfaces, the control of surface wetting properties, the mimicry of the natural texture of animal integuments, the tailoring of surface colonization by bacterial biofilms, the advancement of medical pacemakers, and the improvement of the tribological performance of nanostructured metal surfaces.
T2 - Stuttgarter Lasertage - SLT 2018
CY - Stuttgart, Germany
DA - 05.06.2018
KW - Surface functionalization
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Femtosecond laser ablation
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-45132
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kunz, C.
A1 - Büttner, T.N.
A1 - Naumann, B.
A1 - Boehm, A.V.
A1 - Gnecco, E.
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
A1 - Neumann, C.
A1 - Turchanin, A.
A1 - Müller, F.A.
A1 - Gräf, S.
T1 - Large-area fabrication of low- and high-spatial-frequency laser-induced periodic surface structures on carbon fibers
N2 - The formation and properties of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) were investigated on carbon fibers under irradiation of fs-laser pulses characterized by a pulse duration τ = 300 fs and a laser wavelength λ = 1025 nm. The LIPSS were fabricated in an air environment at normal incidence with different values of the laser peak fluence and number of pulses per spot. The morphology of the generated structures was characterized by using scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and Fast-Fourier transform analyses. Moreover, the material structure and the surface chemistry of the carbon fibers before and after laser irradiation was analyzed by micro Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Large areas in the cm2 range of carbon fiber arrangements were successfully processed with homogenously distributed high- and low-spatial frequency LIPSS. Beyond those distinct nanostructures, hybrid structures were realized for the very first time by a superposition of both types of LIPSS in a two-step process. The findings facilitate the fabrication of tailored LIPSS-based surface structures on carbon fibers that could be of particular interest for e.g. fiber reinforced polymers and concretes.
KW - Fs-Laser
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Carbon fibers
KW - Large area structuring
PY - 2018
UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008622318302781
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.03.035
SN - 0008-6223
SN - 1873-3891
VL - 133
SP - 176
EP - 185
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-44625
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Qiao, Linan
A1 - Nagelschmidt, Sven
A1 - Herbrich, Uwe
T1 - Application of a Modified Arrhenius Equation to Describe the Time-Temperature Equivalence in Relaxation Analysis of Metal Seals
N2 - For the application of the time-temperature superposition principle a suitable relation is needed to describe the time-temperature shift factor α. Therefore, the Arrhenius equation is widely used due to its simple form and often leads to suitable results. Where, the Arrhenius equation presents a linear relation for the temperature-dependent shift factor in logarithmic scale ln(α) with the absolute inverse temperature (1/ϑ). However, in cases with a large temperature range which eventually include more complex reaction processes, the functional relation between ln(α) and (1/ϑ) is nonlinear in the ‘Arrhenius plot’. In those cases, the monotone change of the nonlinear range in the ‘Arrhenius plot’ can be interpreted as a transient range between two approximately linear or constant regions. An extended application of the modified Arrhenius equation from Nakamura (1989) is presented in this study for this transient range. The introduced method was applied to describe the time-temperature equivalence in the relaxation analysis of restoring seal force of metal seals, which are used in lid-systems of transport and interim storage casks for radioactive materials. But, the method is widely valid and can be used for different objectives which are characterized by thermorheologically simple behavior with nonlinear sensitivity to inverse temperature.
KW - Metal seals
KW - TTS principle
KW - Arrhenius equation
KW - Non-linear Arrhenius behavior
KW - Relaxation analysis
KW - Seal force
PY - 2017
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-446759
UR - http://www.davidpublisher.org/index.php/Home/Article/index?id=33931.html
DO - https://doi.org/10.17265/1934-7359/2017.09.004
SN - 1934-7359
VL - 11
IS - 9
SP - 853
EP - 861
PB - David Publishing Company
CY - USA, NY 10989, Valley Cottage
AN - OPUS4-44675
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Qiao, Linan
A1 - Herbrich, Uwe
A1 - Nagelschmidt, Sven
T1 - Describing Relaxation Behavior of Metal Seals Using Time-Temperature Superposition Principle
N2 - In order to study the time- and temperature-dependent long-term behavior of metal seals, experimental investigations on special metal seals have been carried out at five different temperatures in a temperature range between 20 and 150°C for more than 7 years. Experimental results indicate a noticeable change of relevant sealing properties like seal force and usable resilience depending on time and temperature. In this study, the metal seals are treated as a homogeneous material block so that the identified decrease in seal force can be treated as a material relaxation effect. For the time-dependent behavior of seal force, an enhanced power-law model is introduced for the first time and is compared with the currently used power-law model. Additionally, regarding the influence of temperature, the timetemperature superposition principle is applied to metal seals for the first time with a clearly defined process. Thus, possible mistakes in the application of principle could be avoided. The introduced method is widely available for different applications regarding effects the principle with time and temperature.
KW - Metal seals
KW - Relaxation
KW - Thermo-viscoplasticity
KW - Time-temperature superposition
PY - 2018
UR - https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29EM.1943-7889.0001424
DO - https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0001424
SN - 0733-9399
VL - 144
IS - 4
SP - 04018016-1
EP - 04018016-8
PB - American Society of Civil Engineers
AN - OPUS4-44676
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Aktueller Stand und Herausforderungen bei den Bauartprüfungen für das Endlager Konrad
N2 - Der Vortrag illustriert den Stand und die Herausforderungen im Rahmen der Behälter-Bauartprüfungen für das Endlager Konrad. Ausgehend von den Grundlagen der Bauartprüfung und die aktuelle Situation bei den Antragsverfahren werden die fachlichen Begutachtungsschwerpunkte sowie Maßnahmen zur Optimierung Prozess- und Verfahrenssteuerung erläutert.
T2 - 9. Symposium zur Endlagerung radioaktiver Abfälle
CY - Hannover, Germany
DA - 18.04.2018
KW - Endlager
KW - Behälter
KW - Bauartprüfung
KW - Konrad
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-44751
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bletzer, Claus
T1 - CONFIRE Temperture development during fire test of a final storagr container Typ V
N2 - This presentation focusses on the thermal test of a typical storage container design for the German final storage repository KONRAD. The preparation of the container, the conduction of the fire test itself and results like the temperature evolution and as-sumptions for thermal material properties are shown.
As thermal test final storage containers have to be exposed to a fire of 800 °C (1472 °F) for 1 hour according to the final storage conditions provided by the federal com-pany for radioactive waste disposal (BGE). The here discussed cask contains a steel covered concrete layer of a thickness of 100/150 mm. Heating up concrete is a highly nonlinear process since the vaporization of residual water consumes high amounts of thermal energy and produce vast amounts of steam.
The constantly measured temperatures provide the basis to adjust common models of thermal properties for concrete esp. for FEAs. Finally in a later step this will allow predictions of similar designed container with different sizes.
T2 - SNL BAM Workshop
CY - Albuquerque, NM, USA
DA - 14.03.2018
KW - KONRAD
KW - Fire testing
KW - Concrete
KW - Final storage
KW - Thermal properties
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-45427
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Palkowski, Carsten
T1 - Telling the truth - Validity of energy efficiency values of heat pumps determined under laboratory conditions
N2 - In this study, the test method EN 14825 for testing heat pumps is validated by verifying the sensitivity of the seasonal space heating energy efficiency ηs, (declared on the energy efficiency label) in relation to the nominal heating capacity Pdesign. Therefore, the two major parts of the test method, the measurement part and the calculation part, were investigated. The calculation part was subjected to a sensitivity analysis in order to identify the properties of a heat pump which have a strong influence on ηs. The analysis revealed that the energy consumption in special operating states, the duration in activemode and seasonal performance values in active-mode (SCOPon) significantly affect the sensitivity of ηs. Especially short operating times, in which the heat pump is in active-mode, lead to large changes in ηs with varying Pdesign. In addition, the range of power of Pdesign turned out to have an increasing Impact on ηs with decreasing Pdesign. For Pdesign values ≤10 kW, the sensitivity of ηs increases tremendously.
Especially the determination of the ηs for devices with short operating times in active-mode (1400 h) and low values for Pdesign (≤10 kW) cannot be reproduced anymore.
T2 - 9th International Conference on Energy Efficiency in Domestic Appliances and Lighting (EEDAL 2017)
CY - Irvine, CA, USA
DA - 13.09.2017
KW - Energy labelling
KW - Heat pumps
KW - Air conditioner
KW - Test method standard optimization
KW - Circumvention
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-42110
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Stengel, Dominik
A1 - Kießling, F.
A1 - Mehdianpour, Milad
A1 - Özbey, U.-Y.
A1 - Pohl, H.
T1 - Windlasten auf Freileitungen - Windmessungen an einer 380-kV-Freileitung
N2 - Windeinwirkungen auf Freileitungen wurden in der Vergangenheit meist an exponierten Standorten bestimmt. In einem Langzeitversuch wurden seit 2012 an einer mit moderner Messtechnik ausgerüsteten 380-kV-Leitung der 50 Hertz Transmission GmbH, die im nicht besonders exponierten Gelände verläuft und somit den Leitungen im Netz entspricht, die Windgeschwindigkeiten entlang der Leiter und deren Auswirkungen auf die Stützpunkte gemessen. Die Messungen und die begleitenden Auswertungen bestätigen die heute verwendeten normativen Vorgaben für die Windwirkung auf die Leiter von Freileitungen, soweit dies in der relativ kurzen Zeit von fünf Jahren möglich ist.
KW - Wind
KW - Freileitungen
PY - 2017
VL - 2017
IS - 9
SP - 68
EP - 72
PB - EW Medien und Kongresse GmbH
CY - Frankfurt am Main
AN - OPUS4-42119
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Becker, Ben
T1 - Uncertainty’s of statistical assessments
N2 - Uncertainty’s of statistical assessments of test results from composite cylinders.
T2 - Fibremod Training unit #5
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 05.10.2017
KW - Statistics
KW - Uncertainty
KW - Composite cylinder
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-42500
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hinchliffe, Daniel
A1 - Akkerman, Floris
T1 - Assessing the review process of EU Ecodesign regulations
N2 - The EU Ecodesign and Energy Labelling Directives set regulations on the energy efficiency, environmental, and information requirements of energy related products entering the EU market. Each individual product regulation stipulates that the EU Commission must undertake a review after a certain number of years. This review stage is crucial to improve the effectiveness and ambition of regulations, and also presents an opportunity to include new resource efficiency aspects. The strength of a review depends on the review process, which has followed various approaches in each reviewed product group so far. This article aims to summarise and discuss these varying review processes and identify their differences and shortcomings. The analysis is based on comparing the review processes to the standard Methodology for Ecodesign of Energy related Products (MEErP) used in preparatory studies to develop new Ecodesign regulations. Analysis questions were discussed with a small number of experts to gain deeper insights on opportunities and difficulties; suggestions are made for improving future review processes.
KW - Ecodesign
KW - Energy Labelling
KW - Product policy
KW - Resource efficiency
KW - Energy efficiency
PY - 2017
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.091
SN - 0959-6526
SN - 1879-1786
VL - 168
SP - 1603
EP - 1613
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
CY - Oxford
AN - OPUS4-42537
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hicke, Konstantin
A1 - Brunner, D.
A1 - C. Soriano, M.
A1 - Fischer, I.
T1 - Role of dynamical injection locking and characteristic pulse events for low frequency fluctuations in semiconductor lasers
N2 - We investigate the dynamics of semiconductor lasers subject to time-delayed optical Feedback from the perspective of dynamical self-injection locking. Based on the Lang-Kobayashi model, we perform an analysis of the well-known Low Frequency Fluctuations (LFFs) in the frequency-intensity plane. Moreover, we investigate a recently found dynamical regime of fragmented LFFs by means of a locking-range analysis, spectral comparison and precursor pulse identification. We show that LFF dynamics can be explained by dynamical optical injection locking due to the delayed optical feedback. Moreover, the fragmented LFFs occur due to a re-injection locking induced by a particular optical pulse structure in the chaotic feedback dynamics. This is corrobo-rated by experiments with a semiconductor laser experiencing delayed feedback from an optical fiber loop. The dynamical nature of the feedback injection results in an eventual loss, but also possible regaining, of the locking, explaining the recently observed phenomenon of fragmented LFFs.
KW - Injection locking
KW - Laser dynamics
KW - Delayed optical feedback
KW - Emission spectra
KW - Nonlinear dynamics
PY - 2017
DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5006945
SN - 1054-1500
SN - 1089-7682
VL - 27
IS - 11
SP - 114307, 1
EP - 114307,10
PB - American Institute of Physics
AN - OPUS4-42515
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hönig, Gerald
A1 - Schlichting, S.
T1 - QCSE tuning in polar GaN/AlN heterostructures
N2 - We show both theoretically and experimentally how the encapsulation of the active region by additional guard layers can be used to achieve a significant reduction of the built-in electric fields in polar nitride heterostructures. This reduction of the QCSE results in a strongly enhanced emission intensity and faster recombination dynamics in the active region. In particular we are able to shift the emission energy of 4-nm-thick GaN nano-discs up to 3.32 eV, which is just 150 meV below the bulk GaN bandgap as compared to a red-shift of about 1 eV in a conventional heterostructure with the same thickness.
T2 - SPIE. PHOTONICS WEST OPTO
CY - San Francisco, CA, USA
DA - 29.01.2018
KW - QCSE
KW - Piezopolarization
KW - Spontaneous Polarization
KW - IFGARD
KW - Nanoheterostructures
KW - Nonpolar
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-43383
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Aristia, Gabriela
T1 - Polyaniline/SiO2 Containing Coatings for Geothermal Application
N2 - Geothermal brine is considered to be an aggressive
environment as it contains various dissolved salts.
Even though carbon steel is commonly used as a
construction material due to its machinability and
economical reason, it is susceptible to uniform and
localized corrosion in a high temperature and high
pressure system. Therefore, a coating system is
introduced to protect the carbon steel against
corrosion in such environment.
1. Carbon steel is susceptible to uniform corrosion in presence of oxygen, with corrosion rate of immersion at 150 °C of 0.39 mm/a.
2. Exposure test of carbon steel at 150°C and 10 bar (pressurized by Ar) results in pitting corrosion with depth of 19 µm and width 4 µm on average.
3. OCP measurement shows that the stability of measurement is reached after 40 hours of immersion in the solution.
4. EIS measurement is useful to observe the effect of temperature, immersion time, and coating composition on the corrosion processes of coated metals for use in geothermal application.
T2 - FU Forschungsseminar
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 28.11.2017
KW - Geothermal
KW - Corrosion
KW - Coating
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-43363
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Stajanca, Pavol
A1 - Krebber, Katerina
ED - Nogueira, R.
ED - Rocha, A. M.
T1 - Polymer optical fibers as radiation sensors?
N2 - Application importance of ionizing radiation has been growing steadily over the last decades. Extensive utilization of ionizing radiation generates demand for development of suitable monitoring techniques. Radiation monitoring systems based on optical fibers offer several key advantages such as small footprint, possibility of remote and real-time measurement as well as electromagnetic immunity. In this contribution, we investigate radiation-induced attenuation (RIA)-based sensing with perfluorinated polymer optical fibers (PF-POFs). The RIA response of two commercial PF-POFs is assessed in a low dose region and performance and limitations of the system are discussed. The concept represents a potential high-sensitivity, low-cost and easy-to-use on-line radiation monitoring system with distributed detection capability
T2 - 26thth International Conference on Plastic Optical Fibres (POF 2017)
CY - Aveiro, Portugal
DA - 13.09.2017
KW - Perfluorinated polymer optical fibers
KW - Gamma radiation
KW - Radiation monitoring
KW - Optical fiber sensor
PY - 2017
SN - 978-989-97345-2-4
SP - Paper 5, 1
EP - 4
AN - OPUS4-42318
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Stajanca, Pavol
T1 - Polymer optical fibers as radiation sensors?
N2 - Application importance of ionizing radiation has been growing steadily over the last decades. Extensive utilization of ionizing radiation generates demand for development of suitable monitoring techniques. Radiation monitoring systems based on optical fibers offer several key advantages such as small footprint, possibility of remote and real-time measurement as well as electromagnetic immunity. In this contribution, we investigate radiation-induced attenuation (RIA)-based sensing with perfluorinated polymer optical fibers (PF-POFs). The RIA response of two commercial PF-POFs is assessed in a low dose region and performance and limitations of the system are discussed. The concept represents a potential high-sensitivity, low-cost and easy-to-use on-line radiation monitoring system with distributed detection capability.
T2 - 26th International Conference on Plastic Optical Fibres (POF 2017)
CY - Aveiro, Portugal
DA - 13.09.2017
KW - Perfluorinated polymer optical fibers
KW - Gamma radiation
KW - Radiation monitoring
KW - Optical fiber sensor
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-42322
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa
A1 - Vestergaard, M.C.
A1 - Tamiya, E
T1 - Carbon-based nanomaterials in biomass-based fuel-fed fuel cells
N2 - Environmental and sustainable economical concerns are generating a growing interest in biofuels predominantly produced from biomass. It would be ideal if an energy conversion device could directly extract energy from a sustainable energy resource such as biomass. Unfortunately, up to now, such a direct conversion device produces insufficient power to meet the demand of practical applications. To realize the future of biofuel-fed fuel cells as a green energy conversion device, efforts have been devoted to the development of carbon-based nanomaterials with tunable electronic and surface characteristics to act as efficient metal-free electrocatalysts and/or as supporting matrix for metal-based electrocatalysts. We present here a mini review on the recent advances in carbon-based catalysts for each type of biofuel-fed/biofuel cells that directly/indirectly extract energy from biomass resources, and discuss the challenges and perspectives in this developing field
KW - Carbon-based nanomaterials
KW - Biofuel cells
KW - Biomass
KW - Carbon nanotubes
KW - Graphene
KW - Carbon nanodots
PY - 2017
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-428226
UR - http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/11/2587/htm
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/s17112587
SN - 1424-8220
VL - 17
IS - 11
SP - 2587, 1
EP - 2587, 21
PB - MDPI AG
CY - Basel, Switzerland
AN - OPUS4-42822
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa
T1 - Korrosion von CO2-Rohrleitungswerkstoffen durch kondensierte Tröpfchen
N2 - CCUS-Technologie (CO2-Abtrennung; Nutzung und Speicherung, engl. Carbon Dioxide Capture, Utilization and Storage) gilt als eine vielversprechende Methode zur Abschwächung des Beitrags von fossilen Emissionen zur globalen Erwärmung. Dabei wird das in den Verbrennungsprozessen entstandene Treibhausgas aufgefangen, zu verschiedenen Lagerstätten transportiert und langzeitig gespeichert bzw. einer chemischen Nutzung zugeführt.
In bisher veröffentlichten Untersuchungen wurde gezeigt, dass die CO2-Transport-Pipelines in hohem Maße gefährdet sind, wenn sie korrosiven Begleitstoffen des CO2-Stroms, wie SOx, NOx bei einem hohen Wasserdampfanteil ausgesetzt sind. Screening-Tests zeigten, dass bei einer Konzentration von 1000 ppmv H2O die Reaktionen und Kondensation von SO2 und NO2 mit O2 und H2O zu Säuretropfen (pH ~ 0,5) auf der Oberfläche von Metall-Prüfkörper und Gefäß führen. Die Werkstoffe 1.0582, 1.8977, 1.4313 und 1.4562 wurden in CO2-gesättigtem Kondensat mit unterschiedlichem Verhältnis der säurebildenden Komponenten untersucht. Diese Studien zeigten grundsätzlich den Mechanismus sowie die Rolle jedes CO2-Strom-Begleitstoffes auf den Korrosionsprozess. Allerdings spiegeln die bei Auslagerung und elektrochemischen Messungen in der künstlichen CO2-gesättigten Kondensat-Lösung auftretenden Bedingungen nicht im Detail die Realität in der Praxis, wo sich nur Tröpfchen bilden, wider.
Diese Arbeit konzentriert sich auf den Korrosionsprozess von Kondensat in Form von Tröpfchen, auf der Oberfläche von Rohrleitungswerkstoffen unter CO2-Atmosphäre bei 5 °C (Simulation des Transportzustandes). Die Experimente wurden nicht nur für Auslagerungsversuche, sondern auch für elektrochemische Tests mit nur einem Tröpfchen (weniger als 20 µL) konzipiert. Die Auslagerungs-versuche wurden sowohl unter Normaldruck als auch bei hohem Druck (> 70 bar) durchgeführt, wobei das CO2 als dichte – den Tropfen umgebende - Phase vorliegt. Die korrodierten Prüfkörper wurden rasterelektronenmikroskopisch (REM) und mittels Energiedispersiver Röntgenspektroskopie (EDX) analysiert, um nicht nur Korrosionsform, sondern auch die Elementverteilung der Korrosionsprodukte zu zeigen.
T2 - 49. Kraftwerkstechnisches Kolloquium
CY - Dresden, Germany
DA - 17.10.2017
KW - Tropfen
KW - Korrosion
KW - Begleitstoffe
KW - CO2
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-42823
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Stamenkovic, V.
A1 - Felsheim, F. T.
A1 - Plath, R.
A1 - Kapa, Thomas
ED - Diaz, Ricardo Rubén
ED - Assaf, Leonardo Octavio
ED - Silva, José
ED - Rizzotti, Bruno
T1 - Lab testing of external gas pressure cables and determination of different ageing states
N2 - In the last century external gas pressure cable systems with 64/110 kV operating voltage have proven to form a reliable way for the transportation of electrical
energy in larger cities all over the world. The beginning of their development reaches back to the 1930s. The dielectric used in these thermally stable cables consists of a mass impregnated cable paper insulation that requires the absence of partial discharges as a prerequisite for continuous operation. In this contribution two test set-ups for advanced lab testing of external gas pressure cable specimens were established. Two specimens of different aging state were subjected to various electrical voltage levels and frequencies as well as different temperatures. Simultaneously dissipation factor measurement and partial discharge detection were applied. Finally the specimens’ relationships between dissipation factor, partial discharge level, temperature, impregnation mass to paper ratio, water content and external gas pressure were discussed.
T2 - The 20th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering
CY - Buenos Aires, Argentina
DA - 27.08.2017
KW - High voltage cable
KW - Fibre optic sensors
KW - Gas pressure cable
PY - 2017
SN - 978-987-45745-6-5
VL - 2017
SP - 1
EP - 6
PB - Asociación Coorperadora de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnologia de la UNT
AN - OPUS4-42766
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Heidmann, B.
A1 - Ringleb, F.
A1 - Eylers, K.
A1 - Levcenko, S.
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
A1 - Andree, Stefan
A1 - Krüger, Jörg
A1 - Unold, T.
A1 - Boeck, T.
A1 - Lux-Steiner, M. C.
A1 - Schmid, M.
T1 - Local growth of CuInSe2 micro solar cells for concentrator application
N2 - A procedure to fabricate CuInSe2 (CISe) micro-absorbers and solar cells for concentrator applications is presented. The micro-absorbers are developed from indium precursor islands, which are deposited on a molybdenum coated glass substrate (back contact), followed by deposition of copper on top and subsequent selenization as well as selective etching of copper selenides. In order to compare the properties of the locally grown absorbers to those of conventional large area CISe films, we systematically examine the compositional and morphological homogeneity of the micro absorbers and carry out photoluminescence measurements. Preliminary devices for micro-concentrator solar cell applications are fabricated by optimizing the copper to indium ratio and the size of the indium precursor islands. The resulting micro solar cells provide a characteristic I–V curve under standard illumination conditions (1 sun).
KW - Micro solar cells
KW - Light concentration
KW - CuInSe2
KW - Absorber optimization
KW - Chalcopyrite
PY - 2017
UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468606917300953
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtener.2017.10.010
SN - 2468-6069
VL - 6
IS - December 2017
SP - 238
EP - 247
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-42801
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
A1 - Qiao, Linan
A1 - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Influence of impact angle and real target properties on drop test results of cubic containers
N2 - Drop test scenarios with cubic containers without impact limiters at interim storage sites or in a final repository have been investigated by numerical simulations. An ideally flat drop is impossible to conduct as a free fall of a container even under laboratory conditions. Dynamic stresses and strains inside the container structure are sensitive to the impact angle. Even very small impact angles cause remarkable changes in the experimental or numerical results when a flat bottom or wall of a container hits a flat target. For drop tests with transport packages the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) regulations define an essentially unyielding target. In contrast, potential accident scenarios for storage containers are derived from site-specific safety analyses or acceptance criteria in Germany. Each interim storage site or repository has a yielding or so-called real target with individual structural and material properties. The real target acts as a kind of impact limiter. A more conservative container design is required if the impact limiting effect of the target is not considered.
T2 - ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference
CY - Waikoloa, Hawaii, USA
DA - 16.07.2017
KW - Finite element method
KW - Simulation
KW - Drop test
KW - Impact angle
KW - Real target
KW - Yielding target
PY - 2017
SN - 978-0-7918-5802-8
DO - https://doi.org/10.1115/PVP2017-65731
VL - 7
SP - Article UNSP V007T07A039, 1
EP - 9
AN - OPUS4-43631
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
T1 - Influence of impact angle and real target properties on drop test results of cubic containers
N2 - Drop test scenarios with cubic containers without impact limiters at interim storage sites or in a final repository have been investigated by numerical simulations. An ideally flat drop is impossible to conduct as a free fall of a container even under laboratory conditions. Dynamic stresses and strains inside the container structure are sensitive to the impact angle. Even very small impact angles cause remarkable changes in the experimental or numerical results when a flat bottom or wall of a container hits a flat target. For drop tests with transport packages the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) regulations define an essentially unyielding target. In contrast, potential accident scenarios for storage containers are derived from site-specific safety analyses or acceptance criteria in Germany. Each interim storage site or repository has a yielding or so-called real target with individual structural and material properties. The real target acts as a kind of impact limiter. A more conservative container design is required if the impact limiting effect of the target is not considered.
T2 - ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference
CY - Waikoloa, Hawaii, USA
DA - 16.07.2017
KW - Finite element method
KW - Simulation
KW - Drop test
KW - Impact angle
KW - Real target
KW - Yielding target
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-43632
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
T1 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt, Band 47, Heft 4
T3 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt der BAM - 4/2017
KW - Ausnahmegenehmigungen
KW - Festlegungen
KW - Richtlinien
KW - Zertifikate
KW - Zulassungen
PY - 2017
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-436466
SN - 0340-7551
VL - 47
IS - 4
SP - 513
EP - 632
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-43646
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bresch, Sophie
T1 - Einfluss der Pulversynthese auf die Eigenschaften thermoelektrischer Oxide
N2 - Calciumcobaltit und Calciummanganat gehören zu den vielversprechendsten thermoelektrischen Oxiden im Temperaturbereich zwischen 600 °C und 800 °C an Luft. Mittels thermoelektrischer Generatoren kann ein Temperaturgradient direkt in elektrische Leistung umgewandelt werden. Für die kostengünstige Pulverherstellung von Funktionsmaterialien wird im industriellen Maßstab meist die Festphasenreaktion (bzw. Kalzinierung) verwendet. Da es sich dabei um einen Hochtemperaturprozess handelt, ist diese Kalzinierung sehr energieintensiv. In der Literatur werden sehr unterschiedliche Prozessbedingungen zur Pulversynthese thermoelektrischer Oxide genutzt. Soweit dem Autor bekannt, ist keine systematische Untersuchung des Einflusses der Pulversynthesebedingungen auf die thermoelektrischen Eigenschaften publiziert.
Deshalb wurde eine systematische Untersuchung des Einflusses der Pulversynthesebedingungen (Temperatur, Haltezeit, Partikelgröße, Wiederholungen) auf die thermoelektrischen Eigenschaften von Calciumcobaltit und Calciummanganat durchgeführt.
Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich ein höherer Energieeintrag während der Kalzinierung negativ auf die thermoelektrischen Eigenschaften auswirkt.
T2 - Seminar des Lehrstuhls für Funktionsmaterialien
CY - Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
DA - 12.01.2018
KW - Kalzinierung
KW - Thermoelektrika
KW - Calciummanganat
KW - Calciumcobaltit
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-43772
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa
T1 - Relevance of cladding failure mechanisms due to zirconium hydride precipitation under extended dry storage conditions in Germany
N2 - The German nuclear waste management strategy consists of dry interim storage of spent fuel inside dual purpose casks and its subsequent direct final disposal in a deep geological repository. Interim storage is limited to 40 years so far, but will have to be extended until repository site selection and operation is concluded, potentially up to 100 years. In this context, research on the long term performance of safety relevant cask components and fuel rod integrity during such extended periods of time is of outmost importance. The barrier function of the fuel cladding depends on its integrity under operational and accidental conditions along with storage and subsequent transportation and is mainly affected over time by altering of the cladding microstructure and by thermo-mechanical conditions during reactor operation and subsequent wet and dry storage.
This paper focuses on failure mechanisms regarding cladding embrittlement caused by physical phenomena concerning hydrogen dissolution and precipitation of hydrides in the zirconium matrix. Within this context, potential cladding integrity issues under extended interim storage conditions followed by transportation are emphasized.
Delayed hydride cracking (DHC) is a well-known time-dependent temperature-activated phenomenon failure mechanism of the fuel cladding during reactor operation. The phenomenon consists of hydrogen diffusion and hydride precipitation at the tip of an initial crack and the propagation of the crack to an approximate distance equal to the length of the hydride. This failure mechanism is temperature-activated phenomenon and enhances along with thermal cycling of the fuel cladding, e. g. during reactor shutdowns. DHC shows limited relevance under quasi static storage conditions with continuously lowering temperatures. However, the literature points that DHC may occur when the temperature during storage decreases to a certain level after some decades and in combination with stress concentrations in the cladding material.
When spent fuel is transferred to dry storage by vacuum drying, the cladding temperature raises up to peak temperatures of ~370°C. Under these conditions, hydrides dissolute into the zirconium matrix up to the solubility limit defined by the peak temperature and this amount of hydrogen can precipitate in a radial re-oriented fashion due to the temperature decrease during storage. Cladding materials with radially precipitated hydrides show significant embrittlement. Radially oriented hydrides are perpendicularly oriented to hoop stresses representing the most critical configuration. Brittle failure of the cladding then occurs by crack propagation through radially oriented hydrides and finally through the zirconium matrix. The susceptibility to radial hydride precipitation depends on cladding material type and microstructure, hydrogen content, pre-drying hydride distribution, irradiation conditions, and temperature and stress histories during drying and storage operations.
This paper addresses major considerations concerning spent fuel cladding embrittlement due to hydride precipitation with regard to the boundary conditions of dry spent fuel storage in Germany. Analytical, numerical, and experimental approaches are to be discussed by BAM in order to identify the specific needs for future R&D work in that area with the purpose to provide the necessary data base for proper safety demonstration and evaluation along with future extended storage licensing procedures.
T2 - 2017 Water Reactor Fuel Performance Meeting (WRFPM 2017)
CY - Jeju, Korea
DA - 10.09.2017
KW - Spent fuel
KW - Cladding
KW - Hydride precipitation
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-43792
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - RPRT
A1 - Krankenhagen, Rainer
T1 - Abschlussbericht des Projektes: IKARUS Infrarot-Kameratechnologie zur berührungslosen Analyse von Rotorblättern unter Hoch-See- (Offshore)-Bedingungen (IKARUS)
N2 - Derzeitiger Stand von Wissenschaft und Technik:
Die Inspektion der Rotorblätter von Windenergieanlagen (WEA) erfolgt derzeit durch Sichtinspektion von außen und wenn möglich auch von innen. Das die Wartung ausführende Personal muss sich hierfür von der Gondel aus abseilen oder die Inspektion von einer speziellen Plattform aus durchführen. Dazu muss die WEA für die Dauer der Inspektion außer Betrieb gesetzt werden. Kleinere Schäden am Rotorblatt können sofort ausgebessert werden. In Deutschland ist ein zweijähriges Wartungsintervall vorgeschrieben.
Begründung/Zielsetzung der Untersuchung:
Das bisher angewandte Verfahren der individuellen Nahinspektion aller Rotorblätter lässt nicht ohne weiteres auf den Offshore-Bereich übertragen. Allein der notwendige Umstieg von einem Boot auf eine fest stehende Plattform bei geringem Wellengang von 1 m Wellenhöhe veranschaulicht die Schwierigkeiten. Weitere typische Probleme sind eingeschränkte Zugänglichkeit bei Schlechtwetterlagen, lange Anfahrtswege und das schlecht kalkulierbare Risiko der Seekrankheit. Es besteht daher Bedarf an neuen Inspektionsmethoden, bei denen die WEA nicht direkt begangen werden muss. Ein entsprechendes Verfahren könnte auch im onshore-Bereich eingesetzt werden, um Wartungsintervalle zu optimieren und Stillstandszeiten zu minimieren.
Methode:
Thermografische Verfahren sind berührungslos und werden bereits zur Rotorblattinspektion eingesetzt, allerdings nur während der Fertigung und dicht am Rotorblatt. Weiterhin ist bekannt, dass Thermografiekameras auch auf Hubschraubern eingesetzt werden, z.B. zur Personensuche. Im Rahmen des Projektes soll untersucht und evaluiert werden, ob Thermografie auf größere Entfernungen zur Untersuchung von Rotorblättern geeignet ist. Gemäß Projektplan sind vor allem Laboruntersuchungen an geeigneten Probekörpern sowie Außenmessungen an WEA geplant. Damit soll das Potenzial der thermografischen Ferninspektion von Rotorblättern evaluiert werden.
Ergebnis:
1. Die Untersuchungen an Rotorblattausschnitten mit verschiedenartigen Fehlern im Labormaßstab belegten die Eignung der Thermografie als zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethode für Rotorblätter.
2. Langzeituntersuchungen an einem Teilbereich eines Rotorblatts in einer Freiluftanordnung zeigten, dass messbare thermische Kontraste an inneren Strukturen oder an inneren Fehlern unter verschiedenartigen Wetterbedingungen entstehen können.
3. Bei Messungen an Rotorblättern im montierten Zustand, d.h. an einer intakten WEA, treten entsprechende thermische Kontraste ebenfalls auf. Allerdings ist die Nachweisbarkeit erschwert durch Reflexionen aus der Umwelt sowie durch Wind, der zu charakteristischen thermischen Streifenmustern auf den Rotorblättern führt. Bei Messungen an ruhenden Rotorblättern dominiert der erste Effekt, während der Wind kaum stört. Bei sich drehenden Rotorblättern ist die Situation umgekehrt, störende Reflexionen können korrigiert werden, aber der Wind beeinflusst die thermischen Kontraste beträchtlich, vor allem in nabenfernen Bereichen der Rotorblätter.
Schlussfolgerung/Anwendungsmöglichkeit:
Eine abschließende Evaluierung der Eignung der Thermografie als Ferninspektionsmethode für WEA-Rotorblätter konnte nicht vorgenommen werden. Ursache hierfür sind sowohl die vielfältigen Störfaktoren bei einer Freiluftmessung als auch das Fehlen einer geeigneten Referenzanlage, an der typische Rotorblattfehler und –defekte während des Betriebs systematisch beobachtet werden können. Die Schlussfolgerung ist daher, dass weitere Forschungsarbeit notwendig ist, um Möglichkeiten und Einsatzgrenzen einer thermografischen Ferninspektion angeben zu können.
Eine thermografische Rotorblattinspektion ist unter günstigen Witterungsbedingungen anwendbar und kann wahrscheinlich innere Defekte aufdecken, auch wenn der direkte Nachweis innerhalb des Projektes nicht geführt werden konnte. Wenn ein Rotorblatt-Thermogramm Auffälligkeiten aufweist, vor allem im Vergleich zu den beiden anderen Rotorblättern der gleichen Anlage, ist eine nähere Untersuchung der entsprechenden Stelle zu empfehlen. Das Auftreten solcher Kontraste, deren räumliche Ausdehnung und Ausprägung hängen jedoch von vielfältigen Faktoren ab und sind gemäß jetzigem Kenntnisstand noch nicht voll verstanden.
KW - Rotorblattinspektion
KW - Ferndiagnose
KW - Thermografie
KW - meteorologischer Einfluss
KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung
PY - 2016
UR - https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A870669729/Abschlussbericht-des-Projektes-IKARUS-Infrarot/
DO - https://doi.org/10.2314/GBV:870669729
SP - 1
EP - 121
AN - OPUS4-45833
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
T1 - The LAUS: First applications of a new system for ultrasonic imaging of very concrete structures
N2 - The LAUS (Large Aperture Ultrasonic System) has been developed to image very thick concrete structures, which are not accessible for commercial systems. The device and the corresponding software is the result of joint research of BAM, an ultrasonic instrument manufacturer and University of Kassel, Germany. It consists of 12 separate arrays of 32 point-contact shear wave transducers each, which can be deployed in flexible configurations. Each array is combined with battery and transmitter, receiver and wireless communication electronics.
Three case histories are presented. First the system was deployed on a 5-m thick heavily reinforced foundation slab. The reflection of the slab’s bottom was imaged clearly. In addition, a multiple reflection was registered, thus giving hope that even thicker elements might be imaged by the instrument. Second, the LAUS was used to investigate a massive bridge girder where a heavy rainstorm during concreting had led to imperfections that were visible after removing the formwork was removed. The LAUS could image tendon ducts in 1.8m depth and the backwall closely behind them. Some limited areas showed blurred reflections and were checked by drill holes; these areas were affected by diffuse damage which could be repaired by injections. Third, a large retaining wall was checked for thickness.
Meanwhile, the LAUS has been used in underground waste deposits (nuclear and other) for quality assurance of sealing plugs. A confirmed penetration depth of about 7 m has been reached.
T2 - ASNT SMT/NDT-CE 2018
CY - New Brunswick, NJ, USA
DA - 27.8.2018
KW - LAUS
KW - Ultrasound
KW - Imaging
KW - Concrete
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-45828
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Herold, Christian
A1 - Völzke, Holger
A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa
T1 - Verbundvorhaben KoBrA - Arbeitspaket 1 (a)
N2 - Im Vorhaben "KoBrA" sollen aus bestehenden Anforderungen für endlagerfähige Behälter und aus internationalen Erfahrungen ein aktueller Stand auf dem Gebiet der Behälterforschung für HLW/SF-Behälter ermittelt und generische Vorschläge für HLW/BE-Endlagerbehälterkonzepte in den drei potentiellen Wirtsgesteinen (Kristallin, Ton oder Salz) erarbeitet werden.
N2 - Within Project "KoBrA" we want to establish the international state of the art in final disposal containers for HLW/SF, and, based on boundary conditions and national legislation, to propose generic final disposal canister concepts for all three potential host rocks (crystalline rock, clay and salt) for the German high-level waste.
T2 - Fachinformationsgespräch zum FuE-Vorhaben "KoBrA"
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 28.05.2018
KW - Endlagerbehälter
KW - Hochaktive wärmeentwickelnde Abfälle
KW - Internationale Recherche
KW - Arbeitsflussdiagramm
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-45459
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Herold, Christian
A1 - Völzke, Holger
A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa
T1 - Verbundvorhaben "KoBrA" - Arbeitspaket 1 (b)
N2 - Im Vorhaben "KoBrA" sollen aus bestehenden Anforderungen für endlagerfähige Behälter und aus internationalen Erfahrungen ein aktueller Stand auf dem Gebiet der Behälterforschung für HLW/SF-Behälter ermittelt und generische Vorschläge für einen deutschen HLW/BE-Endlagerbehälter in den drei potentiellen Wirtsgesteinen (Kristallin, Ton oder Salz) erarbeitet werden. Im Arbeitspaket 1 wird dafür eine umfassende Literaturrecherche zu internationalen Behälterkonzepten durchgeführt, deren erste Ergebnisse hier präsentiert werden.
N2 - Within Project "KoBrA" we want to establish the international state of the art in design and concepts for HLW/SF final disposal Containers. Working package 1, encompassing an extensive literature research on this topic, yielded some preliminary results - promising container concepts - which are presented here.
T2 - Fachinformationsgespräch zum FuE-Vorhaben "KoBrA"
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 28.05.2018
KW - Endlagerbehälter
KW - Internationale Endlagerkonzepte
KW - Hochaktive wärmeentwickelnde Abfälle
KW - Final disposal cask
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-45460
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Herold, Christian
A1 - Völzke, Holger
A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa
T1 - Verbundvorhaben "KoBrA"
N2 - Im Verbundvorhaben "KoBrA" sollen systematisch Randbedingungen, Anforderungen und Konzepte für BE/HLW-Endlagerbehälter in den potentiellen Wirtsgesteinen Kristallin, Ton und Salz gesammelt, zusammengetragen und ausgewertet werden. Am Ende sollen generische Behälteranforderungen und -Konzepte für mögliche endlagerfähige Behälter in Deutschland erarbeitet werden. Hier wird ein Überblick über das gemeinsam mit unseren Partnern von der DBE TEC (jetzt BGE TEC) bearbeitete Gesamtvorhaben mit allen Arbeitspaketen gegeben.
N2 - Within Project "KoBrA" we will compile and analyse requirements, demands and concepts for HLW/SF final disposal containers for the potential host rock formations crystalline, clay and salt, and thereby establish proposals for generic final disposal canisters. This poster presentation offers an overview of all work packages we share with our Partners from DBE TEC (now BGE TEC).
T2 - Fachinformationsgespräch zum FuE-Vorhaben "KoBrA"
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 28.05.2018
KW - Projektvorhaben
KW - Endlagerbehälter
KW - BGE TECHNOLOGY
KW - Literaturrecherche
KW - Endlageranforderungen
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-45466
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Herold, Christian
T1 - Projektvorhaben "KoBrA" - AP1
N2 - Eine umfangreiche Darstellung der bisherigen Ergebnisse des ersten Arbeitspaketes im FuE-Vorhaben "KoBrA": Ziele und Anknüpfungspunkte des AP1; Ableitung von Kriterien und Kategorien; internationale Kernenergienutzung; Quellenbasis und Literaturrecherche; Selektion und Sortierung der Dokumentensammlung; Beispiele internationaler Endlagerprogramme
N2 - An exhaustive presentation of the first working package of project "KoBrA" and its preliminary results: Objectives and follow-up links in- and outside the project; establishing criteria and categories; screening of international nuclear power programmes; reference basis and literature research; selecting and sorting the compiled documents; examplary international final disposal programmes
T2 - Fachinformationsgespräch zum FuE-Vorhaben "KoBrA"
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 28.05.2018
KW - Endlagerbehälter
KW - Kernenergienutzung
KW - Dokumentensammlung
KW - Hochaktive wärmeentwickelnde Abfälle
KW - Länderübersicht
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-45468
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Verbundvorhaben KoBrA: Ausblick zur Umsetzung von Anforderungen in Technische Behälterkonzepte
N2 - Als Ausblick auf noch ausstehende Arbeiten zum Verbundvorhaben "KoBrA" zur Erfassung nationaler und internationaler Anforderungen und Konzepte für Behälter zur Endlagerung wärmeentwickelnder radioaktiver Abfälle in den potentiellen Wirtsgesteinformationen Kristallin, Ton und Salz werden die grundlegenden Anforderungen und Schutzziele der Endlagerbehälter untersucht und der konzeptionelle Weg von Anforderungen hin zu Konzepten erläutert.
N2 - Within project "KoBrA" we want to establish the international state of the art in final disposal containers for HLW/SF, and, based on boundary conditions and national legislation, to propose generic final disposal canisters for all three potential host rocks (crystalline rock, clay and salt) for the German high-level radioactive waste. As a preview on activities yet to come, the primary requirements and demands on final disposal canisters are evaluated, and the way to develop container concepts is illuminated.
T2 - Fachinformationsgespräch zum FuE-Vorhaben "KoBrA"
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 28.05.2018
KW - Endlagerbehälter
KW - Schutzziele
KW - Behälteranforderungen
KW - Behälterkonzepte
KW - Konzeptentwicklung
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-45470
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schlegel, Moritz-Caspar
T1 - Nicht nur „unter Strom“ - Ressourceneffizienz im Ökodesign
N2 - Zusammenfassung des aktuellen Standes der Entwicklungen im Ökodesign mit dem Schwerpunkt auf zukünftige Geltungsbereiche.
T2 - Abteilungskolloquium Abetilung S
CY - BAM AH, Berlin, Germany
DA - 28.06.2018
KW - Ressourceneffizienz
KW - Kreislaufwirtschaft
KW - Ökdoesign
KW - Rechtssetzung
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-46156
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
T1 - Chemical effects in the formation of fs-laser-induced periodic surface structures
N2 - The processing of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS, ripples) on metals and semiconductors in ambient air is usually accompanied by superficial oxidation effects - widely neglected in the current literature. In this contribution, chemical, structural, and mechanical alterations in the formation of femtosecond LIPSS are characterized by a variety of surface analytical techniques, including energy dispersive X-ray analyses (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), micro Raman spectroscopy (µ-RS), and depth-profiling Auger electron microscopy (AEM). Alternative routes of electrochemical and thermal oxidation allow to qualify the relevance of superficial oxidation effects on the tribological performance in oil lubricated reciprocating sliding tribological tests (RSTT). It is revealed that the fs-laser processing of near-wavelength sized LIPSS on metals leads to the formation of a few hundreds of nanometer thick graded oxide layer, consisting mainly of amorphous oxides.
Regardless of its reduced hardness and limited thickness, this nanostructured surface layer can effciently prevent a direct metal-metal contact in the RSTT and may also act as an anchor layer for specific wear-reducing additives contained in the engine oil involved
T2 - 8th International LIPSS Workshop
CY - Bochum, Germany
DA - 27.09.2018
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures, LIPSS
KW - Femtosecond
KW - Oxidation
KW - Tribology
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-46106
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Ghafafian, Carineh
T1 - Analysis of the fatigue strength of various repair concepts for wind turbine rotor blades
N2 - High-performance composites, including glass-fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) materials, are favored as a construction material for wind turbine rotor blades due to their high specific strength and stiffness properties. During the manufacturing process, however, imperfections are often introduced, then further propagated due to harsh environmental conditions and a variety of loads. This leads to failure significantly before their projected 20-year lifespan. As replacement of entire blades can be a costly potential outcome, localized repair of the damaged region to restore structural integrity and thus lengthen its lifespan has become an important issue in recent years. Rotor blades are often repaired using a common technique for composite laminates: adhesively bonded structural repair patches. These methods involve replacing the lost load path with a new material that is joined to the parent structure, and include scarf or plug repairs. However, there currently do not exist any standardized repair procedures for wind turbine rotor blades, as comparisons of blade properties repaired with the existing methods have not been studied in depth. Namely, there is a lack of understanding about the effects of various repair methods on the fatigue life of the shells of rotor blades. This study therefore aims to begin to fill this knowledge gap by testing the influence of different repair patches on the blades’ mechanical properties. Manufactured with the vacuum-assisted resin infusion process, the test specimens are produced as a curved structure with GFRP sandwiching a polyvinyl chloride foam core to best represent a portion of a rotor blade shell. Scarf repairs are then introduced with varying layup techniques, and material properties are examined with cyclical fatigue tests. Crack growth and development is monitored during fatigue testing by various non-destructive testing methods, including passive thermography with an infrared camera system, and a 3D deformation analysis system with ARAMIS. Large deformation fields and detection of in- and out-of-plane deformations is thus possible in-situ. The mechanical behavior and development of defects in the various repaired specimens is compared to each other as well as to reference test specimens with no repair patches. In-situ test data is combined with further non-destructive testing methods, including laminography, and active thermography, to develop a robust understanding of the effects of repair concepts.
T2 - MSE Congress 2018
CY - Darmstadt, Germany
DA - 26.09.2018
KW - Glass fiber reinforced polymers
KW - Lightweight materials
KW - Fatigue of sandwich structures
KW - Wind turbine blades
KW - Sandwich
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-46102
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schlegel, Moritz-Caspar
T1 - Ökodesign: Mehr als nur „Licht aus!“ - Die Europäische Kommission und die Ressourceneffizienz
N2 - - Bisherige und zukünftige gesetzliche Anforderungen an die Ressourcen- und Materialeffizienz
- Entwicklungsstand der Normen zur Umsetzung des Circular Economy Action Plan (M/543)
- Wann kommt das „Winterpaket“ und was beinhaltet es?
T2 - ExFo 2018 – Global Environmental Compliance
CY - Stuttgart, Germany
DA - 13.11.2018
KW - Circular economy
KW - Durability
KW - Reparability
KW - Recycability
KW - Ecodesign
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-46588
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CHAP
A1 - Lübben, S.
A1 - Enzner, V.
A1 - Holm, Olaf
ED - Thiel, S.
ED - Thome-Kozmiensky, E.
ED - Friedrich, B.
ED - Pretz, T.
ED - Quicker, P.
ED - Senk, D. G.
ED - Wotruba, H.
T1 - Aufbereitung von Teilströmen der Abfallverbrennungsasche zu hochwertigen Zuschlagstoffen und deren Einsatz als Recyclingprodukte in der Baustoffindustrie
T1 - Treatment of Separated Mass Fractions of Waste Incineration Bottom Ashes for the Use as Secondary Construction Material
N2 - In the framework of the project OPTIMIN a fractionation of BA in different grain size distributions with an integrated washing step has been carried out. Due to further treatment and measurements of the resulting three fractions 0–0.2 mm, 0.2–2 mm and 2–25 mm, the possible application in asphalt, concrete or cement has been investigated.
One option could be the use of fresh BA which has been treated prior to the ageing processes. The preliminary results show the shifting of pollutants to the fine fraction but also components responsible for the ageing processes. Parts of the fine fraction hold the limit values for the cement plant of the project partner. On the other hand, the Contents of copper and zinc exceed the standard values for the process. The coarser fractions are free from mineral coatings and are not agglomerated in the case of the use of fresh BA.
A following industrial separation step of glass has been successful. From the physical point of view an application in asphalt or concrete for the coarser fractions seems to be feasible. However, in leaching experiments a high release of different metals, especially copper, could be detected. This is probably due to the poorly conceived washing process but needs to be further investigated.
N2 - Im Rahmen des Projekts OPTIMIN wurde eine Fraktionierung von Rostasche in verschiedene Korngrößenverteilungen mit integriertem Waschschritt durchgeführt. Aufgrund der weiteren Behandlung und Analyse der resultierenden drei Fraktionen 0–0,2 mm, 0,2–2 mm und 2–25 mm wurde die mögliche Verwertung in Asphalt, Beton oder Zement untersucht.
Eine Option könnte die Verwendung von frischer Rostasche sein, die vor dem Einsetzen von Alterungsprozessen behandelt wird. Die vorläufigen Ergebnisse zeigen die Verlagerung von Schadstoffen in die Feinfraktion, aber auch von Anteilen, die für die Alterungsprozesse verantwortlich sind. Teile der Feinfraktion halten die Grenzwerte für das Zementwerk des Projektpartners ein. Andererseits übersteigen die Gehalte an Kupfer und Zink die Vorgabewerte für den Prozess. Die gröberen Fraktionen sind frei von mineralischen Anhaftungen und agglomerieren bei der Verwendung von frischer Rostasche nicht. Die nachfolgende Abtrennung von Glas war erfolgreich. Aus bauphysikalischer Sicht erscheint eine Anwendung in Asphalt oder Beton für die gröberen Fraktionen möglich. In Auslaugtests konnte jedoch eine hohe Freisetzung verschiedener Metalle, insbesondere Kupfer, nachgewiesen werden. Dies ist wahrscheinlich auf den schlecht konzipierten Waschprozess zurückzuführen, muss jedoch weiter untersucht werden.
KW - Ersatzbaustoffe
KW - Rostasche
PY - 2018
SN - 978-3-944310-41-1
VL - 5
SP - 152
EP - 172
PB - TK Verlag
CY - Neuruppin
ET - 1
AN - OPUS4-46618
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kapa, Thomas
A1 - Gmiha, Wajdi
A1 - Heidmann, G.
A1 - Vaterrodt, K.
A1 - Hicke, Konstantin
T1 - Verteilte faseroptische Zustandsüberwachung von Mittel- und Hochspannungskabeln
N2 - Verteilte faseroptische Sensorik eignet sich sehr gut für eine Zustands- und Gefährdungsüberwachung von ausgedehnten Hochspannungskabelinstallationen. Basierend auf der Messung von verschiedenen faseroptischen Rückstreueffekten in der Sensorfaser lassen sich ortsaufgelöste Profile von Messgrößen wie Temperatur, Dehnung oder Vibrationen erzielen.
Hier demonstrieren wir die Leistungsfähigkeit verschiedener faseroptischer Sensorikansätze bezüglich dieser Größen anhand von Experimenten u.a. an einem Mittelspannungskabel. Des Weiteren zeigen wir, wie die Verwendung von verschiedenen Sensorkabeltypen mit unterschiedlicher Applikation auf der Kabeloberfläche die Messergebnisse bei einem Biegeversuch beeinflussen und schlussfolgern damit auf die für die Einbettung in Kabeln geeigneten Sensoren.
T2 - VDE Fachtagung Hochspannungstechnik
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 12.11.2018
KW - Verteilte Fasersensorik
KW - Hochspannung
KW - Monitoring
PY - 2018
SN - 978-3-8007-4807-5
SN - 0341-3934
VL - 2018
SP - 1
EP - 6
PB - VDE Verlag GmbH
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-46620
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kapa, Thomas
T1 - Verteilte faseroptische Zustandsüberwachung von Mittel- und Hochspannungskabeln
N2 - Verteilte faseroptische Sensorik eignet sich sehr gut für eine Zustands- und Gefährdungsüberwachung von ausgedehnten Hochspannungskabelinstallationen. Basierend auf der Messung von verschiedenen faseroptischen Rückstreueffekten in der Sensorfaser lassen sich ortsaufgelöste Profile von Messgrößen wie Temperatur, Dehnung oder Vibrationen erzielen.
Hier demonstrieren wir die Leistungsfähigkeit verschiedener faseroptischer Sensorikansätze bezüglich dieser Größen anhand von Experimenten u.a. an einem Mittelspannungskabel. Des Weiteren zeigen wir, wie die Verwendung von verschiedenen Sensorkabeltypen mit unterschiedlicher Applikation auf der Kabeloberfläche die Messergebnisse bei einem Biegeversuch beeinflussen und schlussfolgern damit auf die für die Einbettung in Kabeln geeigneten Sensoren.
T2 - VDE Fachtagung Hochspannungstechnik
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 12.11.2018
KW - Verteilte Fasersensorik
KW - Hochspannung
KW - Monitoring
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-46622
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Stamenkovic, V.
A1 - Kapa, Thomas
A1 - Felsheim, F.
A1 - Plath, R.
T1 - Dielektrische Diagnose von 110kV-Gasaußendruckkabelprüflingen unter Betriebsbedingungen mit faseroptischer Temperaturerfassung
N2 - Es wurde ein Messaufbau realisiert, der die Betriebsedingungen von hydraulisch- pneumatischen Gasdruckkabelsystemen nachbildet und in dieser Veröffentlichung vorgestellt. Mit seiner Hilfe können im Labor diagnostische Messungen und beschleunigte Alterung der Isolierung bei variablen Temperaturen, Druckstufen, Spannungen und Frequenzen durchgeführt werden. Zur Temperatureinstellung wurde im Messaufbau eine Kurzschlussschleife verwendet, die stabile Heizströme über 700 A bei 50 Hz ermöglicht. Der Prüfspannungsbereich während der Verlustfaktor- und Teilentladungsmessungen lag zwischen 1 kV bis 25 kV mit einem Frequenzbereich zwischen 0,1 Hz bis 60 Hz. Um die örtliche und zeitlich lastabhängige Temperatur entlang des Messbelags bestimmen zu können, wurde eine optische Faser (Loose tube) um den Prüfling gewickelt, so dass eine ortsaufgelöste Temperaturermittlung über den Prüflingsmantel erreicht wurde. Aus den erhaltenen Temperaturmessdaten wurde ein einphasiges, planares thermisches Modell erzeugt, das das thermische Verhalten des Prüflings in Abhängigkeit von Laststrom, Raumtemperatur und Materialdaten nachbildet. Dieses wurde mit den aufgenommenen Messdaten verglichen. Aus den Erkenntnissen des einphasigen thermischen Modells soll ein dreiphasiges Modell entstehen, mit dessen Hilfe die Diagnosetemperatur und das Abkühlverhalten von erdverlegten Gasdruckkabeln abgeschätzt werden können. Dadurch kann zukünftig der Temperatureinflusses bei der Interpretation von Vor-Ort-Messungen hinzugezogen werden.
T2 - VDE Fachtagung Hochspannungstechnik
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 12.11.2018
KW - Temperatur
KW - Fasersensorik
KW - Hochspannung
PY - 2018
SN - 978-3-8007-4807-5
VL - 2018
SP - 1
PB - VDE Verlag GmbH
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-46617
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CHAP
A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor
A1 - Quercetti, Thomas
A1 - Wille, Frank
ED - Saegusa, Toshiari
ED - Sert, Gilles
ED - Völzke, Holger
ED - Wille, Frank
T1 - Internal cask content collision during drop tests
N2 - The interaction between the package lid system and internal Content during mechanical drop testing is a decisive matter in evaluating Impact loads and the safety of the package. In the case of movable contents ist impact onto the inner side of the package lid can cause additional load peaks on the lid and the lid bolts. Some aspects of this issue were discussed on the basis of experimental results from instrumented drop tests with transport casks and on the basis of analytical approaches.
KW - Transport casks
KW - Drop tests
KW - Internal collision
PY - 2018
SN - 978-981-3234-03-1
SP - Chapter 7, 103
EP - 120
PB - World Scientific Publishing
CY - Singapore
ET - 1
AN - OPUS4-47539
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CHAP
A1 - Völzke, Holger
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
ED - Saegusa, T.
ED - Sert, G.
ED - Völzke, Holger
ED - Wille, Frank
T1 - Long-term metal seal performance
N2 - For the long-term storage of spent nuclear fuel and other high-Level radioactive waste, dual purpose casks for the transportation and storage are widely used. Usually, these casks consist of a thick-walled monolithic cask body and a bolted double barrier lid System equipped with metal seals (consisting of an inner helical spring and two outer metal layers with a total cross-section diameter between 5 and 10 mm) to ensure the long-term safe confinement of the radioactive inventory.
Based on analytical and experimental studies, such metallic Systems have been qualified of storage periods of up to four decades so far as long as proper manufacturing and assembling conditions are met. More than 20 years of Operation experience with a permanently increasing number of casks has shown full compliance with the expectations.
In the meantime many countries have to face a significant delay of establishing a high-level radioactive waste repository what leads to Need for extending interim storage periods for probably 60, 80 or 100 years.
For that reason the long-term performance of metal seals for such time periods is of specific internst to demonstrate their sufficient safety function and specific investigations have already been launched, e.g. by BAM, to gain more experimental data and to develop validated models to extrapolate the seal performance to longer periods of time and or requested temperature levels.
KW - Metal Seal
KW - Container
KW - Safety
KW - radioactive waste
PY - 2018
SN - 978-981-3234-03-1
SP - Chapter 20, 293
EP - 303
PB - World Scientific
CY - Singapore
AN - OPUS4-47669
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Babutzka, Martin
A1 - Mietz, Jürgen
A1 - Burkert, Andreas
T1 - Investigation of the salinization of steel surfaces in marine environment
N2 - The salinization and contamination of metal surfaces by chloride-containing aerosols is of great importance with regard to corrosion phenomena of damaged coated metal surfaces and stainless steels in the maritime sector and in offshore applications. Detailed questions have to be answered to clarify whether and to what extent salinization of the surface has an influence on the adhesion and durability of coatings in repairing applications and on pitting occurrence on stainless steels under atmospheric conditions. The questions arise which degree of salinization is reached after which period of time and how a defined and reproducible salinization can be simulated in the laboratory for further systematic investigations. The article is dedicated to these questions. Results of a field trial on the Island of Heligoland are presented and a simple procedure for a defined loading of metal surfaces with chlorides at a laboratory scale using a design of experiments (DoE) approach is introduced.
KW - Maritime Atmosphäre
KW - Versalzung
KW - Maritime atmosphere
KW - Salinization
PY - 2018
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.201810636
SN - 0947-5117
SN - 1521-4176
VL - 70
IS - 6
SP - 1016
EP - 1025
PB - Wiley-VCH Verlag
CY - Weinheim
AN - OPUS4-47727
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Grimault de Freitas, Tomás
T1 - Closing the gaps towards the Standardisation of the Hollow Specimen Method for Tests in High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas
N2 - Metallic materials, mainly steels, are the most commonly used structural materials in various components throughout the hydrogen supply chain. Ensuring their sustainable and safe use in hydrogen technologies is a crucial factor in the development of the hydrogen economy. This is particularly important since hydrogen can promote crack formation and ultimately lead to premature failure in these materials when combined with mechanical load. This process is commonly known as Hydrogen Embrittlement and can occur in a large number of steels used for the hydrogen technologies.[1] Extensive materials qualification is required for the rapid implementation of hydrogen technologies, however, most accepted, and standardised test methods for determining the effect of gaseous hydrogen on metallic materials describe complex and costly procedures (e.g. in-situ autoclave technique) that are only available to a very limited extent worldwide.
The hollow specimen technique is a simple and economical method that has the potential to overcome the limitations of the current methods and complement them for qualifying metallic materials under high-pressure hydrogen gas. Unlike the conventional autoclave technique, this method requires significantly lower amounts of hydrogen, resulting in fewer safety measures and no need for complex equipment or a specialised laboratory. The technique's low investment and testing costs, simple operation, and shorter testing time make it an optimal for widespread use around the world, thereby increasing the output of results.
Initial studies have demonstrated the feasibility of assessing hydrogen effects in metallic materials using the hollow specimen technique. This led to the establishment of an ISO committee to standardise the method, however, there are open questions that currently prevent the technique from being standardised for hydrogen testing. These open questions relate to specimen geometry, inner hole surface and gas quality and are being addressed in the TransHyDE - H2HohlZug project. The aim of the project is to systematically address and close the gaps towards the standardisation of this technique for tests in hydrogen.
The project is divided into four work packages. First, the elastic-plastic behaviour of a hollow tensile specimen is compared with that of a conventional solid tensile specimen of identical external dimensions using finite element methods (3D-FEM) and subsequently validated by experimental results. In the second, the influence of the inner hole surface quality of the specimen on the hydrogen effects is evaluated. Five different methods of producing the inner axial hole were chosen to ensure different average roughness values and residual stresses (drilling vs. EDM), and also to ensure a good representation of the more common and easily accessible processes (drilling and reaming) to the more complex ones (EDM and honing). Next, the influence of gas purity (different compositions) and purging process (different routines) is evaluated. Finally, an optimal specimen geometry, inner hole production process, gas quality and purging process are proposed from each working package and its reproducibility and repeatability is evaluated in a round robin with national and international partners.
This contribution presents the structure and milestones of the project, followed by initial results regarding the influence of different manufacturing and finishing processes on the inner hole surface of the hollow specimen and its response to hydrogen effects.
T2 - MPA Seminar 2024 - Materials, Processes, Applications
CY - Stuttgart, Germany
DA - 08.10.2024
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Hydrogen Embrittlement
KW - Tensile Test
KW - High-Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen
KW - Hollow Specimen Technique
KW - Standardisation
KW - TransHyDE
KW - H2HohlZug
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61286
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eisermann, R.
A1 - Esterl, F.
A1 - Schuchardt, M.
A1 - Breithaupt, Mathias
A1 - Plath, R.
T1 - Distributed acoustic/vibration sensing: Towards advanced transformer condition monitoring
N2 - A novel method for transformer vibration monitoring using intensity-based distributed acoustic/vibration sensing (DAS/DVS) is presented. Fibre optic sensors were fully integrated into an oil-filled medium voltage distribution transformer. Opencircuit in-situ measurements were carried out using a single and three-phase supply with an electrical power of up to 30 kVA.
Spectral analysis of the mechanical vibrations were performed by measuring the frequency response of the transformer using plain fibre- and transducer-based DVS approaches. The results were compared with the spectra of a microphone mounted on the outside of the transformer housing and the electrical measurements on the high voltage side. Using the fibre optic DVS based monitoring we were able to detect changes in operating power and frequency. Further it could be shown, that it is possible to identify anomalous behaviour such as electrical/mechanical noise sources using the determined vibration spectra.
T2 - 2024 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Applications (ICHVE)
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 18.08.2024
KW - Distributed acoustic sensing
KW - DAS
KW - Transformer monitoring
PY - 2024
DO - https://doi.org/10.1109/ICHVE61955.2024.10676084
SP - 1
EP - 4
PB - IEEE
CY - New York City, New York, USA
AN - OPUS4-61798
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Román Healy Corominas, Francesco Piccolo
T1 - Sulfur Spillover on Carbon Materials and its Relevance for Metall-Sulfur Solid-State Batteries
N2 - Lithium-sulfur batteries are commonly assembled using a composite material containing porous carbon and sulfur as the cathode. While much work has been done on the design of such high performance composites, the interaction between sulfur and carbon is poorly unterstood. Here we provide further evidence that sulfur and porous carbon undergo a spontaneous reaction at room temperature, recently described as "sulfur spillover". Thermal measurements, XRD, XAS and EPR are used to provide insight into the interaction energy and structure of sulfur after spillover. We also show that the effect may cause a loss in cell voltage by about 70 mV.
T2 - 11th Workshop Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
CY - Dresden, Germany
DA - 11.11.2024
KW - Sulfur Spillover
KW - Metal-Sulfur Solid-State Batteries
KW - TAM IV
KW - XRD
KW - XAS
KW - EPR
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61736
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zinas, Orestis
A1 - Wilhelm, Sigrid
T1 - CPT-based probabilistic design of monopile foundations
N2 - This work was presented in the two-day workshop ‘Reliability-based methods in geotechnics’ organized by BAM and DGGT AK 2.15 in cooperation with the DGGT Academy. The presentation provides an overview of the sources of uncertainty in geotechnical analyses. A probabilistic 3D ground model of the cone-tip resistance from CPTs is developed utilizing sparse CPT data from a real offshore wind farm site in the North Sea. The predictive cone tip resistance model is used to derive a design property, such as the friction angle, using geotechnical transformation models. The friction angle profiles are then used to show an example of monopile design under uncertainty.
T2 - Workshop: Einführung in die zuverlässigkeitsbasierte Bemessung in der Geotechnik 2024
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 19.11.2024
KW - Geotechnical site-characterization
KW - CPT
KW - Spatial variability
KW - Gaussian process regression
KW - Design of monopiles
KW - Offshore wind farms
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61716
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - KI-unterstützte Begutachtung der Behältersicherheit
N2 - Die BAM führt sicherheitswissenschaftliche Begutachtungen von Gefahrgutbehältern durch, die mechanische, thermische, abschirmende und transportbezogene Analysen sowie Materialbewertungen und experimentelle Prüfungen umfassen. Diese Begutachtungen basieren auf umfassenden Sicherheitsberichten und Betriebsdokumentationen, die zahlreiche verknüpfte Dokumente und Daten enthalten. Änderungen an Komponenten oder regulatorischen Vorgaben können große Auswirkungen auf den Prüfumfang haben.
Das Projekt sieht vor, die Datenanalyse und -bereitstellung mittels KI-Ansätzen zu verbessern. Es sollen Methoden zur automatischen Analyse und Verknüpfung komplexer Dokumentationen entwickelt werden. Ziel ist es, die Effizienz und Sicherheit der Datenanalyse und späteren Sicherheitsbewertung zu steigern, menschliche Fehler zu minimieren und die Qualität der Sicherheitsbewertungen zu verbessern. Die Qualität der Datenbereitstellung aus Zeichnungen, Tabellen, Texten und Berechnungen ist entscheidend für die Verarbeitung digitaler Formate der Behälterdokumentation. Ein neuro-symbolischer KI-Ansatz kombiniert neuronale Netze und symbolische KI, um die komplexen Inhalte zu analysieren und zu verknüpfen, was für die spätere Sicherheitsbewertung der Gefahrgutbehälter entscheidend ist.
In vortrainierten Large Language Models (LLMs) fehlen für diesen Anwendungsfall spezifische fachliche Daten zur Behältersicherheit was zu fehlerhaften Ergebnissen führen kann. Für die Datenbereitstellung und Analyse im Zuge einer Sicherheitsbewertung gilt es dieses auszuschließen. Hierzu soll die RAG-Architektur (Retrieval-Augmented Generation) im Zusammenspiel mit LLMs angewendet werden. Dieser neue Ansatz der natürlichen Sprachverarbeitung und generativen KI soll die Stärken vortrainierter Sprachmodelle mit Fachwissen und Informationen aus Datenbanken und Dokumentensammlungen kombinieren. Die generierten Ergebnisse sollen dabei zusammen mit den verwendeten Quellen bereitgestellt werden, um eine fundierte und nachvollziehbare Basis für die Sicherheitsbewertung bilden.
T2 - Informationsaustausch zur verkehrsrechtlichen Aufsicht bei der Beförderung radioaktiver Stoffe
CY - Bonn, Germany
DA - 04.02.2025
KW - KI
KW - RAG
KW - LLM
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62538
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Krentel, Daniel
A1 - Seeber, Henrik
T1 - Sensorträger Einsatzkraft – System zur Erfassung der kurzzeitdynamischen Belastung von Einsatzkräften
N2 - Einsatzkräfte von Feuerwehr, Polizei, THW, etc., aber auch Passanten, sind im Training und auch der realen Gefahrenlage einer Vielzahl von Belastungen ausgesetzt. Neben u.a. Gefahrstoffen, elektromagnetischer Strahlung gibt es besondere Gefährdungen wie z. B. Explosionen, die durch eine kurzzeitdynamische Einwirkung charakterisiert sind. Dabei stellt die Überdruckbelastung eine unzureichend erfasste Gefährdung dar [1]. Zur Beurteilung dieser Gefährdung und potenzieller Schutzmöglichkeiten, ist die Erfassung und Charakterisierung der auftretenden Lastfälle in realistischen Einsatz- und Trainingsszenarien mit hochauflösender Messtechnik nötig [2, 3]. Bei der Erfassung sollen der Trainings- oder Einsatzablauf und die körperliche Belastung so gering wie möglich beeinflusst werden. Dies kann mit aktuell verfügbaren Messsystemen nicht gewährleistet werden.
Die BAM stellt daher ein System, den „Sensorträger Einsatzkraft“ (StEk), als Prototyp vor. Dieser Prototyp besteht aus einem autarken, kurzzeitdynamischen Messsystem zur Erfassung der Überdruckbelastung von exponierten Personen. Das in einem Rucksack untergebrachte Messsystem zeichnet sich durch geringes Gewicht und Autarkie aus und ermöglicht damit erstmals den dynamischen Einsatz hochauflösender Messtechnik in Trainings- oder Einsatzszenarien mit wissenschaftlichem Anspruch.
In Situationen, in denen der Einsatz eines Menschen nicht möglich ist, kann der StEk auch mit einem teilweise biofidelen Dummy mit ergänzender, verbauter Sensorik, eingesetzt werden. Darüber hinaus können mit diesem Ansatz kommerziell erhältliche Druckmonitoring-Tools auf ihre Eignung evaluiert und validiert werden.
Derzeit wird ein weiteres autarkes Messsystem aufgebaut, das hinsichtlich der Leistungsfähigkeit der verbauten Messtechnik eine Weiterentwicklung des Prototyps darstellt. Neben der Erfassung kurzzeitiger dynamischer Belastungen sollen auch Belastungen des Trägers wie Lärm, körpernahe Temperatur und Wärmestrahlung erfasst werden können.
T2 - Fachkongress „Forschung für den Bevölkerungsschutz“
CY - Bonn, Germany
DA - 05.02.2025
KW - Blast
KW - Low-level blast
KW - Explosionswirkung
KW - Einsatzkraft
KW - Messtechnik
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62550
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - RPRT
A1 - Krankenhagen, Rainer
A1 - Chaudhuri, Somsubhro
A1 - Stamm, Michael
A1 - Lapšanská, Ivana
A1 - Aderhold, J.
A1 - Schlüter, F.
T1 - EvalTherm – Evaluierung der passiven Thermografie für die Zustandsbewertung von Rotorblättern an Windenergieanlagen
N2 - Der Bericht gibt einen Überblick über im Rahmen des Projektes durchgeführte Forschungsarbeiten sowie ausgewählte Ergebnisse. Er wurde zusammen mit dem FhI für Holzforschung (WKI) erstellt.
KW - Rotorblattinspektion
KW - Passive Thermografie
KW - Feldmessungen
KW - Windturbine
PY - 2025
N1 - Schlussbericht des Projektes
N1 - Laufzeit: 1.9.2020 – 31.8.2024
N1 - Das Verbundprojekt wurde im Rahmen des 7. Energieforschungsprogramms "Innovationen für die Energiewende" gefördert
N1 - Das Vorhaben wurde mit Mitteln des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Klima unter dem Förderkennzeichen 03EE3035A/B gefördert
SP - 1
EP - 67
PB - Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)
CY - Hannover
AN - OPUS4-62647
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Weiss, Daniel
A1 - Asna Ashari, Parsa
A1 - Blind, Knut
T1 - Exploring the fuel-cell technological innovation system: Technology interactions in the mobility sector
N2 - With the rise of alternative sustainable powertrain technologies, the mobility paradigm has undergone fundamental changes in recent years. In the wake of the ongoing transition of the road-vehicle sector, fuel-cell vehicles (FCVs) have received increased political attention. However, they constitute only a tiny fraction of total road vehicles nowadays and still face competition from other powertrain technologies. Therefore, this study specifically focuses on how the focal technological innovation system of FCVs is influenced by the emerging electric vehicles (EVs) and established internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) as its context structures. To this end, our time-series vector error correction models analyze the short- and long-run causalities between our focal TIS and its context structures. Using publications, patents, and standards as quantitative TIS indicators, we analyze the modes of technology interaction between FCVs and EVs and FCVs and ICEVs to determine the life-cycle phase of our focal FCV-TIS in more depth. Our results demonstrate that the FCV-TIS is in its formative phase based on the dominance of the EV and ICEV context structures. As policy implications, we derive application-sensitive technology policies that combine the benefits of each mobility technology toward the sustainable transition of the mobility sector.
KW - Technological innovation system (TIS)
KW - Technology interaction
KW - TIS-context relations
KW - Fuel-cell vehicles
KW - Electric vehicles
KW - Internal combustion engine vehicles
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-626599
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2024.101107
SN - 2590-1982
VL - 25
SP - 1
EP - 15
PB - Elsevier
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-62659
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Weber, Mike
T1 - Consequences of an imperfectly mounted reinforcement cage in a generical cylindrical concrete container during mechanical specimen tests
N2 - By highest court decision in 2007 the issued license for the Konrad repository (a former iron ore mine) for low and intermediate level radioactive waste was finally confirmed. Since then, the site is improved, prepared and equipped for the currently planned start of waste package emplacement by 2029. The Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing) is regularly contracted by the Bundesgesellschaft für Endlagerung (BGE, Federal Company for Radioactive Waste Disposal) as the responsible authority for waste product control, waste container design testing, and waste package acceptance. In this context BAM is mainly responsible for design testing of various container types including the evaluation quality assurance measures for container manufacturing.
In the written Konrad disposal requirements [1] [2], all acceptance criteria for potential final disposal containers are defined. In addition to general requirements concerning container design, materials, dimensions and others, specific mechanical load scenarios the casks have to withstand are derived from an analysis of the on-site handling and emplacement procedures. Drop tests from different heights under consideration of the most damaging drop orientation and a stacking test are two examples for safety demonstrations that have to be performed during the container design testing procedure to qualify the respective container type.
The containers, whether cubic or cylindrical containers, can be made from different materials like ductile cast iron, reinforced concrete or as welded construction from steel plates and profiles. In case of concrete containers the reinforcement has the function to absorb tensile forces the concrete is not able to withstand by its own. Because of manufacturing imperfections of cylindrical concrete waste containers manufactured already decades ago, the reinforcement cages are not always exactly, axisymmetrically positioned when they were poured. This inspired BAM to perform various ABAQUS finite-element (FE) simulations [3] by using the example of a simplified cylindrical container design with generic dimensions and pure elastic material properties. As outcome the stress conditions in the container during the drop test impact under different drop positions and during the stacking test were investigated and are explained and illustrated in this contribution. Different reinforcement cage positions were calculated and compared. On the basis of the calculated tensile and compressive stress distributions suggestions are derived on how a cylindrical concrete container with an imperfectly placed reinforcement cage has to be oriented for a drop or stacking test to ensure the most damaging test scenario.
T2 - ASME 2024 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference
CY - Bellevue, Washington, USA
DA - 28.07.2024
KW - Container design testing procedure
KW - Reinforced concrete containers
KW - Drop test
KW - Stacking test
KW - Imperfectly mounted reinforcement cage
KW - Finite-element-analysis
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62560
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schneider, Ronald
T1 - Zuverlässigkeitsbasierte Bemessung und Monte Carlo Simulation
N2 - Am 19. und 20.11.2024 veranstaltete die BAM und der DGGT AK 2.15 „Zuverlässigkeitsbasierte Methoden in der Geotechnik“ in Zusammenarbeit mit der DGGT-Akademie einen zweitägigen Workshop zur Einführung in die zuverlässigkeitsbasierte Bemessung.
Am ersten Tag wurden in einem Short Course die Grundlagen der Zuverlässigkeitsanalyse in der Geotechnik vermittelt, wobei den Teilnehmenden die Möglichkeit geboten wurde, unter Anleitung Aufgaben mit Hilfe geeigneter Software am PC selbstständig zu bearbeiten.
In diesem Vortrag wurde die Grundlagen der zuverlässigkeitsbasierten Bemessung und die Monte Carlo Simulation zur Abschätzung der Versagenswahrscheinlichkeit dargestellt.
T2 - 2. Workshop des DGGT AK 2.15 „Zuverlässigkeitsbasierte Methoden in der Geotechnik“
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 19.11.2024
KW - Zuverlässigkeitsanalyse
KW - Geotechnik
KW - Monte Carlo Simulation
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61905
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schneider, Ronald
A1 - Schwiersch, Niklas
T1 - Betrieb und Planung - Ausgewählte Vorteile von Risikoanalysen im Ingenieur- und Wasserbau
N2 - Am 19. und 20.11.2024 veranstaltete die BAM und der DGGT AK 2.15 „Zuverlässigkeitsbasierte Methoden in der Geotechnik“ in Zusammenarbeit mit der DGGT-Akademie einen zweitägigen Workshop zur Einführung in die zuverlässigkeitsbasierte Bemessung.
Im Rahmen der Vortragsveranstaltung am zweiten Tag wurden zum einen die unterschiedlichen Sicherheits- und Bemessungsphilosophien nach dem bewährten Teilsicherheitskonzept sowie nach dem zuverlässigkeitsbasierten Konzept vorgestellt. Zum anderen werden verschiedene Anwendungen zuverlässigkeitsbasierter Verfahren aus der Ingenieurpraxis und Wissenschaft präsentiert.
In diesem Vortrag wurden aus Sicht des Ingenieur- und Wasserbaus Vorteile von Risikoanalysen u. a. für die Planung von Inspektionszyklen, die Ursachenforschung im Versagensfall und die Konzeption von Hochwasserrisikomanagement-Maßnahmen präsentiert.
T2 - 2. Workshop des DGGT AK 2.15 „Zuverlässigkeitsbasierte Methoden in der Geotechnik“
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 19.11.2024
KW - Risikoanalyse
KW - Offshore-Strukturen
KW - Hochwasserschutz
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61906
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schwarz, Irina
A1 - Rieck, Arielle
T1 - Valorization of carbon dioxide by electrocatalytic reduction coupled to acetogens via multiple electron carriers (Ecat-acetogens)
N2 - To alleviate CO2 emissions and their impact on climate change, converting carbon dioxide into valuable products such as multi-carbon organic chemicals is of great importance. CO2 can be converted via different pathways such as electrochemical, photo-electrochemical and biological etc. Each approach offers distinct merits but also certain challenges in terms of process efficiency, product selectivity and implementation at scale etc. Therefore, developing coupled CO2 conversion systems, for instance bioelectrochemical reactors, can potentially address some of those challenges.[1] In this work, the focus is on developing cost-efficient, biocompatible, and high activity porous M-N-C catalysts with M = Ni and Co that are atomically dispersed as NiN4 and CoN4 active sites in porous carbon matrix. Ni- and Co-N-Cs are prepared by active-site imprinting approach using Mg as an imprinter.[2][3] Pyrolysis of Mg-N-C is carried out in a salt-melt at high temperatures (≥ 800 oC) and followed by an exchange with Ni or Co at low temperatures. N2-sorption of the materials reveal a micro-mesoporous structure with high surface areas (> 1000 m2 g-1) and a mass-transport enabling pore system. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) reveal the existence of atomically dispersed single atom active sites with defined active site structure. A variety of Ni-N-Cs and Co-N-Cs were tested for CO2R activity in a rotating disc electrode (RDE) setup, showing high activity and selectivity towards CO2R versus the competing HER. Subsequently, these catalysts were implemented in a home-made bio-electrocatalytical system (BES) consisting of a bioreactor coupled to a CO2 electrolysis cell. Here, CO2 is first electrochemically converted to CO in the electrolysis cell which is then directly fed to bacteria (Clostridium ragsdalei) in bioreactor who further metabolize it to valuable carbon compounds such as acetate. In the BES, partial pressures of CO reached a maximum of 5.7 mbar and that of hydrogen was 2.7 mbar after 30 h. A specific exponential bacterial growth rate of 0.16 h-1 was observed with acetate formation rate of 1.8 mg L-1 h-1 and an acetate concentration of 0.103 g L-1 corresponding to acetate formation rate of 0.73 mmol d-1. As will be discussed in greater details in this talk, we have successfully demonstrated the validity of a coupled bio-electrocatalytical system concept operating with Co- and Ni-N-C catalysts for CO2 conversion.
T2 - Joint SPP Conference
CY - Jena, Germany
DA - 06.11.2024
KW - CO2 Reduktion
KW - Bioelectrocatalytical system
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61993
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schwarz, Irina
A1 - Rieck, Arielle
T1 - Valorization of carbon dioxide by electrocatalytic reduction
coupled to acetogens via multiple electron carriers
(Ecat-acetogens)
N2 - For the realization of a sustainable energy economy, it is of great importance to develop CO2 -neutral methods producing multi-carbon organic chemicals used as feedstock as well as carbon-neutral fuels by CO2 capture and conversion. In this work, a bio-electrocatalytical system (BES) consisting of a bioreactor coupled to a CO2 electrolysis cell is established. CO2 is first electrochemically converted to CO in electrolysis cell which is then directly fed to bacteria (acetogens) to further metabolize it to valuable carbon compounds such as acetate. The objective of this study is to develop cost-efficient, biocompatible and high activity electrocatalysts that can selectively convert CO2 to CO. Porous nitrogen-doped carbons containing atomically dispersed Ni and Co (Ni or Co-N-Cs) are prepared by active-site imprinting approach. First, synthesis of Mg- or Zn-N-C was carried out through pyrolysis of precursors in a salt melt followed by exchange with Ni or Co. N2-sorption porosimetry of the materials reveal a micro-mesoporous structure with high surface areas (> 1000 m2 g-1) and a mass-transport enabling pore system. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) reveal the existence of single atom sites with no formation of nanoparticles. A variety of Ni-N-Cs and Co-N-Cs were tested for CO2R activity in a rotating disc electrode (RDE) setup, showing high activity (Tafel slopes range from 77 – 130 mV/decade) and selectivity towards CO2R versus the competing HER. Before operation in the BES, first tests were performed in a single cell. Significantly increased current was detected in the CO2R test in CO2-saturated electrolyte vs. in N2 -saturated electrolyte indirectly proving formation of carbon monoxide (CO). Transfer of the electrolysis cell operation into the BES proved to be successful. For biotic operation, the BES was inoculated with Clostridium ragsdalei. Partial pressures pCO reached a maximum of 5.7 mbar and pH2 was 2.7 mbar after 30h. The reduction of partial pressures is interpreted as the consumption of the gases by C.ragsdalei. We report a specific exponential growth rate of 0.16 h-1, acetate formation rate of 1.8 mg L-1 h-1 and an acetate concetration of 0.103 g L-1 corresponding to acetate formation rate of 0.73 mmol d-1.In this work we successfully demonstrated an integrated bio-electrocatalytic system (BES) to convert CO2 into value-added chemicals. The usage of a Co- and Ni-N-Cs as the reduction catalyst within the BES allowed production of CO and H2 with relative selectivity for CO resulting in the growth of Clostridium ragsdalei and acetate production.
T2 - Joint SPP Conference
CY - Jena, Germany
DA - 06.11.2023
KW - Bioelectrocatalytical system
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-61995
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schwarz, Irina
A1 - Rieck, Arielle
T1 - Valorization of carbon dioxide by electrocatalytic reduction coupled to acetogens via multiple electron carriers (Ecat-acetogens)
N2 - To alleviate CO2 emissions and their impact on climate change, converting carbon dioxide into valuable products such as multi-carbon organic chemicals is of great importance. CO2 can be converted via different pathways such as electrochemical, photo-electrochemical and biological etc. Each approach offers distinct merits but also certain challenges in terms of process efficiency, product selectivity and implementation at scale etc. Therefore, developing coupled CO2 conversion systems, for instance bioelectrochemical reactors, can potentially address some of those challenges.[1] In this work, the focus is on developing cost-efficient, biocompatible, and high activity porous M-N-C catalysts with M = Ni and Co that are atomically dispersed as NiN4 and CoN4 active sites in porous carbon matrix. Ni- and Co-N-Cs are prepared by active-site imprinting approach using Mg as an imprinter.[2][3] Pyrolysis of Mg-N-C is carried out in a salt-melt at high temperatures (≥ 800 oC) and followed by an exchange with Ni or Co at low temperatures. N2-sorption of the materials reveal a micro-mesoporous structure with high surface areas (> 1000 m2 g-1) and a mass-transport enabling pore system. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) reveal the existence of atomically dispersed single atom active sites with defined active site structure. A variety of Ni-N-Cs and Co-N-Cs were tested for CO2R activity in a rotating disc electrode (RDE) setup, showing high activity and selectivity towards CO2R versus the competing HER. Subsequently, these catalysts were implemented in a home-made bio-electrocatalytical system (BES) consisting of a bioreactor coupled to a CO2 electrolysis cell. Here, CO2 is first electrochemically converted to CO in the electrolysis cell which is then directly fed to bacteria (Clostridium ragsdalei) in bioreactor who further metabolize it to valuable carbon compounds such as acetate. In the BES, partial pressures of CO reached a maximum of 5.7 mbar and that of hydrogen was 2.7 mbar after 30 h. A specific exponential bacterial growth rate of 0.16 h-1 was observed with acetate formation rate of 1.8 mg L-1 h-1 and an acetate concentration of 0.103 g L-1 corresponding to acetate formation rate of 0.73 mmol d-1. As will be discussed in greater details in this talk, we have successfully demonstrated the validity of a coupled bio-electrocatalytical system concept operating with Co- and Ni-N-C catalysts for CO2 conversion.
T2 - eBiotech Workshop Week + Status Seminar
CY - Jena, Germany
DA - 19.03.2023
KW - Bioelectrocatalytical system
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-61997
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Brunner-Schwer, Christian
T1 - Von der Young Professional-Förderung zum Start-up der WeldNova GmbH
N2 - Das Unterpulverschweißen (UP) ist das Lichtbogenschweißverfahren mit der höchsten Abschmelzrate. Beim Schweißen von dicken Blechen ist dieses Verfahren jedoch besonders für die Wurzellage von Nachteil. Voll-ständiges Umschmelzen ohne extremen Wurzeldurchhang oder ein Austropfen der Schmelze ist ohne weitere Hilfsmittel schwer zu erreichen. Aus diesem Grund werden Pulver-, Kupfer-, keramische Badstützen oder Ble-che zur Vermeidung des Wurzeldurchhangs verwendet. Bei der Verwendung von Kupfer- oder Keramikstützen beeinflusst beispielsweise die Diffusion chemischer Elemente in die Schweiß- oder Schmelzlinie die mecha-nischen Eigenschaften der Schweißnaht. All diese Badstützen erfordern zusätzliche Schritte zur Vorbereitung und Entfernung sowie zur Reinigung der Schweißwurzel. Die Verwendung einer elektromagnetischen Bad-stütze hat dagegen viele Vorteile. Der Magnet kommt nicht mit dem Werkstück in Kontakt, sodass ein zusätz-licher Schritt des Entfernens nicht erforderlich ist. Versuche mit Laserstrahlschweißen oder Laserhybrid-schweißen haben bereits erstmalig gezeigt, dass Blechdicken bis 30 mm einlagig einseitig geschweißt werden können und zusätzlich ein Spalt oder Kanterversatz von bis zu 2 mm überbrückt werden können. In dieser Arbeit wird die elektromagnetische Badstütze für den UP-Prozess eingesetzt. Die Wurzellage wird an 15 mm dicken Blechen mit einer Spaltgröße von 2 mm geschweißt. Die Verwendung eines elektromagnetischen Sys-tems stellt hier sicher, dass die Schmelze nach oben gedrückt und in Position gehalten wird. Ferner kann die Schweißtiefe entsprechend den magnetischen Parametern angepasst werden. Dieses Verfahren kann die Produktivität im Schweißbereich von vielen Betrieben deutlich steigern und Kosten gleichzeitig senken und kann dazu beitragen, diese Arbeitsplätze in Deutschland zu sichern.
T2 - DVS CONGRESS 2024 Große Schweißtechnische Tagung
CY - Erfurt, Germany
DA - 16.09.2024
KW - Hochleistungs-Lichtbogenschweißen
KW - Unterpulverschweißen
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62038
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Brunner-Schwer, Christian
T1 - Hochleistungslaserhybridschweißen von dickwandigen Stählen – potenzielle Anwendungen in der Windenergieindustrie
N2 - Das Laserstrahl-Lichtbogen-Hybridschweißverfahren kombiniert Laserstrahl- und Lichtbogenschweißverfahren in einem gemeinsamen Schmelzbad. Das Verfahren wurde Ende der 70er Jahre entwickelt, um die Synergieeffekte der Schweißprozesse effektiv zu nutzen. Durch die hohe Strahlungsintensität des Laserstrahls werden hohe Einschweißtiefen erreicht. Es ist möglich, die Anzahl der Schweißlagen zu reduzieren und somit die thermische Belastung des Grundwerkstoffes zu senken, da der Wärmeeintrag verringert wird. Die Überbrückung von Spalten und Kantenversatz kann durch die Zufuhr eines geschmolzenen Zusatzdrahtes durch das MSG-Verfahren erreicht werden. Der Zusatzdraht kann zudem das metallurgische Gefüge positiv beeinflussen. Daher ist das Laser-Hybridschweißverfahren ideal für das einlagige Schweißen von Dickblechen und wird bereits erfolgreich in der Schiffbauindustrie zum Schweißen von Blechen mit einer Dicke von bis zu 15 mm verwendet. Obwohl Hochleistungslaser heutzutage bereits im Multi-Kilowatt-Bereich verfügbar sind, sind sie für den industriellen Einsatz nur auf Stahlbleche mit einer Dicke von max. 15 mm geeignet. Hohe Abkühlgeschwindigkeiten, gravitationsbedingtes Austropfen beim einlagigen Schweißen von Dickblechen, Prozessinstabilitäten bei höheren Laserleistungen und Schweißnahtimperfektionen wie Rissbildung sind einige Faktoren, die den Einsatz von Laser-Hybridschweißtechnologien aktuell begrenzen. Ohne eine Badstütze ist eine Verringerung der Schweißgeschwindigkeit und somit der Abkühlgeschwindigkeit aufgrund unzulässiger Wurzelüberhöhungen oder gravitationsbedingtem Austropfen nicht möglich. Bei herkömmlichen Badstützen ist es allerdings erforderlich, dass sie mechanisch befestigt und die Wurzel entfernt oder nachbearbeitet werden muss. In dieser Arbeit wird als Alternative das innovative Konzept der elektromagnetischen Schweißbadsicherung vorgestellt und die Fähigkeiten dieses Verfahrens erläutert.
T2 - 21. Tagung Schweißen in der maritimen Technik und im Ingenieurbau
CY - Hamburg, Germany
DA - 24.04.2024
KW - Schweißen
KW - Laserschweißen
KW - Behälterbau
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62039
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Brunner-Schwer, Christian
T1 - Auf dem Weg zum einlagigen Schweißen von dickwandigen Bauteilen – Prozesse, Potenziale, Beispiele
N2 - Bislang kommt das Laserstrahlschweißen bzw. Laserhybridschweißen hauptsächlich bei Dickblechen mit einer Wandstärke von bis zu 15 mm zum Einsatz. Für Anwendungen über 20 mm war dieses Verfahren aufgrund einiger Herausforderungen bisher nur bedingt realisierbar. Die von der Ausgründung WeldNova GmbH der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) entwickelte Schweißbadsicherung ermöglicht nun ein einlagiges Schweißen von bis zu 40 mm Wandstärken mit einer Laserleistung von bis zu 20 kW.
T2 - 52. Sondertagung Schweißen im Anlagen und Behälterbau 2024
CY - Munich, Germany
DA - 12.03.2024
KW - Schweißen
KW - Laserschweißen
KW - Windeneergie
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62042
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Nietzke, Jonathan
T1 - H2HohlZug: Standardisation of a New, Cost-effective Method for Material Characterisation for the Hydrogen Economy
N2 - The feasibility of the method for slow strain tensile tests has been demonstrated in several studies, leading to the establishment of the ISO/TC 164/SC 1/WG 9 ISO committee for its standardisation. Questions have emerged during this process, that currently prevent the method from being standardised for hydrogen testing. These questions relate to specimen geometry, specimen manufacturing and gas quality and are being systematically addressed in the TransHyDE-H2HohlZug project.
T2 - TrasnsHyDE Abschlusskonferenz
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 25.03.2025
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Hydrogen Embrittlement
KW - High-Pressure Gaseous Gas
KW - Hollow Specimen Technique
KW - TransHyDE
KW - H2HohlZug
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62823
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rodricks, Carol
T1 - Recyclable or One-Way Composites? Evaluating the Durability of Elium vs. Epoxy Glass Fibre Composites
N2 - Fibre-reinforced polymers are widely used, particularly in lightweight construction, due to their high strength-to-weight ratio and versatility. The expansion of wind turbines calls for ever-lighter materials, and polymer matrix composites are well-positioned to meet this need, offering the necessary strength and long-term durability with reduced weight. However, conventional thermoset composites, such as epoxy-based systems, pose significant recycling challenges as they cannot be easily reprocessed or remoulded. A promising alternative is Elium, a novel thermoplastic resin that offers mechanical properties similar to thermoset polymers while providing the added benefit of chemical recyclability through solvolysis in acetone. This raises an important question: can a recyclable Elium composite match or even surpass the durability of a conventional epoxy composite, particularly in demanding structural applications? In our study, we compare the fatigue performance of Elium (191SA, 151-XO) glass fibre composites to conventional epoxy (RIMR 135, RIMH 137) glass fibre composites. Results indicate that Elium composites demonstrate superior fatigue resistance compared to their epoxy counterparts. The combination of enhanced fatigue durability and chemical recyclability highlights the potential of Elium composites as a sustainable alternative to conventional epoxy-based systems for long-term structural applications.
T2 - Materials Week 2025
CY - Frankfurt am Main, Germany
DA - 02.04.2025
KW - Polymer matrix composites
KW - Recycling
KW - Elium
KW - Fatigue performance
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62936
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Spindlegger, Anna
A1 - Slotyuk, Lyubov
A1 - Jandric, Aleksander
A1 - De Souza, Ricardo Gabbay
A1 - Prenner, Stefanie
A1 - Part, Florian
T1 - Environmental performance of second-life lithium-ion batteries repurposed from electric vehicles for household storage systems
N2 - Repurposing lithium-ion batteries has proven to be a promising solution to address the rising number of end-of-life batteries that can be used for second-life energy storage systems and thus extend their service life. While previous research has provided valuable insights into the environmental benefits of battery repurposing, there is still a need to examine the repurposing process more thoroughly, in order to make well-informed decisions on the implementation of second-life battery storage systems. Therefore, this study examines the influence of different repurposing strategies on the environmental performance of second-life battery energy storage systems. A life cycle assessment was conducted, analysing four repurposing cases relating to the exchange of components, namely
i) new battery management system and module casing (Base case),
ii) new battery management system and reuse of module casing (Case 1),
iii) new module casing and reuse of battery management system (Case 2) and
iv) reuse of module casing and battery management system (Case 3).
These impacts were compared to a storage system with new batteries, to determine the potential environmental benefits and identify the most suitable repurposing strategy. Our findings demonstrate significant environmental benefits of second-life battery energy storage systems across various impact categories and repurposing cases. The Base case and Case 1 resulted in environmental benefits across all impact categories. The highest benefits were observed for metal depletion with savings of 58 % and 61 %, respectively. Increased savings were obtained for Case 2 and Case 3. However, environmental drawbacks were identified for freshwater and marine ecotoxicity. In particular, Case 2 resulted in the highest drawbacks of -22 % and -16 %, respectively. These can be attributed to the allocation procedure, particularly affecting the recycling credits of battery management system recycling. The full allocation of end-of-life impacts and consequently the recycling credits to the second-life battery has not only led to a substantial increase in overall savings, but also resulted in impact categories that originally had disadvantages becoming those with the highest environmental savings. This study demonstrates the importance of carefully selecting repurposing strategies for second-life energy storage systems to maximize their environmental benefits and avoid drawbacks. Additionally, the results highlight the substantial influence of allocation procedures on overall environmental impacts, underscoring the need for clearer methodological guidance on addressing the multifunctionality of repurposed batteries.
KW - Life cycle assessment
KW - Repurposing
KW - Second-life battery
KW - Lithium-ion battery
KW - Battery energy storage system
KW - Circular economy
PY - 2025
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2025.01.003
SN - 2352-5509
VL - 54
SP - 227
EP - 240
PB - Elsevier
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-62940
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Dorszewski, C.
A1 - Dieckmann, J.
A1 - Balaresque, N.
A1 - Krankenhagen, Rainer
A1 - von Freyberg, A.
A1 - Fischer, A.
T1 - Corrigendum: Weather-dependency of the thermographic flow visualization of the laminar-turbulent transition on wind turbines (2024 Meas. Sci. Technol. 35 095301)
N2 - The authors have received additional information from material experts regarding some assumptions made in the article in section 2.2 concerning the heat transfer. Based on the resulting discussion, the corrigendum aims to complement, contextualize and emphasize certain points of the article.
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-630226
DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/adc14b
SN - 1361-6501
N1 - Das Corrigendum ergab sich als Ergebnis einer fachlichen Diskussion unter Beteiligung der BAM über Mängel des Artikels. Bei der Erstellung der ursprünglichen Publikation war die BAM nicht involviert. - The corrigendum resulted from a technical discussion involving BAM regarding deficiencies in the article. BAM was not involved in the preparation of the original publication.
VL - 36
SP - 1
EP - 2
PB - IOP Science
CY - Bristol
AN - OPUS4-63022
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Chaudhuri, Somsubhro
A1 - Junker, Birgit
T1 - Infrared thermography as an inspection tool for wind turbine rotor blades
N2 - With the rapid expansion of wind turbine construction, rotor blades have increasingly been identified as a primary cause of turbine downtime and failure. This has led to a growing demand for inspection technologies through which energy production losses can be minimised—particularly in comparison to conventional methods such as rope-access inspections—and through which sub-surface blade conditions can be assessed to detect damage or failure in advance. Infrared thermography has been considered as a promising non-contact, full-field inspection method that can be applied to rotor blades in both operational and idle states. In this presentation, delivered at BladesEurope 2025, the physical mechanisms that give rise to thermal contrast during thermographic inspection were explained, as this contrast enables the detection and visualisation of structural features. Results obtained from a collaborative project between BAM and Statkraft Norway were presented, followed by the validation of a finite element simulation through experiments conducted in a climate chamber.”
T2 - BladesEurope Forum 2025
CY - Edinburgh, Scotland
DA - 29.04.2025
KW - Thermography
KW - Wind energy
KW - Inspection
KW - Windenergie anlage rotorblätte
KW - Damage detection
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63060
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Stamm, Michael
A1 - Sridaran Venkat, Ramanan
T1 - Harnessing the power of thermal imagery and visual inspection- a mean for reliable damage detection of wind turbine rotor blades
N2 - Generation of green electricity as part of the energy transition is leading to a growing market in the wind energy sector all over the world. Maintenance and inspection are key to the reliability, safety and efficiency of wind turbines, the regular maintenance of rotor blades focuses on damage such as erosion on the leading edge of the profile, delamination and thermal cracks due to lightning strikes. To date, visual inspection by technicians (climbers) has been the state of the art and it is time consuming besides posing safety risk for themselves. Recently, drone-based inspections using visual cameras have become more common, enabling fast, reliable and cost-effective inspections. However, no internal damage to the rotor blades can be detected during such an inspection. Thermography is a recognised method for detecting damage beneath the surface of an object, which has been promoted and further developed at BAM for years. To enhance the accuracy and reliability of wind turbine blade inspection, the fusion o
T2 - 11th European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring
CY - Potsdam, Germany
DA - 10.06.2024
KW - Wind rotor blade inspection
KW - Thermography
KW - Data fusion
KW - Drone inspection
KW - Multi-sensors
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62515
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Simbruner, Kai
A1 - Billone, Michael C.
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
A1 - Liu, Yung Y.
A1 - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Brittle failure analysis and modeling of high-burnup PWR fuel cladding alloys
N2 - The aim of this research is the development of methods for predicting mechanical behavior and identification of limiting conditions to prevent brittle failure of high-burnup (HBU) pressure water reactor (PWR) fuel cladding alloys. A finite element (FE) model of the ring compression test (RCT) was created to analyze the failure behavior of zirconium-based alloys with radial hydrides during the RCT. An elastic-plastic material model describes the zirconium alloy. The stress-strain curve needed for the elastic-plastic material model was derived by inverse finite element analyses. Cohesive zone modeling is used to reproduce sudden load drops during RCT loading. Based on the failure mechanism in non-irradiated ZIRLO® claddings, a micro-mechanical model was developed that distinguishes between brittle failure along hydrides and ductile failure of the zirconium matrix. Two different cohesive laws representing these types of failure are present in the same cohesive interface. The key differences between these constitutive laws are the cohesive strength, the stress at which damage initiates, and the cohesive energy, which is the damage energy dissipated by the cohesive zone. Statistically generated matrix-hydride distributions were mapped onto the cohesive elements and simulations with focus on the first load drop were performed. Computational results are in good agreement with the RCT results conducted on high-burnup M5® samples. It could be shown that crack initiation and propagation strongly depend on the specific configuration of hydrides and matrix material in the fracture area.
KW - Cladding
KW - Radial hydrides
KW - Ring compression test
KW - Cohesive zone model
PY - 2024
DO - https://doi.org/10.1515/kern-2024-0109
SN - 2195-8580
SP - 1
EP - 9
PB - Walter de Gruyter GmbH
AN - OPUS4-62409
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Stamm, Michael
T1 - AI-Assisted thermographic and visual classification of leading-edge erosion of wind turbine blades
N2 - The wind industry is crucial for carbon neutrality, with turbines featuring blades over 100 meters long. Regular inspections, often manual and visual, struggle to capture subsurface damage or airflow dynamics. Leading-edge erosion, caused by rain and hail, significantly reduces turbine efficiency.
The Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) in Berlin is working with industry partners to classify leading-edge damage and estimate yield loss using ground-based thermographic images. These images visualize airflow disruptions caused by erosion. AI models, trained on 1500 thermographic images, can detect and classify this damage.
BAM aims to create a reference dataset by 2024, using data from 30 wind turbines. This dataset will include simultaneous thermographic and high-resolution visual images. The project also explores predicting stall and calculating performance loss due to erosion. A secure data platform facilitates data exchange and federated learning, enhancing AI systems with diverse data.
KW - NDT
KW - Thermography
KW - Wind Turbine Blades
KW - AI
KW - KI-VISIR
PY - 2024
UR - https://source.asnt.org/226h005/
SN - 0025-5327
VL - 82
IS - 6
SP - 14
EP - 15
AN - OPUS4-62452
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Nagel, Thomas
A1 - Rühaak, Wolfram
A1 - Amann, Florian
A1 - Bracke, Guido
A1 - Buske, Stefan
A1 - Kowalski, Julia
A1 - Reiche, Sönke
A1 - Schäfer, Thorsten
A1 - Scheytt, Traugott
A1 - Stumpf, Thorsten
A1 - Völzke, Holger
A1 - Wellmann, Florian
A1 - Kolditz, Olaf
T1 - Deep geological disposal - Editorial to the topical collection
N2 - The subsurface geological environment, historically a key source of fossil and mineral resources, has seen a significant broadening of its potential applications in recent years, with increasing emphasis on its use for energy production and storage.
A critical factor in utilizing subsurface space is ensuring the sustainability of management practices, with particular attention to the potential environmental impacts that may result.
The current Topical Collection on Deep Geological Disposal places greater emphasis on the geotechnical aspects of geological disposal, with a particular focus on the safe isolation of hazardous materials, including radioactive waste. The Topical Collection on Deep Geological Disposal covers both experimental (laboratory and in-situ) and theoretical studies of various geotechnical applications, such as geological disposal of radioactive or other materials, e.g. coal-based solid waste, carbon dioxide sequestration in fractured reservoirs, and brine solutions, but also aspects of uranium mining.
The articles in the Topical Collections are arranged under
the following headings:
– Fundamental studies
– Experimental studies
– Numerical studies
KW - Disposal
KW - Radioactive Waste
KW - Geology
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-624955
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-024-12075-2
SN - 1866-6299
VL - 84
IS - 3
SP - 1
EP - 6
PB - Springer Nature
AN - OPUS4-62495
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - THES
A1 - Hille, Falk
T1 - Unterraumbasierte Detektion von Strukturschäden an Jacket-Gründungen von Offshore-Windenergieanlagen
N2 - Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt die Adaption eines globalen, schwingungsbasierten Verfahrens zur frühzeitigen Erkennung von Strukturschäden an Gründungsstrukturen offshore installierter Windenergieanlagen (OWEA). Damit soll es, Betreibern von Offshore-Windparks ermöglicht werden, im Rahmen periodisch durchgeführter messtechnischer Überwachungsmaßnahmen mit einem gegenüber wiederkehrender Inspektionen wesentlich geringen Aufwand auftretende Schäden an der Struktur zuverlässig zu delektieren.
Das untersuchte und implementierte Verfahren basiert auf der Methode der stochastischen unterraumbasierten Schadensdetektion. Dabei erfolgt eine statistische Analyse des wiederkehrend messtechnisch aufgenommenen dynamischen Antwortverhaltens des mechanischen Systems. Mittels statistischem Test werden signifikante Änderungen in dessen Eigenstruktur und damit Schäden delektiert.
Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden umfangreiche experimentelle als auch numerische Untersuchungen zur Sensitivität und Robustheit des beschriebenen Schadensindikators durchgeführt. Dazu sind zunächst an einem Labormodell mittels künstlich und reversibel eingebrachter Schäden grundlegende Analysen zu den Einflüssen signal- und verfahrensinhärenter Kenngrößen durchgeführt worden. Auf der Basis dieser Ergebnisse wurde im Anschluss mittels numerischer Analysen das Antwortverhalten von OWEA simuliert und der entwickelte Algorithmus zur Schadensdetektion an den so realisierten Datensätzen angewendet.
Anhand der Ergebnisse der Arbeit wird aufgezeigt, dass, vorausgesetzt die Windenergieanlage befindet sich in Parkposition, eine Detektion von schon geringen Schäden an Gründungs-strukturen mit dem beschriebenen Verfahren, auch unter Einsatz weniger Messaufnehmer, zuverlässig möglich ist.
N2 - The present work describes the adaptation of a global, vibration-based procedure for an early detection of structural damage to foundation-structures of offshore wind turbines (OWT). It is intended to enable operators of offshore wind farms to reliably detect structural damage by periodic measurement with a once installed monitoring System.
The analyzed and implemented procedure is based on the method of stochastic subspace- based damage detection. This involves a Statistical analysis of the of the periodically measured dynamic response behavior of the mechanical System. By means of a Statistical test, significant change in its eigenstructure and thus damage is detected.
Within the present work extensive experimental as well as numerical investigations on the sensitivity and robustness of the described damage indicator were conducted. For this purpose, fundamental analyzes of the effects of signal- and process-inherent Parameters on the detection results has been performed at a laboratory model structure by means of artificially and reversibly applied damage. Based on these results, the response behavior of OWT structures was then simulated numerically and the developed algorithm for damage detection was finally applied to the thus achieved data sets.
Based on the results of the work it is shown that, assuming the wind turbine Stands in parking position, a detection of already small damage at foundation structures is reliably possible with the described method, even using only a limited number of sensors.
KW - Offshore-Windenergieanlagen
KW - Structural Health Monitoring
KW - Schwingungsbasierte Verfahren
KW - Schadensdetektion
KW - Unterraummethoden
PY - 2018
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-470040
DO - https://doi.org/10.14279/depositonce-7567
SP - 1
EP - 219
PB - Technische Universität
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-47004
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Glienke, R.
A1 - Kalkowsky, F.
A1 - Hobbacher, A. F.
A1 - Holch, A.
A1 - Thiele, Marc
A1 - Marten, F.
A1 - Kersten, R.
A1 - Henkel, K.-M.
T1 - Evaluation of the fatigue resistance of butt‑welded joints in towers of wind turbines - A comparison of experimental studies with small scale and component tests as well as numerical based approaches with local concepts
N2 - Wind turbines are exposed to a high number of load cycles during their service lifetime. Therefore, the fatigue strength verification plays an important role in their design. In general, the nominal stress method is used for the fatigue verification of the most common used butt-welded joints. The Eurocode 3 part 1–9 is the current design standard for this field of application. This paper presents recent results of fatigue tests on small-scaled specimens and large components with transverse butt welds to discuss the validity of the FAT-class. Furthermore, results from numerical simulations for the verification with the effective notch stress and the crack propagation approach are used for comparison. Based on the consistency between the numerical results and the fatigue tests, the influence of the seam geometry on the fatigue resistance was investigated. Finally, a prediction of the fatigue strength of butt-welded joints with plate thicknesses up to 80 mm was carried out.
KW - Transverse butt weld
KW - Weld imperfections
KW - Wind turbine tower
KW - Fatigue strength
KW - Local approaches
KW - Large components
KW - Wind energy
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-596648
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-023-01630-3
SN - 1878-6669
SP - 1
EP - 26
PB - Springer
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-59664
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Pirskawetz, Stephan
A1 - Thiele, Marc
A1 - Löhr, Manuel
A1 - Loewe, Anna
A1 - Degener, Sebastian
A1 - Herrmann, Ralf
T1 - Acoustic emission for monitoring of fatigue damage in concrete elements of wind turbine towers
N2 - Wind energy has become an important player in the energy transition in Germany. Towers of onshore wind turbines are often designed as hybrid structures: the lower part is made of prestressed concrete whereas the upper part is made of steel tubes. The tall structures are permanently subjected to cyclic loads. A research project of BAM as part of the joint project WinConFat - Structure focusses on the evelopment of techniques to monitor fatigue damage evolution in the concrete part. Results of a previous project show that a combination of ultrasonic and acoustic emission testing can give an indication for critical conditions near the end of the fatigue life of the concrete. In the ongoing project acoustic emission sensors have been installed at the base and at the transition piece between concrete and steel of a hybrid wind turbine tower. Beside of acoustic emission measurement the sensor spacing allows for measuring the concrete ultrasonic velocity along the circumference in both levels. Additional measurements like strain, temperature, inclination, or acceleration allow for comparison of environmental loads and change of acoustic properties of the concrete. The paper focusses on first acoustic measurements recorded since December 2023 in comparison to operating data of the wind turbine.
T2 - EWGAE2024: 36th Conference of the European Working Group on Acoustic Emission
CY - Potsdam, Germany
DA - 18.09.2024
KW - Concrete fatigue monitoring
KW - Acoustic emission
KW - Ultrasound
KW - Hybrid wind turbine tower
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-612197
DO - https://doi.org/10.58286/30234
SN - 1435-4934
VL - 29
IS - 10
SP - 1
EP - 9
AN - OPUS4-61219
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Strangfeld, Christoph
A1 - Müller-Vahl, H. F.
A1 - Nayeri, C. N.
A1 - Paschereit, C. O.
A1 - Greenblatt, D.
T1 - Airfoil synchronous surging and pitching
N2 - Combined surging and pitching of an airfoil at the identical frequency (i.e. synchronously), at four different phase differences, was investigated theoretically and experimentally. The most general unsteady theoretical formulation was adopted to calculate the lift coefficient, and then extended to explicitly compute the unsteady bound vortex sheet. This was used for comparison with experiments and facilitated the computation of both Joukowsky and impulsive-pressure lift contributions. Experiments were performed using a symmetric 18 % thick airfoil in an unsteady wind tunnel at an average Reynolds number of 3.0*10^5 , with a free-stream oscillation amplitude of 51 %, an angle-of-attack range of 2° +- 2° and a reduced frequency of 0.097. In general, excellent correspondence was observed between theory and experiment, representing the first direct experimental validation of the general theory. It was shown, both theoretically and experimentally, that the lift coefficient was not accurately represented by independent superposition of surging and pitching effects, due to variations in the instantaneous effective reduced frequency not accounted for during pure pitching. Deviations from theory, observed at angle-of-attack phase leads of 90° and 180°, were attributed to bursting of separation bubbles during the early stages of the acceleration phase. The largest deviations occurred when the impulsive-pressure lift contribution was small relative to the Joukowsky contribution, because the latter was most affected by bubble bursting. Bubble bursting resulted in large form-drag oscillations that occurred at identical phase angles within the oscillation cycle, irrespective of the phase difference between surging and pitching, as well as in the absence of pitching.
KW - Unsteady aerodynamics
KW - Dynamic stall
KW - Separation bubble
KW - Bubble bursting
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-630068
DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2025.220
SN - 1469-7645
VL - 1009
SP - 1
EP - 33
PB - Cambridge University Press (CUP)
AN - OPUS4-63006
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Brunner, Nanine
T1 - Digital Certificates: Enabling Automation in Quality Assurance and Metrological Traceability
N2 - This presentation describes how the Digital Calibration Certificate (DCC) for temperature was implemented in the accredited calibration laboratory at BAM. It includes an overview of the integration of the digital calibration symbol (digital seal) to ensure authenticity, integrity, and traceability of the certificate. The DCC is provided in a structured XML format, enabling machine-readability and seamless data integration into digital processes. A demonstrator developed within the QI-Digital project is presented to showcase the practical advantages of the DCC over traditional paper or PDF-based certificates — including automation, data security, and improved usability in digital quality infrastructure systems.
T2 - Sensor and Measurement Science International (SMSI)
CY - Nuremberg, Germany
DA - 05.05.2025
KW - DCC
KW - QI Digital
KW - Demonstrator
KW - SMSI in Nürnberg 2025
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63100
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Xie, Yongliang
A1 - Lv, Na
A1 - Huang, Yan
A1 - Wu, Dejian
A1 - Gong, Liang
A1 - Yang, Xufeng
A1 - Zeng, Yikai
T1 - Comparative analysis on temperature characteristics of hydrogen-powered and traditional fossil-fueled vehicle fires in the tunnel under longitudinal ventilations
N2 - Vehicle fires in the tunnel are a great threat to the safe operation of the tunnel. Due to the rapid development of the hydrogen economy, the fire due to the hydrogen leakage could not be avoided and may bring great damage to the passengers and infrastructure. Due to the large difference between pool fires of traditional fossil-fueled and jet fires of hydrogen-powered vehicles, it is in doubt whether the existing longitudinal ventilation design could still be effective for the safety issue of hydrogen powered vehicles. To solve this problem, it is necessary to compare temperature characteristics of hydrogen-powered and traditional vehicle fires with and without longitudinal ventilations. In present work, we conducted a numerical investigation to discuss the different temperature distributions of traditional and hydrogen-fueled vehicle fires. Results indicate that the high temperature zone of the pool fire only exists above the ceiling of the vehicle. For hydrogen-powered vehicle fire, the high-speed hydrogen jet with the strong inertial force could push the hot smoke flows back to the ground. The ceiling temperature of hydrogen-powered vehicle fire is larger since hydrogen-powered vehicle has a larger heat release rate and the fire hazard of jet fires bring more danger compared with the pool fire. Although the temperature stratification is also obvious for the hydrogen-powered vehicle fire, the air temperature in the lower region could be heated and still high enough to bring a great damage to the passengers’ lives. This is quite different with the traditional pool fire. In addition, the critical ventilation velocity is also discussed. The theoretical equation could well predict the critical ventilation velocity of traditional vehicle fires. For hydrogen-powered vehicle fires, the critical ventilation velocity could reach up to 6 m/s. The theoretical equation could not well predict the critical ventilation velocity of hydrogen-powered vehicle fires due to exist of hydrogen jet fires.
KW - Hydrogen fire
KW - Tunnel
KW - Longitudinal ventilation
KW - Comparative study
PY - 2022
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.05.203
SN - 0360-3199
VL - 47
IS - 57
SP - 24107
EP - 24118
PB - Elsevier
CY - Oxford
AN - OPUS4-62839
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - INPR
A1 - Alphonse, Amal
A1 - Hintermüller, Michael
A1 - Kister, Alexander
A1 - Lun, Chin Hang
A1 - Sirotenko, Clemens
T1 - A neural network approach to learning solutions of a class of elliptic variational inequalities
N2 - We develop a weak adversarial approach to solving obstacle problems using neural networks. By employing (generalised) regularised gap functions and their properties we rewrite the obstacle problem (which is an elliptic variational inequality) as a minmax problem, providing a natural formulation amenable to learning. Our approach, in contrast to much of the literature, does not require the elliptic operator to be symmetric. We provide an error analysis for suitable discretisations of the continuous problem, estimating in particular the approximation and statistical errors. Parametrising the solution and test function as neural networks, we apply a modified gradient descent ascent algorithm to treat the problem and conclude the paper with various examples and experiments. Our solution algorithm is in particular able to easily handle obstacle problems that feature biactivity (or lack of strict complementarity), a situation that poses difficulty for traditional numerical methods.
KW - Obstacle Problems
KW - Numerical Analysis
KW - Optimization and Control
KW - Simulation
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-622160
DO - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2411.18565
SP - 1
EP - 38
AN - OPUS4-62216
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rodricks, Carol
T1 - Advancing Sustainable Composites: Challenges and innovations
N2 - With the increased use of carbon fibre polymer matrix composites comes the important question of their management at the end of their life cycle. Given the high costs associated with carbon fibre production, recycling carbon fibres from composite waste is a desirable source of reinforcing fibres for new applications. However, current recycling methods result in recycled carbon fibres that are short with little to no orientation which can only be used in applications requiring intermediate strength at a fraction of the potential of the continuous, aligned virgin fibres. Thus, a method to recycle fibres with their original length and orientation intact is vital to truly realising a circular economy for carbon fibre polymer composites.
Our research introduces a novel hierarchical composite aimed at preserving the length and orientation of carbon fibres on recycling. Virgin carbon fibres are encapsulated in an insoluble epoxy matrix to form tapes that serve as the primary units of the hierarchical structure. The primary epoxy matrix protects the fibres from chemical and environmental elements while maintaining their permanent orientation. The primary tape units are subsequently embedded in a secondary recyclable matrix polymer to make larger composite structures. Elium, a thermoplastic that dissolves in acetone and has mechanical properties comparable to epoxy, was chosen as the secondary matrix of choice in this study. This approach aims to achieve a composite that is mechanical equivalent to thermoset composites while facilitating easy recycling with minimal impact on the fibres in the primary unit.
T2 - Materials Week 2025
CY - Frankfurt am Main, Germany
DA - 02.04.25
KW - Recycling
KW - Carbon fibres
KW - Mechanical testing
KW - Polymer-matrix composites (PMCs), micromechanics
KW - Elium
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63004
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Nerger, Deborah
T1 - Impact damage characterization at RC plates with planar tomography and FEM
N2 - Prediction of dynamic effects of reinforced concrete structures under impact loading is a technical challenge. This is a consequence of the great variability of the physical properties resulting from the wide adaptability of reinforced concrete and a consequence of the wide range of impact loading. Experiments and numerical investigations are normally used on a small scale to address the problem. In this paper, impact tests on reinforced conrete plates with the lateral dimensions of 1.5 m x 1.5 m and a thickness of 30 cm are presented. In bending reinforcement, besides the velocity two properties are varied, the diameter and the spatial distribution of the rebars. Experiments are performed at the Otto-Mohr-Laboratory of the Institute of Concrete Structures of the Technische Universit¨at Dresden. Due to the accelerated fall of the impactor the velocity ranges between 20 and 70 m/s. In addition to the measured quantities such as bearing forces, accelerations are also measured at 4 different positions on and under the plate, as well as the deflection at several positions. The measured data are used for the analysis of the damage form and the numerical examinations with the program Ansys Autodyn and the material model after Drucker-Prager. Numerical investigations support the tests, with detailed analysis of individual effects. These numerical computations and the planar tomographic investigations were carried out at BAM in Berlin. With the help of planar tomographic evaluation, the damaged structure is made visible and compared with the numerical results. Influences of the bending reinforcement are explained on the basis of damage evaluation in the local area and on selected measured values. In addition to the test evaluation, the tomographic and numerical methods are presented.
T2 - XI International Conference on Structural Dynamics (EURODYN 2020)
CY - Online meeting
DA - 23.11.2020
KW - Post-impact evaluation
KW - Damage characterization
KW - Planar tomography
KW - Drucker-Prager
KW - Ansys Autodyn
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-51768
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hicke, Konstantin
T1 - KI, Machine Learning und faseroptische Sensorik
N2 - Die Verwendung von Methoden des Maschinellen Lernens (ML) und der Künstlichen Intelligenz (KI) im Fachbereich 8.6 Faseroptische Sensorik wird dargestellt. Die vielfältigen Möglichkeiten, Machine Learning auf Basis Künstlicher Neuronaler Netze (ANN) für eine schnelle und effiziente Datenverarbeitung eizusetzen werden demonstriert. Hierfür werden Beispiele für die Anwendungszwecke Messgrößenberechnung, Entrauschen, Interpolation, Bildverarbeitung und Messdatenauswertung aufgezeigt.
T2 - Foresight Prozess AM, AP 4, Workshop „In Situ Sensorik“
CY - Online-Meeting
DA - 09.11.2020
KW - Verteilte faseroptische Sensorik
KW - KI
KW - Künstliche Intelligenz
KW - Machine Learning
KW - Künstliche Neuronale Netze
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-51545
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Amano, Kofi Owusu Ansah
A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico
A1 - Gimadieva, Elena
A1 - Köhler, Florian
A1 - Krause, Ulrich
T1 - Thermal runaway and explosibility of the gas release from 18650 sodium-ion cells of NFM chemistry
N2 - The present study investigates the thermal runaway behaviour and explosibility of the gas mixture released from sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). A total of 30 tests comprising two test series were performed using 18650 SIBs with a NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2 (NFM) chemistry. The cells of SOC level = 0 %, 25 %, 50 %, 75 % and 100 % were subjected to thermal abuse inside a 10 L pressurized reaction vessel. In test series 1, the tests were performed in an air atmosphere. In test series 2, an inert atmosphere was used. First, the total amount of gas released from the SIBs was calculated based on the temperature and pressure measured in the reaction vessel. Subsequently, a gas composition analysis was performed using a Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. This study revealed that the thermal runaway in SIBs could be categorized into four phases. At the onset of thermal runaway, the thermal runaway-induced explosion of the cells resulted in a rate of temperature rise ranging from 2 K/s to 70 K/s. The investigation further revealed a peak reaction temperature of 415 ◦C and a maximum pressure of 4 bar could be reached at thermal runaway in the 10 L vessel. The gas release of up to 5 ± 0.3 L (4 ± 0.2 L/Ah, 1.3 ± 0.1 L/Wh) from test series 1 and 2.4 ± 0.2 L (2 ± 0.1 L/Ah, 0.53 ± 0.04 L/Wh) from test series 2 showed a dependence on SOC and failure environment used. By applying Le Chatelier's mixing rule, the measured gas release from the air atmosphere showed a calculated lower explosion limit and upper explosion limit values of 4.8 % and 24 % in volume fraction, respectively.
KW - Sodium-ion battery
KW - Thermal runaway
KW - Gas release
KW - Gas explosion
KW - Explosion limit
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-631782
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2025.116614
SN - 2352-152X
VL - 122
SP - 1
EP - 16
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-63178
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Gleim, Tobias
A1 - Feldkamp, Martin
A1 - Quercetti, Thomas
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Experimental and Numerical Analyses for the Evaluation of Heat Fluxes of a Fire Reference Test
N2 - Packages for the transport of high-level radioactive material are designed to endure severe accidents. To obtain approval, these transport packages must adhere to the specification-based criteria of the IAEA SSR-6. To ensure compliance with these requirements, specific mechanical and thermal tests need to be appointed with respect to the package type. Typically, IAEA SSR-6 prescribes mechanical tests followed by a thermal fire test as part of a cumulative test sequence. To approve the fire test, BAM uses a reference package representing the original package in its outer geometry for characterizing the actual fire and its impact on the package. This serves a dual purpose: it allows the precise adjustment of experimental parameters for the package design to be approved, and it provides input parameters for thermomechanical simulations, cf. With the help of this methodology for characterizing boundary conditions of the package, temperature evolutions within the reference package can be studied in a Finite-Element Analyses (FEA). This helps to compare the experiments with the numerical simulations on the case of the reference package, but also serves at the same time for preliminary simulations with the package design to be approved.
The thermal test consists of a 30-minute fully engulfing 800°C pool fire or an equally severe fire, e.g. a propane gas fire. The fire reference test is performed prior to the regulatory fire test with the package design to be approved. The fire reference package in the described case is a closed sheet 316L steel cylinder with a wall thickness of 10 mm, a length of 182 mm, and a diameter of 102 mm. The package was instrumented with thermocouples and filled with heat resistant insulating material.
T2 - ASME PVP 2024
CY - Bellevue, WA, USA
DA - 28.07.2024
KW - Reference Test
KW - Experimental
KW - Numerical
KW - Heat Flux
PY - 2024
SN - 978-0-7918-8851-3
SP - 1
EP - 8
AN - OPUS4-60848
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Naster, Maximilian
A1 - Gleim, Tobias
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Experimental and Numerical Analyses for the Evaluation of Hydrogen as an Energy Source for Thermal Testing of Transport Packages of Radioactive Material
N2 - In this paper we present a new hydrogen-based test rig for an ongoing feasibility study of using hydrogen as an energy source for the thermal testing of transport packages containing radioactive materials. The test rig will be capable of combusting hydrogen for a wide range of different burner geometries, mass flows and if necessary hydrogen blends. As this type of fire test according to the IAEA boundary conditions does not yet exist, a large number of preliminary investigations, safety assessments and calculations must be carried out in order to develop a viable concept for hydrogen fires. In the first step of the feasibility study, the temperature, structure, and radiation of various hydrogen flames are surveyed. In future works, the results will make it possible to design burner frames that are suitable for fire reference tests in order to make comparisons with pool and propane fires used in assessment procedures today. In parallel comparative numerical simulations are conducted to model the thermal behaviour of hydrogen flames using the software package Ansys®. On the one hand, the numerical simulations support the experiments by providing an overview of numerous parameters and the measuring range; on the other hand, they will help with the design of the burner frame in future work. This paper gives an overview in the design and capabilities of the test rig. Furthermore, the results of the parameter studies show that burner geometry and mass flow provide a significant design margin for the thermal shape of the hydrogen flames. In addition, the results of the initial numerical calculations will be used to determine the necessary sensors, the positions, and their operating range. Only the optimal interaction allows a controlled system that permits user-defined hydrogen fires.
T2 - PVP2024, Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference
CY - Bellevue, Washington USA
DA - 29.07.2024
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Fire
KW - Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
KW - IAEA fire test
KW - Burner
PY - 2024
SN - 978-0-7918-8851-3
SP - 1
EP - 9
AN - OPUS4-60852
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Müller, Lars
A1 - Scheidemann, Robert
A1 - Neumeyer, Tino
A1 - Komann, Steffen
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Tightness Verification Procedures of Welded Lids for Encapsulations for Damaged Spent Nuclear Fuel in the Design Approval Process of Dual-Purpose Cask (DPC)
N2 - Damaged spent nuclear fuel (DSNF) can be loaded in Germany in dual-purpose casks (DPC) for transport and interim storage. Therefore, special encapsulations are needed to guarantee a safe handling and a reliable tight closure. These encapsulations must be durable and leak-tight for a possible long interim storage term and the transport thereafter. Because components inside the package containment like these special encapsulations are not accessible within periodical inspections of the DPC.
Due to the general design of DPCs for standard fuel assemblies, specific requirements needed to be considered for the design of the special encapsulations for DSNF to ensure the loading in existing package designs. Especially the content of the encapsulations with damaged spent nuclear fuel must be avoided to enter in the inner space of the DPC, due to the possible higher amount of corrosive and radioactive material as well as greater quantities of water, which can be trapped in defect fuel rods. The main difference of the encapsulations for damaged spent nuclear fuel is that they have no replaceable sealing as tightness barrier. They have a specific welded lid. Therefor the tightness needs to be shown in the design approval process for all transport conditions especially for accident conditions, where high internal impact loads can occur.
As German competent authority, BAM is responsible for the safety assessment of the mechanical and thermal design, the release of radioactive material and the quality assurance aspects of manufacturing and operation. Concerning the mechanical package design BAM carried out a comprehensive safety assessment for the specific encapsulations during the package design approval process of the commonly used DPC. For the proof of tightness of the welded lid no representative standards are available. For minor loads the German KTA standards can verify the tightness of a weld seam but only for low stresses. For higher impact loads physical tests are required. These tests were performed with representative drop tests and highly sensitive leak tests.
The present paper gives an overview of the applied assessments by BAM and points out the main findings of the mechanical design for the welded sealing. Both verification procedures are described, on one hand with German standards for lower loads and on the other hand with physical tests for higher impact loads. The drop tests based on complex numerical pre-calculations by the applicant which result in optimized dimensions and properties of the test specimens and representative drop heights for the drop tests. The horizontal drop orientation with a plane-parallel impact on the unyielding basement was most challenging and led to specific adaptations during preparation and conduction of the drop tests performed by BAM. With leak tests and the corresponding test evaluation, it could be finally approved that the specific welded sealing of an encapsulations for DSNF is tight for all transport conditions.
T2 - ASME PVP 2024
CY - Bellevue, WA, USA
DA - 28.07.2024
KW - Tightness verification
KW - Weld seams
KW - Drop tests
KW - Encapsulations for damaged spent nuclear fuel
KW - Helium leak tests
PY - 2024
SN - 978-0-7918-8851-3
SP - 1
EP - 10
CY - New York
AN - OPUS4-61351
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Komann, Steffen
A1 - Wille, Frank
A1 - Linnemann, Konrad
A1 - Ramsay, Jeff
A1 - Reiche, Ingo
T1 - Transport of large nuclear power plant components – new SCO-III regulations and mechanical design assessment
N2 - The decommissioning or refurbishment of nuclear facilities necessitates either the storage or disposal of large radioactive components such as steam generators, pressurizers, reactor pressure vessels and heads, and coolant pumps, to list the major contributors. These components or objects are large in size and mass, measuring up to approximately 6 meters in diameter, up to 20 meters in length, and weighing over 400 000 kg. In many situations, the components are transported off-site to a storage, disposal or recycling/treatment facility. Previously, many large objects had to be transported under special arrangement.
The latest 2018 edition of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material, No. SSR-6, incorporates regulations for the shipment of contaminated, but not activated large objects as a new category of surface contaminated object, SCO-III, based on the IAEA “performance package” concept.
This paper provides background and practical guidance on these regulations. Additionally, first experiences with SCO-III in the approval process are presented.
For SCO-III components a mechanical assessment regarding the tests specified in the transport regulations SSR-6 for demonstrating ability to withstand normal conditions of transport is required - a free drop of the package onto an unyielding target and a penetration test have to be investigated. Large components are unique objects; therefore, it is not possible to choose experimental testing as assessment method. The application of a complex numerical analysis for mechanical proof is necessary.
The assessment of the loads takes place based on local stress distributions.
The large nuclear components have typically been transported in an unpackaged manner, so that the external shell of the component provides the containment wall.
The paper will represent the methods, which are used for the evaluation of the mechanical integrity of the object for transport approval.
T2 - PVP2024, Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference
CY - Bellevue, Washington USA
DA - 29.07.2024
KW - Transport
KW - Radioaktive Stoffe
KW - Rückbau kerntechnischer Anlagen
KW - Gefahrgut
PY - 2024
SN - 978-0-7918-8851-3
SP - 1
EP - 4
AN - OPUS4-60829
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Thibaux, Philippe
A1 - Thiele, Marc
A1 - Van Wittenberghe, Jeroen
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
T1 - Comparison of resonance and hydraulic testing on large scale fatigue tests of welded tubular joints for offshore wind turbine foundations
N2 - Jackets structures as foundations for offshore wind energy converters are efficient solutions. But these structures require the welding of a large number of joints. The design of the Jacket structures is typically driven by fatigue. Therefore, consequently the fatigue strength of the joints is a primary parameter for an optimized design. The present paper investigates if tubular joints produced by manual welding using the current techniques have an improved performance compared to the relevant standards that are applied for the design of the foundations. To investigate this, 4 full-scale tests in geometry representative of a structure were performed, 2 using a resonance method and 2 using a three-point bending method with hydraulic actuators. The results are similar, with cracks initiated early and extending extensively before failure. The results are very close to the current T-curve from DNV RP-C203 applied for tubular joints.
KW - Fatigue
KW - Tubular joints
KW - Resonance testing
KW - Steel welds
PY - 2025
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2024.108797
SN - 0142-1123
VL - 193
SP - 1
EP - 16
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-62373
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Ratkovac, Mirjana
T1 - Perspectives on Wind and Wave Load Reconstruction from SHM Data for Offshore Wind Turbines
N2 - As many wind turbines approach the end of their design lifetime, from a technical point of view, comprehensive fatigue analysis of all critical parts is necessary to decide what comes after – continued operation, repowering, or decommissioning. Typically, it is a two-stage evaluation process consisting of a physical inspection of the structure and an analytical part to compare the design and actually experienced loading conditions. Structural health monitoring helps to reduce the uncertainties in the estimations by providing insight into deviations between the designed and the built structure. Furthermore, it allows the evaluation of the consumed fatigue lifetime by analyzing the strain measurements that mirror the actual structural response to experienced environmental and operational conditions. However, the measurement values are limited to a sparse number of instrumented spots on the structure, and further extrapolation to the non-instrumented (critical) sections is required to perform a complete fatigue assessment. One known approach is the external force reconstruction, which has only scarcely been considered for application in offshore wind turbines. In order to extend the previously developed thrust force reconstruction framework, this work discusses the possibilities and challenges of wind and wave loading reconstruction in offshore wind turbine support structures.
T2 - 4th International Conference on Health Monitoring of Civil & Maritime Structures (HeaMES 2023)
CY - Online meeting
DA - 12.06.2023
KW - Wind turbines
KW - Force reconstruction
KW - Structural Health Monitoring
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57687
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schepers, Winfried
A1 - Brinkgreve, Ronald B. J.
A1 - Holtzendorff, Kira
A1 - Wegener, Dirk
A1 - Appel, Silke
A1 - Efthymiou, Georgia
A1 - Krajewski, Wolfgang
A1 - Machaček, Jan
A1 - Meier, Thomas
A1 - Nseir, Bashar
A1 - Rangelow, Peter
A1 - Schmitt, Jürgen
A1 - Staubach, Patrick
A1 - Vrettos, Christos
T1 - Numerische Ermittlung von Baugrundschwingungen bei dynamisch belasteten Fundamenten: Empfehlungen zur Modellierung
T1 - Numerical analysis of soil vibrations due to vibrating foundations: Guidance for model design
N2 - AbstractIn der Praxis tätige geotechnisch Planende kommen in zunehmendem Maße mit dynamischen Fragestellungen in Berührung. Hersteller von geotechnischer Berechnungssoftware haben entsprechend ihre ursprünglich für statische Aufgabenstellungen konzipierten Produkte um die Möglichkeit zur Lösung von Wellenausbreitungsproblemen im Baugrund erweitert. Den Anwendern fehlt aber häufig die notwendige Erfahrung zur Durchführung dieser Art von numerischen Berechnungen. Die Arbeitskreise 1.4 „Baugrunddynamik“ und 1.6 „Numerik in der Geotechnik“ der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geotechnik (DGGT) haben diese Entwicklung aufgegriffen und einen gemeinsamen Unterarbeitskreis „Numerik in der Baugrunddynamik“ gegründet. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt die aktuellen Ergebnisse der Arbeit des Unterarbeitskreises vor und fasst die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse in Form von Empfehlungen zusammen.
N2 - Geotechnical engineers are increasingly concerned with wave propagation problems. Manufacturers of geotechnical analysis software added features for soil dynamic analyses to their products initially devised for static geotechnical analyses. Though, users often lack the experience for conducting such advanced numerical analyses. Working groups 1.4 "Soil dynamics" and 1.6 "Numerical analyses in geotechnical engineering" of DGGT German Society for Geotechnical Engineering established a joint subgroup "Numerical analyses in soil dynamics" to address this shortcoming. The present paper presents the work of the subgroup so far and provides some guidance on conducting numerical analyses in soil dynamics.
KW - Wellenausbreitung
KW - Numerische Methoden
KW - Empfehlungen
KW - Modellgröße
KW - Zeitschrittweite
PY - 2024
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/gete.202400016
SN - 0172-6145
VL - 47
IS - 4
SP - 254
EP - 268
PB - Ernst
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-62078
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Asna Ashari, Parsa
A1 - Blind, K.
A1 - Koch, Claudia
T1 - Knowledge and technology transfer via publications, patents, standards: Exploring the hydrogen technological innovation system
N2 - Clean technologies play a crucial role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and protecting the climate. Hydrogen is a promising energy carrier and fuel that can be used in many applications. We explore the global hydrogen technological innovation system (TIS) by analyzing the three knowledge and technology transfer channels of publications, patents, and standards. Since the adoption of hydrogen technologies requires trust in their safety,this study specifically also focuses on hydrogen safety. Our results show that general and hydrogen safety research has increased significantly while patenting experienced stagnation. An analysis of the non-patent literature in safety patents shows little recognition of scientific publications. Similarly, publications are underrepresented in the analyzed 75 international hydrogen and fuel cell standards. This limited transfer of knowledge from published research to standards points to the necessity for greater involvement of researchers in standardization. We further derive implications for the hydrogen TIS and recommendations for a better and more impactful alignment of the three transfer channels.
KW - Technological innovation system
KW - Hydrogen safety
KW - Knowledge and technology transfer
KW - Publications
KW - Patents
KW - Standards
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-564250
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.122201
SN - 0040-1625
VL - 187
SP - 1
EP - 14
PB - Elsevier Inc.
AN - OPUS4-56425
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Thiele, Marc
T1 - Detection and monitoring of the fatigue crack growth on welds – Application-oriented use of NDT methods
N2 - Early detection of fatigue cracks and accurate measurements of the crack growth play an important role in the maintenance and repair strategies of steel structures exposed to cyclic loads during their service life. Observation of welded connections is especially of high relevance due to their higher susceptibility to fatigue damage. The aim of this contribution was to monitor fatigue crack growth in thick welded specimens during fatigue tests as holistically as possible, by implementing multiple NDT methods simultaneously in order to record the crack initiation and propagation until the final fracture. In addition to well-known methods such as strain gauges, thermography, and ultrasound, the crack luminescence method developed at the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), which makes cracks on the surface particularly visible, was also used. For data acquisition, a first data fusion concept was developed and applied in order to synchronize the data of the different methods and to evaluate them to a large extent automatically. The resulting database can ultimately also be used to access, view, and analyze the experimental data for various NDT methods. During the conducted fatigue tests, the simultaneous measurements of the same cracking process enabled a comprehensive comparison of the methods, highlighting their individual strengths and limitations. More importantly, they showed how a synergetic combination of different NDT methods can be beneficial for implementation in large-scale fatigue testing but also in monitoring and inspection programs of in-service structures - such as the support structures of offshore wind turbines.
T2 - Fatigue Design 2023
CY - Senlis, France
DA - 29.11.2023
KW - Crack growth
KW - Fatigue
KW - NDT
KW - Welded
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-62374
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Asna Ashari, Parsa
T1 - Drivers and Barriers to the Adoption of Hydrogen Technologies in Germany and the Republic of Korea - A Multidimensional Stakeholder Analysis
N2 - This presentation was held at the Eu-SPRI 2023 Conference and provides a comparative analysis of the hydrogen economies in Germany and the Republic of Korea, highlighting similarities and differences. Thereupon, the presentation delves into the requirements for the development of a hydrogen economy, including recommendations for policymaking.
T2 - The Eu-SPRI Annual Conference 2023
CY - Brighton, UK
DA - 14.06.2023
KW - Country comparison
KW - Hydrogen economy
KW - Technological innovation system
KW - Multidimensional hydrogen technology adoption
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57716
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
T1 - Laser-induced periodic surface structures: When electromagnetics drives hydrodynamics
N2 - Laser-induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS, ripples) are a universal phenomenon and can be generated in a contactless, single-step process on almost any material upon irradiation of solids with intense laser radiation. Nowadays processing rates of up to m^2/min are enabling new industrial applications in medicine, optics, tribology, biology, etc. Depending on the specific type of LIPSS, their structural sizes typically range from several micrometers down to less than 100 nanometers – far beyond the optical diffraction limit – while their orientations exhibit a clear correlation with the local polarization direction of the laser radiation. From a theoretical point of view, however, a vivid, controversial, and long-lasting debate has emerged during the last two decades, whether LIPSS originate from electromagnetic effects (seeded already during the laser irradiation) – or whether they emerge from matter reorganization processes (distinctly after the laser irradiation). This presentation reviews the currently existent theories of LIPSS. A focus is laid on the historic development of the fundamental ideas, their corresponding mathematical descriptions and numerical implementations, along with a comparison and critical assessment of the different approaches.
T2 - 28th International Conference on Advanced Laser Technologies (ALT'21)
CY - Online meeting
DA - 06.09.2021
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures, LIPSS
KW - Electromagnetic scattering
KW - Matter reorganization
PY - 2021
DO - https://doi.org/10.24412/cl-35039-2021-21-25-25
AN - OPUS4-53218
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Florian, Camilo
T1 - Femtosecond laser-induced oxidation in the formation of periodic surface structures
N2 - Laser-induced oxide graded layers may contribute to the formation of a new type of embedded low-spatial frequency LIPSS with an anomalous orientation parallel to the laser polarization. In this contribution, we explore this effect experimentally with femtosecond laser pulses and numerically by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) calculations.
T2 - 2021 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Europe – European Quantum Electronics Virtual Conferences
CY - Online meeting
DA - 21.06.2021
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Surface oxidation
KW - Femtosecond laser ablation
KW - Finite-difference time-domain calculations
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52859
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Florian, Camilo
T1 - Silicon surface amorphization and re-crystallization via single femtosecond laser pulses
N2 - Silicon is the material responsible for most of the technological developments during the past century, making it one of the most studied materials along different disciplines. However, there are still unturned stones regarding its superficial re-solidification after femtosecond laser-induced local melting. In this presentation, we report irradiation experiments with single femtosecond pulses (790 nm, 30 fs) with a spatially Gaussian distribution on two different types of silicon with orientations <111> and <100>. The surface modifications were studied in detail via different techniques, including optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, spectroscopic imaging ellipsometry, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. We quantitatively estimate the resulting radial amorphous layer depth profiles with maximum thicknesses around some tenths of nanometers for fluences in between the melting and ablation thresholds. In particular, spectroscopic imaging ellipsometry (SIE) allowed fast data acquisition using multiple wavelengths to provide experimental measurements for calculating the nanometric radial amorphous layer thickness profiles with micrometric lateral resolution based on a thin-film layer model. SIE proved to be capable of detecting and measuring nanometric structural and chemical modifications (oxidation) on the studied laser spots. The accuracy of the SIE-based calculations is verified experimentally by characterizing an in-depth material lamella via high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (STEM-EDX). For completeness, we present a mathematical modelling for the melt layer thickness considering different optical absorption processes including one photon absorption, two photon absorption and free-carrier absorption, highlighting the relevance of the latter one in the femtosecond laser-induced melting of silicon.
T2 - 28th International Conference on Advanced Laser Technologies (ALT'21)
CY - Online meeting
DA - 06.09.2021
KW - Silicon
KW - Femtosecond laser
KW - Phase transitions
KW - Spectroscopic imaging ellipsometry
KW - Transmission electron microscopy
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53235
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Mezera, Marek
A1 - Alamri, S.
A1 - Hendriks, W. A. P. M.
A1 - Hertwig, Andreas
A1 - Elert, Anna Maria
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
A1 - Kunze, T.
A1 - Lasagni, A. F.
A1 - Römer, G. R. B. E.
T1 - Hierarchical micro-/nano-structures on polycarbonate via UV pulsed laser processing
N2 - Hierarchical micro/-nanostructures were produced on polycarbonate polymer surfaces by employing a two-step UV-laser processing strategy based on the combination of Direct Laser Interference Patterning (DLIP) of gratings and pillars on the microscale (3 ns, 266 nm, 2 kHz) and subsequently superimposing Laser-induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS; 7–10 ps, 350 nm, 100 kHz) which adds nanoscale surface features. Particular emphasis was laid on the influence of the direction of the laser beam polarization on the morphology of resulting hierarchical surfaces. Scanning electron and atomic force microscopy methods were used for the characterization of the hybrid surface structures. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) calculations of the laser intensity distribution on the DLIP structures allowed to address the specific polarization dependence of the LIPSS formation observed in the second processing step. Complementary chemical analyzes by micro-Raman spectroscopy and attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy provided in-depth information on the chemical and structural material modifications and material degradation imposed by the laser processing. It was found that when the linear laser polarization was set perpendicular to the DLIP ridges, LIPSS could be formed on top of various DLIP structures. FDTD calculations showed enhanced optical intensity at the topographic maxima, which can explain the dependency of the morphology of LIPSS on the polarization with respect to the orientation of the DLIP structures. It was also found that the degradation of the polymer was enhanced for increasing accumulated fluence levels.
KW - Direct laser interference patterning
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Polycarbonate
KW - Hierarchical structures
KW - Surface functionalization
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509101
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10061184
SN - 2079-4991
VL - 10(6)
IS - Special issue "Laser-generated periodic nanostructures"
SP - 1184-1
EP - 1184-19
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel
AN - OPUS4-50910
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Fosodeder, P.
A1 - Baumgartner, W.
A1 - Steinwender, C.
A1 - Hassel, A. W.
A1 - Florian, Camilo
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
A1 - Heitz, J.
T1 - Repellent rings at titanium cylinders against overgrowth by fibroblasts
N2 - The invention of new miniaturized and smart medical implants continues in all medical fields, including miniaturized heart pacemakers. These implants often come with a titanium (Ti) casing, which may have to be removed after several months or years and shall therefore not be completely overgrown by cells or scar tissue after implantation. Scar tissue is mainly formed by fibroblast cells and extracellular matrix proteins like collagen produced by them. Suppression of fibroblast growth at Ti surfaces could be achieved by 800 nm femtosecond laser-ablation creating self-organized sharp spikes with dimensions in the 10 μm-range which are superposed by fine sub-μm parallel ripples. On flat Ti control samples, the best results regarding suppression of cell growth were obtained on spike-structures which were additionally electrochemically anodized under acidic conditions. When Ti cylinders with a diameter of 8 mm (similar as the pacemakers) were placed upright in a culture of murine fibroblasts, a multi-layer cell growth up to a height of at least 1.5 mm occurred within 19–22 days. We have demonstrated that a laser-structured and anodized ring around the Ti cylinder surface is an effective way to create a barrier that murine fibroblasts were not able to overgrow within this time.
KW - Cell-repellent surfaces
KW - Femtosecond laser-processing
KW - Electrochemical treatment
KW - Laser-induced micro- and nanostructures
KW - Medical implants
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509966
DO - https://doi.org/10.1515/aot-2019-0070
SN - 2193-8576
SN - 2193-8584
VL - 9
IS - 3 (Topical issue: Laser micro- and nano-material processing - Part 2)
SP - 113
EP - 120
PB - De Gruyter
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-50996
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
T1 - Laser-induced Periodic Surface Structures - Mechanisms, Applications, and unsolved Problems
N2 - Laser-induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS, ripples) are a universal phenomenon and can be generated in a contactless, single-step process on almost any type of solid upon irradiation with intense laser pulses. They represent a (quasi-)periodic modulation of the surface topography in the form of a linear grating and are typically formed in a “self-ordered” way in the focus of a laser beam. Thus, they are often accompanying laser material processing applications. The structural sizes of LIPSS typically range from several micrometers down to less than 100 nanometers – far beyond the optical diffraction limit – while their orientations exhibit a clear correlation with the local polarization direction of the laser radiation. From a theoretical point of view, a controversial debate has emerged during the last decades, whether LIPSS originate from electromagnetic effects (seeded already during the laser irradiation) – or whether they emerge from matter-reorganization processes (distinctly after the laser irradiation). From a practical point of view, however, LIPSS represent a simple and robust way for the nanostructuring of solids that allows creating a wide range of different surface functionalities featuring applications in optics, tribology, medicine, energy technologies, etc. While the currently available laser and scanner technology already allows surface processing rates at the m^2/min level, industrial applications of LIPSS are sometimes limited by the complex interplay between the nanoscale surface topography and the specific surface chemistry. This typically manifests in difficulties to control the processing of LIPSS and in limitations to ensure the long-term stability of the created surface functions. This presentation reviews the currently existent theories of LIPSS. A focus is laid on the historic development of the fundamental ideas behind the LIPSS, their corresponding mathematical descriptions and numerical implementations, along with a comparison and critical assessment of the different approaches. Moreover, some unsolved scientific problems related to LIPSS are identified and the pending technological limitations are discussed. Hereby, it is intended to stimulate further research and developments in the field of LIPSS for overcoming these limitations and for supporting the transfer of the LIPSS technology into industry.
T2 - SPIG 2022 - 31st Summer School and International Symposium on the Physics of Ionized Gases
CY - Belgrade, Serbia
DA - 05.09.2022
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Surface functionalization
KW - Femtosecond laser processing
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55813
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Florian, Camilo
T1 - Influence of oxidation in the formation and performance of laser-induced periodic surface structures
N2 - The fabrication of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) has been reported for metallic, semiconductor and dielectric materials when irradiated with linearly polarized ultrashort laser pulses. Different sets of processing parameters have been identified and extensively studied, allowing the use of LIPSS for applications in medicine, tribology and surface wetting to name a few. One important parameter that is often not considered is the laser-induced oxidation that is produced especially when oxidation prone materials are irradiated in air environment. This surface oxidation can potentially influence the final structures
size, shape and orientation and modify their functionality in some specific applications.
In this work, we first study the influence of the laser-induced oxidation layer on the formation of LIPSS by characterizing the response of the oxidation prone
hard-coating material chromium nitride. Moreover, we employ complementary surface and depth-profiling analytic techniques to reveal morphological, chemical and structural features of different types of surface structures and LIPSS produced on titanium-based substrates. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) calculations finally explain how this superficial oxidation layer promotes the formation of a new type of low spatial frequency LIPSS. Also, we measure the depth-extent of the different oxides formed and demonstrate its beneficial influence for friction reduction and wear resistance applications.
T2 - SPIE Photonics West Conference, Symposium "Laser-Based Micro- and Nano-Processing XVI"
CY - San Francisco, CA, USA
DA - 22.01.2022
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Oxidation
KW - Femtosecond laser
KW - Laser processing
KW - Finite-difference time-domain calculations (FDTD)
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-54322
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
A1 - Spaltmann, Dirk
T1 - Editorial: Special issue "Laser-induced periodic surface nano- and microstructures for tribological applications"
N2 - Laser material processing is an emerging technology that generates surface functionalities on the basis of optical, mechanical, or chemical properties. In the form of laser surface texturing (LST), it has attracted a remarkable amount of research to tailor surface properties towards various tribological applications. The main advantages of this single-step, laser-based technology are the contactless machining, featuring a high flexibility, efficiency, and speed, along with the excellent quality of the processed products. LST can be applied precisely localized to sub-micrometric areas, but, via laser beam scanning, it is also feasible for structuring large surface areas at the square meter size.
This Special Issue focuses on the latest developments concerning the tribological performance of laser-generated periodic surface nano- and microstructures and their applications. This includes the laser-based processing of different surface patterns, such as “self-organized” laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS, ripples), grooves, micro-spikes, hierarchical hybrid nano-/micro-structures, microfeatures generated by direct laser interference patterning (DLIP), or even dimples or other topographic geometries shaped by direct laser modification or ablation. The applications of these periodically nano- and micro-patterned surfaces may improve the lubricated or non-lubricated tribological performance of surfaces in conformal and even non-conformal contact through a reduction of wear, a variation of the coefficient of friction, altered load carrying capacity, etc., resulting in energy saving, improved reliability, increased lifetimes as well as durability, leading in turn to extended maintenance intervals/reduced down-time. This can be beneficial in terms of bearings, gears, engines, seals, cutting tools, or other tribological components. Fundamental aspects addressed may involve the investigation of the relevant physical and chemical effects accompanying the laser-generated nano- and microscale topographies, such as alterations of the material structures, the hardness, superficial oxidation, the role of additives contained in lubricants, surface wettability, micro-hydrodynamic effects, etc.
For this Special Issue we aim to attract both academic and industrial researchers and would like to provide a bridge between research in the fields of tribology and laser material processing in order to foster the current knowledge and present new ideas for future applications and new technologies.
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Tribology
KW - Applications
KW - Wear
KW - Friction
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-505948
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants8030034
SN - 2075-4442
VL - 8
IS - 3
SP - 34, 1
EP - 34, 3
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel
AN - OPUS4-50594
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
T1 - Surface oxidation accompanying the formation of various types of femtosecond laser-generated surface structures on titanium alloy
N2 - Different types of laser-generated surface structures, i.e., Laser-induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS, ripples), Grooves, and Spikes are generated on titanium and Ti6Al4V surfaces by means of femtosecond (fs) laser scan processing (790 nm, 30 fs, 1 kHz) in ambient air. Morphological, chemical and structural properties of the different surface structures are characterized by various surface analytical techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GD-OES), and depth-profiling Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). It is revealed that the formation of near-wavelength sized LIPSS is accompanied by the formation of a graded oxide extending several tens to a few hundreds of nanometers into depth. GD-OES performed on other superficial fs-laser generated structures produced at higher fluences and effective number of pulses per spot area such as periodic Grooves and irregular Spikes indicate even thicker graded oxide layers. These graded layers may be suitable for applications in prosthetics or tribology.
T2 - E-MRS Spring Meeting 2021
CY - Online meeting
DA - 31.05.2021
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Titanium alloy
KW - Oxidation
KW - Glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopy
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52749
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
T1 - The role of electromagnetic scattering in the formation of laser-induced periodic surface structures
N2 - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) are a universal phenomenon that is accompanying laser materials processing. These surface nanostructures pave a simple way for surface functionalization with numerous applications in optics, fluidics, tribology, medicine, etc. During the last decade remarkable experimental and theoretical improvements in understanding of their formation mechanisms were obtained - all pointing toward polarization-dependent energy deposition by absorption of optical radiation that is scattered at the surface roughness and interfering with the laser beam. This contribution reviews the current state-of-the-art on the role of electromagnetic scattering in the formation of LIPSS by ultrashort laser pulses. Special attention is drawn to recent finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) calculations that allow to visualize the radiation patterns formed in the vicinity of the sample surface and to the impact of a thin superficial laser-induced oxidation layer.
T2 - E-MRS Spring Meeting 2021
CY - Online meeting
DA - 31.05.2021
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Optical scattering
KW - Oxidation
KW - Femtosecond laser
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52729
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Angurel, L.A.
T1 - Effects of laser surface processing under different atmospheres on the superconducting properties of pure niobium
N2 - Niobium metal is the pure element with the highest superconducting critical temperature (T_c = 9.2 K), which is present in many applications. Particularly, in superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities of particle accelerators, the control of the surface characteristics of pure Nb is crucial, as the presence of defects may generate magnetic flux pinning that can increase by more than two orders of magnitude the surface critical current, ic. Several procedures such as chemical- or electro-polishing have been used aiming at cleaning surface contamination and decreasing its roughness. Sub-nanosecond lasers can be applied to generate a broad range of micro and nanostructures (e.g. Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures, LIPSS) that strongly modify the materials properties - as wettability, color, oxidation resistance or antibacterial behavior. In this work, we analyze a variety of surface structures generated on pure Nb sheets with different laser systems (UV, Vis and n-IR, fs and ps) by exploring a range of processing parameters. These include pulse overlap, irradiance or the effective number of pulses, under different atmospheres (air, N2, Ar, vacuum). The effects on Tc, critical currents and critical fields (Bc1, Bc2 and Bc3) have been obtained from magnetization, ac susceptibility and heat capacity measurements, revealing their dependence with the different surface nanostructures and the chemical changes generated with these laser treatments.
T2 - E-MRS Spring Meeting 2021
CY - Online meeting
DA - 31.05.2021
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Femtosecond laser ablation
KW - Niobium
KW - Superconductivity
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52730
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
ED - Bonse, Jörn
ED - Spaltmann, Dirk
T1 - Laser-induced periodic surface nano- and microstructures for tribological applications
N2 - This book is a reprint collection of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Lubricants.
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Friction
KW - Wear
KW - Applications
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-516611
UR - https://www.mdpi.com/books/pdfview/book/3130
SN - 978-3-03943-523-4
SN - 978-3-03943-524-1
SP - 1
EP - 180
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel
AN - OPUS4-51661
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Cubero, A.
A1 - Martínez, E.
A1 - Angurel, L.A.
A1 - de la Fuente, G.F.
A1 - Navarro, R.
A1 - Legall, Herbert
A1 - Krüger, Jörg
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
T1 - Surface superconductivity changes of niobium sheets by femtosecond laser-induced periodic nanostructures
N2 - Irradiation with ultra-short (femtosecond) laser beams enables the generation of sub-wavelength laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) over large areas with controlled spatial periodicity, orientation, and depths affecting only a material layer on the sub-micrometer scale. This study reports on how fs-laser irradiation of commercially available Nb foil samples affects their superconducting behavior. DC magnetization and AC susceptibility measurements at cryogenic temperatures and with magnetic fields of different amplitude and orientation are thus analyzed and reported. This study pays special attention to the surface superconducting layer that persists above the upper critical magnetic field strength Hc2, and disappears at a higher nucleation field strength Hc3. Characteristic changes were distinguished between the surface properties of the laser-irradiated samples, as compared to the corresponding reference samples (non-irradiated). Clear correlations have been observed between the surface nanostructures and the nucleation field Hc3, which depends on the relative orientation of the magnetic field and the surface patterns developed by the laser irradiation.
KW - Niobium
KW - Surface superconductivity
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Nanostructures
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-518462
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10122525
SN - 2079-4991
VL - 10(12)
IS - Special issue "Laser-generated periodic nanostructures"
SP - 1
EP - 16
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel
AN - OPUS4-51846
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
T1 - Single Femtosecond Laser Pulse induced Amorphization, Re-crystallization and Native Oxide Removal at Silicon Wafer Surfaces
N2 - Single femtosecond laser pulse induced amorphization, re-crystallization and native oxide layer removal at silicon wafer surfaces of different crystal orientation is studied via spectroscopic imaging ellipsometry, atomic force microscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy.
T2 - 2023 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Europe – European Quantum Electronics Conferences
CY - Munich, Germany
DA - 26.06.2023
KW - Femtosecond laser
KW - Laser-induced amorphization
KW - Spectroscopic imaging ellipsometry
KW - Transmission electron microscopy
KW - Native oxide layer
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57829
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Simon, P.
A1 - Ihlemann, J.
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
T1 - Editorial: Special issue "Laser-generated periodic nanostructures"
N2 - The study of laser-fabricated periodic nanostructures is one of the leading topics of today’s photonics research. Such structures on the surface of metals, semiconductors, dielectrics, or polymers can generate new material properties with special functionalities. Depending on the specific material parameters and the morphology of the structures, new devices such as microlasers, optical nanoswitches, optical storage devices, sensors or antifraud features can be realized. Furthermore, laser-generated surface textures can be used to improve the tribological properties of surfaces in contact and in relative motion—to reduce friction losses or wear, to modify the wettability or the cell and biofilm growth properties of surfaces through bioinspired laser engineering, for emerging medical applications, or as decoration elements for the refinement of precious goods.
This Special Issue “Laser-Generated Periodic Nanostructures” focuses on the latest experimental and theoretical developments and practical applications of laser-generated periodic structures that can be generated in a “self-organized” way (laser-induced periodic surface structures, LIPSS, ripples) or via laser interference-based direct ablation (often referred to as direct laser interference patterning, DLIP). We aimed to attract both academic and industrial researchers in order to collate the current knowledge of nanomaterials and to present new ideas for future applications and new technologies. By 8 August 2021, 22 scientific articles have been published in the Special Issue, see www.mdpi.com/journal/nanomaterials/special_issues/laser-generated_periodic.
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Direct laser interference patterning (DLIP)
KW - Surface functionalization
KW - Laser ablation
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-530980
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11082054
SN - 2079-4991
VL - 11
IS - 8
SP - 1
EP - 7
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel
AN - OPUS4-53098
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Strangfeld, Christoph
A1 - Nayeri, C. N.
A1 - Paschereit, C. O.
A1 - Greenblatt, D.
T1 - Mechanism of vortex perturbation via unsteady pitching
N2 - Experiments indicate that vortices trailing finite wings can be perturbed by periodic wing pitching, leading to rapid dissipation and bursting. To illustrate the perturbation mechanism, Betz vortex rollup relations are combined with the Theodorsen theory for unsteady lift response. A sinusoidal pitch motion on a rigid elliptic planform wing is computed in this study as one example. Pitching modifies the instantaneous lift due to the planform variations, via the reduced frequency, and the rollup relations are applied to low-frequency experimental conditions. The combined Betz–Theodorsen theory shows that relatively large spanwise perturbations of the vortex centers can be achieved and may accelerate the exponential growth associated with the Crow instability. In fact, 84.2% of the displacement of the
unsteady trailing vortices due to unsteady pitching is oriented in the direction of the Crow instability. Furthermore, the axial velocity in the vortex center, calculated based on the Batchelor method, varies on the order of the flight speed.
This forms two types of stagnation points produced by approaching and retreating axial core velocities; in the former case, conservation of mass leads to observations of “bursting.” This observation can be explained adequately on the basis of quasi-steady considerations.
KW - Trailing vortex
KW - Unsteady pitching
KW - Betz vortex relation
KW - Theodorsen theory
PY - 2018
DO - https://doi.org/10.2514/1.C034646
SN - 0021-8669
VL - 55
IS - 5
SP - 1831
EP - 1838
PB - Elsevier
AN - OPUS4-45575
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schneider, Ronald
T1 - SysPark: a software tool for system-wide adaptive planning of inspections of turbine support structures in offshore wind farms
N2 - Fatigue is one of the main deterioration processes affecting the performance of welded steel support structures of wind turbines in offshore wind farms. In this contribution, we present a probabilistic physics-based fatigue deterioration model of a wind farm that accounts for the stochastic dependence among the fatigue behavior of different hotspots at turbine and wind farm level. The dependence exists because of uncertain common influencing factors such as similar material properties, fabrication qualities and load conditions. These system effects signify that an inspection of one hotspot provides indirect information of the condition of the remaining hotspots and thus enable an optimization of the inspection effort for a wind farm.
The wind farm model consists of two levels: A turbine support structure (level 1 system model) is represented by its fatigue hotspots and their stochastic dependence. The fatigue performance of a hotspot is described by a probabilistic fracture mechanics (FM) fatigue model. The probabilistic model of the parameters of the FM fatigue model is calibrated based on design data and is thus directly linked to the design of the turbine support structures. Dependence among the fatigue performances of different hotspots in a turbine support structure is modeled by introducing correlations between the stochastic parameters of the FM fatigue models. A wind farm (level 2 system model) consists of different turbine support structures (level 1 system models). Additional correlations are introduced at wind farm level to account for the dependence among the fatigue behavior of hotspots belonging to different turbine support structures. The wind farm model enables the computation of (marginal) hotspot fatigue reliabilities, system fatigue reliabilities of individual turbine support structures and the system fatigue reliability of an entire wind farm. The probabilistic model of the parameters of the two-level system model can be consistently updated with inspection outcomes using Bayesian methods. The updated probabilistic model of the model parameters then forms the basis for updating the estimates of the fatigue reliabilities.
We implement the wind farm model in a software tool named SysPark. The tool provides the means for planning inspections at wind farm level using an adaptive reliability-based threshold approach. In this approach, the first inspection campaign is planned in the year before the fatigue failure rates of the hotspots with the lowest fatigue reliabilities exceed a threshold failure rate. Once inspection results become available, the probabilistic model of the parameters of the wind farm model is updated. If repairs are performed, the wind farm model is additionally modified to describe the behavior of the repaired hotspots. The updated and modified model then enables the planning of the next inspection campaign and so on. The software tool is demonstrated in a case study considering a generic wind farm consisting of turbines with jacket support structures.
T2 - Wind Energy Science Conference (WESC 2021)
CY - Online Meeting
DA - 25.05.2021
KW - Fatigue deterioration
KW - Offshore wind farm
KW - Inspection planning
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52767
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eichner, Lukas
T1 - Probabilistische Systemidentifikation einer Versuchsstruktur für Substrukturen von Offshore-Windenergieanlagen mit statischen und dynamischen Messdaten
N2 - In diesem Beitrag wird ein probabilistischer Ansatz zur Systemidentifikation für Tragstrukturen von Offshore-Windkraftanlagen vorgestellt. Der Schwerpunkt der Forschung liegt auf der Integration von globalen Systemantworten in Form von Eigenfrequenzen und -formen sowie Verschiebungen und Dehnungen als lokale Messdaten. Die unterschiedlichen Daten werden kombiniert für die Aktualisierung der Parameter eines Finite-Elemente-Modells genutzt. Zu diesem Zweck wird ein probabilistischer Ansatz nach Bayes verfolgt, um Vorwissen sowie Unsicherheiten einzubeziehen. Die Methodik wird bei einer Versuchsstruktur angewandt, die eine Jacket-Substruktur von Offshore-Windenergieanlagen nachbildet. Eine Systemidentifikation mit Hilfe von Überwachungsdaten ist wertvoll für Jacket-Substrukturen, da eine Zustandsanalyse für die Gewährleistung der strukturellen Integrität unerlässlich ist, aber hinsichtlich der schwierigen Offshore-Bedingungen möglichst effizient sein muss. In diesem Zusammenhang schafft diese Arbeit die Grundlage für eine Schadenserkennung, eine verbesserte Vorhersage der Ermüdungslebensdauer und optimierte Instandhaltungsstrategien. Während das Modell hinsichtlich der statischen Messdaten erfolgreich aktualisiert werden kann, sind Schwierigkeiten bei der Identifizierung der dynamischen Systemeigenschaften erkennbar.
T2 - 8. VDI-Fachtagung Baudynamik 2025
CY - Würzburg, Germany
DA - 02.04.2025
KW - Systemidentifikation
KW - Versuchsstruktur
KW - Jacket
KW - Offshore-Windenergie
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62880
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hahn, Sarah-K.
T1 - Second Life Verwendungen - Untersuchungen und erste Erfahrungen mit einem Ausbildungsdemonstrator
N2 - Der Vortrag gibt zunächst einen Themeneinstieg in den Bereich der Second-Life-Batterien sowie rechtliche und technische Grundlagen zu Lebenszyklus und Alterung. Im Weiteren werden experimentelle Ergebnisse aus Versuchen zum thermischen Durchgehen mit Batteriemodulen aus dem BMBF-Vorhaben SEE-2L vorgestellt. Darüber hinaus wird ein eigens entwickelter Ausbildungsdemonstrators vorgestellt, welcher einen wesentlichen Baustein des Ergebnistransfers aus dem Vorhaben darstellt.
T2 - Brände von Lithium-Ionen-Batterien in Elektrofahrzeugen kontrollieren, eindämmen und vorbeugen
CY - Essen, Germany
DA - 25.03.2025
KW - Auswirkungsbetrachtungen
KW - Elektrische Energiespeicher
KW - Lithium-Ionen-Batterie
KW - Stationäre Energiespeicher
KW - Thermisches Durchgehen
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63180
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Weber, Mike
A1 - Völzke, Holger
A1 - Nieslony, Gregor
T1 - Consequences of an imperfectly mounted reinforcement cage in a generical cylindrical concrete container during mechanical specimen tests
N2 - By highest court decision in 2007 the issued license for the Konrad repository (a former iron ore mine) for low and intermediate level radioactive waste was finally confirmed. Since then, the site is improved, prepared and equipped for the currently planned start of waste package emplacement by 2029. The Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing) is regularly contracted by the Bundesgesellschaft für Endlagerung (BGE, Federal Company for Radioactive Waste Disposal) as the responsible authority for waste product control, waste container design testing, and waste package acceptance. In this context BAM is mainly responsible for design testing of various container types including the evaluation quality assurance measures for container manufacturing.
In the written Konrad disposal requirements all acceptance criteria for potential final disposal containers are defined. In addition to general requirements concerning container design, materials, dimensions and others, specific mechanical load scenarios the casks have to withstand are derived from an analysis of the on-site handling and emplacement procedures. Drop tests from different heights under consideration of the most damaging drop orientation and a stacking test are two examples for safety demonstrations that have to be performed during the container design testing procedure to qualify the respective container type.
The containers, whether cubic or cylindrical containers, can be made from different materials like ductile cast iron, reinforced concrete or as welded construction from steel plates and profiles. In case of concrete containers the reinforcement has the function to absorb tensile forces the concrete is not able to withstand by its own. Because of manufacturing imperfections of cylindrical concrete waste containers manufactured already decades ago, the reinforcement cages are not always exactly, axisymmetrically positioned when they were poured. This inspired BAM to perform various ABAQUS finite-element (FE) simulations by using the example of a simplified cylindrical container design with generic dimensions and pure elastic material properties. As outcome the stress conditions in the container during the drop test impact under different drop positions and during the stacking test were investigated and are explained and illustrated in this contribution. Different reinforcement cage positions were calculated and compared. On the basis of the calculated tensile and compressive stress distributions suggestions are derived on how a cylindrical concrete container with an imperfectly placed reinforcement cage has to be oriented for a drop or stacking test to ensure the most damaging test scenario.
T2 - ASME 2024 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference
CY - Bellevue, Washington, USA
DA - 28.07.2024
KW - Container design testing procedure
KW - Reinforced concrete containers
KW - Drop test
KW - Stacking test
KW - Imperfectly mounted reinforcement cage
KW - Finite-element-analysis
PY - 2024
SN - 978-0-7918-8851-3
DO - https://doi.org/10.1115/PVP2024-123797
VL - 5
SP - 1
EP - 8
PB - ASME
CY - New York City, USA
AN - OPUS4-62558
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Asna Ashari, Parsa
A1 - Oh, Hyochan
A1 - Koch, Claudia
T1 - Pathways to the hydrogen economy: A multidimensional analysis of the technological innovation systems of Germany and South Korea
N2 - The global trend towards decarbonization and the demand for energy security have put hydrogen energy into the spotlight of industry, politics, and societies. Numerous governments worldwide are adopting policies and strategies to facilitate the transition towards hydrogen-based economies. To assess the determinants of such transition, this study presents a comparative analysis of the technological innovation systems (TISs) for hydrogen technologies in Germany and South Korea, both recognized as global frontrunners in advancing and implementing hydrogen-based solutions. By providing a multidimensional assessment of pathways to the hydrogen economy, our analysis introduces two novel and crucial elements to the TIS analysis: (i) We integrate the concept of ‘quality infrastructure’ given the relevance of safety and quality assurance for technology adoption and social acceptance, and (ii) we emphasize the social perspective within the hydrogen TIS. To this end, we conducted 24 semi-structured expert interviews, applying qualitative open coding to analyze the data. Our results indicate that the hydrogen TISs in both countries have undergone significant developments across various dimensions. However, several barriers still hinder the further realization of a hydrogen economy. Based on our findings, we propose policy implications that can facilitate informed policy decisions for a successful hydrogen transition.
KW - Hydrogen economy
KW - Technological innovation system
KW - Quality infrastructure
KW - Multidimensional technology adoption
KW - Social acceptance
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-593312
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.08.286
IS - Volume 49, Part D
SP - 405
EP - 421
PB - Elsevier
AN - OPUS4-59331
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Heimann, Jan
T1 - How structural health monitoring can be embedded in a digital quality infrastructure: an example.
N2 - The digital Quality Infrastructure (QI) initiative “QI-Digital” in Germany is focusing on implementing new technologies and approaches to ensure that the task of quality assurance is more efficient and ready for the digital and green transformation of the economy. The implementation of quality control key elements, such as Smart Standards, Digital Certificates and QI-cloud solutions shall contribute to solving the socio-economic, ecological, and technological challenges of our time. Hydrogen is a key energy carrier and has the potential to play a significant role in the energy transition, especially in mobility. An essential factor for the broad acceptance of hydrogen-based mobility is the availability of refueling stations that operate reliably and safely. Using the example of a Hydrogen Refueling Station (HRS) built within the QI-Digital initiative, the Federal Institute for Material Research and Testing (BAM) aims to establish a real laboratory where modern measurement techniques and new digital methods are implemented to enhance operational safety, availability, and economic efficiency and render the technology more attractive for the industry.
In this work, we present an approach to establish a Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) system on a high-pressure buffer inside HRS and show how it could be embedded into a digital QI. The high-pressure buffers are essential components of the plant which are currently inspected periodically without regard to their operating history. Focusing on the transition to a continuous and digitally supported monitoring of the component’s integrity during operation the novel inspection scheme will be linked to a completely digitalized component-related documentation and tested using digital certificates. This allows the operational safety and, if necessary, the remaining useful lifetime to be assessed on an ongoing basis and to be a valuable contribution to increasing sustainability.
T2 - 11th European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring
CY - Potsdam, Germany
DA - 10.06.2024
KW - Digital transformation
KW - Industry 4.0
KW - Quality control
KW - Quality infrastructure
KW - Reliability
KW - Structural health monitoring
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61484
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
A1 - Gräf, S.
T1 - Ten Open Questions about Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures
N2 - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) are a simple and robust route for the nanostructuring of solids that can create various surface functionalities featuring applications in optics, medicine, tribology, energy technologies, etc. While the current laser technologies already allow surface processing rates at the level of m2/min, industrial applications of LIPSS are sometimes hampered by the complex interplay between the nanoscale surface topography and the specific surface chemistry, as well as by limitations in controlling the processing of LIPSS and in the long-term stability of the created surface functions. This Perspective article aims to identify some open questions about LIPSS, discusses the pending technological limitations, and sketches the current state of theoretical modelling. Hereby, we intend to stimulate further research and developments in the field of LIPSS for overcoming these limitations and for supporting the transfer of the LIPSS technology into industry.
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Industrial application
KW - Functional properties
KW - Surface functionalization
KW - Modelling
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-539503
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11123326
SN - 2079-4991
VL - 11
IS - 12
SP - 1
EP - 21
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel, Switzerland
AN - OPUS4-53950
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
T1 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt, Band 52, Heft 2
T3 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt der BAM - 2/2022
KW - Festlegungen
KW - Zulassungen
KW - Richtlinien
KW - Anerkennungen
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-550917
SN - 0340-7551
VL - 52
IS - 2
SP - 55
EP - 158
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-55091
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Porta-Velilla, L.
A1 - Turan, N.
A1 - Cubero, Á.
A1 - Shao, W.
A1 - Li, H.
A1 - de la Fuente, G.F.
A1 - Martínez, E.
A1 - Larrea, Á.
A1 - Castro, M.
A1 - Koralay, H.
A1 - Çavdar, Ş.
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
A1 - Angurel, L.A.
T1 - Highly Regular Hexagonally-Arranged Nanostructures on Ni-W Alloy Tapes upon Irradiation with Ultrashort UV Laser Pulses
N2 - Nickel tungsten alloy tapes (Ni—5 at% W, 10 mm wide, 80 µm thick, biaxially textured) used in second-generation high temperature superconductor (2G-HTS) technology were laser-processed in air with ultraviolet ps-laser pulses (355 nm wavelength, 300 ps pulse duration, 250–800 kHz pulse repetition frequency). By employing optimized surface scan-processing strategies, various laser-generated periodic surface structures were generated on the tapes. Particularly, distinct surface microstructures and nanostructures were formed. These included sub-wavelength-sized highly-regular hexagonally-arranged nano-protrusions, wavelength-sized line-grating-like laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS, ripples), and larger irregular pyramidal microstructures. The induced surface morphology was characterized in depth by electron-based techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD), cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (STEM/TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS). The in-depth EBSD crystallographic analyses indicated a significant impact of the material initial grain orientation on the type of surface nanostructure and microstructure formed upon laser irradiation. Special emphasis was laid on high-resolution material analysis of the hexagonally-arranged nano-protrusions. Their formation mechanism is discussed on the basis of the interplay between electromagnetic scattering effects followed by hydrodynamic matter re-organization after the laser exposure. The temperature stability of the hexagonally-arranged nano-protrusion was explored in post-irradiation thermal annealing experiments, in order to qualify their suitability in 2G-HTS fabrication technology with initial steps deposition temperatures in the range of 773–873 K.
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Ultrashort laser processing
KW - Hexagonally-arranged nano-protrusions
KW - Second-generation high temperature superconductor technology
KW - Electron microscopy
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-552551
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12142380
SN - 2079-4991
VL - 12
IS - 14
SP - 1
EP - 23
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel, Switzerland
AN - OPUS4-55255
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Qiao, Linan
A1 - Nagelschmidt, Sven
A1 - Herbrich, Uwe
A1 - Keller, Christian
T1 - Introduction of a Power Law Time-Temperature Equivalent Formulation for the Description of Thermorheologically Simple and Complex Behavior
N2 - Abstract: In this work, a conceptual framework is suggested for analyzing thermorheologically simple and complex behavior by using just one approach. Therefore, the linear relation between master time and real time which is required in terms of the time-temperature superposition principle was enhanced to a nonlinear equivalent relation. Furthermore, we evaluate whether there is any relation among well-known existing time-temperature equivalent formulations which makes it possible to generalize different existing formulations. For this purpose, as an example, the power law formulation was used for the definition of the master time. The method introduced here also contributes a further framework for a unification of established time-temperature equivalent formulations, for example the time-temperature superposition principle and time-temperature parameter models. Results show, with additional normalization conditions, most of the developed time-temperature parameter models can be treated as special cases of the new formulation. In the aspect of the arrow of time, the new defined master time is a bended arrow of time, which can help to understand the corresponding physical meaning of the suggested method.
KW - bended arrow of time
KW - time-temperature superposition principle
KW - time-temperature equivalent formulation
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-543800
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15030726
VL - 15
IS - 3
SP - 1
EP - 11
PB - MDPI
AN - OPUS4-54380
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Lehmann, Jens
T1 - Offshore Auslagerung von nichtrostenden Stahlcoupons
N2 - Zur Erweiterung der Anwendungserfahrungen nichtrostender Stähle, insbesondere von Lean-Duplex-Stählen, unter maritimen Einsatzbedingungen, wurden Testracks auf der Umspannplattform OSS des Windparks Hohe See errichtet. Hier wurden neben Standardproben zur Korrosivitätsbestimmung nach ISO 9223 auch mehrere Serien nichtrostender Stahlgüten mit unterschiedlichen Oberflächen, Spaltausbildungen und Verarbeitungszuständen ausgelagert und nun nach 1-jähriger Bewitterungszeit bewertet. In diesem Beitrag werden Oberflächenzustände, Korrosionszustände und Lochtiefen dieser Probekörper gezeigt.
T2 - 21. Tagung Korrosionsschutz in der maritimen Technik
CY - Hamburg, Germany
DA - 24.01.2024
KW - Korrosion
KW - Offshore
KW - Atmosphärische Korrosion
KW - Nichtrostender Stahl
KW - Edelstahl rostfrei
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59452
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
ED - Simon, P.
ED - Ihlemann, J.
ED - Bonse, Jörn
T1 - Laser-generated periodic nanostructures
N2 - This book is a reprint collection of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Nanomaterials.
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Direct laser-interference patterning (DLIP)
KW - Applications
KW - Numerical simulations
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-535146
UR - https://www.mdpi.com/books/pdfview/book/4426
SN - 978-3-0365-2027-8
SN - 978-3-0365-2028-5
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-0365-2028-5
SP - 1
EP - 328
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel
AN - OPUS4-53514
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Lifka, S.
A1 - Harsányi, K.
A1 - Baumgartner, E.
A1 - Pichler, L.
A1 - Baiko, D.
A1 - Wasmuth, Karsten
A1 - Heitz, J.
A1 - Meyer, M.
A1 - Joel, A.-C.
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
A1 - Baumgartner, W.
ED - Mail, M.
T1 - Laser-processed antiadhesive bionic combs for handling nanofibers inspired by nanostructures on the legs of cribellate spiders
N2 - Nanofibers are drawing the attention of engineers and scientists because their large surface-to-volume ratio is favorable for applications in medicine, filter technology, textile industry, lithium-air batteries, and optical sensors. However, when transferring nanofibers to a technical product in the form of a random network of fibers, referred to as nonwoven fabric, the stickiness of the freshly produced and thus fragile nanofiber nonwoven remains a problem. This is mainly because nanofibers strongly adhere to any surface because of van der Waals forces. In nature, there are animals that are actually able to efficiently produce, process, and handle nanofibers, namely cribellate spiders. For that, the spiders use the calamistrum, a comb-like structure of modified setae on the metatarsus of the hindmost (fourth) legs, to which the 10–30 nm thick silk nanofibers do not stick due to a special fingerprint-like surface nanostructure. In this work, we present a theoretical model of the interaction of linear nanofibers with a sinusoidally corrugated surface. This model allows for a prediction of the adhesive interaction and, thus, the design of a suitable surface structure to prevent sticking of an artificially nonwoven of nanofibers. According to the theoretical prediction, a technical analogon of the nanoripples was produced by ultrashort pulse laser processing on different technically relevant metal surfaces in the form of so-called laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS). Subsequently, by means of a newly established peel-off test, the adhesion of an electrospun polyamide fiber-based nonwoven was quantified on such LIPSS-covered aluminium alloy, steel, and titanium alloy samples, as well as on polished (flat) control samples as reference and, additionally, on samples with randomly rough surfaces. The latter revealed that the adhesion of electrospun nanofiber nonwoven is significantly lowered on the nanostructured surfaces compared with the polished surfaces.
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Cribellate spiders
KW - Calamistrum
KW - Electrospinning
KW - Nanofibers
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-561799
DO - https://doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.13.105
SN - 2190-4286
VL - 13
SP - 1268
EP - 1283
PB - Beilstein-Institut zur Förderung der Chemischen Wissenschaften
CY - Frankfurt, M.
AN - OPUS4-56179
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
A1 - Krüger, Jörg
T1 - Structuring of thin films by ultrashort laser pulses
N2 - Modern life and global communication would not be possible without technologically tailored thin films; they are omnipresent in daily life applications. In most cases, the films are deposited entirely at the carrying substrates in a specific processing step of the device or sample. In some cases, however, removal or modification must be performed locally, i.e., site-controlled and material selective through an additional laser processing step. For that ultrashort laser pulses with durations in the femtosecond and picosecond range can provide unique advantages and capabilities in industrially scalable schemes. This article reviews the current state of the research and corresponding industrial transfer related to the structuring of thin films by ultrashort pulsed lasers. It focuses on the pertinent historic developments, reveals the relevant physical and chemical effects, explores the ultimate limits, and discusses selected industrial and scientific applications.
KW - Thin films
KW - Laser processing
KW - Ultrashort lasers
KW - Laser damage
KW - Femtosecond laser ablation
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-565732
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-022-06229-x
SN - 0947-8396
SN - 1432-0630
VL - 129
IS - 1
SP - 1
EP - 38
PB - Springer
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-56573
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Costache, F.
A1 - Valette, S.
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
T1 - Editorial: Special Issue “Dynamics and Processes at Laser-Irradiated Surfaces—A Themed Issue in Honor of the 70th Birthday of Professor Jürgen Reif”
N2 - The Special Issue “Dynamics and Processes at Laser-irradiated Surfaces” is dedicated to the 70th birthday of Jürgen Reif, retired full professor, former Chair of Experimental Physics II of the Faculty of Physics of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus—Senftenberg in Germany.
KW - Laser ablation
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Surface functionalization
KW - Femtosecond laser
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-569482
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13030611
SN - 2079-4991
VL - 13
IS - 3
SP - 1
EP - 3
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel
AN - OPUS4-56948
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Wolff, M.
A1 - Wonneberger, R.
A1 - Freiberg, K.E.
A1 - Hertwig, Andreas
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
A1 - Giebeler, L.
A1 - Koitzsch, A.
A1 - Kunz, C.
A1 - Weber, H.
A1 - Hufenbach, J.K.
A1 - Müller, F.A.
A1 - Gräf, S.
T1 - Formation of laser-induced periodic surface structures on Zr-based bulk metallic glasses with different chemical composition
N2 - Bulk metallic glasses (BMG) are amorphous metal alloys known for their unique physical and mechanical properties. In the present study, the formation of femtosecond (fs) laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) on the Zr-based BMGs Zr46Cu46Al8, Zr61Cu25Al12Ti2, Zr52.5Cu17.9Al10Ni14.6Ti5 (Vit105) and Zr57Cu15.4Al10Ni12.6Nb5 (Vit106) was investigated as a function of their different chemical composition. For this purpose, LIPSS were generated on the sample surfaces in an air environment by fs-laser irradiation (λ = 1025 nm, τ = 300 fs, frep = 100 kHz). The surface topography was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Moreover, the impact of LIPSS formation on the structure and chemical surface composition was analyzed before and after fs-laser irradiation by X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy as well as by transmission electron microscopy in combination with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Despite the different chemical composition of the investigated BMGs, the fs-laser irradiation resulted in almost similar properties of the generated LIPSS patterns. In the case of Zr61Cu25Al12Ti2, Vit105 and Vit106, the surface analysis revealed the preservation of the amorphous state of the materials during fs-laser irradiation. The study demonstrated the presence of a native oxide layer on all pristine BMGs. In addition, fs-laser irradiation results in the formation of laser-induced oxide layers of larger thickness consisting of an amorphous ZrAlCu-oxide. The precise laser-structuring of BMG surfaces on the nanoscale provides a versatile alternative to thermoplastic forming of BMG surfaces and is of particular interest for the engineering of functional material surfaces.
KW - Bulk metallic glasses
KW - Femtosecond laser
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Chemical analysis
KW - Oxidation
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-581799
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2023.103305
SN - 2468-0230
VL - 42
SP - 1
EP - 11
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-58179
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
T1 - Maßgeblicher Einfluss geotechnischer Interaktionsprobleme auf den Tragwerksentwurf: Zwei spezielle Fallbeispiele
N2 - Geotechnische Interaktionsprobleme können den Entwurf eines Tragwerks maßgeblich beeinflussen. Anhand zweier Fallbeispiele - dem Schotteroberbau auf Brücken im HGV und der Installation großer Monopiles - werden aktuelle Fälle aus dem Forschungsrepertoire der BAM vorgestellt.
T2 - Geotechnische Seminarreihe am IBF des KIT
CY - Karlsruhe, Germany
DA - 23.01.2025
KW - Schotter auf Brücken im Hochgeschwindigkeitsverkehr
KW - Pfahlfussbeulen
KW - Beschleunigungsgrenzwert
KW - Rammung
KW - Monopiles
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62451
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
T1 - OWEC repowering from a structural engineering and research perspective
N2 - A significant number of new wind farms has to be installed and, at the same time, existing wind farms reaching the end of their planned life need to be reused efficiently to ensure that the ambitous goals for deploying offshore wind are met. Some relevant reuse alternatives for offshore wind farms are lifetime extension, repowering utilizing existing substructures and full replacement. In this presentation - starting from experience gained from extending the lifetime of the of the U1 metro viaduct in Berlin - we discuss end-of-life decision making in offshore wind. We focus particularly on issues concerning substructures and highlight existing challenges and opprtunities in research and development.
T2 - RWE RePowering Event
CY - Wilhelmshaven, Germany
DA - 10.10.2023
KW - Offshore wind
KW - End-of-life decision making
KW - Repowering
KW - Substructures
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58632
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Weise, Frank
A1 - Müller, U.
A1 - Hüsken, Götz
A1 - Gardei, Andre
T1 - Begutachtung Berliner Tuffsteinfassaden - Turmruine der Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gedächtniskirche und Charlottenburger Tor
N2 - Am Ende des 19. und zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts wurden auch in Berlin vermehrt Bauwerke mit einer Fassadenverblendung aus Eifeler Tuffsteinen errichtet. Die Eifeler Tuffsteine zeichnen sich aufgrund ihrer hohen Porosität einerseits durch eine gute Verarbeitbarkeit aus. Andererseits sind sie nur schwach gebunden und besitzen deshalb eine geringe Verwitterungsbeständigkeit.
T2 - Workshop Kulturguterhaltung - Vom Dampfkessel zu Nanomaterialien
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 17.11.2021
KW - Fassade
KW - Tuffstein
KW - Schalenbildung
PY - 2021
SN - 2567-1251
VL - 3
SP - 107
EP - 123
PB - Druckerei G. Bohm
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-54461
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - THES
A1 - Nielow, Dustin
T1 - Einfluss fertigungsbedingter Imperfektionen auf die Schwingfestigkeit von FKV-Schalenstrukturen in Sandwichbauweise
N2 - Rotorblätter von Windenergieanlagen (WEA) weisen häufig nach wenigen Jahren, lange vor dem Erreichen der prognostizierten Lebensdauer von 20 bis 30 Jahren Risse in der Blattschale auf. Die Folge sind aufwendige Reparaturen am installierten und schwer zugänglichen Rotorblatt und der kostenintensive Nutzungsausfall durch den Stillstand der WEA.
Als mögliche Initiatoren für die Schäden in der Blattschale der Rotorblätter gelten fertigungsbedingte Imperfektionen. Für die Untersuchung des Einflusses dieser Imperfektionen auf das Ermüdungsverhalten der Rotorblätter wurde an der BAM (Bundesanstalt für Mate-rialforschung und -prüfung) ein Prüfstand für statische und zyklische Versuche von Schalensegmenten im intermediate scale entwickelt und betrieben. Die untersuchten Schalensegmente in Sandwichbauweise sind der Rotorblattschale von WEA im Hinblick auf die Strukturmechanik, die eingesetzten Halbzeuge, den Laminataufbau und dem eingesetzten Fertigungsverfahren ähnlich. Als Imperfektionen wurden verschiedenen Variationen von Lagenstößen in die Hautlagen und Schaumstöße mit Breitenvariation in den Stützkern reproduzierbar eingebracht. Die Überwachung des Schädigungszustandes während der Schwingversuche unter realistischen Lastszenarien erfolgt über eine kombinierte in situ Schädigungsüberwachung mittels passiver Thermografie und Felddehnungsmessung.
Mit den durchgeführten Schwingversuchen und der begleitenden Überwachung des Schädigungszustandes ließen sich die Schadensinitiation und die signifikante Herabsetzung der Lebensdauer durch die eingebrachten Imperfektionen zweifelsfrei nachweisen und entsprechende Konstruktionshinweise für die betriebssichere Auslegung von Sandwichstrukturen ableiten.
N2 - Wind turbines often exhibit cracks in the blade shells after only a few years in service, significantly before their expected 20 to 30 year design lifespan. This leads to complicated repairs on difficult to reach rotor blades, and can cause a cost-intensive standstill of the turbine.
A possible source of these defects in the rotor blade shells are the imperfections which occur during production. In order to investigate the effect of these imperfections on the fatigue behavior of rotor blades, a test rig was developed at the BAM (Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung) upon which intermediate scale static and cyclic-fatigue testing could be performed. The complementary sandwich shell specimens developed and investigated with the test rig are representative of the outer shell of wind turbine rotor blades in terms of materials and manufacturing processes, as well as structural mechanics. The specimens were built with reproducible imperfections, including laminate overlaps in the face sheets and gaps of varying size in the foam core. The damage condition was monitored during cyclic-fatigue testing under realistic load cases using a combination of in-situ passive thermography and strain field measurement.
The cyclic testing and parallel non-destructive structural health monitoring of the shell specimens showed the imperfections to significantly influence the damage initiation and decrease the component service life. The results can be used accordingly as recommendations for operationally more reliable design of sandwich structures.
T3 - BAM Dissertationsreihe - 170
KW - Erneuerbare Energien
KW - Windenergie
KW - Verbundwerkstoffe
KW - Betriebsfestigkeit
KW - Komponentenprüfung
KW - Renewable ernergy
KW - Wind energy
KW - Intermediate scale
KW - Composites
KW - Fatigue
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-546701
SN - 1613-4249
VL - 170
SP - 1
EP - 178
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-54670
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - THES
A1 - Kraus, David
T1 - Ermüdungsverhalten von Glasfaser-Kunststoff-Verbunden unter thermomechanischer Beanspruchung
N2 - Die Werkstoffgruppe der Faser-Kunststoff-Verbunde (FKV) hat sich aufgrund ihrer hervorragenden Leichtbaueigenschaften unter anderem im Sportgerätebau, in der Luft- und Raumfahrt und in der Windenergieindustrie etabliert. Die so hergestellten Strukturen sind in der Regel nicht nur mechanischen Belastungen, sondern auch thermischen Lasten in einem breiten Temperaturspektrum ausgesetzt. Dennoch ist die Auswirkung des Temperatureinflusses bei einer Kombination von thermischer und mechanischer Last auf die Lebensdauer von Strukturen aus FKV bisher nur wenig untersucht.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird der Einfluss von Temperaturen zwischen 213 K und 343 K auf einen Glasfaser-Epoxidharz-Verbund experimentell untersucht. Das Material wird in diesem Temperaturbereich eingehend charakterisiert: Es werden sowohl die thermomechanischen Eigenschaften von Faser- und Matrixwerkstoff als auch die des Verbundes ermittelt. In einem weiteren Schritt wird dann der Einfluss der Temperatur auf die Schädigungsentwicklung im quasi-statischen Lastfall sowie unter schwingender Ermüdungsbeanspruchung bei verschiedenen FKV-Mehrschichtverbunden analysiert.
Basierend auf den experimentellen Daten wird ein Zusammenhang zwischen der Schädigung und der Anstrengung der Matrix innerhalb der Einzelschicht demonstriert. Die Matrixanstrengung wird mithilfe eines mikromechanischen Modells unter Berücksichtigung der thermomechanischen Eigenspannungen analytisch berechnet. Bei Querzugbeanspruchung kann gezeigt werden, dass eine Vorhersage der Schädigung in Abhängigkeit der Volumenänderungsenergie innerhalb der Matrix getroffen werden kann.
Mithilfe des Konzepts der Matrixanstrengung ist eine Vorhersage der Lebensdauer des Werkstoffs unter schwingender Ermüdungsbeanspruchung in Abhängigkeit der Einsatztemperatur möglich.
N2 - Due to their superior lightweight properties, fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) materials are well established in various fields, such as sports equipment, aerospace or wind energy structures.
These structures are not only subjected to mechanical loads, but also to a broad spectrum of thermal environments. However, the impact of temperature on the fatigue life of thermomechanically loaded FRP structures is barely investigated to-date.
In the scope of this work, the influence of temperatures in a range of 213 K to 343 K on a glass fiber reinforced epoxy polymer is experimentally examined. An extensive thermo-mechanical characterization of the static properties of the material is performed. The neat resin and Fiber material are investigated, as well as the composite. In addition, the impact of thermal loads on the damage evolution under quasi-static as well as cyclic fatigue loading is investigated for different multi-angle laminates.
Based on the experimental data, a correlation is shown between damage and matrix effort of the unidirectional layer. The matrix effort is calculated according to a micromechanical model considering thermal residual stresses. Particularly under transverse loading, the damage Evolution can be predicted as a function of the dilatational strain energy of the matrix.
Using the concept of the matrix effort presented in this work, a prediction of the fatigue life of the investigated material at different ambient temperature conditions can be performed.
T3 - BAM Dissertationsreihe - 169
KW - Ermüdung
KW - Faser-Kunststoff-Verbund
KW - GFK
KW - Schädigung
KW - Thermomechanik
KW - Fatigue
KW - Composite
KW - Glas fibre reinforced polymer
KW - Damage
KW - Thermomechanics
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-530253
SN - 1613-4249
VL - 169
SP - 1
EP - 164
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-53025
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
A1 - Herrmann, Ralf
A1 - Hille, Falk
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Dynamisches Verhalten und Überwachung des Großen Fallturms der BAM in Horstwalde
N2 - Falltürme sind Bauwerke, die als Versuchsanlagen sehr speziellen, impulsartigen Belastungen ausgesetzt sind. Am Fallturm auf dem Testgelände Technische Sicherheit (TTS) der BAM wurde bei Routineinspektionen eine Abnahme der strukturellen Integrität in Form von Vorspannungsverlusten in den Bolzen der Stahlverbindungen festgestellt. Um ein Verständnis für die zugrundeliegenden Trag- und Schädigungsmechanismen zu erlangen, wurde ein umfassendes Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) System geplant und am Bauwerk installiert unter Nutzung von digitalen Bauwerksmodellen. Für die Auslegung des Überwachungssystems, insbesondere aber zur Unterstützung der Untersuchung des Schädigungsprozesses, wurden Finite-Elemente-Modelle erstellt. Um sicherzustellen, dass die FE-Modelle das reale Tragwerksverhalten mit ausreichender Genauigkeit abbilden, mussten sie jedoch in Bezug auf die gemessenen Antworten des Tragwerks kalibriert werden. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt experimentelle und numerische Untersuchungen zur Identifizierung des strukturellen Systems des Stahlrohrgitterturms in Vorbereitung einer Überwachungskampagne. Die Auswertung von gemessenen Schwingungen unter ambienter Anregung ermöglichte die Identifizierung der Eigenfrequenzen mehrerer globaler Schwingungsmoden des Fallturms. Zur Modellvalidierung wurde zunächst eine Sensitivitätsanalyse durchgeführt, um die Parameter mit dem größten Einfluss zu ermitteln. Anschließend wurde ein evolutionärer Algorithmus (EA) zur Optimierung nach dem Prinzip der Minimierung der Differenzen zwischen gemessenen und simulierten charakteristischen Antworten eingesetzt. Das aktualisierte Modell wurde schließlich an der dynamischen Reaktion der Turmstruktur infolge einer realen Falltest-induzierten Stoßbelastung validiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigten eine gute Übereinstimmung zwischen numerischen und experimentellen Ergebnissen.
N2 - Drop test towers are structures subjected to very specific dynamic loadings. At the drop test tower at the Test Site Technical Safety (TTS) of BAM routine inspections revealed a decline of structural integrity in form of loss of pretension in bolts of structural steel connections. To get an understanding about the underlying damage mechanisms as well as to assure the structural safety in operation, a multifaceted Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) system was planned and installed at the structure with the help of digital models. For planning the monitoring system but especially for supporting the investigation of the damaging process finite element models are deployed. Though, to ensure the capability of the FE model to reproduce the real structural behavior in sufficient accuracy, it needs to be calibrated in respect to measured responses of the structure. The present contribution describes experimental and numerical investigations to identify the structural system of the steel tube lattice tower in preparation of the monitoring campaign. An ambient vibration test allowed the identification of the natural frequencies of several global vibrational modes of the drop test tower. For model updating first a sensitivity analysis is applied to identify the most influencing parameter. In succession a genetic algorithm was applied for optimization in the sense of minimization of the difference between measured and simulated characteristic responses. The updated model is finally validated on the dynamic response of the tower structure to a real drop test induced impact loading. The results showed a good agreement between numerical and experimental results though the robustness of the simulation should be improved by more sophisticated numerical modelling.
T2 - 7. VDI-Fachtagung Baudynamik
CY - Würzburg, Germany
DA - 27.04.2022
KW - Großer Fallturm Horstwalde
KW - Structural Health Monitoring
KW - Belastungsversuch
KW - Modalanalyse
KW - Schwingungsdynamik
KW - Finite Elemente Simulation
PY - 2022
SN - 978-3-18-092379-6
SN - 978-3-18-102379-2
DO - https://doi.org/10.51202/9783181023792-265
SN - 0083-5560
VL - 2379
SP - 265
EP - 284
PB - VDI-Verlag
CY - Düsseldorf
AN - OPUS4-55472
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Suffa, Philipp
A1 - Kemmler, Samuel
A1 - Koestler, Harald
A1 - Ruede, Ulrich
T1 - Large-scale simulations of fully resolved complex moving geometries with partially saturated cells
N2 - We employ the Partially Saturated Cells Method to model the interaction between the fluid flow and solid moving objects as an extension to the conventional lattice Boltzmann method. We introduce an efficient and accurate method for mapping complex moving geometries onto uniform Cartesian grids suitable for massively parallel processing. A validation of the physical accuracy of the solid–fluid coupling and the proposed mapping of complex geometries is presented. The implementation is integrated into the code generation pipeline of the waLBerla framework so that highly optimized kernels for Central Processing Unit (CPU) and Graphical Processing Unit (GPU) architectures become available. We study the node-level performance of the automatically generated solver routines. 71% of the theoretical peak performance can be achieved on CPU nodes and 86% on GPU accelerated nodes. Only a moderate overhead is observed for the processing of the solid–fluid coupling when compared to the fluids simulations without moving objects. Finally, a counter-rotating open rotor is presented as a prototype industrial scenario, resulting in a mesh size involving up to 4.3 × 109 fluid grid cells. For this scenario, excellent parallel efficiency is reported in a strong scaling study on up to 32 768 CPU cores on the LUMI-C supercomputer and on up to 1024 NVIDIA A100 GPUs on the JUWELS Booster system.
KW - Computational fluid dynamics
KW - Lattice Boltzmann methods
KW - Fluid coupling
KW - Turbulent flows
KW - Supercomputer
PY - 2025
DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0268021
SN - 1070-6631
VL - 37
IS - 5
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - AIP Publishing
AN - OPUS4-63188
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Karapanagiotis, Christos
A1 - Krebber, Katerina
T1 - Machine Learning Approaches in Brillouin Distributed Fiber Optic Sensors
N2 - This paper presents reported machine learning approaches in the field of Brillouin distributed fiber optic sensors (DFOSs). The increasing popularity of Brillouin DFOSs stems from their capability to continuously monitor temperature and strain along kilometer-long optical fibers, rendering them attractive for industrial applications, such as the structural health monitoring of large civil infrastructures and pipelines. In recent years, machine learning has been integrated into the Brillouin DFOS signal processing, resulting in fast and enhanced temperature, strain, and humidity measurements without increasing the system’s cost. Machine learning has also contributed to enhanced spatial resolution in Brillouin optical time domain analysis (BOTDA) systems and shorter measurement times in Brillouin optical frequency domain analysis (BOFDA) systems. This paper provides an overview of the applied machine learning methodologies in Brillouin DFOSs, as well as future perspectives in this area.
KW - Distributed fiber optic sensors
KW - BOTDA
KW - BOFDA
KW - Machine learning
KW - Strain and temperature measurements
KW - Artificial neural networks
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-580145
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/s23136187
VL - 23
IS - 13
SP - 1
EP - 26
PB - MDPI
AN - OPUS4-58014
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Heimann, Jan
A1 - Charmi, Amir
A1 - Karapanagiotis, Christos
A1 - Hashemi, Seyedreza
A1 - Prager, Jens
T1 - How structural health monitoring can be embedded in a digital quality infrastructure: an example.
N2 - The digital Quality Infrastructure (QI) initiative “QI-Digital” in Germany is focusing on implementing new technologies and approaches to ensure that the task of quality assurance is more efficient and ready for the digital and green transformation of the economy. The implementation of quality control key elements, such as Smart Standards, Digital Certificates and QI-cloud solutions shall contribute to solving the socio-economic, ecological, and technological challenges of our time. Hydrogen is a key energy carrier and has the potential to play a significant role in the energy transition, especially in mobility. An essential factor for the broad acceptance of hydrogen-based mobility is the availability of refueling stations that operate reliably and safely. Using the example of a Hydrogen Refueling Station (HRS) built within the QI-Digital initiative, the Federal Institute for Material Research and Testing (BAM) aims to establish a real laboratory where modern measurement techniques and new digital methods are implemented to enhance operational safety, availability, and economic efficiency and render the technology more attractive for the industry.
In this work, we present an approach to establish a Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) system on a high-pressure buffer inside HRS and show how it could be embedded into a digital QI. The high-pressure buffers are essential components of the plant which are currently inspected periodically without regard to their operating history. Focusing on the transition to a continuous and digitally supported monitoring of the component’s integrity during operation the novel inspection scheme will be linked to a completely digitalized component-related documentation and tested using digital certificates. This allows the operational safety and, if necessary, the remaining useful lifetime to be assessed on an ongoing basis and to be a valuable contribution to increasing sustainability.
T2 - 11th European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring
CY - Potsdam, Germany
DA - 10.06.2024
KW - Structural health monitoring
KW - Quality infrastructure
KW - Digital transformation
KW - Reliability
KW - Quality control
KW - Industry 4.0
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-607109
DO - https://doi.org/10.58286/29769
SN - 1435-4934
SP - 1
EP - 7
PB - NDT.net
AN - OPUS4-60710
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Nguyen, Ngoc Tam Thi
T1 - Reinventing Piping for Hydrogen Applications – A Composite Approach
N2 - A key step towards achieving climate neutrality in the European Union (EU) by 2050 is the transition to renewable energy sources. Green hydrogen plays a central role in this shift but remains costly, particularly through the utilization of PEM electrolysis. Currently, around 50% of the costs associated with electrolyser systems are attributed to system peripherals, underscoring the potential for cost savings through standardization and the use of cost-effective materials [Tja17, IRE20].
In the collaborative project "PolyH2Pipe", the Institute of Plastics Processing in Industry and Craft (IKV), the Welding and Joining Institute (ISF) and BAM Division 5.3 are developing media-carrying pipe systems made of continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastics (TP-FR) for hydrogen applications. The project aims to design these pipes, develop suitable joining techniques and validate the requirements for these piping systems. This research initiative serves as a foundational basis for the subsequent market introduction of large-scale TP-FR pipe systems for electrolysers and fuel cell systems. Initial test results will be presented as a part of the talk during the colloquium.
T2 - H2Safety Colloquium - Materials compatibility and properties
CY - Online meeting
DA - 14.05.2025
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Polymer Matrix Composites
KW - Electrolyser
KW - Piping
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63134
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Nguyen, Ngoc Tam Thi
T1 - Polymer Matrix Composite (PMC) piping for hydrogen applications
N2 - A significant step towards achieving climate neutrality in the European Union (EU) by 2050 is the conversion of the energy supply to renewable energy sources. The availability of hydrogen (H₂) as a flexible energy source in sufficient quantities is currently a central challenge. At present, hydrogen is mainly produced from fossil fuels such as natural gas, while water electrolysis only contributes 4% of total production. Less than 0.1 % of global production comes from renewable energy sources [IRE20, NN17]. Compared to the production of grey hydrogen, the production of green hydrogen with PEM electrolysers is still associated with high costs. Reducing the procurement and production costs of PEM electrolysers is therefore a key factor in realising the goals of the EU's hydrogen strategy.
Around 50 % of the system costs are attributable to the system peripherals, meaning that savings can be achieved through the standardisation of system components and the use of more cost-efficient materials [Tja17, IRE20]. Currently, cost-intensive steel materials are used to guide media systems and cooling circuits in the plant periphery. Substitution by polymer materials offers a high cost-saving potential due to automated production processes and simple joining techniques.
In the collaborative project ‘PolyH2Pipe’, which is being carried out by the Institute of Plastics Processing in Industry and Craft (IKV), the Welding and Joining Institute (ISF) and BAM-5.3, continuous fibre-reinforced thermoplastic (TP-FR) pipe systems are being designed, joining techniques developed and the requirements for the media piping validated. The objective of the research project is to conduct preparatory measures to initiate market launch activities for large-scale production of TP-FR media pipes for H2 electrolyser and fuel cell systems. In the context of the poster presentation, the overarching project and the BAM sub-project will be presented with initial test results.
T2 - 29. Nationales SAMPE Symposium
CY - Aachen, Germany
DA - 02.04.2025
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Polymer Matrix Composites
KW - Electrolyser
KW - Piping
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63133
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schwedler, Michael
A1 - Dörfeldt, Stefan
A1 - Lüddecke, Falk
A1 - Seidel, Marc
A1 - Thiele, Marc
ED - Kurrer, Karl-Eugen
T1 - Einflussfaktoren auf die Vorspannkraft von Schrauben mit Durchmessern bis M72 in Ringflanschverbindungen
T1 - Factors influencing the pretension force in bolts with diameter up to M72 in ring flange connections
N2 - Bei Monopfahlgründungen von Offshore-Windenergieanlagen wird die Verbindung zwischen Monopfahl und Übergangsstück als geschraubter Ringflansch ausgeführt. Die zunehmende Leistungsfähigkeit der Windenergieanlagen führt zu immer größeren Schnittgrößen in diesem Anschluss. In der Folge erhöhen sich nicht nur die Querschnittsabmessungen, sondern es kommen auch zunehmend größere Schrauben zum Einsatz. Da die einschlägigen Regelwerke zur Bemessung dieser Verbindungen nicht für Schrauben der Größen M64 oder M72 konzipiert wurden, stellt sich die Frage der Übertragbarkeit auf solche Anwendungsfälle.
Im Rahmen des Aufsatzes werden Einflüsse diskutiert, die eine Herabsetzung der Schraubentragfähigkeit verursachen könnten. Diese Einflüsse, vornehmlich geometrische Imperfektionen, werden systematisch untersucht und ergänzend in praxisrelevanten Beispielen bewertet. Die somit gewonnenen Erkenntnisse werden für die abschließende Beurteilung der großen Schrauben in Ringflanschverbindungen herangezogen.
KW - Ermüdung
KW - Vorspannung
KW - Imperfektion
KW - Offshore
KW - Windenergieanlage
KW - Schrauben
PY - 2018
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/stab.201810571
SN - 0038-9145
SN - 1437-1049
VL - 87
IS - 2
SP - 149
EP - 161
PB - Wilhelm Ernst und Sohn
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-44285
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Greenblatt, D.
A1 - Müller-Vahl, H.
A1 - Strangfeld, Christoph
T1 - Laminar separation bubble bursting in a surging stream
N2 - The effect of high-amplitude harmonic surging on airfoil laminar separation bubbles, at small angles of attack, was investigated experimentally in a dedicated surging-flow wind tunnel. A generalized pressure coefficient was developed that accounts for local static pressure variations due to surging. This critical generalization facilitated direct comparisons between surging and quasisteady pressure coefficients, and thus unsteady effects could be distinguished from Reynolds number effects. A momentum-integral boundary layer analysis was implemented to determine movement of the bubble separation point, and movement of the transition point was extracted from experimental surface pressure coefficients. The most significant finding was that bubble bursting occurs, counterintuitively, during early imposition of the favorable temporal pressure gradient, because the favorable pressure gradient rapidly drives the bubble aft, rendering it unable to reattach. This surge-induced dynamic stall mechanism resulted in large lift and form-drag coefficient oscillations.
Furthermore, failure to implement the generalized pressure coefficient definition resulted in temporal form-drag coefficient errors of up to 400 counts.
KW - Aerodynamics
KW - Boundary layer receptivity, stability & separation
KW - Boundary layers
PY - 2023
DO - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevFluids.8.L012102
SN - 2469-990X
VL - 8
IS - 1
SP - 1
EP - 11
PB - American Physical Society
AN - OPUS4-56860
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hüsken, Götz
T1 - Bemessung und Ausführung von Groutverbindungen nach DIN 18088-5
N2 - Die Grout-Verbindung stellt die Nahtstelle zwischen Gründungsbauwerk und aufgehender Tragstruktur sicher. Die Funktion und Dauerhaftigkeit dieser Verbindung ist essentiell für die sichere Betriebsphase von Offshore-Windenergieanlagen. Die Bemessung der Grout-Verbindung stellt aktuell weitgehendes Neuland ohne Langzeiterfahrung dar. Gleichzeitig sind die Bedingungen bei der Montage Offshore sehr schwierig und die eingesetzten Materialien sind aufgrund ihrer technischen Merkmale in Verbindung mit den Verarbeitungsbedingungen nicht unproblematisch. Demzufolge stellen Grout-Verbindungen ungeregelte Bauarten und die hierfür verwendeten Mörtel (Grouts) ungeregelte Bauprodukte dar. Im Rahmen der Genehmigung ist daher beim Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie (BSH) als zuständiger Genehmigungsbehörde für jedes Bauvorhaben eine projektbezogene Zustimmung im Einzelfall (ZiE) zu beantragen.
Vor diesem Hintergrund sollte im DIN-Arbeitsausschuss NA 005-51-07 AA "Windenergieanlagen" eine geschlossene Normenreihe für Tragstrukturen von Windenergieanlagen und Plattformen erarbeitet werden. Anhand der Normenreihe soll allen bei der Planung, Errichtung und dem Betrieb von Windkraftanlagen Beteiligten ein Regelwerk für Bemessung, Baustoffe und deren Verwendung zur Verfügung gestellt werden. Ein Verweis auf die Normenanforderungen bzgl. der stofflichen Anforderungen, Bemessung und Ausführung durch den betreffenden BSH-Standard ist möglich, da eine ZiE weiterhin notwendig ist. Jedoch kann der Genehmigungsprozess aufgrund der vereinheitlichten Randbedingungen vereinfacht werden. Nach der erfolgreichen nationalen Einführung der DIN 18088 soll die Harmonisierung auf europäischer Ebene erfolgen.
T2 - Offshoretage 2017
CY - Heiligendamm, Germany
DA - 15.03.2017
KW - Grout-Verbindung
KW - DIN 18088-5
KW - Offshore-Windenergieanlagen
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-39634
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Ratkovac, Mirjana
A1 - Gerards-Wünsche, Paul
A1 - Thiele, Marc
A1 - Brackrock, Daniel
A1 - Stamm, Michael
T1 - Detection and monitoring of the fatigue crack growth on welds – Application-oriented use of NDT methods
N2 - Early detection of fatigue cracks and accurate measurements of the crack growth play an important role in the maintenance and repair strategies of steel structures exposed to cyclic loads during their service life. Observation of welded connections is especially of high relevance due to their higher susceptibility to fatigue damage. The aim of this contribution was to monitor fatigue crack growth in thick welded specimens during fatigue tests as holistically as possible, by implementing multiple NDT methods simultaneously in order to record the crack initiation and propagation until the final fracture. In addition to well-known methods such as strain gauges, thermography, and ultrasound, the crack luminescence method developed at the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), which makes cracks on the surface particularly visible, was also used. For data acquisition, a first data fusion concept was developed and applied in order to synchronize the data of the different methods and to evaluate them to a large extent automatically. The resulting database can ultimately also be used to access, view, and analyze the experimental data for various NDT methods. During the conducted fatigue tests, the simultaneous measurements of the same cracking process enabled a comprehensive comparison of the methods, highlighting their individual strengths and limitations. More importantly, they showed how a synergetic combination of different NDT methods can be beneficial for implementation in large-scale fatigue testing but also in monitoring and inspection programs of in-service structures - such as the support structures of offshore wind turbines.
T2 - Fatigue Design 2023 (FatDes 2023)
CY - Senlis, France
DA - 29.11.2023
KW - Fatigue
KW - Welded
KW - NDT
KW - Crack growth
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-600238
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2024.03.062
VL - 57
SP - 560
EP - 568
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-60023
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Held, Mathias
A1 - Bulling, Jannis
A1 - Lugovtsova, Yevgeniya
A1 - Prager, Jens
T1 - Determination of isotropic elastic constants from dispersion images based on ultrasonic guided waves by using neural networks
N2 - This article presents a method to use the dispersive behavior of ultrasonic guided waves and neural networks to determine the isotropic elastic constants of plate-like structures through dispersion images. Therefore, two different architectures are compared: one using convolutions and transfer learning based on the EfficientNetB7 and a Vision Transformer-like approach. To accomplish this, simulated and measured dispersion images are generated, where the first is applied to design, train, and validate and the second to test the neural networks. During the training of the neural networks, distinct data augmentation layers are employed to introduce artifacts appearing in measurement data into the simulated data. The neural networks can extrapolate from simulated to measured data using these layers. The trained neural networks are assessed using dispersion images from seven known material samples. Multiple variations of the measured dispersion images are tested to guarantee the prediction stability. The study demonstrates that neural networks can learn to predict the isotropic elastic constants from measured dispersion images using only simulated dispersion images for training and validation without needing an initial guess or manual feature extraction, independent of the measurement setup. Furthermore, the suitability of the different architectures for generating information from dispersion images in general is discussed.
KW - Ultrasonic guided waves
KW - Dispersion
KW - Elastic constants
KW - Neural networks
KW - Image processing
KW - Vision transformer
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-607090
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107403
SN - 0041-624X
VL - 143
SP - 1
EP - 48
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-60709
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Siebler, Daniel
A1 - Rohwetter, Philipp
A1 - Heidmann, G.
A1 - Nierhaus, T.
A1 - Simunek, J.
A1 - Leistner, A.
A1 - Leistner, A.
A1 - Plath, R.
T1 - Kabelgarnituren mit integrierter faseroptischer Teilentladungssensorik
T1 - Cable accessories with integrated fibre-optic partial discharge sensors
N2 - Wir demonstrieren die Machbarkeit rückwirkungsfrei integrierter optischer Teilentladungssensorik für Aufschiebeelemente aus Silikonelastomer zur Verwendung in Kabelgarnituren. Zu diesem Zweck wurden sowohl ein Funktionsmodell eines optisch transparenten Silikon-Kabelendverschlusses mit integriertem Silikon-Lichtwellenleitersensor als auch ein rein optisches TE-Messsystem auf Basis von zwei Einzelphotonendetektoren und einer Koinzidenzschaltung (PD-COP) entwickelt, die hier vorgestellt werden. Die Leistungsfähigkeit und Stärken der optischen TE-Messtechnik zeigen sich sowohl in Kombination mit der elektrischen Messtechnik, als auch bei alleinigem Einsatz.
T2 - VDE Fachtagung Hochspannungstechnik
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 14.11.2016
KW - Faseroptik
KW - Teilentladungssensorik
KW - Fibre-optic
KW - Partial discharge sensors
PY - 2016
SN - 978-3-8007-4310-0
SP - 608
EP - 613
PB - VDE Verlag GmbH
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-38976
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Nanaki, E. A.
A1 - Koroneos, C. J.
A1 - Roset, J.
A1 - Susca, Tiziana
A1 - Christensen, T. H.
A1 - De Gregorio Hurtado, S.
A1 - Rybka, A.
A1 - Kopitovic, J.
A1 - Heindrich, O.
A1 - Amparo Lopez-Jimenez, P.
T1 - Environmental assessment of 9 European public bus transportation systems
N2 - The transportation sector is one of the largest sources of EU’s greenhouse gas emissions. In 2011, trans-portation represented approximately 25 percent of total EU’s greenhouse gas emissions. Urban mobilityaccounts for 40 % of all CO2emissions of road transport and up to 70 % of other pollutants from transport.As, transportation and mobility play a crucial part both in urban economics and the quality of life, it is ofgreat significance to ensure a low carbon transportation sector, so as to deal with the threat that climatechange poses to urban areas. This study examines the factors that affect the production of carbon dioxide(CO2) as well as of air pollutants, in 9 major European cities, aiming to provide a comprehensive overviewof the actual knowledge on the atmospheric pollution from public transportation systems. CO2emissionsas well as air pollutants, such as CO, HC, PM, NOx are calculated for the diesel and CNG bus fleets of theEuropean cities under study. Finally the environmental benefits, in terms of CO2and CO, HC, PM, NOxemissions reductions, from the penetration of different biodiesel blends (from B10 to B100) to the busfleets are estimated.
KW - Urban buses
KW - Air pollution
KW - Urban transport
PY - 2017
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2016.08.025
SN - 2210-6707
VL - 28
SP - 42
EP - 52
PB - Elsevier
AN - OPUS4-38938
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Musolff, André
A1 - Quercetti, Thomas
A1 - Müller, Karsten
A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias
T1 - Impact Analysis of RAM Packages under Kinematic Aspects
N2 - BAM is the German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing and the competent authority for mechanical and thermal safety assessment of transport packages for spent fuel and high level waste. In context with safety assessment of RAM packages BAM performed numerous drop tests in the last decades. The tests were mostly accompanied by extensive and various measurement techniques especially by instrumented measurements with strain gages and accelerometers. The procedure of drop testing and the resulting measurement analysis are the main methods to evaluate the safety against mechanical test conditions. Measurement techniques are dedicated to answer questions in regard to the structural integrity of a RAM package, the mechanical behavior of the prototype as well as of its content under impact conditions.
Test results like deceleration-time functions constitute a main basis for the validation of assumptions in the safety analysis and for the evaluation of numerical calculations. In this context the adequate selection of accelerometers and measurement systems for the performance of drop tests is important. Therefore it is not only necessary to find suitable positions for the accelerometers at the test specimens, but also to consider technical boundary conditions as e.g. temperature.
T2 - PATRAM 2016
CY - Kobe, Japan
DA - 18.09.2016
KW - RAM packages
KW - Drop test
KW - Impact
KW - Radioactive
PY - 2016
UR - http://www.patram2016.org/
SP - Paper 1030, 1
AN - OPUS4-38859
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Musolff, Andre
T1 - Impact Analysis of RAM Packages under Kinematic Aspects
N2 - BAM is the German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing and the competent authority for mechanical and thermal safety assessment of transport packages for spent fuel and high level waste. In context with safety assessment of RAM packages BAM performed numerous drop tests in the last decades. The tests were mostly accompanied by extensive and various measurement techniques especially by instrumented measurements with strain gages and accelerometers.
The procedure of drop testing and the resulting measurement analysis are the main methods to evaluate the safety against mechanical test conditions. Measurement techniques are dedicated to answer questions in regard to the structural integrity of a RAM package, the mechanical behavior of the prototype as well as of its content under impact conditions.
Test results like deceleration-time functions constitute a main basis for the validation of assumptions in the safety analysis and for the evaluation of numerical calculations. In this context the adequate selection of accelerometers and measurement systems for the performance of drop tests is important. Therefore it is not only necessary to find suitable positions for the accelerometers at the test specimens, but also to consider technical boundary conditions as e.g. temperature.
T2 - PATRAM 2016
CY - Kobe, Japan
DA - 18.09.2016
KW - RAM packages
KW - Drop test
KW - Impact
KW - Radioactive
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-38860
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sentker, Kathirn
A1 - Yildirim, Arda
T1 - Fabrication of organic nanowires by melt infiltration of a discotic liquid crystal: A combined X-ray diffraction and optical birefringence study
N2 - Optical polarimetry and angle dependent X-ray scattering in employed to study the structure of a discotic liquid crystal confined into nanochannels. The pore size dependence of the obtauned data are discussed in detail.
T2 - DPG Spring Meeting 2017
CY - Dresden, Germany
DA - 20.03.2017
KW - Discotic Liquid Crystals
KW - Nanoconfinement
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-39591
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Krüger, Jörg
T1 - Femtosecond laser pulses for photovoltaic bottom-up strategies
N2 - A bottom-up approach is presented for the production of arrays of indium islands on a molybdenum layer on glass using 30-fs laser pulses at 790 nm wavelength. The indium islands can serve as micro-sized precursors for indium compounds such as copper-indium-gallium-diselenide (CIGSe) used in photovoltaics. Molybdenum is the standard back contact material of CIGSe solar cells. Femtosecond laser ablation of glass and a subsequent deposition of a molybdenum film or direct laser processing of the molybdenum film both allow the preferential nucleation and growth of indium islands at the predefined locations in a following indium-based physical vapor deposition (PVD) process. A proper choice of laser and deposition parameters ensures the controlled growth of indium islands exclusively at the laser ablated spots. Based on a statistical analysis, these results are compared to the non-structured molybdenum surface, leading to randomly grown indium islands after PVD.
T2 - 7th European Conference on Applications of Femtosecond Lasers in Materials Science (FemtoMat 2017)
CY - Mauterndorf, Austria
DA - 20.03.2017
KW - Femtosecond laser
KW - Copper-indium-gallium-diselenide
KW - CIGSe
KW - Indium preferential nucleation
KW - Photovoltaics
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-39599
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
T1 - Vorversuche zur Ultraschallprüfung an Groutverbindungen
N2 - Im rahmen des themenfeldprojektes LEBEWIND wurden Vorversuche zur Ultraschallprüfung von Groutverbindungen an Offshore-Windenergieanlagen gemacht. Die Experimente mit kommerzieller Prüftechnik in Echo und Transmission durch die Stahlwandung hindurch bestätigten, dass diese Bauweise so nicht prüfbar ist.
T2 - Workshop "Grout in der Betriebsphase"
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 22.03.2017
KW - Windenergieanlagen
KW - Grout
KW - Ultraschall
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-39541
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hicke, Konstantin
A1 - Krebber, Katerina
ED - Chung, Y.
ED - Jin, W.
ED - Lee, B.
ED - Canning, J.
ED - Nakamura, K.
ED - Yuan, L.
T1 - Towards efficient real-time submarine power cable monitoring using distributed fibre optic acoustic sensors
N2 - Online condition monitoring of submarine power cables helps to avert failures and damages produced by mechanical impacts. We report, to our knowledge for the first time, on investigations regarding the feasibility of distributed fiber optic acoustic sensors based on C-OTDR, with the sensor fibres being embedded in the cable, to detect vibrations due to mechanical disturbances along the cable. We present first results of sensing experiments where acoustic signals are transmitted through water to simulate the corresponding submarine conditions. Furthermore, we show results evaluating the usefulness of fibre commonly embedded in existing power cable designs for our sensing purposes.
T2 - 25th International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors
CY - Jeju-City, Jeju, Republic of Korea
DA - 24.04.2017
KW - Distributed acoustic sensing
KW - Power cable monitoring
KW - C-OTDR
KW - Fibre optic sensors
KW - DAS
PY - 2017
SN - 978-1-5090-4850-2
DO - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2267474
SN - 0277-786X
SN - 1996-756X
VL - 10323
SP - 1032390-1
EP - 1032390-4
PB - SPIE
CY - Bellingham, WA, USA
AN - OPUS4-40088
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Nofz, Marianne
A1 - Dörfel, Ilona
A1 - Sojref, Regine
A1 - Wollschläger, Nicole
A1 - Mosquera Feijoo, Maria
A1 - Kranzmann, Axel
T1 - Microstructure, smoothening effect, and local defects of alumina sol-gel coatings on ground steel
N2 - Porous alumina films with thicknesses of a few microns were prepared via a dip-coating technique on steel P92. The coating is shown to protect the steel against massive corrosion, which is typical in the hot reactive environment of coal fired power plants. To mimic real conditions ground steel plates were coated with a boehmite-sol. This leads to an overall smoothing of the formerly rough surface. In the following short annealing step the inner porous construction with worm-like particles consisting of nano-crystallites and amorphous alumina is formed. Due to the simultaneous diffusion of chromium and iron ions out of the bulk steel material into the porous alumina coating, a dense interface with satisfactory adhesion is formed. However, the film exhibits few local defects like cracks or dense alumina nodules caused by steep edges in the ground surface or agglomeration of boehmite-sol components, respectively. Cracks especially have to be avoided. This problem can be overcome so far by slight modifications in the sol preparation process and surface treatment of the substrates. Nevertheless the results demonstrate the potential of sol-gel based alumina coatings as a time- and cost-saving protection type for commercial steel P92.
KW - Alumina coating
KW - Steel protection
KW - TEM
PY - 2017
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-016-4188-8
SN - 0928-0707
VL - 81
IS - 1
SP - 185
EP - 194
PB - Springer
CY - New York
AN - OPUS4-40044
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Krankenhagen, Rainer
T1 - Standardization of NDT Methods and Operational Procedures - Active Thermography
N2 - Starting with a general consideration of standards the different kinds and levels of standards are compiled. The procedure of initiating a standard is described. An overview about all existing standards for TT (Thermographic Testing) is given with a special focus on ASTM standards.
T2 - Training Course: Non-destructive testing of fiber reinforced polymers
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 28.03.2017
KW - Standardization
KW - Non-destructive testing
KW - Thermographic testing
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-40107
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hicke, Konstantin
T1 - Towards efficient real-time submarine power cable monitoring using distributed fibre optic acoustic sensors
N2 - We present experimental results investigating the applicability of distributed fibre optic acoustic sensing (DAS) for condition and threat monitoring in submarine power cables.
T2 - 25th International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors
CY - Jeju-City, Jeju, Republic of Korea
DA - 24.04.2017
KW - Distributed fibre optic sensors
KW - Distributed fibre optic acoustic sensing
KW - Condition monitoring
KW - C-OTDR
KW - Power cable monitoring
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-40078
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Völzke, Holger
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
T1 - Update on the German approach of storing spent nuclear fuel in dual purpose casks until final disposal
N2 - The German approach of storing spent nuclear fuel in dual purpose casks until final disposal is based on individually licensed storage sites concerning specific nuclear inventories and dual purpose cask types. The currently approved license period is maximum 40 years.
With nuclear policy changes including the phase-out decision of 2011 and a new approach for the HLW repository siting process set up 2013 by law also the spent fuel and HLW management strategy has to be adapted. This includes the timely development of disposal container concepts as part of the overall repository siting process and the need for longer interim storage periods until final disposal. Other aspects affect new regulations about the financing of the nuclear waste management by the industry and the public sector, the restructuring of responsible authorities in 2016/2017 and the adaption of R&D funding programs addressing also pre-disposal (or extended interim storage) issues.
BAM as a Federal Research Institute has been responsible for or in charge of container safety Evaluation for transport and storage casks for radioactive waste for several decades and started addressing potential Extended interim storage issues already several years ago. This included participation in international projects at the IAEA or in the U.S. Extended Storage Collaboration Program (ESCP) as well as long term laboratory tests with metal seals, elastomeric seals and polymers for neutron shielding purposes. Test results of BAM are published regularly and gained data provide valuable information about thermo-mechanical and radiological degradation effects as well as the long term Performance of respective cask components. Regarding the reliable extrapolation and prediction of the long term Performance of cask materials and components for time periods of up to 80 or even 100 years the continuation and extension of laboratory tests and the development of analytical and numerical simulation models and tools is essential and under way.
T2 - 16th International High -Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference (IHLRWM 2017)
CY - Charlotte, NC, USA
DA - 09.04.2017
KW - Spent fuel
KW - Storage
KW - Cask
KW - Safety
KW - Disposal
PY - 2017
SP - 189
EP - 194
AN - OPUS4-40411
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa
A1 - Völzke, Holger
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
T1 - Cladding considerations at BAM regarding extended storage spent fuel
N2 - With the clear expectation of the need for extending spent fuel storage in Germany beyond the initial license period of maximum 40 years additional material data and knowledge about the long term performance and integrity of casks and internals like fuel rods will be required to meet major safety goals and regulatory requirements.
Based on a broad knowledge base about fuel cladding behavior, degradation mechanisms and related potential failure mechanisms, e. g. induced by reoriented Hydride precipitation, as illustrated in this paper, a specific gap analyses for the German situation regarding fuel conditions and cladding materials should identify the specific knowledge gaps to be addressed and closed in the near future. This is of specific interest as all spent fuel assemblies are going to be transferred to dry cask storage with the next decade and as a consequence of the German nuclear phase-out decision.
Within several decades, BAM as a Federal materials research institute gathered a broad range of expertise in the safety evaluation of materials, components and casks under operational and accidental thermal and mechanical conditions. This paper elucidates selected Basic considerations regarding technical and scientific knowledge about the long term aging performance and potential failure mechanisms of fuel cladding materials.
Under consideration of the national R&D funding policy which has been adapted to the extended interim storage or pre-disposal needs and the competences of BAM, its future R&D strategy is explained and some R&D objectives have already been identified. BAM will continue and expand ist engagement in the area of investigating fuel cladding material behavior in the long term and developing validated simulation and analyses tools in collaboration with national and international partners. R&D outcomes shall improve the knowledge-base to close identified knowledge gaps in the area of demonstrating fuel cladding integrity and to provide crucial information with regard to future safety assessments for the extended interim spent fuel storage.
T2 - 16th International High -Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference (IHLRWM 2017)
CY - Charlotte, NC, USA
DA - 09.04.2017
KW - Spent fuel
KW - Storage
KW - Fuel cladding
PY - 2017
SP - 718
EP - 725
AN - OPUS4-40412
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bresch, Sophie
T1 - Druckunterstützte Sinterung von Calciumcobaltitfolien
N2 - Calcium cobaltite Ca3Co4O9 is a promising p-type oxide thermoelectric material for applications between 600 °C and 900 °C in air. The properties and the morphology of Ca3Co4O9 are strongly anisotropic because of its layered crystal structure. By aligning the plate-like grains, the anisotropic properties can be assigned to the component. Hot-pressing of tablets is a well-known technology for grain alignment of Ca3Co4O9 and increases the thermoelectric properties in a/b-direction remarkably [1-3]. However, hot-pressing of tablets is limited by the tablet size. An interesting alternative for larger components is the pressure assisted sintering of panels from tape casted layers. Tape casting already leads to grain orientation during green body forming. By combining tape casting and pressure assisted sintering (50 kN maximum force) of Ca3Co4O9, high densities and high thermoelectric properties can be reached for large components up to 200 mm edge length.
The morphology of Ca3Co4O9-grains can be designed by doping as well as by varying the powder synthesis conditions. For example Bi-doping increases the anisotropy of the grains, and reaction sintering of uncalcined powder leads to a fine grained microstructure and increases the electrical conductivity for pressure-less sintered specimens.
Doped and undoped Ca3Co4O9 powders were successfully tape cast with the doctor blade technique. Several layers of tape were stacked and laminated to 7 cm x 7 cm panels. These panels were sintered in a LTCC sintering press with combined in-situ shrinkage measurement. Pressure-less sintered panels from undoped powder have a 2.5 times higher electrical conductivity at room temperature than dry-pressed test bars with randomly orientated particles. By applying a uniaxial pressure of 10 MPa during sintering, the electrical conductivity (σ25°C=15000 S/m) increases by the factor of 6 compared to the pressure-less sintered panels, which is in good accordance to the values reported in literature for conventional hot pressing [1, 3]. It is not possible to assign the increased anisotropy of Ca2.7Bi0.3Co4O9 to the pressure-assisted sintered panels, as Bi leads to an abnormal grain growth (up to 500 µm) with randomly oriented grains. This decreases the electrical conductivity (σ25°C=5000 S/m). Such an abnormal grain-growth is reported for Bi over-doped Ca3Co4O9 [4] but not because of hot-pressing.
N2 - Calciumcobaltit ist eines der vielversprechendsten thermoelektrischen Oxide, welche zur direkten Wärmerückgewinnung genutzt werden können. Calciumcobaltit weist sowohl eine anisotrope Partikelform als auch anisotrope thermoelektrische Eigenschaften auf. Durch gezielte Ausrichtung der Partikel mittels Foliengießens und druckunterstützter Sinterung kann diese Anisotropie gezielt auf ein Bauteil übertragen werden. Die Partikelmorphologie kann durch Dotierung und Kalzinierung beeinflusst werden. Verschiedene Calciumcobaltitpulver wurden druckgesintert und das Gefüge sowie die thermoelektrischen Eigenschaften untersucht. Die Dotierung mit Bismut führte zu einer Verschlechterung der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit bei druckgesinterten Proben im Gegensatz zu undotierten Pulvern.
T2 - Funktionsmaterialien - Lehrstuhlseminar
CY - Bayreuth, Germany
DA - 02.06.2017
KW - Thermoelectrics
KW - Calcium cobaltite
KW - Pressure assisted sintering
KW - Druckunterstützte Sinterung
KW - Calciumcobaltit
KW - Thermoelektrika
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-40467
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Andree, Stefan
T1 - Production of precursors for micro-concentrator solar cells using femtosecond Laser-Induced Forward Transfer
N2 - Indium is a constituent of copper-indium-gallium-diselenide (CIGSe), which is an excellent absorber material for highly-efficient thin film solar cells but a rare element. A micro-concentrator solar cell design can achieve indium saving along with increased solar cell conversion efficiency. In such a solar cell architecture the CIGSe material is arranged in micrometer sized islands in contrast to the deposition of a thin layer used in standard cells.
In this paper, the production of spatially arranged precursor islands consisting mainly of indium using laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) is presented. The donor is a glass substrate (150 µm thick) coated with layers of copper (20-150 nm) and indium (200-1000 nm). The receiver is an 800 nm thick molybdenum film on glass intended as back contact for CIGSe solar cells. Islands of the donor material are successfully transferred via LIFT by employing 30-fs laser pulses with 800 nm wavelength and 60 µm focal spot diameter. The spacing between donor and receiver is fixed at 150 µm and the material transfer is performed by a single pulse for each precursor island. The transferred material is characterized by scanning electron and optical microscopy, profilometry and energy dispersive X-ray analyses. Matrices of copper-indium precursors can be transferred in a spatial arrangement adapted to the geometry of micro lens arrays needed for micro-concentrator solar cells.
T2 - European Materials Research Society (EMRS) Spring Meeting 2017, Symposium X “New frontiers in laser interaction: from hard coatings to smart materials”
CY - Strasbourg, France
DA - 22.05.2017
KW - Copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGSe)
KW - Indium
KW - Laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT)
KW - Femtosecond laser
KW - Micro-concentrator solar cell
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-40433
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mitzscherling, Steffen
T1 - Verbesserung und Qualifizierung der Ultraschallprüfung von Mischnähten im Primärkreis von KKW
N2 - Die im Primärkreislauf von Kernkraftwerken anzutreffenden austenitischen Schweiß- und Mischnähte sind nicht nur extrem sicherheitsrelevant, sondern stellen auch sehr hohe Anforderungen an die Materialprüfung. Neben der eingeschränkten Zugänglichkeit ist das makroskopische Gefüge der Schweißnaht für die Prüfung mit Ultraschall von höchster Bedeutung.
Um Materialfehler zuverlässig in Position und Größe bestimmen zu können, müssen die Kornorientierungen und die elastischen Konstanten des anisotropen Schweißnahtgefüges bekannt sein. Für die bildgebende Darstellung möglicher Materialfehler kommen folgende Arbeitsschritte zum Einsatz: Zunächst wird die Schweißnaht durchschallt, um mit einem inversen Verfahren wichtige Schweißnahtparameter wie beispielsweise die Kornorientierung bestimmen zu können. Auf der Basis dieser Parameter werden im nächsten Schritt die Schallwege mittels Raytracing (RT) simuliert. Zuletzt werden dieser RT-Simulation die Messdaten (A-Scans) von verschiedenen Sender- und Empfängerpositionen zugeordnet und nach der SAFT-Methode (Synthetic Aperature Focusing Technique) zeitaufgelöst überlagert. Die Kombination aus inversem Verfahren, RT und SAFT gewährleistet auch in anisotropen Werkstoffen eine ortsrichtige Visualisierung der Fehler.
Wir erläutern diese drei Verfahren und stellen die Prüfanordnung von Prüfkörpern mit künstlichen Testfehlern vor. Messdaten sowie deren Auswertung werden mit den Ergebnissen einer CIVA-Simulation verglichen.
T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2017
CY - Koblenz, Germany
DA - 22.05.2017
KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung
KW - Ultraschall
KW - SAFT
KW - Schweißnaht
KW - Austenit
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-40434
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Dittrich, Matthias
A1 - Kasparek, Eva-Maria
T1 - Federal approval of legacy waste containers for the Konrad repository - strategies and challenges
N2 - The approval of an increasing number of legacy waste containers for the Konrad re-pository is expected in the next years. While well documented young legacy waste containers can rather easily be approved, the assessment is challenging for contain-ers which were manufactured some decades ago. All parties have to work closely together to find a specifically fitted strategy for such approvals. Thereby, rework of documents and requalification can be a promising approach. Details about three basic strategies have been shown to give a hint which options are available.
T2 - 47th Annual Meeting on Nuclear Technology (AMNT 2016)
CY - Hamburg, Germany
DA - 10.05.2016
KW - Radioactive waste container
KW - Konrad
PY - 2016
SN - 978-3-926956-97-2
SP - 1
EP - 7
AN - OPUS4-39888
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Dittrich, Matthias
T1 - Federal approval of legacy waste containers for the Konrad repository - strategies and challenges
N2 - The approval of an increasing number of legacy waste containers for the Konrad re-pository is expected in the next years. While well documented young legacy waste containers can rather easily be approved, the assessment is challenging for contain-ers which were manufactured some decades ago. All parties have to work closely together to find a specifically fitted strategy for such approvals.
Thereby, rework of documents and requalification can be a promising approach. Details about three basic strategies have been shown to give a hint which options are available.
T2 - 47th Annual Meeting on Nuclear Technology (AMNT 2016)
CY - Hamburg, Germany
DA - 10.05.2016
KW - Radioactive waste container
KW - Konrad
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-39890
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wille, Frank
A1 - Linnemann, Konrad
A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor
A1 - Rolle, Annette
T1 - Assessment approaches of mechanical behavior of SNF under transport package test conditions
N2 - German packages for the transport of spent nuclear fuel are assessed with respect to specific transport conditions which are defined in the safety regulations of the International Atomic Energy Agency.
In general, gastight fuel rods constitute the first barrier of the containment system. The physical state of the spent fuel and the fuel rod cladding as well as the geometric configuration of the fuel assemblies are important inputs for the evaluation of the package safety under transport conditions. The objective of this paper is to discuss the methodologies accepted by German authority BAM for the evaluation of spent fuel behavior within the package design approval procedure.
Specific test conditions will be analyzed with regard to assumptions to be used in the activity release and criticality safety analysis. In particular the different failure modes of the fuel rods, which can cause release of gas, volatiles, fuel particles or fragments, have to be properly considered in these assumptions.
The package as a mechanical system is characterized by a complex set of interactions, e.g. between the fuel rods within the assembly as well as between the fuel assemblies, the basket, and the cask containment. This complexity together with the limited knowledge about the material properties and the variation of the fuel assemblies regarding cladding material, burn-up and the operation history makes an exact mechanical analysis of the fuel rods nearly impossible.
The application of sophisticated numerical models requires extensive experimental data for model verification, which are in general not available. The gaps in information concerning the material properties of cladding and pellets, especially for the high burn-up fuel, make the analysis more complicated additionally, and require a conservative approach.
In this context some practical approaches based on experiences by BAM within safety assessment of packages for transport of spent fuel will be discussed.
Ongoing research activities to investigate SNF mechanical behavior in view of gas and fissile material release under transport loads are presented.
T2 - International High-Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference, IHLRWM 2017
CY - Charlotte, NC, USA
DA - 09.04.2017
KW - Brennelementverhalten
KW - Spent fuel behavior
KW - Hüllrohr
KW - Kritikalität
KW - Aktivitätsfreisetzung
KW - Mechanisches Verhalten
KW - Cladding
KW - Criticality
PY - 2017
SP - 472
EP - 475
AN - OPUS4-39898
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Assessment approaches of mechanical behavior of SNF under transport package test conditions
N2 - German packages for the transport of spent nuclear fuel are assessed with respect to specific transport conditions which are defined in the safety regulations of the International Atomic Energy Agency.
In general, gastight fuel rods constitute the first barrier of the containment system. The physical state of the spent fuel and the fuel rod cladding as well as the geometric configuration of the fuel assemblies are important inputs for the evaluation of the package safety under transport conditions. The objective of this paper is to discuss the methodologies accepted by German authority BAM for the evaluation of spent fuel behavior within the package design approval procedure.
Specific test conditions will be analyzed with regard to assumptions to be used in the activity release and criticality safety analysis. In particular the different failure modes of the fuel rods, which can cause release of gas, volatiles, fuel particles or fragments, have to be properly considered in these assumptions.
The package as a mechanical system is characterized by a complex set of interactions, e.g. between the fuel rods within the assembly as well as between the fuel assemblies, the basket, and the cask containment. This complexity together with the limited knowledge about the material properties and the variation of the fuel assemblies regarding cladding material, burn-up and the operation history makes an exact mechanical analysis of the fuel rods nearly impossible.
The application of sophisticated numerical models requires extensive experimental data for model verification, which are in general not available. The gaps in information concerning the material properties of cladding and pellets, especially for the high burn-up fuel, make the analysis more complicated additionally, and require a conservative approach.
In this context some practical approaches based on experiences by BAM within safety assessment of packages for transport of spent fuel will be discussed.
Ongoing research activities to investigate SNF mechanical behavior in view of gas and fissile material release under transport loads are presented.
T2 - International High-Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference, IHLRWM 2017
CY - Charlotte, NC, USA
DA - 09.04.2017
KW - Spent fuel
KW - Cladding failure
KW - Criticality analysis
KW - Encapsulation
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-39908
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rolle, Annette
T1 - Design Approval of Special Form Radioactive Material- Important Aspects
N2 - The design of a special form radioactive material has to resist a severe transport accident without undue loss or dispersal of radioactive material.
Safety assessment by authorities competent for design approval has to include besides the required test program (impact, percussion, bending and heat test) also the evaluation of the quality management system for design, manufacture, testing, documentation, use, maintenance and inspection.
These quality assurance measures have to assure that every specimen of the approved design is produced in the same verified quality and every specimen must be able to survive the severe mechanical and thermal tests without undue loss or dispersal of radioactive material at any time of its working life.
All important aspects in the design approval procedure by BAM as the competent authority for approvals of special form radioactive material in Germany are summarized in a guideline published in 2014. This paper will give additional explanations to some aspects in safety assessment, e.g.:
the applicability of leak test methods and the need to consider ageing aspects.
T2 - PATRAM 2016
CY - Kobe, Japan
DA - 18.09.2016
KW - Safety
KW - Radioactive material
KW - Transport
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-39909
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Dittrich, Matthias
T1 - Legacy waste containers for low and intermediate level radioactive waste in Germany – current situation and challenges
N2 - Low and intermediate level radioactive waste has been produced in Germany for several decades. While a part of the waste had been deposited in the Morleben repository and the Asse mine which have been operated for just a limited period of time, the major amount is conditioned and packaged in temporarily stored waste containers. Those containers are designated for final disposal in the KON-RAD repository being currently under construction and expected to start opera-tion in 2022. As a consequence, an assessment of the waste container documen-tation and safety is strongly needed to receive an approval for the Konrad reposi-tory. This requalification is challenging because those old containers have to meet the same safety requirements as new containers.
T2 - Waste Management Symposia 2017
CY - Phoenix, USA
DA - 05.03.2017
KW - Legacy waste container
KW - Konrad
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-39872
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rolle, Annette
A1 - Neumeyer, Tino
A1 - Droste, Bernhard
T1 - Design Approval of Special Form Radioactive Material- Important Aspects
N2 - The design of a special form radioactive material has to resist a severe transport accident without undue loss or dispersal of radioactive material.
Safety assessment by authorities competent for design approval has to include besides the required test program (impact, percussion, bending and heat test) also the evaluation of the quality management system for design, manufacture, testing, documentation, use, maintenance and inspection.
These quality assurance measures have to assure that every specimen of the approved design is produced in the same verified quality and every specimen must be able to survive the severe mechanical and thermal tests without undue loss or dispersal of radioactive material at any time of its working life.
All important aspects in the design approval procedure by BAM as the competent authority for approvals of special form radioactive material in Germany are summarized in a guideline published in 2014. This paper will give additional explanations to some aspects in safety assessment, e.g.:
the applicability of leak test methods and the need to consider ageing aspects.
T2 - PATRAM 2016
CY - Kobe, Japan
DA - 18.09.2016
KW - Transport
KW - Radioactive material
KW - Safety
PY - 2016
SP - Paper 4004-22
AN - OPUS4-39912
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Komann, Steffen
T1 - German concept to ensure transportability of SNF packages after interim storage
N2 - In Germany the concept of dry interim storage of spent fuel in dual purpose metal casks is implemented, currently for periods of up to 40 years. The casks being used have an approved transport package design in accordance with the international IAEA transport regulations as well. The storage of spent nuclear fuel and high-level waste in dual purpose casks (DPC) is related with the challenge of maintaining safety for transportation over several decades of storage.
Besides consideration of aging mechanisms by appropriate design, material selection and operational controls to assure technical reliability by aging management measures, an essential issue is the continuous control and update of the DPC safety case.
Not only the technical objects are subject of aging but also the safety demonstration basis is subject of “aging” due to possible changes of regulations, standards and scientific/technical knowledge.
To ensure a safe transport in future to a destination which is not known yet (because of not yet existing repository sites) periodical reviews of the Package Design Safety Report (PDSR), in connection with periodic renewals of package design approval certificates, have to be carried out.
T2 - International High-Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference, IHLRWM 2017
CY - Charlotte, NC, USA
DA - 09.04.2017
KW - Dual purpose casks
KW - Long time storage
KW - Aging management
KW - Approval certificate
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-39916
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Komann, Steffen
A1 - Wille, Frank
A1 - Schönfelder, Thorsten
T1 - German concept to ensure transportability of SNF packages after interim storage
N2 - In Germany the concept of dry interim storage of spent fuel in dual purpose metal casks is implemented, currently for periods of up to 40 years. The casks being used have an approved transport package design in accordance with the international IAEA transport regulations as well. The storage of spent nuclear fuel and high-level waste in dual purpose casks (DPC) is related with the challenge of maintaining safety for transportation over several decades of storage.
Besides consideration of aging mechanisms by appropriate design, material selection and operational controls to assure technical reliability by aging management measures, an essential issue is the continuous control and update of the DPC safety case.
Not only the technical objects are subject of aging but also the safety demonstration basis is subject of “aging” due to possible changes of regulations, standards and scientific/technical knowledge.
To ensure a safe transport in future to a destination which is not known yet (because of not yet existing repository sites) periodical reviews of the Package Design Safety Report (PDSR), in connection with periodic renewals of package design approval certificates, have to be carried out.
T2 - International High-Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference, IHLRWM 2017
CY - Charlotte, NC, USA
DA - 09.04.2017
KW - Dual purpose casks
KW - Interim storage
KW - Transportability
PY - 2017
SP - 476
EP - 481
AN - OPUS4-39919
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schlichting, S.
A1 - Hönig, Gerald
T1 - Tuning of the quantum-confined Stark effect in wurtzite [0001] nanostructures by the internal-field-guarded-active-region design
N2 - In this work we eliminate the QCSE without having any special requirements on the growth procedure or the material. Hönig et al. developed the Internal-Field-Guarded-Active-Region Design (IFGARD), which we experimentally investigate in this work based on GaN/AlN nanodiscs (NDs).
T2 - Compound Semiconductor Week 2017
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 14.05.2017
KW - Halbleiterphysik
KW - Nanophysik
KW - Optoelektronik
KW - Piezopolarisation
KW - Spontane Polarisation
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-40174
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Berger, Anka
A1 - Anca-Couce, A.
A1 - Dieguez-Alonso, A.
A1 - Zobel, N.
A1 - Kienzl, N.
A1 - Behrendt, F.
T1 - Influence of heterogeneous secondary reactions during slow pyrolysis on char oxidation reactivity of woody biomass
N2 - The influence of heterogeneous secondary reactions on char oxidation reactivity, which can take place during slow pyrolysis processes in a woody biomass particle, is analyzed in this study. To this end, the oxidative behavior of primary char produced in a thermobalance with initial wood masses of a few milligrams is compared to the behavior of char produced under conditions enhancing secondary reactions, i.e., large particle and bed sizes in fixed-bed reactors. The influence of the Maximum conversion temperature, heating rate, and catalytic effect of inorganics is also studied to compare the effect of each parameter.
Results show that a significant reduction in reactivity takes place when char is produced under conditions enhancing These secondary reactions during pyrolysis. The effect is of similar order as the effect as a result of thermal annealing at 900 °C or the catalytic effect of alkali and alkaline earth metals. Therefore, the presence of heterogeneous secondary reactions during pyrolysis should be taken into account in studies addressing biomass char reactivity. Furthermore, it is shown that the reduction of reactivity as a result of secondary reactions is related to neither the loss of oxygen-containing functional groups nor the potential blocking of pores, specially micropores, resulting from the formation of this secondary char. The explanation may, therefore, lie on the deactivation or blocking of active sites by the secondary char.
KW - Char conversion
KW - Char reactivity
KW - Pyrolysis
KW - Woody biomass
KW - Thermogravimetric analysis
KW - TGA
PY - 2017
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b02350
SN - 0887-0624
SN - 1520-5029
VL - 31
IS - 3
SP - 2335
EP - 2344
PB - ACS Publications
AN - OPUS4-40189
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Feldkamp, Martin
A1 - Erenberg, Marina
A1 - Nehrig, Marko
A1 - Bletzer, Claus
A1 - Musolff, André
A1 - Wille, Frank
A1 - Schönfelder, Thorsten
T1 - Aspects of assessment of packages with wood filled impact limiters during fire tests
N2 - Packages for the transport of radioactive material are often equipped with impact limiters consisting of wood, encapsulated by steel sheets. These impact limiters shall ensure that the transport casks meet the mechanical and thermal IAEA regulatory test requirements. According to the accident conditions of transport it is mandatory to expose the specimens to a cumulative effect by mechanical and thermal impacts. The mechanical tests consist of a free drop from 9 m onto a flat unyielding target and a 1 m drop onto a puncture bar. After damage caused by mechanical test sequences the package has to withstand a severe fire scenario. Corresponding to the IAEA advisory material it is required that the impact attitudes for the 9 m drop test and for the puncture test have to be such as to produce maximum damage, taking into account the thermal test. Moreover, any damage, which would give rise to increased radiation or loss of containment or affect the confinement system after the thermal test, should be considered. During and following the thermal test, the specimen shall not be artificially cooled and any combustion of materials of the package shall be permitted to proceed naturally. Different works from the French Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN) and BAM show that additional energy supply from a pre-damaged impact limiter to the cask could occur. This effect should be considered within the safety assessment of the containment. Thermal effects at the closure system of the cask, which might result in an elevated activity release, have to be excluded. BAM conducted small scale tests with wood filled metal buckets showing continuing combustion processes during the cooling down phase. These test results are presented. As not much is known about smouldering processes in wood filled impact limiters, it is highly complex to define pre-damage of impact limiters, which are conservative, regarding the maximum damaging energy flow from the impact limiter to the containment system. More research has to be done to develop models to examine the effects of smouldering impact limiters on the containment of packages for the transport of radioactive material. Aspects of assessment and its difficulties are shown. BAM as a competent authority for the approval of transport casks for radioactive material in Germany operates the test facilities to examine the issue of mechanical damage, combustion and heat transfer for such kind of package systems. For this purpose the knowledge from real drop tests with casks of a mass partly over 100 tons was transferred to a test application. A thermal test will take place with a wood filled test specimen with a diameter of about 2.3 meters. The aim is to understand the phenomena of smouldering under the consideration of relevant regulatory boundary conditions. The process of smouldering is described with regard to the requirements in the thermal assessment of safety of packages for the transport of radioactive material. Requirements concerning the pre-damage of packages for the maximum damage of impact limiters are discussed. Parameters influencing the smouldering process are identified.
T2 - WM 2017 Conference
CY - Phoenix, AZ, USA
DA - 05.03.2017
KW - Fire test
KW - Wood
KW - Combustion
KW - Smouldering
KW - Smoldering
KW - Impact limiter
KW - Shock absorber
KW - Thermal test
KW - IAEA
PY - 2017
SN - 978-0-9828171-6-2
SP - 1
AN - OPUS4-40157
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Dittrich, Matthias
T1 - Präzisierung der Prüfanforderungen an Stahlblechcontainer für das Endlager Konrad
N2 - Abfallgebinde, die im Endlager Konrad eingelagert werden sollen, müssen die Anforderungen und Kriterien erfüllen, die in den Endlagerungsbedingungen (SE-IB-29/08-Rev-1) und in der Produktkontrolle (SE-IB-30/08-Rev-1) festgelegt sind. Die Qualifizierung der Abfallbehälter erfolgt auf dieser Grundlage in Form von Bauartprüfungen, die von der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) im Auftrag des Bundesamtes für Strahlen-schutz (BfS) durchgeführt werden. Darüber hinaus sind die im Hinblick auf Behälterbauartprüfungen relevanten Nebenbestimmungen aus dem Planfeststellungsbeschluss für das Endlager Konrad zu berücksichtigen. Zur besseren Anwendbarkeit werden diese Nebenbestimmungen in die Endlagerungsbedingungen und die Pro-duktkontrolle eingearbeitet. Begleitend ist als Hilfestellung für die Abfallablieferer und Behälterhersteller ein Leit-faden geplant, der praktikable Nachweisstrategien aufzeigt und, soweit erforderlich, Hintergrundinformationen zu den Spezifikationen der Regelwerke liefert. Die BAM ist vom BfS beauftragt, hierfür Vorschläge zu entwickeln und Empfehlungen abzugeben.
T2 - KONTEC 2015 - 12. Internationales Symposium "Konditionierung radioaktiver Betriebs- und Stilllegungsabfälle"
CY - Dresden, Germany
DA - 2015-03-25
KW - ISO 1496-1
KW - Endlager Konrad
PY - 2015
AN - OPUS4-39869
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kuschke, Christian
T1 - Standards and Guidelines for Design of Trunnions of RAM Transport Packages
N2 - Trunnion systems of packages for the transport of radioactive materials have to guarantee the safe handling of package during crane operations (lifting, tilting) and to secure package tie down to the transport vehicle, if the trunnions are used as attachment points during transport. The design of trunnions is based on IAEA Regulations SSR-6, the supporting Advisory Material SSG-26 and further appropriate technical standards and/or guidelines. For package approval procedures in Germany the guideline BAM GGR 012 has to be applied. If a package is handled inside a german nuclear power plant, the standard KTA 3905 has to be fulfilled additionally.
In this paper the requirements of KTA 3905 concerning the trunnion systems as load attaching points (LAP) are discussed in connection with the recommendations in the guideline BAM-GGR 012. This guideline is prepared at BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing for analysis and assessment of bolted lid and trunnion systems of Type B(U) transport packages. The quality assurance questions concerning trunnion systems are discussed as well.
T2 - Waste Management 2017 Conference
CY - Phoenix, Arizona, USA
DA - 05.03.2017
KW - Trunnions
KW - RAM Transport Package
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-39997
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Linnemann, Konrad
A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor
A1 - Sterthaus, Jens
A1 - Rolle, Annette
A1 - Wille, Frank
A1 - Nasyrow, R.
A1 - Papaioannou, D.
A1 - Vlassopoulos, E.
A1 - Rondinella, V.
T1 - Analysis of parameters affecting the bending behavior of spent fuel rods
N2 - Transport packages for spent nuclear fuel have to be assessed with respect to specific transport conditions which are defined in the regulations of the International Atomic Energy Agency. The physical state of the spent fuel and the fuel rod cladding as well as the geometric configuration of the fuel assemblies are important inputs for the evaluation of the package capabilities under these conditions. Cracks or failures in the fuel rod cladding can cause the release of gas, volatiles or fuel particles into the cavity. The amount of substances in the cavity has to be considered in the assessment of the activity release and criticality safety.
The mechanical analysis of the compound system formed by the fuel rod cladding and the spent fuel pellets is very difficult due to the limited knowledge of the material properties and the insufficient understanding of the interaction between pellets and cladding and between adjacent pellets. The variation of fuel assembly properties regarding cladding material, burn-up and the history of usage makes reliable predictions of the fuel rod behavior even harder.
For a better understanding about the behavior of spent fuel rods, JRC-ITU and BAM have started a joint research project. In this context, JRC-ITU has developed a test device which allows quasi-static 3-point-bending test on fuel rod segments in the hot cell. The loads are applied with respect to the boundary conditions of the activity release assessment. This paper deals with the numerical calculation of a single fuel rod segment under bending load. The aim is to identify the governing mechanical parameters by the variation of constitutive assumptions, contact conditions, inner constraints, etc. This knowledge helps for the interpretation of the experimental results. Furthermore, the improved understanding about the behavior of the cladding-pellets system will be beneficial for the assessment of spent fuel transport conditions.
T2 - PATRAM 2016 - 18th International symposium on the packaging and transportation of radioactive materials
CY - Kobe, Japan
DA - 18.09.2016
KW - Transport packages
KW - Finite element methods
KW - Spent fuel assessment
PY - 2016
SP - Paper 2012, 1
AN - OPUS4-40000
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Nasyrow, R.
A1 - Papaioannou, D.
A1 - Rondinella, V.
A1 - Vlassopoulos, E.
A1 - Linnemann, Konrad
A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor
A1 - Sterthaus, Jens
A1 - Rolle, Annette
A1 - Wille, Frank
A1 - Caruso, St.
T1 - Bending test device for mechanical integrity studies of spent nuclear fuel rods
N2 - This paper presents data obtained from experiments performed using a bending test set-up developed at the Joint Research Centre (JRC) – Karlsruhe, for spent fuel segment testing. Adjustable sample holders, loading modes and other experimental conditions can be im- plemented in the experiments to study the effects of different deformation ranges up to cladding failure. The experimental set-up has been adapted to hot cell remote controlling and has a modular configuration, which allows manual and motor-driven loading option. The device has been calibrated on hydrogenated, unirradiated cladding tube segments filled with alumina pellets. The final application of present set-up is to test non-defueled spent fuel rod segments, pressurized to the original spent fuel rod pressure level. The range of applicability of this device, the scope of the experimental program and the first results from actual bending tests will be discussed.
T2 - PATRAM 2016 - 18th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials
CY - Kobe, Japan
DA - 18.09.2016
KW - Hot cell testing
KW - Spent fuel assessment
KW - Transport packages
PY - 2016
SP - Paper 6023, 1
AN - OPUS4-40002
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Stengel, Dominik
A1 - Bardl, Richard
A1 - Kühnel, C.
A1 - Großmann, S.
A1 - Kiewitt, W.
T1 - Accelerated electrical and mechanical ageing tests of high temperature low sag (HTLS) conductors
N2 - As part of the Best Paths project, work package 6 of the DEMO #4 combines the R&D tasks for repowering of transmission overhead line corridors. The aim of the presented research work is the electrical and mechanical investigation of high temperature low sag conductors (HTLS) and their respective accessories. In contrast to the conventional ACSR (aluminum conductor steel reinforced) conductors, new material combinations of HTLS technologies result in a better sagging behavior combined with an operation at higher temperatures. Because of missing operational experience, the ageing behavior of HTLS conductor technologies shall be analyzed regarding the operating parameters such as electrical, thermal and mechanical load.
T2 - ICOLIM Conference 2017
CY - Strasbourg, France
DA - 25.04.2017
KW - High temperature low sag conductors
KW - Accelerated ageing
KW - Long-term loading
PY - 2017
SN - 978-1-5090-5132-8
SP - 1
EP - 6
AN - OPUS4-40040
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bardl, Richard
T1 - Accelerated electrical and mechanical ageing tests of high temperature low sag (HTLS) conductors
N2 - As part of the Best Paths project, work package 6 of the DEMO #4 combines the R&D tasks for repowering of transmission overhead line corridors. The aim of the presented research work is the electrical and mechanical investigation of high temperature low sag conductors (HTLS) and their respective accessories. In contrast to the conventional ACSR (aluminum conductor steel reinforced) conductors, new material combinations of HTLS technologies result in a better sagging behavior combined with an operation at higher temperatures. Because of missing operational experience, the ageing behavior of HTLS conductor technologies shall be analyzed regarding the operating parameters such as electrical, thermal and mechanical load.
T2 - International Conference on Live Maintenance (ICOLIM) 2017
CY - Strasbourg, France
DA - 25.04.2017
KW - High temperature low sag conductors
KW - Accelerated ageing
KW - Long-term loading
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-40041
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Stajanca, Pavol
A1 - Krebber, Katerina
ED - Webb, D. J.
ED - Scully, P.
ED - Sugden, K.
T1 - Radiation induced attenuation in perfluorinated polymer optical fibres for dosimetry applications
N2 - Real-time measurement of radiation-induced attenuation (RIA) in a commercial perfluorinated polymer optical fibre (PF-POF) is performed with regard to on-line Radiation monitoring purposes. Spectral character and dose dependence of fibre’s RIA is measured in 450-900 nm spectral region. Fibre exhibited high radiation sensitivity in the visible region with strong increase towards the UV wavelengths. Good linearity and high sensitivity reaching up to 130 dBm-1/kGy was demonstrated in the VIS region for a low-dose range. This of-the-shelf PF-POF could be therefore interesting for on-line remote dosimetry applications.
T2 - POF 2016: 25th International Conference on Plastic Optical Fibres
CY - Birmingham, UK
DA - 13.09.2016
KW - Perfluorinated polymer optical fibers
KW - Gamma radiation monitoring
KW - Radiation induced attenuation
PY - 2016
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-403221
SN - 978-1-85449-408-5
SP - 167
EP - 170
CY - Birmingham
AN - OPUS4-40322
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Stajanca, Pavol
A1 - Krebber, Katerina
ED - Chung, Y.
ED - Jin, W.
ED - Lee, B.
ED - Canning, J.
ED - Nakamura, K.
ED - Yuan, L.
T1 - Towards on-line radiation monitoring with perfluorinated polymer optical fibers
N2 - Sensitivity of two commercial perfluorinated (PF) polymer optical fibers (POFs) to gamma radiation was measured, compared and exploited for dosimetry purposes. Fiber radiation induced attenuation (RIA) was found to be highly wavelength dependent and pronounced towards the UV part of the spectrum. PF-POFs were shown to be highly radiation sensitive and RIA-based on-line radiation monitoring with sensitivity as high as 135 dBm-1/kGy was demonstrated at 460 nm with co-extruded PF-POF. In addition, thanks to low inherent attenuation in the near-infrared region, possibility of distributed radiation detection with PF-POFs was demonstrated for the first time, utilizing optical time domain reflectometry.
T2 - 25th International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors
CY - Jeju, Republic of Korea
DA - 24.04.2017
KW - Radiation-induced attenuation
KW - Perfluorinated polymer optical fibers
KW - Cytop
KW - Gamma radiation
KW - Optical fiber dosimetry
KW - Optical fiber sensors
KW - Distributed radiation sensing
PY - 2017
SN - 978-1-5090-4850-2
DO - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2256354
SN - 0277-786X
SN - 1996-756X
VL - 10323
SP - 103231O-1
EP - 103231O-4
PB - SPIE
AN - OPUS4-40323
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Stajanca, Pavol
T1 - Towards on-line radiation monitoring with perfluorinated polymer optical fibers
N2 - Over the last decades, ionizing radiation has been gaining importance in various fields outside the nuclear industry. Among available dosimetry techniques, optical fiber‑based dosimeters (OFDs) offer numerous advantages such as electromagnetic immunity, small dimensions and possibility of remote and real time monitoring. Monitoring of radiation‑induced attenuation (RIA) of the fiber is one of the most straightforward OFD techniques.
Compared to silica fibers, large‑diameter multi-mode (MM) polymer optical fibers (POFs) are easy to handle, allow for more economical connectorization and have better biocompatibility. Therefore they may yield cheaper, user-friendlier monitoring systems. In this work, feasibility of RIA-based radiation monitoring with highly sensitive perfluorinated (PF) POFs has been investigated.
T2 - 25th International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors
CY - Jeju, Republic of Korea
DA - 24.04.2017
KW - Radiation monitoring
KW - Perfluorinated polymer optical fibers
KW - Cytop
KW - Distributed radiation detection
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-40324
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Stajanca, Pavol
T1 - Polymer optical fibers for sensing applications: ionizing radiation monitoring
N2 - In the last decades, considerable attention has been paid to the development of polymer optical fibers (POFs) that may, in certain cases, represent more suitable or cost effective alternative to their glass based counterparts. Due to some of their unique properties, POFs have found their applications in the area of data transmission, lighting as well as optical sensing. Compared to the glass based fiber sensors, POFs are more robust and flexible yielding sensors suitable also for larger strain applications. They have better biocompatibility and are generally more acceptable for medical applications. In addition, POFs can provide higher inherent sensitivity to some of the more alternative measurands such as humidity or ionizing radiation.
Over the last three years, BAM’s Division 8.6 has been participating in the European FP7 project “TRIPOD” devoted to the development of POF technology for sensing applications. Project activities and main technological achievements will be reviewed. Special attention will be paid to the utilization of optical fiber sensors in radiation environments. In the recent years, ionizing radiation has found numerous applications also outside the nuclear industry, e.g. in material processing, sterilization or medical applications. With increasing importance of radiation processes, demand for suitable monitoring techniques is rising as well. Among available dosimetry solutions, optical fiber based dosimeters offer numerous advantages such as electromagnetic immunity, small dimensions and possibility of remote and real time monitoring. A concept of attenuation based radiation sensing with perfluorinated POFs will be investigated and presented as a potential candidate for low cost easy to use on line radiation monitoring system.
T2 - The Fiber Society 2017 Spring Conference
CY - Aachen, Germany
DA - 17.05.2017
KW - Polymer optical fibers
KW - Fiber Bragg grating sensors
KW - Gamma radiation
KW - Radiation monitoring
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-40325
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Dittrich, Matthias
A1 - Kasparek, Eva-Maria
A1 - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Legacy waste containers for low and intermediate level radioactive waste in Germany - Actual situation and challenges –17070
N2 - Low and intermediate level radio active waste has been produced in Germany for several decades. While a part of the waste had been deposited in the Morleben repository and the Asse mine which have been operated for just a limited period of time, the major amount is conditioned and packaged in temporarily stored waste containers.
Those containers are designated for final disposal in the KONRAD repository being currently under construction and expected to start operation in 2022. As a consequence, an assessment of the waste container documentation and safety is strongly needed to receive an approval for the KONRAD repository. This requalification is challenging because those old containers have to meet the same safety requirements as new containers.
T2 - WasteManagement Symposia 2017
CY - Phoenix, USA
DA - 05.03.2017
KW - Radioactive waste container
KW - Konrad
KW - Repository
PY - 2017
UR - https://www.xcdsystem.com/wmsym/2017/028.html#17070
SP - Paper 17070, 1
EP - 14
AN - OPUS4-40326
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hoffmann, Mathias
T1 - Schmiedestahl als neuer Behälterwerkstoff zur Endlagerung von schwach- und mittelradioaktiven Abfällen für das Endlager Konrad
N2 - Durch den Betrieb und den fortschreitenden Rückbau der in Deutschland stationierten Kernkraftwerke und kerntechnischen Anlagen, steigt auf Seiten der Industrie sowie Energieversorgungsunternehmen der Bedarf nach geeigneten Abfallbehältern zur Konditionierung und Entsorgung anfallender schwach- und mittelradioaktiver Abfälle mit vernachlässigbarer Wärmeentwicklung. Deutlich spürbar ist hierbei der Impuls der Hersteller auch Abfallbehälter aus anderen als den bislang verwendeten Werkstoffen wie z. B. Beton, Gusswerkstoff oder Stahlblech zu fertigen. Dabei besteht insbesondere das Interesse an der Herstellung von Konrad-Endlagerbehältern aus Schmiedestahl.
Die Verwendung von Schmiedestahl als Behälterwerkstoff ist bereits bei Transport- und Zwischenlagerbehältern für hochradioaktive Abfälle etabliert. Das Material bietet auch für Konrad-Endlagerbehälter aufgrund seiner günstigen Festigkeits- und Zähigkeitseigenschaften in Anbetracht der erhöhten Anforderungen an die Barriereeigenschaften von störfallfesten Behältern der Abfallbehälterklasse II gewisse Vorteile. Denn für Behälter der Abfallbehälterklasse II müssen gemäß Endlagerungsbedingungen und Produktkontrolle über die Abfallbehälterklasse I hinaus zusätzliche Kriterien an die Behälterauslegung zur Erhaltung der Integrität erfüllt werden. Ebenfalls müssen erhöhte Dichtheitskriterien zur Einhaltung zulässiger Radionuklidfreisetzungen während und nach einem mechanischen oder thermischen Störfallszenario eingehalten werden. Die größten Herausforderungen zur Qualifizierung von Schmiedestahlbehältern liegen in der Bewertung der Nachweiskonzepte zur Ermittlung der abdeckenden Fallorientierung und Prüfmusterkonfiguration für den geforderten Fallversuch aus 5 m Höhe. Hierbei ist gemäß Produktkontrolle das Prüfmuster so auszuwählen und zu fertigen, dass es einschließlich seines simulierten Inhalts für die Serienfertigung repräsentativ ist und bei der Fallprüfung der größtmögliche Schaden bezüglich maximaler Kräfte, maximaler Spannungen und maximaler Verformungen erzielt wird. Eine weitere wesentliche Herausforderung ist die Eignungsprüfung des vom Antragsteller ausgewählten konservativ abdeckenden Inventars für die einstündige Brandprüfung bei 800°C, welche die Gesamtheit der kritischen Eigenschaften der für die Serienbehälter vorgesehenen Inhalte, insbesondere Ionenaustauscherharze und Verdampferkonzentrate sowie deren Auswirkung auf die Wärmeverteilung, das Pyrolyseverhalten und den Druckaufbau im Behälter berücksichtigt.
Diese Prüfung hat das Ziel, die Erfüllung der Dichtheitskriterien nach einem simulierten thermischen Störfall nachzuweisen.
Bis auf einige Ausnahmen existieren in den Endlagerungsbedingungen und Produktkontrolle keine spezifischen Anforderungen an Behälterwerkstoffe. Grundsätzlich dürfen Behälter aus Werkstoffen hergestellt werden, die einzeln und in Ihrer Gesamtheit nachweislich für den Einsatzzweck der Behälter geeignet sind. Diese Anforderungen sind in der Regel dann erfüllt, wenn die verwendeten Schmiedestähle nach allgemein anerkannten Regeln der Technik hergestellt, gefügt und geprüft werden und im Rahmen der Bauartprüfung der Behälter ihre Eignung nachgewiesen werden. Neben den bisher explizit genannten Behälterwerkstoffen Beton, Guss(eisen) und Stahlblech hat das Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (BfS) auch in Zusammenarbeit mit der BAM Schmiedestahl zusätzlich in die neue Revision der Endlagerungsbedingungen aufgenommen. Hierdurch wird jetzt neu die Option eröffnet ohne gesonderte Zustimmung des
BfS, Anträge auf Zulassung von Schmiedestahlbehältern für das Endlager Konrad zu stellen. Hierbei stehen grundsätzlich alle über die Behältergrundtypen in spezifizierten Formen und Abmessungen zur Disposition. Mit diesem Beitrag berichtet die BAM über die aktuellen nationalen und internationalen Bestrebungen Schmiedestahl als Behälterwerkstoff für die Lagerung von mittelradioaktiven Abfällen zu etablieren. Dabei wird auch auf die Besonderheiten eingegangen, denen sich Antragsteller bei der Qualifizierung von derartigen Behältern in der Abfallbehälterklasse II unter Berücksichtigung der in und genannten Anforderungen zu stellen haben.
T2 - Kontec 2017
CY - Dresden, Germany
DA - 22.03.2017
KW - Schmiedestahl
KW - Behälterwerkstoff
KW - Endlagerung
KW - Abfälle
KW - Konrad
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-40343
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hoffmann, Mathias
ED - Kasparek, Eva-Maria
ED - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Schmiedestahl als neuer Behälterwerkstoff zur Endlagerung von schwach- und mittelradioaktiven Abfällen für das Endlager Konrad
T1 - Forged steel as a new container material to the final storage of low- and medium-level radioactive waste for the Konrad repository
N2 - Mit diesem Beitrag berichtet die BAM über den Stand der Technik und die bereits existierenden Behälterbauarten für die Lagerung von mittelradioaktiven Abfällen mit Ausblick auf die Vorteile und Anwendungszwecke von Schmiedestahl als bevorzugter Behälterwerkstoff. Aus Sicht der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) wird dargestellt, welche Herausforderungen im Allgemeinen bei der Qualifizierung von Schmiedestahlbehältern existieren und warum diese im Vergleich zu den bislang verwendeten Konstruktionen bevorzugt zur Erfüllung der erhöhten Anforderungen an die Barriereeigenschaften eines Behälters der Abfallbehälterklasse II (ABK II) ausgewählt werden.
T2 - Kontec 2017 - 13. Internationales Symposium "Konditionierung radioaktiver Betriebs- und Stilllegungsabfälle" einschließlich 13. Statusbericht des BMBF "Stilllegung und Rückbau kerntechnischer Anlagen"
CY - Dresden, Germany
DA - 22.03.2017
KW - Schmiedestahl
KW - Behälterwerkstoff
KW - Endlagerung
KW - Abfälle
KW - Konrad
PY - 2017
SP - Tagungsband, 673
AN - OPUS4-40344
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hübert, Thomas
T1 - Hydrogen sensor deployment
N2 - Presentation of BAM test facility. Presentation of previous analysis of sensor performance in relation to application requirements and sensor data base. The main topics of sensor metrological, deployment and operational metrics were discussed.
T2 - Hydrogen Sensor Workshop
CY - Brussels, Belgium
DA - 10.05.2017
KW - Hydrogen sensors
KW - Sensor deployment
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-40270
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Völzke, Holger
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
T1 - Spent Nuclear Fuel and HLW Storage towards Disposal - Challenges and Perspectives of an Integrated Approach -
N2 - This paper describes and discusses the major challenges of spent fuel management in Germany after the phase-out of nuclear electricity generation was decided in 2011 and a new repository siting procedure was implemented in 2013. Consequences from those decisions which were legally founded by amendments of the German Atomic Energy Act (AtG) result in the need to transfer all remaining spent fuel from limited reactor operation (last reactor shutdown until the end of 2022) into casks for subsequent dry interim storage on-site. Storage licenses are generally issued site-specific considering specific dual purpose casks (DPC) and their inventories and they are generally limited to 40 years so far. But the need for extending the interim storage period in the future has become obvious. Even though, this may not be an issue to be solved already today questions about additional safety demonstrations will arise as soon as licenses need to be extended. Certainly, these questions will ask for reliable data about the long term performance and safety of structures, systems, and components, e. g. the long term performance of cask components and materials like bolted closure systems including metal seals, or fuel rod behaviour concerning cladding materials under stress and temperature conditions. In case of dual purpose casks for storage and transportation this includes aspects on how to demonstrate transportability during or after several decades of interim storage. Long term investigations often require plenty of time and therefore need to be initiated timely.
T2 - PATRAM 2016 The 18th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials
CY - Kobe, Japan
DA - 18.09.2016
KW - Storage
KW - Spent Fuel
KW - Disposal
PY - 2016
UR - http://www.patram2016.org/
SN - 978-4-88898-270-2
SP - Paper 5006
AN - OPUS4-40300
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Völzke, Holger
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
T1 - Spent Nuclear Fuel and HLW Storage towards Disposal - Challenges and Perspectives of an Integrated Approach -
N2 - This paper describes and discusses the major challenges of spent fuel management in Germany after the phase-out of nuclear electricity generation was decided in 2011 and a new repository siting procedure was implemented in 2013. Consequences from those decisions which were legally founded by amendments of the German Atomic Energy Act (AtG) result in the need to transfer all remaining spent fuel from limited reactor operation (last reactor shutdown until the end of 2022) into casks for subsequent dry interim storage on-site. Storage licenses are generally issued site-specific considering specific dual purpose casks (DPC) and their inventories and they are generally limited to 40 years so far. But the need for extending the interim storage period in the future has become obvious. Even though, this may not be an issue to be solved already today questions about additional safety demonstrations will arise as soon as licenses need to be extended. Certainly, these questions will ask for reliable data about the long term performance and safety of structures, systems, and components, e. g. the long term performance of cask components and materials like bolted closure systems including metal seals, or fuel rod behaviour concerning cladding materials under stress and temperature conditions. In case of dual purpose casks for storage and transportation this includes aspects on how to demonstrate transportability during or after several decades of interim storage. Long term investigations often require plenty of time and therefore need to be initiated timely.
T2 - PATRAM 2016 The 18th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials
CY - Kobe, Japan
DA - 18.09.2016
KW - Storage
KW - Spent Fuel
KW - Disposal
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-40301
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Völzke, Holger
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
T1 - Update on the German approach of storing spent nuclear fuel in dual purpose casks until final disposal
N2 - The safe and secure long term storage of spent nuclear fuel until its final disposal in a deep geological repository is a corner stone of the German nuclear waste management strategy. So far interim storage licenses are limited to 40 years concerning the initial concept of having a repository available until 2035. But in the meantime the exploration of the designated Gorleben salt dome was finally stopped and a reset of the complete site selection process was concluded by the German Federal parliament and subsequently fixed by law. A 33-member “Commission on the storage of highly radioactive materials” was established in 2014, to elaborate a consent based siting process and to develop criteria for the safe disposal of heat generating waste. The disposal commission agreed and published its final report in 2016.
As a major consequence, the necessary timeframe for establishing the final repository is going to be exceeded significantly and with that, an extension of the current dry interim storage in dual purpose casks becomes necessary. This paper explains the major actions to be taken in Germany to address all relevant issues for a future extension of storage licenses beyond the initial timeframe of 40 years.
T2 - ANS Conference International High-Level Radioactive Waste Management (IHLRWM) 2017
CY - Charlotte, NC, USA
DA - 09.04.2017
KW - Spent Fuel
KW - Storage
KW - Disposal
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-40303
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa
T1 - Cladding considerations at BAM regarding extended storage of spent fuel
N2 - The current German waste management strategy consists of dry interim storage of spent fuel inside dual purpose casks at various sites and its subsequent direct final disposal in a deep geological repository. Interim facilities are licensed for up to 40 years of operation but this storing period will have to be extended until repository site selection and operation is concluded, potentially up to 100 years. In this context, research on long term mechanical behavior of fuel cladding and cask components during extended interim storage and transportation to a final repository are of outmost importance.
Barrier properties of the fuel cladding depend on its integrity which is affected over time by thermo-mechanical loads and by microstructure altering including potential embrittlement caused by re-oriented hydride precipitation. Experimental and numerical investigations have been performed by the international research community in order to predict the degree of cladding embrittlement against storage time. Results have shown that embrittlement of cladding materials is governed by the concentration, orientation and size of precipitated hydrides. Nevertheless, the existing variety of fuel materials and assemblies available on the market and the many parameters effecting hydride precipitation do not allow sufficient reliable safety predictions in the long term without further investigation.
Thus, knowledge on cladding integrity over storage time and during subsequent transportation is to be gained taking into consideration the relevant fuel and cladding material types as well as cladding temperatures along with peak values during cask drying and cooling rates during storage periods. Expected research results will increase the accuracy of cladding safety analysis. This paper summarizes the current German status regarding extended interim storage and how BAM is going to identify and address potential cladding integrity issues in the long term.
T2 - ANS Conference International High-Level Radioactive Waste Management (IHLRWM) 2017
CY - Charlotte, NC, USA
DA - 09.04.2017
KW - Spent Fuel Cladding
KW - Hydrides
KW - Storage
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-40305
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Preserving competence in nuclear technology - BAM's contributions
N2 - With regard to the nuclear phase-out in Germany preserving competence in nuclear technology is a major challenge. This presentation explains how BAM addresses this issue within its specific tasks, expertise and long term experience on nuclear waste package design testing and safety evaluation.
T2 - 48th Annual Meeting on Nuclear Technology (AMNT 2017)
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 16.05.2017
KW - Nuclear Technology
KW - Safety
KW - Waste Packages
KW - Design Testing
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-40306
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Perspectives on extending interim storage of spent nuclear fuel (beyond the initial license period)
N2 - The presentation adddresses the consequences and challenges of the German nuclear phase-out in conjunction with the restart of siting process for a high-level radioactive waste repository. Concerning spent fuel this will lead to extended interim storage periods for the dry storage casks beyond the initial licensing period of 40 years.
For extending storage periods additional safety assessments and data about the long term performance of materials, components and casks will be needed and BAM has already been lauching specific R&D projects addressing identified data gaps.
T2 - 8th Annual Nuclear Decommissioning Conference Europe
CY - Manchester, UK
DA - 24.05.2017
KW - Spent Fuel
KW - Storage
KW - Disposal
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-40358
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Ringleb, F.
A1 - Eylers, K.
A1 - Teubner, T.
A1 - Schramm, H.-P.
A1 - Symietz, Christian
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
A1 - Andree, Stefan
A1 - Heidmann, B.
A1 - Schmid, M.
A1 - Krüger, Jörg
A1 - Boeck, T.
T1 - Growth and shape of indium islands on molybdenum at micro-roughened spots created by femtosecond laser pulses
N2 - Indium islands on molybdenum coated glass can be grown in ordered arrays by surface structuring using a femtosecond laser. The effect of varying the molybdenum coated glass substrate temperature and the indium deposition rate on island areal density, volume and geometry is investigated and evaluated in a physical vapor deposition (PVD) process. The joined impact of growth conditions and spacing of the femtosecond laser structured spots on the arrangement and morphology of indium islands is demonstrated. The results yield a deeper understanding of the island growth and its precise adjustment to industrial requirements, which is indispensable for a technological application of such structures at a high throughput, for instance as precursors for the preparation of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 micro concentrator solar cells.
KW - Indium islands
KW - Femtosecond laser patterning
KW - Diffusion
KW - CIGSe micro solar cells
PY - 2017
UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169433216325764
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.11.135
SN - 0169-4332
SN - 1873-5584
VL - 418
SP - 548
EP - 553
PB - Elsevier B.V.
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-40551
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hönig, Gerald
A1 - Westerkamp, S.
A1 - Hoffmann, A.
A1 - Callsen, G.
T1 - Shielding electrostatic fields in polar semiconductor nanostructures
N2 - Polar semiconductor materials enable a variety of classic and quantum-light sources, which are optimized continuously. However, one key problem—the inherent electric crystal polarization of such materials—remains unsolved and deteriorates the radiative exciton decay rate. We suggest a sequence of reverse interfaces to compensate these polarization effects, while the polar, natural crystal growth direction is maintained. Former research approaches, like growth on less-polar crystal planes or even the stabilization of unnatural phases, never reached industrial maturity. In contrast, our concept provides a way for the development of ultrafast devices based on established growth processes for polar materials, while the electric potential landscape becomes adjustable.
KW - Piezopolarisation
KW - Spontane Polarisation
KW - Halbleiterphysik
KW - Nanophysik
KW - Optoelektronik
PY - 2017
DO - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.7.024004
SN - 2331-7019
VL - 7
IS - 2
SP - 024004-1
EP - 024004-12
PB - American Physical Society
CY - College Park, MD 20740-3844
AN - OPUS4-39125
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
T1 - A perspective on research on OWEA substructures considering the authorities approval process
N2 - Die BAM unterstützt das Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrografie bei der bautechnischen Bewertung von Tragstrukturen für Offshore-Windparks. Im Hinblick auf die vielfältigen nationalen Aktivitäten in Forschung und Entwicklung wird in der eingeladenen Präsentation auf Schwerpunkte behördlicher Erfahrungen und Bedenken Bezug genommen um eine Perspektive auf zukünftigen Forschungsbedarf zu eröffnen.
T2 - 7. Gigawind Symposium
CY - Leibniz Universität Hannover, Germany
DA - 02.03.2017
KW - OWEA
KW - Substructures
KW - Authorities approval process
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-39377
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Lazik, D.
A1 - Neumann, Patrick P.
A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias
T1 - Characteristic length measurement of a subsurface gas anomaly - an integrating monitoring approach over heterogeneous distributed gas flow paths
N2 - Geogenic gases such as CH4 or CO2 from natural sources, gases (CCS-CO2, H2, Natural
gas, City gas …) from a geological repository, or a leaking gas pipeline can present serious
risks in industrial and urban areas where the density of infrastructural elements increases as
well as above and below ground. To extend the lead time for risk treatment in such critical
regions, reliable detection of gases within the shallow subsurface is required to observe
critical gas accumulations before degassing into the atmosphere.
A near real-time monitoring approach is introduced to determine the volumetric expansion of
such a gas escaping from a leak in the subsurface. Considering the pressure relaxation with
the ambient air pressure, the approach enables the forecasting of the final size of a
pressurized gas body in terms of characteristic lengths. According to theoretical basics, such
a characteristic length, which allows to perform a gas (safety) measurement based on a
purely geometrical measure, behaves independently of subsurface properties, i.e., it enables
a reliable quantification of the escaping gas, irrespective of its heterogeneous flow path
distribution. A field test for a 10 l/min pinhole leakage of CO2 injected in an unsaturated Chernozemic soil (agricultural test field Bad Lauchstädt)that was equipped with linear gas sensors demonstrates the lateral-vertical volumetric gas expansion along the environment of these gas sensors, and confirms the applicability of the new characteristic length approach.
T2 - UFZ EnergyDays 2017
CY - Leipzig, Germany
DA - 15.03.2017
KW - CO2
KW - Carbon capture and storage
KW - Leakage
KW - Monitoring
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-39400
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröder, Volkmar
T1 - Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen für Biogase
N2 - Im Poster wird die Ermittlung sicherheitstechnischer Kenngrößen für Biogase mit Hilfe von Dreistoff-Diagrammen dargestellt. Insbesondere wird die Berechnung der unteren und oberen Explosionsgrenzen (UEG, OEG) und die Ermittlung der Sauerstoffgrenzkonzentration (LOC)beschrieben.
T2 - Biogas Infotage 2017
CY - Ulm, Germany
DA - 18.01.2017
KW - Biogas
KW - Explosionsschutz
KW - Explosionsgrenzen
KW - Sauerstoffgrenzkonzentration
KW - Explosionsdiagramme
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-39063
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröder, Volkmar
T1 - Explosionsschutz für Biogas-Wasserstoff-Gemische
N2 - Bei neueren Verfahren zur Biogasgewinnung wird zusätzlich Wasserstoff in den Fermenter eingespeist, um den Methananteil im Biogas zu erhöhen. Dieses Verfahren bewirkt neben der CO2-Vermeidung eine Erhöhung des Brennwerts und der Qualität des Biogases. Zudem kann dafür, ähnlich wie bei der Einspeisung von Wasserstoff in das Erdgasnetz, Elektrolysewasserstoff aus Überschüssen von Wind- und Solarstrom verwendet werden (Power-to-Gas). Im Poster werden die sicherheitstechnischen Kenngrößen für den Explosionsschutz bei Prozessgasen dargestellt und diskutiert.
T2 - Biogas Infotage 2017
CY - Ulm, Germany
DA - 18.01.2017
KW - Biogas-Wasserstoff-Gemische
KW - Explosionsschutz
KW - Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen
KW - Explosionsgrenzen
KW - Explosionsdrücke
KW - Normspaltweite
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-39064
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröder, Volkmar
T1 - Kenngrößen für Gase im Explosionsschutz
N2 - Im Poster werden die wichtigsten sicherheitstechnischen Kenngrößen von Gasen für den Explosionsschutz dargestellt. Es wird gezeigt, wie mit Hilfe von Dreistoff-Diagrammen (Explosionsdiagrammen) die Explosionsgrenzen, die Entzündbarkeit und die Sauerstoffgrenzkonzentration von Gemischen aus Brenn- und Inertgasen bestimmt werden. Weiterhin wird eine Zuordnung der Kenngrößen zu den gebräuchlichen Schutzmaßnahmen vorgenommen.
T2 - Biogas Infotage 2017
CY - Ulm, Germany
DA - 18.01.2017
KW - Explosionsschutz
KW - Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen
KW - Biogas
KW - Explosionsgrenzen
KW - Explosionsdruck
KW - Normspaltweite
KW - Explosionsgruppen
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-39065
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kasparek, Eva Maria
T1 - Präzisierung der Endlageranforderungen Konrad hinsichtlich Behälterbauartprüfungen
N2 - Zusammenfassung der Anforderungen an Behälter zur Endlagerung von schwach und mittel radioaktiven Abfällen in der Schachtanlage Konrad. Darstellung der präzisierungsbedürftigen Sachverhalte und Textpassagen sowie der entsprechenden aktuellen Arbeiten der BAM, die im Unterauftrag des BfS einen Leitfaden für die Bauartprüfung erstellt
T2 - 5. RAM-Behälter-Sicherheitstage
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 16.03.2016
KW - Qualitätssicherung
KW - schwach und mittel radioaktive Abfälle
KW - Endlagerbehälter
KW - Endlager Konrad
KW - Präzisierungsbedarf
KW - Leitfaden
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-38894
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Stengel, Dominik
A1 - Mehdianpour, Milad
T1 - Windbeanspruchung von Hochspannungs-Freileitungsseilen in Naturmessungen, Zeitbereichssimulation und Norm
T1 - Wind load of high voltage overhead transmission line con ductors in field measurements, time domain simulations and standard
N2 - Die Beanspruchung von Freileitungen erfolgt hauptsächlich durch Naturlasten. Dabei spielt für die bemessungsbestimmenden Lastfälle häufig der Wind eine entscheidende Rolle. Die Leiter, die mehrere hundert Meter weit spannen, tragen einen wesentlichen Anteil zur Gesamtbeanspruchung von Tragmasten bei, die wiederum Eigengewicht und Windlasten der Leiter zwischen zwei Abspannmasten abtragen. Wenn die Reaktion der Seile auf Starkwindereignisse abgeschätzt werden soll, müssen sowohl geometrische Nichtlinearitäten durch die großen Verformungen wie auch aerodynamische Nichtlinearitäten berücksichtigt werden. Insbesondere für die Anwendung und Berücksichtigung in Bemessungsvorschriften werden hierfür Vereinfachungen vorgenommen. In diesem Beitrag wird eine umfassende Untersuchung vorgestellt, über Naturmessungen, FEM-Simulationen kombiniert mit Windkanalversuchen und generierten Windzeitreihen. Ziel ist es, existierende Bemessungsvorschriften im Hinblick auf die Abschätzung der Beanspruchung aus Wind auf Leiter zu validieren. Hierbei sind insbesondere die Turbulenzannahmen und das dynamische Verhalten von weitgespannten Leitern wichtig, um die Extremschnittgrößen zu beschreiben. Mithilfe von so genannten Spannweitenfaktoren sollen die relevanten Parameter, wie Spannweite und Windturbulenz, bei der Beanspruchungsabschätzung berücksichtigt werden.
N2 - The loading of overhead lines comprises of natural actions mainly. Wind loading signifies an important load case in the design of overhead transmission line structures. Conductors spanning often several hundreds of meters contribute significantly to the overall loading of suspension towers. Those towers are often designed as a mass product to support the dead and wind load of the conductors between two dead end towers. Estimating the reaction of the conductors to strong winds, both geometric nonlinearities because of the large deformations as well as aerodynamic nonlinearities need to be considered. Particularly for design procedures, those effects should be simplified. This paper presents a thorough investigation comprising field measurements along an existing overhead line, simulations with FEM combined with wind tunnel tests and generated wind fields. It is the aim of the study to validate the actual design procedure regarding loading of wind acting on conductors. Most important herein in order to describe the extreme response are assumptions on turbulence distribution and dynamic behavior of wide spanning overhead line conductors. According to usual design procedure, by means of so called span reduction factors, relevant parameters such as span length and wind turbulence can be considered.
KW - Langzeitmessung
KW - FEM-Simulation
KW - Dynamik
PY - 2017
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/stab. 201710437
SN - 1437-1049
VL - 86
IS - 1
SP - 45
EP - 53
PB - Ernst & Sohn
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-38899
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rohwetter, Philipp
T1 - Fibre-optic distributed acoustic and vibration sensing for monitoring of industrial plants and installations
N2 - We propose the application of Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) based on Rayleigh Coherent Optical Time-Domain Reflectometry (C-OTDR) to unconventional sensing tasks in industrial condition monitoring. As examples we present results on the way to fibre-optic remote sensing of dielectric damage processes in high voltage cable joints as well as to condition monitoring of passive rollers in large industrial belt conveyor systems.
T2 - International Conference on Smart Infrastructure and Construction
CY - Cambridge, UK
DA - 27.06.2016
KW - Distributed acoustic sensing
KW - Fibre-optic sensing
KW - Partial discharge
KW - Structural health monitoring
KW - Industrial condition monitoring
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-38717
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Scheidemann, Robert
A1 - Weber, Mike
A1 - Völzke, Holger
A1 - Kasparek, Eva Maria
ED - Gomes, J.F.Silva
ED - Meguid, S.A.
T1 - Temperature dependendency of dynamically loaded polyurethane foam
N2 - Polyurethane foam used as impact limiter material undergoes high plastic deformations, whereat the resulting stress-strain relations strongly depend on loading speed and temperature. This paper discusses the efforts necessary to develop a reliable numerical foam simulation model focussing on generation and implementation of temperature- dependent yield curves
T2 - 6th International Conference on Mechanics and Materials in Design
CY - Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal
DA - 26.07.2015
KW - Impact limiter
KW - Polyurethane foam
KW - Finite element model
KW - Strain rate
KW - Temperature dependency
PY - 2015
SN - 978-989-98832-3-9
SP - 1043
EP - 1046
PB - INEGI-FEUP
AN - OPUS4-38889
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kasparek, Eva
T1 - Non-Heat Generating Legacy Waste - New Strategies for Older Vessels
N2 - The German repository “Konrad” is approved for the final storage of approximately 300.000 m³ of non-heat generating radioactive waste considering also the expected residues from operation and decommissioning of current power plants. According to the latest survey as constituted end of 2014, a large proportion of this volume already exists, of which 100.288 m³ are fully loaded packages. As prerequisite for their “Konrad” acceptance, the vessels have to be designed against operational and accidental conditions of the site and be manufactured according to adequate quality assurance programs. The respective safety assessment performed by BAM on behalf of the Federal Office for Radiation Protection is a major challenge especially for those casks that had been produced and loaded already some decades ago. Typically, they were manufactured in big numbers over a longer period of time involving a lot of constructional and management changes. This fact in combination with the previously rather low documentation standards often causes relevant uncertainties about the specific physical and geometrical characteristics of the cask materials and components as well as about details concerning their whole assemblage.
This paper highlights current assessment strategies for such older vessels including cubic steel sheet containers as well as cylindrical thick-walled casks. As compliance with each “Konrad”-requirement can hardly be shown independently, only integrated approaches promises success: First, a broader concept of data collection has to be implemented that allows closing documentation gaps by linking dispersed and diverse data, e.g. delivery slips and handwritten fabrication records, by including plau-sibility considerations as well as random inspection programs. Thereby, the relevant properties of all applied casks have to be identified and their potential range should be quantified as accurately as possible. This knowledge is necessary to define one or more representative configurations of the cask as the base for design testing. The actual investigation program must enable to track the influence of deviations and determine safety margins especially in the likely case that not the most conservative setting of all cask features can be tested. The paper evaluates the respective ongoing efforts of industrial applicants and summarizes BAM experiences and associated research projects
T2 - PATRAM 2016, 18th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials
CY - Kobe, Japan
DA - 18.09.2016
KW - Final disposal container
KW - Low and medium level radioactive waste
KW - Legacy waste
KW - Konrad repository
KW - Requalification
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-38891
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kasparek, Eva
A1 - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Non-Heat Generating Legacy Waste - New Strategies for Older Vessels
N2 - The German repository “Konrad” is approved for the final storage of approximately 300.000 m³ of non-heat generating radioactive waste considering also the expected residues from operation and decommissioning of current power plants. According to the latest survey as constituted end of 2014, a large proportion of this volume already exists, of which 100.288 m³ are fully loaded packages. As prerequisite for their “Konrad” acceptance, the vessels have to be designed against operational and accidental conditions of the site and be manufactured according to adequate quality assurance programs. The respective safety assessment performed by BAM on behalf of the Federal Office for Radiation Protection is a major challenge especially for those casks that had been produced and loaded already some decades ago. Typically, they were manufactured in big numbers over a longer period of time involving a lot of constructional and management changes. This fact in combination with the previously rather low documentation standards often causes relevant uncertainties about the specific physical and geometrical characteristics of the cask materials and components as well as about details concerning their whole assemblage.
This paper highlights current assessment strategies for such older vessels including cubic steel sheet containers as well as cylindrical thick-walled casks. As compliance with each “Konrad”-requirement can hardly be shown independently, only integrated approaches promises success: First, a broader concept of data collection has to be implemented that allows closing documentation gaps by linking dispersed and diverse data, e.g. delivery slips and handwritten fabrication records, by including plausibility considerations as well as random inspection programs. Thereby, the relevant properties of all applied casks have to be identified and their potential range should be quantified as accurately as possible. This knowledge is necessary to define one or more representative configurations of the cask as the base for design testing. The actual investigation program must enable to track the influence of deviations and determine safety margins especially in the likely case that not the most conservative setting of all cask features can be tested. The paper evaluates the respective ongoing efforts of industrial applicants and summarizes BAM experiences and associated research projects.
T2 - 18th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials
CY - Kobe, Japan
DA - 18.09.2016
KW - Requalification
KW - Low and medium level radioactive waste
KW - Final disposal container
KW - Legacy waste
KW - Konrad repository
PY - 2016
SP - Paper 1014, 1
EP - 9
AN - OPUS4-38892
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kasparek, Eva
T1 - Transport- und Lagerbehälter für radioaktive Stoffe - Kerntechnische Entsorgung -
N2 - Impulsvortrag zum Stand der Forschung und zukünftigen Forschungsbedarf im Bereich von Transport- und Lagerbehältern für radioaktive Stoffe im Hinblick auf das Themenfeld Energie
T2 - 1. Sitzung des wissenschaftlichen Beirats
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 01.12.2015
KW - Radioaktive Stoffe
KW - Forschung
KW - Transport- und Lagerbehälter
PY - 2015
AN - OPUS4-38893
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Trappe, Volker
T1 - Fatigue life evaluation of spar cap materials by four point bending test on width-tapered specimens
N2 - The presented research project focuses on an effective method to evaluate the fatigue strength of thick unidirectional laminates to be applied in spar caps. Therefore, a width-tapered bending specimen was developed for a four point loading set up. Static and fatigue loading was performed with the load ratio of R=-1. The complex stress state was investigated numerically with a finite element analysis. Finally, the concept was proven experimentally on specimens made of pultruded fibre rods. The fatigue behaviour of continuous tapered width by water jet cutting was compared to discrete tapering by rod-drop.
T2 - 20th International Conference on Composite Materials
CY - Copenhagen, Denmark
DA - 19.07.2015
KW - Fatigue
KW - CFRP
KW - Pultruded fibre rods
KW - Spar cap design
PY - 2015
AN - OPUS4-38781
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Trappe, Volker
A1 - Basan, Ricardo
T1 - Fatigue life evaluation of spar cap materials by four point bending test on width-tapered specimensa
N2 - The presented research project focuses on an effective method to evaluate the fatigue strength of thick unidirectional laminates to be applied in spar caps. Therefore, a width-tapered bending specimen was developed for a four point loading set up. Static and fatigue loading was performed with the load ratio of R=-1. The complex stress state was investigated numerically with a finite element analysis. Finally, the concept was proven experimentally on specimens made of pultruded fibre rods. The fatigue behaviour of continuous tapered width by water jet cutting was compared to discrete tapering by rod-drop.
T2 - 20th International Conference on Composite Materials
CY - Copenhagen, Denmark
DA - 19.07.2015
KW - Fatigue
KW - Pultruded fibre rods
KW - CFRP
KW - Four point bending test
KW - Spar cap design
PY - 2015
UR - http://iccm20.org/fullpapers/file?f=WM39KAy5ME
VL - 2015
SP - Paper 150701-2549
PB - ICCM20
CY - Copenhagen
AN - OPUS4-38783
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Trappe, Volker
T1 - Betriebsfestigkeit von imperfekten und reparierten Rotorblättern
N2 - Die Betriebsbeanspruchung für Rotorblätter ist aus Messungen bekannt. Schäden an Rotorblättern treten im Betrieb meistens an der Blattschale nach 4-5Jahren, weit vor der projektierten Lebensdauer von 20 Jahren auf und führen zum Anlagenstillstand, wenn sie nicht repariert werden. Mittels eines an der BAM entwickelten FKV-Sandwich-Schalenprüfkörpern kann effizient die Betriebs-festigkeit von Imperfektionen und Reparaturstellen studiert werden. Fertigungsbedingte Imperfektionen (Lagenstöße, Schaumstöße) verkürzen die Lebensdauer ggf. erheblich und führen zu Reparaturen. Experimentell konnte gezeigt werden, dass ein(e) aus-reparierte(r) Schaden/Imperfektion die Betriebsbeanspruchung deutlich besser erträgt, als die schadhafte Struktur.Die numerische Betriebsfestigkeitsvorhersage für FKV ist Gegenstand der Forschung. Gleiches gilt für die Abschätzung der Lebensdauerverkürzung infolge bekannter Fertigungsabweichungen.
T2 - OFFSHORETAGE 15.03 - 16.03.2017,
CY - Heiligendamm, Germany
DA - 15.03.2017,
KW - Rotorblätter
KW - Windenergie
KW - Faser-Kunststoff-Verbunde
KW - Betriebsfestigkeit
KW - Reparatur
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-39440
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CHAP
A1 - Browne, D.
A1 - García-Moreno, F.
A1 - Nguyen-Thi, H.
A1 - Zimmermann, G.
A1 - Kargl, F.
A1 - Mathiesen, R. H.
A1 - Griesche, Axel
A1 - Minster, O.
ED - Solanki, K. N.
ED - Orlov, D.
ED - Singh, A.
ED - Neelameggham, N. R.
T1 - Overview of In situ X-ray studies of light alloy solidification in microgravity
N2 - Gravity has significant effects on alloy solidification, primarily due to thermosolutal convection and solid phase buoyancy. Since 2004, the European Space Agency has been supporting investigation of these effects by promoting in situ X-ray monitoring of the solidification of aluminium alloys on microgravity platforms, on earth, and in periodically varying g conditions. The first microgravity experiment-investigating foaming of liquid metals - was performed on board a sounding rocket, in 2008. In 2012 the first ever X-ray-monitored solidification of a fully dense metallic alloy in space was achieved: the focus was columnar solidification of an Al-Cu alloy. This was followed in 2015 by a similar experiment, investigating equiaxed solidification. Ground reference experiments were completed in all cases. In addition, experiments have been performed on board parabolic flights-where the effects of varying gravity have been studied. We review here the technical and scientific progress to date, and outline future perspectives.
KW - Dendritic growth
KW - Materials in space
KW - Columnar and equiaxed structures
PY - 2017
SN - 978-3-319-52392-7
SN - 978-3-319-52391-0
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52392-7_80
SN - 2367-1181
SP - 581
EP - 590
PB - Springer
CY - Berlin, Heidelberg
AN - OPUS4-39442
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
T1 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt, Band 47, Heft 1
T3 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt der BAM - 1/2017
PY - 2017
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-397023
SN - 0340-7551
VL - 47
IS - 1
SP - 1
EP - 358
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-39702
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hüllmann, Dino
T1 - Embedded Control of a PMSM Servo Drive without Current Measurements
N2 - A permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is controlled using measurements from a digital, optical incremental encoder. The motor speed is also estimated from these measurements. The performance of this control structure is shown.
T2 - Eurosensors 2016
CY - Budapest, Hungary
DA - 04.09.2016
KW - BLDC
KW - PMSM
KW - Motor control
KW - Servo drive
KW - Incremental encoder speed estimation
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37536
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hüllmann, Dino
T1 - Current-independent Torque Control of PMSM Servo Drives
N2 - A permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is controlled using measurements from a digital, optical incremental encoder. The motor speed is estimated from these measurement. Basic performance results are presented.
T2 - 33rd Danubia Adria Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics
CY - Portorož, Slovenia
DA - 20.09.2016
KW - BLDC
KW - PMSM
KW - Motor control
KW - Servo drive
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37538
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wille, Frank
A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor
A1 - Quercetti, Thomas
A1 - Sterthaus, Jens
T1 - Package design assessment aspects of gaps between content and lid
N2 - Type B(U) packages for the transport of radioactive material have to withstand accident conditions of transport defined in the regulations of the IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency in form of different mechanical (drop) tests with a subsequent thermal test. According to the regulatory requirements the orientation of the package in drop tests shall be such to cause the most damaged state in the components performing the safety functions.
For the package lid system a 9-m drop onto the unyielding target with lid side downwards is often the most damaging orientation. The impact loads acting on the lid in this orientation result mainly from interaction between lid and internal content. In case of a movable content its impact onto the inner side of the lid can cause additional load peaks on the lid and the lid bolts. The intensity of the internal collision depends on the position of content relating to lid at the time of package first contact with target. Due to physical limitations an axial gap, which could be set in “pre-drop” configuration of package or which could spontaneously appear during the drop test, usually does not cover the maximum size possible in specific package design. In this context, the combination of drop tests with post-test analysis can be helpful to better estimate the effect of internal impact.
The paper summarized some aspects of this issue based on the BAM experience in the design assessment of Type B(U) transport packages. Additionally the paper shall support applicants in German approval procedures to reduce rounds of questions and ensure delivery of reliable safety case documents to the authorities. International discussions of this issue at the IAEA and a joint proposal by France and Germany to improve Advisory Material text will be introduced.
T2 - 18th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials PATRAM 2016
CY - Kobe, Japan
DA - 18.09.2016
KW - Lid behavior
KW - Transport package
KW - Secondary impact
KW - Inventaraufprall
KW - Fallprüfung
PY - 2016
SP - 1
EP - 10
AN - OPUS4-37548
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Package design assessment aspects of gaps between content and lid
N2 - Type B(U) packages for the transport of radioactive material have to withstand accident conditions of transport defined in the regulations of the IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency in form of different mechanical (drop) tests with a subsequent thermal test. According to the regulatory requirements the orientation of the package in drop tests shall be such to cause the most damaged state in the components performing the safety functions.
For the package lid system a 9-m drop onto the unyielding target with lid side downwards is often the most damaging orientation. The impact loads acting on the lid in this orientation result mainly from interaction between lid and internal content. In case of a movable content its impact onto the inner side of the lid can cause additional load peaks on the lid and the lid bolts. The intensity of the internal collision depends on the position of content relating to lid at the time of package first contact with target. Due to physical limitations an axial gap, which could be set in “pre-drop” configuration of package or which could spontaneously appear during the drop test, usually does not cover the maximum size possible in specific package design. In this context, the combination of drop tests with post-test analysis can be helpful to better estimate the effect of internal impact.
The paper summarized some aspects of this issue based on the BAM experience in the design assessment of Type B(U) transport packages. Additionally the paper shall support applicants in German approval procedures to reduce rounds of questions and ensure delivery of reliable safety case documents to the authorities. International discussions of this issue at the IAEA and a joint proposal by France and Germany to improve Advisory Material text will be introduced.
T2 - 18th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials PATRAM 2016
CY - Kobe, Japan
DA - 18.09.2016
KW - Impact behavior
KW - Fallprüfung
KW - Inventarverhalten
KW - Secondary impact
KW - Spalte
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37549
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CHAP
A1 - Nofz, Marianne
ED - Klein, Lisa
ED - Aparicio, Mario
ED - Jitianu, Andrei
T1 - Alumina thin films
N2 - This chapter gives an overview over preparation, properties and applications of alumina thin films. The preparation of polymeric and colloidal alumina sols and their deposition on diverse substrate materials with different geometries are described first. Consideration of properties (surface tension, particle size, viscosity, aging of the sols and their optimization by using certain additives) is included, too. A description of post-treatments of the coatings, which initiate phase transformations and also determine their microstructure, completes the part on coating preparation. Data on adhesion, thickness, surface roughness and mechanical, textural as well as optical properties of alumina thin films are provided in a further paragraph. In a third main part experience concerning possible applications, such as (i) membranes for catalysis, separation and filtration, (ii) barrier layers against electrochemical and high temperature corrosion or inter-diffusion of ions between different phases, (iii) mechanical protection, (iv) sensor construction, (v) improvement of optical properties, as well as (vi) achieving water repellency is summarized.
KW - Sol-gel coating
KW - Alumina
KW - Thin film
PY - 2016
SN - 978-3-319-19454-7
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19454-7_133-1
SP - 1
EP - 44
PB - Springer International Publishing
CY - Schweiz
ET - 2. Auflage
AN - OPUS4-37552
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Müller, Karsten
T1 - Prototype testing of a protective structural packaging for 30B cylinder
N2 - Three drop test campaigns have been performed with DN 30 Protective Structural Packaging (PSP) developed by DAHER NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGIES GmbH for the transport of natural, enriched and reprocessed uranium hexafluoride (up to 5 wt%) in 30B cylinders.
The mechanical prototype testing is intended to demonstrate that the package DN30 complies with regulatory requirements under normal and hypothetical accident conditions of transport (NCT, ACT) relevant to IF, AF and B(U)F packages, respectively.
The paper includes the results of the latest test campaign carried out in 2015-2016 at the drop test facility of BAM, Germany with new full scale prototypes of the DN30 PSP and 30B cylinders. Repetition of drop test sequences became necessary after changing to Polyisocyanurate foam as shock absorbing material with variable foam densities. Furthermore, the mechanical behavior of the UF6 content of the 30B cylinder is now simulated by a mixture of cement and steel grid as modified surrogate material; instead of small steel balls. The behavior of this new content simulation is assumed to be more realistic with respect to the properties of real UF6.
T2 - PATRAM 2016, 18th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials
CY - Kobe, Japan
DA - 18.09.2016
KW - Drop test
KW - Packaging
KW - Radioactive material
KW - Uranium hexafluoride
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37601
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Stajanca, Pavol
T1 - Radiation induced attenuation in perfluorinated polymer optical fibres for dosimetry applications
N2 - Real-time measurement of radiation-induced attenuation (RIA) in a commercial perfluorinated polymer optical fibre (PF-POF) is performed with regard to on-line radiation monitoring purposes. Spectral character and dose dependence of fibre’s RIA is measured in 450-900 nm spectral region. Fibre exhibited high radiation sensitivity in the visible region with strong increase towards the UV wavelengths. Good linearity and high sensitivity reaching up to 130 dBm-1/kGy was demonstrated in the VIS region for a low dose range. This of the shelf PF-POF could be therefore interesting for on-line remote dosimetry applications.
T2 - The 25th International Conference on Plastic Optical Fibres (POF 2016)
CY - Birmingham, UK
DA - 13.09.2016
KW - Optical fibre dosimetry
KW - Cytop
KW - Perfluorinated polymer optical fibres
KW - Radiaton-induced attenuation
KW - Gamma radiation
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37500
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Trappe, Volker
T1 - Stiffness and fracture of shear loaded laminates investigated with a shear frame test
N2 - Fibre Reinforced Plastics (e.g. CFRP, GFRP) characteristically show nonlinear stress-strain behaviour due to intralaminar shear loading. The determination of the in-plane shear stiffness and strength for this class of material is difficult and common test standards and methods of analysis are partially inaccurate. The identification of the in-plane shear properties was made with an especial designed “picture frame test device” which enables shear loading up to 950N/mm. Therefore the strength limit can be reached at specimens with adequate thickness and a high safety factor against buckling. Due to the chosen design the maximum of the shear loading and the final failure occur in the centre of the specimen. The experiments match with the numerical analysis.
T2 - ISO/TC61
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 19.09.2016
KW - Picture frame test
KW - Fibre reinforced plastics (FRP)
KW - Shear strength and stiffness
KW - In-situ effect
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37564
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Müller, Karsten
A1 - Favre, A.
A1 - Hilbert, F.
A1 - Quercetti, Thomas
A1 - Neumeyer, Tino
A1 - Weingart, Barbara
T1 - Prototype testing of a protective structural packaging for 30B cylinder
N2 - Three drop test campaigns have been performed with DN 30 Protective Structural Packaging (PSP) developed by DAHER NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGIES GmbH for the transport of natural, enriched and reprocessed uranium hexafluoride (up to 5 wt%) in 30B cylinders.
The mechanical prototype testing is intended to demonstrate that the package DN30 complies with regulatory requirements under normal and hypothetical accident conditions of transport (NCT, ACT) relevant to IF, AF and B(U)F packages, respectively.
The paper includes the results of the latest test campaign carried out in 2015-2016 at the drop test facility of BAM, Germany with new full scale prototypes of the DN30 PSP and 30B cylinders. Repetition of drop test sequences became necessary after changing to Polyisocyanurate foam as shock absorbing material with variable foam densities. Furthermore, the mechanical behavior of the UF6 content of the 30B cylinder is now simulated by a mixture of cement and steel grid as modified surrogate material; instead of small steel balls. The behavior of this new content simulation is assumed to be more realistic with respect to the properties of real UF6.
T2 - PATRAM 2016, 18th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials
CY - Kobe, Japan
DA - 18.09.2016
KW - Drop test
KW - Packaging
KW - Radioactive material
KW - Uranium hexafluoride
PY - 2016
SP - Paper 1018, 1
EP - 11
PB - INMM
CY - Deerfield, Illinois, USA
AN - OPUS4-37568
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Quercetti, Thomas
A1 - Müller, Karsten
A1 - Musolff, Andre
A1 - Nakagami, M.
A1 - Komatsuki, S.
A1 - Tamaki, H.
A1 - Kishimoto, J.
A1 - Fujisawa, K.
A1 - Nishio, T.
ED - Quercetti, Thomas
T1 - Experimental testing of RAM packages within Japanese German projects
N2 - In context with Japanese disposal and transport container safety assessment the German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung) per-formed extensive drop test series with prototypes of RAM packages in recent years.
The paper presents two cooperative projects focused on project management, testing performance and experimental results.
In the first project, a full-scale prototype of a package for transport and storage of spent fuel elements with a total mass of 127,000 kg and its reduced-scale model which was similar to the prototype in both geometry and design were drop tested in 9 m and 1 m puncture tests at various drop orientations under regulatory conditions. In context with a corresponding research project the test data was used in combination with numerical methods to investigate the phenomenon of internal cask- content collisions during drop tests. Here, technological gaps between basket or radioactive content and cask body or primary lid can be a reason for significant high dynamic loadings of cask components and its internals due to additional impact interactions in the cask cavity caused by inner relative movement between content and cask. Further investigations were carried out in the field of similarity mechanics comparing experimental drop test data of the full-scale prototype and reduced-scale model in regard to the transferability of package impact response from reduced-scale models to full-scale packages.
In the second project, drop tests with a waste container for intermediate depth disposal were per-formed being contracted by Kobe Steel, Ltd. and a consortium of Japanese electric power plant com-panies. The drop test program comprised three single 8-m drop tests in a specimen’s corner edge orientation. For drop tests according to legal regulations for interim storage or final disposal it is often necessary to use a target which represents the real ground of the storage facility. In such cases the container hits directly onto a well-defined concrete slab on top of the IAEA target. Here, the directly impact target for the drop tests were concrete slabs manufactured in Japan and connected by mortar to the impact pad of the unyielding IAEA target.
KW - Drop testing
KW - Package
PY - 2016
SP - Paper 1043, 1
EP - 13
CY - Kobe, Japan
AN - OPUS4-37557
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Quercetti, Thomas
T1 - Experimental testing of RAM packages within Japanese German projects
N2 - The paper presents two cooperative projects focused on project management, testing performance and experimental results.
T2 - 18th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials PATRAM 2016
CY - Kobe, Japan
DA - 18.09.2016
KW - Drop testing
KW - Package
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37558
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schmidt, Sebastian Hanns-Otto
T1 - Wide-spectrum dielectric functions of ALD deposited oxides relevant for photovoltaics
N2 - Silicon surface passivation with atomic layer deposited (ALD) thin films has gained more and more interest in the PV community in recent years. With ALD good film quality, accurate thickness control and conformity are reached. Furthermore, ALD is capable of coating difficult substrates such as nanostructured surfaces with the same accuracy as flat surfaces. A variety of materials such as Al2O3, TiO2 and HfO2 demonstrate good surface passivation quality both for front and rear surface of silicon solar cells. In addition of providing good surface passivation, thin films with high refractive index e.g. HfO2, TiO2 and AlN can act simultaneously as antireflection coatings when applied on the front surface of the device. Hence, ALD thin films can reduce both electrical and reflective losses in solar cells.
Thorough investigation of the optical properties of these layers is crucial for several reasons related to their production and use. Optical measurements provide a fast, easy, non-destructive, and in situ capable approach to quality assurance for photovoltaic devices. As the function of the final device is optical, optimisation of the device performance relies strongly on the knowledge of the wide-range dielectric function of the thin layers. In this contribution, we determined the optical constants of ALD generated layers of AlN, Al2O3, TiO2, and HfO2 in a wide spectral range covering the near ultraviolet and the mid-infrared regions by means of spectroscopic ellipsometry. By combining data from a UV-Vis-NIR ellipsometer (Woollam M2000DI) and an FTIR ellipsometer (Sentech Sendira), we can determine the optical constants alongside with the layer thicknesses from one large set of spectroscopic measurements. We consider this a contribution to the metrological treatment of stratified and structured thin films in the optical range by polarisation-sensitive measurement methods.
T2 - International conference on spectroscopic ellipsometry (ICSE 7)
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 06.06.2016
KW - ALD (atomic layer deposited)
KW - Ellipsometry
KW - Photovoltaic
KW - Solar Cell
KW - HfO2
KW - Aln
KW - Al2O3
KW - TiO2
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37222
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Müller, Karsten
A1 - Rockland, Ulrike
T1 - Experimentelle Untersuchungen von Transport- und Lagerbehältern für radioaktive Stoffe
N2 - Methoden der Bauartprüfung und –zulassung von Behältern für radioaktive Stoffe, Sicherheitsnachweis von RAM –Behältern;
Versuchstechnische Anlagen der BAM für Gefahrgutverpackungen im Originalmaßstab; Durchführung experimenteller Untersuchungen mit Transport- und Lagerbehältern für radioaktive Stoffe; Fallprüfungen mit Prüfmustern und Modellbehältern; Beanspruchungsanalyse von Behälterkomponenten und Sicherheitsbewertung der Behälterkonstruktion; Vorstellung der BAM und des Testgeländes Technische Sicherheit
N2 - BAM as competent German government institute for the mechanical and thermal testing of radioactive material transport and storage containers operates unique drop and fire test facilities for experimental investigations on an open-air Test Centre Technical Safety, BAM TTS.
To be able to perform even drop tests with full-scale spent fuel casks BAM operates a large drop test facility capable to handle 200 tons test objects, and to drop them onto a steel plate covered unyielding target with a mass of approximately 2,600 tons.
Examples of drop testing of full-scale test models (181 ton CONSTOR V/TC, 127 ton MSF prototype, various cubic containers for radioactive waste) as well as testing of reduced-scale models and component-size tests are briefly presented. The mechanical testing activities at BAM TTS are supported by a open-air drop tower for packages for dangerous goods with load capacity up to 50 tons and by guided impact testing inside a drop test machine up to a object mass of 1,000 kg.
Furthermore, the fire test facility at the BAM TTS provides two test stands fired with liquid Propane. Those fire test stands are also designed and operated to meet the requirements of international safety regulations. The thermal test of a thick-walled waste container is shown exemplarily.
Within the mechanical package design development assessment not only experimental tests are included, also analytical and numerical examinations like detailed stress calculation of the original cask design by verified FE models are performed by BAM.
T2 - Arbeitstreffen A26: Sicherheit und Sicherung bei der Beförderung radioaktiver Stoffe
CY - BAM Testgelände Technische Sicherheit, Horstwalde, Germany
DA - 06.07.2016
KW - Transportbehälter
KW - Radioaktiv
KW - Material
KW - Gefahrgut
KW - Fallversuch
KW - Lagercontainer
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-36855
LA - mul
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Borchert, Björn
T1 - The role of quality infrastructure in wind energy business
N2 - This explorative poster presentation examines the role of quality infrastructure (QI) for the wind energy sector in Germany. We interviewed different stakeholders groups - from certification and accreditation bodies to insurance providers and wind energy producers - in order to gain an understanding on how different QI components contribute to the collaboration of the different stakeholder groups. We differentiate between mandatory and voluntary measures. Mandatory laws, according to our interviewees, contribute to the stability of power grids or safety of turbines. Voluntary measures are used to promote confidence among different project participants. Voluntary certifications are also signaling instruments, which help suppliers to enter projects. Accredited services are preferred vis-à-vis non-accredited services. Certifications of entire projects are rather used for non-standard large scale offshore projects. Stakeholders of the wind energy sectors are content with the QI in Germany but also suggest improvements, in particular for mutual acceptance of voluntary test procedures and results.
T2 - EURAS Conference 2016
CY - Montpellier, France
DA - 29.06.2016
KW - Quality infrastructure
KW - Wind energy business
KW - Certification
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-36914
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Götschel, S.
A1 - Höhne, Christian
A1 - Kolkoori, Sanjeevareddy
A1 - Mitzscherling, Steffen
A1 - Prager, Jens
A1 - Weiser, M.
T1 - Ray tracing boundary value problems: simulation and SAFT reconstruction for ultrasonic testing
N2 - The application of advanced imaging techniques for the ultrasonic inspection of inhomogeneous anisotropic materials like austenitic and dissimilar welds requires information about acoustic wave Propagation through the material, in particular travel times between two Points in the material. Forward ray tracing is a popular approach to determine traveling paths and arrival times but is ill suited for inverse problems since a large number of rays have to be computed in order to arrive at prescribed end points.
In this contribution we discuss boundary value problems for acoustic rays, where the ray path between two given points is determined by solving the Eikonal equation. The implementation of such a two Point boundary value ray tracer for sound field simulations through an austenitic weld is described and its efficiency as well as the obtained results are compared to those of a forward ray tracer. The results are validated by comparison with experimental results and commercially available UT simulation tools.
As an application, we discuss an implementation of the method for SAFT (Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique) reconstruction. The ray tracer calculates the required travel time through the anisotropic columnar grain structure of the austenitic weld. There, the formulation of ray tracing as a boundary value Problem allows a straightforward derivation of the ray path from a given transducer Position to any pixel in the reconstruction area and reduces the computational cost considerably.
T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing 2016
CY - München, Germany
DA - 13.06.2016
KW - Ultrasonic testing
KW - SAFT
KW - Ray tracing
KW - Simulation
PY - 2016
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-370494
UR - www.ndt.net/?id=19437
SP - ID 19437, 1
EP - 8
AN - OPUS4-37049
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Götschel, S.
T1 - Ray tracing boudary value problems: simulation and SAFT reconstruction for ultrasonic testing
N2 - The application of advanced imaging techniques for the ultrasonic inspection of inhomogeneous anisotropic materials like austenitic and dissimilar welds requires information about acoustic wave propagation through the material, in particular travel times between two points in the material. Forward ray tracing is a popular approach to determine traveling paths and arrival times but is ill suited for inverse problems since a large number of rays have to be computed in order to arrive at prescribed end points. In this contribution we discuss boundary value problems for acoustic rays, where the ray path between two given points is determined by solving the eikonal equation. The implementation of such a two point boundary value ray tracer for sound field simulations through an austenitic weld is described and its efficiency as well as the obtained results are compared to those of a forward ray tracer. The results are validated by comparison with experimental results and commercially available UT simulation tools. As an application, we discuss an implementation of the method for SAFT (Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique) reconstruction. The ray tracer calculates the required travel time through the anisotropic columnar grain structure of the austenitic weld. There, the formulation of ray tracing as a boundary value problem allows a straightforward derivation of the ray path from a given transducer position to any pixel in the reconstruction area and reduces the computational cost considerably.
T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing 2016
CY - Munich, Germany
DA - 13.06.2016
KW - Ultrasonic testing
KW - SAFT
KW - Ray tracing
KW - Simulation
PY - 2016
UR - www.ndt.net/?id=19437
UR - https://www.wcndt2016.com/portals/wcndt/bb/Fr1H4.pdf
AN - OPUS4-37052
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
T1 - Suitability of high alloyed materials in molten salts at 600 °C
N2 - Within the last years the use of feasible alternative energy sources has risen and is going to replace fossil resources more and more. Nevertheless, service conditions in solar facilities are due to the chemical composition of heat transmission media and temperatures, in many cases, extreme in terms of corrosion. Since the construction of power plants shall be economical with maximum life service, materials selection based on preliminary material qualification is essential to guarantee a secure and reliable operation of those facilities.
The materials selection depends on the operation temperature of a power plant on the chemical composition of the transmission fluid used. In high corrosive environments Ni-based alloys are often used as an all-round solution for the construction of corrosion resistant parts, because of their good corrosion properties. However, there might be limits for their use regarding their corrosion behavior, with which this contribution deals.
By means of electrochemical measurements and exposure tests the suitability of two high alloyed materials X8NiCrSi38-18 and NiCr25FeAlYB in molten nitrate salt (60 % NaNO3/40 % KNO3) was characterized at 600 °C.
T2 - NACE International Annual Corrosion Conference 2016
CY - Vancouver, BC, Canada
DA - 6.3.2016
KW - Localized corrosion
KW - Nickel based alloys
KW - Solar energy
KW - Renewables
KW - Electrochemical characterization
KW - X8NiCrSi38-18
KW - NiCr25FeAlYB
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-36989
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Preissel, Marcel
A1 - Vrana, J.
T1 - Ermittlung der Auffindwahrscheinlichkeit von Reflektoren in Abhängigkeit der Rastergröße bei der Ultraschallprüfung großer Schmiedestücke
N2 - Die Auswirkung des Prüfrasters nach der DGZfP Richtlinie US 07:2014 auf die Auffindwahrscheinlichkeit von Reflektoren wird untersucht. Hierzu werden Simulationsrechnungen durchgeführt, mit dem Ziel, die Abhängigkeit der Unterbewertung von Größe und Tiefenlage von Reflektoren in Bezug auf das Prüfraster zu ermitteln und experimentell zu überprüfen. In zwei Simulationsreihen wird der Einfluss des Prüfrasters auf die Suche von Anzeigen und auf die Bewertung von Anzeigen ermittelt und bewertet. Auf Basis der Simulationsrechnungen wird eine POD-Analyse mit dem Ziel durchgeführt, die Auffindwahrscheinlichkeit von Reflektoren in Bezug zur Rastergüte Rn zu setzten und die Nachweisgrenze zu ermitteln.
KW - Schmiedeteile
KW - Ultraschall
KW - Probability of detection
KW - Prüfraster
PY - 2016
UR - http://www.dgzfp.de/Dienste/ZfP-Zeitung
IS - 150
SP - 52
EP - 57
AN - OPUS4-37032
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kardjilov, N.
A1 - Hilger, A.
A1 - Manke, I.
A1 - Banhart, J.
A1 - Griesche, Axel
T1 - Imaging with Cold Neutrons at the CONRAD-2 Facility
N2 - CONRAD-2 is an imaging instrument using low-energy (cold) neutrons. The instrument is installed at the end of a curved neutron guide which avoids the direct line of sight towards the reactor core. This ensures a very low background of high-energy neutrons and. photons at the sample position. The cold neutron beam provides a wavelength range which is suitable for phase-and diffraction-contrast imaging such as grating interferometry and Bragg edge mapping. The instrument is well suited for high resolution imaging due to the high efficiency of the very thin scintillators that can be used for the detection of cold neutrons. An instrument upgrade was performed recently as a part of an upgrade program for the cold neutron instrumentation at HZB. The parameters of the instrument as well as some research highlights will be presented.
T2 - 10th World Conference on Neutron Radiography (WCNR)
CY - Grindelwald, SWITZERLAND
DA - 05.10.2014
KW - iron embrittlement
KW - neutron imaging
KW - neutron instrumentation
KW - cold neutrons
PY - 2015
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-373239
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2015.07.008
SN - 1875-3892
VL - 69
SP - 60
EP - 66
PB - Elsevier B.V.
CY - Amsterdam, NL
AN - OPUS4-37323
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Krankenhagen, Rainer
T1 - Thermographic rotor blade inspection from larger distances - a promising tool for the maintenance of wind turbines
N2 - The talk presents some selected results from a research project concerning the thermographic rotor blade inspection. It is demonstrated that the usual active thermographic method cannot be applied onsite. Instead, the influence of thermal environmental factors has to be exploited. The different effects are demonstrated by experimental results. Further, some onsite results obtained at real wind turbine are presented.
T2 - Wind & Renewable Energy
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 28.07.2016
KW - wind turbine rotor blade
KW - thermographic inspection
KW - thermal excitation
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37288
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Krankenhagen, Rainer
T1 - Thermographic rotor blade inspection from larger distances - a promising tool for the maintenance of wind turbines
N2 - The permanently increasing number of wind turbines requires suited inspection and monitoring methods to ensure liability and security. Concerning the inspection of rotor blades, only manual inspections are state of the art. Thermographic Testing (TT) has the potential to detect typical failures and damages on rotor blades. The paper presents some results of onsite measurements carried out as “passive thermography”, i.e. without a defined heating procedure. Due the totally contactless measurement principle, TT can be applied to rotating blades as well as to resting blades. Both methods will be compared with respect to their possible realization.
T2 - WCNDT 2016
CY - Munich, Germany
DA - 13.06.2016
KW - wind turbine rotor blade
KW - thermographic inspection
KW - thermal excitation
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37290
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Doroshtnasir, Manoucher
A1 - Worzewski, Tamara
A1 - Krankenhagen, Rainer
A1 - Röllig, Mathias
T1 - On-site inspection of potential defects in wind turbine rotor blades with thermography
N2 - Recurrent non-destructive testing inspections are necessary to prevent damages in wind turbine rotor blades, but so far, there is no established method that detects defects in blades from greater distances – although this becomes increasingly important in the context of hardly accessible offshore wind parks.
Thermography is a promising method for detecting subsurface defects, but various challenges arise when this method is applied on-site to turbine blades in operation. Disturbing influences from the environment easily lead to a misinterpretation of thermograms (i.e. thermographic images), such as thermal signatures caused by reflections, dirt and other superficial inhomogeneities.
This study explores several problems and effects that arise, when (rotating) blades are monitored with thermography.
It will then be demonstrated that a meaningful defect inspection in this scenario is essentially restricted to a procedure following three steps: Firstly, calculating the so-called difference thermograms of all blade pairs for eliminating disturbing reflections. Secondly, identifying potentially relevant signals, which are associated neither with structural features nor with dynamical effects, and the identification of these signals’ allocations (through comparison of all difference thermograms with each other). And thirdly, comparing these signals with (processed) photos for excluding incorrect indications by surface effects. Unlike common thermographic analysis methods, which typically only include an aspect of this procedure, the composition presented in this contribution constitutes an advanced technique for minimizing disturbing influences in thermograms.
The proposed thermographic technique enables the detection of potential subsurface defects within rotating rotor blades from greater distances – such as from the ground, air crafts or vessels.
KW - NDT
KW - Thermographic inspection
KW - Wind turbine rotor blade
KW - GFRP
PY - 2016
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/we.1927
SN - 1095-4244
VL - 19
IS - 8
SP - 1407
EP - 1422
PB - John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CY - Hoboken, New Jersey, USA
AN - OPUS4-37291
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Dörfel, Ilona
T1 - Interface formation between steels and alumina coating in corrosive atmospheres
N2 - A way to increase the application range and the lifetime of metallic substrates is their protection by coatings. Here the effect of alumina coatings on common steel substrates having different Chromium content is examined. The background of the investigations is to expand the application possibilities of mechanically good steels to higher temperatures and corrosive atmospheres in the framework of the European project POEMA (“Production of Coatings for New Efficient and Clean Coal Power Plant Materials”) which was introduced to identify materials that can withstand the aggressive conditions arising during the oxyfuel process in modern coal power plants. This process is one possibility to reduce the CO2 emission by firing the coal in oxygen and recirculated flue gas.
Substrate materials were P92 (9% Cr), K44X (19% Cr), and HR3C (25% Cr). The alumina coatings were deposited by a sol-gel-process using boehmite, this is relatively simple and offers application possibilities for a wide technical range without special surface preparations. All samples were dried for 30 minutes at 650° C to remove the organic components and to start the crystallization process of the alumina. For P92 and HR3C the following conditions simulated the oxyfuel process: 650°C in wet flue gas for 300h for the steel P92, the same conditions for 2000 hours for the steel HR3C. K44X was tested at 900°C in laboratory air for 500 hours. As well after drying as after testing TEM characterizations were performed, where the interfaces between steel and coating are of special interest to characterize the microstructure, detect failure mechanisms, and identify diffusion and crystallization processes and so to understand the mode of action of the alumina coating.
The TEM samples were prepared by the lift-out-technique using a FIB Quanta 3D and were investigated in a STEM JEM2200FS at 200kV.
After the coating and drying process all steels show chromium oxide layers directly at the steel surface, they vary in thickness and are island shaped in the case of the steel K44X. Chromium depletion arose more or less in the superficial zones of all samples. After the long term tests K44X showed breakaway oxidation while P92 and HR3C presented intact interfaces. This reveals: Beside the positive impact of the coating not only the Chromium content of a substrate is essential for the formation and self-healing of protective chromium oxide layers during the service time of steels. One has to consider the possibility of the steel to allow a continuously Cr diffusion to the interface and so e renewal of the Cr-oxide layer.
T2 - EMC2016
CY - Lyon, France
DA - 28.08.2016
KW - TEM
KW - Coatings
KW - Corrosion protection
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37306
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Liehr, Sascha
A1 - Krebber, Katerina
T1 - Phase-OFDR for Distributed Disturbance Measurement
N2 - We introduce the optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) technique based on intensity modulation frequency sweep measurement for distributed disturbance measurement in optical fibres. By evaluating interferometric Rayleigh scattering changes along the fibre, strain and temperature changes are detected with 100 nε sensitivity and 10 mK resolution. The vibration frequencies for low frequencies and up to the kHz-range can be obtained from power change Evaluation in the spatial domain. This novel OFDR approach is a low-cost alternative for distributed disturbance measurement up to distances of several kilometres.
T2 - Sixth European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors
CY - Limerick, Ireland
DA - 31.05.2016
KW - Temperature sensing
KW - OFDR
KW - Distributed sensor
KW - Rayleigh scattering
KW - Strain measurement
PY - 2016
UR - http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/conferenceproceedings.aspx
DO - https://doi.org/doi:10.1117/12.2236851
SN - 0277-786X
VL - Vol. 9916
SP - Paper 991624, 4
PB - SPIE
CY - Bellingham, Washington USA
AN - OPUS4-37228
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Liehr, Sascha
T1 - Phase-OFDR for distributed disturbance measurement
N2 - We introduce the optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) technique based on intensity modulation frequency sweep measurement for distributed disturbance measurement in optical fibres. By evaluating interferometric Rayleigh scattering changes along the fibre, strain and temperature changes are detected with 100 n(epsilon) sensitivity and 10 mK resolution. The vibration frequencies for low frequencies and up to the kHz-range can be obtained from power change evaluation in the spatial domain. This novel OFDR approach is a low-cost alternative for distributed disturbance measurement up to distances of several kilometres.
T2 - Sixth European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors
CY - Limerick, Ireland
DA - 31.05.2016
KW - Temperature sensing
KW - OFDR
KW - Distributed sensor
KW - Rayleigh scattering
KW - Strain measurement
PY - 2016
UR - http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/proceeding.aspx?articleid=2525146
DO - https://doi.org/doi:10.1117/12.2236851
AN - OPUS4-37229
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Gravenkamp, Hauke
A1 - Bause, F.
A1 - Rautenberg, J.
A1 - Henning, B.
ED - Declercq, N. F.
T1 - Model Based Sensitivity Analysis in the Determination of Viscoelastic Material Properties Using Transmission Measurements through Circular Waveguides
N2 - Several ultrasonic approaches for material determination are formulated in terms of an (nonlinear) inverse problem, e.g. immersion technique (Castaings et al. (2000)) or plate-waveguide techniques (Marzani et al. (2012)). In this contribution we focus on cylindrical waveguides for ultrasonic material determination and especially on the sensitivity of recorded transmission signals to the material properties. We utilize composite scaled sensitivities to determine the information content that can be achieved by the setup to certain parameters and discuss the limitations of the approach.
T2 - ICU International Congress on Ultrasonics 2015
CY - Georgia Tech Lorraine, Metz, France
DA - 10.05.2015
KW - Ultrasonic material determination
KW - Sensitivity
KW - Inverse problem
PY - 2015
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-372551
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2015.08.127
SN - 1875-3892
VL - 70
SP - 204
EP - 207
PB - Elsevier B.V.
CY - Amsterdam, Netherlands
AN - OPUS4-37255
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Issues on Aging of Spent Fuel Storage Systems
N2 - The Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) and Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) in September 2012 to foster technical collaborations in the areas associated with the backend of the commercial nuclear fuel cycle. Specifically, the focus is on packaging, transportation, and storage of commercial spent nuclear fuel. The institutes meet about twice each year, alternating between institutes. This provides the opportunity for staff members from the host organization more exposure to technical issues that are of concern internationally and to collaborate with technical experts working on similar problems.
Since 2012, the focus of the meetings has been on technical issues associated with extended dry storage and subsequent transportation of commercial spent fuel. Topics range from hydride effects on cladding integrity, spent fuel response during Normal Conditions of Transport (NCT), finite element analyses of fuel and cask response to accident conditions, bolt and seal behavior over extended periods of time, and corrosion associated with bolts, metallic seals, and stainless steel canisters.
This MOU has provided an effective leverage for technical collaboration. For example, SNL is funding (through DOE), Savannah River National Laboratories (SRNL) to look at bolt and seal degradation issues. SRNL has an MOU with BAM to collaborate on bolt and seal degradation during extended storage. Likewise, Sandia and BAM are collaborating with the EC Joint Research Center on an International Nuclear Energy Research Initiative (I-NERI) to investigate spent fuel behavior when subjected to mechanical loadings. This important work will provide insight into failure mechanisms, as well as spent fuel release fractions, given a breach of the cladding wall.
This presentation provides an overview of high ranked technical issues associated with extended storage and subsequent transportation, as well as the work underway at BAM and SNL that are addressing these issues.
T2 - 7th US/German Workshop on Salt Repository Research, Design, and Operation
CY - Washington, DC, USA
DA - 07.09.2016
KW - Spent Fuel
KW - Ageing
KW - Storage
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37318
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Duffner, Eric
T1 - Hydraulic load cycle test bench for extreme temerature tests
N2 - Components, function and technical details of the hydraulic load cycle test bench for extreme temperature test.
T2 - Hannover Industrie Fair
CY - Hannover, Germany
DA - 25.04.2016
KW - extreme temperature
KW - life cycle test
KW - cylinders
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37251
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Duffner, Eric
T1 - Hydraulic slow burst test bench
N2 - Components, function and technical details of the Hydraulic slow burst test bench
T2 - Hannover Industrie Fair
CY - Hannover, Germany
DA - 25.04.2016
KW - cylinders
KW - burst test
KW - creep behaviour
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37252
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Martin, S.
A1 - Walnsch, A.
A1 - Nolze, Gert
A1 - Leineweber, A.
A1 - Léaux, F.
A1 - Scheuerlein, C.
T1 - The crystal structure of (Nb0.75Cu0.25)Sn-2 in the Cu-Nb-Sn system
N2 - During the processing of superconducting Nb3Sn wire, several intermediate intermetallic phases including a previously encountered Cu-Nb-Sn phase show up. The yet unknown crystal structure of this phase is now identified by a combination of different experimental techniques and database search to be of the hexagonal NiMg2 type with a proposed composition of about (Nb0.75Cu0.25)Sn2. The structure determination started from an evaluation of the lattice parameters from EBSD Kikuchi patterns from quenched material suggesting hexagonal or orthorhombic symmetry. A database search then led to the hexagonal NiMg2 type structure, the presence of which was confirmed by a Rietveld analysis on the basis of high energy synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data. Assuming a partial substitution of Nb in orthorhombic NbSn2 by Cu, the change of the valence electron concentration provokes a structural transformation from the CuMg2 type for NbSn2 to the NiMg2 type for (Nb0.75Cu0.25)Sn2. In the previous literature the (Nb0.75Cu0.25)Sn2 phase described here has occasionally been referred to as Nausite.
KW - Electron backscatter diffraction
KW - X-ray diffraction
KW - Intermetallic compound
KW - Structure solution
KW - Superconductor
PY - 2017
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2016.09.008
SN - 0966-9795
SN - 1879-0216
VL - 80
SP - 16
EP - 21
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-37874
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Konnertz, Nora
T1 - QCM System for the Characterization of Gas Sorption and Physical Aging of Membrane Polymers for Gas Separation Applications
N2 - Polymers are favorable materials for gas separation membranes. In general, gas transport experiments are performed with films in the range of 100 µm thickness. However, in large-scale processes very thin selective polymer layers in the range of 100 nm to 1 µm are used. Moreover, it was shown that thin films behave different compared to thick films with respect to gas transport properties and physical aging as well. Thus, for fundamental research it is important to realize gas transport experiments with thin films. The Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) is a very sensitive method to detect mass changes in the range of nanograms. Therefore, this method enables sorption experiments with thin films or layers attached to the QCM crystal (100 nm up to 1 µm). Here, we present the experimental set-up for using the QCM technique for characterizing the gas sorption behavior of thin polymer films in a temperature controlled pressurized environment (up to 50 bar) - also quartz crystals and crystal holders were optimized. The study aims for the characterization of long-term behavior and physical aging of high-performance polymers for gas separation membranes - such as polyimides and polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) and respective nanocomposites. Especially the differences of the behavior of thin films compared to films with thicknesses up to 100 µm as well as nanofiller induced-effects are adressed.
T2 - Polydays 2016
CY - Potsdam, Germany
DA - 28.09.2016
KW - Quartz Crystal Microbalance QCM
KW - Thin Films;
KW - Gas Sorption
KW - High Pressure
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37911
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rohwetter, Philipp
A1 - Eisermann, René
A1 - Krebber, Katerina
ED - Kalinowski, H.J.
ED - Fabris, J.L.
ED - Bock, W.J.
T1 - Distributed acoustic sensing: Towards partial discharge monitoring
N2 - We report on the successful application of distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) to the detection of partial discharge (PD). A detection limit of about 1 nC discharge magnitude was achieved for PD in a real-scale model of a high voltage termination. Dedicated ultrasonic fibre-optic transducers were interrogated using coherent optical time-domain Rayleigh backscatter reflectometry (C-OTDR). Random quadrature demodulation was employed for retrieving relevant acoustic information from the raw C-OTDR backscatter traces. To our knowledge, our results are a first-time demonstration that quasi-distributed fibre-optic acoustic sensing is a candidate technology for the acoustic partial discharge monitoring of power cable joints and terminations.
T2 - OFS2015 - 24rd International conference on optical fibre sensors
CY - Curitiba, Brazil
DA - 28.09.2015
KW - Distributed acoustic sensing
KW - Coherent Rayleigh OTDR
KW - Partial discharge
KW - Acoustic emission
KW - Silicone elastomer
KW - Stress cone
KW - High voltage cable accessories
PY - 2015
SN - 9781628418392
DO - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2194850
SN - 0277-786X
N1 - Serientitel: Proceedings of SPIE – Series title: Proceedings of SPIE
VL - 2015/9634
SP - 96341C-1
EP - 96341C-4
PB - SPIE
CY - Bellingham, WA, USA
AN - OPUS4-34407
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Chyrkin, A.
A1 - Epishin, A.
A1 - Pillai, R.
A1 - Link, T.
A1 - Nolze, Gert
A1 - Quaddaker, W. J.
T1 - Modeling interdiffusion processes in CMSX-10/Ni diffusion couple
N2 - A diffusion couple between directionally solidified nickel and the single crystal Ni-base superalloy CMSX-10 was produced by hot pressing in vacuum. The diffusion couples were heat treated at temperatures between 1050 and 1250 °C. The exposed samples were characterized by SEM/EBSD/EPMA. The interdiffusion results in dissolution of the c¢-Ni3 Al in the superalloy and in growth of nickel grains towards CMSX-10. Rapid diffusion of aluminum from the superalloy into pure nickel leads to a significant formation of pores in the superalloy. The interdiffusion processes were modelled using the finite-element simulation software DICTRA with the databases TCNi5 and MobNi2, tailored specially for Ni-base superalloys. The effect of alloying elements on the interdiffusion profiles is discussed in terms of alloy thermodynamics. The calculated element concentration profiles are in good agreement with the EPMA measurements.
The interdiffusion modeling correctly predicts the shapes of the concentration profiles, e.g. kinks on the Al and Ti profiles in the vicinity of the original interface in the joint. The calculation predicts with reasonable accuracy the extent and the location of the Kirkendall porosity.
KW - Chemical potential
KW - Diffusion
KW - EBSD
KW - Composition profiles
KW - DICTRA modeling
KW - Electron probe microanalysis
KW - EPMA
PY - 2016
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11669-015-0444-9
SN - 1547-7037
VL - 37
IS - 2
SP - 201
EP - 211
PB - Springer
AN - OPUS4-35776
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schoppa, André
T1 - BAM-P200 Prüfverfahren für statistische Auswertungen
N2 - Der Vortrag beschreibt die Besonderheiten bei der Durchführung von hydraulischen Prüfverfahren im Hinblick auf die Prüffristenfestlegung von Composite-Druckbehältern. Es werden die langsame hydraulische Berstprüfung und die hydraulische Lastwechselprüfung bei Umgebungstemperatur näher erläutert.
T2 - Informationsveranstaltung P200 zur wiederkehrenden Prüfung von Druckgefaeßen,Prueffristenfestlegung und Lebensdauerbetrachtung von Composite-Druckgefaeßen
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 08.04.2016
KW - Statistik
KW - Composite
KW - Lastwechselprüfung
KW - Berstprüfung
KW - Druckbehälter
KW - Prüffristenfestlegung
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-35828
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Keller, Christian
A1 - Herbrich, Uwe
T1 - Plastic Instability of Rate-Dependent Materials - A Theoretical Approach in Comparison to FE-Analyses -
N2 - The condition for plastic instability is a material characteristic and defines the onset of necking in tensile tests. In large deformation problems of ductile materials it is fundamental to determine the strain at which necking starts as well as the post-necking behaviour in the instability region properly. For verification purposes of material models, usually results of numerical analyses are compared to experimental outcomes. For tensile tests with ductile materials under dynamic loading, it is challenging to obtain comparable experimental and numerical results in terms of the onset of necking and the post-critical deformation behaviour. This paper focuses on the derivation of a theoretical criterion describing the plastic instability in rate-dependent materials based on the time variation of the strain gradient in a tensile specimen under isothermal conditions. We examine the influence of various constitutive equations on the theoretical stability condition predicted by different multiplicative as well as additive approaches. For multiplicative relations, the results indicate that the onset of necking is, in principle, independent of the strain rate, whereas for the considered additive relation, the dynamic necking strain must decrease with increasing strain rate. In conclusion, the theoretical stability condition is related to results from finite element simulations of dynamic tensile tests with various loading rates. It is shown that the simulated and the theoretical predicted onset of plastic instability agree reasonably.
T2 - 11th European LS-DYNA Conference
CY - Salzburg, Austria
DA - 09.05.2017
KW - FEM
KW - Plastic Instability
KW - Dynamic Tensile Test
PY - 2017
UR - http://www.dynalook.com/11th-european-ls-dyna-conference/crash-metal-failure/plastic-instability-of-rate-dependent-materials-a-theoretical-approach-in-comparison-to-fe-analyses
SP - 1
EP - 10
AN - OPUS4-40660
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Keller, Christian
T1 - Plastic Instability of Rate-Dependent Materials - A Theoretical Approach in Comparison to FE-Analyses -
N2 - The condition for plastic instability is a material characteristic and defines the onset of necking in tensile tests. In large deformation problems of ductile materials it is fundamental to determine the strain at which necking starts as well as the post-necking behaviour in the instability region properly. For verification purposes of material models, usually results of numerical analyses are compared to experimental outcomes. For tensile tests with ductile materials under dynamic loading, it is challenging to obtain comparable experimental and numerical results in terms of the onset of necking and the post-critical deformation behaviour. This paper focuses on the derivation of a theoretical criterion describing the plastic instability in rate-dependent materials based on the time variation of the strain gradient in a tensile specimen under isothermal conditions. We examine the influence of various constitutive equations on the theoretical stability condition predicted by different multiplicative as well as additive approaches. For multiplicative relations, the results indicate that the onset of necking is, in principle, independent of the strain rate, whereas for the considered additive relation, the dynamic necking strain must decrease with increasing strain rate. In conclusion, the theoretical stability condition is related to results from finite element simulations of dynamic tensile tests with various loading rates. It is shown that the simulated and the theoretical predicted onset of plastic instability agree reasonably.
T2 - 11th European LS-DYNA Conference
CY - Salzburg, Austria
DA - 09.05.2017
KW - FEM
KW - Plastic Instability
KW - Dynamic Tensile Test
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-40662
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eisermann, René
T1 - Akustische Überwachung von Transformatoren mit Glasfasern?!
N2 - Vorstellung aktueller Ergebnisse der Quasi-verteilten faseroptische Sensorik für die Echtzeit-Diagnostik von Hochspannungstransformatoren.
T2 - Seminar Hochspannungstechnik und Energieversorgung
CY - Technische Universität Berlin, Germany
DA - 30.05.2017
KW - C-OTDR
KW - Distributed acoustic sensing
KW - Quasi-distributed vibration sensing
KW - Structural health monitoring
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-40637
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eisermann, René
T1 - Advanced distributed acoustic monitoring
N2 - New progress of developments of distributed acoustic monitoring. Review of previous results and lastest improvements.
T2 - Seminar Angewandte Photonik
CY - Goslar, Germany
DA - 15.06.2017
KW - Distributed acoustic sensing
KW - Structural health monitoring
KW - Quasi-distributed sensing
KW - Fibre optic sensors
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-40640
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kühnel, C.
A1 - Bardl, Richard
A1 - Stengel, Dominik
A1 - Kiewitt, W.
A1 - Grossmann, S.
T1 - Investigations on the mechanical and electrical behaviour of HTLS conductors by accelerated ageing tests
N2 - To cope with future requirements, the transfer capacities of distribution systems as well as of transmission systems in Europe need to be increased. Therefore repowering of existing overhead lines with high temperature low sag con-ductors (HTLS) can be one interesting possibility. Because of limited experiences with that technology, current re-search of TU Dresden, the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) and 50Hertz Transmission GmbH investigates the ageing behaviour of several differ-ent HTLS technologies in a consortium with other Euro-pean partners. In this context, accelerated ageing tests of conductors and its corresponding fittings with combined mechanical and electrical loads are done. To evaluate the changes due to ageing, several mechanical tests of the con-ductors are carried out and the contact behaviour of the fittings is analysed.
T2 - CIRED Conference
CY - Glasgow, Scotland, UK
DA - 12.06.2017
KW - HTLS
KW - High temperature low sag
KW - Resistance
KW - Self-damping
PY - 2017
SP - Paper 0200, 1
EP - 5
AN - OPUS4-40869
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Palkowski, Carsten
T1 - Technical and economical evaluation of energy efficiency testing for heat pumps
N2 - In order to increase the total amount of energy savings to be reached in 2020 and 2050 the German government launched a number of initiatives. One of the associated projects aims to support market surveillance authorities in the field of Ecodesign and Energy Labelling, thereby increasing confidence in these instruments. The surveillance of heating appliances is of great importance as the energy consumed by space heaters accounts for a significant share of the total energy demand in the European Union. In this study heat pumps are analyzed as a high efficiency technology and prospective candidate for large energy savings. It is focused on both validating the current measurement standards for heat pumps and further developing these methods for the benefit of market surveillance authorities.
The test method standards, EN 14511 and EN 14825, for testing heat pumps regarding their performance and energy efficiency are validated by conducting round robin tests in independent and accredited test laboratories. Based on these tests the reproducibility and repeatability of the standardized test methods and the laboratories in Europe are assessed.
Identifying deficiencies in the methods is a fundamental step towards a sustained improvement process. Optimization proposals will be developed based on these fundamental investigations and brought to the attention of standardization bodies.
It was figured out that the currently used test methods exhibit high complexity, high financial effort and reveal significant deviations of testing results depending on whether they were determined under laboratory or field test conditions.
New testing and calculation methodologies are developed to simplify the process with the aim to increase the accuracy and affordability of the energy efficiency testing of heat pumps.
T2 - 9th Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC 2017)
CY - Chengdu, China
DA - 15.04.17
KW - Heat pump
KW - Energy efficiency
KW - Test method standard optimization
KW - Energy labelling
KW - Climate change
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-40800
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Palkowski, Carsten
T1 - EU Energy Label for heating appliances - Optimization of test standards for heat pumps
N2 - The European Standards EN14511 and EN14825 are representing standardized procedures for testing the energy efficiency of heat pumps and air conditioners with electrically driven compressors for both space heating and cooling. In this study, these standards are analyzed and validated. It was figured out that the currently used methods implicate high complexity and high financial effort. In order to clarify the circumstances and to identify the deficits more in detail, a round robin test with independent and accredited laboratories was initiated. The aim is to develop an optimized test procedure that improves the feasibility of the testing procedure and finally its application. This study should lead to a repeatable and reproducible testing procedure, which is also compatible with the state of the art in heat pump technology and real operation conditions.
T2 - ECEEE Summer Study 2017
CY - Hyerès, France
DA - 29.05.2017
KW - Heat pump
KW - Energy efficiency
KW - Test method standard optimization
KW - Energy labelling
KW - Climate change
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-40801
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
T1 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt, Band 47, Heft 2
T3 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt der BAM - 2/2017
PY - 2017
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-408040
SN - 0340-7551
VL - 47
IS - 2
SP - 359
EP - 453
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-40804
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Bauer, Ute
A1 - Behrens, H.
A1 - Reinsch, Stefan
A1 - Morin, E. I.
A1 - Stebbins, J. F.
T1 - Structural investigation of hydrous sodium borosilicate glasses
N2 - The structural properties of a borosilicate glass with nominal 16 mol% Na2O, 10 mol% B2O3 and 74mol% SiO2 and water contents between 0 and 8wt% H2O (0–22 mol% H2O)were investigated with IR, Raman and 11BMAS NMR spectroscopy. In addition to the pronounced OH stretching vibration band of weakly H-bonded species at 3580 cm−1 the MIR spectra show a triplet at 2900, 2350 and 1750 cm−1, similar as observed in water-bearing silicate glasses. These bands are assigned to OH groups and water molecules which are strongly H-bonded, to non-bridging oxygen. Water species contents determined from absorption bands in the NIR at 5200 cm−1 (molecular H2O), 4700 cm−1 (B\\OH), and 4500 cm−1 (Si\\OH) indicate that hydroxyl groups dominate up to ~6 wt% total H2O. Based on the absorption coefficients known from literature for silicate and borate glasses the B\\OH/Si\\OH ratio is estimated to be ≈0.8.
As indicated by density, Raman and NMR data the incorporation ofwater has strong structural impacts in particular at low water contents up to 3 wt% H2O. While the nominally dry glasses still contain a significant fraction (12%) of three-fold coordinated boron, almost all boron is four-fold coordinated in hydrous glasses. The increase of band components in the Raman spectra near 900 cm−1 relative to the region N 1050 cm−1 gives evidence for depolymerization of the network upon hydration. Fitting of the spectra with Gaussians implies that silica tetrahedra with two non-bridging oxygen (Q2) are preferentially formed by reactionwithwater on expense of tetrahedra linked to four tetrahedra (Q4).
KW - Glass structure
KW - Borosilicate glasses
KW - Water-bearing glasses
KW - Spectroscopy
PY - 2017
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2017.03.023
SN - 0022-3093
SN - 1873-4812
VL - 465
SP - 39
EP - 48
PB - Elsevier B. V.
AN - OPUS4-40805
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Barnefske, Lena
T1 - Entwicklung eines mechanisch verstärken und selbstheilenden Silikonelastomers auf Basis eines Kapsel-basierten Ansatzes
N2 - Im Arbeitskreis von Herrn Prof. Dr. Menzel (TU Braunschweig) wurde in Sievershausen ein Vortrag zum Thema „Self-healing and mechanically reinforced silicone rubber by the use of multifuctional capsules“ gehalten. Der Vortrag beginnt mit einer kurzen Motivation und einem Überblick über selbstheilende Materialien. Daraufhin werden die Ergebnisse zur Entwicklung eines selbstheilenden Silikonelastomers auf Basis von Kapseln, bestehend aus einem PDMS Kern und einer POS Hülle, dargestellt. Es folgt die Analytik, die auf DLS, TGA, UV/Vis und Fluoreszenzspektroskopie sowie SEM beruht. Der Vortrag endet mit einem Ausblick über zukünftige Arbeiten auf dem Gebiet.
T2 - Seminar in Sievershausen
CY - Sievershausen, Lehrte, Germany
DA - 07.06.2017
KW - Selbstheilung
KW - PDMS
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-40857
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hüllmann, Dino
T1 - Aerial Robot Olfaction - Mobile Gas Sensors
N2 - An introduction to BAM, gas source localisation and gas distribution mapping is given. Both an example for in-situ and open-path gas sensors is shown. The flight platforms used at BAM are introduced.
T2 - Workshop "Drohnen in der Wissenschaft"
CY - Potsdam, Germany
DA - 30.06.2017
KW - Gassensor
KW - Olfaction
KW - Multicopter
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-40858
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Krankenhagen, Rainer
T1 - Detektion von Fertigungsschäden mithilfe thermografischer Tiefenprüfung
N2 - Thermografie als zerstörungsfreies Prüfverfahren ist prinzipiell gut geeignet, um innen liegende Fehler in Rotorblättern zu detektieren. Im Vortrag wird die Anwendbarkeit des Messprinzips zuerst theoretisch und dann an Hand von Praxisfällen gezeigt. Weiterhin werden erste Ergebnisse aus einem laufenden FuE-Projekt zur Tiefenreichweite der Messmethode demonstriert und erläutert.
T2 - 6. VDI-Fachkonferenz "Rotorblätter von Windenergieanlagen"
CY - Bremen, Germany
DA - 27.06.2017
KW - Thermografie
KW - Fertigungsfehler
KW - Rotorblatt
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-40861
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kuschke, Christian
A1 - Wille, Frank
A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor
A1 - Sterhaus, Jens
A1 - Apel, Andreas
T1 - Standards and guidelines for design of trunnions of RAM transport packages
N2 - Trunnion systems of packages for the transport of radioactive materials have to guarantee the safe handling of package during crane operations (lifting, tilting) and to secure package tie down to the transport vehicle, if the trunnions are used as attachment points during transport. The design of trunnions is based on IAEA Regulations SSR-6, the supporting Advisory Material SSG-26 and further appropriate technical standards and/or guidelines. For package approval procedures in Germany the guideline BAM-GGR 012 has to be applied. If a package is handled inside a german nuclear power plant, the standard KTA 3905 has to be fulfilled additionally.
In this paper the requirements of KTA 3905 concerning the trunnion systems as load attaching points (LAP) are discussed in connection with the recommendations in the guideline BAM-GGR 012. This guideline is prepared at BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing for analysis and assessment of bolted lid and trunnion systems of Type B(U) transport packages. The Quality assurance questions concerning trunnion systems are discussed as well.
T2 - WM 2017 conference
CY - Phoenix, USA
DA - 05.03.2017
KW - RAM transport package
KW - Trunnions
PY - 2017
SP - Paper 17365, 1
EP - 12
AN - OPUS4-40815
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eisermann, René
T1 - Applications of distributed acoustic sensing
N2 - Review of early AIP related early developments.
Overview of distributed methods at BAM. Examples of applications of distributed acoustic sensing for infrastructure monitoring.
T2 - innoFPSEC Photonik Seminar
CY - Potsdam, Germany
DA - 07.06.2017
KW - Fibre-optic sensing
KW - Distributed acoustic sensing
KW - Structural health monitoring
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-40641
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eisermann, René
T1 - Reducing sensitivity fading in C-OTDR by use of enhanced scattering fiber segments
N2 - We have shown that for C-ODTR based DAS two UV-inscribed scattering segments within an optical fiber have a significant influence on the local sensitivity Fading characteristics. This method was experimental proven to be suitable for distributed dynamic strain measurement in a thermally unstable environment. Signal-to-noise ratio analyses for detecting a signal peak within the time-dependent spectra were performed. Results show an increase in SNR and additionally that the occurrence of total loss of sensitivity (SNR <1) could be decreased by a factor of six when compared to an untreated standard fiber.
T2 - 25th International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors
CY - Jeju-City, Jeju, Republic of Korea
DA - 24.04.2017
KW - Coherent Rayleigh OTDR
KW - Distributed acoustic sensing
KW - Distributed vibration sensing
KW - Fiber sensors
KW - Quasi-distributed sensing
KW - Rayleigh scattering
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-40643
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kapa, Thomas
T1 - Distributed Brillouin Sensors
N2 - This presentation starts with an overview of various optical sensing applications of Department 8.6 Fiber Optic Sensors. Main topic of presentation is distributed Brillouin sensing of strain and temperature by Brillouin Optical Frequency Domain Analysis (BOFDA). For power grids of offshore wind farms temperature and strain sensing should prevent or rapidly reveal costly break downs.
T2 - Seminarvortrag TU Clausthal
CY - Goslar, Germany
DA - 15.06.2017
KW - Fibre Optic Sensors
KW - Stimulated Brillouin Scattering
KW - Distributed Sensing
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-40966
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Müller, Karsten
T1 - Experimental Testing of Transport and Storage Containers
N2 - The presentation gives an overview about mechanical and thermal testing of packages and containers for radioactive material in Germany. The test facilities of BAM and the main measurement methods are described followed by testing of containers (prototype, full-scale, reduced scale) as well as components and specimens.
T2 - Workshop CNCAN – BAM on the exchange of testing and licensing work for transport packages
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 10.11.2015
KW - Drop test
KW - Package
KW - Thermal test
KW - Impact
KW - Leaktightness
PY - 2015
AN - OPUS4-40932
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Müller, Karsten
T1 - Behälter- und Komponentenprüfungen in den Fallversuchsanlagen BAM TTS
N2 - Im Testgelände Technische Sicherheit (TTS) verfügt die BAM über eine umfangreiche prüftechnische Infrastruktur für die mechanische und thermische Behälterbauartprüfung unterschiedlicher Behälterdesigns und -komponenten. Berichtet wird über Erprobungsprogramme und prüfmethodische Untersuchungen mit originalgroßen Prüfmustern von Transportverpackungen und Lagercontainer sowie Komponentenuntersuchungen unter Impaktbelastung. Im Großkomponentenversuch werden mit einem Prüfmuster eines Transportbehälters charakteristische Unfallbeförderungsbedingungen simuliert, dabei die Verformungen der Stoßdämpferkomponenten sowie die resultierenden maximalen Starrkörper-Verzögerungen ermittelt und analysiert. Ferner wird über das mechanische und thermische Beanspruchungsverhalten einer Umverpackung für den Transport von UF6- Zylindern im Ergebnis umfangreicher Fallsequenzen sowie einer Brandprüfung berichtet. Im Rahmen der Behälterentwicklung für den Standort Sellafield wurden mit einem dickwandigen Container für radioaktive Abfälle Fallprüfungen auf das unnachgiebige Fundament und eine Brandprüfung durchgeführt. Detaillierte Belastungsanalysen erfolgten an stoßdämpfenden Bauteilen und Materialien im Rahmen der angewandten Sicherheitsforschung.
T2 - 5. RAM-Behältersicherheitstage
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 16.03.2016
KW - Fallprüfungen
KW - Transportbehälter
KW - Container
KW - Verpackung
KW - Fallversuch
KW - Erhitzungsprüfung
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-40934
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Geißler, Peter
T1 - Verdichtungsinjektionen - numerische und experimentelle Betrachtungen
N2 - Die Verdichtungsinjektion stellt ein Verfahren in der Geotechnik dar, bei dem der Baugrund durch Einpressen eines Mörtels mit hoher innerer Reibung verdichtet wird, ohne ihn aufzubrechen. Dieses Verfahren wird weithin verwendet zur Setzungskontrolle oder Erhöhung der Tragfähigkeit des Baugrunds unter neuen bzw. bestehenden Bauwerken.
Da die Injektion innerhalb des Bodens stattfindet, ist eine visuelle Beurteilung des Verdichtungserfolgs nicht möglich. Bisher beruht die Beurteilung bzw. Bewertung daher zumeist auf Erfahrungen. Ziel ist es somit mittels numerischer und experimenteller Untersuchungen eine Methode zu erschaffen, die es ermöglicht den Verdichtungserfolg nicht nur vorherzusagen sondern auch bezüglich der Materialparameter des Injektionsguts zu optimieren. Bezüglich der Numerik werden sowohl die grundsätzliche Eignung als auch die ersten notwendigen Anpassungen der impliziten "Material Point Method" zur Simulation einer Verdichtungsinjektion präsentiert. Für die experimentellen Untersuchungen wurde eigens ein Versuchsstand konstruiert, in dem es möglich ist, den Injektionsprozess an einer Glasscheibe zu beobachten und mittels digitaler Bildverarbeitung zu bewerten.
T2 - Workshop "Große Verformungen"
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 13.06.2017
KW - Verdichtungsinjektionen
KW - Material point method
KW - Nichtlinearitäten
KW - Updated Lagrange Formulierung
KW - u-p-Formulierung
KW - Digitale Bildverarbeitung
KW - Particle image velocimetry
KW - Close range photogrammetry
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-40894
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - INPR
A1 - Schlichting, S.
A1 - Hönig, Gerald
A1 - Müßener, J.
A1 - Hille, P.
A1 - Grieb, T.
A1 - Teubert, J.
A1 - Schörmann, J.
A1 - Wagner, M. R.
A1 - Rosenauer, A.
A1 - Eickhoff, M.
A1 - Hoffmann, A.
A1 - Callsen, G.
T1 - Tuning of the Quantum-Confined Stark Effect in wurtzite [000-1] group-III-nitride nanostructures by the Internal-Field-Guarded-Active-Region Design
N2 - Recently, we suggested an unconventional approach [the so-called Internal-Field-Guarded-Active-Region Design (IFGARD)] for the elimination of the crystal polarization field induced quantum confined Stark effect (QCSE) in polar semiconductor heterostructures. And in this work, we demonstrate by means of micro-photoluminescence techniques the successful tuning as well as the elimination of the QCSE in strongly polar [000-1] wurtzite GaN/AlN nanodiscs while reducing the exciton life times by more than two orders of magnitude. The IFGARD based elimination of the QCSE is independent of any specific crystal growth procedures. Furthermore, the cone-shaped geometry of the utilized nanowires (which embeds the investigated IFGARD nanodiscs) facilitates the experimental differentiation between quantum confinement- and QCSE-induced emission energy shifts. Due to the IFGARD, both effects become independently adaptable.
KW - Piezoelectricity
KW - Quantum Confined Stark Effect (QCSE)
KW - Nanophotonics
KW - Semiconductor nanostructures
KW - Spontaneous polarization
KW - Internal-Field-Guarded-Active-Region Design (IFGARD)
PY - 2017
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-411013
DO - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1707.06882
SN - 2331-8422
SP - 1
EP - 9
PB - Cornell University
CY - Ithaca, NY
AN - OPUS4-41101
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Stengel, Dominik
A1 - Thiele, K.
A1 - Clobes, M.
A1 - Mehdianpour, Milad
T1 - Aerodynamic damping of nonlinear movement of conductor cables in wind tunnel tests, numerical simulations and full scale measurements
N2 - Aerodynamic damping is a decisive parameter influencing the dynamic response of overhead transmission line conductors. Methods of how to account for the effects of aerodynamic damping differ significantly and so might do the results. In this work, the source of aerodynamic damping being the result of the relative velocity between the structure and wind flow will be revised. Based on wind tunnel tests and validated by simulations, the differences of linear movement compared to a pendulum movement of a sagging cable are shown. The reasons for that Deviation are the large deflections, resulting in a movement non-parallel to the acting wind flow. For analysis in frequency domain, it is not possible to incorporate aerodynamic damping implicitly by fluid structure interaction. If the dynamic movement can be linearized at a working point of the mean deflection, a modification to the linear approach is suggested. This approach is validated by simulation with a finite element model of an existing overhead transmission line, calibrated with full scale measurements. Aerodynamic damping is incorporated in time step analysis by Rayleigh damping and modal damping. The differences between both approaches are emphasized and modal damping is shown to be the most adequate.
KW - Aerodynamic damping
KW - Overhead transmission lines
KW - Conductors
KW - Nonlinearities
PY - 2017
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2017.07.002
SN - 0167-6105
SN - 1872-8197
VL - 169
SP - 47
EP - 53
PB - Elsevier
AN - OPUS4-41028
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schönhals, Andreas
T1 - Molecular dynamics of discotic liquid crystals in the bulk and embedded in nanochanels
N2 - Discotic liquid crystals (DLCs) are self-assembled materials where self-assembly is driven by non-covalent intermolecular interactions. The corresponding molecules consist of a flat and rigid aromatic core substituted by flexible aliphatic side chains. While the former is responsible for the π-stacking, the latter gives rise to an increased solubility, processability, and rich thermotropic behavior. The disc-shaped molecules form columns that further assemble into two-dimensional arrays with a hexagonal mesophase. The alkyl chains fill the intracolumnar space giving rise to a nanophase separated state. These soft matter materials with highly ordered columnar structures have a great potential in molecular electronic devices such as active semiconductors in organic field-effect transistors and photovoltaic devices with a charge carrier mobility of up to 1.1 cm2/Vs. Two different homologous systems based on triphenylene derivatives were investigated as model systems for DLCs where the length of the aliphatic side chains is widely varied. Structural information is retrieved by X-ray diffraction carried out on a synchrotron. Experiments were carried out in the bulk state and confined to the nanometer wide channels of anodic aluminum membranes (Pore diameter 20 nm, 40nm, 80 nm and 180 nm). The latter case can be considered as a promising way to prepare nanowires. As method broadband dielectric spectroscopy (frequency range 10-2 Hz to 109 Hz) is employed. These experiments were accompanied by thermal investigations (Differential Scanning Calorimetry as well as Thermogravimetric Analysis) as well as inelastic neutron scattering (neutron Time-of-Flight and neutron Backscattering). The dynamics of these unique soft matter materials are discussed in detail considering their structure (length of the aliphatic side chain), the effect of self-confinement (of the aliphatic chains in the intracolumnar space) and of the outer confinement (influence of the pore size). Comparison is further made to a pyrene based system.
T2 - THE 9th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADVANCED MATERIALS, ROCAM 2017
CY - Bucharest, Romania
DA - 11.07.2017
KW - Dicotic liquid crystals
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-41023
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Dutto, Paola
T1 - Suction buckets behaviour under tensile loads: A numerical study with FEM
N2 - Suction Bucket Jackets (SBJ) are found as a suitable alternative to driven piles for the support of foundations for offshore wind energy converters. In the case of jackets or multipods, a predominant vertical load is to be expected. The effect of such a tensile loading is the generation of suction in the soil inside the bucket which leads to an increment of tensile capacity. This paper aims to study the bearing behaviour of a suction foundation by taking into account how the soil permeability and the loading rate influence the foundation behaviour. Moreover, after submitting the structure to a storm load, the bearing capacity is studied again, in order to see the effect of such a load on the bucket's bearing behaviour. This study is carried out by means of Finite Element numerical simulations based on the formulation of Biot's equations combined with a constitutive model that reproduces the key aspects of cyclic soil behaviour in the frame of Generalized Plasticity.
T2 - International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference
CY - San Francisco, USA
DA - 25/06/2017
KW - Finite element method
KW - Offshore wind energy converter
KW - Suction bucket
KW - Generalized plasticity
KW - Sand
KW - Numerical simulation
KW - Tensile capacity
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-41054
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa
T1 - Design testing of containers for the Konrad repository
N2 - The presentation explains the requirements, process and challenges of the container design testing procedures for the Konrad repository, where low and intermediate level radioactive waste is planned to be disposed of beginnung end of 2022. BAM performs container design testing for more than 30 years whether analytically or experimentally. The challenges of the complex Konrad requirements concerning their proper interpretation and application is discussed in this presentation.
T2 - Joint Meeting between CSN-ENRESA-ENUSA and BAM
CY - Madrid, Spain
DA - 29.06.2016
KW - Radioactive waste
KW - Container
KW - Konrad repository
KW - Safety requirements
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-41061
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa
T1 - Technical Requirements for High Level Waste Disposal Containers with regard to their Retrievability during Operation and Recovery after Repository Closure
N2 - The Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) in Germany has gathered extensive expertise over decades in the fields of design testing and safety assessment of transport and storage containers for radioactive materials. On behalf of the German commission for the disposal of highly radioactive waste, BAM had been assigned the elucidation of requirements for high level waste disposal containers specifically in terms of their retrievability from deep geological formations during repository operation and recovery after its closure over a period of time between 500 to 1000 years. The output of the initial assessment is presented taking into account the frame of the current German repository site selection procedure together with the definition of repository conditions corresponding to the potential deep geological formations to be considered for disposal.
This presentation addresses the spectrum of relevant stress factors for disposal containers and reflects their relevance and consequences during the repository operation phase including the emplacement and their potential retrieval. In addition, further aspects and consequences for container recovery after repository closure are discussed taking into consideration potential repository conditions of different geological formations.
Finally, potential disposal container concepts are briefly addressed comparing the consequences of an improvement of existing dual purpose casks versus completely new disposal canister designs adjusted to the specific geological conditions of the host rock formation. Pros and cons of these two concepts are depicted in order to address major challenges. However, precise container design concepts cannot be consolidated before repository conditions and derived specific container requirements are designated.
T2 - 7th IGD-TP Exchange Forum
CY - Cordoba, Spain
DA - 25.10.2016
KW - Radioactive waste
KW - Disposal
KW - Container
KW - Safety requirements
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-41062
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hüllmann, Dino
A1 - Kohlhoff, Harald
A1 - Erdmann, Jessica
A1 - Neumann, Patrick P.
ED - Emri, Igor
T1 - Current-independent torque control of permanent-magnet synchronous motors
N2 - A current-independent torque equation for the permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) aiming at direct-drive servo applications is derived from a first principles model. Instead of measuring currents, all required control parameters are derived from optical incremental encoder measurements. The results are verified on a real system in test series showing the effect of static friction and proving the obtained torque model.
T2 - 33rd Danubia Adria Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics
CY - Portorož, Slovenia
DA - 20.09.2016
KW - BLDC
KW - Motor control
KW - PMSM
KW - Servo drive
PY - 2017
UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214785317308271
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.06.052
SN - 2214-7853
VL - 4
IS - 5
SP - 5821
EP - 5826
PB - Elsevier
CY - Amsterdam, Netherlands
AN - OPUS4-41580
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Neumann, Patrick P.
A1 - Lazik, D.
A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias
ED - Emri, Igor
T1 - Validation of membrane-based linear soil gas sensors under field conditions
N2 - A 400 m2 soil test field with gas injection system was built up, which enables an experimental validation of linear membrane-based gas sensors – a sensor technology which was developed based on the selective permeation of gases through membranes. Several soil watering and injection experiments with carbon dioxide at different days with varying boundary conditions were performed showing that the sensor behaves mostly insensitive to the environmental conditions investigated, i.e., barometric pressure fluctuations, soil temperature, air temperature and humidity, sun duration, and wind speed. Furthermore, depending on water infiltration, a gas phase displacement could be observed in-situ based on the changed measurement signal. The results of the validation experiments highlight the potential of the method for rapid leak detection and localization qualifying the sensor particularly for safety applications, e.g., in underground gas storage areas.
T2 - 33nd Danubia Adria Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics
CY - Portorož, Slovenia
DA - 20.09.2016
KW - Distributed linear sensor
KW - Membrane-based gas sensing
KW - Subsurface monitoring
KW - Gas storage areas
KW - Validation
PY - 2017
UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214785317308404
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.06.065
SN - 2214-7853
VL - 4
IS - 5, Part 1
SP - 5893
EP - 5897
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-41584
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Neumann, Martin
A1 - Eisenacher, Germar
A1 - Schönfelder, Thorsten
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Development of a material model for the crush of spruce wood
N2 - Typical transport packages used in Germany are equipped with wooden impact limiting devices. In this paper we give an overview of the latest status regarding the development of a finite element material model for the crush of spruce wood. Although the crush of wood – mainly in longitudinal direction – is a phenomenon governed by macroscopic fracture and failure of wood fibres we smear fracture and failure mechanisms over the continuous voume. In first step we altered an existing LS-DYNA material model for foams, which considers an ellipse shaped yield surface written in terms of the first two stress invariants. The evolution of the yield surface in the existing model depends on the volumetric strain only. For the use with spruce wood, we modified the existing material model to consider the deviatoric strain for the evolution of the yield surface as well. This is in accordance with the results of crush tests with spruce wood specimens, where the crushing deformation was rather deviatoric for uniaxial stress states and rather volumetric for multiaxial stress states We rate the basic idea of this approach to be reasonable, though other problems exist regarding the shape of the yield surface and the assumption of isotropic material properties. Therefore we developed a new transversal isotropic material model with two main directions, which considers different yield curves according to the multiaxiality of the stress state via a multi-surface yield criterion and a non-associated flow rule. The results show the ability to reproduce the basic strength characteristics of spruce wood. Nevertheless, problems with regularization etc. show that additional investigations are necessary.
T2 - ASME PVP 2017
CY - Waikaloa, HY, USA
DA - 16.07.2017
KW - Chrush
KW - Spruce
KW - Wood
KW - FEM
PY - 2017
SN - 978-0-7918-5802-8
VL - 7
SP - Article UNSP V007T07A037, 1
EP - 9
AN - OPUS4-41613
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Neumann, Martin
T1 - Development of a material model for the crush of spruce wood
N2 - Typical transport packages used in Germany are equipped with wooden impact limiting devices. In this paper we give an overview of the latest status regarding the development of a finite element material model for the crush of spruce wood. Although the crush of wood – mainly in longitudinal direction – is a phenomenon governed by macroscopic fracture and failure of wood fibres we smear fracture and failure mechanisms over the continuous voume. In first step we altered an existing LS-DYNA material model for foams, which considers an ellipse shaped yield surface written in terms of the first two stress invariants. The evolution of the yield surface in the existing model depends on the volumetric strain only. For the use with spruce wood, we modified the existing material model to consider the deviatoric strain for the evolution of the yield surface as well. This is in accordance with the results of crush tests with spruce wood specimens, where the crushing deformation was rather deviatoric for uniaxial stress states and rather volumetric for multiaxial stress states We rate the basic idea of this approach to be reasonable, though other problems exist regarding the shape of the yield surface and the assumption of isotropic material properties. Therefore we developed a new transversal isotropic material model with two main directions, which considers different yield curves according to the multiaxiality of the stress state via a multi-surface yield criterion and a non-associated flow rule. The results show the ability to reproduce the basic strength characteristics of spruce wood. Nevertheless, problems with regularization etc. show that additional investigations are necessary.
T2 - ASME PVP 2017
CY - Waikaloa, HY, USA
DA - 16.07.2017
KW - Crush
KW - Wood
KW - Spruce
KW - FEM
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-41617
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
A1 - Yevtushenko, Oleksandra
A1 - Kratzig, Andreas
A1 - Bettge, Dirk
T1 - Synergistic effects of impurities in the condensate on the corrosion of CO2 transport pipeline
N2 - For the reliability of transport pipelines the corrosion resistance of the materials used needs to be determined in conditions, which are possible during the transport process. In some situations condensation of components out of the CO2 stream can occur. To study the effect of condensate on transport pipeline steel, a “worst-case scenario” gas mixture, containing 2.5 % H2O, 1.8 % O2, 1000 ppmv NO2, and 220 ppmv SO2, was proposed, fed (1.5 L/min) into a glass reactor containing coupon-shaped specimens for 120 600 h at 278 K (to simulate the underground pipeline transport), and resulted in the condensate containing 0.114 M H2SO4 and 0.0184 M HNO3 (pH 2.13). Basing on this “original” condensate, exposure tests and electrochemical characterization together with pH and conductivity in CO2 saturated condition at the same temperature were carried out. The role of each gas impurity and the combination of them, when the condensate is formed, was studied by investigating the role of individual and varying combination of acidic components in the condensate on the corrosion behaviors of the commercial pipeline-steel (L360NB). It can be concluded that although the condensation of NOx in form of HNO3 causes faster corrosion rate, it is the condensation of SOx or the combination of SOx and NOx that may cause much more severe problems in form of localized and pitting corrosions. Different to the corrosion products formed in CO2 atmosphere without impurities (mainly iron carbonate) the corrosion products resulted from these acidic condensation have no protectability, indicating the need of controlling gas quality during the transportation within the pipeline network.
T2 - EUROCORR 2017 - PRAG
CY - Prague, Czech Republic
DA - 03.09.2017
KW - CCUS
KW - CO2 corrosion
KW - Carbon steels
KW - Condensate
PY - 2017
SP - Paper 75636,.1
EP - 4
AN - OPUS4-41874
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schneider, Ronald
T1 - Konzept zur Einbindung der Strukturüberwachung in die risikobasierte Inspektionsplanung von Offshore-Strukturen
N2 - Das Ermüdungsverhalten einzelner Schweißverbindungen in Offshore-Strukturen ist stark korreliert. Diese Korrelation entsteht zum einen durch die Verwendung gleicher Prozesse und Materialien bei der Herstellung der Verbindungen, zum anderen sind die ermüdungswirksamen Lasten an verschiedene Hospots im Tragwerk ebenfalls von einander abhängig. Hieraus ergeben sich Systemeffekte, die es ermöglichen, durch stichprobenartige Inspektion des Zustandes einzelner Hotspots auf den Zustand der verbleibenden Hotspots im Tragwerk zu schließen. Auf dieser Grundlage können Inspektions- und Reparaturstrategien für ermüdungsbeanspruchte Offshore-Strukturen mit Hilfe von riskobasierten Methoden optimiert werden. In diesem Vortrag wird weiterführend ein Konzept zur Einbindung von globalen Monitoringergebnissen in die risikobasierte Inspektionsplanung vorgestellt.
T2 - 29. Sitzung des VDI/VDE-GMA Fachausschuss 2.12 Strukturanalyse und -überwachung in der Bautechnik im Fachbereich Prozessmesstechnik und Strukturanalyse
CY - Bremen, Germany
DA - 06.09.2017
KW - Ermüdung
KW - Offshore-Strukturen
KW - Risikobasierte Inspektionsplanung
KW - Monitoring
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-41865
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schlegel, Moritz-Caspar
T1 - Nano-porous Materials - Introduction into Metal-organic Frameworks
N2 - Metallic organic frameworks are the materials stirring great interest by their large variety of structure types and chemical composition as well as low density and very high surface area, which are desirable properties for gas storage such as for hydrogen, methane or carbon dioxide. Using different so called secondary building units offer an opportunity to form tunable structures with channels of various geometry and allow in this way to study the absorption of the molecular hydrogen, methane or carbon dioxid in the systematic way.
T2 - Neutron Scattering Application to Hydrogen Storage Materials
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 07.08.2017
KW - MOFs
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Crystallography
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-41285
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Palkowski, Carsten
A1 - Schlegel, Moritz-Caspar
A1 - Akkerman, Floris
A1 - Simo, Anne
T1 - EU Energy Label for heating appliances - Optimization of test standards for heat pumps
N2 - The European Standards EN14511 and EN14825 are representing standardized procedures for testing the energy efficiency of heat pumps and air conditioners with electrically driven compressors for both space heating and cooling. In this study, these standards are analyzed and validated. It was figured out that the currently used methods implicate high complexity and high financial effort. In order to clarify the circumstances and to identify the deficits more in detail, a round robin test with independent and accredited laboratories was initiated. The aim is to develop an optimized test procedure that improves the feasibility of the testing procedure and finally its application. This study should lead to a repeatable and reproducible testing procedure, which is also compatible with the state of the art in heat pump technology and real operation conditions.
T2 - ECEEE Summer Study 2017
CY - Hyères, France
DA - 29.05.2017
KW - Climate change
KW - Energy efficiency
KW - Energy labelling
KW - Heat pumps
KW - Test method standard optimization
PY - 2017
SN - 978-91-983878-1-0
SN - 2001-7960
SP - 1551
EP - 1555
AN - OPUS4-41287
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Akkerman, Floris
T1 - Die Ökodeisgn-Richtlinie
N2 - Allgemeiner Vortrag zur Ökodesign-Richtlinie und ihrer Bedeutung für die Industrie.
T2 - Großes Netzwerktreffen Süd
CY - IHK Ulm, Germany
DA - 30.05.2017
KW - Ökodeisgn
KW - Energieeffizienz
KW - EU-Recht
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-41255
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Knieschewski, Arno
T1 - How standards can better reflect consumer relevance on the example of range Hoods
N2 - The performance test of range hoods can be improved by using an atomizer nozzle.
T2 - ECEEE 2017 summer study on energy efficiency
CY - Hyères, France
DA - 29.05.2017
KW - Range hood
KW - Energy efficiency
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-41139
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Knieschewski, Arno
T1 - How standards can better reflect consumer relevance on the example of range hoods
N2 - The EU’s Ecodesign and Energy Labelling Regulations for domestic cooking appliances became legally binding in 2015. To determine the classes on the energy label, the regulations refer to the European Standard for performance measurements of range hoods EN 61591. The standard EN 61591 has been analysed and evaluated within the National Action Plan on Energy Efficiency (NAPE), a government programme that aims to increase the energy efficiency in Germany. The analysis revealed several drawbacks of the test standard. The standard used for the evaluation of range hoods is composed of methods for determining: (i) volumetric airflow, (ii) odour extraction, (iii) effectiveness of the lighting system and (iv) grease absorption. Currently, the grease absorption class is obtained by heating up oil and water in a pot, which creates vapour and splashes of grease. In this paper different alternative methods for the evaluation of the grease absorption efficiency will be discussed. In the proposed test method an atomizer nozzle is used. Consequently, the exact amount of atomized oil is known and the ratio of filtered to atomized oil can be measured. Thereby the proposed new method is able to take into account aerodynamic designs and leaks. Furthermore, it enables to alter the classification guideline of the energy label to give more significant and consumer relevant declarations. It allows manufacturers to develop innovative grease absorption methods with little airflow. This study revealed that it can be beneficial to review more of the existing standards in the light of improving their consumer relevance.
T2 - ECEEE 2017 - Summer Study on energy efficiency
CY - Hyères, France
DA - 29.05.2017
KW - Range hood
KW - Energy efficiency
KW - Energy label
PY - 2017
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-411425
SN - 978-91-983878-0-3
SN - 978-91-983878-1-0
SN - 2001-7960
SN - 1653-7025
SP - 1557
EP - 1561
AN - OPUS4-41142
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sie, M.
A1 - Susca, Tiziana
A1 - Portal, Natalie Williams
A1 - During, O.
A1 - Fontana, Patrick
A1 - Sjöström, C.
ED - de Schutter, G.
ED - de Belie, N.
ED - Janssens, A.
ED - van den Bossche, N.
T1 - Influence of life span prediction on building component's LCA performance
N2 - The life span of a building product is a key Parameter when it comes to Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) performance. Nevertheless, many uncertainties affect this parameter due to a lack of long-term performance data. The sensitivity of the LCA outcomes to this parameter has been studied within the framework of the FP7 project H-House (Healthier Life with Eco-innovative Components for Housing Constructions) funded by the European Commission.
The paper Features two comparative studies conducted within the scope of this project: one for new construction and another for renovation. An innovative precast sandwich panel made of Textile Reinforced Concrete (TRC) and Foamed Concrete (FC), used for external walls in new construction, is compared with a steel reinforced concrete (SRC) wall of the same thermal resistance. For renovation, a novel halfsandwich panel made of Ultra-High-Performance-Concrete (UHPC) and Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) is compared with cladding having the same thermal performance. The Evaluation was conducted using a multi-criteria basis according to the LCA methodology (ISO 14040- 44). In each case, an identical life span for both scenarios leads to the fact that H-House components have a better environmental performance. The ISO 15686 and ist relevant parts have been considered for the estimation of the service life span. The sensitivity analysis shows the link between the impact savings of the innovative walls and the life span of the walls and their components. In particular, it was found that since both scenarios need to fulfil the same service during an identical reference period, and since some maintenance and replacement of materials are necessary over time for standard Solutions compared to the innovative ones, the chosen life span of the components plays a role of utmost importance. The sensitivity analysis discloses the effect of the assumptions on these aspects.
T2 - XIV DBMC - 14th International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components
CY - Ghent, Belgium
DA - 29.05.2017
KW - LCA
KW - Life span
KW - TRC
KW - UHPC
KW - ISO 15686
PY - 2017
SN - 978-2-35158-159-9
VL - PRO 107
SP - 371
EP - 372
PB - RILEM Publications S.A.R.L.
AN - OPUS4-40999
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wagner, M. R.
A1 - Schlichting, S.
A1 - Müßener, J.
A1 - Hille, P.
A1 - Teubert, J.
A1 - Schörmann, J.
A1 - Rosenauer, A.
A1 - Eickhoff, M.
A1 - Hoffmann, A.
A1 - Callsen, G.
A1 - Hönig, Gerald
T1 - Suppression of the quantum confined Stark effect in polar III-nitride heterostructures
N2 - One of the most significant limitations for the quantum efficiency of group III-nitride based light emitters is the spatial electron-hole separation due to the quantum-confined Stark effect (QCSE). To overcome this problem, Hönig et al. [1] proposed a novel concept, the Internal-Field-Guarded-Active-Region Design (IFGARD), which suppresses the QCSE for wurtzite crystals in the [0001] direction. Here, we show how encapsulating the active region by additional guard layers results in a strong reduction of the built-in electric field in c-plane wurtzite nanostructures. Even more importantly, we demonstrate the first experimental evidence for the successful realization of an IFGARD structure based on GaN/AlN heterostructures embedded in GaN nanowires. By means of power-dependent and time-resolved µ-photoluminescence (µ-PL) we experimentally proof the validity of the unconventional IFGARD structure. We managed to tune the emission of 4-nm-thick GaN nano-discs up to 3.32 eV at low excitation powers, which is just 150 meV below the bulk GaN bandgap. Our results demonstrate an almost complete elimination of the QCSE in comparison to conventional structures which show approximately 1 eV red-shifted emission. The suppression of the QCSE results in a significant increase of the radiative exciton decay rates by orders of magnitude and demonstrates the potential of IFGARD structures for future light sources based on polar heterostructures.
[1] Hönig et al., Phys. Rev. Applied 7, 024004 (2017)
T2 - International Conference on Nitride Semiconductors 12 of the European Materials Research Society
CY - Strasbourg, France
DA - 24.07.2017
KW - Nanophotonics
KW - Piezoelectricity
KW - Quantum confined stark effect
KW - Semiconductor nanostructures
KW - Spontaneous polarization
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-41194
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Yin, Huajie
A1 - Chapala, P.
A1 - Bermeshev, M.
A1 - Schönhals, Andreas
A1 - Böhning, Martin
T1 - Molecular Mobility and Physical Aging of a Highly Permeable Glassy Polynorbornene as Revealed by Dielectric Spectroscopy
N2 - Polymeric membranes represent a cost- and energy efficient solution for gas separation. Recently superglassy polymers with high free volume outperform many conventional dense polymers in terms of gas permeability and selectivity. However, such polymers are prone to pronounced physical aging, resulting in a dramatic reduction in the gas permeability. Molecular mobility of polymer segments plays an important role in the physical aging and the gas transport performance of polymeric membranes. Molecular mobility and physical aging of a representative superglassy polynorbornene with very high gas permeability, PTCNSi2g, was monitored by using dielectric spectroscopy with state-of-the-art high-resolution analyzers. This work helps to shed some light on the structure−property relationship of superglassy polymers on a molecular level and to provide practical “design rules” for the development of high performance polymers for gas separation.
KW - Molecular mobility
KW - Gas separation membrane
KW - Broadband dielectric spectroscopy
KW - Polymer
KW - Physical ageing
PY - 2017
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00456
SN - 2161-1653
VL - 6
IS - 8
SP - 813
EP - 818
PB - ACS
CY - Washington DC, USA
AN - OPUS4-41354
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mishra, Kirti Bhushan
A1 - Wehrstedt, Klaus-Dieter
T1 - Combustion of peroxy-fuels
N2 - The diffusion flames of organic peroxides exhibit quite different characteristics than hydrocarbons. What makes them interesting to study is their fast burning behaviour. As a result the flame temperature enhances and so does the thermal radiation. Due to all these they demand safe handling during processing. However, they can be utilised at several places in different industries where a fuel with fast burning, high temperature and intense radiation are desired. Some of the possibilities to use them as a main or supporting fuel in a wide range of industrial utilities are the major content of this paper.
T2 - ERCOFTAC conference - Highly resolved experimental and numerical diagnostics for turbulent combustion
CY - Rouen, France
DA - 25.05.2011
KW - Energetic materials
KW - Process industries
KW - Organic peroxide
KW - Di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP)
KW - CFD simulation
KW - Emission
PY - 2011
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-247083
SP - 1
EP - 5
AN - OPUS4-24708
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - THES
A1 - Keller, Christian
T1 - Beitrag zur numerischen Beanspruchungsanalyse an dünnwandigen Stahlblechcontainern im Fallversuch - Schädigungsmechanische Materialmodellierung duktiler Werkstoffe unter Berücksichtigung der Dehnratenabhängigkeit der plastischen Instabilität
N2 - Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Bereitstellung expliziter numerischer Simulationen von Fallversuchen mit dünnwandigen Stahlblechcontainern, die als Endlagerbehälter für radioaktive Abfälle mit vernachlässigbarer Wärmeentwicklung, d. h. schwach- und mittelradioaktive Abfälle, für die Verbringung in das Endlager Konrad vorgesehen sind. Die Betrachtung von potentiellen Absturzszenarien ist ein grundlegender und zentraler Bestandteil der Sicherheitsnachweise zur Auslegung der verschiedenen endlagergängigen Behälter- und Containertypen gegen mechanische Störfallbelastungen. Für dünnwandige Stahlblechcontainer existierten bislang keine sicherheitstechnischen Untersuchungen, die auf numerischen Bewertungsmethoden basieren und eine Bewertung der vorhandenen Sicherheitsreserven hinsichtlich der mechanischen Integrität ermöglichen. Daraus resultierte die Motivation, ein verifiziertes Finite-Elemente-Modell eines repräsentativen Referenzcontainers zu entwickeln, das das dynamische Verformungs- sowie duktile Schädigungs- und Versagensverhalten in numerischen Simulationen von dynamischen Lastfällen physikalisch mit der erforderlichen Güte beschreibt.
Duktile Schädigungs- und Versagensvorgänge metallischer Werkstoffe gehen grundsätzlich mit großen plastischen Dehnungen einher und führen somit unweigerlich zu der Notwendigkeit der Diskussion von plastischer Instabilität und damit verknüpften Lokalisierungseffekten, die einen wesentlichen Einfluss auf die Entwicklung des lokalen Beanspruchungszustands haben. Für die schädigungsmechanische Materialmodellierung folgt hieraus das grundsätzliche Erfordernis der korrekten Berücksichtigung des Instabilitätsbeginns, der in der Regel dehnratenunabhängig angenommen wird. Für dynamische Randbedingungen ist der werkstoffspezifische Einfluss der Dehnrate auf das Einsetzen der Lokalisierung jedoch nicht uneingeschränkt vernachlässigbar, so dass im Rahmen dieser Arbeit ein theoretischer Ansatz ausgearbeitet wird, der die plastische Instabilität dehnratenabhängiger Werkstoffe anhand des zeit- und ortsabhängigen Dehnungsgradienten im einachsigen Zugversuch diskutiert. Darüber hinaus ist für eine hinreichend genaue Materialmodellierung neben der korrekten Prognose des Instabilitätsbeginns auch die korrekte Beschreibung des Verformungsverhaltens jenseits der Gleichmaßdehnung notwendig. Zu diesem Zweck wird in dieser Arbeit eine konstitutive Beziehung entwickelt, die sowohl unter Berücksichtigung der plastischen Instabilität als auch unter der Beachtung von ver- sowie entfestigenden Einflussfaktoren der dynamischen Plastizität formuliert werden kann.
Insgesamt wird eine praxistaugliche Bewertungsmethode der mechanischen Integrität dünnwandiger Stahlblechcontainer unter Störfallbedingungen auf Basis expliziter dynamischer Simulationen erarbeitet, die die komplexen duktilen Schädigungs- und Versagensmechanismen dehnratenabhängiger Werkstoffe berücksichtigt. Mit der zur Simulation von Fallversuchen entwickelten numerischen Modellbildung und den zur Verifizierung entsprechend mit Testcontainern im Originalmaßstab durchgeführten Fallversuchen wird nachgewiesen, dass anhand des Finite-Elemente-Modells eines repräsentativen Referenzcontainers zum einen eine quantitativ belegte Bestimmung ungünstiger Fallorientierungen hinsichtlich maximaler Verformungen und zum anderen eine realistische Abbildung des duktilen Versagensverhaltens ermöglicht wird. Damit können tatsächlich vorhandene Sicherheitsreserven bei potentiell zu unterstellenden Behälterabstürzen quantitativ aufgezeigt und zukünftig eine verbesserte sicherheitstechnische Beurteilung von Stahlblechcontainern im Fallversuch bereitgestellt werden. Damit leistet die vorliegende Arbeit einen wichtigen Beitrag für die Bewertung von Sicherheitsnachweisen von Endlagerbehältern für radioaktive Abfälle und trägt dazu bei, den langfristigen Schutz von Mensch und Umwelt vor Schäden durch radioaktive Stoffe zu gewährleisten.
N2 - The subject of the present work is the provision of explicit numerical simulations of drop tests with thin-walled sheet steel containers, which are intended as repository containers for radioactive waste with negligible heat generation, i.e. low and intermediate level waste, for shipment to the Konrad repository. The consideration of potential crash scenarios is a fundamental and central component of the safety analyses for the design of the various types of casks and containers suitable for final disposal against mechanical accident loads. For thin-walled sheet steel containers, no safety investigations based on numerical assessment methods existed so far that would allow an evaluation of the existing safety reserves with regard to mechanical integrity. This resulted in the motivation to develop a verified finite element model of a representative reference container that physically describes the dynamic deformation and ductile damage and failure behaviour in numerical simulations of dynamic load cases with the required quality.
Ductile damage and failure processes of metallic materials are fundamentally accompanied by large plastic strains and thus inevitably lead to the need to discuss plastic instability and associated localisation effects, which have a significant influence on the development of the local stress state. For damage-mechanical material modelling this results in the fundamental requirement of correctly considering the onset of instability, which is usually assumed to be strain-rate independent. For dynamic boundary conditions, however, the material-specific influence of the strain rate on the onset of localisation cannot be neglected without restriction, so that a theoretical approach is elaborated within the scope of this work that discusses the plastic instability of strain-rate-dependent materials on the basis of the time- and location-dependent strain gradient in the uniaxial tensile test. Furthermore, for a sufficiently accurate material modelling, besides the correct prediction of the onset of instability, the correct description of the deformation behaviour in the postcritical region, i.e., beyond the uniform strain, is necessary. For this purpose, a constitutive relationship is developed in this work, which can be formulated both under consideration of the plastic instability as well as under consideration of hardening as well as softening influencing factors of the dynamic plasticity.
Overall, a practical assessment method of the mechanical integrity of thin-walled sheet steel containers under accident conditions is developed based on explicit dynamic simulations, which takes into account the complex ductile damage and failure mechanisms of strain rate-dependent materials. With the numerical modelling developed for the simulation of drop tests and the drop tests carried out accordingly with full-scale test containers for verification, it is demonstrated that, on the basis of the finite element model of a representative reference container, on the one hand a quantitatively proven determination of unfavourable drop orientations with regard to maximum deformations and, on the other hand, a realistic representation of the ductile failure behaviour is made possible. This allows it to quantitatively demonstrate actually existing safety reserves in case of potential container crashes and to provide an improved safety assessment of sheet steel containers in drop tests in the future. This work thus makes an important contribution to the evaluation of safety verifications of final storage containers for radioactive waste and helps to ensure the long-term protection of humans and the environment from damage caused by radioactive substances.
KW - FEM
KW - Dynamische Plastizität
KW - Plastische Instabilität
KW - Duktile Schädigung
KW - Endlager Konrad
PY - 2024
DO - https://doi.org/10.14279/depositonce-21874
SP - 1
EP - 188
PB - DepositOnce
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-61581
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Lüders, C.
A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard
A1 - Li, Wei
A1 - Sinapius, M.
A1 - Wille, T.
T1 - Experimental and numerical multiscale approach to thermally cycled FRP
N2 - Due to the different thermal expansion of the constituent materials, cyclic thermal loading of FRP induces alternating stresses in the material at two scales: at the micro scale (level of fibre–matrix-interaction) and at the macro scale (level of the multidirectional laminate). Especially the micro scale effect is not comprehensively investigated yet. Additionally, computational investigations mostly neglect this effect due to the homogenous modelling of the composite material. As this effect is assumed to significantly contribute to the fatigue of FRP at thermal loads, the present paper suggests an experimental and numerical multiscale approach including Experiments at the different involved material scales to separately observe the effects acting at these scales. The approach also includes numerical modelling for each scale to complement the knowledge gained from the Experiments and to create a basis for the consideration of the micro effect even in macroscopic fatigue models treating homogeneous modelled composites. The main focus of the contribution is to bring the overall Approach up for discussion, rather than to present the multiscale modelling details.
KW - Fatigue
KW - Thermal cycling
KW - Fibre reinforced plastic
KW - Cryogenic
KW - Carbon Fibre
KW - Epoxy Resin
PY - 2020
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112303
SN - 0263-8223
VL - 244
SP - 112303
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
CY - Niederlande
AN - OPUS4-50844
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Wu, Cheng-Chieh
A1 - Weisbrich, S.
A1 - Burger, M.
A1 - Neitzel, F.
ED - Zemčík, R.
T1 - A four-point bending test apparatus for measurement- and model-based structural analysis
N2 - By means of a small-scale truss bridge, the ability of the Measurement- and Model-based Structural Analysis to detect and localise damage was examined in. Although there was no noteworthy difficulty in detecting damage, it turned out that damage localisation responds sensitively to systematic influences, i.e. non-modelled properties of the mechanical model. Therefore, another experiment is being conducted to re-examine the Measurement- and Model-based Structural Analysis. For this purpose, the bending test is carried out as it has been already theoretically respectively numerically discussed in. In this attempt, the systematic influences such as residual stress are kept as low as possible.
T2 - 36th Danubia Adria Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics
CY - Pilsen, Czech Republic
DA - 24.09.2019
KW - Damage detection
KW - Adjustment calculation
KW - Finite element method
KW - Integrated analysis
PY - 2020
UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214785320326432
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.028
SN - 2214-7853
VL - 32
IS - 2
SP - 156
EP - 161
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-51551
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Acosta-Zepeda, C.
A1 - Saavedra, S.
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
A1 - Haro-Poniatowski, E.
T1 - Modelling of single UV nanosecond pulsed laser surface modifications of silicon
N2 - Irradiation with a single spatially Gaussian-shaped nanosecond laser pulse in the melting regime can result in a characteristic annular change in the surface morphology of crystalline silicon. This has been verified experimentally in a variety of situations, where dimple-shaped surface topographies are produced. In a recent work we have investigated the induced changes in the surface topography upon exposure to wavelengths in the visible and near infrared spectral region. Irradiation in the UV requires a more detailed analysis due to the enhanced absorption of the material. In the present analysis, we determine under which conditions our previous model can be used and the corresponding results are presented.
KW - Laser
KW - Silicon
KW - Surface modification
PY - 2020
DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1555-6611/ab9b2c
SN - 1555-6611
SN - 1054-660X
VL - 30
IS - 8
SP - 086003-1
EP - 086003-4
PB - IOP Publishing / Astro Ltd
CY - Bristol, United Kingdom
AN - OPUS4-51022
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
ED - Pfeffer, M.
ED - Bonse, Jörn
ED - Lasagni, A. F.
T1 - Topical issue: Laser micro- and nano-material processing - Part 1
N2 - This special issue of Advanced Optical Technologies (AOT) is dedicated to the field of laser-based micro- and nanostructuring methods.
KW - Laser processing
KW - Microstructures
KW - Nanostructures
KW - Applications
PY - 2020
UR - https://www.degruyter.com/view/journals/aot/9/1-2/aot.9.issue-1-2.xml
SN - 2193-8576
SN - 2193-8584
VL - 9
IS - 1-2
SP - 7
EP - 110
PB - De Gruyter
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-50798
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mezera, Marek
T1 - Bacterial adhesion on femtosecond laser-induced periodic surface structures
N2 - Biofilm formation in industrial or medical settings is usually unwanted and leads to serious health problems and high costs. Inhibition of initial bacterial adhesion prevents biofilm formation and is, therefore, a major mechanism of antimicrobial action of surfaces. Surface topography largely influences the interaction between bacteria and surfaces which makes topography an ideal base for antifouling strategies and eco-friendly alternatives to chemical surface modifications. Femtosecond laser-processing was used to fabricate sub-micrometric surface structures on silicon and stainless steel for the development of antifouling topographies on technical materials.
T2 - Future Tech Week 2020
CY - Online meeting
DA - 21.09.2020
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Bacterial adhesion
KW - Biofilm growth
KW - Structural color
KW - Femtosecond laser processing
PY - 2020
UR - http://futuretechweek.fetfx.eu/wp-content/uploads/gravity_forms/2-5432af7ecff9e0243d7383ab3f931ed3/2020/09/BioCombs4Nanofibers_Poster-for-Future_Tech_Week_2020_08-09-2020_with_Reprint-permission_for_upload.pdf
AN - OPUS4-51233
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Shahsanaei, Majid
A1 - Farahbakhsh, Nastaran
A1 - Pour-Ali, Sadegh
A1 - Schardt, Annika
A1 - Orangpour, Setareh
A1 - Engelhard, Carsten
A1 - Mohajernia, Shiva
A1 - Killian, Manuela S.
A1 - Hejazi, Sina
T1 - Synergistic enhancement of photocatalytic hydrogen production in TiO2 nanosheets through light-induced defect formation and Pt single atoms
N2 - In this investigation, we present a direct method employing UV-light radiation to induce point defects, specifically Ti3+ and VO, onto the surface of TiO2 nanosheets (TiO2-NSs) and efficiently decorate them with Pt particles. The addition of the Pt precursor is carried out during rest periods following UV-light cessation (light-induced samples, LI) and during UV-light exposure (photo-deposited samples, PD). The size and distribution of Pt particles on both LI and PD TiO2-NSs are systematically correlated with varying resting times, enabling precise control over Pt loading. The characterization of various TiO2-NSs is extensively conducted using microscopy techniques (FESEM, TEM, and HAADF-STEM) and spectroscopy (XPS). Gas chromatography is also employed for the evaluation of the H2 photocatalytic performance of various samples. Our findings reveal that Pt particles deposit on the TiO2-NSs surfaces as nanoparticles under illumination. After a 5 minutes resting time, a combination of Pt single atoms (SAs) and clusters, with a maximum loading of 0.37 at%, is formed. Extending the resting time to 60 minutes results in a gradual reduction in Pt SAs and clusters, leading to the deposition of Pt nanoparticles with lower loadings. Notably, Pt SAs and clusters exhibit superior performance in hydrogen evolution, showcasing a remarkable 4000-fold increase over pristine TiO2-NSs. Additionally, sustained UV radiation during Pt addition in the photo-deposited samples results in the formation of Pt nanoparticles with lower loading compared to LI samples, consequently diminishing photocatalytic hydrogen production. This study not only provides insights into the controlled manipulation of Pt SAs on TiO2-NSs but also highlights their exceptional efficacy in hydrogen evolution, offering valuable contributions to the design of efficient photocatalytic systems for sustainable hydrogen generation.
KW - Chemistry
KW - Nanosheets
KW - Hydrogen
PY - 2024
DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D4TA01809E
VL - 12
IS - 29
SP - 18554
EP - 18562
PB - Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
AN - OPUS4-61271
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wojciak, K.
A1 - Tokarski, T.
A1 - Cios, G.
A1 - Nolze, Gert
T1 - Precision and accuracy during standard-less mapping of local lattice distortions using ebsd and calm technique
N2 - Electron Back Scatter Diffraction (EBSD) is a very versatile analytical technique allowing for the characterization of material structure. Historically, diffraction images (Kikuchi patterns) registered during EBSD analysis were solved using Hough/Radon transformation. The last decade brought several novel techniques of experimental pattern analysis, focusing entirely on image analysis routines such as pattern matching, or various variants of High-Resolution EBSD. However, all the above-mentioned techniques require prior knowledge of the material structure to perform orientation analysis. The recently presented algorithm employed in Crystallographic Analysis of Lattice Metric (CALM) software, effectively removes this limitation enabling a standard-less analytical approach in EBSD systems. At its core, the CALM technique couples accurate detection of the Kikuchi bands position, with a rigid construction of reciprocal lattice resulting from translational crystal symmetry. A unique characteristic of the methodology also gives an opportunity for application in the analysis of continuous lattice changes, for example tetragonality mapping. During mapping, however, the geometry of the gnomonic projection (represented by the projection center) is continuously altered decreasing overall algorithm efficiency. The work presents an analysis of the projection center in terms of precision and accuracy.
T2 - Oxford User Meeting 2024
CY - Krakow, Poland
DA - 14.05.2024
KW - EBSD
KW - Kikuchi
KW - Lattice parameters
KW - Ratio refinement
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60087
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tokarski, T.
A1 - Nolze, Gert
T1 - Exploring Unconventional Uses of Kikuchi Pattern Analysis
N2 - The characterization of really unknown phases typically uses 70 to 150 reflectors for lattice metric calculation. The determination of the lattice parameters follows with 4% accuracy. Including a Z correction up to 1% can be reached. The precision of the lattice parameters ratios (a:b:c) is, however, better than 0.1%.
T2 - Oxford Users Meeting 2024
CY - Krakow, Poland
DA - 14.05.2024
KW - EBSD
KW - Kikuchi
KW - Lattice parameters
KW - Ratio refinement
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60086
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CHAP
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
A1 - Kirner, Sabrina V.
A1 - Krüger, Jörg
ED - Sugioka, K.
T1 - Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS)
N2 - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) are a universal phenomenon and can be generated on almost any material by irradiation with linearly polarized radiation. This chapter reviews the current state in the field of LIPSS, which are formed in a “self-ordered” way and are often accompanying materials processing applications. LIPSS can be produced in a single-stage process and enable surface nanostructuring and, in turn, adaption of optical, mechanical, and chemical surface properties. Typically, they feature a structural size ranging from several micrometers down to less than 100 nm and show a clear correlation with the polarization direction of the light used for their generation. Various types of LIPSS are classified, relevant control parameters are identified, and their material-specific formation mechanisms are analyzed for different types of inorganic solids, i.e., metals, semiconductors, and dielectrics. Finally, technological applications featuring surface functionalization in the fields of optics, fluidics, medicine, and tribology are discussed.
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Femtosecond laser
KW - Laser ablation
KW - Microstructures
KW - Nanostrcutures
PY - 2021
SN - 978-3-030-63646-3 (Print)
SN - 978-3-030-63647-0 (Online)
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63647-0_17
SP - 879
EP - 936
PB - Springer-Nature Switzerland AG
CY - Cham
ET - 1
AN - OPUS4-53728
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CHAP
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
A1 - Kirner, Sabrina V.
A1 - Krüger, Jörg
ED - Sugioka, K.
T1 - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
N2 - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) are a universal phenomenon and can be generated on almost any material by irradiation with linearly polarized radiation. This chapter reviews the current state in the field of LIPSS, which are formed in a “self-ordered” way and are often accompanying materials processing applications. LIPSS can be produced in a single-stage process and enable surface nanostructuring and, in turn, adaption of optical, mechanical, and chemical surface properties. Typically, they feature a structural size ranging from several micrometers down to less than 100 nm and show a clear correlation with the polarization direction of the light used for their generation. Various types of LIPSS are classified, relevant control parameters are identified, and their material-specific formation mechanisms are analyzed for different types of inorganic solids, i.e., metals, semiconductors, and dielectrics. Finally, technological applications featuring surface functionalization in the fields of optics, fluidics, medicine, and tribology are discussed.
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Laser ablation
KW - Femtosecond laser
KW - Nanostructures
KW - Microstructures
PY - 2020
SN - 978-3-319-69537-2
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69537-2_17-1
SP - 1
EP - 59
PB - Springer Nature
CY - Cham, Switzerland
ET - 1
AN - OPUS4-51332
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
A1 - Lasagni, A. F.
T1 - Editorial: Laser micro- and nano-material processing – Part 1
N2 - This special issue of Advanced Optical Technologies (AOT) is dedicated to the field of laser-based micro- and nanostructuring methods.
KW - Laser processing
KW - Microstructures
KW - Nanostructures
KW - Applications
PY - 2020
DO - https://doi.org/10.1515/aot-2020-0009
SN - 2193-8576
SN - 2193-8584
VL - 9
IS - 1-2
SP - 7
EP - 9
PB - De Gruyter
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-50797
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Lasagni, A. F.
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
T1 - Editorial: Laser micro- and nano-material processing – Part 2
N2 - This special issue of Advanced Optical Technologies (AOT) is dedicated to the field of laser-based micro- and nanostructuring methods.
KW - Applications
KW - Laser processing
KW - Microstructures
KW - Nanostructures
PY - 2020
DO - https://doi.org/10.1515/aot-2020-0025
SN - 2193-8576
SN - 2193-8584
VL - 9
IS - 3
SP - 111
EP - 112
PB - De Gruyter
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-50995
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
ED - Pfeffer, M.
ED - Bonse, Jörn
ED - Lasagni, A. F.
T1 - Topical issue: Laser micro- and nano-material processing - Part 2
N2 - This special issue of Advanced Optical Technologies (AOT) is dedicated to the field of laser-based micro- and nanostructuring methods.
KW - Applications
KW - Laser processing
KW - Microstructures
KW - Nanostructures
PY - 2020
UR - https://www.degruyter.com/view/journals/aot/9/3/aot.9.issue-3.xml
SN - 2193-8576
SN - 2193-8584
VL - 9
IS - 3
SP - 111
EP - 153
PB - De Gruyter
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-50997
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kunz, C.
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
A1 - Spaltmann, Dirk
A1 - Neumann, C.
A1 - Turchanin, A.
A1 - Bartolomé, J. F.
A1 - Müller, F. A.
A1 - Gräf, S.
T1 - Tribological performance of metal-reinforced ceramic composites selectively structured with femtosecond laser-induced periodic surface structures
N2 - The impact of femtosecond (fs) laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) on tribological properties was investigated for metal-reinforced ceramic composites (Al2O3-ZrO2-Nb). For this purpose, the metallic niobium (Nb) phase was selectively structured with LIPSS in an air environment with different values of the fs-laser peak fluence by near-infrared fs-laser radiation (λ = 1025 nm, τ = 300 fs, frep = 1 kHz), taking advantage of the different light absorption behavior of ceramic and metal. The tribological performance was evaluated by reciprocating sliding tests in a ball-on-disc configuration using Ringer's solution as lubricant. The surfaces were characterized before and after laser irradiation by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and by measuring the contact angle with Ringer's solution. The LIPSS formation resulted in an increased wetting of the surface with the lubricant. Moreover, the selectively structured composite surfaces revealed a coefficient of friction significantly reduced by a factor of ~3 when compared to the non-irradiated surface. Furthermore, the formation of a laser-induced oxidation layer was detected with NbO as the most prominent oxidation state. Selectively structured composites with outstanding mechanical properties and enhanced tribological performance are of particular interest for biomedical applications.
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Femtosecond laser ablation
KW - Ceramic matrix composites
KW - Tribology
PY - 2020
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.143917
SN - 0169-4332
SN - 1873-5584
VL - 499
IS - 1
SP - 143917
PB - Elsevier B.V.
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-49255
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
ED - Simon, P.
ED - Ihlemann, J.
ED - Bonse, Jörn
T1 - Special issue "Laser-generated periodic nanostructures"
N2 - The study of laser-fabricated periodic nanostructures is one of the leading topics of today’s photonics research. Such structures on the surface of metals, semiconductors, dielectrics, or polymers can generate new material properties with special functionalities. Depending on the specific material parameters and the morphology of the structures, new devices such as microlasers, optical nanoswitches, optical storage devices, sensors or antifraud features can be realized. Furthermore, laser-generated surface textures can be used to improve the tribological properties of surfaces in contact and in relative motion—to reduce friction losses or wear, to modify the wettability or the cell and biofilm growth properties of surfaces through bioinspired laser engineering, for emerging medical applications, or as decoration elements for the refinement of precious goods.
This Special Issue “Laser-Generated Periodic Nanostructures” focuses on the latest experimental and theoretical developments and practical applications of laser-generated periodic structures that can be generated in a “self-organized” way (laser-induced periodic surface structures, LIPSS, ripples) or via laser interference-based direct ablation (often referred to as direct laser interference patterning, DLIP). We aimed to attract both academic and industrial researchers in order to collate the current knowledge of nanomaterials and to present new ideas for future applications and new technologies. By 8 August 2021, 22 scientific articles have been published in the Special Issue.
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Direct laser-interference patterning (DLIP)
KW - Surface functionalization
KW - Laser processing
KW - Applications
PY - 2021
UR - https://www.mdpi.com/journal/nanomaterials/special_issues/laser-generated_periodic
SN - 2079-4991
VL - 10(1)-11(8)
SP - 147-1
EP - 2054-7
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel
AN - OPUS4-53099
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - de Camargo, Andrea Simone Stucchi
T1 - Luminescent multifunctional nanostructures for sensing and theranostics applications
N2 - The research carried out at the Laboratory of Spectroscopy of Functional Materials at IFSC/USP, in Brazil, is focused on the synthesis and structural-property correlation of luminescent materials including rare-earth (RE) doped glasses, ceramics and hybrid host-guest materials. For the past five years, we have been particularly interested in the development of single- and multifunctional nanosystems based on core-shell upconversion nanoparticles (UCNP) associated with dyes, organometallic complexes and other organic molecules, for biophotonic and sensing applications. In these systems, we take advantage of energy transfer between the UCNPs and the molecules to either supress or enhance luminescent response. Examples include the possibility of bioimaging and photodynamic therapy of bacteria and cancer cells, simultaneous magnetothermia and thermometry, localized O2 sensing, fast detection and quantification of biological markers (e.g. kidney disease) and microorganisms. On what concerns the development of luminescent sensors - a recently started project, our aim is to develop paper-based platforms for point-of-care devices. In this presentation, an overview of our contributions for the past years and our future aims will be presented with several examples.
T2 - ICL2023 - 20th International Conference on Luminescence
CY - Paris, France
DA - 27.08.2023
KW - Upconversion
KW - Sensing
KW - Theranostics
KW - Nanoparticles
KW - Photodynamic therapy
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-60362
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hörmann, Anja Franziska
T1 - GISAXS and XRR for STOP - M30 update
N2 - With a representative set of samples measured in reflection geometry at the MOUSE we lead through our recent advances in this talk. A thin polystyrene film serves as an example for X-ray reflectivity and we show the effect of polishing on the reflectivity of stainless steel. Polystyrene spheres spin-coated onto different substrates including the polished stainless steel are demonstrated to show the characteristic scattering of spherical particles in GISAXS. We conclude with the first GISAXS data from laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) recorded at the MOUSE.
T2 - M30 project meeting Surface Transfer of Pathogens (STOP)
CY - Sofia, Bulgaria
DA - 27.02.2025
KW - X-ray reflectivity
KW - Substrate roughness
KW - Grazing incidence
KW - Particle-based coating
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62777
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Eichner, Lukas
A1 - Schneider, Ronald
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
T1 - Optimal vibration sensor placement for jacket support structures of offshore wind turbines based on value of information analysis
N2 - Information on the condition and reliability of an offshore jacket structure provided by a vibration-based structural health monitoring system can guide decisions on inspection and maintenance. When selecting the sensor setup, the designer of the monitoring system must assess its overall benefit compared to its costs before installation. The potential benefit of continuously monitoring the dynamic response of a jacket structure can be formally quantified through a value of information analysis from Bayesian decision theory. In this contribution, we present a framework for optimizing the placement of vibration sensors on offshore jacket structures by maximizing the value of information of the monitoring system. To solve the resulting discrete optimization problem, we adapt a genetic algorithm. The framework is demonstrated in a numerical example considering a redundant jacket-type steel frame. The numerical study shows that monitoring the vibration response of the frame is beneficial. Good sensor setups consist of relatively few sensors located towards the upper part of the
frame. The adapted genetic algorithm performs similarly well as established sequential sensor placement algorithms and holds substantial promise for application to real jacket structures.
KW - Optimal sensor placement
KW - Value of information
KW - Jacket support structure
KW - Offshore wind turbine
KW - Monitoring-informed inspection and maintenance planning
PY - 2023
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.115407
SN - 0029-8018
VL - 288
IS - 2
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-58725
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Shamsuddoha, Md
T1 - Critical Factors Affecting the Capacity of Cylindrical Grouted Connections in Offshore Energy Structures
N2 - Current trend suggests that global energy consumption will increase in the future. This growing energy demand and advancement of technology lead to explore all potential offshore fossil and non-fossil energy sources, necessitating erection of exploration and production structures, rigs, platforms and towers, which are susceptible to adverse environmental conditions along with their maintenances. Cylindrical grouted joints provide suitable connections between steel substructure and foundation in these offshore platforms and wind structures especially monopiles for ease of installation. However, these are composite connections with exterior sleeve, interior pile and infill grout. The capacity of these connections is affected by number of factors. The literature over last four decades by numerous researchers has shown the development of these connections with increasingly higher capacities and influences on these capacities due to various factors. This paper provides a comprehensive review on the factors affecting the connection capacity along with technical challenges for the future. Critical aspects and shortcomings of the current connection systems and potential solutions may be sought after for these issues are also discussed.
T2 - 36th International Conference on. Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering
CY - Trondheim, Norway
DA - 25.06.2017
KW - Offshore wind energy
KW - Grouted connection
KW - Joint capacity
KW - Shear keys
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-42389
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Shamsuddoha, Md
A1 - Hüsken, Götz
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
A1 - Kühne, Hans-Carsten
A1 - Thiele, Marc
T1 - Critical factors affecting the capacity of cylindrical grouted connections in offshore energy structures
N2 - Current trend suggests that global energy consumption will increase in the future. This growing energy demand and advancement of technology lead to explore all potential offshore fossil and non-fossil energy sources, necessitating erection of exploration and production structures, rigs, platforms and towers, which are susceptible to adverse environmental conditions along with their maintenances. Cylindrical grouted joints provide suitable connections between steel substructure and foundation in these offshore platforms and wind structures especially monopiles for ease of installation. However, these are composite connections with exterior sleeve, interior pile and infill grout. The capacity of these connections is affected by number of factors. The literature over last four decades by numerous researchers has shown the development of these connections with increasingly higher capacities and influences on these capacities due to various factors. This paper provides a comprehensive review on the factors affecting the connection capacity along with technical challenges for the future. Critical aspects and shortcomings of the current connection systems and potential solutions may be sought after for these issues are also discussed.
T2 - 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering
CY - Trondheim, Norway
DA - 25.06.2017
KW - Offshore wind energy
KW - Grouted connection
KW - Joint capacity
KW - Shear keys
PY - 2017
SN - 978-0-7918-5766-3
DO - https://doi.org/10.1115/OMAE2017-62510
VL - 3B
SP - UNSP V03BT02A037, 1
EP - 10
AN - OPUS4-42387
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
T1 - Aktuelle Entwicklungen und Herausforderungen bei Offshore-Gründungen mit Blick auf Forschung und Zulassung
N2 - Der Seminarvortrag gibt einen Überblick über den Stand des Ausbaus Offshore Wind, der technischen Fragestellungen für die Tragstrukturen und Gründungen und die zu erwartenden Entwicklungen
T2 - Geotechnische Seminarreihe des IBF/KIT
CY - Karlsruhe, Germany
DA - 23.11.2017
KW - Offshore-Gründungen
KW - Windenergie
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-43130
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Averin, Anton
T1 - Automated thermographic inspection of radioactive waste drums
N2 - In Germany, more than 130,000 cubic meters of low- and medium-level radioactive waste, comprising approximately 90% of the nation’s total radioactive waste, are stored in 200-liter drums. These waste drums, housed in interim storage facilities, are subject to human visual inspections for outer corrosion, while the final disposal site, the Konrad mine, is scheduled for completion in 2030. Manual inspections introduce the risk of human error, making the process less reliable and less safe.
The proposed study aims to automate these inspections by implementing remote and non-destructive testing (NDT) methods. The part of project specifically focuses on the application of infrared thermography to detect inner defects in the metallic drums, which could not have been detected so far using visual inspection alone. However, several challenges affect the accuracy of thermographic inspections, such as the presence of surface contaminants (scratches, dirt, stickers), multiple paint layers with low thermal conductivity, and barrel curvature, which disrupt heat distribution and obscure defect signals.
This study explores the effectiveness of various thermographic heat sources—flash lamps and laser—as well as techniques including conventional pulse thermography (PT), lock-in thermography. It explores various thermal data processing methods as principal component thermography (PCT), pulse-phase thermography (PPT) and thermal signal reconstruction (TSR). Additionally, machine learning models were estimated to process thermographic images, effectively filtering artifacts (e.g. surface contaminants). The findings suggest that combining advanced thermography techniques with machine learning improves defect detection, ensuring more reliable and automated inspection processes for radioactive waste storage.
T2 - SPIE Defense+Commercial Sensing- Thermosense: Thermal Infrared Applications XLVII
CY - Orlando, FL, USA
DA - 13.04.2025
KW - Infrared thermography
KW - Automated inspection
KW - Pulse-phase thermography
KW - Principal component thermography
KW - Thermal Data Processing
KW - Laser thermography
KW - Defect detection
KW - Machine Learning
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63119
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Shamsuddoha,, Md
A1 - Hüsken, Götz
A1 - Pirskawetz, Stephan
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
A1 - Kühne, Hans-Carsten
A1 - Thiele, Marc
T1 - Remediation of Cracks Formed in Grouted Connections of Offshore Energy Structures under Static Loads
N2 - The future energy demand necessitates the exploration of all potential energy sources both onshore and offshore. Global trend has shifted towards offshore energy, which can be obtained from either carbon intensive or renewable options, hence requiring structures such as rigs, platforms, and monopiles. Most of these structures adopt easily installable construction techniques, where lower foundation need to be connected with the super structure by mean of grouted composite joints. Generally, these composite connections have exterior sleeve, interior pile and infill grout. Being located in remote offshore conditions, connections can experience considerable adverse loading during their lifetimes. Degradations were reported inside similar connections, which were installed in last three decades. Besides, grouting in the offshore sites may often be proven difficult, which eventually leads to reduced capacity of connections in the long run. Thus, repair and rehabilitation of such connections should be planned ahead to minimize operational delays and costs in the future. This study aims at characterizing the nature of crack generation in grouted connections and thereby identifying the potential of repair using suitable repair material. Scaled grouted joints were manufactured using a novel mold, and connections were loaded under static load to visualize the main failure pattern. The failure mechanism and loading capacity are found compatible to previous results from earlier literature. Grouted connection was then repaired using cementitious injectable grout. The effectiveness of the repair system is also discussed.
T2 - Twenty-eighth (2018) International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference
CY - Sapporo, Japan
DA - 10.06.2018
KW - Offshore
KW - Energy
KW - Grouted Connection
KW - Cracks
KW - Repair
KW - Rehabilitation
PY - 2018
SP - 120
EP - 126
AN - OPUS4-45227
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Shamsuddoha, Md
T1 - Remediation of Cracks Formed in Grouted Connections of Offshore Energy Structures under Static Loads
N2 - The future energy demand necessitates the exploration of all potential energy sources both onshore and offshore. Global trend has shifted towards offshore energy, which can be obtained from either carbon intensive or renewable options, hence requiring structures such as rigs, platforms, and monopiles. Most of these structures adopt easily installable construction techniques, where lower foundation need to be connected with the super structure by mean of grouted composite joints. Generally, these composite connections have exterior sleeve, interior pile and infill grout. Being located in remote offshore conditions, connections can experience considerable adverse loading during their lifetimes. Degradations were reported inside similar connections, which were installed in last three decades. Besides, grouting in the offshore sites may often be proven difficult, which eventually leads to reduced capacity of connections in the long run. Thus, repair and rehabilitation of such connections should be planned ahead to minimize operational delays and costs in the future. This study aims at characterizing the nature of crack generation in grouted connections and thereby identifying the potential of repair using suitable repair material. Scaled grouted joints were manufactured using a novel mold, and connections were loaded under static load to visualize the main failure pattern. The failure mechanism and loading capacity are found compatible to previous results from earlier literature. Grouted connection was then repaired using cementitious injectable grout. The effectiveness of the repair system is also discussed.
T2 - Twenty-eighth (2018) International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference
CY - Sapporo, Japan
DA - 10.06.218
KW - Offshore
KW - Energy
KW - Grouted Connection
KW - Cracks
KW - Repair
KW - Rehabilitation
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-45226
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
T1 - Recap: Main Results of the BUMP Study and Relevance for VERBATIM
N2 - Zusammenfassung des Forschungsprojekts BUMP hinsichtlich der Relevanz für das Projekt VERBATIM
N2 - BUMP had been a theoretical prestudy on open issues for the pile tip buckling of large monopiles. The presentation summarizes the main results and considers the impact for the ongoing VERBATIM project. VERBATIM is set up as a mainly experimental verification project for pile buckling.
T2 - Kick-Off Projekt VERBATIM
CY - BAM, Berlin, Germany
DA - 23.01.2020
KW - Buckling piles circular shells
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-50515
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kühnel, Alena
A1 - Stelzner, Ludwig
A1 - Weise, Frank
T1 - Measurement and analysis of concrete pavement surface textures using hand-held 3D laser scanning technology
N2 - Concrete pavement surface textures are divided by means of their dimension into four categories: microtexture, macrotexture, megatexture and roughness. They influence the most important performance characteristics of road surfaces, such as friction (also referred to as “skid resistance”), tire/pavement noise, evenness and surface drainage. These properties are relevant for driving safety, comfort and environmental aspects. Up to now, research in Germany has focused on monitoring these characteristics by tire/pavement noise and skid resistance measurements. However, the topography of surface textures has not been sufficiently investigated and evaluated until now. The development and availability of high-performance, hand-held 3D scanning systems during the last years enable measurements of the microtexture and macrotexture of concrete pavement surfaces at short measuring times and high resolution.
This paper shows the ability of modern laser-based technology to record three-dimensional data of different concrete pavement surface textures in situ. For this purpose, a special measuring frame has been developed. The presented results were primarily obtained within the framework of a research project commissioned by the German Federal Highway Research Institute (BASt) and processed by the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing. Various concrete pavement surface textures by means of diamond grinding and hybrid of diamond grinding and grooving were investigated in situ. In addition, exposed aggregate concretes (EAC), which were introduced as a standard type of concrete for motorway pavements in Germany in 2006, have been analyzed. Based on the gathered 3D data, evaluation routines for qualitative and quantitative analysis have been developed and applied. The aim was to derive the statistical parameters such as the relative and cumulative frequency distribution of the profile depth as well as the roughness coefficient for diamond ground pavements and EAC. Also, the “mean profile depth” (MPD) as a common texture-related parameter was determined.
T2 - 14th International Symposium on Concrete Roads
CY - Krakow, Poland
DA - 25.06.2023
KW - Concrete pavement surface textures
KW - 3D Laser Scanning
KW - Diamond Grinding
KW - Exposed aggregate concrete
KW - Data analysis
KW - Surface characteristics
PY - 2023
SP - 1
EP - 14
AN - OPUS4-57893
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Stratakis, E.
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
A1 - Heitz, J.
A1 - Siegel, J.
A1 - Tsibidis, G.D.
A1 - Skoulas, E.
A1 - Papadopoulos, A.
A1 - Mimidis, A.
A1 - Joel, A.-C.
A1 - Comanns, P.
A1 - Krüger, Jörg
A1 - Florian, C.
A1 - Fuentes-Edfuf, Y.
A1 - Solis, J.
A1 - Baumgartner, W.
T1 - Laser engineering of biomimetic surfaces
N2 - The exciting properties of micro- and nano-patterned surfaces found in natural species hide a virtually endless potential of technological ideas, opening new opportunities for innovation and exploitation in materials science and engineering. Due to the diversity of biomimetic surface functionalities, inspirations from natural surfaces are interesting for a broad range of applications in engineering, including phenomena of adhesion, friction, wear, lubrication, wetting phenomena, self-cleaning, antifouling, antibacterial phenomena, thermoregulation and optics. Lasers are increasingly proving to be promising tools for the precise and controlled structuring of materials at micro- and nano-scales. When ultrashort-pulsed lasers are used, the optimal interplay between laser and material parameters enables structuring down to the nanometer scale. Besides this, a unique aspect of laser processing technology is the possibility for material modifications at multiple (hierarchical) length scales, leading to the complex biomimetic micro- and nano-scale patterns, while adding a new dimension to structure optimization. This article reviews the current state of the art of laser processing methodologies, which are being used for the fabrication of bioinspired artificial surfaces to realize extraordinary wetting, optical, mechanical, and biological-active properties for numerous applications. The innovative aspect of laser functionalized biomimetic surfaces for a wide variety of current and future applications is particularly demonstrated and discussed. The article concludes with illustrating the wealth of arising possibilities and the number of new laser micro/nano fabrication approaches for obtaining complex high-resolution features, which prescribe a future where control of structures and subsequent functionalities are beyond our current imagination.
KW - Biomimetic surfaces
KW - Laser processing
KW - Surface functionalization
KW - Bioinspiration
KW - Bionic materials
PY - 2020
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2020.100562
SN - 0927-796X
VL - 141
SP - 100562-1
EP - 100562-47
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-50927
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CHAP
A1 - Mezera, Marek
A1 - Florian, C.
A1 - Römer, G.-W.
A1 - Krüger, Jörg
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
ED - Stoian, R.
ED - Bonse, Jörn
T1 - Creation of Material Functions by Nanostructuring
N2 - Surface nanostructures provide the possibility to create and tailor surface functionalities mainly via controlling their topography along with other chemical and physical material properties. One of the most appealing technologies for surface functionalization via micro- and nanostructuring is based on laser processing. This can be done either via direct contour-shaping of the irradiated material using a tightly focused laser beam or in a self-ordered way that allows employing larger laser beam diameters along with areal scanning to create a variety of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS). For the latter approach, particularly ultrashort pulsed lasers have recently pushed the borders across long-lasting limitations regarding the minimum achievable feature sizes and additionally boosted up the production times. This chapter reviews the plethora of recently investigated applications of LIPSS—for example, via imposing diffractive or plasmonic structural colors, the management of liquids and surface wetting properties, biomedical and bioinspired functionalities, beneficial effects in tribology for reducing friction and wear, the manipulation of optical scattering and absorption in photovoltaics, or the modification of magnetic or superconducting surface properties in other energy applications. The footprint of the LIPSS-based technology is explored in detail regarding the current state of industrialization, including an analysis of the market and associated LIPSS production costs.
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures, LIPSS
KW - Surface functionalization
KW - Nanostructures
KW - Microstructures
KW - Laser processing
PY - 2023
SN - 978-3-031-14751-7
SN - 978-3-031-14752-4
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14752-4_23
VL - 239
SP - 827
EP - 886
PB - Springer Nature Switzerland AG
CY - Cham, Switzerland
AN - OPUS4-57295
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CHAP
A1 - Sokolowski-Tinten, K.
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
A1 - Barty, A.
A1 - Chapman, H.N.
A1 - Bajt, S.
A1 - Bogan, M.J.
A1 - Boutet, S.
A1 - Cavalleri, A.
A1 - Düsterer, S.
A1 - Frank, M.
A1 - Hajdu, J.
A1 - Hau-Riege, S.
A1 - Marchesini, S.
A1 - Stojanonovic, N.
A1 - Treusch, R.
ED - Stoian, R.
ED - Bonse, Jörn
T1 - In-Situ Observation of the Formation of Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures with Extreme Spatial and Temporal Resolution
N2 - Irradiation of solid surfaces with intense ultrashort laser pulses represents a unique way of depositing energy into materials. It allows to realize states of extreme electronic excitation and/or very high temperature and pressure and to drive materials close to and beyond fundamental stability limits. As a consequence, structural changes and phase transitions often occur along unusual pathways and under strongly nonequilibrium conditions. Due to the inherent multiscale nature—both temporally and spatially—of these irreversible processes, their direct experimental observation requires techniques that combine high temporal resolution with the appropriate spatial resolution and the capability to obtain good quality data on a single pulse/event basis. In this respect, fourth-generation light sources, namely, short wavelength and short pulse free electron lasers (FELs), are offering new and fascinating possibilities. As an example, this chapter will discuss the results of scattering experiments carried out at the FLASH free electron laser at DESY (Hamburg, Germany), which allowed us to resolve laser-induced structure formation at surfaces on the nanometer to submicron length scale and in temporal regimes ranging from picoseconds to several nanoseconds with sub-picosecond resolution.
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures, LIPSS
KW - Capillary waves
KW - Time-resolved scattering
KW - Pump-probe experiments
KW - Free electron laser
PY - 2023
SN - 978-3-031-14751-7
SN - 978-3-031-14752-4
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14752-4_6
VL - 239
SP - 257
EP - 276
PB - Springer Nature Switzerland AG
CY - Cham, Switzerland
AN - OPUS4-57297
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Weise, Frank
A1 - Patitz, G.
A1 - Redmer, B.
A1 - Hübner, M.
T1 - Zerstörungsfreie Strukturaufklärung antiker Baudenkmäler des Pergamonmuseums
N2 - Das Pergamonmuseum ist eines der am meisten besuchten Museen Berlins. Es wird seit etwa 20 Jahren im Rahmen des 1999 von der Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz beschlossenen Masterplans Museumsinsel schrittweise grundhaft instandgesetzt und um einen weiteren Flügel ergänzt, der 2025 fertig gestellt sein soll. In diesem Kontext wurde auch kurz nach dem Beschluss des Masterplans eine Bauzustandsanalyse an den in Originalgröße in der Antikensammlung ausgestellten Baudenk¬ mälern durchgeführt. Allerdings stellte man dabei fest, dass herkömmliche Erkundungsverfahren wie die Bauaufnahme, die baugeschichtliche Untersu¬ chung, das Quellenstudium sowie die äußerliche Begutachtung nicht ausreichen, um die innere Struktur der antiken Baudenkmäler hinreichend zu charakterisieren. Deshalb wurde die BAM im Jahr 2003 von der ARGE Pfanner Pergamonmuseum beauftragt, in enger Zusammenarbeit mit zwei Ingenieurbüros, dem Ingenieurbüro Patitz (IGP) und der Gesellschaft für geophysikalische Unter¬ suchungen mbH (GGU) unter Hinzuziehung einer Restauratorin, die innere Struktur ausgewählter an¬ tiker Baudenkmäler zerstörungsfrei zu untersuchen. Das Ziel der zerstörungsfreien Strukturaufklärung zum inneren Aufbau der Bauteile war es, einerseits sicherheitsrelevante Informationen für die statische Nachweisführung bereitzustellen, sowie andererseits eine Planungsgrundlage für die eventuell erforder¬ liche Ertüchtigung der Baudenkmäler zu schaffen. Im Fokus der Untersuchungen standen dabei das Markttor von Milet und das Säulenjoch der Heiligen Halle am Markt von Priene1 • Im nachstehenden Beitrag werden exemplarisch die am Markttor von Milet durchgeführten Untersuchungen vorgestellt.
T2 - Workshop Kulturguterhaltung - Vom Dampfkessel zu Nanomaterialien
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 17.11.2021
KW - Bauzustandsanalyse
KW - Radar
KW - Radiografie
PY - 2021
SN - 2567-1251
VL - 3
SP - 47
EP - 57
PB - Druckerei G. Bohm
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-54460
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Ewert, Uwe
A1 - Redmer, Benrhard
A1 - Schumacher, David
A1 - Thiessenhusen, Kai-Uwe
A1 - Bellon, Carsten
A1 - Nicholson, P. I.
A1 - Clarke, A. L.
A1 - Finke-Härkönen, K.-P.
T1 - X-ray tomographic in-service inspection of girth welds – the european project tomoweld
N2 - The new standard ‘ISO 17636-2:2013: Non-destructive testing of welds — Radiographic testing — Part 2: X- and gamma-ray techniques with digital detectors’, defines the practice for radiographic inspection of welded pipes for manufacturing and in-service inspection. It is applied in Europe for inspections of pipe welds in nuclear power plants as well as in chemical plants and allows a faster inspection with digital detector arrays (DDA) than with film. Nevertheless, it does not allow the evaluation of the depth and shape of volumetric and planar indications. In 2001 a planar tomography scanner, TomoCAR, was introduced for mechanized radiographic testing (RT) inspection and non-destructive measurement of cross sections. The project TomoWELD is based on a new concept of the scan geometry, an enhanced GPU based reconstruction, and the application of a new generation of photon counting DDAs based on CdTe crystal CMOS hybrids. The new detector permits the selection of energy thresholds to obtain an optimum energy range and reduction of the influence of scattered radiation. The concept and first measurements are presented. Flaw depth and shape of volumetric and planar irregularities can be determined.
T2 - QNDE 2014
CY - Boise, Idaho, USA
DA - 20.07.2014
KW - X-ray imaging
KW - Tomography
KW - Engineering inspection
KW - Radiography
KW - Welded joints
KW - Chemical plants
PY - 2015
SN - 978-0-7354-1292-7
DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4914650
SN - 0094-243X
N1 - Geburtsname von Schumacher, David: Walter, D.
-
Birth name of Schumacher, David: Walter, D.
VL - 1650
SP - 525
EP - 533
PB - American Institute of Physics
AN - OPUS4-36581
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eichner, Lukas
A1 - Schneider, Ronald
A1 - Simon, Patrick
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
T1 - Optimal sensor placement for vibration-based structural health monitoring obtained via value of information analysis as part of a digital structural integrity management of offshore structures
N2 - A digital structural integrity management of offshore structures enables an optimized planning of inspections and repairs with risk-based methods. In a risk-based approach, the inspection and repair strategy that minimizes the expected lifetime costs consisting of the expected inspection, repair and failure costs is determined. In addition to inspections, information on the structural condition can be continuously obtained by monitoring the vibration response of the structural system. Changes in the vibration characteristics quantified in terms of modal properties can be an indication of structural damage. In risk-based inspection and repair planning, the effect of monitoring results is determined via Bayesian updating of the structural condition and reliability. This information should be applied to inform decisions on inspections and may result in a reduced inspection effort. The benefit of continuously monitoring the structural health can be quantified in terms of the value of information, which corresponds to the difference between the expected lifetime costs with and without monitoring. In this work, we demonstrate in a numerical example how an optimized sensor placement for a vibration-based structural health monitoring system can be determined by maximizing the value of information.
T2 - 3rd International Conference on Health Monitoring of Civil & Maritime Structures (HeaMES 2022)
CY - Online meeting
DA - 08.06.2022
KW - Structural Health Monitoring
KW - Value of Information
KW - Offshore Wind Energy
KW - Optimal Sensor Placement
KW - Bayesian System Identification
PY - 2022
UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362569906_Optimal_sensor_placement_for_vibration-based_structural_health_monitoring_obtained_via_value_of_information_analysis_as_part_of_a_digital_structural_integrity_management_of_offshore_structures
SN - 978-1-8383226-7-0
SP - 23
EP - 32
AN - OPUS4-55465
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eichner, Lukas
T1 - Optimal sensor placement for vibration-based structural health monitoring obtained via value of information analysis as part of a digital structural integrity management of offshore structures
N2 - A digital structural integrity management of offshore structures enables an optimized planning of inspections and repairs with risk-based methods. In a risk-based approach, the inspection and repair strategy that minimizes the expected lifetime costs consisting of the expected inspection, repair and failure costs is determined. In addition to inspections, information on the structural condition can be continuously obtained by monitoring the vibration response of the structural system. Changes in the vibration characteristics quantified in terms of modal properties can be an indication of structural damage. In risk-based inspection and repair planning, the effect of monitoring results is determined via Bayesian updating of the structural condition and reliability. This information should be applied to inform decisions on inspections and may result in a reduced inspection effort. The benefit of continuously monitoring the structural health can be quantified in terms of the value of information, which corresponds to the difference between the expected lifetime costs with and without monitoring. In this work, we demonstrate in a numerical example how an optimized sensor placement for a vibration-based structural health monitoring system can be determined by maximizing the value of information.
T2 - 3rd International Conference on Health Monitoring of Civil & Maritime Structures (HeaMES 2022)
CY - Online meeting
DA - 08.06.2022
KW - Bayesian System Identification
KW - Offshore Wind Energy
KW - Optimal Sensor Placement
KW - Structural Health Monitoring
KW - Value of Information
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55473
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eichner, Lukas
A1 - Gerards, Paul
A1 - Herrmann, Ralf
A1 - Schneider, Ronald
A1 - Hille, Falk
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
T1 - A framework for data and structural integrity management for support structures in offshore wind farms based on building information modelling
N2 - Support structures of wind turbines in German offshore wind farms are regularly inspected. Currently, inspection outcomes are generally not systematically recorded. This prevents their consistent handling and processing, which is a key requirement to enable an efficient structural integrity management. As part of the DiMoWind-Inspect project, a data model and reference designation system for such inspection results is developed to facilitate their identification, localization, quantification, tracing and linking throughout the lifetime of a wind farm and beyond. The inspection results together with structural health monitoring results and information on repairs form the basis for assessing and predicting the structural condition, estimating the remaining lifetime, and planning of future inspections, structural health monitoring, and repairs. As a basis for developing a digital structural integrity management, a generic framework is proposed in this paper, which describes the stakeholders, data, models, processes and workflows of the integrity management of support structures in offshore wind farms and their interrelations. The framework adopts a building information modelling approach to describe the information relevant to the structural integrity management. The central digital space of the framework is a common data environment. An implementation of the framework will enable a digital structural integrity management in which inspection, structural health monitoring, repair, assessment and planning outcomes generated throughout the life cycle of a wind farm can be consistently collected, managed, shared and processed by the relevant shareholders.
T2 - 8th International Symposium on Reliability Engineering and Risk Management
CY - Hannover, Germany
DA - 04.09.2022
KW - Offshore wind energy
KW - support structures
KW - structural health monitoring
KW - building information modelling
KW - structural integrity management
PY - 2022
DO - https://doi.org/10.3850/978-981-18-5184-1_MS-04-161-cd
SP - 111
EP - 117
PB - Research Publishing
CY - Singapore
AN - OPUS4-55656
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eichner, Lukas
T1 - A framework for data and structural integrity management for support structures in offshore wind farms based on building information modelling
N2 - Support structures of wind turbines in German offshore wind farms are regularly inspected. Currently, inspection outcomes are generally not systematically recorded. This prevents their consistent handling and processing, which is a key requirement to enable an efficient structural integrity management. As part of the DiMoWind-Inspect project, a data model and reference designation system for such inspection results is developed to facilitate their identification, localization, quantification, tracing and linking throughout the lifetime of a wind farm and beyond. The inspection results together with structural health monitoring results and information on repairs form the basis for assessing and predicting the structural condition, estimating the remaining lifetime, and planning of future inspections, structural health monitoring, and repairs. As a basis for developing a digital structural integrity management, a generic framework is proposed in this paper, which describes the stakeholders, data, models, processes and workflows of the integrity management of support structures in offshore wind farms and their interrelations. The framework adopts a building information modelling approach to describe the information relevant to the structural integrity management. The central digital space of the framework is a common data environment. An implementation of the framework will enable a digital structural integrity management in which inspection, structural health monitoring, repair, assessment and planning outcomes generated throughout the life cycle of a wind farm can be consistently collected, managed, shared and processed by the relevant shareholders.
T2 - 8th International Symposium on Reliability Engineering and Risk Management
CY - Hannover, Germany
DA - 04.09.2022
KW - Offshore wind energy
KW - Support structures
KW - Building information modelling
KW - Structural health monitoring
KW - Structural integrity maintenance
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55651
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Gerards-Wünsche, Paul
T1 - A framework for assessing the reliability of crack luminescence – an automated fatigue crack detection system
N2 - The new crack luminescence method offers the possibility of making fatigue surface cracks in metallic materials more visible during inspections through a special coating system. This coating system consists of two layers, whereby the first layer has fluorescent properties and emits visible light as soon as it is irradiated by UV light. The top layer is black and is designed to prevent the fluorescent layer from emitting if no crack develops in the underlying material.
The technique proved particularly useful in a wide variety of fatigue tests of steel components under laboratory conditions. Moreover, it has the potential to be used in various industrial applications. To enable industrial deployment and integration into maintenance strategies, a concept study is developed in this contribution, resulting in a qualification framework that can serve as a foundation for determining the reliability of the crack luminescence system in terms of a probability of detection curve. Within this study, factors causing measurement variability and uncertainty are being determined and their influences assessed. Due to the extension of the system by a moving computer vision system for automated crack detection using artificial intelligence, additional long-term effects associated with structural health monitoring systems need to be incorporated into an extended probability of detection study as part of the technical justification.
Finally, important aspects and findings related to design of experiments are discussed, and a framework for reliability assessment of a new optical crack monitoring method is presented, emphasizing the influence of various uncertainty parameters, including long-term effects such as system ageing.
T2 - SPIE Conference Smart Structures + Nondestructive Evaluation 2023
CY - Long Beach, CA, USA
DA - 24.03.2023
KW - Structural Health Monitoring
KW - Non-Destructive Evaluation
KW - Probability of Detection
KW - Reliability
KW - Artificial Intelligence
KW - Computer Vision
KW - Crack Luminescence
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57245
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Karapanagiotis, Christos
ED - Krebber, Katerina
T1 - Machine learning for strain, temperature and humidity discrimination in Brillouin optical frequency domain analysis
N2 - We propose to our knowledge for the first time an ensemble of probabilistic machine learning models for strain, temperature and humidity discrimination in Brillouin optical frequency domain analysis (BOFDA) applying a two-fiber configuration.
T2 - 28th International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors
CY - Hamamatsu, Japan
DA - 20.11.2023
KW - Multiparameter sensing
KW - Machine learning
KW - Fiber optic sensors
KW - Structural health monitoring
PY - 2023
SP - 1
EP - 4
PB - Optica Publishing Group
AN - OPUS4-59397
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
A1 - Aubram, Daniel
T1 - Vorstellung OWA VERBATIM
N2 - Das Risiko von Pfahlfussbeulen ist ein wesentlicher Grund für hohe Pfahlwandstärken bei Monopiles. Das Projekt VERBATIM - Verifikation des Beulnachweises und –verhaltens großer Monopiles zielte darauf ab, Beulphänomene zu untersuchen, die sich sowohl auf die plastischen Verformungen der Pfahlspitze während der Installation als auch auf das Beulen des eingebetteten Pfahls in der Nähe des Seebodens beziehen.
Auf der Basis aufwändiger Versuche wurden numerische Modelle entwickelt und validiert. Dies ermöglicht ein besseres Verständnis des Beulverhaltens, um die Wanddicke zu reduzieren, was Kosteneinsparungen bei der Stahlmenge sowie die Entwicklung sicherer und optimierter Strukturen erlaubt. Die bisherigen Designverfahren konnten die erfolgreiche Installation der Monopiles gewährleisten. Da die Größe von Monopiles jedoch stetig zunimmt, wird die Entwicklung verbesserter Designverfahren für sichere und kostengünstige Fundamente immer wichtiger.
Der Rückenwind-Vortrag gibt eine Übersicht zu den durchgeführten Untersuchungen und Ergebnissen
T2 - Rückenwind Aktuelles aus der Windenergieforschung (PTJ)
CY - Online meeting
DA - 21.06.2024
KW - Offshore Windenergy Pile Buckling
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60349
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
A1 - Eichner, Lukas
A1 - Weise, Sigurd
T1 - Digital building management for OWEC-structures
N2 - The presentation summarizes the data management and Digital modeling processes in the recurring inspection of wind turbines as developed in DiMoWind-Inspect.
T2 - Windforce 2024
CY - Bremerhaven, Germany
DA - 10.06.2024
KW - DiMoWind RDS-PP Maintenance Digital Twin Offshore Wind Energy
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60351
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
A1 - Weise, Sigurd
T1 - Digitalization of Maintenance Processes
N2 - Main aspects of Digitalization of Maintenance Processes are summarized and discussed. Introduction to the Windforce2024 session organised by BAM.
T2 - Windforce 2024
CY - Bremerhaven, Germany
DA - 11.06.2024
KW - Maintenance Digital Twin Offshore Wind Energy
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60350
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eichner, Lukas
A1 - Schneider, Ronald
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
T1 - Probabilistische Systemidentifikation einer Versuchsstruktur für Substrukturen von Offshore-Windenergieanlagen mit statischen und dynamischen Messdaten
N2 - In diesem Beitrag wird ein probabilistischer Ansatz zur Systemidentifikation für Tragstrukturen von Offshore-Windkraftanlagen vorgestellt. Der Schwerpunkt der Forschung liegt auf der Integration von globalen Systemantworten in Form von Eigenfrequenzen und -formen sowie Verschiebungen und Dehnungen als lokale Messdaten. Die unterschiedlichen Daten werden kombiniert für die Aktualisierung der Parameter eines Finite-Elemente-Modells genutzt. Zu diesem Zweck wird ein probabilistischer Ansatz nach Bayes verfolgt, um Vorwissen sowie Unsicherheiten einzubeziehen. Die Methodik wird bei einer Versuchsstruktur angewandt, die eine Jacket-Substruktur von Offshore-Windenergieanlagen nachbildet. Eine Systemidentifikation mit Hilfe von Überwachungsdaten ist wertvoll für Jacket-Substrukturen, da eine Zustandsanalyse für die Gewährleistung der strukturellen Integrität unerlässlich ist, aber hinsichtlich der schwierigen Offshore-Bedingungen möglichst effizient sein muss. In diesem Zusammenhang schafft diese Arbeit die Grundlage für eine Schadenserkennung, eine verbesserte Vorhersage der Ermüdungslebensdauer und optimierte Instandhaltungsstrategien. Während das Modell hinsichtlich der statischen Messdaten erfolgreich aktualisiert werden kann, sind Schwierigkeiten bei der Identifizierung der dynamischen Systemeigenschaften erkennbar.
T2 - 8. VDI-Fachtagung Baudynamik 2025
CY - Würzburg, Germany
DA - 02.04.2025
KW - Systemidentifikation
KW - Versuchsstruktur
KW - Jacket
KW - Offshore-Windenergie
PY - 2025
VL - 8
SP - 175
EP - 188
AN - OPUS4-62879
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Richter, Anja
T1 - Reducing Escherichia coli adhesion to PET by modulating spatial periods of laser-induced surface nanoripples
N2 - Using nanofiber-like cell appendages, secreted proteins and sugars, bacteria can establish initial surface contact followed by irreversible adhesion and the formation of multicellular biofilms. Here, the stabilizing extracellular biofilm matrix together with physiological changes on the single cell level leads to an increased resilience towards harsh environmental conditions, antimicrobials, the host immune response and established cleaning procedures. Persistent microbial adhesion on e.g., medical implants, in water supply networks or food-processing industry is often associated with chronic inflammation, nosocomial and foodborne infections, enhanced biofouling and product contamination. To prevent persistent microbial colonization, antibacterial surface strategies often target the initial steps of biofilm formation and impede adhesion of single cells before a mature biofilm is being formed. While chemical coatings have been widely used, their restricted biocompatibility for eukaryotic cells and attenuated antibacterial-effects due to compound release limit their areas of application and alternative strategies focus on modified surfaces topographies to impede bacterial adhesion. In this work, we used ns-UV laser treatment (wavelength 248 nm and a pulse duration of 20 ns) to generate laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) with different submicrometric periods ranging from ~210 to ~610 nm on commercial poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) foils. Following structurally and chemically analyses, PET samples were subjected to bacterial colonization studies with Escherichia coli TG1, a bacterial test strain with a strong biofilm formation capacity due to the formation of nanofiber-like cell-appendages (pili). Bacterial adhesion tests revealed that E. coli repellence decisively depends on the spatial periods of the LIPSS with the strongest reduction (~91%) in cell adhesion observed for LIPSS periods of 214 nm. Scanning electron microscopy and additional biofilm studies using a pili-deficient E. coli TG1 strain revealed the importance of extracellular appendages in the bacterial repellence observed here, thus, pointing out new antibiotics-free strategies for antibacterial surfaces by impeding nanofiber-mediated bacterial adhesion.
T2 - E-MRS Spring Meeting 2022
CY - Online meeting
DA - 30.05.2022
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Bacterial adhesion tests
KW - Bacteria repellent surfaces
KW - Polymer foils
KW - E. coli
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-54930
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Thiele, Marc
T1 - Fatigue crack detection methods for high-cyclic loaded steel structures and challenges in mechanical testing
N2 - For the generation of renewable energy offshore wind farms play an important role. The majority of these wind generators are connected to steel foundation structures. Steady increasing power output of these wind turbines leads to new challenges as well for engineers of the related support structures. Caused by the high-cyclic loading of these structures by wind and waves fatigue plays a very important role. Besides the consideration of fatigue within the design process it is additionally an important topic and challenge to monitor the existing steel structures relating to potential fatigue cracks occurring during their lifetime. This plays a role for a fundamental understanding of mechanisms as investigated in testing but also for inspection in real structures.
Since the structures of the offshore wind generators are very large and in addition partially under water effective and reliable methods for fatigue crack detection are required. This contribution will present results of recent investigations on different crack detection methods applied on high-cycle fatigue tests on small welded steel samples as well as on welded steel components. The comparison of these measurements will show what are the advantages and disadvantages of the different methods and which method is potentially more suitable for the application on real offshore wind structures. It is outlined where challenges for detection methods exist.
Furthermore, in this context the resulting challenges for the execution of material testing especially caused by the increasing dimensions of wind energy converters will by exemplarily presented.
T2 - EERA JP Wind & SETWind Online Annual Event 2020
CY - Online meeting
DA - 14.09.2020
KW - Fatigue
KW - Crack detection
KW - Steel structures
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-51356
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Müller-Vahl, H. F.
A1 - Strangfeld, Christoph
A1 - Nayeri, C. N.
A1 - Paschereit, C. O.
A1 - Greenblatt, D.
T1 - Dynamic Stall Under Combined Pitching and Surging
N2 - Dynamic stall often occurs under conditions of simultaneous unsteady pitching and surging (e.g., rotorcraft and wind turbines), butmanymodels employ a dimensionless time base that implicitly assumes that surging is superimposed, in a quasi-steady manner, on dynamic pitching. An unsteady wind tunnel was used to examine this assumption, where a technique was developed to quantify the unsteady effects of surging on a pitching NACA 0018 airfoil. The technique involved performing multiple harmonic pitching experiments under nominally steady freestream conditions that bracketed a corresponding 50% surging amplitude (1.25 ⋅ 105 ≤ Re ≤ 3.75 ⋅ 105). By interpolating these data, unsteady-pitching/quasi-steady-surging data sets were constructed and compared with de facto synchronous pitch and surging experiments, thereby isolating the unsteady effects of surging on a pitching airfoil. Both large and small poststall maximum angles of attack (αs + 5° and αs + 15°) were considered at multiple pitch-surge phase differences. During deep dynamic stall (αs � 15°), with large-scale separation, surging was seen to have a secondary effect on the unsteady aerodynamics. However, at small poststall maximum angles of attack (αs + 5°), either light or deep dynamic stall behavior was observed depending upon the pitch-surge phase difference. This was attributed to Reynolds number history effects, exemplified by boundary-layer transition, and thus it can be referred to as “transitional” dynamic stall.
KW - Dynamic stall
KW - Angle of attack oscillations
KW - Free stream velocity osciallations
PY - 2020
DO - https://doi.org/10.2514/1.J059153
VL - 58
IS - 12
SP - 5134
EP - 5145
PB - American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
AN - OPUS4-51037
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Nerger, Deborah
A1 - Moosavi, Robabeh
A1 - Bracklow, F.
A1 - Hering, M.
A1 - Kühn, T.
A1 - Curbach, M.
A1 - Hille, Falk
A1 - Rogge, Andreas
T1 - Planar tomography and numerical analysis for damage characterization of impact loaded RC plates
N2 - The damage analysis of reinforced concrete (RC) is of high interest for reasons of effective maintenance and structural safe-ty of buildings. The damage structures of RC plates loaded by an impact were investigated, applying X-ray planar tomogra-phy and finite element method (FEM). Planar tomography allows getting three-dimensional information of the RC elements and the damage including crack, spalling and scabbing. The FEM model validated on the tomography data justifies the appli-cation for further predictions of the damage description. In this study, we investigated concrete plates of three different thick-ness subjected to impacts at different low- and medium-velocity, whereby the used impactor had a flat tip, which resulted in small penetrations on the front side and scabbing on the rear side. In order to quantify the damage, the damage volume and its distribution through the plate were computed and the correlations between degree of damage and impact velocity were found out.
KW - Impact
KW - Damage characterization
KW - Planar tomography
KW - Numeric simulation
KW - Reinforced concrete structure
PY - 2020
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/cend.202000017
VL - 8
SP - 1
EP - 19
PB - Wiley
AN - OPUS4-51117
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Nerger, Deborah
A1 - Hille, Falk
A1 - Moosavi, Robabeh
A1 - Grunwald, Marcel
A1 - Redmer, Bernhard
A1 - Kühn, T.
A1 - Hering, M.
A1 - Bracklow, F.
T1 - Post-impact evaluation at RC plates with planar tomography and FEM
N2 - Due to the wide range of applications, the easy production and the large field of use, reinforced concrete (RC) is a widespread building material. This variety of applications is reflected in a wide range of physical material properties. Not only therefor it still is a technical challenge to provide all necessary test conditions for experimentally reproducing dynamic effects under impact loading of RC structures. In this paper we present investigations on the thicknesses of RC plates under low and medium high velocity impact loading by a flat-tipped impactor. The planar tomography setup at BAM is used to visualize the impact damage and to characterize the damage features such as cracks, scabbing and spalling. Further, the comparison of tomography results with those of an applied numeric simulation analysis is used to verify the numeric models for future damage prognosis under impact loading. Using the results of both, the tomographic as well as the FE analysis, different damage features were investigated and compared regarding their validity. Crack damage plays a leading part and the significance of summarized crack values as well as their distribution is analyzed. The total damage value but also the determined damage distribution both provide an input for describing damage as a function of the impactor velocity and plate thickness.
KW - Reinforced concrete structure
KW - Post-impact evaluation
KW - Damage characterization
KW - Ansys Autodyn
KW - Drucker-Prager
KW - Planar tomography
PY - 2020
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.05.671
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - Elsevier
AN - OPUS4-51115
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Frei, Vivian
A1 - Pirskawetz, Stephan
A1 - Thiele, Marc
A1 - Rogge, Andreas
T1 - Experimental investigation of size effect on fatigue behavior of high strength concrete - concept and preliminary results
N2 - The worldwide spread of windfarms brings new challenges, especially for concrete structures as a part of towers, connecting joints and foundations of wind turbines. High-cyclic loadings in such structures lead to a high relevance of the subject of fatigue. A proper assessment of the fatigue strength of concrete demands therefore a basis of reliable experimental data and the development of standardized testing methods. This article presents first results of an ongoing research program of BAM (Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung) which is a part of a joint project (WinConFat) funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy. The subproject investigates the effects of size and slenderness of the specimens on the fatigue behaviour of high strength concrete at different stress levels. Not only the fatigue strength, but also the fatigue process itself is monitored by means of several measurement methods. Strain measurements are used to calculate the load dependent elastic modulus in the fatigue hysteresis as indicators for fatigue development. Furthermore, the application of non-destructive methods like acoustic emission analysis and ultrasonic measurement in laboratory tests gives a deeper insight into damage processes under cyclic loading. The results shall be used to improve design rules for concrete members under fatigue load and to develop or improve non-destructive techniques for in-service structural health monitoring.
T2 - 5th International fib Congress: Better - Smarter - Stronger
CY - Melbourne, Australia
DA - 08.10.2018
KW - Acoustic emission testing
KW - Compressive cyclic loading
KW - Fatigue
KW - High-strength concrete
KW - Non-destructive testing
KW - Size effect
KW - Slenderness effect
KW - Ultrasonic testing
PY - 2018
SN - 978-1-877040-14-6
SP - 1
EP - 11
AN - OPUS4-46408
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Frei, Vivian
T1 - Experimental investigation of size effect on fatigue behavior of high strength concrete - concept and preliminary results
N2 - The worldwide spread of windfarms brings new challenges, especially for concrete structures as a part of towers, connecting joints and foundations of wind turbines. High-cyclic loadings in such structures lead to a high relevance of the subject of fatigue. A proper assessment of the fatigue strength of concrete demands therefore a basis of reliable experimental data and the development of standardized testing methods. This article presents first results of an ongoing research program of BAM (Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung) which is a part of a joint project (WinConFat) funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy. The subproject investigates the effects of size and slenderness of the specimens on the fatigue behaviour of high strength concrete at different stress levels. Not only the fatigue strength, but also the fatigue process itself is monitored by means of several measurement methods. Strain measurements are used to calculate the load dependent elastic modulus in the fatigue hysteresis as indicators for fatigue development. Furthermore, the application of non-destructive methods like acoustic emission analysis and ultrasonic measurement in laboratory tests gives a deeper insight into damage processes under cyclic loading. The results shall be used to improve design rules for concrete members under fatigue load and to develop or improve non-destructive techniques for in-service structural health monitoring.
T2 - 5th International fib Congress: Better - Smarter - Stronger
CY - Melbourne, Australia
DA - 08.10.2018
KW - Acoustic emission testing
KW - Compressive cyclic loading
KW - Fatigue
KW - High-strength concrete
KW - Non-destructive testing
KW - Size effect
KW - Slenderness effect
KW - Ultrasonic testing
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-46366
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schneider, Ronald
T1 - A sampling-based approach to identifying optimal inspection and repair strategies for offshore jacket structures
N2 - Identifying optimal inspection and repair strategies for offshore jacket structures is a challenging task. We pre-sent an approach, which is based on recent developments in the field of risk-based operation and maintenance planning at the structural system level. The approach utilizes heuristics to define inspection and repair strate-gies at the system level and to reduce the search space of possible strategies. For each defined strategy, the expected service life cost of inspection, repair and failure is evaluated based on simulated inspection and re-pair histories. Subset simulation is applied to compute the conditional repair and failure probabilities required for this analysis. It also forms the basis for simulating inspection and repair histories. The strategy that mini-mizes the expected service life cost is the optimal one in the set of pre-selected strategies. The underlying condition and performance model accounts for the stochastic dependence among the deterioration states of the different structural elements and the structural redundancy. The approach is demonstrated in a case study considering a jacket-type frame. In this study, we essentially vary the inspection interval, the minimum num-ber of inspected components and the target reliability, and identify the combination that minimizes the ex-pected total service life cost.
T2 - The Sixth International Symposium on Life-Cycle Civil Engineering (IALCCE 2018)
CY - Gent, Belgium
DA - 28.10.2018
KW - Steel structures
KW - Fatigue
KW - Reliability
KW - Risk
KW - Inspection planning
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-46432
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hille, Falk
T1 - Unterraumbasierte Detektion von Strukturschäden an Jacket-Gründungen von Offshore-Windenergieanlagen
N2 - Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt die Adaption eines globalen, schwingungsbasierten Verfahrens zur frühzeitigen Erkennung von Strukturschäden an Gründungsstrukturen offshore installierter Windenergieanlagen (OWEA). Damit soll es, Betreibern von Offshore-Windparks ermöglicht werden, im Rahmen periodisch durchgeführter messtechnischer Überwachungsmaßnahmen mit einem gegenüber wiederkehrender Inspektionen wesentlich geringen Aufwand auftretende Schäden an der Struktur zuverlässig zu delektieren.
Das untersuchte und implementierte Verfahren basiert auf der Methode der stochastischen unterraumbasierten Schadensdetektion. Dabei erfolgt eine statistische Analyse des wiederkehrend messtechnisch aufgenommenen dynamischen Antwortverhaltens des mechanischen Systems. Mittels statistischem Test werden signifikante Änderungen in dessen Eigenstruktur und damit Schäden delektiert.
Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden umfangreiche experimentelle als auch numerische Untersuchungen zur Sensitivität und Robustheit des beschriebenen Schadensindikators durchgeführt. Dazu sind zunächst an einem Labormodell mittels künstlich und reversibel eingebrachter Schäden grundlegende Analysen zu den Einflüssen signal- und verfahrensinhärenter Kenngrößen durchgeführt worden. Auf der Basis dieser Ergebnisse wurde im Anschluss mittels numerischer Analysen das Antwortverhalten von OWEA simuliert und der entwickelte Algorithmus zur Schadensdetektion an den so realisierten Datensätzen angewendet.
Anhand der Ergebnisse der Arbeit wird aufgezeigt, dass, vorausgesetzt die Windenergieanlage befindet sich in Parkposition, eine Detektion von schon geringen Schäden an Gründungs-strukturen mit dem beschriebenen Verfahren, auch unter Einsatz weniger Messaufnehmer, zuverlässig möglich ist.
T2 - Wissenschaftliche Aussprache
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 19.10.2018
KW - Offshore-Windenergieanlagen
KW - Structural Health Monitoring
KW - Schwingungsbasierte Verfahren
KW - Schadensdetektion
KW - Unterraummethoden
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-47006
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Moosavi, Robabeh
A1 - Grunwald, Marcel
A1 - Redmer, Bernhard
A1 - Nerger, Deborah
A1 - Hille, Falk
A1 - Kühn, T.
A1 - Hering, M.
T1 - Damage investigations of concrete under impact load using laminography
N2 - We examine the behavior of reinforced concrete components subjected to impact induced loading conditions which might be caused by vessels collisions such as aircraft fuel tanks The concrete plates were impact damaged at TU Dresden and shipped to BAM At BAM laminar tomography as the imaging method is used to determine and quantify the damage state An automatic crack detection method based on template matching is applied to find the cracks and we aim to develop a new method using machine learning Algorithms In addition numerical models are developed to understand the experiment and to predict the damage structures based on failure mechanisms.
T2 - DCMS Summer School MATERIALS 4.0
CY - Dresden, Germany
DA - 10.09.2018
KW - Laminography
KW - Crack detection
KW - Reinforced concrete
KW - 3D imaging
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-48637
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kruschwitz, Sabine
A1 - Munsch, Sarah Mandy
T1 - Potential automatisierter NMR-Messungen zur Ermittlung von Hydratationseigenschaften - ein Vergleich mit Vicat- und Wärmeflusskalorimetrie-Ergebnissen
N2 - Es werden Ergebnisse von 1H-NMR-Relaxometrie-Messungen an Salzbeton und einem alkali-aktivierten Material, die im Rahmen des Themenfeldprojektes Seal Waste Safe durchgeführt werden, vorgestellt. Dabei wird die zeitliche Entwicklung von ausgewählten Merkmalen der ermittelten T2-Relaxationszeitenverteilungen während der Hydratation betrachtet. Als Referenz zur Identifikation von charakteristischen Hydratationsereignissen dienen der Vicat-Nadeleindringversuch und Wärmeflusskalorimetrie.
T2 - Online-Workshop „Dauerhafte Verschlussbauwerke für Endlager“
CY - Online meeting
DA - 14.02.2022
KW - NMR-Relaxometrie
KW - Alkali-aktiviertes Material
KW - Salzbeton
KW - Seal Waste Safe
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-54945
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Thibaux, Philippe
A1 - Van Wittenberghe, Jeroen
A1 - Fricke, Wolfgang
A1 - Thiele, Marc
A1 - Nielsen, Lars Peter
A1 - Conti, Fabien
T1 - Results of the JaCo project: fatigue strength of robot‑welded tubular joints for offshore wind energy converters
N2 - Jacket foundations requires the welding of a large number of tubular joints. These foundations type is suitable to support wind energy converters in deeper water. In order to increase the production speed and its quality, robot systems were developed to produce tubular joints. Since fatigue is dominating the design of these structures, an assessment of the performance of tubular joints produced by robots was performed and compared with the performance of manually welded joints. 18 large-scale tests were performed on joints with dimensions representative for offshore structures, which were produced in industrial environment. Breakthrough cracks occurred through the chord, with cracks initiated at the weld toe, although in some cases cracks were also initiated between weld beads. The measured fatigue strengths of joints produced by robot were similar or higher than the T-curve of DNV-RP-C203. Some delivered components showed fatigue strength that was more than 20% higher than the standard curve. These results emphasize that mastering the welding process with robots is necessary to achieve superior levels of fatigue strength.
KW - Fatigue
KW - Tubular joint
KW - Robot welding
KW - Hot spot method
KW - Large-scale testing
PY - 2024
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-024-01903-5
SN - 1878-6669
SP - 1
EP - 14
PB - Springer
CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg
AN - OPUS4-62319
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
T1 - Dynamisches Verhalten und Überwachung des Großen Fallturms der BAM in Horstwalde
N2 - Falltürme sind Bauwerke, die als Versuchsanlagen sehr speziellen, impulsartigen Belastungen ausgesetzt sind. Am Fallturm auf dem Testgelände Technische Sicherheit (TTS) der BAM wurde bei Routineinspektionen eine Abnahme der strukturellen Integrität in Form von Vorspannungsverlusten in den Bolzen der Stahlverbindungen festgestellt. Um ein Verständnis für die zugrundeliegenden Trag- und Schädigungsmechanismen zu erlangen, wurde ein umfassendes Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) System geplant und am Bauwerk installiert unter Nutzung von digitalen Bauwerksmodellen. Für die Auslegung des Überwachungssystems, insbesondere aber zur Unterstützung der Untersuchung des Schädigungsprozesses, wurden Finite-Elemente-Modelle erstellt. Um sicherzustellen, dass die FE-Modelle das reale Tragwerksverhalten mit ausreichender Genauigkeit abbilden, mussten sie jedoch in Bezug auf die gemessenen Antworten des Tragwerks kalibriert werden. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt experimentelle und numerische Untersuchungen zur Identifizierung des strukturellen Systems des Stahlrohrgitterturms in Vorbereitung einer Überwachungskampagne. Die Auswertung von gemessenen Schwingungen unter ambienter Anregung ermöglichte die Identifizierung der Eigenfrequenzen mehrerer globaler Schwingungsmoden des Fallturms. Zur Modellvalidierung wurde zunächst eine Sensitivitätsanalyse durchgeführt, um die Parameter mit dem größten Einfluss zu ermitteln. Anschließend wurde ein evolutionärer Algorithmus (EA) zur Optimierung nach dem Prinzip der Minimierung der Differenzen zwischen gemessenen und simulierten charakteristischen Antworten eingesetzt. Das aktualisierte Modell wurde schließlich an der dynamischen Reaktion der Turmstruktur infolge einer realen Falltest-induzierten Stoßbelastung validiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigten eine gute Übereinstimmung zwischen numerischen und experimentellen Ergebnissen.
N2 - Drop test towers are structures subjected to very specific dynamic loadings. At the drop test tower at the Test Site Technical Safety (TTS) of BAM routine inspections revealed a decline of structural integrity in form of loss of pretension in bolts of structural steel connections. To get an understanding about the underlying damage mechanisms as well as to assure the structural safety in operation, a multifaceted Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) system was planned and installed at the structure with the help of digital models. For planning the monitoring system but especially for supporting the investigation of the damaging process finite element models are deployed. Though, to ensure the capability of the FE model to reproduce the real structural behavior in sufficient accuracy, it needs to be calibrated in respect to measured responses of the structure. The present contribution describes experimental and numerical investigations to identify the structural system of the steel tube lattice tower in preparation of the monitoring campaign. An ambient vibration test allowed the identification of the natural frequencies of several global vibrational modes of the drop test tower. For model updating first a sensitivity analysis is applied to identify the most influencing parameter. In succession a genetic algorithm was applied for optimization in the sense of minimization of the difference between measured and simulated characteristic responses. The updated model is finally validated on the dynamic response of the tower structure to a real drop test induced impact loading. The results showed a good agreement between numerical and experimental results though the robustness of the simulation should be improved by more sophisticated numerical modelling.
T2 - 7. VDI-Fachtagung Baudynamik
CY - Würzburg, Germany
DA - 27.04.2022
KW - Großer Fallturm Horstwalde
KW - Structural Health Monitoring
KW - Belastungsversuch
KW - Modalanalyse
KW - Schwingungsdynamik
KW - Finite Elemente Simulation
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55470
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Nietzke, Jonathan
A1 - Konert, Florian
T1 - Experimental and numerical characterization of hydrogen diffusion in thick-walled submerged arc welded joint of S420G2+M offshore steel grade
N2 - Offshore wind turbines are an important goal in national energy strategies worldwide. Foundation structures are manufactured from submerged arc welded (SAW) plates with thicknesses up to 200 mm. In that connection, high-strength steels like the S420G2+M are more and more applied offering the possibility for increased stability and load-bearing capacity of the foundations. These offshore steel grades can show a susceptibility for delayed hydrogen assisted cold cracking of the weld joints. For that purpose, a minimum waiting time (MWT) of up to 48 h (dependent on applied standards) is recommended before non-destructive testing is allowed and conducted. But this concept is based on older steel grades that have been used for three or more decades. Nowadays, the metallurgical improvements (clean steels, proper rolling, and heat treatment) of base materials and well as welding consumables must be anticipated. Hence, the MWT concept should be critically discussed as it is assumed to be very conservative. For that reason, the focus of this study was to investigate the diffusion behavior in S420G2+M steel and its multi-layer SAW joint. Electrochemical permeation experiments were carried at room temperature. Boundary conditions were anticipated in terms of using different sample thicknesses. From the experimental data, hydrogen diffusion coefficients and absorbed diffusible hydrogen concentrations had been calculated. It was shown that hydrogen diffusion in the base material is increased compared to the weld metal. In addition, the sample thickness had a significant on the calculated diffusion coefficients. The minimum and maximum diffusion coefficients had been used for numerical modelling of the hydrogen diffusion in the welding joint. It became clear that a MWT must be always regarded together with a critical initial diffusible hydrogen concentration for the evaluation of a possible delayed cracking as diffusion times were mostly > 48 h due to the thick plates.
T2 - 4th International Conference on Metals and Hydrogen - Steely & Hydrogen 2022
CY - Ghent, Belgium
DA - 11.10.2022
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Submerged arc welding
KW - Minimum Waiting Time
KW - Cold Cracking
KW - Offshore steel grade
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56008
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kromm, Arne
T1 - LTT-Zusatzwerkstoffe zur Optimierung von Schweißeigenspannungen
N2 - Der Vortrag gibt eine Einführung zum Thema LTT-Zusatzwerkstoffe. Anhand experimenteller Befunde werden die Mechanismen erläutert und die Auswirkungen auf die Schweißeigenspannungen verdeutlicht.
T2 - 1. LTT-Workshop des ISF RWTH Aachen
CY - Aachen, Germany
DA - 11.05.2022
KW - LTT-Zusatzwerkstoff
KW - Hochfester Stahl
KW - Eigenspannungen
KW - Martensit
KW - Phasenumwandlung
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56267
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Griesche, Axel
T1 - The debye waller factor for temperature distribution determination in NBEI experiments: a case study for GTAW
N2 - We could show in GTAW experiments with steel samples that the attenuation of neutron transmission underneath the welding torch due to the Debye-Waller-effect correlates well with sample temperatures obtained by FE numerical simulations. This would allow principally to determine sample temperatures by measuring the neutron beam attenuation.
T2 - ITMNR-9
CY - Buenos Aires, Argentina
DA - 17.10.2022
KW - Debye waller factor
KW - GTAW
KW - Temperature distribution determination
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56150
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Gleim, Tobias
T1 - Fracture Mechanical Investigations on a Welding Seam of a Thick-Walled Transport Package
N2 - Untersuchung einer Schweißnaht mit verschiedenen Codes. Vergleiche von experimentellen und numerischen Ergebnissen
T2 - Technical Exchange IRSN – BAM: Transport & Storage of Packages for Radioactive Material
CY - Cadarache, France
DA - 13.10.2022
KW - Drop test
KW - Fracture initiation
KW - Transport package
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56055
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Repair welding of pressurized in-service hydrogen pipelines - A review on current challenges and strategies
N2 - As energy carrier of the future, green hydrogen can make a decisive contribution to a sustainable energy supply. Particularly important is the decarbonization of heavy industry. Therefore, a reliable supply of hydrogen must be guaranteed. A hydrogen pipeline grid can achieve this purpose. In Europe concrete plans for a hydrogen pipeline grid already exist, as the so called “European Hydrogen backbone”. As building a completely new pipeline grid is economically not justifiable, a dual-way strategy of repurposing natural gas (NG) pipelines and newly built pipelines is intended. Long distance pipeline grids require regular maintenance and repairs. For natural gas (NG) pipelines in-service welding is state of the art. Concepts such as hot-tapping (drilling into pressurized pipelines) and “stoppling” (sealing off pipeline sections after installing bypasses or pressure relieves) allow the repair of damaged pipeline sections or the installation of new branches without shutting the pipeline down, which in most cases isn’t possible from an economic standpoint. The EIGA 121/14 guideline already pointed out in 2014 that “a hydrogen hot-tap shall not be considered a routine procedure”. This shows that the determination of the transferability of these repair concepts to hydrogen pipelines is of utmost importance. Due to the degrading effects of hydrogen on mechanical proper-ties, commonly referred to as “hydrogen embrittlement” it is necessary to understand and investigate the occurring effects. In the special case of repair welding on in-service hydrogen pipelines an increased hydro-gen uptake due to a large heat input and microstructural changes in the material needs to be considered. Therefore, material degradation must be investigated to determine whether modifications of repair procedures are necessary to ensure a reliable and safe hydrogen transportation via pipelines. For this reason, this paper gives an overview on existing weld repair concepts and its risks and limitations in terms of hydrogen absorption and possible embrittlement effects when transferred to hydrogen pipelines. The complexity lies in a large variety of materials (low alloyed steels), pipeline diameters and corresponding welded joints. The material compatibility of materials in used (repurposed NG-pipelines) and new condition must be investigated. Particularly for repurposed/used pipelines the effect of a pre-matured/corroded inner surface and sometimes insufficient documentation of the material “history” needs to be considered. An overview on ongoing and completed R&D-projects with respect to repair concepts for hydrogen pipelines and hydrogen effects on pipeline materials is given. The focus hereby lies on possible methods of material testing and modeling. Its current difficulties, limits and possible solution will be discussed.
T2 - IIW Intermediate Meeting, Com. II-A
CY - Incheon, Republic of Korea
DA - 12.03.2024
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Repair welding
KW - Pipelines
KW - In-service
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59674
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Combined effect of heating rate and restraint condition on stress relief cracking susceptibility during PWHT of thick-walled Cr-Mo-V steel submerged arc welded joints
N2 - Contemporary steels creep-resistant steels like the 13CrMoV9-10 are used as thick plates e.g., for applications in hydrocrackers. The large plate thickness requires high efficiency welding processes like submerged arc welding (SAW) and a mandatory post weld heat treatment (PWHT). The PWHT-parameters stem from a combination of empirical knowledge and traditional experiments on free shrinking (FS) welds. In that connection, the formation of so-called stress-relief cracking (SRC) must be anticipated. The SRC susceptibility of a welded component is a complex combination and interaction of com-ponent specific, thermal, and metallurgical factors. Many of which have to date not been conclusively researched. For example, it is well known that SRCs develop during PWHT due to formation and growth of carbides on prior austenite grain boundaries, resulting in a significant hardness increase (secondary hardening) and toughness decrease. This leads to a high SRC susceptibility of the coarse grain heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) of the last weld bead during PWHT. This is intensified in case of high residual stresses from the component-specific, structurally induced stiffness. In combination with multi-layer welding this leads to a multiaxial stress distribution. Nonetheless, the combined effect of PWHT and high-residual stresses on the SRC formation is merely unknown. For that reason, this study presents the effect of different heating rates in conjunction with a certain component stiffness. For that reason, SAW joints of 13CrMoV9-10 steel were investigated under FS and defined external restraint condition.
T2 - IIW Intermediate Meeting, Com. II-A
CY - Incheon, Republic of Korea
DA - 12.03.2024
KW - Stress relief cracking
KW - Welding
KW - Post weld heat treatment
KW - Submerged arc welding
KW - Cr-Mo-V steel
KW - Creep-resisting steel
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59673
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Call for interested people to contribute to series of comprehensive papers on welding and joining of components for sustainable energy systems
N2 - Joining and welding technologies are of high importance for the manufacturing of components and parts used in sustainable energy generation, conversion, and transport. In that connection, offshore and on-shore installed wind turbines are of high interest for the generation of electrical energy as well as photo-voltaic systems (solar cells). The electricity can be either directly transported or conversed via power-to-gas e.g., to hydrogen. In that scope, electrolyzer up to MW-range are of interest as well as the conver-sion back to electricity via fuel cells. In addition, hydrogen is a key element of the decarburization of in-dustries as well as the mobility sector encompassing sea, air and land transportation driven by hydrogen or its derivates. Well-known examples cover the direct reduction of iron ore to replace the conventional blast furnace process up to gas turbines or fuel cells for home-end use. All mentioned technologies re-quire reliable components, which are to a high extend dependent on joining and especially welding pro-cessing of materials. Especially, the (petro-) chemical industry has many years of experience with both materials used in hydrogen applications. The challenge is e.g., the transition to mass production of sys-tem components of electrolyzers/fuel cells and for distribution grids. At this point, the scalability of cur-rently applied joining processes often limits the economic efficiency, whereas especially laser welding or additive manufacturing will be of high interest. In that connection, it is very important to provide answers by joint research of universities, institutes, and industrial companies. Very often, solutions are already available and “just” have to be investigated and adapted for the new application, like repair welding of NG pipelines. For that reason, we want to set up a series of comprehensive papers with the aforementioned title. The idea is to get an in-depth but manageable overview of the importance of joining technologies in sustaina-ble energy generation, conversion, and transport encompassing current processes, limitations, and fur-ther perspectives. In that connection, the additive manufacturing is gaining more and more attention. If applicable, current challenges in the adaption or creation of new standards/regulations shall be addressed.
T2 - IIW Intermediate Meeting, Com. II-A
CY - Incheon, Republic of Korea
DA - 12.03.2024
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Welding
KW - Comprehensive study
KW - Component manufatcturing
KW - Additive manufacturing
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59676
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Liepold, Philipp
T1 - CTS Testing of High-Strength Filler Materials
N2 - Controlled Thermal Severity (CTS) tests are known for applicatying high restraint intensity to fillet welds. Due to two different variations of the test it was possible to apply different amounts of restraint intensity to high-strength GMAW fillet welds at a high level of restraint. The results show the effect of heat input, filler material and restraint intensity on solidification cracking susceptibility.
T2 - DIN Sitzung NA 092-00-05 GA „Zerstörende Prüfung von Schweißverbindungen“ (DVS AG Q 4/Q 4.1)
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 20.03.2024
KW - CTS
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59773
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kromm, Arne
T1 - Eigenspannungsabbau mittels LTT - Schweißzusätzen unter Berücksichtigung der Nahtgeometrie
N2 - Der Vortrag befasst sich mit der gezielten Einbringung zusätzlicher LTT-Lagen zur Erzeugung von Druckeigenspannungen in ermüdungskritischen Bereichen von konventionellen Schweißverbindungen. Dies ermöglicht eine wirtschaftliche Lösung, ohne die Integrität der Schweißverbindungen zu beeinträchtigen. Dazu wurden Längssteifen aus hochfestem Stahl in der ersten Lage mit konventionellem Schweißzusatzwerkstoff mittels Metall-Lichtbogenschweißen geschweißt. Anschließend wurde ein Chrom-Nickel-legierter LTT-Schweißzusatz auf die Stirnseiten der Steifen aufgebracht. Durch Variation der Schweißparameter konnten verschiedene Schweißnahtgeometrien des LTT-Zusatzwerkstoffs analysiert werden.
T2 - NA 092-00-05 GA "Gemeinschaftsarbeitsausschuss NAS/NMP: Zerstörende Prüfung von Schweißverbindungen (DVS AG Q 4/Q 4.1)
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 20.03.2024
KW - LTT
KW - Eigenspannungen
KW - hochfester Stahl
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59752
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kromm, Arne
T1 - Investigation of hot cracking susceptibility via Modified Varestraint Transvarestraint testing of high-strength filler material
N2 - MVT testing was conducted in Transvarestraint mode in multiple welding conditions and under a range of bending speeds. The materials observed were high strength filler metals used in GTAW namely DIN EN ISO 16834-A G 69 4 M21 Mn3Ni1CrMo (G69), 16834-A G 89 6 M21 Mn4Ni2CrMo (G89 6), 16834-A G 89 5 M21 Mn4Ni2,5CrMo (G89 5) and a filler wire 18276-A T 89 4 ZMn2NiCrMo M M21 1 H5 (T89). For evaluation light optical microscope pictures were used. Pixels containing cracks were manually segmented using a self-written program. Out of the segmented images data including crack length, position and area can be calculated for every crack. The results show dependencies of solidification cracking on the test parameters.
T2 - IIW Intermediate Meeting Comission II-C
CY - Incheon, Republic of Korea
DA - 12.03.2024
KW - Solidification cracking
KW - High strength steel
KW - Varestraint test
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59749
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröder, Nina
T1 - Ti and Nb influence on the HAZ microstructures of weld-simulated high strength structural steel S690QL
N2 - High-strength low-alloyed (HSLA) steels with yield strength / proof stress ≥ 600 MP are the basis of modern light-weight steel constructions. Indeed, the economic and ecological benefits strongly depend on their processability in terms of welding. In this context, he use of highly productive welding processes, suitable welding consumables is of vital interest and requires a fundamental understanding of the microstructural changes in the HSLA steel and especially the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the welded joint. Microalloying elements, such as Ti or Nb, are essential to achieve the desired mechanical properties. In this context, the underlying standards such as EN 10025-6 only specify maximum values, resulting in different manufacturer customized microalloy concepts. Furthermore, even small deviations can have a drastic effect expressed by an excessive hardening or softening despite identical welding conditions and filler metal. The reason is the different thermal stability of the Ti and Nb-related precipitates (typically carbides or carbon nitrides). As a result, it is difficult (or even impossible) to adequately predict the weldability.
Against this background, different microalloying routes with varying Ti and Nb contents for a S690QL reference grade were systematically investigated in terms of lab-cast alloys close to realistic chemical compositions. To investigate the influence of the welding heat input on the HAZ microstructure formation, physical simulations were carried with specified peak temperatures and cooling times (by a dilatometer, see Fig. 1a). The focus was the identification of the occurring phase transformations during cooling and the final HAZ microstructure, see Fig. 1b. In this context, a double welding cycle was simulated to further identify the behavior of the so-called intercritical HAZ (where softening is likely to occur) in case of the common multi-layer welding for thick plates, see Fig. 1c. The results showed: (1) microalloying has significant influence on the formation of the individual HAZ dependent on (2) the thermal stability of the Ti or Nb-precipitates and (3) synergistic effects of further elements such as Mo and their effect on phase transformations in the HAZ. The results represent a microstructure-based validation of welding processing of such HSLA-steels e.g. in terms of preferred microalloy and weld heat input combinations.
T2 - MaterialsWeek/SteelInnovation 2025
CY - Frankfurt am Main, Germany
DA - 02.04.2025
KW - HSLA
KW - Dilatometry
KW - Microalloying elements
KW - HAZ-Softening
KW - Digital Image Correlation (DIC)
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62938
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Simulation der Wasserstoffverteilung in UP-geschweißten Grobblechen als Bewertungstool für die Kaltrissanfälligkeit von Offshorestrukturen
N2 - Gründungsstrukturen für Offshore-Windkraftanlagen bestehen in der Regel aus hochfesten Stahlgrobblechen, die im UP-Verfahren geschweißt werden, durch den u.U. größere Mengen an Wasserstoff eingebracht werden können. Die große Blechdicke führt zudem zu langen Diffusionswegen und einer verlängerten Diffusionszeit für den Wasserstoff. Infolgedessen kann sich der Wasserstoff in Bereichen mit hoher mechanischer Spannung und Dehnung ansammeln und daher zu einer verzögerten Kaltrissbildung führen. Aufgrund der verzögerten Diffusion muss daher eine Mindestwartezeit von bis zu 48 h eingehalten werden, bevor eine zerstörungsfreie Prüfung durchgeführt wird. Darüber hinaus ist die Beurteilung möglicher Kaltrissstellen sehr komplex. Es wurde daher ein numerisches Modell zur Abbildung einer bauteilähnlichen Schweißnahtprüfung entwickelt. Dazu wurde das Temperaturfeld während des Schweißens und der anschließenden Abkühlung experimentell bestimmt und numerisch simuliert. Auf dieser Grundlage wurde Diffusionsmodell zur numerischen Simulation der zeitlich-örtlichen Wasserstoffkonzentration erstellt. Mit diesem Modell wurden zwei Anwendungsfälle simuliert: (1) Veränderung der Wasserstoffverteilung als Funktion des Temperaturzyklus während des Mehrlagenschweißens und (2) für das Wartezeitintervall ≤ 48 h. Ein Vorteil des Diffusionsmodells ist die Simulation einer normierten Konzentration, d.h. zwischen „0“ (kein Wasserstoff) und „1“ (max. Konzentration), die auf experimentell ermittelte Wasserstoffkonzentrationen skaliert werden kann.
T2 - 6. Symposium Materialtechnik
CY - Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
DA - 20.02.2025
KW - Gründungsstrukturen
KW - Offshore
KW - Kaltrissbildung
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Numerische Simulation
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62616
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hübner, Martin
A1 - Reichel, Levin
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Kromm, Arne
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Modern welding processes for optimising repair welds on high strength offshore steels
N2 - The successful energy transition in Germany will require offshore wind turbines with outputs >10 MW in the future. To achieve these high outputs, turbines far from coast are required with large subsea jacket structures (30 m up to 50 m) and tall towers (up to 200 m). High-strength steels with a yield strength up to 500 MPa and wall thicknesses up to 150 mm are increasingly being used for these structures. This plac-es high demands on welding manufacturing, especially for high-strength offshore steels. During the manu-facturing process detected defects by NDT require localized repair of welds by gouging and rewelding. Due to a lack of investigations, there are no repair concepts and information in standards and guidelines, par-ticularly for high-strength thick plate joints made of high-strength offshore steels. However, these are ur-gently needed to enable manufacturers, especially SMEs, to carry out safe and economical repairs. There-fore, BAM started the FOSTA project P1629 (IGF 01IF22746N) to investigate the stress-optimized repair (local gouging and welding) of high-strength thick plate joints made of offshore grades in the yield strength range off 355 to 460 MPa and similar weld metal with controlled high-performance GMAW pro-cesses and optimized narrow gouging grooves. The experimental analyses take into account the complex interaction of process, material, and design-related influences on the formation of weld induced stresses and the special microstructure of high-strength fine-grain structural steels. Welding-related material degra-dation and crack-critical residual tensile stresses need to be avoided to ensure high component safety and performance. A reduction in residual stress in the presence of high restraint conditions can be achieved by adapted heat control (if no disassembly measures are possible). The repair process involves manual thermal gouging, which allows the groove configuration to be modi-fied. Modern welding processes using high frequency arc control provide deep root penetration and focused energy input capable of welding narrow seams. A comparison was made between the traditional weld con-figuration with a wide 45° groove and transition arc welding and a narrow 30° groove with modern welding process. Even in the case of free shrinkage specimens, the narrow groove weld exhibits a significant reduc-tion of residual stresses, cf. Figure 1, especially in the HAZ and toward the adjacent base material. This can be attributed to the lower weld metal volume needed and the reduction of heat input per layer due to the controlled arc process. For the purposes of this comparison, the same weld seam build-up (but different number of layers) has been applied to both seam configurations. Note that in industrial application (manu-al welding), the wider groove would be welded with several off-center weld beads with conventional weld-ing process. In this analysis this would cause asymmetric effects regarding the residual stress state, diffi-cult to compare to each other. Component-related welding experiments on special testing equipment, adapted process and heat control concepts along with variable groove configurations will be developed and recommendations for guidelines elaborated. This is the prerequisite for fully utilizing the strength potential of high-strength steels and making a valuable contribution to the energy transition in Germany, especially for steel-processing SMEs.
T2 - IIW Intermediate Meeting CII
CY - Trollhättan, Sweden
DA - 10.03.2025
KW - Repair welding
KW - Gouging
KW - Residual stress
KW - Offshore wind turbines
KW - High-strength steels
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62743
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hübner, Martin
A1 - Kromm, Arne
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
A1 - Dittmann, Florian
A1 - Varfolomeev, Igor
T1 - Untersuchung der Ermüdungsfestigkeit von LTT-geschweißten Längssteifen mit variierender Nahtausführungen
N2 - Low Transformation Temperature (LTT) Schweißzusätze erzeugen während der Abkühlung Druckeigenspannungen in die Schweißnaht und Wärmeeinflusszone durch eine Volumenexpansion, wodurch die Ermüdungsfestigkeit erhöht werden kann. Um das Potential dieser neuartigen Schweißzusätze besser zu quantifizieren, wurden konventionelle Längssteifen als Probenkörper verwendet, welche an den Stirnseiten mit einer LTT-Zusatznaht geschweißt wurden. Durch Variation der Schweißparameter konnten unterschiedliche Nahtformen realisiert werden. Es konnte, je nach Nahtausführung, eine Erhöhung der Ermüdungsfestigkeit bei 2 Millionen Lastwechsel von 64 MPa bis 100 MPa in Gegensatz zu konventionellen Proben festgestellt werden. Somit sind LTT-Zusätze grundsätzlich geeignet, um die Ermüdungsfestigkeit zu erhöhen.
T2 - Frühjahrssitzung 2025 des Fachausschusses Eigenspannungen der AWT
CY - Karlsruhe, Germany
DA - 07.04.2025
KW - LTT (Low Transformation Temperature)
KW - Eigenspannungen
KW - Ermüdungsfestigkeit
KW - Aufmischung
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62930
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hübner, Martin
A1 - Kromm, Arne
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
A1 - Dittmann, Florian
A1 - Varfolomeev, Igor
T1 - Wechselwirkung zwischen Nahtgestaltung und Ermüdungsfestigkeit in LTT-geschweißten Längssteifen
N2 - Schweißzusätze mit niedriger Martensitstarttemperatur (Low Transformation Temperature, LTT) induzieren während der Abkühlphase infolge einer volumeninduzierten Martensitumwandlung Druckeigenspannungen in der Schweißnaht sowie in der angrenzenden Wärmeeinflusszone (WEZ). Diese Spannungen können zu einer signifikanten Erhöhung der Ermüdungsfestigkeit führen. Zur quantitativen Bewertung des Potenzials dieser innovativen Werkstoffe wurden konventionelle Längssteifen als Versuchsproben herangezogen, bei denen an den Stirnseiten Schweißnähte unter Verwendung von LTT-Zusatzwerkstoffen appliziert wurden. Durch gezielte Variation der Schweißparameter konnten unterschiedliche Nahtgeometrien realisiert werden. In Abhängigkeit von der Nahtausführung zeigte sich bei einer Belastungszahl von 2 Millionen Zyklen eine Steigerung der Ermüdungsfestigkeit im Bereich von 64 MPa bis 100 MPa im Vergleich zu Referenzproben mit herkömmlichen Schweißzusätzen. Die Ergebnisse belegen, dass der Einsatz von LTT-Schweißzusätzen grundsätzlich geeignet ist, die Ermüdungsfestigkeit geschweißter Strukturen zu verbessern.
T2 - Din Sitzung: Gemeinschaftsarbeitsausschuss NAS/NMP, Zerstörende Prüfung von Schweißverbindungen
CY - Online meeting
DA - 20.03.2025
KW - LTT (Low Transformation Temperature)
KW - Eigenspannungen
KW - Ermüdungsfestigkeit
KW - high-strength steels
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62929
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Fey, Gero
T1 - Dilatometer-based welding simulation: CCT-Diagram and investigation of heat-affected zones in pipeline steels
N2 - Presentation of the research project “Hydrogen-dependent mechanical properties of the weld microstructure of low-alloy steels for long-distance gas pipelines” and the present results at the Young Professionals International Conference (YPIC) of the International Institute of Welding (IIW)
T2 - 2nd Online Young Welding Professional International Conference - YPIC2025
CY - Online meeting
DA - 06.02.2025
KW - Pipeline steel
KW - CCT
KW - Dilatometry
KW - Heat-affected zone
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62583
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Fey, Gero
T1 - Dilatometerbasierte Schweißsimulation: ZTU-Diagramme und Untersuchung der Wärmeeinflusszonen in Pipelinestählen
N2 - Präsentation des Forschungsprojekts "Wasserstoffabhängige mechanische Eigenschaften der Schweißnahtgefüge niedriglegierter Stähle für Ferngasleitungen" und der bisherigen Ergebnisse auf der 28. Konferenz aller Werkstofftechnischen und Materialwissenschaftlichen Studiengänge (KaWuM) an der TU Ilmenau.
T2 - 28. Konferenz aller Werkstofftechnischen und Materialwissenschaftlichen Studiengänge
CY - Ilmenau, Germany
DA - 07.11.2024
KW - ZTU-Diagramm
KW - Wärmeeinflusszone
KW - WEZ
KW - Dilatometer
KW - Pipelinestahl
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62418
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Fügetechnik für Wasserstofftechnologien: Ausgewählte Themen und Herausforderungen
N2 - Die Präsentation fasst die Bedeutung der Fügetechnik für Wasserstofftechnologien im Rahmen der Arbeiten für einer Studie (DVS-Berichte Nr. 373) mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Normung und Regelwerkssetzung zusammen.
T2 - Sitzung des DIN-Gemeinschaftsarbeitsausschusses NA 092 00 05 GA, NAS/NMP: Zerstörende Prüfung von Schweißverbindungen
CY - Online meeting
DA - 10.03.2022
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Fügetechnik
KW - Schweißen
KW - Wasserstofftechnologien
KW - Bedeutung
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-54447
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Reliable hydrogen determination in metallic materials and their weld joints: Parameters and challenges
N2 - In the course of tomorrow's hydrogen-based energy transition, the construction of the corresponding infrastructure will play a central role. The majority of materials used to date are typically welded for component fabrication. In that context, steels are widely applied and can be prone to hydrogen embrittlement. This includes the classical delayed cold cracking during welding processing as well as embrittlement phenomena during operation. For the evaluation of any hydrogen effect on, for example, the mechanical properties of a welded metallic material, the hydrogen content must be precisely determined. In the case of welds, for example, according to ISO 3690, this is the isothermal carrier gas hot extraction (CGHE). CGHE is based on accelerated hydrogen degassing due to thermal activation of hydrogen at elevated temperatures. In addition to the pure quantification of hydrogen, thermal desorption analysis (TDA) with varied heating rates can be used to determine and evaluate the bonding state at microstructural defects in the material. For both techniques, experimental and measurement influences have to be considered, which have a great effect on the result. For CGHE, for example, ISO 3690 suggests different sample geometries as well as minimum extraction times. The present study summarizes results and experiences of numerous investigations with different sample temperatures and geometries (ISO 3690 type B and cylindrical TDA samples) regarding: the influence of the sample surface (polished/welded), measurement accuracies depending on the sample volume as well as the insufficient monitoring of the effect of the PI controller on the extraction temperature. In particular, a deviating extraction temperature to the set temperature, can significantly falsify the measurement results. Based on the results, methods are shown to quickly reach the desired extraction temperature without having to physically interfere with the measurement equipment. This serves to substantially improve the reliability of hydrogen measurement through increased signal stability and accelerated hydrogen desorption. In general, an independent temperature measurement with dummy samples for the selected heating procedure is advisable to exclude possible unwanted temperature influences already before the measurement. In addition (and way more important), the methods described can be transferred directly to industrial applications.
T2 - 47th MPA-Seminar
CY - Stuttgart, Germany
DA - 10.10.2023
KW - Hydrogen assisted cracking
KW - Carrier gas hot extraction
KW - Welding
KW - ISO 3690
KW - Metals
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58677
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Engelking, Lorenz
T1 - Herstellung beanspruchungsgerechter Oberflächen durch Kombination innovativer additiver und abtragender Fertigungsschritte an hochbelasteten Komponenten
N2 - In vielen Anwendungen werden aufgrund zunehmender Anforderungen an den Widerstand gegenüber hohen, kombinierten mechanischen, tribologischen, thermischen und korrosiven Beanspruchungen Hochleistungsle¬gierungen eingesetzt. Den vielfach komplexen Bauteilstrukturen, herausfordernden Fertigungseigenschaften und der Erhöhung der Ressourceneffizienz lässt sich heute mit der additiven Fertigung (AM) begegnen, dem oftmals noch unzureichende Kenntnisse über die resultierende Homogenität und Anisotropie der speziellen Gefüge und den damit verbundenen Eigenschaften entgegensteht. Viele Anwendungen benötigen zudem definierte Oberflächen mit hohen Anforderungen an die Oberflächenintegrität, dem durch komplementären Einsatz von additiven und abtragenden Fertigungsschritten Rechnung getragen wird. Hochleistungslegierungen auf der Basis von Nickel oder Kobalt sind infolge der niedrigen Wärmeleitfähigkeit verbunden mit hoher Festigkeit und Zähigkeit äußerst herausfordernd mit Blick auf eine wirtschaftliche Zerspanung mit geometrisch bestimmter Schneide. Ein Vorhaben (IGF-Nr. 20.979 N/DVS-Nr. 1.3211) der BAM und TU Clausthal/ISAF befasst sich mit der Lösung dieser Problemstellung durch gezielte Beeinflussung des Gefüges mittels Modifikation der Schweißzusatzwerkstoffe und den Einsatz des ultraschallunterstützten Fräsens (US), bei gleichzeitiger Sicherstellung der geforderten Eigenschaften der untersuchten Werkstoffe. Es werden die Ergebnisse der Mikrostruktur und der Zerspanbarkeit der Modifikationen der MSG-Schweißung der FeNi36-Referenzlegierung mit 0,4 Gew.-% Zr und der Modifikationen der MSG-Schweißung der CoCr-Referenzlegierung mit 1 Gew.-% Zr sowie Hf vorgestellt. Abschließend werden aus den Ergebnissen Handlungsempfehlungen abgeleitet.
T2 - Sitzung der Arbeitsgruppe (AG) V 12 „Additive Fertigung“
CY - Online meeting
DA - 15.11.2023
KW - Legierungsmodifikation
KW - Ultraschallunterstütztes Fräsen
KW - Additive Fertigung
KW - Oberflächenintegrität
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58859
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hübner, Martin
T1 - Hybrider Einsatz von LTT-Schweißzusatzwerkstoffen
N2 - LTT (Low Transformation Temperature) - Schweißzusätze stellen eine Alternative zur Verfügung, um die Schwingfestigkeit in Schweißnähten zu erhöhen. Ziel dieses Vortages ist es zum einem die Thematik der LTT - Schweißzusätze, insbesondere in hybrider Ausführung zu erläutern, Zum anderen werden die Ergebnisse der Vorversuche präsentiert.
T2 - BMDK
CY - Magdeburg, Germany
DA - 25.10.2023
KW - LTT (Low Transformation Temperature)
KW - Martensitstarttemperatur
KW - Baustähle
KW - Eigenspannungen
KW - Aufmischung
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58690
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Reichardt, Adrian
A1 - Komann, Steffen
T1 - Experience regarding ageing management and maintenance of transport packages in Germany
N2 - The presentation gives an overview about the current experiences of BAM regarding ageing management of transport packages in Germany.
The concept of the BAM-GGR 023 for ageing management of transport packagings will be described.
The fundamentals of BAM-GGR 023 will be shown, including the following key aspects:
-the organization of an Ageing Management System (AMS),
-the issue of an Ageing Management Plan (AMP),
-the ageing evaluation as a part of the AMP,
-the Ageing Surveillance Program (ASP) as a part of the AMP,
-the Ageing Management Documentation (AMD).
T2 - First Consultancy Meeting on Drafting the Safety Guide on Ageing Management and Maintenance of Radioactive Material Transport Packages
CY - Vienna, Austria
DA - 20.11.2023
KW - Ageing Management
KW - Dual Purpose Cask
KW - BAM-GGR 023
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58863
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Fügetechnik in Wasserstofftechnologien - Forschungsbedarf für die Branche (Kurzversion)
N2 - Die Studie gibt einen kurzen Überblick über die jetzige Bedeutung der Fügetechnik in Wasserstofftechnologien und über zukünftige Forschungsbedarfe für die Branche in den einzelnen Technologiefeldern Wasserstofferzeugung, -speicherung, -transport und -nutzung. Fügetechnologien haben dabei wesentliche Bedeutung für die erfolgreiche Umsetzung von technischen Komponenten der Wasserstofftechnologien. Die Schwerpunkte bzw. Forschungsbedarfe ergeben sich bspw. durch die Erstellung neuer Infrastruktur für Wasserstoffspeicherung und -transport sowie durch Umnutzung der bestehenden Erdgasinfrastruktur. Bei der Wasserstofferzeugung und -anwendung wird z.B. die Entwicklung effiziente Massenproduktionsmethoden von Elektrolyseuren und Brennstoffzellen einen wichtigen Meilenstein bilden und laserbasierte Fügetechnologien sind hier zum Teil schon etabliert. Die additive Fertigung nimmt dabei eine Querschnittsposition ein und besitzt hohes Anwendungspotential für die Zukunft z.B. für die Fertigung von Komponenten in Gasturbinen. Aus den technischen Fragestellungen und Forschungsbedarfen ergeben sich zudem Herausforderungen für die notwendige Neu- und Weiterentwicklung von technischen Regelwerken und Normen und den Eingang in die Aus- und Weiterbildung von fügetechnischem Fachpersonal.
T2 - DVS Congress 2021
CY - Online meeting
DA - 14.09.2021
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Fügetechnik
KW - Forschung
KW - Werkstoff
KW - Bedarf
PY - 2021
SN - 978-3-96144-146-4
VL - 371
SP - 612
EP - 624
PB - DVS Media GmbH
CY - Düsseldorf
AN - OPUS4-53370
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröder, Nina
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Experimentelle Bestimmung und thermodynamische Modellierung des Ausscheidungsverhaltens in der WEZ eines S690QL bei unterschiedlichen Mikrolegierungsrouten
N2 - Für eine signifikante Festigkeitssteigerung von vergüteten, hochfesten Feinkornbaustählen mit einer Normstreckgrenze > 690 MPa, ist die Zugabe von Mikrolegierungselementen, wie Nb und Ti, unerlässlich. Die Normvorgaben zur chemischen Zusammensetzung dieser Stähle (bspw. in DIN EN 10025-6) geben zur Erzielung der vorgeschriebenen Eigenschaften dabei oft nur Grenzgehalte für die Hersteller vor. Die Wirkung der Legierungselemente bzw. ihrer Karbide und/oder Nitride ist teilweise komplett konträr, insbesondere bei Auflösung und Wiederausscheidung in der WEZ bei identischem Schweißzusatz. Somit wird eine adäquate Vorhersage der Chargenabhängigkeit hinsichtlich der Schweißeignung und des Tragverhaltens der Schweißverbindung erschwert. Zuzüglich können moderne Schweißprozesse, wie MSG mit modifiziertem Sprühlichtbogen (mod. SLB) durch ihre hohe Wärmeeinwirkung die Phasenumwandlung in der Wärmeeinflusszone negativ beeinflussen. Eine unerwünschte Eigenschaft ist dabei die Erweichung (engl.: softening) der WEZ, wie auch u.U. der gegenteilige Effekt der Aufhärtung (engl.: hardening). Vor diesem Hintergrund werden im Rahmen eines DFG-Vorhabens systematisch Mikrolegierungsrouten mit variierenden Ti- und Nb-Gehalten des hochfesten und vergüteten Feinkornbaustahls S690QL untersucht. Dazu wird das MAGSchweißen mit mod. SLB verwendet, welches durch hohe Abschmelzleistung gekennzeichnet ist und schmalere Fugenöffnungswinkel (α = 30°) ermöglicht. An diesen Schweißungen wird der Effekt der metallurgischen Zusammensetzung in Kombination mit hoher Wärmeeinwirkung auf die Ausbildung einer kritischen WEZ-Gefügezone mit Erweichung und/oder exzessiver Aufhärtung untersucht. Ein besonderes Augenmerk wird auf die Phasenumwandlungen und das Ausscheidungsverhalten im Gefüge der Wärmeeinflusszone gelegt. Neben umfangreichen metallographischen Untersuchungen einzelner WEZ-Bereiche wurden, unter Variation der chemischen Zusammensetzung, thermodynamische Phasenberechnungen mittels ThermoCalc durchgeführt. Hierdurch wird ein Verständnis zur Phasentransformation und Ausscheidungswachstum und -auflösung während des Schweißens in Abhängigkeit von Temperatur und Abkühlbedingungen geschaffen. Das Ziel ist es, mittels erster Untersuchungen den Einfluss der Wärmeeinwirkung auf die Gefügeausbildung in der WEZ zu zeigen. Insbesondere wird hier auf die Auswirkung der unterschiedlichen Mikrolegierungskonzepte (Ti oder Nb) geachtet.
T2 - DVS CONGRESS 2022 - Große Schweißtechnische Tagung
CY - Koblenz, Germany
DA - 19.09.2022
KW - WEZ-Erweichung
KW - Hochfester Feinkornbaustahl
KW - ThermoCalc
KW - Thermodynamische Simulation
KW - Mikrolegierungselemente
KW - Modifizierter Sprühlichtbogen
PY - 2022
SN - 978-3-96144-189-1
SN - 978-3-96144-190-7
VL - 382
SP - 131
EP - 137
PB - DVS Media GmbH
CY - Düsseldorf
AN - OPUS4-55834
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Quercetti, Thomas
A1 - Wille, Frank
A1 - Neumann, Martin
A1 - Linnemann, Konrad
T1 - Full-scale drop testing with a heavy-weight package for radioactive waste
N2 - Packages for the transport of radioactive materials shall fulfil the requirements of the IAEA regulations for the safe transport. The requirements define mechanical and thermal test conditions including criteria ensuring the package design’s ability to withstand severe accidents and provide a high level of technical safety. Different methods can be used for safety demonstration showing compliance with the regulations.
The central part of a safety demonstration which is presented in this paper was a comprehensive drop test program with a full-scale model of a transport package accompanied by pre- and post-test FE analyses. Using full-scale drop test models allow the benefit that similarity and scaling issues become a significant smaller issue, additional material investigations can be limited and analyses for transferring test results to the original package design are reduced. Additionally, experience for the future serial packaging manufacturing and handling procedures can be collected in a very early state of the design approval process. The pre-test finite element analyses derived and justified the drop test program consisting of several drop sequences with different drop orientations of the specimen. The performance and the results of the drop test sequences shows the manageability and the advantage e.g., in view of the direct availability of test results for the package licensing. On the other hand, the drop test performance shows the difficulties during handling and the need for additional equipment during preparation of the specimen.
The package presented was intended for the transport and storage of compacted radioactive waste from reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel assemblies - designed and applied for approval by the AGC consortium. The project ended in 2021. The package design was characterized by a cask body made of a forged thick stainless-steel shell, a bolted double lid system with metallic gaskets and wood filled shock absorbers at both ends. The total mass of the entire transport package including content was 120,000 kg, the total length was about 7000 mm and the diameter approximately
3000 mm, both measures include the shock absorbers.
The paper provides an insight into the performance of a full-scale drop testing campaign within the package safety evaluation and shows some selected test results.
T2 - 20th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials (PATRAM 22)
CY - Juan-Les-Pins, France
DA - 11.06.2023
KW - Full-scale
KW - Drop testing
KW - Package
KW - Radioactive materials transport
PY - 2023
SP - 1
EP - 10
AN - OPUS4-57732
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Neumann, Martin
A1 - Gleim, Tobias
A1 - Gradt, Thomas
T1 - Friction coefficients for wood-wood and wood-steel high pressure contact under temperatures between -40 °C and 90 °C
N2 - Wood is widely used in impact limiters of Transport casks for radioactive material. Encapsulated by an outer and inner Steel structure, spruce wood is offen applied in layers of altemating direction. The friction at the interfaces between these layers is of crucial importance for the impact and energy absorption e.g., at an accidental impact of a cask against a hard component.
In order to get detailed Information for corresponding numerical calculations, in this study the friction coefficient for the combinations wood-wood and wood-steel was measured in the temperature ränge between -40 °C and 90 °C according to the relevant stress conditions for such casks. Results show decreasing friction with increasing temperature, ranging from 0.43 at -40 °C to 0.22 for 90 °C for wood-steel combinations and from 0.3 at -40 °C to 0.24 at 90 °C to for a wood-wood combination.
KW - Wood
KW - Friction
KW - Transport cask
KW - Radioactive material
PY - 2023
DO - https://doi.org/10.24053/TuS-2023-0007
SN - 0724-3472
VL - 70
IS - 2
SP - 5
EP - 12
PB - expert verlag
AN - OPUS4-57787
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schubert, Sven
A1 - Reichardt, Adrian
A1 - Müller, Lars
A1 - Neumann, Martin
A1 - Komann, Steffen
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Introduction of the German ageing management guide for packages for transport of radioactive materials
N2 - The consideration of ageing mechanisms is with integration of the new para 613A into IAEA SSR-6 (Rev. 1) now obligatory for the design of transport packages. In addition, para 809(f) requires for packages intended to be used for shipment after storage the consideration of the effects of ageing mechanisms during storage in safety analyses and the implementation of corresponding instructions for operation and maintenance. Para 503(e) requires that all packaging components and radioactive contents have been maintained during storage in a manner that all requirements specified in IAEA SSR-6 (Rev.1) and in the applicable certificates of approval have been fulfilled.
The evaluation of ageing mechanisms and their effects including monitoring are part of BAM’s authority assessment tasks related to the mechanical and thermal package design and quality assurance aspects. BAM has compiled a guideline for the implementation of ageing assessment and of the measures for ageing management of the approval procedure based on requirements of IAEA SSR-6 (Rev.1). The guideline is applicable only for packages requiring a competent authority approval.
The paper aims to describe the structure of the guideline and the general approach for ageing management requirements. The type and amount of measures for ageing management depend mainly on the use of the package and on the ageing effects for the component, which result from relevant ageing mechanisms during package operation time.
The implementation of measures for ageing management is divided into three levels – systemic measures, package design related measures and documentation. The systemic measures are attributed to the general management system and define the whole activities for organization of ageing management like structure, responsibilities, documentation, reports and evaluation. The package design related measures are defined in an ageing management plan (AMP). These measures shall ensure that the anticipated changes of the package design under consideration of ageing effects still complies with the design approval specification. Therefore, an ageing surveillance program (ASP) and, if necessary, a gap analysis program shall be developed. The ageing management documentation (AMD) ensures the continuous documentation of the compliance of a specific package to the approved package design, comprising mainly records resulting from operation and surveillance.
T2 - PATRAM22 - 20th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials
CY - Juan-les-Pins, France
DA - 11.06.2023
KW - Guide
KW - Ageing
KW - Mechanism
KW - Package
KW - Management
PY - 2023
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - World Nuclear Transport Institute (WNTI)
CY - London
AN - OPUS4-57770
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Neumann, Martin
A1 - Quercetti, Thomas
A1 - Wille, Frank
A1 - Gröke, Carsten
A1 - Neumeyer, Tino
T1 - Design assessment, approval of management systems and ageing aspects of transport packages for radioactive material not requiring competent authority approval of design
N2 - Most transports of radioactive materials are carried out with packages not requiring competent authority approval of design. These encompass – in accordance with the IAEA SSR-6 regulations – packages of the classification excepted, Industrial packages Type 1, 2 and 3 and Type A packages. Currently an upsurge in number and variation of these package designs can be seen in Germany, resulting from the phase out of nuclear energy in Germany as well as e. g. increased use of radioactive material for medical purposes.
A design assessment regarding the package safety is required in the international IAEA SSR-6 regulations. BAM operates facilities for the performance of all regulatory tests required such as drop towers for a wide range of package masses and dimensions, fire test, leak tightness measurements and pressure test facilities. Experiences with several package types are shown.
Additionally, IAEA SSR-6 requires the establishment of a management system for design, manufacture, maintenance, and repair of the packaging as well as for the preparation, consigning, loading, carriage, unloading and receipt of the package. Relevant for Germany, BAM has published guidance material on the process of management system acceptance in the technical guide BAM-GGR 016. The requirements encompass quality management plans for the manufacturing of packages including independent manufacturing surveillance and specific instructions for operation, maintenance, and repair of packagings. Examples for management system specifics and requirements are given.
Since the latest edition of the IAEA SSR-6 regulations an ageing evaluation including systematic ageing management measures are required for all kind of package types. BAM is going to update the guidance material BAM-GGR 016 to support the stakeholders with relevant information to fulfil the ageing aspect for packages not requiring competent authority approval. The paper explains how the ageing aspect may be included in the safety evaluation process and the management system measures and will give an outlook for the future guidance material.
T2 - 20th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials (PATRAM 22)
CY - Juan-Les-Pins, Antibes, France
DA - 11.06.2023
KW - Typ
KW - Radioactive material
KW - Non-approved
PY - 2023
SP - 1
EP - 8
AN - OPUS4-57703
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Quackatz, Lukas
T1 - Measurement of hydrogen concentration in steel using Laser-induced Breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS)
N2 - Currently, the ISO 3690 standard requires a thermal activation of the diffusible hydrogen in weld metal for the subsequent ex situ concentration measurement by TDS. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) would offer a time and spatially resolved, almost non-destructive, measurement of hydrogen at surfaces. We could already show that this analysis technique allows for highly accurate in situ measurements of chemical compositions of e.g. Mn, Cr and Ni during welding e.g. in the melt pool, the weld metal or the heat affected zone. For quantitative LIBS measurements of hydrogen in steel, certified reference materials with different hydrogen concentrations were used for calibration.
There is a significant problem in welding steels: A critical combination of diffusible hydrogen, hardness microstructure and weld residual stresses can cause cold cracks to form in the weld microstructure. We investigated hydrogen in steels, which was loaded either electrochemically or with high-pressure hydrogen gas. Subsequently, various experiments were conducted to verify the feasibility of hydrogen measurements with LIBS. For example, depth profiles of hydrogen distribution could be obtained. Furthermore, samples were water jet cut and a line scan was made over the cross section to obtain a spatially resolved representation of the hydrogen. Total hydrogen concentrations were determined using carrier gas hot extraction. Our results show that LIBS is a promising technique for time and spatially resolved measurement of hydrogen in steels.
T2 - IIW Annual Assembly 2023
CY - Singapore
DA - 16.07.2023
KW - LIBS
KW - Hydrogen measurement
KW - Welding
KW - Stainless steel
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57989
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schubert, Sven
T1 - Introduction of the German Ageing Management Guide for Packages for Transport of Radioactive Materials – BAM-GGR 023
N2 - BAM-GGR 023 was published in June 2022
BAM-GGR 023 gives guidance to applicants regarding ageing management for competent authority approved package designs
Ageing management with evaluation of ageing mechanisms according to para 613A of IAEA SSR-6 (Rev. 1) and their effects are part of the general management system.
Essential items are: AMS (systemic-related), AMP (package design-related) and AMD (package-related)
There are different requirements for organization and extent of ageing management depending on type of use
There are also different requirements for ageing evaluation depending on type of use for packaging/package, classification of components and their accessibility and replaceability
T2 - PATRAM22
CY - Juan-les-Pins, France
DA - 11.06.2023
KW - Package
KW - Ageing
KW - Mechanism
KW - Management
KW - Guide
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57821
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kromm, Arne
T1 - Increasing the Significance of Varestraint Tests through Improved Crack Evaluation
N2 - The contribution describes a newly developed software tool for crack identification and selection in Modified Varestraint Transvarestraint (MVT) testing. From the digital crack information, in addition to the classical results, such as Total Crack Length (TCL) and Maximum Crack Length (MCL), advanced evaluations can be applied, taking into account the loading and welding parameters. A numerical parameter study is conducted to demonstrate how the isolated variation of individual welding and loading parameters, affects the crack lengths that can potentially be expected based on the machine specifics. An alternative crack criterion is presented that evaluates the crack formation in relation to the machine behavior. Some examples demonstrate the possibilities and limitations of the approach. The criterion can be used to compare and transfer the results of different varestraint test variants.
T2 - IIW Annual Assembly, Comission II-C
CY - Singapore
DA - 17.07.2023
KW - Solidification cracking
KW - Varestraint-Test
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57984
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröder, Nina
T1 - Local strain behaviour by digital image correlation of cross weld tensile specimens of high strength steel with two different Ti microalloying routes
N2 - Microalloying elements such as Nb and Ti play a decisive function in achieving the desired mechanical strength of quenched and tempered, high-strength fine-grain structural steels with a nominal yield strength ≥ 690 MPa. The current specifications for the chemical composition only provide manufacturers with upper limits. However, even minor deviations in the alloy concept can have a significant impact on the mechanical properties. Consequently, accurate prediction of weldability and the integrity of welded joints becomes difficult or even impossible due to differences in composition and the resulting microstructures. Undesirable consequences include a possible softening of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) or, conversely, hardening effects. In view of these challenges, various microalloying strategies with different Ti and Nb contents are being systematically investigated for the first time using specially developed laboratory casting alloys. Each alloying route is based on the common S690QL, maintaining both the chemical composition and the heat treatment parameters.
To analyse the weldability, three-layer welds were performed using gas metal arc welding (GMAW) and critical microstructures, such as areas of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) that exhibit significant softening or hardening, were identified. The effect of the softened HAZ region on failure was evaluated using transverse tensile specimens. Digital image correlation (DIC) is used to image changes in local strains in different HAZ regions in situ. Using a specially developed mirror system, the local strains of the microstructure zones on the top and bottom of the weld are recorded simultaneously. This makes it possible to analyse how the weld seam geometry (e.g., V-seam) influences the strain gradients. In addition, the analysis of the local deformation helps to understand the effects of the softened HAZ on the global strain, the fracture constriction, the fracture position, and the overall fracture behavior
T2 - The 77th IIW Annual Assembly and International Conference on Welding and Joining
CY - Rhodos, Greece
DA - 07.07.2024
KW - HSLA
KW - Digital Image Correlation
KW - Microalloy
KW - GMAW
KW - HAZ
KW - Cross-weld tensile test
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60794
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Westin, Elin
T1 - Assessing ferrite content in duplex stainless weld metal: WRC '92 predictions vs. practical measurements
N2 - The weldability of stainless steels is largely controlled by the chemical composition, and alloys with ferritic or ferritic-austenitic solidification show the highest resistance to hot cracking. As the resulting phase balance also affects the final properties, it may be beneficial to both foresee and measure the weld metal ferrite content. The WRC ’92 constitution diagram is currently the most accurate prediction tool available, but it does not take the cooling rate into consideration and the precision may be less accurate for stainless steels with high ferrite numbers (FN). This study aims to assess the reliability of the WRC ’92 diagram for weld metals with FN > 50. The chemical composition was altered through gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) of UNS S32205 with ER347 filler wire that had been PVD-coated with either niobium (Nb), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), carbon (C), or silicon (Si). The actual ferrite content was evaluated using image analysis, FERITSCOPE® and X-ray diffraction (XRD). While predictions from the WRC ’92 diagram were deemed acceptable for Ni, Si, and Mn, notable deviations were observed for Nb, Cu, and C. The FeriteScope exhibited a consistent trend with image analysis, albeit with slightly higher FN values, wider scatter, and the conversion factor from FN to vol.-% is open for discussion. The lowest accuracy and largest spread were obtained using non-contact XRD, rendering it unsuitable for ferrite measurements of welds. These findings underscore the need for improved prediction tools and appropriate measurement methods for assessing ferrite content in duplex weld metals.
T2 - Annual Assembly and International Conference
CY - Rhodes, Greece
DA - 07.07.2024
KW - Duplex steel
KW - Ratio austenite / ferrite
KW - WRC diagram
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60771
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Liepold, Philipp
T1 - Einfluss des Einspanngrades auf die Bildung von Erstarrungsrissen in Überlappverbindungen hochfester Stähle
N2 - Im Vortrag werden Ergebnisse aus Versuchen mit dem Controlled Thermal Severity (CTS)-Test vorgestellt, der für sehr stark eingespannte Kehlnähte bekannt ist. Niedriglegierte Schweißungen an hochfesten Stählen sind nicht anfällig für Erstarrungsrissbildung. Unter dem besonderen Einfluss eines hohen Einspanngrades wurde die Erstarrungsrissneigung durch Abmessen der Rissflächen als Funktion der Schweißparameter und des Einspanngrades für vier hochfeste Schweißzusätze im MAG-Schweißen untersucht. Die Tests zeigen, dass sowohl eine Erhöhung des Einspanngrades als auch eine Änderung der Schweißparameter (hinsichtlich Streckenenergie und Geschwindigkeit) zu mehr Erstarrungsrissfläche führen. Besonders die Kombination aus sehr hohem Einspanngrad und hoher Streckenenergie plus hoher Schweißgeschwindigkeit sollte im Sinne der Erstarrungsrissminimierung vermieden werden.
T2 - DVS-Congress
CY - Erfurt, Germany
DA - 16.09.2024
KW - CTS
KW - Kehlnähte
KW - Erstarrungsrisse
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61068
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Liepold, Philipp
T1 - Investigation of Solidification cracking susceptibility via Modified Varestraint Transvarestraint testing of high-strength filler material
N2 - The Modified Varestraint Transvarestraint test is a local variant of the globally used Varestraint test. With these tests, measuring solidification cracking susceptibility as a function of welding parameters is possible. A wide range of welding parameters for four high-strength steel filler wires, including three solid wires and one-flux cored metal wire, were tested. All wires do show a very low solidification cracking susceptibility, regardless of the paramaters. On a low level, it could be shown that solidification cracking susceptibility increases with heat input and welding speed.
T2 - IIW Annual Assembly
CY - Rhodos, Greece
DA - 07.07.2024
KW - MVT
KW - Varestraint
KW - Transvarestraint
KW - Solidification cracking
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60684
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Liepold, Philipp
T1 - Investigation of restraint intensity influence on solidification cracking of high-strength filler materials in fillet welds via CTS testing
N2 - Testing of highly restraint high-strength fillet welds with regards to solidification cracking susceptibility. The Controlled Thermal Severity test was used to apply a high amount of strain to solidifying welds. Test welds were cut and observed under an optical light microscope. A clear positive correlation between restraint intensity and measured crack sizes, as well as heat input and measured crack sized could be observed.
T2 - IIW Annual Assembly
CY - Rhodos, Greece
DA - 07.07.2024
KW - CTS
KW - Solidification cracking
KW - Hot cracking
KW - High-strength steel
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60682
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hübner, Martin
T1 - Residual stress reduction using LTT welding consumables with focus on the weld geometry
N2 - Low Transformation Temperature (LTT) welding consumables represent an innovative approach to realize compressive residual stress in weld and HAZ. LTT welding consumables use the volume-expanding martensitic phase transformation near room temperature to generate compressive residual stress during cooling. This article focusses on the weld geometry of LTT welding consumables and their influence on residual stress reduction. For this purpose, LTT layers were additionally applied to the front sides of conventionally welded longitudinal stiffeners. By varying parameters such as offset and welding speed, different weld geometries could be realized. These were analyzed for geometric parameters, chemical composition and residual stress using X-ray diffraction and fatigue testing. While the chemical composition was only slightly influenced by parameters changes, a clear influence was observed regarding to weld geometry and residual stress. The conventionally weld was characterized by tensile residual stress of ≈350 MPa at the weld toe, the additional LTT weld bead exhibits compressive and tensile residual stress of ≈-150MPa to ≈+150MPa depending to the parameter variation.
T2 - International Institut of Welding 2024
CY - Rhodos, Greece
DA - 07.07.2024
KW - LTT (Low Transformation Temperature)
KW - Residual stress
KW - Fatigue strength
KW - High-strength steels
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60825
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Karapanagiotis, Christos
A1 - Schukar, Marcus
A1 - Krebber, Katerina
T1 - Verteilte faseroptische Sensoren zur Zustandsüberwachung von Verbundwerkstoff-Druckbehältern
T1 - Distributed fiber optic sensors for structural health monitoring of composite pressure vessels
N2 - In diesem Beitrag geben wir einen umfassenden Überblick über unsere Forschung auf dem Gebiet der verteilten faseroptischen Sensorik für die strukturelle Zustandsüberwachung von Wasserstoffdruckbehältern aus Verbundwerkstoffen. Insbesondere zeigen wir, wie die Integration von faseroptischen Sensoren in Druckbehälter aus Verbundwerkstoffen die Sicherheit erhöht und gleichzeitig die Wartungskosten senkt. Die geringe Größe von Lichtwellenleitern ermöglicht ihre Integration in Verbundwerkstoffstrukturen während des Herstellungsprozesses, wodurch eine kontinuierliche Überwachung sowie eine präzise Erkennung und Lokalisierung von Strukturschäden während des Betriebs der Druckbehälter ermöglicht wird. Wir erörtern auch das Potenzial modernster Signalverarbeitungsmethoden und des maschinellen Lernens für die Weiterentwicklung der vorausschauenden Instandhaltung. Die von uns vorgestellten Anwendungen von faseroptischen Sensoren zeigen, dass sie einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Energiewende hin zu erneuerbaren Energien leisten können.
KW - Verteilte faseroptische Sensoren
KW - Verbundwerkstoffe
KW - Wasserstoff-Druckbehälter
KW - Strukturüberwachung
KW - Maschinelles Lernen
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-596290
DO - https://doi.org/10.1515/teme-2023-0170
SN - 0171-8096
SP - 1
EP - 12
AN - OPUS4-59629
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Karapanagiotis, Christos
T1 - Towards predictive maintenance of hydrogen pressure vessels based on multi-sensor data fusion and digital twin modeling
N2 - Hydrogen pressure vessels are among the most essential components for reliable hydrogen technology. Under current regulations, a mostly conservative strategy is employed, restricting the usage time of hydrogen pressure vessels without providing information on the real remaining lifetime. During the service life, pressure vessels are inspected periodically. However, no established method that can provide continuous monitoring or information on the remaining safe service life of the vessel. In this paper, we propose a sensor network for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) of hydrogen pressure vessels where data from all sensors are collected and centrally evaluated. Specifically, we integrate three different SHM sensing technologies namely Guided Wave ultrasonics (GW), Acoustic Emission testing (AT), and distributed Fiber Optic Sensing (FOS). This integrated approach offers significantly more information and could therefore enable a transition from costly and time-consuming periodic inspections to more efficient and modern predictive maintenance strategies, including Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based evaluation. This does not only have a positive effect on the operational costs but enhances safety through early identification of critical conditions in the overall system in real-time. We demonstrate an experimental set-up of a lifetime test where a Type IV Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessel (COPV) is investigated under cyclic loading instrumented with AT, FOS, and GW methods. We acquired data from the sensor network until the pressure vessel failed due to material degradation. The data collected using the three different SHM sensor technologies is planned to be evaluated individually, using data fusion, and AI. In the future, we aim to integrate the measurement setup into a hydrogen refueling station with the data stream implemented into a digital signal processing chain and a digital twin.
T2 - 11th European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring
CY - Potsdam, Germany
DA - 10.06.2024
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Ultrasonic guided waves
KW - Fiber optic sensors
KW - Acoustic emission
KW - Machine learning
KW - Pressure vessels
KW - Structural health monitoring
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60277
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Karapanagiotis, Christos
T1 - Structural health monitoring of hydrogen pressure vessels using distributed fiber optic sensing
N2 - We report on distributed fiber optic sensing-based monitoring of hydrogen composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPV) to simultaneously increase the operational lifespan and mitigate maintenance costs. Our approach represents, to the best of our knowledge, the first application of distributed fiber optic sensing for COPV Type IV monitoring, where the sensing fibers are attached to the surface, rather than integrated into the composite material. Specifically, we attach an optical fiber of 50 m to the pressure vessel's surface, covering both the cylindrical and dome sections. We note that our fiber optic sensing technique relies on swept wavelength interferometry providing strain information along the entire length of the optical fiber with high spatial resolution even at the millimeter scale. When the vessel is pressurized, the sensing optical fiber shows a linear strain response to pressure at every position along the fiber. After thousands of load cycles, the vessel finally fails with the optical fiber detecting and precisely localizing the damage in the vessel’s blind dome area. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of state-of-the-art signal processing methods and machine learning for advancing predictive maintenance. This could reduce the number of regular inspections, mitigate premature maintenance costs, and simultaneously increase the vessel’s remaining safe service life. We believe that the structural health monitoring of hydrogen pressure vessels with fiber optic sensors can enhance trust in hydrogen technology contributing to the energy transition in the future.
T2 - 11th European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring
CY - Potsdam, Germany
DA - 10.06.2024
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Composites
KW - Pressure vessels
KW - Fiber optic sensors
KW - Machine learning
KW - Structural health monitoring
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60275
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wosniok, Aleksander
T1 - Distributed fiber optic strain sensing for structural health monitoring of 70 MPa hydrogen vessels
N2 - We report on the development and testing of 70 MPa hydrogen pressure
vessels with integrated fiber optic sensing fibers for automotive use. The paper deals with the condition monitoring of such composite pressure vessels (CPVs) using the optical backscatter reflectometry (OBR) applied for a distributed fiber optic strain sensing along fully integrated polyimide-coated single-mode glass optical fiber (SM-GOF). The sensing fibers were embedded into the vessel structure by wrapping them over the polymer liner during the manufacturing process of the carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP). Detecting local strain events by the integrated fiber optic sensors can be an opportunity for monitoring the material degradation of CPVs under static and cyclic loading.
T2 - 11th European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring
CY - Potsdam, Germany
DA - 10.06.2024
KW - Fiber optic sensor
KW - Distributed strain sensing
KW - Composite pressure vessel
KW - Structural health monitoring
KW - Fiber-reinforced plastics
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60307
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Heimann, Jan
A1 - Yilmaz, Bengisu
A1 - Charmi, Amir
A1 - Duffner, Eric
A1 - Schukar, Marcus
A1 - Prager, Jens
T1 - Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) for continuous monitoring of hydrogen pressure vessels
N2 - While hydrogen is one of the most promising energy carriers, the safety of hydrogen storage technology remains one of the most important factors for technological and societal approval. While the engineering safety factors of the pressure vessels are kept high, the periodic inspection and the limited lifetime are making the application very costly considering manpower, time, money, and material waste. The development of an integrated structural health monitoring system can allow an easy transition from the current situation to cost-effective predictive maintenance. Hence, we propose to integrate three different SHM systems into hydrogen pressure vessels, namely guided wave ultrasonics, acoustic emission, and fibre optic sensing, to continuously monitor the condition and integrity.
In this work, we evaluated the condition of a Type IV composite overwrapped pressure vessel using ultrasonic guided wave propagation. We mounted fifteen piezo-electric wafers on the composite cylinder by shaping three rings containing five sensors each. We acquired data from the sensor network following different boundary conditions with artificial damages on the selected locations. The data were evaluated with guided wave tomography techniques using ultrasonic features (amplitude, frequency, etc.) as well as artificial intelligence (AI). The results suggest that both traditional guided wave fusion techniques and AI-based characterization methods can detect artificial damages. In future work, it is planned to integrate acoustic emission and fibre optic sensing. Moreover, the measurement and the test results will be implemented into a digital twin to derive trends and make predictions on the damage propagation as well as the remaining useful lifetime.
This work has received funding from German Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Actions within the QI-Digital initiative (www.qi-digital.de).
T2 - SCHALL 23
CY - Wetzlar, Germany
DA - 21.03.2023
KW - Structural Health Monitoring
KW - Ultrasonic Guided Waves
KW - Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessel
KW - Hydrogen
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58026
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Popiela, Bartosz
T1 - PhD Topic 5: Summer School Update. Influence of manufacturing process related residual stresses in wound composite material on the operational safety of H2 pressure vessels
N2 - The presentation is an update on the progress of the PhD Project. It focuses on the residual stress induction during the winding process of type 4 composite pressure vessels. Moreover, an overview of the experimental study is given, with focus on the manufacturing of composite pressure vessels.
T2 - Summer School 2023 - BTU-BAM Graduate School "Trustworthy Hydrogen"
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 04.09.2023
KW - Residual stress
KW - Composite
KW - Pressure vessel
KW - Hydrogen
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58239
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Karapanagiotis, Christos
A1 - Schukar, Marcus
A1 - Breithaupt, Mathias
A1 - Krebber, Katerina
T1 - Monitoring of composite pressure vessels using surface applied distributed fiber optic sensors
N2 - In this paper, we report on surface-applied distributed fibre optic sensors for monitoring composite pressure vessels designed for hydrogen storage. Previous reports have revealed that integrating optical fibres within vessel composite structures effectively enables the monitoring of structural behavior throughout their lifetime.
However, integrating optical fibres during the manufacturing process is complex and time-consuming. Therefore, we aim to simplify this process by attaching the optical fibres to the vessel’s surface. This method is significantly more timeefficient than the integration process and can be applied to any vessel. Our results demonstrate that surface-applied fibre optic sensors can detect and precisely localise damage.
Additionally, signs of damage can be recognised even before the damage occurs. Predictive maintenance using fibre optic sensors could reduce premature maintenance costs and periodic inspections while increasing safety and extending the vessel’s useful service life. The role of machine learning in predictive maintenance is also discussed.
T2 - 20th Sensors & their Applications Conference
CY - Limerick, Ireland
DA - 11.08.2024
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Fiber optic sensors
KW - Composites
KW - Machine learning
KW - Structural health monitoring
PY - 2024
SP - 1
EP - 4
AN - OPUS4-60911
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Karapanagiotis, Christos
T1 - Monitoring hydrogen composite pressure vessels using surface applied distributed fiber optic sensors
N2 - We report on surface-applied distributed fibre optic sensors for monitoring composite pressure vessels designed for hydrogen storage. Previous reports have revealed that integrating optical fibres within vessel composite structures effectively enables the monitoring of structural behavior throughout their lifetime.
However, integrating optical fibres during the manufacturing process is complex and time-consuming. Therefore, we aim to simplify this process by attaching the optical fibres to the vessel’s surface. This method is significantly more timeefficient than the integration process and can be applied to any vessel. Our results demonstrate that surface-applied fibre optic sensors can detect and precisely localise damage.
Additionally, signs of damage can be recognised even before the damage occurs. Predictive maintenance using fibre optic sensors could reduce premature maintenance costs and periodic inspections while increasing safety and extending the vessel’s useful service life. The role of machine learning in predictive maintenance is also discussed.
T2 - 20th Sensors & their Applications Conference
CY - Limerick, Ireland
DA - 11.08.2024
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Fiber optic sensors
KW - Composites
KW - Machine learning
KW - Structural health monitoring
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60831
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wosniok, Aleksander
T1 - WP6 Different Components and System Prototyping
N2 - We report on the development and testing of 70 MPa hydrogen pressure vessels with integrated fibre optic sensors for automotive use as a part of the European SH2APED project. The most research results were achieved in the framework of the Work Package 6.
T2 - General Assembly Project SH2APED
CY - Brussels, Belgium
DA - 25.09.2024
KW - Composite pressure vessel
KW - Fibre optic sensor
KW - Distributed strain sensing
KW - Structural health monitoring
KW - Optical backscatter reflectometry
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61212
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wosniok, Aleksander
T1 - Distributed fibre optic strain sensing for structural health monitoring of composite pressure vessels
N2 - We report on the development and testing of 70 MPa hydrogen pressure vessels with integrated fibre optic sensors for automotive use. The research results were achieved in the framework of the European project SH2APED.
T2 - Stakeholders' Workshop SH2APED
CY - Brussels, Belgium
DA - 26.09.2024
KW - Composite pressure vessel
KW - Fibre optic sensor
KW - Distributed strain sensing
KW - Structural health monitoring
KW - Fibre-reinforced plastics
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61211
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Popiela, Bartosz
T1 - Non-Destructive Testing of Type 4 Composite Pressure Vessels
N2 - Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) of type 4 composite pressure vessels can be seen as key to better understanding the behaviour of the composite structure and the impact of the manufacturing process on its quality. In this presentation, NDT methods used in the “Trustworthy Hydrogen” project are introduced. A brief discussion of the observed phenomena is provided.
T2 - Visit of a delegation from Korea Fire Institute (KFI)
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 24.06.2024
KW - Composite
KW - Pressure vessel
KW - Non-destructive testing
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60401
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Stargardt, Patrick
T1 - H2 permeability of soda-lime, borosilicate and vitreous silica glasses for potential high pressure H2 storage applications
N2 - Modern high-pressure H2 tanks consist of fiber-reinforced composite materials and a plastic lining on the inside. The use of glass would drastically increase the H2 barrier effect. This could be achieved with glass liners or fiber-reinforced polymer-bonded glass capillary storage tanks and would enable lower wall thicknesses, higher gravimetric storage densities and variable designs and thus a much more effective use of space.
However, the decisive material parameters for the development of these technologies, such as the hydrogen permeation, are unknown. This study focuses on H2 diffusion in glasses of different chemical compositions.
H2 permeation is measured by mass spectrometry. For this purpose, the mass spectrometer (MS), which is located in a high vacuum, is separated from the pressure side by the test specimen. Pure H2 gas is present on the pressure side, so that the mass flow is recorded qualitatively and quantitatively in the MS. The permeation coefficients are calculated from the sample geometry and the mass flow rates. The very low H2 permeation of glass is measured on bundles of thin-walled commercially available glass capillaries and compared with the hydrogen permeation data of the glass powder method.
T2 - Jahrestagung der Deutschen Glastechnischen Gesellschaft 2024
CY - Aachen, Germany
DA - 27.05.2024
KW - Gas permeation
KW - Hydrogen gas
KW - High pressure gas storage
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60420
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Fey, Gero
T1 - Nachbildung der Schweißgefüge von Pipelinestählen durch Dilatometerversuche: ZTU-Diagramme und Wärmeeinflusszonen im Fokus
N2 - This study investigates the suitability of low-alloy pipeline steels for hydrogen transportation, focusing on the development of weld microstructures. Previous research has been limited by a deficiency in the understanding of how different microstructural components respond to trapped hydrogen. By developing Continuous Cooling Transformation (CCT) diagrams through dilatometry analysis, this study explores the impact of t8/5-cooling times (the time between 800 °C and 500 °C) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the HAZ compared to the base material. The findings provide valuable insights into how cooling times influence transformation temperatures and microstructure development, which, in turn, affect hydrogen diffusion and absorption. These findings establish a foundation for future investigations into hydrogen's impact on weld microstructures, including experimental studies, with the aim of optimizing welding practices and enhancing resistance to hydrogen-assisted cracking. Ultimately, this research contributes to improving the safety and reliability of hydrogen transportation systems in commonly used industrial pipeline steels.
T2 - Forschungsseminar am Institut für Werkstoff- und Fügetechnik der Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg
CY - Magdeburg, Germany
DA - 18.06.2025
KW - Pipelinestahl
KW - ZTU
KW - WEZ
KW - L555ME
KW - X80M
KW - Dilatometrie
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63751
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Fey, Gero
T1 - Thermophysically Simulated Weld HAZ and CCT Diagram of High Strength Low Alloy Pipeline Steel
N2 - This study investigates the suitability of low-alloy pipeline steels for hydrogen transportation, focusing on the development of weld microstructures. Previous research has been limited by a deficiency in the understanding of how different microstructural components respond to trapped hydrogen. By developing Continuous Cooling Transformation (CCT) diagrams through dilatometry analysis, this study explores the impact of t8/5-cooling times (the time between 800 °C and 500 °C) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the HAZ compared to the base material. The findings provide valuable insights into how cooling times influence transformation temperatures and microstructure development, which, in turn, affect hydrogen diffusion and absorption. These findings establish a foundation for future investigations into hydrogen's impact on weld microstructures, including experimental studies, with the aim of optimizing welding practices and enhancing resistance to hydrogen-assisted cracking. Ultimately, this research contributes to improving the safety and reliability of hydrogen transportation systems in commonly used industrial pipeline steels.
T2 - 78th IIW Annual Assembly & International Conference on Welding and Joining
CY - Genoa, Italy
DA - 22.06.2025
KW - Pipeline steel
KW - CCT
KW - HAZ
KW - Dilatometry
KW - Welding
KW - L485ME
KW - X70M
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63752
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Königsbauer, Korbinian
T1 - Distributed fiber optic sensing as a new approach for comprehensive multi-parameter monitoring of underground hydrogen storage facilities
N2 - Hydrogen plays a significant role in the green energy transition and energy independence. Underground hydrogen storage facilities are of great importance for the hydrogen network, as they can store and regulate large quantities of gas. Due to the high explosion risk associated with hydrogen, these facilities need to be closely monitored to avoid any hazardous consequences, such as leaks or explosions. However, it is extremely challenging to perform a comprehensive, seamless and continuous monitoring of the facilities in practice. Distributed fiber optic sensors (DFOSs) are well-suited to address these challenges. The DFG project MUDFOS aims to develop a hybrid DFOS system capable of simultaneously and accurately measuring five key parameters (hydrogen concentration, temperature, strain, humidity, and vibration) that are critical for hydrogen infrastructure over long sensing distances based on Raman-, Rayleigh- and Brillouin-scattering effects.
T2 - Kolloquium H2Safety@BAM
CY - Online meeting
DA - 16.07.2025
KW - Distributed Fiber Optic Sensing
KW - Monitoring of Hydrogen Storage Facilities
KW - Multi-Parameter Monitoring
KW - Raman-, Rayleigh- and Brillouin-Scattering
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63748
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Fey, Gero
T1 - Unter Druck gesetzt: Die unterschätzte Bedeutung des In-Service-Schweißen an druckführenden, in Betrieb befindlicher H2-Ferngasleitungen
N2 - Wasserstoff gilt als Energieträger für die Erreichung der Klimaziele und einer nachhaltigen zukünftigen Energieversorgung. Für den notwendigen Transport des Wasserstoffs in großem Maßstab und über weite Entfernungen ist eine zuverlässige Pipeline-Infrastruktur erforderlich. Umfassende weltweite Forschungsprojekte deuten auf die allgemeine Kompatibilität der verwendeten überwiegend ferritischen Stähle für die vorgesehenen Betriebsbedingungen von bis zu 60 °C bei 100 bar Wasserstoff hin. Dies ist jedoch nicht direkt übertragbar auf schweißtechnische Reparatur- und Wartungsarbeiten an im Betrieb befindlichen Pipelines. Ein im Erdgasnetz etabliertes Verfahren stellt das „Hot-Tapping“ dar, bei dem eine unter Druck stehende Pipeline im Betrieb angebohrt wird. Hierfür kommt ein an die Rohrleitung geschweißtes Formstück zum Einsatz, das die Montage der Bohr-/Lochschneidemaschine ermöglicht. In den Richtlinien EIGA 121/14 bzw. AIGA 033/14 wird darauf hingewiesen, dass das Anbohren von Wasserstoffleitungen kein Routineverfahren darstellt: “[…] a hydrogen hot-tap shall not be considered a routine procedure […]“. Dieser Aussage liegt unter anderem zugrunde, dass das Anschweißen des Formstücks an das Rohr und alle zu erwartenden Wärmebehandlungen vor und nach dem Schweißen eine lokale Temperaturerhöhung verursachen. Insbesondere auch an der Rohrinnenfläche, die dem Wasserstoff ausgesetzt ist. Diese erhöhten Temperaturen begünstigen die Absorption und Diffusion von Wasserstoff in das Material. Besonders zu beachten ist außerdem die lokal auftretende kurzzeitige Austenitisierung des Materials, die eine lokal stark erhöhte Wasserstoffkonzentration verursachen kann. Aus den genannten Gründen gibt diese Studie einen kurzen Überblick über die derzeit weltweit verfügbaren Forschungsprojekte zum Schweißen von Wasserstoff-Pipelines im Betrieb. Vorgestellt werden unter anderem erste Ergebnisse des Kooperationsforschungsprojektes H2SuD, das derzeit an der BAM bearbeitet wird.
T2 - DVM-Workshop "Werkstoffe für die Wasserstoffinfrastruktur – von der Werkstoffentwicklung bis zum Einsatz im Bauteil"
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 21.05.2025
KW - Pipeline
KW - Schweißen
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - In-Service Welding
KW - Reparaturschweißen
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63749
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Fey, Gero
T1 - Ermittlung wasserstoffabhängiger, mechanischer Eigenschaften der Schweißnahtgefüge niedriglegierter Stähle für Ferngasleitungen
N2 - This study investigates the suitability of low-alloy pipeline steels for hydrogen transportation, focusing on the development of weld microstructures. Previous research has been limited by a deficiency in the understanding of how different microstructural components respond to trapped hydrogen. By developing Continuous Cooling Transformation (CCT) diagrams through dilatometry analysis, this study explores the impact of t8/5-cooling times (the time between 800 °C and 500 °C) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the HAZ compared to the base material. The findings provide valuable insights into how cooling times influence transformation temperatures and microstructure development, which, in turn, affect hydrogen diffusion and absorption. These findings establish a foundation for future investigations into hydrogen's impact on weld microstructures, including experimental studies, with the aim of optimizing welding practices and enhancing resistance to hydrogen-assisted cracking. Ultimately, this research contributes to improving the safety and reliability of hydrogen transportation systems in commonly used industrial pipeline steels.
T2 - DVM-Workshop "Werkstoffe für die Wasserstoffinfrastruktur – von der Werkstoffentwicklung bis zum Einsatz im Bauteil"
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 21.05.2025
KW - Pipelinestahl
KW - Dilatometrie
KW - ZTU
KW - WEZ
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63750
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eggert, Lara
T1 - Korrosivitätsbestimmungen an Offshoreanlagen
N2 - Im Rahmen des Teilprojektes PtX-Wind wurden verschiedene küstennahe sowie offshore Standorte beprobt, um die tatsächliche Korrosivität der Atmosphären zu bestimmen. Mit Offshore Auslagerungsversuchen auf einer Technikplattform (freibewitterter und überdachter Bereich) und an Windenergieanlagen (Außen- und Innenbereich), sollten Daten zur Korrosivität ermittelt werden. Diese stellen eine Grundlage für die dauerhafte und gleichzeitige wirtschaftliche Auslegung des Korrosionsschutzes für Offshore-Prozessanlagen dar. Für Offshore-Windkraftanlagen wird auf Grundlage der abgeschätzten Atmosphäre nach DIN ISO 9223 immer einer Korrosivitätskategorie C5/CX angenommen, was einen entsprechenden Aufwand für den Korrosionsschutz nach sich zieht.
Bei den vorliegenden Untersuchungen zeigte sich, dass für Stahl ab einer Höhe von ca. 40 m über der Meeresoberfläche nur eine Korrosivitätskategorie von C3 bis C4 ermittelt wurde. Dies ist vergleichbar mit Standorten an küstennahen Bereichen bzw. Inseln, bei denen die Kategorie C3 vorliegt.
Im teilklimatisierten Inneren des Turmes liegt die Korrosivitätskategorie nur bei C2. Die Korrosivitätskategorie C2 wurde aber auch für das nicht klimatisierte Air Transition Deck festgestellt. Auf Grundlage dieser Informationen kann die Auslegung des Korrosionsschutzes sowohl für Außenkomponenten als auch für Anlagenkomponenten in klimatisierten Containern abgeleitet werden.
Für alle anderen küstennahen Standorten lag die ermittelte Korrosivität für Zink und Aluminium maximal bei C3. Für Kupfer wurden die höchsten Korrosionsraten mit C4 bis C5 ermittelt, was etwa bei der Auslegung des Korrosionsschutzes elektronischer Bauteile im Außenbereich entsprechend Beachtung finden muss.
Neben den Korrosivitätsinformationen liefern die Auslagerungsversuche auch Informationen über die Performance typischer Konstruktionsmaterialien im Offshore Bereich, wie etwa nichtrostender Stähle sowie ausgewählter Korrosionsschutzmaßnahmen. Der Beitrag stellt ausgewählte Ergebnisse der Auslagerungskampagnen vor.
T2 - H2Mare-Verbundprojekttreffen PtX-Wind & TransferWind
CY - Bremerhaven, Germany
DA - 09.07.2025
KW - Atmosphärische Korrosion
KW - Standardproben
KW - Offshore
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63767
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eggert, Lara
T1 - Möglichkeiten im Meerwasserlabor
N2 - Das Meerwasserlabor am Eidersperrwerk wurde vorgestellt. Dabei lag der Fokus auf die elektrochemischen Versuchsmöglichkeiten, Monitoring von Versuchsparametern, atmosphärische Korrosion und der Bewuchs an getauchten Prüfkörpern.
T2 - H2Mare-Verbundprojekttreffen PtX-Wind & TransferWind
CY - Bremerhaven, Germany
DA - 09.07.2025
KW - Meerwasserlabor
KW - Maritime Korrosion
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63766
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Ghafafian, Carineh
T1 - Damage Mechanisms of Scarf Joint Repairs for Wind Turbine Rotor Blade Shell Applications
N2 - Wind turbine rotor blades, made of fiber reinforced polymers (FRP), often fail before their projected 20-year lifespan, largely due to defects that originate during manufacturing and are propagated by operational fatigue and environmental conditions. The cost-intensive replacement outcomes lead to a high loss of earnings, and are one of the inhibitors of wind turbine production [1]. A potential repair alternative is to locally patch these areas of the blades with adhesively bonded structural repairs. However, the effects of such repair methods of the outer shell region on the structural integrity of the rotor blades are still largely unknown, and are thus investigated in this project.
The shell components of rotor blades are made of FRP composite material sandwiching a lightweight core, often a rigid foam or Balsa wood. The repair methods involve replacing the lost load path with a new material that is joined to the parent structure [2]. Repairs in this project focus on the scarf method, which allow for a smoother load distribution across the joint, aiming to study the damage mechanism of glass FRP scarf repairs for wind turbine blade shell applications. Namely, the source and path of the damage initiation and propagation, role of the interface between parent and patch material, and the role of the fiber orientation mismatch at this interface are examined. Biaxial ±45° and 0/90° FRP specimens are produced with the vacuum-assisted resin infusion (VARI) process using E-glass non-crimp fabric. The patch layers are then joined using VARI with a scarf ratio of 1:50, using glass FRP fabric with half the areal weight of the parent side to allow for better drapability. The methods and practices in specimen production are based on common industry practice in rotor blade shell manufacturing and repairs.
The specimens are tested under uniaxial tensile load, during which they are periodically monitored for damage onset. A comparison of the ±45° and 0/90° specimens allows for an understanding of the role of a highly mismatching fiber orientation in the transition zone between parent and patch material on the failure mechanism of the scarf joint. Although failure in both orientations begins as delamination at the joint edge, the difference in the mechanisms at play in the two different specimen types leads ultimately to different fracture paths. Namely, in the inter fiber failure mechanism of the ±45° specimens, the higher interlaminar strength compared to the intralaminar strength of the laminate leads to intralaminar failure of the ±45° scarf joint specimens. Alternatively, the competition in the 0/90° specimens lies between the interlaminar strength and fiber failure strength, and here we experience failure primarily across the scarf joint length. The scarf joint in the 0/90° specimens disrupts the continuity of the load-carrying 0° layers, directing the failure path to remain primarily along the scarf joint. Experimental results are compared to finite element analyses of scarf patch repairs on glass FRP sandwich specimens with the same respective layup orientations, where the damage initiation regions are identified and correlated to fiber orientation, serving as a bridge to future work which will experimentally examine the scarf repair patches on sandwich shell specimens.
T2 - Joint Event: ICCS23 - 23rd International Conference on Composite Structures & MECHCOMP6 - 6th International Conference on Mechanics of Composites
CY - Online meeting
DA - 01.09.2020
KW - Wind turbine blade shells
KW - Glass fiber reinforced polymers
KW - Scarf repairs
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-51175
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Popiela, Bartosz
T1 - FEM-Analyse der Reparaturstellen an FKV-Sandwichplatten
N2 - Untersuchung des Einflusses des Reparaturpatches auf das Verhalten
der reparierten GFK-Sandwichproben unter Zug-, Druck- und Schubbeanspruchung.
T2 - 25. Nationales SAMPE-Symposium
CY - Kassel, Germany
DA - 18.02.2020
KW - Rotorblätter
KW - Glasfaserverstärkter Kunststoff
KW - Sandwichstruktur
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-50544
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bernardy, Christopher
A1 - Konert, Florian
A1 - Popiela, Bartosz
A1 - Sarif, Raduan
T1 - H2Safety@BAM: Competence Center for safe hydrogen technologies
N2 - Presentation of the competence center H2Safety@BAM at the European PhD Hydrogen Conference 2024 in Ghent, Belgium.
T2 - European PhD Hydrogen Conference 2024 (EPHyC2024)
CY - Ghent, Belgium
DA - 20.03.2024
KW - H2safety
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Safety
KW - Competence center
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59756
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Reinsch, Stefan
T1 - Sub-Tg relaxation in hydrous soda-lime-silicate and sodium-borosilicate glasses
N2 - Water plays an important role for the depolymerization of silicate glasses which becomes noticeable by a distinct decrease of glass transformation temperature, Tg. Thus, it has a considerable influence on aging and fatigue as well as on sub-critical crack growth in glasses. In this connection also sub-Tg relaxation processes play a major role, but they are poorly investigated in glasses with high contents of structural bonded water. Therefore, soda-lime-silicate and sodium-borosilicate glasses with water contents up to 5 wt.% H2O were investigated by differential thermal analysis and sphere penetration viscometry, as well as internal friction measurements. The latter was applied to study network related relaxation mechanisms (α-relaxation) in the range of glass transition, as well as faster relaxation modes occurring at lower temperatures (β-, γ- relaxation). Total water content and concentrations of H2O molecules (CH2O) and OH groups (COH) in the glasses were determined by infrared spectroscopy.
For low water contents two sub-Tg internal friction peaks were observed and assigned to the low-temperature motion of alkali ions (γ-relaxation) and cooperative movements of dissimilar mobile species under participation of OH at higher temperature (βOH relaxation).
For large water contents, where significant amounts of molecular water are evident, a low temperature shoulder appears on the β-relaxation peak. This emerging relaxation mode (βH2O relaxation) was assigned to the motions of H2O molecules.
T2 - 91. Glastechnische Tagung
CY - Weimar, Germany
DA - 28.05.2017
KW - Water-bearing glasses
KW - Mechanical loss spectroscopy
KW - Relaxation
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-40810
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kiefer, P.
T1 - Viscosity of water bearing glasses in the glass transition range – Phosphates vs. silicates and borates
N2 - Water has a strong impact on the viscosity and the transition temperature of oxide glasses. It acts as a fluxing agent, reducing viscosity particularly in the glass transition range, and by that flattening the viscosity-temperature curve and decreasing the fragility of hydrous glass melts. This general behavior is found for silicate and borate as well as in borosilicate compositions. However, there is still a lack of data with respect to hydrous phosphate glasses. Here, we study the influence of structural water on the viscosity of Li2O-MgO-(Al2O3-)P2O5 glasses. The glasses were synthesized in an internally heated pressure vessel (IHPV) at a pressure of 0.5 GPa. The selected pressure allows for the synthesis of glass specimens with water contents of several wt.%. The viscosity measurements were carried out in the glass transition range, i.e. log η ≈ 10-13 (η in Pa s), using a sphere penetration viscometer. The measured data agree with glass transition temperatures measured by differential thermo analysis. First results further suggest that the fragility of the analyzed phosphates decreases with increasing water content.
T2 - 91. Glastechnische Tagung
CY - Weimar, Germany
DA - 28.05.2017
KW - Water-bearing glasses
KW - Viscosity
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-40812
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Waurischk, Tina
T1 - New device for inert crack growth measurements in ultra-strong glasses
N2 - The practical strength of glasses under ambient conditions is substantially lower compared to its intrinsic strength because of sub-critical crack growth (SCCG) from microscopic flaws. While SCCG is related to the humidity of the ambient atmosphere, leading to stress corrosion phenomena, the detailed kinetics are still not fully understood. To get better insight to the contribution of water on the crack-tip, highly water bearing glasses will be investigated by a new device for inert SCCG-measurements using double cantilever beam (DCB) geometry specimens. This device was designed to investigate the stress intensity factor in modus I and crack velocity in vacuum, but different atmospheres can also be introduced.
For validation of the new device, first experiments were performed on microscope slides as well as on a soda-lime silicate and a borosilicate crown glass. The results achieved will be presented in comparison to the published results of Wiederhorn.
T2 - 91. Glastechnische Tagung
CY - Weimar, Germany
DA - 29.05.2017
KW - Double cantilever beam
KW - DCB
KW - Crack intensity factor
KW - Crack growth velocity
KW - Glass
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-40680
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Welter, T.
T1 - Glass structures with low helium and hydrogen permeability
N2 - An efficient energy provision using fuel cells is linked to effecitve hydrogen storage capabilities. Because of its low intrinsic hydrogen permeability, glass has a huge potential in modern concepts of hydrogen storage. Previous studies on oxidic glasses showed an empirical connection between glass composition and gas permeation, which was mainly derived from the behavior of silica glass. In this study we focus on the relationship between topologic (free volume; network polymerization) and thermodynamic (configurational entropy) parameters. The comparison of three glasses within the meta (earth-) alkaline alumino silicate system to silica glass shows that an increase of the atomic packing factor (APF) does not necessarily decrease the permeability. Furthermore, the results suggest a connection between ΔCp at Tg and hydrogen permeability of the glass. All experiments were performed assuming that chemical hydrogen solubiltity in glass is negligible at temperatures well below the glass transition temperature.
T2 - 91. Glastechnische Tagung
CY - Weimar, Germany
DA - 29.05.2017
KW - Hydrogen permeability
KW - Glass composition
KW - Atomic packing factor
KW - Configurational entropy
KW - Diffusion coefficient
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-40488
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Marzok, Ulrich
T1 - Measurement of H2 permeability of glasses with VHE powder method
N2 - The development of glassy hydrogen barriers requires the determination of low H2 permeabilities. Previous studies and numerical simulations have shown that the VHE powder method (vacuum hot extraction with mass spectrometric gas detection) is suitable for this purpose. The measured isothermal gas emission is fitted to a classical diffusion model for spherical particles from which the diffusion coefficient of the glass is calculated. The H2 permeability is determined by means of the solubility determined from the same measurement data. This presentation is referring to the optimization of the method regarding sample preparation and measurement data evaluation using suitable experimentally determined particle size distributions is reported. For quartz glass, it is shown that the accuracy of classical measuring methods is achieved with the VHE powder method. Furthermore, other examples of substantially gas-tighter glasses are given.
T2 - 91. Glastechnische Tagung
CY - Weimar, Germany
DA - 29.05.2017
KW - Hydrogen permeation
KW - Glass
KW - Vacuum hot extraction
KW - Powder method
KW - Diffusion coefficient
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-40441
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Waurischk, Tina
T1 - New device for inert sub-critical crack growth: measurements in crystallized glasses
N2 - Compared to its intrinsic strength, the practical strength of glasses is substantially
lowered by microscopic flaws. Their sub critical growth from the surface is strongly
affected by ambient humidity.
A new device was designed to enable the observation of sub critical crack growth
(SCCG) in vacuum and controlled atmosphere. It allows measurements in transparent and
semi-transparent materials in double cantilever beam (DCB) geometry. The aim of the
present work is to study the effect of crystals on crack growth.
T2 - 12th International Symposium on Crystallization in Glasses and Liquids
CY - Segovia, Spain
DA - 10.09.2017
KW - Double cantilever beam
KW - DCB
KW - Crack intensity factor
KW - Crack growth velocity
KW - Glass
KW - Glass ceramic
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-41995
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Müller, Ralf
A1 - Körner, S.
T1 - Dissolution and reprecipitation of silver in sintering silver-glass dispersions
N2 - Electric contacts based on silver-glass dispersions are key components in optoelectronic microsystems and control modules for medical, information & communication and energy technology in our networked society. Driven by the complexity of modern production processes and ever shorter time-to-market requirements, the fast and specific development of tailored silver-glass dispersions has become a bottleneck of technology development. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms of silver dissolution, transport, and reprecipitation, and the resulting micro structure evolution during firing are poorly understood. The broad literature on the precipitation of colloidal silver particles and the related processes of silver dissolution and diffusion mostly refer to very small volume fractions of silver. Transferring these results to the sintering of glass-containing silver dispersions, is therefore highly questionable. In this case, silver dissolution, electrical contact between silver particles, transport and reprecipitation take place under special conditions. This includes short diffusion lengths (particle size < 10 μm), the presence of three-phase contacts silver - glass - sintering atmosphere, as well as silver reprecipitation at the sintering contacts as the driving force of silver transport. Here, a dynamic balance of the silver concentration can be expected to result from the ratio between silver dissolution and reprecipitation. The aim of the project is to gain basic insight into the mechanisms of dissolution, transport and reprecipitation of silver in sintering silver glass dispersions. In this context, the main focus is on gaining basic knowledge about the dissolution of metallic silver in low melting oxide glasses as the limiting factor of the sintering of silver-glass composites. In particular, we will strive to gain insight into the effect of the oxygen content of the sintering atmosphere, of the oxygen dissolved in the silver particles, of silver oxide on the surface of the silver powder, of the electric contact between the silver particles, as well as the basicity of the glass. Furthermore, we strive for insights into the silver mobility and the silver concentration that can be attained (silver solubility) in oxide glasses with a low melting point. Summing up all these aspects, a closed explanatory model for silver dissolution, transport and reprecipitation during the sintering of glass silver dispersions will be introduced.
T2 - DFG Begutachtungskolloquium (PAK 949/1 und PAK 950/1)
CY - Bonn, Germany
DA - 07.03.2017
KW - Sintering
KW - Silver
KW - Glass
KW - Solubility
KW - Reprecipitation
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-44227
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Blaeß, Carsten
A1 - Müller, Ralf
T1 - Master curve for viscous crack healing
N2 - A novel method to generalize kinetic data of viscous crack healing in glasses is proposed. The method assumes that crack healing progress is proportional to the healing time, t, and indirect proportional to viscosity, n. This way, crack length and crack width data, normalized to the initial crack length and plotted versus t/n, allow to compare crack healing progress for different cracks and healing temperatures in a master curve. Crack healing experiments conducted in this study demonstrate the applicability of this method for a commercial microscope slide glass.
KW - Crack healing
KW - Glass
KW - Master curve
KW - Vickers indentation
PY - 2018
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2017.12.082
SN - 0167-577X
SN - 1873-4979
VL - 216
SP - 110
EP - 112
PB - Elsevier
AN - OPUS4-44300
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Blaeß, Carsten
T1 - Crack healing in glass matrix composites
N2 - Partially crystalline glasses are predominantly used as solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) sealants due to their superior long term durability. However, cracks caused by thermal cycling still remain a substantial bottleneck in developing durable SOFC sealants inasmuch as, in contrast to crystal free glasses, large crystal volume fractions can retard healing. Hence, the basic understanding of crack healing in glassy crystalline materials and the effects of micro structure are important for finding optimum micro structures for both, durability and crack healing.
For studying these effects, several model glass matrix composites (GMC), for which simultaneous crystal growth and crack healing can be excluded, have been synthesized. Sodium calcium silicate glass – zirconia GMC turned out to provide sufficiently homogeneous, dense and durable model GMC for our studies. The microstructure of this GMC shows large crystal free glassy regions embedded in network of finely dispersed ZrO2 nanoscale crystals. Whereas the glassy regions allow easy local crack healing, the network of dispersed crystals increases the effective viscosity on a global scale. This effect substantially retards crack broadening during later healing stages, which often ends up in large pores. Therefore, this type of microstructure seems to be an interesting candidate for crack healing optimized sealants.
T2 - Crystallization 2017
CY - Segovia, Spain
DA - 10.09.2017
KW - Glass
KW - Glass ceramic
KW - Crack healing
KW - Microstructure
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-42291
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Blaeß, Carsten
T1 - Crack healing in glasses and glass matrix composites
N2 - Fundamental understanding of crack healing in glassy crystalline materials is very important for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) sealants, since cracks caused by sealing or thermal cycling still remain a substantial bottleneck in developing durable SOFC.
Previous studies on soda lime silicate glass [Sin14] showed that crack healing is driven by viscous flow and that healing progress is proportional to time t and inverse viscosity η. This finding would allow to present healing data of a given glass for different temperatures in a master curve healing progress versus t/η. Such master curves would be a helpful tool in understanding crack healing kinetics.
Against this background, crack healing in non-crystallizing sodium calcium silicate (NCS) and sodium borosilicate glasses (NBS) have been studied. Moreover, to evaluate the influence of micro structure in crystallized glass on crack healing process, glass matrix composites (GMC) were prepared from NCS and zirconia as inert ceramic filler material mimicking a partially crystalline micro structure. By this way, the micro structure can be kept constant during crack healing. Cracks were generated by Vickers indention and healed isothermally at different temperatures. Crack healing progress was monitored by optical and electron microscopy. Results show that the above mentioned proportionality actually applies for the studied glasses for which such a master curve could be obtained. In comparison to a non-crystallized glass, the effective viscosity of GMC is increased by the rigid filler content. This effect substantially retards crack broadening during later healing stages, which often ends up in large pores. On the other hand, local viscous crack healing is still possible in larger glassy regions. This behavior seems to be very interesting for crack healing optimized micro structures.
T2 - Crystallization 2017
CY - Segovia, Spain
DA - 10.09.2017
KW - Glass
KW - Glass ceramic
KW - Crack healing
KW - Microstructure
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-42285
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Blaeß, Carsten
T1 - Master curve for crack healing in silicate glasses
N2 - Fundamental understanding of crack healing in glassy crystalline materials is very important for many applications, especially for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) sealants since cracks caused by mechanical stress or thermal cycling still remain a substantial bottleneck in developing durable SOFC.
Previous studies on soda lime silicate glass published by Singh showed that crack healing is driven by viscous flow. He postulated that the healing progress is proportional to time, t, and the inverse viscosity. For a given glass, this finding would allow to present data of crack healing measured at different temperatures in a master curve, if the healing progress is plotted versus t/. Such master curves would be a helpful tool in understanding crack healing kinetics.
To verify the applicability of such master curves, crack healing in non-crystallizing soda-lime-silicate (NCS) and sodium-borosilicate glasses (NBS) was studied. Cracks were generated by Vickers indention and healed isothermally at different temperatures. Crack healing progress was monitored by optical and electron microscopy. The results show that the above mentioned proportionality applies to the two glasses and the afore developed master curve could be obtained in both cases.
T2 - Crystallization 2017
CY - Segovia, Spain
DA - 10.09.2017
KW - Glass
KW - Crack healing
KW - Vickers
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-42293
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Stajanca, Pavol
A1 - Woyessa, G.
A1 - Schukar, Marcus
A1 - Bang, O.
A1 - Krebber, Katerina
T1 - Response of microstructured plastic optical fiber Bragg grating to gamma radiation
N2 - Response of PMMA-based plastic optical fiber Bragg grating (FBG) to gamma radiation is investigated for the first time. FBG wavelength shift as large as 150 pm is observed for irradiation to 18 kGy.
T2 - 5th Workshop on specialty optical fibers and their applications
CY - Limassol, Cyprus
DA - 11.10.2017
KW - Fiber Bragg gratings
KW - Optical sensing and sensors
KW - Plastic optical fibers
KW - Gamma radiation
PY - 2017
SP - Poster 19, 1
EP - 2
AN - OPUS4-42586
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Stajanca, Pavol
T1 - Response of microstructured plastic optical fiber Bragg grating to gamma radiation
N2 - Response of PMMA-based plastic optical fiber Bragg grating (FBG) to gamma radiation is investigated for the first time. FBG wavelength shift as large as 250 pm is observed for irradiation to 20 kGy.
T2 - 5th Workshop on specialty optical fibers and their applications (WSOF2017)
CY - Limassol, Cyprus
DA - 11.10.2017
KW - Fiber Bragg gratings
KW - Optical sensing and sensors
KW - Plastic optical fibers
KW - Gamma radiation
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-42585
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Welter, T.
T1 - Glass structures with low H2-diffusity
N2 - Effective hydrogen storage capacities are prerequisite for an efficient energy provision using fuel cells. Since glass has low intrinsic hydrogen permeability, it is a promising material for hydrogen storage containers as well as hydrogen diffusion barriers. Previous studies on oxidic glasses suggest a correlation between the glass composition and hydrogen permeation that was derived mainly from silica glass. In the present study, we concentrate on the relationship between thermodynamic (i.e., configurational entropy) and topologic (i.e., free volume, network polymerization) parameters. Experimental data were gathered well below the glass transition temperature, excluding significant effects caused by structural relaxation and chemical dissolution of hydrogen. The results of seven analysed glasses on the SiO2-NaAlO2 joint showed that the hydrogen permeability in fully polymerized glasses cannot solely be derived from the total free volume of the glass structure. Hence, evidence is provided that the size distribution of free volume contributes to hydrogen solubility and diffusion. Additionally, the results indicate that the configurational heat capacity ΔCp at Tg affects the hydrogen permeability of the investigated glasses.
T2 - 92. Glastechnische Tagung der DGG
CY - Bayreuth, Germany
DA - 28.05.2018
KW - Hydrogen permeability
KW - Atomic packing factor
KW - Glass composition
KW - Diffusion coefficient
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-45900
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Ghaznavi, Ali
T1 - Damage monitoring of hydrogen composite pressure vessels using acoustic emission technique and machine learning
N2 - A good understanding of the structural stability of hydrogen composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPV) is important for the cost-effective design and safe operation of hydrogen storage systems. Acoustic emission (AE) monitoring is a non-destructive method sensitive to microstructural damages such as e.g. fiber breakage, and matrix cracking in COPVs. This study proposes a novel approach for damage monitoring by integrating acoustic emission techniques with machine learning (ML) algorithms to classify and predict damage types in COPVs. However, training accurate classification models requires extensive labeled datasets, which are very challenging to generate due to the nature of AE signal data and the lack of in-situ observations of microscopic failures in COPVs. Our research overcomes this limitation by automating the labeling process of AE signal data for different COPVs using unsupervised ML methods. The most representative features were extracted and then selected from recorded AE signals. Different unsupervised clustering algorithms were utilized based on various extracted feature combinations. The most stable clustering result was achieved and later used as appropriate labels for training classification algorithms. A deep neural network-based deep learning (DL) architecture was used to train discriminative models on AE data, identify patterns, and classify damage types into different classes with improved accuracy and speed for each COPV. Results demonstrate the potential of the proposed combined deep learning approach to train predictive models in identifying failure patterns. The trained models based on individual COPVs show high training, validation, and test accuracy for unseen datasets and offer enhanced predictive capabilities by following advanced DL techniques compared to traditional monitoring methods. The proposed method highlights its potential to improve the efficiency and safety of hydrogen storage systems.
T2 - SCHALL 25
CY - Dresden, Germany
DA - 26.03.2025
KW - Acoustic Emission
KW - Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessels,
KW - Damage monitoring
KW - Machine Learning
KW - Deep Learning
KW - Deep Neural Network
KW - Sequential Neural Network
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62915
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Artinov, Antoni
T1 - Fracture Mechanics-Based Approach for Fatigue Life Assessment of Welded Structures: The Role of Real Weld Geometries and Welding Residual Stresses
N2 - Fatigue failure is a critical concern in offshore wind structures, where welded joints are subjected to cyclic loading over extended service lifetimes. The combined effects of weld geometry [1, 2] and welding residual stresses (WRS) significantly influence the fatigue strength of welds [3-5]. In offshore wind applications, fatigue behavior is further complicated by cyclic loading conditions, where externally applied loads from wind, waves, and ocean currents interact with WRS, causing localized plastic deformation due to high-stress concentrations. Additionally, under prolonged cyclic loading, the redistribution of WRS can result in a shift of the fatigue-prone regions over time, meaning that locations identified as high-risk may not remain the dominant failure sites throughout the structure’s service life [6]. This presents a significant challenge for inspection and maintenance strategies, as conventional monitoring approaches may fail to detect the most vulnerable zones at later stages of operation. Early experimental studies on low-carbon steel plates and butt joints have shown that tensile WRS can reduce fatigue limits by up to 50% compared to stress-relieved specimens [7]. This effect is particularly pronounced in regions with welding defects, such as porosity, lack of fusion, and undercuts, as well as at geometric discontinuities, including weld toes and sharp notches, which induce localized stress gradients. The combined effect of tensile WRS and stress concentrations amplifies the local stress fields, promoting crack initiation and accelerating crack propagation, ultimately reducing the service life of offshore wind structures. Despite the critical role of weld geometry and WRS in fatigue performance, conventional fatigue assessment methods frequently neglect or oversimplify their effects, leading to overly conservative predictions and suboptimal structural designs. Current engineering standards, including BS 7910 (2019), BS 7608 (1993), EN 13001-3-1 (2020), and EN 1993-1-9 (2013), assume high tensile WRS in welded joints and apply simplified fatigue life prediction approaches that eliminate the need for explicit mean stress considerations. While some standards introduce correction factors for different WRS states, these remain highly generalized and lack accuracy. More sophisticated approaches, such as the Integrated Approach to Fatigue Strength Determination of Welded Structures (IBESS) [8], attempt to incorporate WRS into fatigue life assessments but rely on effective load ratios rather than explicitly modeling and considering real WRS distributions in the analysis. Additionally, IBESS does not fully integrate real weld geometries, limiting its predictive accuracy. These limitations result in significant scatter in fatigue life predictions, excessive conservatism, and inefficiencies in structural design. Although existing fatigue models improve on traditional methodologies, to the best of the authors' knowledge a unified framework that fully captures the combined effects of real weld geometries, WRS, and cyclic loading does not exist yet. The present research aims to develop an advanced fracture mechanics-based numerical framework for fatigue life assessment that explicitly accounts for these influencing factors at the specimen level, establishing the foundation for future scaling to component-level applications.
T2 - Wind Energy Science Conference
CY - Nantes, France
DA - 23.06.2025
KW - Fatigue Assessment
KW - Wind Offshore Structures
KW - Fracture Mechanics
KW - Digital Weld Geometries
KW - Welding Residual Stresses
KW - Numerical Modeling
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63591
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kemmler, Samuel
T1 - Fully-resolved LBM-DEM simulations of piping erosion during a suction bucket installation
N2 - Suction bucket foundations are a cost-efficient and environmentally sustainable solution to install offshore wind turbines, achieved through the application of growing suction pressure inside the bucket until its full embedment into the seabed. A key challenge for the installation process is the occurrence of piping erosion, a phenomenon where fluidization of particles beneath the bucket wall tip causes a drop in suction pressure, potentially leading to installation failure. Despite its significance, the complex physical mechanisms driving piping erosion remain insufficiently understood. To address this knowledge gap, a three-dimensional, fully-resolved coupled LBM-DEM simulation is employed to conduct an in-depth analysis of piping erosion, aiming to identify key influencing parameters, thus enhancing understanding and optimizing the installation process. The simulation of physically relevant problem sizes - comprising hundreds of thousands of grains - is equivalent to computational intensities which demand for extensive computational resources. Results from simulations executed on hundreds of GPUs on the LUMI supercomputer are presented, illustrating the method's capability to tackle this complex challenge.
T2 - 10th International Conference on Discrete Element Methods
CY - Himeji, Japan
DA - 01.07.2025
KW - Offshore wind support structure
KW - Suction bucket foundation
KW - Piping erosion
KW - Micromechanical simulation
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63691
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - RPRT
A1 - Becker, Ben
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Schoppa, Andre
A1 - Duffner, Eric
A1 - Szczepaniak, Mariusz
A1 - Klauke, Andre
A1 - Lenz, Stefan
A1 - Lehr, Christian
A1 - Hoffmann, Martin
A1 - Gregor, Christian
ED - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - CryoCode: Kryodruck Tanksystem und Betankung – Validierung bis zum Normierungsvorschlag
N2 - Entwicklung und Validierung eines Kryodruck-Tanksystems für Wasserstoff-Fahrzeuge. Darstellung der Versuchsergebnisse und des Normierungsvorschlags.
KW - Kryodruck
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Druckbehälter
KW - Composite
KW - Normierungsvorschlag
PY - 2017
SP - 1
EP - 56
AN - OPUS4-40714
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schoppa, Andre
A1 - Szczepaniak, Mariusz
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
ED - Schoppa, Andre
T1 - Die Anwendung der hydraulischen Prüfverfahren in der Praxis Teil 1: Die hydraulische Berstprüfung
N2 - Um die Resultate aus den hydraulischen Prüfungen statistisch bewerten zu können, benötigt man Prüfergebnisse, die auf reproduzierbaren Prüfverfahren basieren. Dabei geht es nicht nur um ein funktionierendes Qualitätsmanagementsystem im Prüflabors, sondern vornehmlich um die Reduzierung des Einflusses der Prüftechnik und des Prüfverfahrens auf die Streuung der Ergebnisse. Dieser Einfluss kann erst durch ins Detail konkretisierte Prüfungsanforderungen minimiert werden.
Dieser Anforderung entsprechend wurde ein Verfahren beschrieben, das den Spielraum bei der Durchführung der hydraulischen Berstprüfung verringert und somit eine Streuung der Ergebnisse garantiert, die annähernd ausschließlich aus den Prüfmustern kommt. Die Prüfmusterdokumentation spielt dabei eine zentrale Rolle. Zwischen den hydraulischen Prüfungen im Zuge der Zulassung eines Baumusters und den hydraulischen Prüfungen zur Prüffristenfestlegung liegt eine Zeitspanne von mehreren Jahren. Um die Prüfergebnisse auch nach einer längeren Preisfestlegung (z.B. 10 Jahre) miteinander vergleichen zu können, müssen die zerstörenden Prüfungen reproduzierbar durchgeführt und vollständig dokumentiert und archiviert werden.
Die Prüfung an neuen Materialien oder neuen Produkten erfordert eine moderne Prüftechnik, die sich mit dem Stand der Technik stetig weiterentwickeln muss. Demzufolge ist die zunehmende Automatisierung in der Prüftechnik ein wichtiger Schritt um Prüfungen reproduzierbarer durchzuführen.
Wie ein konkretisierte Verfahren zur hydraulischen Lastwechselprüfung in der Praxis aussieht, wird in einem nächsten Beitrag betrachtet. Dabei wird ebenfalls Bezug zur verwendeten Prüftechnik genommen unter dem Hauptgesichtspunkt, welche Anforderungen in der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung BAM an eine moderne Lastwechselanlage zur Prüfung von Druckbehältern bis 1200 bar gestellt werden.
KW - Druckbehälter
KW - Berstprüfung
KW - Hydraulische Prüfeinrichtung
KW - Prüffristenfestlegung
PY - 2017
SN - 2191-007
VL - 7
IS - 5
SP - 25
EP - 30
PB - Springer VDI Verlag
CY - Düsseldorf
AN - OPUS4-41518
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Becker, Ben
A1 - Duffner, Eric
A1 - John, Sebastian
T1 - Composite storage systems for CGH2- systematic improvement of RC&S
N2 - Conventional approval requirements exclusively ask for minimum strength values, which have to be met. The probabilistic approach estimates how likely none of the comparatively manufactured units fails during operation.
Both questions are juxtaposed and compared here with respect to the load cycle tests. The influence of the sample sizes is discussed additionally.
T2 - 10th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
CY - Bled, Slovenia
DA - 27.06.2017
KW - Probabilistic
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Composite
KW - Cylinder
KW - Regulations
KW - Load cycles
KW - GTR 13
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-41677
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - The UN-Service Life Test Procedure & Lebensdauerüberwachung Typ II
N2 - Der Vortrag führt in die Vorgaben der UN-Modellvorschriften ein, ein „Gas cylinders - service life testing for cylinders and tubes of composite construction“ zu gewährleisten. Hierzu werden kurz die betroffenen Umschließungen vorgestellt und die Interaktion von relevanten Regelwerksänderungen und der Beauftragung von ISO, einen TR hierzu zu erstellen, erläutert. Dies wird ergänzt durch eine zusammenführende Darstellung der Veränderungen im Regelwerk zum Thema und den vorbereitenden und begleitenden Maßnahmen durch die BAM über die letzten fasst 20 Jahre. Die im Regelwerk vorgeschlagene Maßnahme, zwischen Auslegungslebensdauer und Betriebslebensdauer zu unterscheiden, wird erläutert und begründet. Die Interaktion mit der Genehmigung einer Frist von 10 Jahren durch die BAM für die wiederkehrende Prüfung wird dargestellt. Am Beispiel der umfangsgewickelten Stahlflaschen für den Wasserstofftransport in Batteriefahrzeugen wird dargestellt, wie das dt. Verfahren in der Praxis aussieht. Hierzu werden die Prüfergebnisse und die daraus bzgl. der Lebensdauerüberwachung gezogenen Schlüsse erläutert. Der Vortrag schließt mit einem Ausblick zur Verwendung des BAM-Verfahrens zur unmittelbaren Anwendung und zur Bewertung von für die Zukunft angestrebten ZfP-Verfahren.
T2 - BAM-DIN-IGV-DVFG Gespräch 2017
CY - DIN Berlin, Germany
DA - 15.02.2017
KW - Auslegungslebensdauer
KW - Betriebslebensdauer
KW - Prüffristenfestlegung
KW - Probabilistischer Ansatz
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-39181
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Saul, Herbert
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Zuständigkeit im Gefahrguttransport - Formale Umsetzung nach nationalem Verwaltungsrecht
N2 - Der Vortrag fasst zunächst die Arbeitsgrundlage des Verwaltungshandelns im Gefahrguttransport zusammen: die internationalen Transportvorschriften und die nationalen Verordungen auf Basis des GGBefG.
Danach geht er auf die wichtigsten verwaltungsrechtlichen Begrifflichkeiten und Zusammenhänge verschiedener Gesetze ein.
Darauf aufbauend wird der Ablauf zur Bearbeitung eines Verwaltungsvorgangs und die Schnittstelle zu Z.01 erläutert.
T2 - Colloquium der Abteilung 3
CY - BAM, Berlin, Germany
DA - 16.02.2017
KW - Völkerrechtliche Verträge
KW - Gesetzesgrundlagen
KW - Zuständigkeit
KW - Verwaltungsvorgang
KW - Frist
KW - Verwaltungsakt
KW - Bescheid
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-39284
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Safety in Hydrogen Supply - Sicherheit in der Wasserstoff-Versorgung
N2 - This poster shows some aspects concerning how BAM contributes to safety in transport and acceptance of hydrogen as energy carrier.
T2 - Evaluierung der BAM durch den Wissenschaftsrat
CY - BAM, Berlin, Germany
DA - 16.02.2016
KW - Safety assessment
KW - Probabilistic approach
KW - Efficiency in transportation
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-39146
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Becker, Ben
T1 - Monte-Carlo-analysis of minimum load cycle requirements for composite cylinders for hydrogen
N2 - Existing regulations and standards for the approval of composite cylinders in hydrogen service are currently based on deterministic criteria (ISO 11119-3, UN GTR No. 13). This paper provides a systematic analysis of the load cycle properties resulting from these regulations and standards. Their characteristics are compared with the probabilistic approach of the BAM. Based on Monte-Carlo simulations the available design range of all concepts is compared. In addition, the probability of acceptance for potentially unsafe design types is determined.
T2 - ICHS 2017
CY - Hamburg, Germany
DA - 11.09.2017
KW - Monte-Carlo
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Regulations
KW - Probabilitic approach
PY - 2017
SP - ID 202, 1
EP - 11
PB - HySafe
CY - Hamburg
AN - OPUS4-41944
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Duffner, Eric
T1 - TAHYA Kick-Off Meeting
N2 - Presenting BAM and the focus and role within the project.
T2 - TAHYA Kick-Off Meeting
CY - Hasselt, Belgium
DA - 18.01.2018
KW - TAHYA Project
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-43922
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - BOOK
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Safety Assessment of Composite Cylinders for Gas Storage by Statistical Methods
N2 - Featuring a detailed analysis of current approval requirements and the relevant safety assessment methods for gas cylinders in general and with main focus on composite cylinders for storing ompressed natural gas and hydrogen, this book demonstrates how current regulations and standards limit the ability to reduce cost and weight. Based on this data, it then highlights the potential offered by the proposed approval procedure based on probabilistic safety assessment.
After addressing the economic potential of probabilistic safety assessments, the book details working procedures and improving cycles and (slow) bursts as methods for assessing residual strength. It then discusses methods for statistically evaluating test data, as well as sample- size and distribution character considerations. A definition of sample strength is elaborated in terms of the performance sheets developed by the author. On this basis, it discusses safety as a property of service life and interpreted as an issue of degradation, and explores aspects of artificial aging for simulating the end-of-life reliability level. Lastly, the book considers control and inspection aspects: quality of production, degradation prediction using destructive sample tests parallel to operation, retesting periods and correcting for underand overestimates of safe lifetime.
Presented in schematic diagrams, illustrations and tables, this information enables manufacturers and operators to use this new approach in practice and supports the improvement of current regulations and standards.
KW - Probabilistic
KW - Statistics
KW - Slow burst testing
KW - Fire engulfment
KW - Crash loads
KW - Degradation
KW - Production scatter
KW - Operational loads
KW - Residual strength
KW - Service life
KW - Design life
KW - Safety
KW - Risk
KW - Consequences
KW - Failure rate
KW - Survival rate
KW - Confidence level
KW - Acceptance rate
PY - 2017
SN - 978-3-319-49708-2
SN - 978-3-319-49710-5
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49710-5
VL - 2017
SP - I ; 1
EP - XXI; 269
PB - Springer International Publishing
CY - Cham, Switzerland
ET - 1.
AN - OPUS4-42324
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Völzke, Holger
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
A1 - Kasparek, Eva Maria
A1 - Botsch, W.
A1 - Drotleff, H.-W.
A1 - Hinterding, P.
A1 - Smalian, S.
T1 - Safety aspects of dry spent fuel storage and spent fuel management
N2 - Dry storage Systems are characterized by passive and inherent safety systems ensuring safety even in case of severe incidents or accidents. After the events of Fukushima, the advantages of such passive and inherently safe dry storage systems have become more and more obvious. In Germany dry storage of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) and high level wastes (HLW) in dual purpose casks fulfills both transport and storage requirements. Basic safety requirements consider safe enclosure of the radioactive materials under normal operation and accident conditions, safe decay heat removal, subcriticality and shielding. Mostly, storage facilities are designed as concrete buildings above the ground, but due to regional constraints, one storage facility has also been built as a rock tunnel. The decay heat is always removed by natural air flow; further technical equipment is not needed. Safe enclosure, subcriticality and shielding are mainly guaranteed by massive thick-walled metal casks.
TÜV NORD Nuclear and BAM present their long experience concerning the licensing process for sites and casks and inform about spent fuel management and issues concerning dry storage of spent fuel and high level waste.
T2 - ENC 2012 - European Nuclear Conference
CY - Manchester, UK
DA - 10.12.2012
KW - Spent nuclear fuel (SNF)
KW - High level waste (HLW)
KW - Dry storage systems
KW - Safety assessment
PY - 2012
SN - 978-92-95064-14-0
SP - 1
EP - 5
PB - European Nuclear Society
CY - Brussels, Belgium
AN - OPUS4-27557
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Völzke, Holger
A1 - Probst, Ulrich
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
A1 - Nagelschmidt, Sven
A1 - Schulz, Sebastian
T1 - Seal and closure performance in long term storage
N2 - In Germany thick walled metallic transport and storage casks are the established concept for dry interim storage of spent nuclear fuel and high active waste from reprocessing. For the long term safe and leak tight closure of the casks metal seals (consisting of an inner helical spring and two outer jackets made of Steel and aluminum or silver) together with screwed lids are major components. So far 40 years storage periods are evaluated and licensed but extended storage periods are expected in the future due to delays in final repository siting and licensing procedures. For that reason additional knowledge of the long term performance of the lid seal Systems is required and BAM has started investigation programs on these issues.
Technically, long term reliable pressure forces in combination with a tight surface contact is as important as well maintained seal and surface qualities and dry and clean conditions during seal assembly and Operation to ensure sufficient seal function. To gain representative data BAM has developed test flanges for seals with full scale cross section diameter but much smaller outer diameter to be placed in appropriate testing machines for relevant mechanical loading under static and dynamic conditions with the ability to measure the Standard helium leakage rate continuously during each test phase.
This paper presents an update on running long term seal tests at different temperatures (+20°C, +100°C, +15O°C) under static conditions over longer periods with different seal types. Due to creeping effects a reduction of the pressure force over deflection during loading and unloading does appear depending on prior holding times. Analytical approaches on basis of test data are developed and discussed to extrapolate seal performance (pressure force, elastic recovery, leak tightness) to longer periods of cask operation.
T2 - PSAM 11 ESREL 2012 - 11th International Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management Conference & The Annual European Safety and Reliability Conference
CY - Helsinki, Finland
DA - 25.06.2012
KW - Metal seal
KW - Interim storage
KW - Long term performance
PY - 2012
SP - 1
EP - 8
PB - European Safety and Reliability Association (ESRA)
CY - Bruxelles, Belgium
AN - OPUS4-26175
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Völzke, Holger
A1 - Nieslony, Gregor
A1 - Ellouz, Manel
A1 - Noack, Volker
A1 - Hagenow, Peter
A1 - Kovacs, Oliver
A1 - Hörning, Tony
T1 - Container approval for the disposal of radioactive waste with negligible heat generation in the German Konrad repository
N2 - Since the license for the Konrad repository was finally confirmed by legal decision in 2007, the Federal Institute for Radiation Protection (BfS) has been performing further planning and preparation work to prepare the repository for operation. Waste conditioning and packaging has been continued by different waste producers as the nuclear industry and federal research institutes on the basis of the official disposal requirements. The necessary prerequisites for this are approved containers as well as certified waste conditioning and packaging procedures. The Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) is responsible for container design testing and evaluation of quality assurance measures on behalf of BfS under consideration of the Konrad disposal requirements. Besides assessing the container handling stability (stacking tests, handling loads), design testing procedures are performed that include fire tests (800°C, 1 hour) and drop tests from different heights and drop orientations.
This paper presents the current state of BAM design testing experiences about relevant container types (box shaped, cylindrical) made of steel sheets, ductile cast iron or concrete. It explains usual testing and evaluation methods which range from experimental testing to analytical and numerical calculations. Another focus has been laid on already existing containers and packages. The question arises as to how they can be evaluated properly especially with respect to lack of completeness of safety assessment and fabrication documentation.
T2 - WM2012 - Waste Management Conference
CY - Phoenix, AZ, USA
DA - 26.02.2012
PY - 2012
SN - 978-0-9836186-1-4
N1 - Serientitel: WM Symposia – Series title: WM Symposia
IS - Paper 12148
SP - 1
EP - 9
PB - WM Symposia
CY - Tempe, AZ, USA
AN - OPUS4-26272
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Zorn, R.
A1 - Szymoniak, Paulina
A1 - Kolmangadi, Mohamed Aejaz
A1 - Malpass-Evans, R.
A1 - McKeown, N.
A1 - Tyagi, M.
A1 - Böhning, Martin
A1 - Schönhals, Andreas
T1 - Low frequency vibrations and diffusion in disordered polymers bearing an intrinsic microporosity as revealed by neutron scattering
N2 - The microscopic diffusion and the low frequency density of states (VDOS) of PIM-EATB(CH3) are investigated by inelastic and quasi-elastic neutron scattering where also the demethylated counterpart of PIM-EA-TB(H2) is considered. These intrinsic microporous polymers are characterized by large BET surface area values of several hundred m2/g and pore sizes between 0.5 and 2 nm. Detailed comparison is made to the archetype of polymers of intrinsic microporosity, PIM-1, and polynorbornenes also bearing a microporosity. Due to the wavelength of neutrons, the diffusion and vibrations can be addressed on microscopic length and time scales. From the inelastic neutron scattering experiments the low frequency density of states (VDOS) is estimated which shows excess contributions to the Debye-type VDOS known as Boson peak. It was found that the maximum frequency of the Boson peak decreases with increasing microporosity characterized by the BET surface area. However, besides the BET surface area, additional factors such as the backbone stiffness govern the maximum frequency of the Boson peak. Further the mean squared displacement related to microscopic motions was estimated from elastic fixed window scans. At temperatures above 175 K, the mean squared displacement PIM-EA-TB(CH3) is higher than that for the demethylated counterpart PIM-EA-TB(H2). The additional contribution found for PIM-EATB(CH3) is ascribed to the rotation of the methyl group in this polymer because the only difference between the two structures is that PIM-EA-TB(CH3) has methyl groups where PIM-EA-TB(H2) has none. A detailed comparison of the molecular dynamics is also made to that of PIM-1 and the microporous polynorbornene PTCNSi1. The manuscript focuses on the importance of vibrations and the localized molecular mobility characterized by the microscopic diffusion on the gas Transport in polymeric separation membranes. In the frame of the random gate model localized fluctuations can open or close bottlenecks between pores to enable the diffusion of gas molecules.
KW - Polymer of intrisic microporosity
KW - Neutron scattering
KW - Boson peak
KW - Methyl group rotation
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-538490
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11121482
VL - 11
IS - 12
SP - 1
EP - 16
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel
AN - OPUS4-53849
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Emamverdi, Farnaz
A1 - Yin, Huajie
A1 - Smales, Glen Jacob
A1 - Harrison, W. J.
A1 - Budd, P. M.
A1 - Böhning, Martin
A1 - Schönhals, Andreas
T1 - Polymers of intrinsic microporosity - Molecular mobility and physical aging revisited by dielectric spectroscopy and X‑ray scattering
N2 - Polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) are promising candidates for the active layer in gas separation membranes due to their high permeability and reasonable permselectivity. These appealing properties originate from a microporous structure as a result of inefficient segment packing in the condensed state due to a combination of a ladder-like rigid backbone and sites of contortion. However, this class of polymers suffers from a significant decrease in the permeability with time due to physical aging, whereby typically, the permselectivity increases. The initial microporous structures approach a denser state via local rearrangements, leading to the reduction of the permeability. Hence, a detailed characterization of the molecular mobility in such materials can provide valuable information on physical aging. In this work, the dielectric behavior of PIM-1 films and their behavior upon heating (aging) were revisited by isothermal frequency scans during different heating/cooling cycles over a broad temperature range between 133 and 523 K (−140 to 250 °C). In addition, the obtained results were compared with data of samples that were annealed at ambient temperatures over different time scales. Multiple dielectric processes were observed: several relaxation processes due to local fluctuations and a Maxwell−Wagner−Sillars polarization effect related to the microporosity. The temperature dependence of the rates of all processes follows the Arrhenius law where the estimated activation energy depends on the nature of the process. The influence of the thermal history (aging) on the processes is discussed in detail.
KW - Polymers of intrinsic microporosity
PY - 2022
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00934
VL - 55
SP - 7340
EP - 7350
PB - American Chemical Society
CY - Washington, DC
AN - OPUS4-55485
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Erxleben, Kjell
A1 - Kaiser, Sebastian
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Kannengiesser, Thomas
A1 - Kromm, Arne
T1 - In-service and repair welding of pressurized hydrogen pipelines–a review on current challenges and strategies
N2 - Hydrogen is the energy carrier for a sustainable future without fossil fuels. As this requires a reliable transportation infrastructure, the conversion of existing natural gas (NG) grids is an essential part of the worldwide individual national hydrogen strategies, in addition to newly erected pipelines. In view of the known effect of hydrogen embrittlement, the compatibility of the materials already in use (typically low-alloy steels in a wide range of strengths and thicknesses) must be investigated. Initial comprehensive studies on the hydrogen compatibility of pipeline materials indicate that these materials can be used to a certain extent. Nevertheless, the material compatibility for hydrogen service is currently of great importance. However, pipelines require frequent maintenance and repair work. In some cases, it is necessary to carry out welding work on pipelines while they are under pressure, e.g., the well-known tapping of NG grids. This in-service welding brings additional challenges for hydrogen operations in terms of additional hydrogen absorption during welding and material compatibility. The challenge can be roughly divided into two parts: (1) the possible austenitization of the inner piping material exposed to hydrogen, which can lead to additional hydrogen absorption, and (2) the welding itself causes an increased temperature range. Both lead to a significantly increased hydrogen solubility in the respective materials compared to room temperature. In that connection, the knowledge on hot tapping on hydrogen pipelines is rare so far due to the missing service experiences. Fundamental experimental investigations are required to investigate the possible transferability of the state-of-the-art concepts from NG to hydrogen pipeline grids. This is necessary to ensure that no critical material degradation occurs due to the potentially increased hydrogen uptake. For this reason, the paper introduces the state of the art in pipeline hot tapping, encompassing current research projects and their individual solution strategies for the problems that may arise for future hydrogen service. Methods of material testing, their limitations, and possible solutions will be presented and discussed.
KW - In-service
KW - Welding
KW - Hydrogen pipeline
KW - Review
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-638847
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-025-02127-x
SN - 0043-2288
SP - 1
EP - 24
PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC
AN - OPUS4-63884
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - THES
A1 - Pelkner, Matthias
T1 - Entwicklung, Untersuchung und Anwendung von GMR-Sensorarrays für die Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung von ferromagnetischen Bauteilen
N2 - Die Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (ZfP) ist ein wichtiges Werkzeug zur Qualitätssicherung sowie zur Überwachung sicherheitsrelevanter Bauteile. In der industriellen ZfP ist das Interesse an innovativen, kostengünstigen und sicherheitssteigernden ZfP-Methoden sehr groß. Die klassische Streuflussmethode ist die Magnetpulverprüfung, die sehr sensitiv auf Mikrorisse ist. Eine zuverlässige, automatische Prüfung ist hier aber nur bedingt und mit großem Aufwand zu erreichen. Die Lösung liegt im Einsatz von Magnetfeldsensoren, die zudem eine Bewertung der Defektgeometrie aufgrund der gemessenen Rissstreufelder ermöglicht. Insbesondere GMR-Sensoren (giant magneto resistance) eignen sich hierfür aufgrund ihrer kleinen Sensorelemente, welche eine hohe Ortsauflösung ermöglichen, und der sehr guten Feldempfindlichkeit. Jedoch sind kommerzielle GMR-Sensoren nicht an die Bedürfnisse der ZfP angepasst. Daher wurden während dieser Arbeit GMR-Sensoren dahingehend optimiert, dass sie für eine automatisierte Prüfung infrage kommen. Neben dem Design und der Charakterisierung der angepassten Sensoren wurden Messungen zur Detektionswahrscheinlichkeit durchgeführt. Um die Praxistauglichkeit zu untermauern, erfolgte ein quantitativer Vergleich mit alternativen ZfP- Oberflächenmethoden, der Wirbelstrom-, Magnetpulver- und Thermografieprüfung. Zusätzlich konnte der erfolgreiche Einsatz der GMR-Streuflussprüfung in einer industriellen, automatisierten Prüfeinrichtung unter Beweis gestellt werden.
N2 - Non-destructive testing is important for both Quality
control and maintenance of safety-related components.
Modern industry steadily undergoes competition and cost pressure. Therefore, new innovative testing methods are key to increase safety and cost effectiveness. The conventional magnetic flux leakage testing method (MFL) using magnetic particle inspection (MP) is a manual procedure which is very sensitive in terms of the detection of micrometer-scaled cracks. An automated reliable testing however calls for adapted magnetic field sensors. Additionally the quantification of stray fields allows an evaluation of defect geometry. GMR sensors (giant magneto resistance) are particularly well-suited for this purpose. Their low costs, excellent field sensitivity, and capacity to be miniaturized lead to high resolution test results. However, drawbacks exist for commercial GMR sensors which include nonadaption for NDT applications. To overcome this drawback one objective of this thesis was to optimize the geometry of the sensing elements for a GMR sensor array. After characterization, the new sensor arrays were used for validation and investigation of a probability of detection. In addition, by comparing GMR-MFL with other testing methods related to surface breaking defects (eddy current testing, MP, thermography), it was possible to classify in a first step GMR MFL testing in NDT. Finally, an automated GMR was tested successfully established for industrial purposes.
T3 - BAM Dissertationsreihe - 122
KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung
KW - GMR
KW - magnetischer Streufluss
KW - Sensorarrays
PY - 2014
SN - 978-3-9816668-0-9
SN - 1613-4249
VL - 122
SP - 1
EP - 232
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-36
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schoppa, Andre
A1 - Szczepaniak, Mariusz
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
ED - Schoppa, Andre
T1 - Die Anwendung der hydraulischen Prüfverfahren in der Praxis - Teil 2 Die hydraulische Lastwechselprüfung
N2 - Die bisherigen Erfahrungen mit der bestehenden Impulsprüfanlage PN020 der BAM zeigen Potential für Verbesserungen auf. Dies betrifft insbesondere die Aspekte nutzbares Impulsvolumen, Wartungsaufwand und Stillstandszeiten, sowie Abmessungen und Gestaltung der Prüfkammer hinsichtlich Nutzraum und Handling der Prüfmuster. Im Zuge eines optimierten Anlagekonzeptes besteht großes Interesse an einer flexiblen Neuausrichtung der Druckerzeugung. Eine moderne Prüfanlage sollte in der Lage sein, die zu bewegenden Massen an die gewünschte Prüfaufgabe und den jeweils benötigten Volumenbedarf anzupassen. Die technische Lösung für die Druckerzeugung sollte deshalb modular gestaltet sein, sodass zusätzlich benötigtes Fördervolumen im Bedarfsfall nachgerüstet werden kann. Ein anderes Konzept als eines, das auf Druckübersetzern basiert, scheidet für Extremtemperaturprüfungen aus, da das vorzutemperierende Medium hierzu in einer Säule pendeln und nicht zirkulieren darf.
Wesentlicher Aspekt der Modularität ist die Redundanz bei Teillast (reduzierter Volumenbedarf - Arbeitsfähigkeit bleibt mit Einschränkung erhalten). Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass einzelne Druckerzeugungs-/Antriebseinheiten so demontiert, repariert oder ausgetauscht werden können, dass die Nicht-Verfügbarkeit der gesamten Anlage auf den Ein- und Ausbau von Elementen der Anlage und Ausfälle in der Steuerung beschränkt bleibt. Auch im teil-demontierten Zustand sollte die Anlage mit eingeschränkter Leistungsfähigkeit grundsätzlich einsetzbar sein. Die Wartungskosten sollen durch die Verwendung von identischen und kleineren Druckerzeugereinheiten „von der Stange“ gesenkt werden. Eine moderne Anlage wäre zur Verbesserung der Diagnosemöglichkeiten mit erheblich mehr Sensorik auszurüsten.
Die Druckerzeugung muss mit der Art der Medienkonditionierung kompatibel gestaltet sein. Das heißt, das Prüfmedium sollte unabhängig von der Umgebungsluft aktiv temperiert werden können, um die Konditionierzeiten bis zum Prüfungsstart zu verkürzen und um einen Temperaturanstieg infolge der Reibung zu verringern. Die „Prüfkammer“ sollte keine starre Kammer im herkömmlichen Sinne mehr sein. Stattdessen ist eine thermisch isolierte und mechanisch hoch belastbare Versuchsfläche aufzubauen, auf der sowohl mechanische Schutzelemente (vergl. aktueller Berstkäfig) wie auch mobile Isolierhauben verwendet werden können.
Wesentlich ist eine Optimierung einer solchen Anlage auf die eingangs erwähnte Reproduzierbarkeit von Prüfprozeduren und die Vergleichbarkeit der Prüfergebnisse mit Blick auf die statistische Auswertung. Hierzu sollten eine möglichst exakte Regelung, eine statistische Auswertung der Duckextremwerte (zumindest in Klassen), eine Aufzeichnung der Temperatur- und Feuchtewerte sowie des geförderten Volumens jedes Zyklusses und verschiedene Methoden der Leckerkennung/automatischen Versuchsabbruches selbstverständlich implementiert sein.
KW - Druckbehälter
KW - Lastwechselprüfung
KW - Hydraulische Prüfeinrichtung
PY - 2017
SN - 2191-007
VL - 7
IS - 7/8
SP - 28
EP - 34
PB - Springer VDI Verlag
CY - Düsseldorf
AN - OPUS4-41519
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Becker, Ben
A1 - John, Sebastian
A1 - Duffner, Eric
T1 - Composite storage systems for compressed hydrogen - systematic improvement of regulations for more attractive storage units
N2 - Hydrogen is an attractive energy carrier that requires high effort for safe storage. For ensuring safety, they must undergo a challenging approval process. Relevant standards and regulations for composite cylinders used for the transport of hydrogen and for its onboard storage are currently based on deterministic (e.g. ISO 11119-3) or semi-probabilistic (UN GTR No. 13) criteria. This paper analysis the properties of such methods with respect to the evaluation of load cycle strength. Their characteristics are compared with the probabilistic approach of the BAM. Based on Monte-Carlo simulations, the available design range (mean value and scatter of strength criteria) of current concepts was exemplarily estimated. The aspect of small sample sizes is analysed and discussed with respect to the evaluation procedures.
KW - Probabilistic
KW - Monte-Carlo
KW - Regulations
KW - Composite cylinder
KW - Hydrogen vehicles
KW - Transport of dangerous goods
PY - 2018
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.04.068
SN - 0360-3199
VL - 45
IS - 25
SP - 13672
EP - 13679
PB - Elsevier Ltd
AN - OPUS4-46856
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Günzel, Stephan
T1 - Der systematische Einsatz der Monte-Carlo-Simulation in der Normung
N2 - Im Rahmen der Energiewende erfahren viele Produkte einen umfassenden Markthochlauf. Hierzu müssen neue Technologien entwickelt oder bestehende in kurzer Zeit angepasst werden. Das macht sie besonders anfällig für Zwischenfälle und nachfolgenden Akzeptanzverlust. Zu vermeidende Zwischenfälle hängen oft von den deterministischen Mindestanforderungen in Norm und Recht ab, die erfahrungsbasiert entwickelt wurden. Hier ist die Monte-Carlo-Simulation eine wertvolle Hilfe. Sie erlaubt, auf der Basis von wenigen ermittelten Daten zu bewerten, welche statistische Wirkung aus einer Mindestanforderung resultiert und was angepasst werden muss, um die im Zuge eines Markthochlaufes relevanten Zielgrößen zu erreichen. Ein Verfahren, das im Rahmen der Normung erlaubt, die Wirkung einer Mindestanforderung auf die Ausfallwahrscheinlichkeit zu bewerten, wird zurzeit im Rahmen des Projektes DIN/TS 19472 unter dem NA 016-00-03 AA ausgearbeitet und hier vorgestellt.
KW - Wasserstoffspeicher
KW - Wirtschaftlichkeit
KW - Markthochlauf
KW - Zufallsgenerator
KW - Normalverteilung
KW - Sicherheit
PY - 2025
SN - 0722-2912
VL - 2025
IS - 4
SP - 72
EP - 75
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-63807
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Blasting Splinter Protection Tower and Focus Points in Research and RCS
N2 - Firstly, the modular fragmentation protection components are presented and the concept of the currently realised, cube-shaped tower is shown. This temporary tower was exposed to various explosive loads up to the level of 10 kg TNT. The orthogonality of the pressure effect is clearly recognisable. The pressure peak is reduced by 15% in the direction of the openings and the wind effect is reduced by around 40%. Both effects are greater in the direction of the diagonals.
Another important point is risk management during the H2 market ramp-up. The aspects of specifically controlled reliability, consequence control and also new technologies, e.g. for the insulation of cryogenic storage facilities, are explained.
Another aspect is analysing the effect of minimum requirements in standards according to risk-based criteria. Monte Carlo simulation is used for this purpose. Efficient, random sample-based recurring tests and optimised and consistent data availability are further aspects.
Conclusions:
Usage of hydrogen needs careful safety precautions and reliable equipment
Worst case scenarios must get prevented but possible consequences should be taken into account, also.
For the market rump-up new approaches are necessary for keeping the system running and for ensuring an adequate safety level:
- probabilistic evaluation of components
- improvement of NDT-methods
- digital tools for data administration and sharing
- simulation of effectiveness of minimum requirements in RCS
- new storage concepts e.g. for LH2
T2 - 5th Germany-Korea Hydrogen Conference
CY - Halle (Saale), Germany
DA - 22.10.2024
KW - Risk control
KW - Hydrogen transport
KW - DCC
KW - DCoC
KW - DPP
KW - TNT
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61440
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Das Potenzial des SHM an Gasspeichern- Zulassung & Betrieb
N2 - Der Vortrag beginnt mit dem Ziel einer Prognose der Ausfallwahrscheinlichkeit einer Population oder eines Individuums, die laufend auf der Basis von SHM (Zustandsüberwachung von Strukturen) aktualisiert wird.
Zunächst wird die Rolle des Rechts und der Rechtsrahmen für die Prüfung von Gasspeichern nach Norm dargestellt.
Der Bedarf an technologischen Fortschritten wird mit Bezug zur Prüfpraxis und dem zugehörigen Ressourcenbedarf, wie auch den Defiziten der vorgeschriebenen Prüfungen im Kontext des Markthochlaufes Wasserstoff erläutert.
Der Lösungsansatz ist zweistufig und basiert auf dem systematischen Ersatz der Wasserdruckprüfung in Begleitung von SHM (insbesondere AT/SEA) und im zweiten Schritt auf der Kombination des probabilistischen Ansatzes der BAM (GGR 021) mit einer weiterentwickelten SHM.
Diese Kombination von ZfP und Probabilistik würde zum einen die Aussagekraft in der betrieblichen Überwachungsmaßnahmen erheblich erhöhten und gleichzeitig eine erheblich Aufwandsreduktion sowohl bzgl. Stillstandszeiten, Kosten und Lebensdauer bieten.
‒ In vielen Fällen sind die Prüfverfahren in Norm und Recht geregelt.
‒ Der Markthochlauf fordert neue Ansätze, um die erforderliche Quantität (mehr und größere Speicher) und Qualität (hohe Zuverlässigkeit) bieten zu können.
‒ Für stationäre und mobile Großspeicher bleibt nur eine permanente Onlineüberwachung
‒ Für Speicher in großer Stückzahl sind stichprobenbasierte Ansätze als permanenter Messung oder als wiederkehrende Prüfung möglich und sinnvoll.
‒ Die größte Aufgabe liegt aber darin, die ZfP-Methoden weiterzuentwickeln und deren Aussagekraft und –genauigkeit zu schärfen.
T2 - 37. Fachausschuss Zustandsüberwachung (FA SHM)
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 15.10.2024
KW - Wasserstoffspeicher
KW - Probabilistik
KW - Schallemissionsanalyse
KW - Wiederkehrende Prüfung
KW - Lebensdauerüberwachung
KW - BAM-GGR 021
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61362
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - DIN TS 19472 - Das Monte-Carlo-Experiment in der Normung
N2 - Der Foliensatz erläutert den Denkansatz, die Normstruktur und eine evtl. Programmstruktur für das Normungsprojekt TS 19472.
Das Spannungsfeld heutiger Normung basiert auf den immer komplexer vorhersagbaren Eigenschaften Fertigungsstreuung und Bauteilalterung. Während man die Bauteilalterung mit neuen Verfahren der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung usw. betriebsbegleitend bewertet, kann der Fertigungsstreuung mit ihrem Einfluss auf die zu erwartenden Ausfälle nur mit probabilistischen Mitteln direkt begegnet werden. Ein probabilistischer Zulassungsansatz würde aber zu enorm komplexen Bewertungsprozessen führen, die wiederum in ihrer Feldanwendung komplexer zu bewerten und damit ohne langjährige Erfahrung fehleranfälliger als deterministische Verfahren sein dürften. Um diesen Konflikt aufzulösen, bietet es sich zumindest übergangsweise an, den probabilistischen Ansatz nicht unmittelbar in der Zulassung anzuwenden, sondern die in der Breite vertrauten, deterministischen Zulassungsvorschriften auf ihre Wirkung zu überprüfen und ggf. zu optimieren. Hierzu kann die systematisch numerische Wiederholung eines sog. Monte-Carlo-Experiments eingesetzt werden. Hierzu wird für verschiedene Parametersätze, die die Grenze noch akzeptierter Ausfallwahrscheinlichkeit beschreiben, das nachfolgend beschriebene, numerische Experiment wiederholt ausgeführt. Die Wiederholung erfolgt in definierten Variationsschritten über das gesamte Spektrum praktisch relevanter Streuungswerte. Jedes Experiment besteht somit aus der Generierung einer Grundgesamtheit zu dem für den jeweiligen Variationsschritt spezifischen Parametersatz. Danach wird die Grundgesamtheiten in Zufallsstichproben einer definierten Größe aufgeteilt und jede simulierte Stichprobe auf deren Akzeptanz gemäß dem betrachteten Akzeptanzkriterium in der Norm analysiert. Daraus resultiert für jede Grundgesamtheit aus dem Einzelexperiment die Wahrscheinlichkeit zur Annahme einer Stichprobe . Mit der systematischen Wiederholung des Experiments ist der Verlauf der Akzeptanzwahrscheinlichkeit bekannt, mit der eine grenzwertige Eigenschaft nach einem deterministischen Akzeptanzkriterium noch angenommen werde würde und damit auch ein ungenügendes Baumuster aufgrund der jeweils betrachteten Eigenschaft nicht abgelehnt werden würde.
T2 - Sitzung des NA 016-00-03-03 AK „Composite-Flaschen“ des DIN-Normenausschuss Druckgasanlagen (NDG)
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 13.02.2025
KW - Wasserstoffspeicher
KW - Probabilistik
KW - Markthochlauf
KW - Zufallsgenerator
KW - Sicherheit
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62907
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Popiela, Bartosz
T1 - Performance of Type 4 Composite Pressure Vessels: Impact of Residual Stress State
N2 - This presentation summarizes the results of an experimental study on slow burst tests, involving two pressure vessel designs with different residual stress states. The significant performance differences between the two designs highlight the critical role of residual stress state in filament-wound structures
T2 - Composites Research Seminar at the Innovative Design and Integrated Manufacturing Lab, Seoul National University
CY - Seoul, South Korea
DA - 22.11.2024
KW - Composite
KW - Pressure vessel
KW - Residual stresses
KW - Burst test
KW - Filament winding
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61734
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Popiela, Bartosz
T1 - BAM 3.5 and Trustworthy Hydrogen: Experimental Investigation of Type 4 Composite Pressure Vessels
N2 - The presentation provided a brief introduction to Division 3.5 at BAM and detailed an experimental study of composite pressure vessels as part of the 'Trustworthy Hydrogen' project. It included an in-depth analysis of slow burst test evaluations.
T2 - Lab Seminar of IDIM SNU
CY - Seoul, South Korea
DA - 26.11.2024
KW - Composite
KW - Pressure vessel
KW - Residual stresses
KW - Burst test
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61779
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Yin, Huajie
T1 - Molecular mobility of super glassy polymers for gas separation membranes investigated by dielectric spectroscopy
N2 - Super glassy polymers such as poly(trimethylsilylpropyne) (PTMSP) or polymers with intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) play an important role in the current development of membrane materials for gas separation because of their high permeability and selectivity. Unfortunately, such materials which have a high fractional free volume (FFV) are prone to pronounced physical aging. The initial microporous structures approach a more dense state via local chain rearrangements which results in a dramatic reduction in the gas permeability. For the first time, broadband dielectric spectroscopy was employed to investigate the molecular dynamics of two representative groups of super glassy polymers: PIMs (PIM-1 & PIM-EA-TB) and Si-containing polynobornenes (PTCNSi1 & PTCNSi2). The dielectric behavior of the solution-cast polymeric films was measured by isothermal frequency scans during the different heating cycles in a broad temperature range. Structural relaxation of the films was observed during the measurements. Molecular relaxation processes following Arrhenius behavior with unusually high activation energies were observed for all the investigated polymers. The PIMs showed furthermore a significant conductivity in the glassy state which is explained with the formation of local intermolecular agglomerated structures due to interaction of π-electrons in aromatic moieties of the polymer backbone.
T2 - 8th International Discussion Meeting on Relaxations in Complex Systems
CY - Wisla, Poland
DA - 23.07.2017
KW - Broadband dielectric spectroscopy
KW - Molecular mobility
KW - Physical aging
KW - Membranes
KW - Gas separation
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-41162
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Konnertz, Nora
A1 - Böhning, Martin
A1 - Schönhals, Andreas
T1 - Dielectric investigations of nanocomposites based on matrimid and polyhedral oligomeric phenethyl-silsesquioxanes (POSS)
N2 - Matrimid and Matrimid/PhenethylPOSS nanocomposites films were prepared by solution casting. They can be considered as potential membrane materials for gas separation. Theire dielectric properties were investigated using Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy (BDS) in combination with standard techniques. Matrimid shows one relaxation process assigned as beta*-relaxation and a conductivity contribution. The relaxation process has a high activation energy of 99 kJ/mol. Thus this process is supposed to be of cooperative nature due to a π-π stacking of the phenyl rings of Matrimid. The influence of the thermal history on Matrimid was analyzed with BDS as well where an annealing effect is found. The Matrimid/PhenethylPOSS nanocomposites show up to a concentration of about 4 wt% PhenethylPOSS a miscibility on a molecular level. For higher concentrations a phase separated structure was indicated. The conductivity of both systems is explained by π-π stacking of the phenyl rings which enhances charge transport.
KW - Matrimid
KW - POSS
KW - Nanocomposites
KW - Broadband dielectric spectroscopy
PY - 2016
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2016.02.060
SN - 0032-3861
VL - 90
SP - 89
EP - 101
PB - Elsevier Science
AN - OPUS4-35616
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Konnertz, Nora
A1 - Ding, Yi
A1 - Harrison, W.J.
A1 - Budd, P.M.
A1 - Schönhals, Andreas
A1 - Böhning, Martin
T1 - Molecular mobility and gas transport properties of nanocomposites based on PIM-1 and polyhedral oligomeric phenethyl-silsesquioxanes (POSS)
N2 - Polymers with intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) are of great interest in the field of gas separation membranes. Already the first synthesized PIM-1 shows extraordinary permeability and selectivity. Unfortunately, PIM-1 is susceptible to physical aging and thus gradually loses its outstanding properties. In this study a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane with phenethyl substituents (PhenethylPOSS) was used as a nanofiller (0–40 wt%) in the PIM-1 matrix to potentially improve the gas transport properties and prevent physical aging. The molecular mobility of the solution-cast nanocomposite films was analyzed by Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy (BDS). Furthermore, gas permeability was determined with the time lag method (0–20 bar upstream pressure) at 35 °C for N2, O2, CH4 and CO2.
KW - Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy
KW - Gas separation
KW - Gas permeation
KW - Polymers of intrinsic microporosity
KW - Nanocomposite
KW - POSS
KW - PIM-1
PY - 2017
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2017.02.007
SN - 0376-7388
SN - 1873-3123
VL - 529
SP - 274
EP - 285
PB - Elsevier B.V.
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-39169
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Konnertz, Nora
T1 - Enhanced gas separation performance of nanocomposites based on a polymer with intrinsic microporosity PIM-1 and phenethyl-POSS
N2 - In times of the energy revolution, the need for energy efficient separation processes promotes the advancement of new high performance materials for use as highly selective separation membranes. Most promising materials in this field, especially for gas separation, are polymers with intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) which were firstly introduced by Budd and McKeown. In this study the permeability of PIM-1 was increased by 439 % by formation of nanocomposites with only 1 wt% of polyhedral oligomeric phenethyl-silsesquioxane (PhE-POSS) within the polymer matrix. As the CO2/CH4 selectivity is fully retained, this leads to a shift in the Robeson plot towards the upper bound. The Robeson plot describes the current state of the art trade-off relation between selectivity and permeability of all known membrane polymers. As molecular mobility is a key factor for gas transport as well as the often observed physical aging of such polymers, our study also includes for the first time, molecular dynamics and conductivity of pure PIM-1 and PIM-1 nanocomposites as investigated by broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS).
T2 - Polydays 2016
CY - Potsdam, Germany
DA - 28.09.2016
KW - PIM-1
KW - POSS
KW - Broadband dielectric spectroscopy
KW - Permeation
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37701
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Yin, Huajie
T1 - Molecular Mobility and Physical aging of SuperGlassy Polymers for Gas Separation Membranes as revealed by Dielectric Spectroscopy
N2 - Polymeric membranes represent a cost- and energy efficient solution for gas separation. Recently superglassy polymers with high free volume outperform many conventional dense polymers in terms of gas permeability and selectivity. However, such materials with a high fractional free volume (FFV) are prone to pronounced physical aging. The initial microporous structures approach a denser state via local chain rearrangements which results in a dramatic reduction in the gas permeability. For the first time, dielectric spectroscopy with state-of-the-art high-resolution analyzers was employed to investigate the molecular mobility and physical aging of two representative groups of superglassy polymers: PIMs (PIM-1 & PIM-EA-TB) and Si-containing polynobornenes (PTCNSi1 & PTCNSi2). The dielectric behavior of the solution-cast polymeric films was measured by isothermal frequency scans during the different heating cycles in a broad temperature range. Structural relaxation of the films was observed during the measurements. Multiple dielectric processes following Arrhenius behavior were observed for all the investigated polymers. Moreover, they all showed conductivity in the glassy state. The significant increase in the conductivity with increasing temperature especially for PIMs is explained in terms of the formation of local intermolecular agglomerated structures due to interaction of π-electrons in aromatic moieties of the polymer backbone.
T2 - 8th International Conference on Advanced Fibers and Polymer Materials
CY - Shanghai, China
DA - 08.10.2017
KW - Physical aging
KW - Membranes
KW - Broadband dielectric spectroscopy
KW - Gas separation
KW - Molecular mobility
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-42877
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rolle, Annette
A1 - Wille, Frank
A1 - Komann, Steffen
A1 - Neumann, Martin
T1 - Qualification Procedure for Seal Designs for Spent Fuel Transport and Storage Cask Containments
N2 - The seal is a key component of the containment and closure system of transport and storage casks for radioactive material. It is a major contributor to ensuring compliance with the acceptable limits for activity release according to IAEA regulations. The requirements for a safe seal performance are high, accordingly. Every new seal design intended for use in the containment of a transport cask for radioactive material passes a qualification process in Germany. The qualification process is supervised by BAM as German competent authority for mechanical, thermal and containment assessment of packages requiring design approval. The closure system including the seal shall be able to withstand the corrosive, mechanical and thermal loads associated with routine, normal and accident conditions of transport according to the IAEA regulations without losing the required sealing function. Metal seals of the Helicoflex® type are often used to ensure required package leak tightness for both storage and transport, including transport after long term interim storage. The poster will provide an overview of requirements during a seal qualification process on the example of a Helicoflex® type metal seal.
T2 - 21st International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials, PATRAM 2025
CY - San Antonio, Texas , US
DA - 27.07.2025
KW - Spent fuel transport
KW - Seals
KW - Radioactive
KW - Containment
PY - 2025
SP - 1
EP - 5
AN - OPUS4-63911
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rolle, Annette
T1 - Qualification Procedure for Seal Designs for Spent Fuel Transport and Storage Cask Containments
N2 - The seal is a key component of the containment and closure system of transport and storage casks for radioactive material. It is a major contributor to ensuring compliance with the acceptable limits for activity release according to IAEA regulations. The requirements for a safe seal performance are high, accordingly. Every new seal design intended for use in the containment of a transport cask for radioactive material passes a qualification process in Germany. The qualification process is supervised by BAM as German competent authority for mechanical, thermal and containment assessment of packages requiring design approval. The closure system including the seal shall be able to withstand the corrosive, mechanical and thermal loads associated with routine, normal and accident conditions of transport according to the IAEA regulations without losing the required sealing function. Metal seals of the Helicoflex® type are often used to ensure required package leak tightness for both storage and transport, including transport after long term interim storage. The poster will provide an overview of requirements during a seal qualification process on the example of a Helicoflex® type metal seal.
T2 - 21stInternational Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials, PATRAM 2025
CY - San Antonio, Texas , US
DA - 27.07.2025
KW - Spent fuel transport
KW - Seals
KW - Raqdioactive
KW - Containment
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63909
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Liepold, Philipp
A1 - Kromm, Arne
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - A Force Based Determination of Hot Cracking Susceptibility
N2 - Two high-strength, low-alloy Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) wires were evaluated for their susceptibility to Solidification Cracking (SC) using a modified version of the Transverse Motion Weldability (TMW) test. In theoriginal TMW test, the Transverse Displacement Speed (TDS) is varied iteratively, and crack lengths are measured in each iteration. The modified version eliminates the need for multiple runs by continuously reducing the TDS over a single run. Rather than emphasizing crack lengths, this method assesses the reaction force to the TDS, thereby determining a Critical TDS (CTDS). This critical point directly correlates with the cessation of SC growth. CTDS values were measured under a range of welding parameters, thereby demonstrating the influence of Welding speed and arc energy (U × I/welding speed) on SC susceptibility for the tested filler metals. The CTDS data obtained from this testing method have the potential to provide valuable insights for practical applications in the field.
KW - Force based
KW - Neural Network
KW - TRS
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-640140
DO - https://doi.org/10.5781/JWJ.2025.43.4.10
SN - 2466-2100
VL - 43
IS - 4
SP - 447
EP - 457
AN - OPUS4-64014
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Abad Andrade, Carlos Enrique
T1 - Data-Driven Spectrochemical Methods for Elemental and Isotopic Analysis
N2 - High-resolution optical spectrometers generate spectra containing tens of thousands of data points per sample. Picometre-scale isotope shifts, matrix-induced line broadening, and strong inter-feature correlations render classical peak fitting unreliable. Current analytical challenges, therefore, require rigorous algorithms able to expose latent structure, quantify uncertainty, and remain chemically interpretable.
The research program presented in this lecture integrates state-of-the-art spectrochemical instrumentation with mathematically disciplined data models. Principal Component Analysis and Partial Least Squares provide chemically meaningful latent variables, while gradient-boosted decision trees or deep neural networks (ANNDL) capture residual non-linearity without sacrificing traceability. All models are trained on isotope-enriched or synthetically generated spectra and distributed with full validation workflows.
T2 - Chemisches Institutskolloquium, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 21.05.2025
KW - Spectrochemistry
KW - Isotopes
KW - Machine learning
KW - Battery
KW - Data fusion
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63488
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Abad Andrade, Carlos Enrique
T1 - Lithium isotope fractionation as a diagnostic tool for aging lithium-ion batteries
N2 - Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are central to modern energy storage technologies, powering applications from portable electronics to electric vehicles and grid storage systems. Their popularity comes from their high energy density, efficiency, and extended cycle life. However, over time, various aging mechanisms lead to capacity loss, increased internal resistance, and, ultimately, battery failure. Understanding and predicting these aging processes is crucial for enhancing the reliability and longevity of LIBs. This necessity makes the development of advanced diagnostic tools essential.
This study uses plasma-based spectrometry techniques to explore lithium isotope fractionation (LIF) as a predictive tool for monitoring LIB aging and degradation. Mass spectrometric techniques —including MC-ICP-MS, LA-ICP-MS, and MICAP-MS— were employed to analyze lithium isotopic composition in both new and aged lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) cells, including lab-made coin cells and commercial batteries.
An isotopic fractionation was identified during electrochemical cycling: 6Li migrates towards the anode, while 7Li accumulates in the cathode. These isotopic patterns correlate with structural degradation, including solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) growth and crack formation, as confirmed by FIB-SEM, XANES, and EXAFS analyses. This correlation demonstrates that LIF aligns with key aging mechanisms in model coin cells and commercial batteries, such as capacity fade and impedance growth. LIF provides a powerful diagnostic tool for battery health monitoring and aging prediction by linking isotopic fractionation to structural degradation. This approach offers significant potential to extend battery lifespan and improve the reliability of energy storage systems.
T2 - ANAKON 2025
CY - Leipzig, Germany
DA - 10.03.2025
KW - Isotope
KW - Lithium
KW - Battery aging
KW - Degradation
KW - Fractionation
KW - Battery
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63487
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Villajos Collado, José Antonio
T1 - Experimental volumetric hydrogen uptake determination at 77 K of commercially available metal-organic framework materials
N2 - Storage is still limiting the implementation of hydrogen as an energy carrier to integrate the intermittent operation of renewable energy sources. Among different solutions to the currently used compressed or liquified hydrogen systems, physical adsorption at cryogenic temperature in porous materials is an attractive alternative due to its fast and reversible operation and the resulting reduction in storage pressure. The feasibility of cryoadsorption for hydrogen storage depends mainly on the performance of the used materials for the specific application, where metal-organic frameworks or MOFs are remarkable candidates. In this work, gravimetric and volumetric hydrogen uptakes at 77 K and up to 100 bar of commercially available MOFs were measured since these materials are made from relatively cheap and accessible building blocks. These materials also show relatively high porous properties and are currently near to large-scale production. The measuring device was calibrated at different room temperatures to calculate an average correction factor and standard deviation so that the correction deviation is included in the measurement error for better comparability with different measurements. The influence of measurement conditions was also studied, concluding that the available adsorbing area of material and the occupied volume of the sample are the most critical factors for a reproducible measurement, apart from the samples’ preparation before measurement. Finally, the actual volumetric storage density of the used powders was calculated by directly measuring their volume in the analysis cell, comparing that value with the maximum volumetric uptake considering the measured density of crystals. From this selection of commercial MOFs, the materials HKUST-1, PCN-250(Fe), MOF-177, and MOF-5 show true potential to fulfill a volumetric requirement of 40 g·L−1 on a material basis for hydrogen storage systems without further packing of the powders.
KW - Hydrogen adsorption
KW - Commercial metal-organic frameworks
KW - Hydrogen uptake reproducibility
KW - Volumetric uptake
KW - Packing density
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-542215
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/c8010005
SN - 2311-5629
VL - 8
IS - 1
SP - 1
EP - 14
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel
AN - OPUS4-54221
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Golub, Tino
T1 - Die Zertifizierung von Gasstandards für Prüf- und Kalibrierlabore: Von der Einwaage bis zum Messergebnis im Feld
N2 - Die zuverlässige Bereitstellung zertifizierter Gasstandards ist ein wesentlicher Baustein für die Qualitätssicherung in Prüf- und Kalibrierlaboren. Der Vortrag beleuchtet die komplexen Prozesse und Einflussfaktoren, die bei der Herstellung solcher Referenzmaterialien – insbesondere Gasgemischen – eine Rolle spielen. Ein besonderer Fokus liegt dabei auf der praxisgerechten Ermittlung der Messunsicherheit entlang der gesamten Herstellungskette. Darüber hinaus wird die Zertifizierung von Primär- und Sekundärstandards im Kontext internationaler Akkreditierungsanforderungen dargestellt.
T2 - 329. PTB-Seminar "Berechnung der Messunsicherheit – Empfehlungen für die Praxis"
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 19.05.2025
KW - Messunsicherheit
KW - Referenzmaterialien
KW - Zertifizierung
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63497
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tuma, Dirk
T1 - High-pressure density data of hydrogen-containing natural gases for the extension of equation-of-state models
N2 - This presentation reports new density data of hydrogen-containing natural gas mixtures between 250 and 350 K and up to pressures of 20 MPa.
T2 - 11th International GAS Analysis Symposium & Exhibition
CY - Paris, France
DA - 17.05.2022
KW - Hydrogen-containing natural gas
KW - Density data
KW - Equation of state
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56433
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Maiwald, Michael
T1 - Messverfahren für Wasserstoff: Qualität durch Zertifizierung – Standortvorteile in Deutschland
N2 - Die Veranstaltungsreihe "Neue Märkte erschließen – mit Normen und Standards hoch hinaus", die vom DIN gemeinsam mit der NOW GmbH organisiert wird, richtets sich vorwiegend an KMUs. Fokus der Veranstaltung sind Messverfahren für Wasserstoff. Der Beitrag der BAM führt sehr kurz die Rolle nationaler und internationaler Normung sowie weltweiter Metrologie im Rahmen der Meterkonvention bezüglich analytischer Qualitätssicherung und Zertifizierung von Gasen und Referenzmaterialien ein. Es werden aktuelle Beispiele für die Qualitätssicherung von Wasserstoff, mögliche dazu notwendige Ausrüstung und weiterführende Literaturquellen vorgestellt.
T2 - Neue Märkte erschließen – mit Normen und Standards hoch hinaus
CY - Online meeting
DA - 18.03.2021
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Normung
KW - Standortvorteil
KW - Analytik
KW - Wasserstoffanalytik
KW - Wasserstoff Referenzmaterial
KW - Gasanalytik
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52296
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hahn, Sarah-K.
A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico
A1 - Pascal, Schmitz
A1 - Krause, Ulrich
T1 - Forschung zur Sicherheit von Elektroenergiespeichern
N2 - Bei der Umstellung der Energieversorgung von fossilen auf „erneuerbare“ Energieträger kommt der Zwischenspeicherung von Energie eine entscheidende Bedeutung zu. Volatile Energieträger wie Solar- und Windenergie werden in Abhängigkeit der Tageszeit und des Wetters gewonnen, sodass die Energiegewinnung starken Schwankungen unterliegt und gleichzeitig begrenzt vorhersagbar ist. Hinzu kommt, dass der Zeitpunkt von Spitzenwerten verfügbarer Energie (z. B. Sommernachmittag bei Wind und Sonnenschein) nur bedingt mit den Zeiten des größten Energiebedarfs (z. B. Winterabend mit niedrigen Temperaturen) übereinstimmt.
KW - Auswirkungsbetrachtungen
KW - Thermisches Durchgehen
KW - Stationäre Energiespeicher
KW - Lithium-Ionen-Batterie
KW - Elektrische Energiespeicher
PY - 2025
UR - https://www.schadenprisma.de/archiv/artikel/forschung-zur-sicherheit-von-elektroenergiespeichern/
SN - 0343-3560
VL - 2025
IS - 2
SP - 14
EP - 17
PB - Institut für Schadenverhütung und Schadenforschung der öffentlichen Versicherer e.V. (IFS)
CY - Kiel
AN - OPUS4-63994
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - van der Veen, A. M H
A1 - Zalewska, E. T.
A1 - Kipphardt, Heinrich
A1 - Beelen, R. R.
A1 - Tuma, Dirk
A1 - Maiwald, Michael
A1 - Fükő, J.
A1 - Büki, T.
A1 - Szilágyi, Z. N.
A1 - Beránek, J.
A1 - Cieciora, D.
A1 - Ochman, G.
A1 - e.t al.,
T1 - Metrologia International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM), find out more - KEY COMPARISON International comparison CCQM-K118 natural gas
N2 - CCQM-K118 was an international key comparison on natural gas composition with two types of gases, i.e., a low calorific hydrogen-enriched natural gas and a high calorific LNG type of gas. There were 14 participating laboratories. The traveling standards (i.e., 14 mixtures each) were obtained from an external source and checked for homogeneity and stability before and after the participants' measurements at the two coordinating laboratories. The data evaluation was performed using a consensus value and a laboratory effect model. The results of the participants were benchmarked against a key comparison reference value computed from the largest consistent subset (LCS) of the submitted results, adjusted for the differences between the travelling standards. For the first time in a key comparison in gas analysis, the model included a term to account for excess variability in the LCS. Most of the participants reported one or a few (slightly) discrepant results. Partly this is due to the heterogeneity and heteroscedasticity of the datasets. In all, the results in this key comparison demonstrate the good comparability of the national measurement standards for natural gas composition maintained by the participating NMIs.
Main text. To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.
The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCQM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (MRA).
To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database https://www.bipm.org/kcdb/.
The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCQM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
KW - CCQM-K
PY - 2022
DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/59/1A/08017
SN - 0026-1394
VL - 59
IS - 1A
PB - IOP Publishing LTD
AN - OPUS4-56308
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Klaus, Christian
T1 - Verwaltungsschale Industrie 4.0
N2 - Die Veranstaltung richtet sich an alle Mitarbeiter der BAM. Ziel ist es, allen eine Idee zu vermitteln, was die Verwaltungsschale ist und wie sie angewendet werden kann. Die Zuhörer sollen hinterher eine Idee haben, ob bei ihrer eigenen Arbeit potenzielle Anknüpfungspunkte bestehen. Inhalt:
• Beispiel aus QI Digital als Motivation (Problemstellung)
• Beschreibung der VWS als Lösungsansatz für einheitliche Datenstrukturierung (mit verschiedenen Nutzern)
• Fokus liegt nicht auf Neuentwicklung, sondern auf der Nutzung vorgeschlagener Werkzeuge und Standards der Industrie 4.0
• Struktur der Verwaltungsschale
T2 - BAM Kolloquium
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 29.05.2024
KW - Verwaltungsschale
KW - Digitaler Zwilling
KW - Interoperabilität
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-63498
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Abad Andrade, Carlos Enrique
T1 - On developments of continuum source atomic and molecular absorption spectrometry
N2 - Der Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Preis 2022 wurde am 23.06.2022 anlässlich der analytica conference in München an Dr. Carlos Abad verliehen - in Anerkennung seiner exzellenten Entwicklungen im Bereich der continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry (CS-AAS).
Dr. Carlos Abad ist ein herausragender Experte auf dem Gebiet der Atom- und molekularen Absorptionsspektrometrie. insbesondere trug er maßgeblich zur substanziellen Weiterentwicklung von Echelle-Spektrometern für die CS-AAS bei. So gelang es, einen quantitativen Zugang zu Elementen wie Bor, Chlor, Fluor und Schwefel, mittels AAS zu erreichen. Erstmals demonstriert Dr. Carlos Abad am Beispiel eines Zr-Modifier, dass durch die Zeitauflösung der eingesetzten Echelle-Systeme mechanistische Untersuchungen zur Wirkung des Modifiers im Graphitrohrofen möglich sind.
Besonders hervorzuheben sind seine Arbeiten zum Einsatz der CS-AAS für die Analyse von Isotopen, die eine Genauigkeit aufweist, welche an die der Multikollektor-induktiv gekoppelten Plasma-Massenspektrometrie (MC-ICP-MS) heranreicht. Damit ergeben sich völlig neue Einsatzmöglichkeiten für technologisch hochrelevante Applikationen, wie z.B. die Untersuchung der Alterung von Lithium-Batterien oder die Lithium-Analyse in Blutserum.
T2 - Analytica Conference: Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Preis 2022 der Deutsche Arbeitskreis für Analytische Spektroskopie (DAAS)
CY - Munich, Germany
DA - 23.06.2022
KW - Isotopes
KW - Fluorine
KW - Halogens
KW - Non-metals
KW - HR-CS-MAS
KW - HR-CS-AAS
KW - Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Preis
KW - Continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry
KW - Zr-Modifier
KW - Graphite furnace
KW - Lithium
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56500
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Maiwald, Michael
A1 - Lubenau, U.
T1 - Large-scale hydrogen storage in geological reservoirs: Current perspectives and requirements for metrology
N2 - The course of the changeover of UGS from natural gas to hydrogen varies depending on the type of the underground gas storage (UGS). In caverns a changeover to high H2-contents can be achieved quickly, while pore storage tanks must be converted over long periods of time. The analytical requirements are correspondingly different. This information has been compiled through expert statement by underground storage operators.
A significant number of new UGS is currently not expected. Public funds (project funding) are currently being raised for the conversion of caverns to hydrogen. In addition, investigations and evaluations of the material are currently being carried out at various storage facilities in order to determine the possibilities and costs of a conversion. H2 admixtures to natural gas, but also pure H2 caverns are considered. The bottleneck seems to be the availability of large volumes of hydrogen. The analytical requirements along with the different hydrogen qualities, which are currently discussed were compiled through expert discussions with underground storage operators and are at hand as early impact results.
T2 - EEMUA Energy Transition Seminar
CY - Rotterdam, Netherland
DA - 23.06.2022
KW - Hydrogen Storage
KW - Underground gas storage (UGS)
KW - MefHySto
KW - EMPIR
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55109
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Maiwald, Michael
T1 - Sicherheit und Prozesskontrolle in der Wasserstoff-Wirtschaft: Anforderungen an Sensoren und Prozessanalytik
N2 - Der Vortrag ist ein Impulsvortrag, der kurz in die Prozessketten der potentiellen Wasserstoffwirtschaft einführt. An vielen Stellen werden spezifische Sensoren benötigt, die die Prozess-Sicherheit und die Zuverlässigkeit von Qualitätsparametern gewährleisten. Es wird auch kurz auf die Forschungsföerderungslandschaft zu diesem Thema eingegangen.
T2 - Sensorik für die Digitalisierung Chemische Produktionsanlagen – Wir bringen neue Projektideen auf dem Weg!
CY - Frankfurt am Main, Germany
DA - 13.06.2022
KW - Sensoren
KW - Wasserstoff-Wirtschaft
KW - Forschungslandschaft Wasserstoff
KW - ProcessNet
KW - Digitale Transformation
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55110
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Lozano-Martín, D.
A1 - Martín, M. C.
A1 - Chamorro, C. R.
A1 - Tuma, Dirk
A1 - Segovia, J. J.
T1 - Speed of sound for three binary (CH4 + H2) mixtures from p = (0.5 up to 20) MPa at T = (273.16 to 375) K
N2 - Speed of sound is one of the thermodynamic properties that can be measured with least uncertainty and is of great interest in developing equations of state. Moreover, accurate models are needed by the H2 industry to design the transport and storage stages of hydrogen blends in the natural gas network. This research aims to provide accurate data for (CH4 + H2) mixtures of nominal (5, 10, and 50) mol-% of hydrogen, in the p = (0.5 up to 20) MPa pressure range and with temperatures T = (273.16, 300, 325, 350, and 375) K. Using an acoustic spherical resonator, speed of sound was determined with an overall relative expanded (k = 2) uncertainty of 220 parts in 10^6 (0.022%). Data were compared to reference equations of state for natural gas-like mixtures, such as AGA8-DC92 and GERG-2008.
Average absolute deviations below 0.095% and percentage deviations between 0.029% and up to 0.30%, respectively, were obtained. Additionally, results were fitted to the acoustic virial equation of state and adiabatic coefficients, molar isochoric heat capacities and molar isobaric heat capacities as perfect-gas, together with second and third acoustic virial coefficients were estimated. Density second virial coefficients were also obtained.
KW - Speed of sound
KW - Acoustic resonator
KW - Heat capacity
PY - 2020
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.12.012
SN - 0360-3199
VL - 45
IS - 7
SP - 4765
EP - 4783
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-50454
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Lozano-Martín, D.
A1 - Akubue, G. U.
A1 - Moreau, A.
A1 - Tuma, Dirk
A1 - Chamorro, C. R.
T1 - Accurate experimental (p, rho, T) data of the (CO2 + O2) binary system for the development of models for CCS processes
N2 - The limited availability of accurate experimental data in wide ranges of pressure, temperature, and composition is the main constraining factor for the proper development and assessment of thermodynamic models and equations of state. In the particular case of carbon capture and storage (CCS) processes, there is a clear need for data sets related to the (carbon dioxide + oxygen) mixtures that this work aims to address. This work provides new experimental (p, rho, T) data for three binary (CO2 + O2) mixtures with mole fractions of oxygen x(O2) = (0.05, 0.10, and 0.20) mol/mol, in the temperature range T = (250 to 375) K and pressure range p = (0.5 to 13) MPa. The measurements were performed with a high-precision single-sinker densimeter with magnetic suspension coupling. The density data were obtained with estimated expanded relative uncertainties of 0.02 % for the highest densities and up to 0.3 % for the lowest ones.The results were compared to the corresponding results calculated by the current reference equations of state for this kind of mixtures, namely the EOS-CG (combustion gases) and the GERG-2008 equation of state, respectively. The EOS-CG yields better estimations in density than the GERG-2008 equation of state. The results from the EOS-GC model show no systematic temperature dependence. For the GERG-2008 model, however, this criterion is significantly less fulfilled.
KW - carbon capture and storage
KW - single-sinker densimeter
KW - equation of state
PY - 2020
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2020.106210
SN - 0021-9614
VL - 150
SP - 106210
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-50925
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Tuma, Dirk
A1 - Lozano-Martín, D.
A1 - Vega-Maza, D.
A1 - Moreau, A.
A1 - Martín, M. C.
A1 - Segovia, J. J.
T1 - Speed of sound data, derived perfect-gas heat capacities, and acoustic virial coefficients of a calibration standard natural gas mixture and a low-calorific H2-enriched mixture
N2 - This work aims to address the technical aspects related to the thermodynamic characterization of natural gas mixtures blended with hydrogen for the introduction of alternative energy sources within the Power-to-Gas framework. For that purpose, new experimental speed of sound data are presented in the pressure range between (0.1 up to 13) MPa and at temperatures of (260, 273.16, 300, 325, and 350) K for two mixtures qualified as primary calibration standards: a 11 component synthetic natural gas mixture (11 M), and another low-calorific H2-enriched natural gas mixture with a nominal molar percentage x(H2) = 3 %.
Measurements have been gathered using a spherical acoustic resonator with an experimental expanded (k = 2) uncertainty better than 200 parts in 106 (0.02 %) in the speed of sound. The heat capacity ratio as perfect-gas gammapg, the molar heat capacity as perfect-gas Cp,m pg, and the second betaa and third gammaa acoustic virial coefficients are derived from the speed of sound values. All the results are compared with the reference mixture models for natural gas-like mixtures, the AGA8-DC92 EoS and the GERG-2008 EoS, with Special attention to the impact of hydrogen on those properties. Data are found to be mostly consistent within the model uncertainty in the 11 M synthetic mixture as expected, but for the hydrogen-enriched mixture in the limit of the model uncertainty at the highest measuring pressures.
KW - Natural gas mixtures
KW - Speed-of-sound measurements
KW - Equations of state
KW - Acoustic virial coefficients
PY - 2021
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2021.106434
SN - 0021-9614
VL - 158
SP - 106434
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-52292
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hatz, N.
T1 - Automatisierte zerstörungsfreie Innenkorrosionserkennung an radioaktiven Fassgebinden
N2 - Im Rahmen der Fördermaßnahme „FORKA – Forschung für den Rückbau kerntechnischer Anlagen“ entwickeln das Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) zusammen mit den Projektpartnern der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung (BAM), der Kraftanlagen Heidelberg GmbH (KAH) und der Landessammelstelle Berlin (ZRA) ein automatisiertes und auf zerstörungsfreien Prüfverfahren basierendes Fassinspektionssystem im Projekt ZIKA. Dieses System ermöglicht es, den aktuellen Zustand einzelner Fassgebinde auf genau dieselbe reproduzierbare Weise zu bestimmen und zu dokumentieren. Es trägt bei gleichzeitiger Erhöhung der Arbeitssicherheit zu einer Optimierung der wiederkehrenden Prüfungen durch Vereinheitlichungen und Reproduzierbarkeit bei. Zusätzlich kann durch eine Innenkorrosionserkennung frühzeitig Schäden erkannt werden, die bei einer regulären Inspektion nicht feststellbar wären.
In Rahmen des Vorgängerprojekts EMOS wurde bereits eine Demonstrationsanlage zur Fassinspektion in einen geschlossenen Container gebaut, die über ein Bedienpanel gesteuert wird und es ermöglicht, das Äußere des Fasses zu inspizieren. Ziel von ZIKA ist es, die Erkenntnisse aus EMOS zu nutzen und eine Innenkorrosionserkennung zu integrieren, sowie das Gesamtsystem zu verkleinern. Zur Innenkorrosionserkennung werden an Testkörpern verschiedene zerstörungsfreie Prüfverfahren evaluiert und auf deren Eignung bewertet. Zu den Prüfverfahren gehören Thermografie, verschiedene Ultraschallprüftechniken, magnetische Streuflussmessung und Wirbelstromprüfung.
T2 - KONTEC 2025 - Internationales Symposium Konditionierung radioaktiver Betriebs- und Stilllegungsabfälle & Stilllegung kerntechnischer Anlagen
CY - Dresden, Germany
DA - 17.09.2025
KW - Thermografie
KW - Laserthermografie
KW - ZfP
KW - Machine learning
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64127
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Czeskleba, Denis
A1 - Irfan, Muhammad Dary
A1 - Wandtke, Karsten
A1 - Kaiser, Sebastian
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Wasserstoffdiffusion in hochfesten UP-Schweißverbindungen – einfacher als gedacht
N2 - Hochfeste Baustähle werden im modernen Stahlbau aus wirtschaftlichen und konstruktiven Gründen zunehmend eingesetzt, z. B. im Gebäude-, Anlagen- oder Mobilkranbau. Durch den Einsatz von Stählen mit höheren 690 MPa) können durch die Reduzierung der Wanddicke erhebliche Gewichtsreduzierungen und geringere Verarbeitungskosten erreicht werden, insbesondere bei der Verwendung des Unterpulverschweißen (UP) durch seine hohe Abschmelzleistung. Aufgrund ihrer speziellen Mikrostruktur haben hochfeste Stähle eine begrenzte Duktilität und sind anfälliger für wasserstoffunterstützte Kaltrisse (HACC). Darüber hinaus führen große mittels UP geschweißter Blechdicken zu hohen Schweißeigenspannungen und langen Diffusionswegen für z.B. durch den Schweißprozess eingebrachten Wasserstoff. Abgesicherte Diffusionskoeffizienten für UP-Schweißungen dieser Festigkeitsklasse sind als Grundlage für die Abschätzung des Zeitintervalls einer möglichen verzögerten Kaltrissbildung oder für Nachwärmung zur Wasserstoffreduktion nur sehr begrenzt verfügbar. Aus diesem Grund wurden experimentelle Versuche zur mikrostruktur-spezifischen Diffusion in S690-Schweißungen durchgeführt. Dazu wurde ein thermomechanisch (TM) gewalzter bzw. vergüteter (QL) Zustand dieses Werkstoffs betrachtet, sowie das jeweilige charakteristische Schweißgut und WEZ. Dazu wurden den Schweißmikrostrukturen lokal Proben entnommen und über Permeations- bzw. Warmauslagerungsversuche die gefügespezifische Diffusion von Raumtemperatur bis 400°C charakterisiert. Im Gegensatz zu bekannten Effekten des Wärmebehandlungszustandes der Grundwerkstoffe auf die Diffusion in MSGSchweißverbindungen, zeigten die Wasserstoffdiffusionskoeffizienten über alle untersuchten Gefügezustände keine signifikanten Unterschiede, insbesondere nicht für die lokale WEZ diverser, untersuchter Streckenergiebereiche. Aus praktischer Anwendersicht können daher dickwandige UP-Verbindungen hinsichtlich einer verzögerten Wasserstoffdiffusion nur anhand der einfach ermittelbaren Diffusionskoeffizienten für den Grundwerkstoffkoeffizient beurteilt werden. Zudem zeigte sich, dass der unterschiedliche Walz- und Wärmebehandlungszustand (TM vs. QL) in UP-Schweißnähten eine untergeordnete Rolle für die Wasserstoffdiffusion und damit für die mögliche Zeitverzögerung der Kaltrissbildung hat. Ergänzende numerische Simulationen der Wasserstoffverteilung bestätigten das Verhalten.
T2 - DVS Congress 2025
CY - Essen, Germany
DA - 16.09.2025
KW - Unterpulverschweißen
KW - Wasserstoffdiffusion
KW - Wasserstoffunterstützte Kaltrissbildung
KW - Wasserstoffrisse
PY - 2025
SN - 978-3-96144-299-7
DO - https://doi.org/10.53192/DVSC20250330
VL - 401
SP - 330
EP - 340
PB - DVS Media GmbH
CY - Düsseldorf
AN - OPUS4-64132
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Erxleben, Kjell
T1 - Component test for the assessment of in-service welding on/onto pressurized hydrogen pipelines
N2 - Hydrogen is seen as the energy carrier of the future. Therefore a reliable infrastructure to transport hydrogen in a large scale is needed. A so called European hydrogen backbone out of long distance transmission pipelines is planned by European countries to create a hydrogen transport infrastructure. Due to economic reasons this will be achieved by new build pipelines such as repurposed natural Gas (NG) pipelines, converted to hydrogen useage. A general suitability for hydrogen service of low alloyed pipeline steel, as it is used for NG service today, is given. But in case of necessary in-service welding procedures in terms of e.g. hot-tapping and stoppling, the risk of a critical hydrogen uptake into the pipe materials due to much higher temeperatures while welding and the possibility of hydrogen embrittlement (HE) needs to be closely investigated. The presentation gives an overview of the current H2-SuD project, investigating the feasability of in-service welding on future hydrogen pipelines. Therefore, component-like demonstrators were developed to test (I) the additional hydrogen uptake due to in-service welding under hydrogen pressure and (II) to measure the temperature field due to different welding parameters and demonstrator geometries, especially on the inner pipe wall surface. Collected data will be used to validate a numerical simulation of the thermal field and additionally the hydrogen diffusion in the pipeline material.
T2 - Presentation at The University of Manchester
CY - Manchester, United Kingdom
DA - 12.09.2025
KW - In-service
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Pipeline
KW - Welding
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64129
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kaiser, Sebastian
T1 - Wasserstoffdiffusion in hochfesten UP-Schweißverbindungen - einfacher als gedacht
N2 - Hochfeste Baustähle werden im modernen Stahlbau aus wirtschaftlichen und konstruktiven Gründen zunehmend eingesetzt, z. B. im Gebäude-, Anlagen- oder Mobilkranbau. Durch den Einsatz von Stählen mit höheren 690 MPa) können durch die Reduzierung der Wanddicke erhebliche Gewichtsreduzierungen und geringere Verarbeitungskosten erreicht werden, insbesondere bei der Verwendung des Unterpulverschweißen (UP) durch seine hohe Abschmelzleistung. Aufgrund ihrer speziellen Mikrostruktur haben hochfeste Stähle eine begrenzte Duktilität und sind anfälliger für wasserstoffunterstützte Kaltrisse (HACC). Darüber hinaus führen große mittels UP geschweißter Blechdicken zu hohen Schweißeigenspannungen und langen Diffusionswegen für z.B. durch den Schweißprozess eingebrachten Wasserstoff. Abgesicherte Diffusionskoeffizienten für UP-Schweißungen dieser Festigkeitsklasse sind als Grundlage für die Abschätzung des Zeitintervalls einer möglichen verzögerten Kaltrissbildung oder für Nachwärmung zur Wasserstoffreduktion nur sehr begrenzt verfügbar. Aus diesem Grund wurden experimentelle Versuche zur mikrostruktur-spezifischen Diffusion in S690-Schweißungen durchgeführt. Dazu wurde ein thermomechanisch (TM) gewalzter bzw. vergüteter (QL) Zustand dieses Werkstoffs betrachtet, sowie das jeweilige charakteristische Schweißgut und WEZ. Dazu wurden den Schweißmikrostrukturen lokal Proben entnommen und über Permeations- bzw. Warmauslagerungsversuche die gefügespezifische Diffusion von Raumtemperatur bis 400°C charakterisiert. Im Gegensatz zu bekannten Effekten des Wärmebehandlungszustandes der Grundwerkstoffe auf die Diffusion in MSGSchweißverbindungen, zeigten die Wasserstoffdiffusionskoeffizienten über alle untersuchten Gefügezustände keine signifikanten Unterschiede, insbesondere nicht für die lokale WEZ diverser, untersuchter Streckenergiebereiche. Aus praktischer Anwendersicht können daher dickwandige UP-Verbindungen hinsichtlich einer verzögerten Wasserstoffdiffusion nur anhand der einfach ermittelbaren Diffusionskoeffizienten für den Grundwerkstoffkoeffizient beurteilt werden. Zudem zeigte sich, dass der unterschiedliche Walz- und Wärmebehandlungszustand (TM vs. QL) in UP-Schweißnähten eine untergeordnete Rolle für die Wasserstoffdiffusion und damit für die mögliche Zeitverzögerung der Kaltrissbildung hat. Ergänzende numerische Simulationen der Wasserstoffverteilung bestätigten das Verhalten.
T2 - DVS Congress 2025
CY - Essen, Germany
DA - 16.09.2025
KW - Unterpulverschweißen
KW - Wasserstoffdiffusion
KW - Wasserstoffunterstützte Kaltrissbildung
KW - Wasserstoffrisse
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64130
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Gleim, Tobias
A1 - Monavari, Mehran
A1 - Bertovic, Marija
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - AI-driven Documentation Analysis for Safety Assessment of Packages with Hazardous Goods
N2 - Transport packages for radioactive material require, dependent on type und quantity of the radioactive material, a regulatory approval. Safety assessments shall be conducted in compliance with the IAEA regulations and documented in a comprehensive package design safety report to obtain approval from authority. This comprehensive safety report evaluates a broad range of requirements from the regulations, including physical specifications, control measures, and testing assessments. Additionally, it encompasses supporting documents such as specifications, plans in a variety of complex documents.
Safety and manufacturing reports contain multiple interconnected sub-reports covering various topics. Changes, such as component modifications, material property updates, standards, or regulatory revisions, often impact multiple sections of the safety analysis reports, making even minor adjustments complex and time-consuming. Each transport package has unique constraints, making every safety report distinct, despite following the same regulatory framework.
This project aims to enhance data analysis and processing through AI-based approaches [4]. Automated methods for analysing and interlinking documentation will improve efficiency, accuracy, and consistency while reducing human error in safety assessments.
A key challenge is that pre-trained Large Language Models (LLMs) lack domain-specific data on packaging safety, potentially leading to inaccurate results. To mitigate this, the project applies Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) in conjunction with LLMs. This approach integrates the strengths of pre-trained models with expert knowledge from databases and document repositories, ensuring accurate, well-founded, and transparent assessments.
Beyond technical challenges, human factors must be considered early. New technologies often trigger resistance, if not introduced properly. Furthermore, long-term AI-reliance may lead to loss of expertise needed to solve complex problems. User-centred approach ensures effective implementation and lasting viability.
This study evaluates the feasibility of using LLMs [2] and RAG [1, 3] for regulatory compliance in radioactive material transport. By analysing current documentation workflows, we assess how AI-driven tools can interpret complex safety reports and identify critical dependencies. Furthermore, we highlight the necessity of robust data governance, confidentiality measures, and AI reliability in this highly regulated domain.
T2 - KONTEC 2025
CY - Dresden, Germany
DA - 17.09.2025
KW - AI-driven
KW - QI-Digital
KW - Retrieval-Augmented Generation
KW - Large Language Model
PY - 2025
SP - 1
EP - 9
PB - Kontec Gesellschaft für technische Kommunikation GmbH
CY - Dresden
AN - OPUS4-64154
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Numerical simulation of weld heat input effect on microstructure and hydrogen diffusion in thick-walled S690 submerged arc welded joints
N2 - High-strength, low-alloy (HLSA) steels such as S690 are an attractive option for heavy industries such as offshore wind turbines and peripheral equipment due to their combination of excellent mechanical properties and weldability. The construction of these thick-walled structures requires highly efficient welding processes such as submerged arc welding (SAW). However, SAW presents challenges related to delayed hydrogen assisted cold cracking (HACC). Despite its importance, the effect of different diffusion coefficients on the cold cracking susceptibility of different microstructures within SAW-welded S690 steels is not fully understood. For this reason, the present study focuses on comparing the cold cracking susceptibility of thermomechanically rolled (TM) or quenched and tempered (QL) variants of S690 steel. SAW was performed on specimens of both steel grades to produce weldments consisting of weld metal, heat-affected zone (HAZ), and base metal. Electrochemical hydrogen permeation tests (ISO 17081) were performed to determine the microstructure specific coefficients. Using the obtained coefficients, a numerical model was developed to identify the time- and microstructure-dependent local hydrogen diffusion and its influence on the distribution within the welds. The results showed that the TM grade exhibited slightly accelerated hydrogen diffusion compared to the QL grade, which is beneficial for hydrogen reduction and increases the HACC resistance. However, the further simulations with different ply sequences showed that the welding heat input (i.e. welding ply sequence) had a significantly higher effect on hydrogen accumulation. Specifically, increased welding heat input and increased thicknesses decrease hydrogen diffusivity. For this reason, microstructure-specific hydrogen diffusion played a minor role in thick-layer SAW joints compared to the need to control the welding parameters (layer sequence, individual layer thickness, welding heat input).
T2 - FEMS Euromat 2025 - 18th European Congress and Exhibition on Advanced Materials and Processes
CY - Granada, Spain
DA - 15.09.2025
KW - Hydrogen assisted cracking
KW - Welding
KW - High strength steels
KW - Numerical simulation
KW - Electrochemical permeation
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64158
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Hydrogen trap characterization in 200 and 1,000 bar charged CoCrNi medium entropy alloy compared to steel AISI 316L
N2 - Multiple principal element alloys (MPEAs) represent a new class of metallic materials. MPEAs, such as the CoCrNi medium entropy alloy (MEA), have attracted considerable research attention as potential materials to replace, for example, austenitic steels in high-pressure hydrogen environments. Due to the relatively new alloy concept, studies on the specific hydrogen diffusion and trapping behavior of high-pressure hydrogen-charged CoCrNi MEAs are rare so far. For this reason, a CoCrNi-MEA was investigated and compared to an austenitic stainless steel, AISI 316L. Both materials were subjected to high pressure hydrogen loading for two different pressures: 200 bar and 1,000 bar. After charging, thermal desorption analysis (TDA) was used with three heating rates from 0.125 K/s to 0.500 K/s to clarify the specific hydrogen desorption and trapping behavior. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to characterize hydrogen diffusion and trapping in 1,000 bar high-pressure charged CoCrNi. For this purpose, the underlying TDA spectra were analyzed in terms of peak deconvolution into a metallurgically justifiable number of defined peaks. The individual peak temperatures and activation energies “EA” were calculated. The following conclusions can be drawn from the results obtained: (1) Exposure to 200 bar or 1,000 bar leads to an increase in hydrogen absorption, regardless of the material investigated, expressed by a significantly increased desorption rate at 1,000 bar. However, the effusion peaks typically occur only at high temperatures. The (2) TDA showed that a four-peak deconvolution scenario was sufficient to describe the trapping behavior and the "EA" indicated the dominance of irreversible traps. In addition, the average trapping energy is higher than in the 316L. The (3) charge pressure related hydrogen solubility was in the order of: CoCrNi-MEA < 316L for both pressures and (4) charging at 1000 bar results in an average concentration of 49 wt.ppm (CoCrNi-MEA) and > 75 wt.ppm (316L). In summary, the CoCrNi-MEA was characterized by a reduced solubility, but very deep entrapment compared to the 316L. For this reason, further application potentials of the MEA may arise.
T2 - FEMS Euromat 2025 - 18th European Congress and Exhibition on Advanced Materials and Processes
CY - Granada, Spain
DA - 15.09.2025
KW - Medium entropy alloy
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Trapping
KW - Diffusion
KW - High-pressure charging
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64160
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Effect of Ti and Nb on hydrogen trapping in welded S690 HSLA steel and effect on delayed cold cracking
N2 - Fine-grain, high-strength, low-alloy (HSLA) structural steels with yield strengths > 600 MPa are now the state of the art in construction applications such as mobile cranes and civil engineering. HSLA grades derive their strength from a combination of specific heat treatment and the underlying chemical composition. In this context, Ti or Nb are essential to obtain a fine-grained microstructure as well as the necessary carbides or nitrides for precipitation strengthening. In this context, the specific effect of Ti or Nb-rich compounds on hydrogen trapping and diffusion is well known for special laboratory cast alloys, but unknown for realistic steel compositions. For this reason, a series of S690Q-based alloys were synthesized, close to a real steel composition, but with well controlled Ti or Nb additions in different amounts. Specimens were obtained from these alloys by electrochemical discharge machining (EDM). The specimens were tested using the well-established electrochemical permeation technique. From the experimental results, the hydrogen diffusion coefficients and the analytical subsurface hydrogen concentration were calculated. In addition, the hydrogen trapping behavior at elevated temperatures was interpreted by thermal desorption analysis (TDA) using different heating rates of hydrogen charged samples. The results showed that in contrast to metallurgically "pure" laboratory cast alloys, realistic chemical compositions were similar in their hydrogen trapping behavior, despite some small differences. All investigated steel grades exhibited shallow and reversible hydrogen trapping, regardless of their chemical composition. Of course, the experiments only allowed the calculation of effective diffusion coefficients and trapping energies, which represent an average of the entire microstructure. Nevertheless, HSLA steels are typically joined by arc welding, which includes the risk of delayed hydrogen assisted cracking. From the point of view of welding practice, however, a more or less identical hydrogen diffusion behavior means that no special "metallurgically specific", justifiable measures need to be considered, despite the well-established processes such as "soaking" or dehydrogenation heat treatment. Of course, a closer look at the heat-affected zone (HAZ) or the weld metal of the specific welds is necessary. However, especially in the case of thick-walled welds, it is assumed that the weld metal and HAZ are similar to the base material due to the multi-layer welding, which results in multiple annealing cycles of the weld metal and HAZ.
T2 - FEMS Euromat 2025 - 18th European Congress and Exhibition on Advanced Materials and Processes
CY - Granada, Spain
DA - 15.09.2025
KW - Hydrogen assisted cracking
KW - HSLA
KW - Diffusion
KW - Electrochemical permeation
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64156
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Component test for the assessment of in-service welding on/onto pressurized hydrogen pipelines
N2 - Hydrogen is the energy carrier of tomorrow and requires a reliable large-scale transport infrastructure. In addition to new pipelines, the conversion of existing natural gas (NG) pipeline grids is an essential part. The transport of hydrogen is fundamentally different from that of NG, as hydrogen can be absorbed into the pipeline material. Given the effects of hydrogen embrittlement, the material compatibility (low alloy steels in a wide range of strengths and thicknesses) must be investigated. However, pipelines e.g. require maintenance or the need for installation of additional outlets with the necessity of welding on/onto the pipelines while they are still in service, i.e. with gas flow under high pressure, such as the well-known "hot tapping". This in-service welding poses challenges for hydrogen operations. The challenge can be roughly divided into the possible austenitization of the inner pipe material exposed to hydrogen, the welding itself, which causes an increased temperature range. Both lead to a significant increase in hydrogen solubility and diffusivity compared to room temperature. In addition, possible surface reactions of the present iron oxides (e.g. magnetite or hematite) with the hot hydrogen should be considered. In this context, the knowledge of hydrogen pipelines is scarce due to the lack of operational experience. Fundamental experimental investigations are required to investigate the transferability from NG to hydrogen pipeline grids. For this reason, the present study presents a specially designed mock-up / demonstrator concept for the realistic assessment of the welding process conditions. The mock-up was designed to allow in-situ temperature measurement during the welding process as well as ex-post sample extraction for quantification of the absorbed hydrogen concentration. For safety reasons, the required volume of pressurized hydrogen was limited by inserting a solid cylinder to ensure a 1 cm thick layer of hydrogen gas. Welding experiments on the DN60 and DN200 pressurized mock-ups showed the possibility of safe welding on or onto pressurized hydrogen pipelines. Indeed, the austenitizing temperature was reached on the inner surface of the pipeline, especially on thinner-walled pipelines, using current welding parameter recommendations. This corresponded to an increased hydrogen uptake in the welded area of several ppm. From this point of view, the suggested component concept is a viable strategy for the screening of several materials and welding parameter combinations under realistic operational conditions.
T2 - FEMS Euromat 2025 - 18th European Congress and Exhibition on Advanced Materials and Processes
CY - Granada, Spain
DA - 15.09.2025
KW - In-service welding
KW - Pipeline
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Component test
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64159
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Lay, Vera
A1 - Baensch, Franziska
A1 - Johann, Sergej
A1 - Sturm, Patrick
A1 - Mielentz, Frank
A1 - Prabhakara, Prathik
A1 - Hofmann, Detlef
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
A1 - Kühne, Hans-Carsten
T1 - SealWasteSafe: materials technology, monitoring techniques, and quality assurance for safe sealing structures in underground repositories
N2 - Within the project SealWasteSafe, we advance construction materials and monitoring concepts of sealing structures applied for underground disposal of nuclear or toxic waste. As these engineered barriers have high demands concerning integrity, an innovative alkali-activated material (AAM) is improved and tested on various laboratory scales. This AAM has low reaction kinetics related to a preferential slow release of the heat of reaction in comparison to alternative salt concretes based on Portland cement or magnesium oxychloride cements. Hence, crack formation due to thermally induced strain is reduced. After successful laboratory scale analysis (Sturm et al., 2021), the AAM is characterised on a larger scale by manufacturing test specimens (100–300 L).
Conventional salt concrete (DBE, 2004) and the newly developed AAM are compared using two specimen geometries, i.e. cylindrical and cuboid. A comprehensive multisensor monitoring scheme is developed to compare the setting process of AAM and salt concrete for these manufactured specimens. The analysed parameters include temperature and humidity of the material, acoustic emissions, and strain variations. Passive sensor systems based on radiofrequency identification technology (RFID) embedded in the concrete, enable wireless access to temperature and humidity measurements and are compared to conventional cabled systems. Additionally, fibre-optic sensors (FOS) are embedded to record strain, but also have potential to record temperature and moisture conditions. Part of this project aims at demonstrating the high reliability of sensors and also their resistance to highly alkaline environments and to water intrusion along cables or at sensor locations. Further technical improvements were implemented so that first results clearly show the scalability of the setting process from previous small-scale AAM experiments and particularly the high potential of the newly developed approaches.
Furthermore, ultrasonic methods are used for quality assurance to detect obstacles, potential cracks and delamination. On the one hand, both active and passive ultrasonic measurements complement the results obtained from the multisensor monitoring scheme for the produced specimens. On the other hand, the unique large aperture ultrasonic system (LAUS) provides great depth penetration (up to nearly 10 m) and can thus be applied at in situ sealing structures built as a test site in Morsleben by the Federal Company for Radioactive Waste Disposal (Bundesgesellschaft für Endlagerung, BGE) as shown by Effner et al. (2021). An optimised field lay-out identified from forward modelling studies and advanced imaging techniques applied to the measured data will further improve the obtained results. To characterise the inside of the test engineered barrier and achieve a proof-of-concept, an ultrasonic borehole probe is developed to enable phased arrays that can further improve the detection of potential cracks. Modelling results and first analysis of semispherical specimens confirmed the reliability of the directional response caused by the phased arrays of the newly constructed ultrasonic borehole probe.
Overall, the project SealWasteSafe improves the construction material, multisensor monitoring concepts and ultrasonics for quality assurance. This will help to develop safe sealing structures for nuclear waste disposal. The outcomes are particularly valuable for salt as a host rock but partly also transferrable to alternative conditions.
T2 - Safe ND Interdisciplinary research symposium on the safety of nuclear disposal practices
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 10.11.2021
KW - Borehole probe
KW - SealWasteSafe
KW - Engineered barrier
KW - Materials technology
KW - Monitoring
KW - AAM
KW - Ultrasound
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-539172
DO - https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-127-2021
VL - 1
SP - 127
EP - 128
PB - Copernicus
AN - OPUS4-53917
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Seifert, Lando
A1 - Eggert, Lara
T1 - Weathering Campaigns in the North Sea for an Offshore Power-to-X Project
N2 - The poster contributes to the assessment of corrosivity in offshore atmospheric exposure environments according to DIN EN ISO 9224 for unalloyed steel, zinc, copper and aluminium. Studies on corrosivity from an offshore wind turbine and a distribution platform in the North Sea are presented. The results show that the corrosivity of unalloyed steel is mostly dependent on the altitude of exposure and whether it is inside or outside.
T2 - Conference EUROCORR 2025
CY - Stavanger, Norway
DA - 07.09.2025
KW - Weathnering Campaigns
KW - North Sea
KW - Corrosivity
KW - Corrosion
KW - Atmospheric Corrosion
KW - Mass Loss
KW - Corrosion Rate
KW - Offshore Wind Turbine
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64086
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Chaudhuri, Somsubhro
T1 - Infrared thermography as an inspection tool for wind turbine rotor blades
N2 - This presentation explores the use of infrared thermography as an inspection tool for wind turbine rotor blades. It highlights the implementation of ground-based thermographic techniques, demonstrates what can be achieved through such inspections, and presents a case study conducted in partnership with Statkraft. Particular attention is given to the discussion of thermal contrast and how it can be obtained for effective defect detection. To assess the potential and limitations of thermography, results from controlled climate chamber experiments and complementary simulations are also presented.
T2 - IQPC Wind Week 2025
CY - Bremen, Germany
DA - 26.08.2025
KW - Thermography
KW - Thermografie
KW - Wind turbine rotor blades
KW - Windenergie anlage rotorblätte
KW - Damage detection
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64056
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Graeber, Gustav
T1 - Paste-like interlayers in alkali-metal battery anodes
N2 - Giving an introduction to high-temperature batteries with molten alkali-metal anodes and solid electroyltes. Presenting the research on alkali-metal tensiometry and the study about wetting interactions between liquid alkali-metal alloys and porous carbon hosts.
T2 - AG Christina Roth Seminar
CY - Bayreuth, Germany
DA - 16.07.2025
KW - Battery
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64069
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Graeber, Gustav
T1 - Graeber Lab for Energy Research at Tag der Chemie in Adlershof
N2 - Highlighting recent progress in the Graeber Lab for Energy Research in the areas of alkali-metal tensiometry, alkali-metal anodes in contact with solid electrolytes, sulfur cathodes and solid electrolyte synthesis.
T2 - Tag der Chemie in Adlershof 2025
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 03.07.2025
KW - Batterie
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64068
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Graeber, Gustav
T1 - Paste-like alkali-metal anodes in contact with solid electroytes
N2 - Explaining the motivation of the BMFTR ANaBatt project. Presenting recent advances in alkali metal tensiometry and characterization of alkali-metal wetting in porous carbon materials via X-ray computed tomography.
T2 - Sodium Battery Symposium 6
CY - Dresden, Germany
DA - 03.09.2025
KW - Battery
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64070
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Abraham, O.
A1 - Ferria, H.
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
A1 - Brühwiler, E.
A1 - Dalsgard Sörensen, J.
A1 - Klikowicz, P.
A1 - Kirsch, F.
A1 - Niedermayer, H.
A1 - Yalamas, T.
T1 - INFRASTAR - Innovation and networking for fatigue and reliability analysis of structures - Training for assessment of risk - H2020
N2 - "INFRASTAR aims to develop knowledge, expertise and skills for optimal and reliable management of structures. The generic methodology is applied to bridges and wind turbines in relation to fatigue offering the opportunity to deal with complementary notions (such as old and new asset management, unique and similar structures, wind and traffic actions) while addressing 3 major challenges: 1/ advanced modelling of concrete fatigue behaviour, 2/new non destructive testing methods for early aged damage detection and 3/probabilistic approach of structure reliability under fatigue. Benefit of cross-experience and inter-disciplinary synergies creates new knowledge. INFRASTAR proposes innovative solutions for civil infrastructure asset management so that young scientists acquire a high employment profile in close dialogue between industry and academic partners. Modern engineering methods, including probabilistic approaches, risk and reliability assessment tools, will take into account the effective structural behaviour of existing bridges and wind turbines by exploiting monitored data. Existing methods and current state-of -the art is based on excessive conservatism which produces high costs and hinders sustainability. INFRASTAR improves knowledge for optimising the design of new structures, for more realistic verification of structural safety and more accurate prediction of future lifetime of the existing structures. That is a challenge for a sustainable development because it reduces building material and energy consumption as well as CO2 production. Within the global framework of optimal infrastructure asset management, INFRASTAR will result in a multi-disciplinary body of knowledge covering generic problems from the design stage process of the new civil infrastructures up to recycling after dismantlement. This approach and the proposed methods and tools are new and allow a step forward for innovative and effective process."
KW - Concrete
KW - Fatigue
KW - Wind turbine
KW - Bridge
PY - 2018
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-447016
UR - http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/sil/impact/2018/00002018/00000001/art00023
DO - https://doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2018.70
SN - 2398-7073
VL - 2018
IS - 1
SP - 70
EP - 72
PB - Science Impact Ltd.
CY - Bristol, UK
AN - OPUS4-44701
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schaumann, P.
A1 - Schürmann, K.
A1 - Pittner, Andreas
A1 - Rethmeier, Michael
T1 - Experimental investigations on the fatigue resistance of automatically welded tubular X-joints for jacket support structures
N2 - The development within the offshore wind sector towards more powerful turbines combined with increasing water depth for new wind parks is challenging both the designer as well as the manufacturer of bottom fixed support structures. Besides XL-monopiles, the market developed an innovative and economic jacket support structure which is based on automatically manufactured tubular joints combined with standardized pipes. Besides the improvements for a serial manufacturing process the automatically welded tubular joints show a great potential in terms of fatigue resistance e.g. due to a smooth weld geometry without sharp notches. However, these benefits are not considered yet within the fatigue design process of automatically manufactured jacket substructures according to current standards due to the lack of suitable S-N curves. Therefore, 32 axial fatigue tests on single and double-sided automatically welded tubular X-joints have been performed to determine a new hot spot stress related S-N curve. Based on these constant amplitude fatigue tests a new S-N curve equal to a FAT 126 curve was computed which implicitly includes the benefits of the automatically welding procedure.
T2 - EERA Deep Wind 2020
CY - Trondheim, Norway
DA - 15.01.2020
KW - Notch stress approach
KW - Fatigue tests
KW - Automated manufacturing
KW - Tubular X-joints
KW - Structural stress approach
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-518509
DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1669/1/012022
VL - 1669
SP - 012022
PB - IOP Publishing Ltd
AN - OPUS4-51850
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Prabhakara, Prathik
A1 - Mielentz, Frank
A1 - Stolpe, Heiko
A1 - Behrens, Matthias
A1 - Lay, Vera
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
T1 - Ultrasonic Investigation for the Quality Assurance of Sealing Structures in Radioactive Waste Repositories
N2 - The structural integrity of sealing structures in underground repositories for radioactive waste is a major concern regarding safe disposal. Non-destructive testing plays a very important role in the safety of this sealing structures. Ultrasonic pulse echo technology has been established in the construction industry as a non-destructive testing method for locating potential defects and material characterization of concrete structures. A borehole probe is an ultrasonic pulse-echo device used to investigate the internal structures of salt concrete. A prototype borehole probe is successfully demonstrated with the existing research borehole in the test site using a commercially available flaw detector. A novel phased array borehole probe that allows the beam to be focused based on the delay law was constructed and tested. The directivity measurements on the semi-cylindrical concrete sample agree well with the simulation results for the different focusing angles. In combination with geophysical reconstruction methods, the optimized radiation pattern of the probe is expected to improve the signal quality and thus increase the reliability of the imaging results. In addition, a unique large aperture ultrasound system (LAUS) is expected to provide enhanced images of possible cracks and embedded objects in in-situ structures. LAUS will be optimized to reliably detect objects at depths greater than 9 m and, at the same time, provide good resolution. Modeling studies show the potential to increase the distance between the transducer arrays further, and the same configuration has been successfully tested on a thick concrete wall. Overall, the paper shows that quality assurance using ultrasonic testing is crucial for constructing safe sealing structures to dispose of radioactive or toxic waste.
T2 - NDE 2022
CY - Gandhinagar, India
DA - 24.12.2022
KW - Ultrasonic Testing
KW - Engineered barrier
KW - Phased array technique
KW - Non-destructive testing civil engineering
KW - Quality assurance
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56802
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mielentz, Frank
A1 - Stolpe, Heiko
A1 - Effner, Ute
A1 - Behrens, Matthias
A1 - Bernstein, Thomas
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
T1 - Entwicklung einer Bohrlochsonde für Ultraschalluntersuchungen an Abschlussbauwerken in Endlagern
N2 - Für die Qualitätssicherung von Abschlusswerken für Endlager wird eine Ultraschall-Bohrlochsonde entwickelt. Mithilfe dieser Sonde, die aus einer Vielzahl von einzelnen koppelmittelfreien Ultraschall-Punktkontaktprüfköpfen besteht, soll die Rissfreiheit der Versuchsbauwerke überprüft werden.
Ein erster Prototyp der Sonde wurde mit einem kommerziellen Ultraschallgerät betrieben und bestand aus 12 Transversalwellen-Punktkontaktprüfköpfen von denen jeweils sechs als Sender und sechs als Empfänger parallelgeschaltet waren. Um den erzeugten Schalldruck der Bohrlochsonde zu steigern, wurde bei der Neuentwicklung die Prüfkopfanzahl erhöht und zusätzlich die laufzeitgesteuerte Anregung der einzelnen Prüfköpfe vorgesehen. Für die Anregung der Prüfköpfe mit programmierten Zeitverzögerungen wurde ein neuartiger mehrkanaliger Sender für bipolare Rechtecksignale entwickelt.
Durch die Entwicklung der Bohrlochsonde soll eine dynamische Anpassung der Prüfkopf-Apertur sowie eine Fokussierung des Schallfeldes in Abhängigkeit der zu untersuchenden Tiefe erfolgen. Mithilfe entsprechender Anregungsfunktionen kann das Schallfeld der Bohrlochsonde unterschiedlich geformt werden, z. B. ist auch ein Schwenken des fokussierten Schallbündels möglich. Dadurch wird das erfasste Prüfvolumen begrenzt und auf diese Weise das Signal-Störverhältnis der Empfangssignale verbessert. In Kombination mit SAFT-Rekonstruktionsrechnungen wird durch eine optimierte Abstrahlcharakteristik der Sonde mit einem hohen Schalldruck unter verschiedenen Winkeln eine verbesserte Signalqualität und damit eine erhöhte Aussagesicherheit der Ergebnisse in der Objektabbildung erwartet.
T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2021
CY - Online meeting
DA - 10.05.2021
KW - Abdichtbauwerk
KW - Bohrlochsonde
KW - Ultraschall-Echoverfahren
KW - Verschlussbauwerk
KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung
KW - Ultraschall-Messtechnik
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-526746
UR - https://jahrestagung.dgzfp.de/portals/jt2021/bb176/inhalt/poster.htm
SN - 978-3-947971-18-3
VL - 176
SP - 1
EP - 7
PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (DGZfP)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-52674
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Büttner, C.
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
A1 - Buske, S.
A1 - Friedrich, C.
T1 - Ultrasonic Echo Localization Using Seismic Migration Techniques in Engineered Barriers for NuclearWaste Storage
N2 - In the framework of non-destructive-testing advanced seismic imaging techniques have been applied to ultrasonic echo data in order to examine the integrity of an engineered test-barrier designed to be used for sealing an underground nuclear waste disposal site. Synthetic data as well as real multi-receiver ultrasonic data acquired at the test site were processed and imaged using Kirchhoff prestack depth migration reverse time migration (RTM). In general, both methods provide a good Image quality as demonstrated by various case studies, however deeper parts within the test barrier containing inclined reflectors were reconstructed more accurately by RTM. In particular, the image quality of a specific target reflector at a depth of 8 m in the test-barrier has been significantly improved compared to previous investigations using synthetic aperture Focusing technique, which justifies the considerable computing time of this method.
KW - Radioactive waste disposal
KW - Engineered barrier
KW - Ultrasound
KW - Imaging
KW - Crack detection
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-537956
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-021-00824-3
SN - 0195-9298
VL - 40
IS - 4
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - Springer
AN - OPUS4-53795
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Prabhakara, Prathik
A1 - Lay, Vera
A1 - Mielentz, Frank
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
A1 - Behrens, Matthias
T1 - Enhancing the Performance of a Large Aperture Ultrasound System (LAUS): A Combined Approach of Simulation and Measurement for Transmitter–Receiver Optimization
N2 - The Large Aperture Ultrasound System (LAUS) developed at BAM is known for its ability to penetrate thick objects, especially concrete structures commonly used in nuclear waste storage and other applications in civil engineering. Although the current system effectively penetrates up to ~9 m, further optimization is imperative to enhance the safety and integrity of disposal structures for radioactive or toxic waste. This study focuses on enhancing the system’s efficiency by optimizing the transducer spacing, ensuring that resolution is not compromised. An array of twelve horizontal shear wave transducers was used to find a balance between penetration depth and resolution. Systematic adjustments of the spacing between transmitter and receiver units were undertaken based on target depth ranges of known reflectors at depth ranges from 5 m to 10 m. The trade-offs between resolution and artifact generation were meticulously assessed. This comprehensive study employs a dual approach using both simulations and measurements to investigate the performance of transducer units spaced at 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm, and 40 cm. We found that for depths up to 5 m, a spacing of 10 cm for LAUS transducer units provided the best resolution as confirmed by both simulations and measurements. This optimal distance is particularly effective in achieving clear reflections and a satisfactory signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in imaging scenarios with materials such as thick concrete structures. However, when targeting depths greater than 10 m, we recommend increasing the distance between the transducers to 20 cm. This increased spacing improves the SNR in comparison to other spacings, as seen in the simulation of a 10 m deep backwall. Our results emphasize the critical role of transducer spacing in achieving the desired SNR and resolution, especially in the context of depth imaging requirements for LAUS applications. In addition to the transducer spacing, different distances between individual sets of measurement positions were tested. Overall, keeping the minimal possible distance between measurement position offsets provides the best imaging results at greater depths. The proposed optimizations for the LAUS in this study are primarily relevant to applications on massive nuclear structures for nuclear waste management. This research highlights the need for better LAUS efficiency in applications such as sealing structures, laying the foundation for future technological advances in this field.
KW - Engineered barrier system
KW - Phased array technique
KW - Ultrasonic testing
KW - Non-destructive testing in civil engineering
KW - Seismic migration
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-592426
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/s24010100
VL - 24
IS - 1
SP - 1
EP - 23
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel, Switzerland
AN - OPUS4-59242
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Lay, Vera
A1 - Effner, Ute
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
A1 - Arendt, J.
A1 - Hofmann, M.
A1 - Kudla, W.
T1 - Ultrasonic quality assurance at magnesia shotcrete sealing structures
N2 - Engineered barriers are a key element to enable safe nuclear waste disposal. One method currently under research for their construction is magnesia concrete applied in a shotcrete procedure. In this study, the ultrasonic echo method is evaluated as a means for quality assurance. Imaging of internal structures (backwall, boreholes) and defects, such as delamination, has successfully been achieved in the shotcrete. Additionally, detailed information about the potential cause of selected reflectors are obtained by phase analysis. In several test blocks of various sizes, no consistent concrete section boundaries have been found by ultrasonic imaging, which was verified by subsequent drilling and complementary tests. An experiment with artificial defects imitating cracks, air-filled voids, and material with lower density has been challenging and shows the limitations of the current methods. Although significant defects, such as a large delamination, are reliably identified, several smaller defects are not identified. Generally, ultrasonic imaging provides a suitable base as a mean for quality assurance during and after the construction of sealing structures. However, further developments are required to enhance the reliability of the method and a full validation is still pending. Still, the method has potential to increase the safety of nuclear waste repositories.
KW - Ultrasound
KW - Imaging
KW - Engineered barrier systems
KW - Underground
KW - Shotcrete
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-563170
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/s22228717
SN - 1424-8220
VL - 22
IS - 22
SP - 1
EP - 16
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel
AN - OPUS4-56317
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Lay, Vera
A1 - Effner, Ute
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
A1 - Arendt, J.
A1 - Kudla, W.
T1 - Ultrasonic quality assurance for underground salt shotcrete sealing structures in Teutschenthal mine, Germany
N2 - Underground sealing structures are necessary to seal radioactive or toxic waste in underground repositories. A special version of MgO concrete is used in the mine in Teutschenthal and applied at a large-scale test with the aim to provide a low permeability barrier. The test structures (up to 10 m long) were created by shotcreting. Besides destructive tests, non-destructive ultrasonic measurements have been evaluated for quality assurance to monitor potential anomalies such as cracks, concrete inhomogeneities, and delamination. We show results of ultrasonic measurements with a multi-transducer system used at the front and from the side of the concrete structure. Images are obtained by synthetic aperture focusing techniques. The boundaries between concreting sections are not visible in the ultrasonic images systematically so that a successful concreting is assumed, which is confirmed by the low permeabilities observed. Several reflectors up to a depth of 1.2 m are identified and interpreted as potential damages in the concrete. Phase analysis of prominent reflectors reveal a negative impedance contrast thus indicating air filled voids, cracks or delamination. Boreholes through some of the identified reflectors are used to verify the results from ultrasonic measurements. Additionally, an experiment with incorporated artificial defects was undertaken to analyse the reliability of the applied methods. Overall, the conducted tests show the potential of ultrasonic measurements to detect critical anomalies. Despite challenges at small-scale structures (cm-order), large-scale anomalies can be identified. Consequently, implementing ultrasonic monitoring during and after the construction of concrete sealing structures has shown its potential as a tool for quality assurance, but needs further development and validation.
T2 - NDT-CE 2022
CY - Zurich, Switzerland
DA - 16.08.2022
KW - Ultrasound
KW - Ultrasonic imaging
KW - Magnesia shotcrete
KW - Underground
KW - Engineered barrier systems
PY - 2022
UR - https://www.ndt.net/events/proceedings/topic.php?eventID=292&TopicID=27209
SP - 1
EP - 4
PB - NDT.net
AN - OPUS4-55824
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kolditz, O.
A1 - Jacques, D.
A1 - Claret, F.
A1 - Bertrand, J.
A1 - Churakov, S. V.
A1 - Debayle, C.
A1 - Diaconu, D.
A1 - Fuzik, K.
A1 - Garcia, D.
A1 - Graebling, N.
A1 - Grambow, B.
A1 - Holt, E.
A1 - Idiart, A.
A1 - Leira, P.
A1 - Montoya, V.
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
A1 - Olin, M.
A1 - Pfingsten, W.
A1 - Prasianakis, N. I.
A1 - Rink, K.
A1 - Sampier, J.
A1 - Szöke, I.
A1 - Szöke, R.
A1 - Theodon, L.
A1 - Wendling, J.
T1 - Digitalisation for nuclear waste management: predisposal and disposal
N2 - Data science (digitalisation and artificial intelligence) became more than an important facilitator for many domains in fundamental and applied sciences as well as industry and is disrupting the way of research already to a large extent. Originally, data sciences were viewed to be well-suited, especially, for data-intensive applications such as image processing, pattern recognition, etc. In the recent past, particularly, data-driven and physics-inspired machine learning methods have been developed to an extent that they accelerate numerical simulations and became directly usable for applications related to the nuclear waste management cycle. In addition to process-based approaches for creating surrogate models, other disciplines such as virtual reality methods and high-performance computing are leveraging the potential of data sciences more and more. The present challenge is utilising the best models, input data and monitoring information to integrate multi-chemical-physical, coupled processes, multi-scale and probabilistic simulations in Digital Twins (DTw) able to mirror or predict the performance of its corresponding physical twins. Therefore, the main target of the Topical Collection is exploring how the development of DTw can benefit the development of safe, efficient solutions for the pre-disposal and disposal of radioactive waste. A particular challenge for DTw in radioactive waste management is the combination of concepts from geological modelling and underground construction which will be addressed by linking structural and multi-physics/chemistry process models to building or tunnel information models. As for technical systems, engineered structures a variety of DTw approaches already exist, the development of DTw concepts for geological systems poses a particular challenge when taking the complexities (structures and processes) and uncertainties at extremely varying time and spatial scales of subsurface environments into account.
KW - Data science
KW - Digitalization
KW - Nuclear waste
KW - Disposal
KW - Predisposal
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-569387
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-022-10675-4
SN - 1866-6280
VL - 82
IS - 1
SP - 1
EP - 11
PB - Springer
AN - OPUS4-56938
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Prabhakara, Prathik
A1 - Mielentz, Frank
A1 - Stolpe, Heiko
A1 - Behrens, Matthias
A1 - Lay, Vera
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
T1 - Validation of novel ultrasonic phased array borehole probe by using simulation and measurement
N2 - Low-frequency ultrasonic testing is a well-established non-destructive testing (NDT) method in civil engineering for material characterization and the localization of cracks, reinforcing bars and delamination. A novel ultrasonic borehole probe is developed for in situ quality assurance of sealing structures in radioactive waste repositories using existing research boreholes. The aim is to examine the sealing structures made of salt concrete for any possible cracks and delamination and to localize built-in components. A prototype has been developed using 12 individual horizontal dry point contact (DPC) shear wave transducers separated by equidistant transmitter/receiver arrays. The probe is equipped with a commercially available portable ultrasonic flaw detector used in the NDT civil engineering industry. To increase the sound pressure generated, the number of transducers in the novel probe is increased to 32 transducers. In addition, the timed excitation of each transducer directs a focused beam of sound to a specific angle and distance based on the previously calculated delay time. This narrows the sensitivity of test volume and improves the signal-to-noise ratio of the received signals. In this paper, the newly designed phased array borehole probe is validated by beam computation in the CIVA software and experimental investigations on a half-cylindrical test specimen to investigate the directional characteristics. In combination with geophysical reconstruction methods, it is expected that an optimised radiation pattern of the probe will improve the signal quality and thus increase the reliability of the imaging results. This is an important consideration for the construction of safe sealing structures for the safe disposal of radioactive or toxic waste.
KW - Ultrasound
KW - Phased array
KW - Concrete
KW - Borehole
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-565722
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/s22249823
SN - 1424-8220
VL - 22
IS - 24
SP - 1
EP - 16
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel
AN - OPUS4-56572
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Holt, E.
A1 - Oksa, M.
A1 - Nieminen, M.
A1 - Abdelouas, A.
A1 - Banford, A.
A1 - Fournier, M.
A1 - Mennecart, T.
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
T1 - Predisposal conditioning, treatment, and performance assessment of radioactive waste streams
N2 - Before the final disposal of radioactive wastes, various processes can be implemented to optimise the waste form. This can include different chemical and physical treatments, such as thermal treatment for waste reduction, waste conditioning for homogenisation and waste immobilisation for stabilisation prior to packaging and interim storage. Ensuring the durability and safety of the waste matrices and packages through performance and condition assessment is important for waste owners, waste management organisations, regulators and wider stakeholder communities. Technical achievements and lessons learned from the THERAMIN and PREDIS projects focused on low- and intermediate-level waste handling is shared here. The recently completed project on Thermal Treatment for Radioactive Waste Minimization and Hazard Reduction (THERAMIN) made advances in demonstrating the feasibility of different thermal treatment techniques to reduce volume and immobilise different streams of radioactive waste (LILW) prior to disposal. The Pre-Disposal Management of Radioactive Waste (PREDIS) project addresses innovations in the treatment of metallic materials, liquid organic waste and solid organic waste, which can result from nuclear power plant operation, decommissioning and other industrial processes. The project also addresses digitalisation solutions for improved safety and efficiency in handling and assessing cemented-waste packages in extended interim surface storage.
KW - Radioactive waste
KW - Predisposal
KW - Treatment
KW - Monitoring
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-567276
DO - https://doi.org/10.1051/epjn/2022036
SN - 2491-9292
VL - 8
SP - 1
EP - 6
PB - EDP Sciences
CY - Les Ulis
AN - OPUS4-56727
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Gook, Sergej
A1 - El-Batahgy, Abdel-Monem
A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey
A1 - Biegler, Max
A1 - Rethmeier, Michael
T1 - Application of Hybrid Laser Arc Welding for Construction of LNG Tanks Made of Thick Cryogenic 9% Ni Steel Plates
N2 - Hybrid laser-arc welding (HLAW) was applied for butt welding of 14.5 mm thick plates of ferritic cryogenic steel X8Ni9 containing 9% Ni, which is used for manufacturing storage and transport facilities of liquefied natural gas (LNG). The weld seam formation and the achievable metallurgical and mechanical properties of the hybrid welds were investigated experimentally for two types of filler wire, an austenitic wire dissimilar to the base metal (BM) and an experimentally produced matching ferritic wire. Safe penetration and uniform distribution of the austenitic filler metal in the narrow hybrid weld could only be achieved in the upper, arcdominated part of the weld. The pronounced heterogeneous distribution of the austenitic filler metal in the middle part and in the root area of the weld could not ensure sufficient notched impact toughness of the weld metal (WM). As a result, a decrease in the impact energy down to 17±3 J was observed, which is below the acceptance level of ≥34 J for cryogenic applications. In contrast, the use of a matching ferritic filler wire resulted in satisfactory impact energy of the hybrid welds of up to 134±52 J at the concerned cryogenic temperature of -196 °C. The obtained results contribute to an important and remarkable conversion in automated manufacturing of LNG facilities. In other words, the results will help to develop a new laser-based welding technology, where both quality and productivity are considered.The efficiency of the developed welding process has been demonstrated by manufacturing a prototype where a segment of the inner wall of large size LNG storage tank was constructed. In this concern, hybrid laser arc welding was conducted in both horizontal (2G) and vertical (3G) positions as a simulation to the actual onsite manufacturing. The prototype was fabricated twice where its quality was confirmed based on non-destructive and destructive examinations.
KW - Hardness
KW - Hybrid Laser arc Welding
KW - 9% Ni Steel
KW - Fusion zone size
KW - Microstructure
KW - Tensile Strength
KW - Impact Absorbed Energy
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-586080
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40516-023-00229-2
SP - 1
EP - 22
PB - Springer Nature
AN - OPUS4-58608
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Lay, Vera
A1 - Effner, Ute
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
A1 - Arendt, J.
A1 - Hofmann, M.
A1 - Kudla, W.
T1 - Correction: Lay et al. Ultrasonic quality assurance at magnesia shotcrete sealing structures. Sensors 2022, 22, 8717
N2 - The authors wish to correct the following errors in the original paper Lay, V.; Effner, U.; Niederleithinger, E.; Arendt, J.; Hofmann, M.; Kudla, W. Ultrasonic Quality Assurance at Magnesia Shotcrete Sealing Structures. Sensors 2022, 22, 8717, https://doi.org/10.3390/s22228717.
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-584969
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/s23187966
SN - 1424-8220
VL - 23
IS - 18
SP - 1
EP - 3
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel
AN - OPUS4-58496
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Lay, Vera
A1 - Baensch, Franziska
A1 - Skłodowska, Anna
A1 - Fritsch, Tobias
A1 - Stamm, Michael
A1 - Prabhakara, Prathik
A1 - Johann, Sergej
A1 - Sturm, Patrick
A1 - Kühne, Hans-Carsten
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
T1 - Multi–sensory Monitoring and Non–destructive Testing of New Materials for Concrete Engineered Barrier Systems
N2 - The crucial part of nuclear waste storage is the construction of sealing structures made of reliable, safe and well–understood materials. We present an extended analysis of long-term multi–sensory monitoring and non–destructive testing (NDT) inspection of two laboratory specimens aiming at potential materials for sealing structures for nuclear waste repositories. Specimens with a volume of 340 litres made from newly developed alkali–activated materials (AAM) and established salt concrete (SC) were analysed using embedded acoustic emission and wireless radio-frequency identification (RFID) sensors, ultrasonic echo imaging, active thermography, and X–ray computed tomography. The monitoring analysis showed lower heat of reaction and 50% less acoustic emission events in AAM compared to SC. However, due to the surface effects of the AAM material, the number of acoustic emission events increased significantly after approximately two months of monitoring. Subsequently performed NDT inspections reliably located embedded sensors and confirmed the absence of major cracks or impurities. The presented laboratory results show the feasibility and potential of comprehensive NDT monitoring and inspection to characterise cementitious and alternative materials as well as the need for multi–parameter long–term monitoring. Thus, our study demonstrates that tailored NDT investigations will help to develop safe sealing structures for nuclear waste repositories.
KW - Radioactive waste
KW - Barrier
KW - Concrete
KW - AAM
KW - Non-destructive testing
PY - 2024
DO - https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.22.516
SN - 1347-3913
VL - 22
IS - 9
SP - 516
EP - 529
PB - Japan Concrete Institute
AN - OPUS4-61461
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Holt, Erika
A1 - Oksa, Maria
A1 - Banford, Anthony
A1 - Carbol, Paul
A1 - Abdelouas, Abdesselam
A1 - Giboire, Isabelle
A1 - Mennecart, Thierry
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
T1 - Predisposal Radioactive Waste Management (PREDIS) Project Final Achievements and Impacts Overview
N2 - The PREDIS project on Predisposal of Radioactive Waste has succeeded in developing and implementing new methods, processes and technologies for treatment of challenging low-level waste (LLW) and intermediate level waste (ILW) streams. Over the 4-year duration, this Euratom project of 47 partners from 17 Member States has worked in close collaboration with 25 End User industrial members to advance the technologies associated with predisposal issues. This has included characterisation followed by treatment, conditioning and processing of metallics, liquid organic and solid organic wastes as well as with digitalization technologies for assessing performance of concrete waste packages and pre-disposal storage. Long-term modelling and performance testing have been done to verify the safety and effectiveness of the new or enhanced solutions. Value Assessments were done for some of the new solutions to ensure implementors would have sufficient tools for making choices about the potential implementation. This included life-cycle assessment of quantitative sustainability indicators and life cycle-costing for economic indicators. This project addressed new guidance on Waste Acceptance Criteria and contributed with a revised Strategic Research Agenda to guide future predisposal activities, complimentary to the holistic waste management programme. Knowledge Management actions were also an integral part of the whole project to foster competence development and capturing knowledge. Actions included training, mobility, and guidance especially through online forums such as webinars and digital training. This paper provides a snapshot of some of the key outcomes and impacts from the project, from technical as well as strategic and knowledge perspectives.
KW - Nuclear waste
KW - Pre-disposal
KW - Intermediate storage
KW - Treatment
KW - Monitoring
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-638480
DO - https://doi.org/10.1051/epjn/2025028
SN - 2491-9292
VL - 11
SP - 1
EP - 7
PB - EDP Sciences
AN - OPUS4-63848
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Morichi, M.
A1 - Fanchini, E.
A1 - Bruggemann, C.
A1 - Perot, B.
A1 - Ricard, D.
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
T1 - Developments and experiences of the CHANCE, MICADO and PREDIS projects in radioactive waste characterization
N2 - Characterization is a very important step in dealing with materials and waste streams generated during the operational and decommissioning phases of nuclear installations, including nuclear power plants. Characterization allows differentiation between materials that can be released from regulatory control and those that require further treatment and conditioning to become a stable waste form suitable for future storage and final disposal according to its waste classification. Characterization is also needed in the pre-disposal stages of radioactive waste management to demonstrate compliance with the waste acceptance criteria of the facilities that will accept the different waste forms. This work will present the strategies developed and implemented by the three projects for in-depth and accurate waste characterization and investigation of the different radioactive waste packages considered. CHANCE, MICADO, and PREDIS will present their goals, the methods developed, the technologies used and the (preliminary) results contributing to the improvement of the safety and the data and information quality of the waste packages analyzed at the different stages of the waste management process. Special emphasis will also be given to complementary approaches highlighting the usability of the technologies, the accessibility of the data, and the problem-solving of the three projects within the European panorama.
KW - Waste management
KW - Radioactive waste
KW - Waste chracterization
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-571872
DO - https://doi.org/10.1051/epjn/2022052
SN - 2491-9292
VL - 9
IS - 12
SP - 1
EP - 11
PB - EPJ Nuclear Sci. Technol.
AN - OPUS4-57187
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Lay, Vera
A1 - Mielentz, Frank
A1 - Prabhakara, Prathik
A1 - Baensch, Franziska
A1 - Johann, Sergej
A1 - Hofmann, Detlef
A1 - Sturm, Patrick
A1 - Stamm, Michael
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
T1 - Multi-sensory monitoring and ultrasound for quality assurance at underground sealing structures
N2 - Within the safety concepts of underground disposal sites of nuclear waste, engineered barriers play an important role. As these sealing structures have high demands concerning integrity, we aim at advancing the available construction materials, monitoring, and inspection techniques within the project SealWasteSafe. A specifically developed alkali-activated material is compared to classical salt concrete. A comprehensive multi-sensory monitoring scheme is used at 150-340 l specimens to monitor setting and hardening of both materials. All sensors are demonstrated to resist the highly alkaline environments. Besides cabled and wireless temperature and humidity of the materials, strain variations using fibre optic sensors and acoustic emissions are recorded over periods of at least 28 days, partly for more than eight months. After hardening of the specimens, further nondestructive evaluations using ultrasonic echo and thermographic measurements are conducted.
Preliminary results proof the suitability of the tested sensors and clearly highlight differences between the tested materials. Particularly, the newly developed alkali-activated material shows lower acoustic emission activity indicating less cracking activity. Additionally, unique ultrasonic methods will enable better images of potential internal objects and cracks at in-situ sealing structures. A largescale ultrasonic system is optimised to reliably detect objects at a depth exceeding 9 m while still obtaining a good resolution. Modelling studies show the potential of further increasing the distance between individual transducer arrays. Additionally, a new ultrasonic borehole probe using phased arrays allowing for beam focussing is constructed and tested. Laboratory measurements at a halfcylindrical concrete specimen coincide well with the previous modelling. In total, the presented safe materials, detailed monitoring approaches and ultrasonic quality assurance methods will help to obtain safe sealing structures within salt as a host rock. The concepts can partly be transferred to sealing structures in alternative host rocks and will also be valuable for non-nuclear waste repositories.
T2 - NDE NucCon
CY - Espoo, Finland
DA - 25.01.2023
KW - SealWasteSafe
KW - Engineered barriers
KW - Monitoring
KW - Embedded sensors
KW - Ultrasonic imaging
PY - 2023
SP - 2
EP - 10
AN - OPUS4-56928
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Lay, Vera
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
A1 - Köpp, Christan
T1 - Monitoring and digital tools for pre-disposal handling of cemented wastes
N2 - Multifaceted developments for pre-disposal management of low and intermediate level radioactive waste are undertaken in the EC funded project PREDIS. In work package 7, innovations in cemented waste handling and pre-disposal storage are advanced by testing and evaluating. To provide better means for safe and effective monitoring of cemented waste packages including prediction tools to assess the future integrity development during pre-disposal activities, several monitoring and digital tools are evaluated and improved. Both safety enhancement (e. g. less exposure of testing personnel) and cost effectiveness are part of the intended impact. Current methods to pack, store, and monitor cemented wastes are identified, analysed and improved. Innovative integrity testing and monitoring techniques applied to evaluate and demonstrate package and storage quality assurance are further developed. The work includes but is not limited to inspection methods such as muon imaging, wireless sensors integrated into waste packages as well as external package and facility monitoring such as remote fiber optical sensors. The sensors applied will go beyond radiation monitoring and include proxy parameters important for long term integrity assessment (e. g. internal pressure). The measured data will be used in digital twins of the packages for specific simulations (geochemical, integrity) providing a prediction of future behaviour. Machine Learning techniques trained by the characterization of older packages will help to connect the models to the actual data. As data handling, processing and fusion are crucial for both the monitoring and the digital twin model, all data (measured and simulated) will be collected in a joint data base and connected to a decision framework. Finally, the implementation of the improved techniques will be tested at actual facilities. An overview about various relevant tools, their interconnections, and first research results will be shown.
T2 - 9th IGD-TP Symposium
CY - Zurich, Switzerland
DA - 20.09.2022
KW - Predis
KW - Monitoring
KW - Sensors
KW - Simulation
KW - Digital twin
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55827
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Skłodowska, Anna
A1 - Baensch, Franziska
A1 - Lay, Vera
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
A1 - Kühne, Hans-Carsten
T1 - Acoustic emission monitoring for engineered barriers in nuclear waste disposal
N2 - To safely dispose of nuclear waste in underground facilities, engineered barrier systems are needed to seal shafts and galleries. The material used in these barriers must be adapted to the host rock parameters. Shrinking and cracking must be avoided to provide a barrier with almost zero permeability. For repositories in salt rock environments, several types of salt concrete (SC) are possible construction materials. Within the project SealWasteSafe, we compared the behavior of an innovative alkali-activated material (AAM) with standard SC in their hydration and hardening phase. To monitor the microstructural changes within the two materials SC and AAM, acoustic emission (AE) signals have been recorded for up to ~250 days on 340-litercubic specimens. The phenomenon of AE is defined as the emission of elastic waves in materials due to the release of localized internal energy. Such energy release can be caused by the nucleation of micro-fracture, e.g., in concrete while curing or when exposed to load. The occurrence of AE events gives first rough indications of microstructural changes and potentially occurring cracking and thus, provides insights for structural health monitoring (SHM). The results show, that for the first 28 days after casting, less AE activity was detected in the AAM compared to SC. After 61 days, in the AAM material, the number of AE events exceeded those observed in the SC. However, the majority of the AE detected and located in AAM was related to surface effects, and not to microstructural changes or occurring cracks within the bulk volume. Additionally, the source location analysis indicated, that despite lower activity in SC, we observed some clustering of the events. In contrast, in AAM, the activity inside the specimen is randomly distributed over the whole volume. The monitoring results help to estimate the material’s sealing properties which are crucial to assess their applicability as sealing material for engineered barriers.
T2 - 11th European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring (EWSHM 2024)
CY - Potsdam, Germany
DA - 11.06.2024
KW - Endlager
KW - Barriere
KW - AAM
KW - Akustische Emission
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-604699
UR - https://www.ndt.net/article/ewshm2024/papers/768_manuscript.pdf
DO - https://doi.org/10.58286/29834
SN - 1435-4934
SP - 1
EP - 7
PB - NDT.net
AN - OPUS4-60469
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey
A1 - Üstündağ, Ömer
A1 - Pelz, Till
A1 - Bakir, Nasim
A1 - Gerhards, Benjamin
A1 - Schleser, Markus
A1 - Rethmeier, Michael
T1 - Single pass laser vacuum welding of thick steel plates using electromagnetic support
N2 - The increasing demand for renewable energy produced by offshore wind turbines goes along with an increased demand in the production of offshore wind turbine foundations, so called “monopiles”, which are made by joining thick metal sheets. The industrial standard of multi-layer submerged arc welding (SAW) for joining of thick metal sheets is the current bottleneck in the production of monopiles. A possible increase in productivity by the implementation of high-power laser welding in a newly developed mobile vacuum chamber (MoVac) and an electromagnetic root support is the subject of this study. Single run butt welds are performed in flat position on S355 mild steel of thicknesses up to 80 mm using a disc laser system with 1030 nm wavelength and a maximum output of 60 kW. The laser optic is fixed on the MoVac-System which is held and manipulated by an articulated robot.
KW - Laser beam welding
KW - Laser welding with mobile vacuum
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-612068
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2024.08.145
VL - 124
SP - 418
EP - 423
PB - Elsevier BV
AN - OPUS4-61206
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - RPRT
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
A1 - Chapuzet, C.
A1 - Ben Lagha, S.
A1 - Zovini, C.
A1 - Uras, S.
A1 - Doupou, S.
A1 - Köpp, Christian
T1 - Assess potential technologies for implementation phase, considering cost-benefit ratio and availability (Technology Selection)
N2 - Technology selection is an important part of the planning process when setting
up a waste management programme. This continues to be crucial during
implementation of the programme to evaluate if suitable technologies are being
implemented. This Domain Insight document provides guidance on the assessment
and selection of potential technologies for implementation during the pre-disposal
phase of the waste management lifecycle, considering factors such as cost-benefit ratio and availability (EURAD Pre-disposal theme overview, domain 2.1.3, Technology Selection), as a part of the sub-theme “Planning pre-disposal
management of radioactive waste in close cooperation with waste generators”
(Planning) and, on the broader theme 2 “Pre-disposal Activities prior to geological disposal” (Pre-disposal).
In the planning process for a waste management programme, it is critical for the waste owner to assess the feasibility of technologies for processing, storage, and monitoring, taking economic constraints into account and considering subsequent stages in the waste management lifecycle, including final disposal. In addition, technology selection must be based on the waste inventory that has been generated, planned waste stream composition and the evolution of resulting waste packages in storages. The accuracy, effectiveness and efficiency of the technologies deployed in a facility require periodic review and update, as needed, throughout the lifetime of the facility.
KW - Radioactive waste
KW - Management
KW - Final disposal
KW - Intermediate storage
KW - Technology selection
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-608795
UR - https://predis-h2020.eu/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/EURAD_PREDIS-DI-2.1.3.-Technology-selection.pdf
SP - 1
EP - 16
AN - OPUS4-60879
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Habib, Abdel Karim
A1 - Kluge, Martin
A1 - van Wingerden, Kees
T1 - Untersuchung der Freisetzung von Flüssigwasserstoff auf und unter Wasser
N2 - In einer Reihe von Experimenten wurden die möglichen Folgen der Freisetzung von verflüssigtem Wasserstoff (LH2) auf, bzw. unter Wasser untersucht. Die Experimente zielten darauf ab, eine unbeabsichtigte Freisetzung von LH2 (z.B. durch Schlauchabriss) insbesondere bei der Betankung eines Schiffes zu simulieren. Für verflüssigtes Erdgas (LNG) wurden dabei sog. RPT’s (rapid phase transition) nachgewiesen, bei denen die spontane Verdampfung relevante Druckwellen erzeugt. Es kann nicht ausgeschlossen werden, dass RPTs auch im Falle von LH2 möglich sind. Die Versuche wurden auf dem Testareal Wasserstoffsicherheit auf dem Testgelände Technische Sicherheit der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM-TTS) in Horstwalde, im Rahmen einer Forschungskooperation zwischen der BAM und Gexcon im Rahmen des SH2IFT-Programms durchgeführt. Die LH2-Freisetzungen erfolgten direkt aus einem LH2-Tanklastwagen über eine lange, flexible, vakuumisolierte Transferleitung. Während die Freisetzung oberhalb und unterhalb der Wasseroberfläche jeweils vertikal orientiert war, wurde bei der Unterwasserfreisetzung zusätzlich eine horizontale Ausströmung, parallel zur Wasseroberfläche realisiert. Zur Bestimmung des Massenstromes, wurde ein Wägesystem unter dem Tankwagen eingesetzt. Spezielle Drucksensoren wurden verwendet, um die durch die Freisetzungsvorgänge erzeugten Stoßwellen sowohl im Wasser als auch in der Luft zu messen. Die Gaskonzentrationen über dem Wasserbecken wurden an verschiedenen Positionen gemessen. Hochgeschwindigkeits-, Infrarot- (IR) und normale Kameras wurden eingesetzt, um die Phänomenologie der Freisetzung aufzuzeichnen und das Verhalten der Gaswolke im Zeitverlauf zu verfolgen. Neben den fest installierten Systemen an Land, kamen auch Unterwasserkameras sowie eine Drohne mit Normal- und IR-Kameras zum Einsatz.
Zwei Wetterstationen wurden zur Messung von Windgeschwindigkeit, Windrichtung, Temperatur und Luftfeuchtigkeit während aller durchgeführten Tests eingesetzt. Des Weiteren kamen Bolometer zur Wärmestrahlungsmessung zum Einsatz. Zwar führten die Freisetzung zu einer hochturbulenten LH2/Wasser Mischzone, jedoch zu keinen nennenswerten Überdrücken durch RPT. Im Gegensatz dazu wurde unerwartet, aber reproduzierbar, eine Zündung der Gaswolke in freier Luft in einiger Entfernung von den Instrumenten und dem Ort der Freisetzung beobachtet. Die daraus resultierenden Gaswolkenexplosionen führten zu relevanten Überdrücken und zur Wärmeabstrahlung in die Umgebung.
T2 - Magdeburg-Köthener Brandschutz- und Sicherheitstagung 2024
CY - Magdeburg, Germany
DA - 14.03.2024
KW - Flüssigwasserstoff
KW - LH2
KW - Freisetzung
KW - RPT
KW - Gaswolkenexplosion
PY - 2024
SN - 978-3-948749-42-2
SP - 127
EP - 136
CY - Magedburg
AN - OPUS4-59709
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kemmler, Samuel
A1 - Rettinger, Christoph
A1 - Rüde, Ulrich
A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo
A1 - Köstler, Harald
T1 - Efficiency and scalability of fully-resolved fluid-particle simulations on heterogeneous CPU-GPU architectures
N2 - Current supercomputers often have a heterogeneous architecture using both conventional Central Processing Units (CPUs) and Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). At the same time, numerical simulation tasks frequently involve multiphysics scenarios whose components run on different hardware due to multiple reasons, e.g., architectural requirements, pragmatism, etc. This leads naturally to a software design where different simulation modules are mapped to different subsystems of the heterogeneous architecture. We present a detailed performance analysis for such a hybrid four-way coupled simulation of a fully resolved particle-laden flow. The Eulerian representation of the flow utilizes GPUs, while the Lagrangian model for the particles runs on conventional CPUs. Two characteristic model situations involving dense and dilute particle systems are used as benchmark scenarios. First, a roofline model is employed to predict the node level performance and to show that the lattice-Boltzmann-based Eulerian fluid simulation reaches very good performance on a single GPU. Furthermore, the GPU-GPU communication for a large-scale Eulerian flow simulation results in only moderate slowdowns. This is due to the efficiency of the CUDA-aware MPI communication, combined with the use of communication hiding techniques. On 1024 A100 GPUs, an overall parallel efficiency of up to 71% is achieved. While the flow simulation has good performance characteristics, the integration of the stiff Lagrangian particle system requires frequent CPU-CPU communications that can become a bottleneck, especially when simulating the dense particle system. Additionally, special attention is paid to the CPU-GPU communication overhead since this is essential for coupling the particles to the flow simulation. However, thanks to our problem-aware co-partitioning, the CPU-GPU communication overhead is found to be negligible. As a lesson learned from this development, four criteria are postulated that a hybrid implementation must meet for the efficient use of heterogeneous supercomputers.
KW - Discrete element method
KW - Hybrid implementation
KW - High-performance computing
KW - Particulate flow
KW - Lattice Boltzmann method
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-623958
DO - https://doi.org/10.1177/10943420241313385
SN - 1741-2846
SP - 1
EP - 19
PB - SAGE Publications
AN - OPUS4-62395
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Zinas, Orestis
A1 - Papaioannou, Iason
A1 - Schneider, Ronald
A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo
T1 - Multivariate Gaussian Process Regression for 3D site characterization from CPT and categorical borehole data
N2 - Accurate prediction of subsurface stratigraphy and geotechnical properties, along with quantification of associated uncertainties, is essential for improving the design and assessment of geotechnical structures. Several studies have utilized indirect data from Cone Penetration Tests (CPTs) and employed statistical and Machine Learning methods to quantify the geological and geotechnical uncertainty. Incorporating direct borehole data can reduce uncertainties. This study proposes a computationally efficient multivariate Gaussian Process model that utilizes site-specific data and: (i) jointly models multiple categorical (USCS labels) and continuous CPT variables, (ii) learns a non-separable covariance structure leveraging the Linear Model of Coregionalization, and (iii) predicts a USCS based stratigraphy and CPT parameters at any location within the 3D domain. The results demonstrate that integrating geotechnical and geological data into a unified model yields more reliable predictions of subsurface stratification, enabling the parallel interpretation of both USCS classification and CPT profiles. Importantly, the model demonstrates its potential to integrate multiple variables from different sources and data types, contributing to the advancement of methodologies for the joint modeling of geotechnical, geological, and geophysical data.
KW - Geotechnical site-characterization
KW - Cone Penetration Tests
KW - Stratigraphy prediction
KW - Multivariate Gaussian process
KW - Variational inference
KW - Linear Model of Coregionalization
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-629456
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108052
SN - 1872-6917
VL - 352
SP - 1
EP - 19
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-62945
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schneider, Ronald
T1 - Reliability assessment of monitored jacket support structures of offshore wind turbines
N2 - We present a concept for assessing the system reliability of monitored jacket support struc-tures of offshore wind turbines subjected to fatigue. The concept assumes that a structural health monitoring system periodically records accelerations of the jacket structure caused by ambient excitations. The recorded data is processed by a stochastic subspace-based damage detection algorithm to provide information on the global damage state of the jacket structure. This information is generally uncertain. To determine the effect of such uncertain global monitoring information on the structural reliability, the deterioration state of the jacket structure is described by a probabilistic fatigue deterioration model of all structural elements, which considers stochastic dependence among element fatigue behavior. The system deterioration model is coupled with a probabilistic structural model to compute the system failure probability. Global damage detection information is included in the reliability assessment through Bayesian updating of the system failure probability.
T2 - RAVE Offshore Wind R&D Conferenve 2015
CY - Bremerhaven, Germany
DA - 13.10.2015
KW - Offshore wind turbines
KW - Jacket structures
KW - Reliability
KW - Monitoring
PY - 2015
AN - OPUS4-36533
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hille, Falk
T1 - Bewertung der Lebensdauer von messtechnisch überwachten Offshore-Tragstrukturen
N2 - Der Vortrag beschreibt einen im FB 7.2 der BAM entwickelten Algorithmus zur zuverlässigkeitsbasierten Bewertung von Offshore-Tragstrukturen durch eine gesamtlebensdauerbasierte Betrachtung auf Grundlage messtechnischer Überwachung. Ziel ist die Optimierung von Betrieb und Instandhaltung von Offshore-Windenergieanlagen (OWEA). Nach Einführung in die Zuverlässigkeit ermüdungsbeanspruchter Jacket-Strukturen sowie der Vorstellung der probalistischen Modellierung des Tragwerks und des Schadens wird die Aktualisierung der Zuverlässigkeit durch Informationen aus der Schadensdetektion erläutert. Am Beispiel einer 2D-Jacketstruktur wird exemplarisch die Vorgehensweise des Verfahrens aufgezeigt.
T2 - 3. Offshoretage
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 17.03.2016
KW - Lebensdauer
KW - Schadensdetektion
KW - Offshorewindenergieanlagen
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-38205
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
T1 - Untersuchungen zu Tragstrukturen für die Energiewende
N2 - Die BAM ist vielfältig mit der Untersuchung von für die Energiewende relevanten Strukturen beschäftigt. Aus dem speziellen Blickwinkel des FB 7.2 werden im Vortrag die Aktivitäten FE, PAZ und BI umfassend für Studenten der BU Weimar dargestellt.
T2 - Einblick (#53)
CY - Bauhaus Universität Weimar, Germany
DA - 19.01.2017
KW - Tragstrukturen
KW - Energiewende
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-39376
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Thiele, Marc
T1 - Experimental investigation of damage evolution in concrete under high-cycle fatigue
N2 - The current knowledge about fatigue behavior of concrete is still incomplete. This concerns especially the progress of fatigue which precedes the fatigue failure. Therefore, the process of fatigue itself under cyclic compressive loading was investigated in a systematic and comprehensive way. The aim of this investigation was to obtain a deeper insight and to provide a better understanding of the damage process occurring within the material during fatigue loading. Concrete cylinders were tested with a number of cycles to failure between 106 and 107. To investigate macroscopic and microscopic changes in the material, various methods of non-destructive and destructive testing were used. One main result was, in contrast to other authors, that the investigated changes in macroscopic material behavior could not be explained only by a development of micro-cracks. The results indicated rather, that the related changes in the fatigue behavior are mainly a result of viscous processes in the hardened cement paste, similar to the processes of creep. Based on the experimental results a description of the possible processes was derived which take place in the material structure during fatigue loading and also leads to the observed macroscopic changes in the material behavior. In this context, the results have shown that in case of isotropic material behavior a stiffness reduction related to a scalar value could not capture the damage effect on the stress-strain-relationship caused by fatigue.
T2 - INFRASTAR Workshop
CY - BAM, Berlin, Gemany
DA - 27.03.2017
KW - Fatigue
KW - Concrete
KW - High-Cycle
KW - Damage Evolution
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-39576
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
T1 - Bemessung axial belasteter Offshore-Rammpfähle in der AWZ: Anforderungen, Erfahrungen und Empfehlungen
N2 - Im Vortrag wird die regelhafte Bemessung axial belasteter Offshore-Rammpfähle in der Ausschließlichen Wirtschaftszone (AWZ) beschreiben. Hierbei werden die regulatorischen Grundlagen und spezifische technische und anwendungsspezifische Erfahrungen dargestellt.
T2 - Offshore Tage
CY - TU Berlin, Germany
DA - 17.03.2016
KW - Offshore
KW - Rammpfähle
KW - Bemessung
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-39352
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
T1 - Vorstellung der Forschungsaktivitäten "Offshore" und TF-Projekt Lebewind
N2 - Im Vortrag werden die Aktivitäten der BAM im Bereich Offshore Wind und schwerpunktmäßig im Bereich 7.2 dargestellt. Hierzu gehören die Forschungsaktivitäten insbesondere zu den Gründungen der Tragstrukturen. Übergreifend wird das TF Projekt Lebewind vorgestellt.
T2 - BAM-IFAM Kolloquium Mikrobiell induzierte Korrosion im Stahlwasserbau
CY - BAM, Berlin, Germany
DA - 01.12.2016
KW - Offshore
KW - Lebewind
KW - Windenergie
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-39350
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Stengel, Dominik
T1 - Lebensdauerverlängerung von Offshore-Windenergieanlagen im Betrieb
N2 - Vorschlag zur möglichen Lebensdauerverlängerung einzelner Bauteile einer im Betrieb befindlichen Offshore-Windenergieanlage durch Beschreibung der Versagenswahrscheinlichkeiten
Beschreibung der Versagenswahrscheinlichkeit durch geeignete Schädigungsmodelle
Aktualisierung der Versagenswahrscheinlichkeiten aufgrund von Inspektionsergebnissen und möglichen Reparaturen auf Basis der Bayes‘schen Entscheidungstheorie
Quantifizierte Bewertung von Inspektionsmethoden und Reparaturmaßnamen im Hinblick auf die Zuverlässigkeit der Bauteile
Grundlage für Entscheidungen für Inspektionen und Reparaturen
T2 - Offshoretage
CY - Heiligendamm, Germany
DA - 15.03.2017
KW - Risikobasierte Maßnahmenplanung
KW - Kostenoptimierung
KW - Offshore Windenergie
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-39448
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
T1 - Einführung zum Workshop Groutverbindungen in der Betriebsphase
N2 - Mit der Fertigstellung von mehr und mehr Offshore-Windparks rückt die Betriebsphase in den Mittelpunkt des Interesses.
Hierbei sind auch die Groutverbindungen, die häufig so konzeptioniert sind, dass wenige Möglichkeiten zur Prüfung und
Instandhaltung bestehen, von Interesse. Naturgemäß können auch kaum Erfahrungen für diese Ziele vorliegen.
Der geplante Workshop hat folgende Schwerpunkte im Fokus:
– Wiederkehrende Prüfung – Instandhaltung und Reparaturkonzepte
– Inspektionskonzepte – Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung und
– Schadensszenarien – Condition Monitoring Systeme (CMS)
Beiträge aus dem Bereich Betrieb, Begutachtung, Forschung, Produktherstellung, Zertifizierung, behördliche Aufsicht und
Condition Monitoring sind vorgesehen. Diskutiert werden sollen die technischen Anforderungen an die Überwachung im Betrieb
im Hinblick auf die tatsächlich vorhandenen Probleme und Möglichkeiten.
Die Präsentation leitet in die Thematik ein.
T2 - Workshop Groutverbindung in der Betriebsphase
CY - BAM, Berlin, Germany
DA - 22.03.2017
KW - Groutverbindung
KW - Inspektion
KW - WKP
KW - Instandhaltung
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-39495
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kühne, Hans-Carsten
A1 - Shamsuddoha, Md
T1 - Instandsetzung und Verbesserung von Groutverbindungen: Potentiale-Strategien-Grenzen
N2 - In den vergangenen 10 Jahren hat die Errichtung von Windkraftanlagen zur Deckung des zukünftigen Energiebedarfs stark zugenommen. Dabei bilden vor allem Offshore-Windenergieanlagen (OWEA) den Hauptanteil im Bereich der erneuerbaren Energien. Aufgrund der einfachen Installation werden hierbei Grout-Verbindungen sowohl bei Monopile als auch bei Jacket-Konstruktionen zwischen den gerammten Gründungsrohren und einem Adapterstück (Transition Piece) ausgeführt. Die Bemessung der Grout-Verbindung stellt aktuell im Bereich von OWEA weitgehendes Neuland ohne Langzeiterfahrung dar. Lediglich im Bereich der Offshore Erdöl- und Erdgasindustrie kann man auf über 30 Jahre Erfahrung mit dieser Verbindungstechnologie zurückblicken. Hier wurden jedoch für vergleichbare Strukturen Schädigungen und Setzungen während des Betriebs festgestellt. Gleichzeitig sind die Bedingungen bei der Montage Offshore sehr schwierig und die eingesetzten Materialien sind aufgrund ihrer technischen Merkmale in Verbindung mit den Verarbeitungsbedingungen nicht unproblematisch. Dies betrifft insbesondere den Fall, wenn sich die Verbindung unterhalb des Meerwasserspiegels befindet oder das Grout-Material im jungen Alter dynamisch beansprucht wird.
Vor diesem Hintergrund sollen Strategien zur Instandsetzung schadhaft installierter oder im Betrieb geschädigter Grout-Verbindungen mit Hilfe von zementgebundenen Injektionsstoffen entwickelt werden. Hierzu werden zunächst die grundlegenden Schädigungsmechanismen und deren Auswirkung auf die Rissbildungsprozesse untersucht, da diese entscheidend für die Entwicklung eines geeigneten Instandsetzungskonzeptes sind. In diesem Zusammenhang werden Schädigungsmechanismen im Rahmen eines Modellversuchs anhand einer skalierten Grout-Verbindung untersucht. Des Weiteren werden potenzielle Instandsetzungsmaßnahmen und deren Grenzen diskutiert.
T2 - BAM Workshop Groutverbindung in der Betriebsphase
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 22.03.2017
KW - Grout-Verbindung
KW - Instandsetzung
KW - Offshore-Windenergieanlagen
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-39635
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Shamsuddoha, Md
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
A1 - Hüsken, Götz
A1 - Pirskawetz, Stephan
A1 - Kühne, Hans-Carsten
A1 - Thiele, Marc
ED - Banjad Pecur, Ivana
ED - Baricevic, Ana
ED - Stirmer, Nina
ED - Bjegovic, Dubravka
T1 - Identification of failure pattern in cylindrical grouted connection for wind structures - a pilot study
N2 - At present, Wind Turbine Generators (WTGs) operating in onshore and offshore wind farms are primary sources of renewable energy around the world. Cylindrical grouted sleeve connections are usually adopted in these WTG structures to connect the upper structure and foundation for ease of installation. These structures including grouted connections experience considerable adverse loading during their lifetimes. Settlements were reported inside similar connections used in energy structures especially oil and gas platforms, which were installed in last three decades. Thus, repair and rehabilitation of such connections in existing wind structures should also be planned ahead to keep them operating in the future. The nature of failure and crack generation in grouted connections are crucial prior to adopt a strengthening strategy. This pilot study is carried out to actualize the failure mechanism in the grouted connection, when subjected to axial loading. A novel reusable scaled cylindrical grouted connection with shear keys was designed and tested for its load bearing behaviour. The mechanical test was accompanied by classical measuring techniques (e.g. displacement transducer) as well as non-destructive measuring techniques (e.g. digital image correlation (DIC), acoustic emission analysis (AE)). The failure mechanism incorporating slippage of the shear keys and cracking of the grout was investigated. The capacity and applicability of such test mould were also discussed. The knowledge is expected to pave way towards repair of deteriorated grouted connections with similar geometry and failure pattern.
T2 - 1st International Conference on Construction Materials for Sustainable Future (CoMS_2017)
CY - Zadar, Croatia
DA - 19.04.2017
KW - Grouted connections
KW - Cracks
KW - Failure
KW - Strengthening strategy
KW - Digital image correlation
KW - Acoustic emission analysis
PY - 2017
SN - 978-953-8168-04-8
SP - 544
EP - 551
AN - OPUS4-39914
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hüsken, Götz
T1 - Identification of failure pattern in cylindrical grouted connection for wind structures – a pilot study
N2 - At present, Wind Turbine Generators (WTGs) operating in onshore and offshore wind farms are primary sources of renewable energy around the world. Cylindrical grouted sleeve connections are usually adopted in these WTG structures to connect the upper structure and foundation for ease of installation. These structures including grouted connections experience considerable adverse loading during their lifetimes. Settlements were reported inside similar connections used in energy structures especially oil and gas platforms, which were installed in last three decades. Thus, repair and rehabilitation of such connections in existing wind structures should also be planned ahead to keep them operating in the future. The nature of failure and crack generation in grouted connections are crucial prior to adopt a strengthening strategy. This pilot study is carried out to actualize the failure mechanism in the grouted connection, when subjected to axial loading. A novel reusable scaled cylindrical grouted connection with shear keys was designed and tested for its load bearing behaviour. The mechanical test was accompanied by classical measuring techniques (e.g. displacement transducer) as well as non-destructive measuring techniques (e.g. digital image correlation (DIC), acoustic emission analysis (AE)). The failure mechanism incorporating slippage of the shear keys and cracking of the grout was investigated. The capacity and applicability of such test mould were also discussed. The knowledge is expected to pave way towards repair of deteriorated grouted connections with similar geometry and failure pattern.
T2 - 1st International Conference on Construction Materials for Sustainable Future (CoMS_2017)
CY - Zadar, Croatia
DA - 19.04.2017
KW - Grouted connections
KW - Cracks
KW - Failure
KW - Strengthening strategy
KW - Digital image correlation
KW - Acoustic emission analysis
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-39915
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
A1 - Haake, Gerrit
T1 - ReNEW - Entscheidungstools für die Nutzungsverlängerung und das Repowering von Windenergieanlagen
N2 - Der Vortrag gibt einen Überblick über gängige Nachnutzungskonzepte, die im Rahmen des Forschungsvorhabens ReNEW untersucht werden. Hierzu wir eine probabilistisches Entscheidungsmodell eingeführt. Die Möglichkeiten von Bauwerksertüchtigungen werden erörtert.
T2 - RAVE ROWD Workshop 2024
CY - Hannover, Germany
DA - 10.12.2024
KW - Windenergieanlagen
KW - Bauwerksertüchtigung
KW - Offshore-Windparks
KW - Repowering
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62237
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wosniok, Aleksander
T1 - Ortsverteilte faseroptische Sensorik zur Zustandsüberwachung von H2-Druckbehältern für den Automobileinsatz
N2 - Ergebnisse der Forschungsarbeit zur Zustandsüberwachung von Druckbehältern des Typs IV unter Verwendung ortsverteilter faseroptischer Sensoren. Die Sensorfasern werden in die Kompositstruktur integriert, indem sie während des Herstellungsprozesses der Druckbehälter in die Kreuz- und die Umfangslage um den Kunststoff-Liner gewickelt werden. Der anschließende Einsatz der optischen Rückstreureflektometrie (OBR) ermöglicht eine präzise Detektion und Lokalisierung von Strukturschäden während der gesamten Lebensdauer. Die vorgestellte Arbeit steht im Kontext des europäischen Horizon 2020-Forschungsprojekts SH2APED, das sich mit der Entwicklung eines innovativen Wasserstoffspeichersystems für den Automobileinsatz befasste.
T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 26.05.2025
KW - Ortsverteilter faseroptischer Sensor
KW - Optische Rückstreureflektometrie
KW - Berstprüfung
KW - Lastwechselprüfung
KW - Druckbehälter
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63269
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
T1 - Structural Health Monitoring – How and to what extent a condition monitoring of the foundation may replace periodical subsea inspections?
N2 - Der Betrieb von Offshore-Windenergieanlagen wird zunehmend zum wichtigen Thema im Bereich Windenergie. Anforderungen an Wiederkehrende Prüfungen und den Einsatz von ergänzenden Monitoringsystemen werden in der Präsentation dargestellt und durch Hinweise auf Perspektiven ergänzt.
N2 - Operation of Offshore Windfarms has an increasing significance for Wind Energy. Content of the presentation are requirements for inspection and for complementary monitoring. Special focus is on future prospects.
T2 - Windforce 2017
CY - Bremerhaven, Germany
DA - 09.05.2017
KW - Inspektion
KW - Wiederkehrende Prüfung
KW - Offshore-Wind
KW - Monitoring
KW - Inspection
KW - Regular inspection
KW - Offshore-Wind
KW - Monitoring
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-40256
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Dutto, Paola
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
A1 - Geißler, Peter
T1 - Suction buckets behaviour under tensile loads: A numerical study with FEM
N2 - Suction Bucket Jackets (SBJ) are found as a suitable alternative to driven piles for the support of foundations for offshore wind energy converters. In the case of jackets or multipods, a predominant vertical load is to be expected. The effect of such a tensile loading is the generation of suction in the soil inside the bucket which leads to an increment of tensile capacity. This paper aims to study the bearing behaviour of a suction foundation by taking into account how the soil permeability and the loading rate influence the foundation behaviour. Moreover, after submitting the structure to a storm load, the bearing capacity is studied again, in order to see the effect of such a load on the bucket's bearing behaviour. This study is carried out by means of Finite Element numerical simulations based on the formulation of Biot's equations combined with a constitutive model that reproduces the key aspects of cyclic soil behaviour in the frame of Generalized Plasticity.
T2 - International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference
CY - San Francisco, USA
DA - 25/06/2017
KW - Finite element method
KW - Offshore wind energy converter
KW - Suction bucket
KW - Generalized plasticity
KW - Sand
KW - Numerical simulation
KW - Tensile capacity
PY - 2017
SN - 978-1-880653-97-5
SP - 485
AN - OPUS4-41051
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Fritsch, Tobias
A1 - Kurpiers, J.
A1 - Roland, S.
A1 - Tokmoldin, N.
A1 - Shoaee, S.
A1 - Ferron, T.
A1 - Collins, B. A.
A1 - Janietz, S.
A1 - Vandewal, K.
A1 - Fritsch, D.
T1 - On the Interplay between CT and Singlet Exciton Emission in Organic Solar Cells with Small Driving Force and Its Impact on Voltage Loss
N2 - The interplay between free charge carriers, charge transfer (CT) states and singlet excitons (S1) determines the recombination pathway and the resulting open circuit voltage (VOC) of organic solar cells. By combining a well-aggregated low bandgap polymer with different blend ratios of the fullerenes PCBM and ICBA, the energy of the CT state (ECT) is varied by 130 meV while leaving the S1 energy of the polymer (ES1) unaffected. It is found that the polymer exciton dominates the radiative properties of the blend when ECT approaches ES1, while the VOC remains limited by the non-radiative decay of the CT state. It is concluded that an increasing strength of the exciton in the optical spectra of organic solar cells will generally decrease the non-radiative voltage loss because it lowers the radiative VOC limit (VOC,rad), but not because it is more emissive. The analysis further suggests that electronic coupling between the CT state and the S1 will not improve the VOC, but rather reduce the VOC,rad. It is anticipated that only at very low CT state absorption combined with a fairly high CT radiative efficiency the solar cell benefit from the radiative properties of the singlet excitons.
KW - Organic Solar Cell
KW - Open Circuit Voltage
KW - Voltage Loss
KW - Ternary
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-552518
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202200641
SN - 1614-6832
SP - 1
EP - 11
PB - Wiley-VCH
CY - Weinheim
AN - OPUS4-55251
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Bernardy, Christopher
A1 - Habib, Abdel Karim
A1 - Kluge, Martin
A1 - Schalau, Bernd
A1 - Kant, Hanjo
A1 - Schulze, Marcel
A1 - Orchini, Alessandro
T1 - Large-scale investigations of the thermal radiation of hydrogen jet flames
N2 - For industrial applications dealing with hydrogen, the definition of safety distances and the assessment of possible hazards emanating from releases is mandatory. Since hydrogen is usually stored and transported under pressure, one scenario to be considered is the momentum driven release of hydrogen from a leakage with subsequent ignition. In this scenario, the emitted heat radiation from the resulting jet flame to the surroundings has to be determined to define adequate safety distances. For hydrocarbon flames, different jet flame models are available to assess the hazards resulting from an ignited jet release. Since hydrogen flames differ from hydrocarbon flames in their combustion behavior, it has to be checked if these models are also applicable for hydrogen.
To evaluate the accuracy of these models for hydrogen jet flames, tests with a horizontal outlet at large-scale are carried out at the BAM Test Site for Technical Safety (BAM-TTS). Herein, the flame geometry and the heat radiation at defined locations in the surroundings are recorded for varying release parameters such as release pressure (currently up to max. 250 bar), mass flow (up to max. 0.175 kg/s) at an outlet diameter of 30 mm (with an upstream nozzle of 7.7 mm). The challenge here is the characterization of the flame geometry in an open environment and its impact on the thermal radiation. Existing heat radiation data from the literature are mostly based on unsteady outflow conditions. For a better comparability with the steady state jet flame models, the experiments presented here are focused on ensuring a constant mass flow over the release duration (currently 120 s) to obtain a stationary jet flame. In addition, stationary outflow tests with hydrocarbons (methane) were also carried out, which are intended to serve as reference tests for checking flame models based on hydrocarbon data. The comparison of the flame geometry shows that hydrogen jet flames with the same outlet mass flow have a greater flame length (average deviation of 15 %) but a smaller flame diameter than methane jet flames (average deviation of 17 %). Conclusions regarding thermal radiation show that the proportion of total combustion energy emitted as thermal radiation is lower for hydrogen (x_rad= 0.04–0.09) than for methane (x_rad = 0.06–0.1). A comparison of the surface emissive power (SEP) of the jet flame shows a SEP range of 7 kW/m2-15 kW/m2 for hydrogen and 3 kW/m2 - 9,5 kW/m2 for methane.
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Release
KW - Thermal radiation
KW - Jet flame
KW - Radiant heat fraction
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-622891
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105491
SN - 1873-3352
VL - 94
SP - 1
EP - 6
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-62289
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eissel, A.
T1 - Modification of Co Cr alloys to optimize of additively welded microstructures and subsequent surface finishing
N2 - Cobalt chromium alloys are often used in turbine and plant construction. This is based on their high thermal and mechanical stress resistance as well as their high wear resistance to corrosive and abrasive loads. However, cobalt is a cost-intensive material that is difficult to machine. Moreover, increasingly complex structures and the optimisation of resource efficiency also require additive manufacturing steps for the production or repair of components in many sectors. Concerning inhomogeneity
and anisotropy of the microstructure and properties as well as manufacturing-related stresses, a lot of knowledge is still necessary for the economic use of additive welding processes in SMEs. As a result of the high stresses on the components and requirements for a high surface quality, a complementary use of additive and machining manufacturing processes is necessary. Thereby, Co–Cr alloys are extremely challenging for machining with geometrically defined cutting edges because of their low thermal conductivity combined with high strength and toughness. An approach to solve this problem is to refine and homogenise the microstructure. This is achieved by modifying the alloy with elements zirconium and hafnium, which are added up to a maximum of 1 wt.-%. A reduction of the process forces and stresses on the tool and work piece surface is also achievable via hybrid milling processes. There are already studies on the combined use of additive and machining manufacturing processes based on laser technology. However, knowledge based on powder and wire-based arc processes is
important, as these processes are more widespread. Furthermore, the effects on the surface zone of additively manufactured components by hybrid finish milling have not yet been a subject of research. The results show that the structural morphology could be significantly influenced with the addition of zirconium and hafnium.
T2 - 74th IIW Annual Assembly
CY - Online meeting
DA - 12.07.2021
KW - Modification of structural morphology
KW - Co–Cr-alloy
KW - Plasma-transferred arc welding
KW - Ultrasonic-assisted milling
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-56670
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Wilhelm, Eugen
A1 - Mente, Tobias
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Waiting time before NDT of welded offshore steel grades under consideration of delayed hydrogen-assisted cracking
N2 - Offshore wind turbines (OWT) are a major goal of the energy strategy of Germany encompassing the increase of the installed wind power. OWT components are manufactured from welded steel plates with thicknesses up to 200 mm. The underlying standards and technical recommendations for construction of OWTs encompass specifications of so-called minimum waiting time (MWT) before non-destructive testing of the weld joints is allowed. Reason is the increased risk of time-delayed hydrogen assisted cold cracking as hydrogen diffusion is very slow due to the very thick plates. The strict consideration of those long MWT up to 48 h during the construction of OWTs leads to significant financial burden (like disproportionately high costs for installer ships as well as storage problems (onshore)). In this study, weld joints made of S355 ML were examined in comparison with the offshore steel grade S460 G2+M. The aim was to optimize, i.e., reduce, the MWT before NDT considering varied heat input, hydrogen concentration and using self-restraint weld tests. This would significantly reduce the manufacturing time and costs of OWT construction. To quantify the necessary delay time until hydrogen-assisted cold cracks appear, acoustic emission analysis was applied directly after welding for at least 48 h.
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Welding
KW - Cracking
KW - Offshore
KW - Steel
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-524959
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-020-01060-5
SN - 0043-2288
VL - 65
SP - 947
EP - 959
PB - Springer Nature
AN - OPUS4-52495
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Eichner, Lukas
A1 - Gerards-Wünsche, Paul
A1 - Happel, Karina
A1 - Weise, Sigurd
A1 - Haake, Gerrit
A1 - Sieber, Lars
A1 - Flederer, Holger
A1 - Schneider, Ronald
A1 - Herrmann, Ralf
A1 - Hille, Falk
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
A1 - Huhn, Holger
A1 - Küchler, Andreas
T1 - Digitales Datenmanagement für die Instandhaltung von Offshore-Windparks
T1 - Digital data management for maintenance in offshore wind farms
N2 - Im Forschungsprojekt DiMoWind-Inspect wurde untersucht, welche Grundvoraussetzungen geschaffen werden müssen, um digitale Methoden für die Instandhaltung von Offshore-Windenergieanlagen einsetzen zu können. Daten aus allen Lebensphasen der Anlagen werden derzeit nur selten effizient dafür genutzt, um die sinnvollsten Instandhaltungsmaßnahmen am richtigen Ort, zum richtigen Zeitpunkt und mit den geringsten Kosten durchzuführen. Eine im Vorhaben entwickelte einheitliche Strukturierung der bisher häufig unstrukturierten Bau- und Instandhaltungsdaten ermöglicht ihre übergreifende, anwenderspezifische Verfügbarkeit. Hierfür werden Prinzipien des Referenzkennzeichnungssystems RDS-PP adaptiert. Es wird aufgezeigt, wie neben Bauteilen auch zusätzliche Informationen wie Instandhaltungsmaßnahmen oder Mängel strukturiert werden können. Dem Ansatz des Building Information Modeling folgend werden die Bauwerkskomponenten direkt mit den Informationen aus Inspektionen und weiteren Instandhaltungsmaßnahmen verknüpft. So können Informationen aus dem Betrieb über den Zustand der Struktur verarbeitet und für die maßgebenden Berechnungen und Nachweise zur Verfügung gestellt werden. Als Anwendungsfall wird ein zweistufiges Konzept vorgestellt, das zur Bewertung der Ermüdungslebensdauer eines korrosionsgeschädigten Konstruktionsdetails der Gründungsstruktur einer Offshore-Windenergieanlage mit Informationen aus der Instandhaltung eingesetzt wird.
N2 - The DiMoWind-Inspect research project explored the essential requirements for implementing digital methods in the maintenance of offshore wind turbines. Currently, data from all stages of the turbines' lifecycles are underutilized, leading to suboptimal maintenance actions being taken in terms of location, timing, and cost. A consistent structuring of previously often unstructured construction and maintenance data developed in the project enables their cross-disciplinary, user-specific availability. To accomplish this, the principles of the Reference Designation System for Power Plants RDS-PP are applied. In this way, additional information, such as maintenance measures or defects, can be structured alongside components. The components of the structures are directly linked with information from inspections and other maintenance activities, following the Building Information Modeling approach. This allows for processing operational information about the condition of the structure and providing it for relevant calculations and assessments. As a use case, a two-stage concept is presented, utilizing maintenance information to assess the fatigue life of a corrosion-damaged structural detail in the support structure of an offshore wind turbine.
KW - Building Information Modeling
KW - Datenmanagement
KW - Instandhaltung
KW - Offshore-Windenergie
KW - Referenzkennzeichnungssystem
PY - 2024
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/bate.202400026
VL - 101
IS - 10
SP - 558
EP - 567
PB - Ernst & Sohn
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-60765
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Asna Ashari, Parsa
T1 - Drivers and Barriers to the Adoption of Hydrogen Technologies in Germany and the Republic of Korea - A Multidimensional Stakeholder Analysis
N2 - The presentation provides a comparative analysis of the hydrogen economies in Germany and the Republic of Korea, highlighting similarities and differences. Thereupon, the presentation delves into the requirements for the development of a hydrogen economy, including the political and regulatory framework.
T2 - Colloquium of the Research Institute for Sustainability (RIFS) Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - Research Group "Geopolitics of Transitions in Energy and Industry"
CY - Online meeting
DA - 05.06.2023
KW - Hydrogen economy
KW - Technological innovation system
KW - Country comparison
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57606
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Gerards-Wünsche, Paul
A1 - Ratkovac, Mirjana
A1 - Schneider, Ronald
A1 - Hille, Falk
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
T1 - A framework for assessing the reliability of crack luminescence – an automated fatigue crack detection system
N2 - The new crack luminescence method offers the possibility of making fatigue surface cracks in metallic materials more visible during inspections through a special coating system. This coating system consists of two layers, whereby the first layer has fluorescent properties and emits visible light as soon as it is irradiated by UV light. The top layer is black and is designed to prevent the fluorescent layer from emitting if no crack develops in the underlying material. The technique proved particularly useful in a wide variety of fatigue tests of steel components under laboratory conditions. Moreover, it has the potential to be used in various industrial applications. To enable industrial deployment and integration into maintenance strategies, a concept study is developed in this contribution, resulting in a qualification framework that can serve as a foundation for determining the reliability of the crack luminescence system in terms of a probability of detection curve. Within this study, factors causing measurement variability and uncertainty are being determined and their influences assessed. Due to the extension of the system by a moving computer vision system for automated crack detection using artificial intelligence, additional long-term effects associated with structural health monitoring systems need to be incorporated into an extended probability of detection study as part of the technical justification. Finally, important aspects and findings related to design of experiments are discussed, and a framework for reliability assessment of a new optical crack monitoring method is presented, emphasizing the influence of various uncertainty parameters, including long-term effects such as system ageing.
T2 - SPIE Conference Smart Structures + Nondestructive Evaluation 2023
CY - Long Beach, CA, USA
DA - 24.03.2023
KW - Structural Health Monitoring
KW - Non-Destructive Evaluation
KW - Probability of Detection
KW - Reliability
KW - Artificial Intelligence
KW - Computer Vision
KW - Crack Luminescence
KW - Wind
PY - 2023
SN - 978-1-5106-6086-1
DO - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2658390
SP - 1
EP - 15
AN - OPUS4-57244
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
A1 - Balscheit, Hagen
A1 - Schepers, Winfried
A1 - Victor, Albrecht
A1 - Daryaei, Reza
A1 - Bianco, Marcelo
A1 - Starost, Christina
T1 - Close-out Webinar OWA VERBATIM
N2 - The risk of pile base buckling is a major reason for high pile wall thicknesses in monopiles. The VERBATIM project - Verification of the buckling detection and behaviour of large monopiles - aimed to investigate buckling phenomena related to both the plastic deformation of the pile tip during installation and the buckling of the embedded pile near the seabed.
Numerical models were developed and validated on the basis of extensive tests. This enables a better understanding of the buckling behaviour in order to reduce the wall thickness, which allows cost savings in the amount of steel and the development of safer and optimised structures. The previous design procedures were able to ensure the successful installation of the monopiles. However, as the size of monopiles continues to increase, the development of improved design methods for safe and cost-effective foundations is becoming increasingly important.
The presentation provides an overview of the investigations carried out and the results.
T2 - Webinar Carbon Trust Offshore Wind Accelerator
CY - Online meeting
DA - 22.05.2024
KW - Offshore Windenergy Pile Buckling
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60348
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eichner, Lukas
A1 - Thiele, Marc
A1 - Hille, Falk
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
T1 - Digitale Modellierungsprozesse in der wiederkehrenden Prüfung von Windenergieanlagen - DiMoWind-Inspect - Abschlusstreffen
N2 - Dieses Dokument enthält die Präsentationsfolien des BAM-Teams beim Abschlusstreffen des Forschungsprojekts DiMoWind-Inspect. Es wurden die Arbeitspakete Datenmanagement, Referenzkennzeichnungssystem, Grundlagen der Schadensbewertung, Risikobasierte Inspektions- und Instandhaltungsplanung und Schadensdetektion mittels Risslumineszenz sowie eine abschließende Bewertung des Projekts vorgestellt.
T2 - DiMoWind-Inspect - Abschlusstreffen
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 12.09.2024
KW - Building Information Modeling (BIM)
KW - Referenzkennzeichnungssystem
KW - Risslumineszenz (Riluminati)
KW - Risikobasierte Inspektionsplanung (RBI)
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61054
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Böttcher, Nils
T1 - Neue Brandlasten - neue Aufgaben für die Feuerwehr
N2 - Die zunehmende Verbreitung von elektrischen Energiespeicher und Flüssiggasspeicher ermöglichen eine erfolgreiche Transition zu einer CO2 neutralen Energieversorgung. Allerdings bringen neue Energiespeicher mit hohen Energiedichten auch zusätzliche Herausforderungen für die Feuerwehr der Zukunft mit sich. Insbesondere Lithiumbatterien können bei falscher Handhabung zum thermischen Durchgehen führen. Dies kann katastrophale Auswirkungen mit sich bringen. Der Umstieg auf Wasserstoff als neuen Energieträger birgt ebenfalls zusätzliche Risiken und Unsicherheiten für die Einsatzkräfte. Daher ist die Lageeinschätzung und der möglichen Gefahren am Einsatzort für die Feuerwehrkräfte essenziell notwendig.
T2 - Transfer on fire
CY - Ludwigsfelde, Germany
DA - 14.08.2024
KW - Lithiumbatterien
KW - Sicherheit von Energieträgern
KW - Gefahrguttransport
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61502
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Böttcher, Nils
T1 - Untersuchungen für den Transport gekühlter Batterien Vorstellung des Nageltests
N2 - Im Zusammenhang mit den Untersuchungen zu den Möglichkeiten von gekühlten Transporten von Lithiumbatterien werden unterschiedliche Zerstörungsmethoden vorgestellt und diskutiert. Insbesondere wird dabei das neu entwickelte Nageltool und die vorläufigen Untersuchungen für den Einfluss von Ultratiefkühlung auf unbeschädigte Lithiumbatterien vorgestellt.
T2 - ERFA-Verpackungen
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 22.09.2022
KW - Lithiumbatterien
KW - Thermal Runaway
KW - Gefahrguttransport
KW - Nageltest
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56759
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Böttcher, Nils
T1 - Untersuchungen für den Transport gekühlter Batterien Vorstellung des Nageltests
N2 - Im Zusammenhang mit den Untersuchungen zu den Möglichkeiten von gekühlten Transporten von Lithiumbatterien werden unterschiedliche Zerstörungsmethoden vorgestellt und diskutiert. Insbesondere wird dabei das neu entwickelte Nageltool vorgestellt.
T2 - Fachkonferenz Lithiumbatterien
CY - Goettingen, Germany
DA - 28.04.2022
KW - Lithiumbatterien
KW - Thermal Runaway
KW - Gefahrguttransport
KW - Nageltest
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56758
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Ebeling, Anna
A1 - Zekhnini, Khalid
A1 - Ebell, Gino
A1 - Pröfrock, Daniel
T1 - Offshore Power-to-X and the marine environment-What we know and what we don't know
N2 - To combat climate change the share of renewable energy production must increase drastically. Offshore energy production – offshore wind and power-to-X – are crucial to achieving climate targets. However, the impact of these offshore constructions – wind turbines and production platforms – on the marine environment remains unclear in many aspects. Potential sources of chemical emissions are corrosion protection systems, remobilization of contaminants from old sediments during construction, the brine of desalination plants and increased shipping for maintenance and transportation. In order to minimize the environmental impact of renewable energies, close monitoring is essential. The goal of this project is the development of a monitoring concept for an offshore power-to-X production platform.
T2 - H2Mare PtX-Verbundtreffen
CY - Hamburg, Germany
DA - 16.04.2024
KW - Emission
KW - Offshore
KW - Wind energy
KW - Sediment
KW - Environment
KW - Sea water
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59920
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Richter, Tim
T1 - Residual stresses in near-component specimens of a high and a medium entropy alloy due to tig and friction stir welding
N2 - The new alloying concept of multi-element systems with defined entropy (HEA - High Entropy Alloy or MEA - Medium Entropy Alloy) is gaining increasing importance in materials research. Significantly improved properties or combinations of properties are shown by some HEA/MEA-systems, which have the potential to substitute conventional alloys such steels and are therefore promising for a wide range of applications, e.g., overcome of the trade-off between high strength and ductility. Thus, primarily the production and resulting microstructures of HEA as well as properties have been investigated so far. Furthermore, processing is a main issue to transfer HEA systems from the laboratory to real components, e.g., for highly stressed components. Since welding is the most important joining process for metals, it is crucial to investigate the influence of welding processing on these material properties to guarantee component integrity. Welding leads to residual stresses, which significantly affect the component integrity. Only a very few studies on the effect of welding on residual stresses in HEA and MEA weld joints are available so far. Hence, the focus of this study is the residual stress formation and distribution in a CoCrFeMnNi HEA and ternary CoCrNi MEA using two different welding processes: Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding and soldi-state Friction Stir Welding (FSW). As a pathway for application of HEA in this investigation for the first time residual stress analyses in realistic near-component specimens were performed. The residual stresses were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) on the surfaces of top and root weld side. The results were correlated with the local welding microstructures. The results show that both FSW and TIG generate significant tensile residual stresses on the weld surfaces in and transverse to the welding direction. In the case of FSW of the CoCrFeMnNi HEA, the longitudinal residual stresses are in the range of the yield strength of approx. 300 MPa in the weld zone.
T2 - OVGU-Kolloquium (BMDK des IWF)
CY - Online meeting
DA - 19.05.2022
KW - High Entropy Alloy
KW - Welding
KW - Residual stresses
KW - Microstructure
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56671
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Balscheit, Hagen
T1 - Evaluation of pile tip buckling based on large scale tests
N2 - Der Vortrag zum zugehörigen Konferenzbeitrag beschreibt eine groß angelegte Feldtestkampagne mit 16 Rammversuchen, um das Risiko des plastischen Versagens der Pfahlspitzen besser zu verstehen Ein numerisches Modell mit transientem Bodenkontakt zeigt eine gute Übereinstimmung mit den Testergebnissen. Parametervariationen verdeutlichen, wie empfindlich die Pfahlreaktion auf Imperfektionen und Randbedingungen ist.
T2 - 5th International Symposium on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics (ISFOG)
CY - Nantes, France
DA - 09.06.2025
KW - Pile Tip Buckling
KW - Monopile
KW - Offshore Windenergy
KW - Driving Refusal
KW - Large Scale Test
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63391
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bernardy, Christopher
A1 - Habib, Abdel Karim
A1 - Kluge, Martin
A1 - Schalau, Bernd
A1 - Schulze, Marcel
A1 - Kant, Hanjo
A1 - Orchini, Alessandro
ED - Di Benedetto, Almerinda
ED - Portarapillo, Maria
T1 - Investigation of the thermal radiation from hydrogen jet flames
N2 - For industrial applications dealing with hydrogen, the definition of safety distances and the assessment of possible hazards emanating from releases is mandatory. Since hydrogen is usually stored and transported under pressure, one scenario to be considered is the momentum driven release of hydrogen from a leakage with subsequent ignition. In this scenario, the emitted heat radiation from the resulting jet flame to the surroundings has to be determined to define adequate safety distances. For hydrocarbon flames, different jet flame models are available to assess the hazards resulting from an ignited jet release. Since hydrogen flames differ from hydrocarbon flames in their combustion behavior, it has to be checked if these models are also applicable for hydrogen. To evaluate the accuracy of these models for hydrogen jet flames, tests at real-scale are carried out at the BAM Test Site for Technical Safety (BAM-TTS). Herein, the flame geometry and the heat radiation at defined locations in the surroundings are recorded for varying release parameters such as leakage diameter (currently up to 30 mm), release pressure (currently up to max. 250 bar) and mass flow (up to max. 0.5 kg/s). The challenge here is the characterization of the flame geometry in an open environment and its impact on the thermal radiation. Existing heat radiation data from the literature are mostly based on unsteady outflow conditions. For a better comparability with the steady state jet flame models, the experiments presented here are focused on ensuring a constant mass flow over the release duration to obtain a (quasi) stationary jet flame. In addition, stationary outflow tests with hydrocarbons (methane) were also carried out, which are intended to serve as reference tests for checking flame models based on hydrocarbon data.
T2 - 15th International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions (ISHPMIE)
CY - Neaples, Italy
DA - 10.06.2024
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Release
KW - Jet flame
KW - Thermal radiation
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-605107
DO - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12515710
VL - 2024
SP - 1322
EP - 1333
PB - Zenodo
CY - Geneva
AN - OPUS4-60510
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Zhang, Wuyi
A1 - Mehmood, Asad
A1 - Ali, Ghulam
A1 - Liu, Hui
A1 - Chai, Liyuan
A1 - Wu, Jun
A1 - Liu, Min
T1 - Nickel Nanocluster-Stabilized Unsaturated Ni–N3 Atomic Sites for Efficient CO2-to-CO Electrolysis at Industrial-Level Current
N2 - Unsaturated Ni single-atom catalysts (SACs), Ni-Nx (x=1,2,3), have been investigated to break the conventional Ni-N4 structural limitation and provide more unoccupied 3d orbitals for CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) intermediates adsorption, but their intrinsically low structural stability has seriously hindered their applications. Here, we developed a strategy by integrating Ni nanoclusters to stabilize unsaturated Ni-N3 atomic sites for efficient CO2 electroreduction to CO at industrial-level current. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the incorporation of Ni nanocluster effectively stabilizes the unsaturated Ni-N3 atomic sites and modulates their electronic structure to enhance the adsorption of the key intermediate *COOH during CO2RR. Guided by these insights, we prepared an optimal composite catalyst, Ni6@Ni-N3, which features a Ni6N6 nanocluster surrounded by six Ni-N3 single atoms sites, through low-temperature pyrolysis. The morphology and coordinative structure of Ni6@Ni-N3 were confirmed by an aberration-corrected transmission electron microscope (AC-TEM) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). As a result, Ni6@Ni-N3 demonstrated a remarkably high CO Faradaic efficiency (FECO) of 99.7 % and a turnover frequency (TOF) of 83984.2 h−1 at 500 mA cm−2 under −1.15 VRHE, much better than those of Ni-N4 with a lower FECO of 86 % at 100 mA cm−2 and a TOF of 39309.9 h−1under identical potential. XAS analyses of Ni6@Ni-N3 before and after long-term CO2RR testing confirmed the excellent stability of its coordinative environment. This work highlights a generalizable approach for stabilizing unsaturated single-atom catalysts, paving the way for their application in high-performance CO2RR.
KW - Electrochemical CO2 conversion
KW - Single atom catalysts
KW - CO2 electrolysis
PY - 2025
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202424552
SN - 1521-3773
VL - 64
IS - 13
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - Wiley-VCH
CY - Weinheim
AN - OPUS4-62926
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Richter, Tim
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Hydrogen embrittlement and mechanical properties of 9 % Cr P92 steel and P91 weld metal
N2 - Martensitic 9 %-Cr steels like P91 and P92 can show an increased susceptibility to delayed hydrogen assisted cracking. The focus of this study was the microstructure and heat treatment effect on the mechanical properties of P92 base material and P91 multi-layer weld metal in both as-welded and post weld heat treated (PWHT) condition.
Tensile tests with hydrogen free reference samples and electrochemically hydrogen charged samples were carried out, the mechanical properties were assessed and supported by dedicated fractographic analysis. In addition, hydrogen and microstructure dependent fracture criteria were calculated. All investigated microstructures showed a hydrogen influenced degradation of the mechanical properties compared to the hydrogen free reference samples. In that connection, the as welded martensitic P91 weld metal had the highest degree of degradation in presence of hydrogen. The P91 PWHT weld metal and the P92 base material had comparable properties. From that point of view, a significantly increased risk for hydrogen assisted cold cracking during welding fabrication of P91 weld joints must be considered before any heat treatment is conducted.
T2 - IIW Annual Assembly, Meeting of Commission IX-C
CY - Tokyo, Japan
DA - 21.07.2022
KW - Creep-resistant steel
KW - Mechanical properties
KW - Hydrogen assisted cracking
KW - Weld joint
KW - Degradation
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55462
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Habib, Abdel Karim
T1 - P2X: From production to application Safety issues around hydrogen
N2 - For hazard Assessment purposes we need models to predict what would happen in case of an accident.
The challenge in hazard assessment consists not only in choosing the right model, but beforehand to define the correct scenario. For hydrogen applications the validity of the models has to be checked, as well as the kind of scenario to assume for accidental releases of hydrogen. Open questions on these topics will be adressed and the newly founded competecne centre for Hydrogen Saftey at BAM will be presented.
T2 - VDMA Webinar P2X: From production to application
CY - Online Meeting
DA - 18.05.2021
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Hasard assessment
KW - Modeling
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52678
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Koch, Claudia
T1 - Digitale QI: Inspektion von Rotorblättern von Windenergieanlagen
N2 - Der Vortrag erklärt, was eine digitale Qualitätsinfrastruktur umfasst und stellt Arbeiten vor, die die Inspektion von Rotorblättern effizienter machen und bessere Einblicke in den Zustand geben soll. Grundlage dafür sind thermografische Aufnahmen und eine KI-gestützte Auswertung. Auch die Rolle von Datenräumen und Digitalem Produktpass wird behandelt.
T2 - Plattform Industrie 4.0 Projektgruppenmeeting Collaborative Condition Monitoring
CY - Online meeting
DA - 17.06.2025
KW - Qualitätsinfrastruktur
KW - Qualitätssicherung
KW - Digitalisierung
KW - Inspektion
KW - Thermografie
KW - Künstliche Intelligenz
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63452
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tuma, Dirk
T1 - Thermophysical properties of hydrogen-containing mixtures for the extension of equation-of-state models for natural gas
N2 - The decarbonization of the energy sector is driving the interest in hydrogen as an energy-storage medium. A practical alternative to transport and distribute H2 is using the existing infrastructure for natural gas. The GERG-2008 equation of state currently serves as the ISO standard (ISO 20765-2) for the calculation of thermodynamic properties of natural gas, but H2 appears only as a secondary component.
The availability of consolidated data for mixtures with H2 available at the time of its constitution was very limited. The experimental characterization of the thermodynamic behavior of mixtures of H2 with the main components of natural gas is thus of great relevance to validate and improve the GERG-2008 equation of state for its use with H2-enriched natural gas.
T2 - Thermodynamik-Kolloquium 2021
CY - Online meeting
DA - 27.09.2021
KW - Hydrogen-containing mixtures
KW - Density measurements
KW - Equations of state
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53991
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schneider, Ronald
T1 - Probabilistic approaches to the design and assessment of offshore foundations considering spatially varying site conditions
N2 - In this presentation, we discuss the potential of probabilistic approaches to the design and assessment of offshore foundations. The potential is demonstrated in a numerical example considering a laterally loaded monopile. As an outlook, we present a concept for managing the risk associated with installing large monopiles.
T2 - 3rd International Conference on Structural Integrity for Offshore Energy Industry (SI 2021)
CY - Online meeting
DA - 15.11.2021
KW - Offhore
KW - Foundations
KW - Probabilistic
KW - Design
KW - Assessment
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53748
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Graeber, Gustav
T1 - Batterieforschung an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin - Selbstvorstellung beim KLiB
N2 - Selbstvorstellung der Batterieforschungsaktivitäten der HU Berlin in Kooperation mit lokalen Partnern wie der BAM im Rahmen eines Netzwerktreffens. Fokus auf die Forschung in der Arbeitsgruppe Graeber zu Festkörperbatterien und der Arbeitsgruppe Adelhelm zu Natrium-Ionen-Batterien.
T2 - KLiB Netzwerktreffen
CY - Frankfurt, Germany
DA - 26.03.2025
KW - Batterie
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63350
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Graeber, Gustav
T1 - Graeber Lab for Energy Research - Overview
N2 - Vorstellung der Forschungsaktivitäten der AG Graeber an der HU Berlin und an der BAM. Diese beinhalten die Erforschung grundlegender Benetzungsphänomene von Alkalimetallen, deren Anwendung in Festkörperbatterien mit pastenartigen Alkalimetallanoden, die Erforschung von Schwefelkathoden, die Synthese von Natrium-leitenden Festelektrolyten sowie die Entwicklung von Hydrogel-basierten Batterien.
T2 - BMBF BattFutur NanoMatFutur Netzwerktreffen 2025
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 24.02.2025
KW - Batterie
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63361
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Konert, Florian
A1 - Nietzke, Jonathan
T1 - H2 Safety at BAM - Eine Kurzvorstellung
N2 - Zusammenfassend wird dem Teilnehmerkreis, bestehend aus Industrievertretern, vorgestellt, welche Aktivitäten die BAM im Bereich Wasserstoff auszeichnen. Ein spezielles Augenmerk liegt hierbei auf dem Kompetenzfeld "MatCom".
T2 - 8. SITZUNG DER „EXPERTENGRUPPE WASSERSTOFF“ (EG-H2) des IGV e.V.
CY - Online meeting
DA - 17.02.2022
KW - H2
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Materialkompatibilität
KW - Werkstoffkompatibilität
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-54367
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Qi, Naiyu
A1 - Somaskandan, Rachana
A1 - Graeber, Gustav
T1 - High-Precision Surface Tension Measurements of Sodium, Potassium, and Their Alloys via Du Noüy Ring Tensiometry
N2 - The development of post-lithium-ion batteries has sparked significant interest in alkali-metal anodes, particularly sodium (Na), potassium (K), and sodium−potassium (Na−K) alloys. Na−K alloys are promising for partially liquid anodes due to their unique low melting points. A critical factor influencing Na−K-based anode performance is wetting behavior, which governs electrical conductivity, mechanical contact, and long-term stability. At the heart of wetting lies surface tension, a fundamental property of solid−liquid− gas interactions. However, the surface tension of alkali metals and their alloys, particularly Na−K systems, remains poorly understood due to experimental and theoretical challenges. This study bridged these gaps by employing Du Noüy ring tensiometry for the first time in alkali-metal systems to measure the surface tension of Na, K, and Na−K alloys across temperatures from ambient to 180 °C. A key innovation in this work is the development of the push-in Du Noüy method, which provided significantly higher precision and reliability compared to the traditional pull-out technique, without requiring a correction factor. The measured surface tension decreased with increasing temperature for the studied Na−K alloys. For instance, for a eutectic Na−K mixture, the surface tension decreases from 121.7 mN m−1 to 112.2 mN m−1 when increasing the temperature from ambient to 180 °C. Additionally, this study presented the first use of Gibbs free energy minimization to model the surface tension of the Na−K system. The robust method significantly enhanced the predictive accuracy compared to the previous simplified model, reducing deviations from 25% to 2%. Our findings reveal that surface tension increases with sodium mole fraction in the bulk phase, yet the surface monolayer remains potassium-rich, indicating non-ideal surface behavior. This study deepens the understanding of alkali-metal wetting behavior, providing valuable insights for designing optimized interfaces in next-generation semi-solid alkali-metal batteries.
KW - Sodium−potassium alloy
KW - Liquid-metal anodes
KW - Alkali metal
KW - Batteries
KW - Surface tension
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-630102
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c02183
SN - 1944-8252
VL - 17
IS - 17
SP - 25985
EP - 25995
PB - American Chemical Society (ACS)
CY - Washington, DC
AN - OPUS4-63010
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bernardy, Christopher
A1 - Habib, Abdel Karim
A1 - Kluge, Martin
A1 - Schalau, Bernd
A1 - Kant, Hanjo
A1 - Schulze, Marcel
A1 - Orchini, Alessandro
ED - Nabizada, A.
ED - Dechany, A.
ED - B. Carré, B.
ED - Stendardo, E.
ED - Lappa, F.
ED - Vanlaere, J.
ED - Mendoza, M.J.
ED - Dejonghe, M.
ED - Daese, M.
ED - Namazifard, N.
ED - Jacops, R.
ED - Jottrand, S.
ED - Pahlavan, S.
T1 - Real scale safety investigations of hydrogen jet flames at high pressure
N2 - In order to reduce the human footprint of CO2 emissions and limit global warming effects hydrogen combustion is becoming increasingly important. To enable fuel cells and gas turbines to operates this carbon free fuel, unprecedently large amounts of hydrogen need to be produced and safely transported and stored. The investigation of the effects of accidents involving hydrogen is therefore becoming of outmost importance. Since hydrogen is usually stored and transported under pressure, one scenario to be considered is the release of hydrogen from a leakage with subsequent ignition. The resulting jet flame must be characterized with respect to the thermal radiation emitted into the environment to define safety regulations. Various models that characterize the resulting flame shape and radiation already exist in the literature, but these are mainly based on empirical data from hydrocarbon jet flames.[1-4] To verify these models, a H2 Jet Flame project conducted at BAM, is investigating the safety of momentum driven hydrogen jet flames. For this purpose, large-scale tests are carried out at the Test Site Technical Safety (BAM-TTS). The object of the investigations is to assess the effects of real scale release scenarios regarding flame geometry and the thermal radiation emitted. Parameters such as release angle, leakage diameter (currently 1 mm to 10 mm), pressure (currently up to max. 250 bar) and mass flow (up to max. 0.5 kg/s) are varied. In addition, influences such as the type of ignition, ignition location as well as delayed ignition can also be investigated. The gained knowledge will be compared with existing jet flame models, to validate these and identify a possible need for further development. In particular, the focus will be laid on the thermal radiation of hydrogen flames. The challenge here is the visualization and characterization of the flame geometry in an open environment. Visualization is performed using infrared (IR) camera systems from at least two viewing angles. Measurements of the heat radiation of jet flames, which can be found in the literature, are mostly based on unsteady outflow conditions. The experimental setup used here allows for the generation of a steady-state outflow for several minutes and thus a direct comparability with existing (steady-state) models. Furthermore, the tests can be carried out for comparative measurements with hydrocarbons (methane, etc.) as well as mixtures of hydrogen and hydrocarbons.
T2 - European PhD Hydrogen Conference 2024 (EPHyC2024)
CY - Gent, Belgium
DA - 20.03.2024
KW - Thermal radiation
KW - Release
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Jet flame
PY - 2024
SP - 551
EP - 556
AN - OPUS4-59910
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - van Wingerden, K.
A1 - Kluge, Martin
A1 - Habib, Abdel Karim
A1 - Skarsvag, H. L.
A1 - Ustolin, F.
A1 - Paltrinieri, N.
A1 - Odsaeter, L. H.
ED - Pierucci, S.
ED - Klemes, J. J.
T1 - Experimental Investigation into the Consequences of Release of Liquified Hydrogen onto and under Water
N2 - Large-scale experiments have been performed to investigate the possible consequences of realistic amounts of liquified hydrogen (LH2) encountering water. The experiments aimed at simulating an accidental release of LH2 onto water, for instance during the fuelling of a ship. For liquified natural gas (LNG), it has been demonstrated that physical explosions may occur when it is spilled onto water. These phenomena are referred as rapid phase transitions (RPTs). It cannot be excluded that RPTs are also possible in the case of LH2. The tests were performed at the Test Site Technical Safety of the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) in Horstwalde, Germany. The tests were performed in a 10 m x 10 x 1.5 m basin filled with water. LH2 releases of up to about 1 kg/s were established releasing directly from a trailer carrying LH2. The releases occurred from a height of 50 cm above the water surface pointing downwards, 30 cm under the water surface pointing downwards and 30 cm under the water surface pointed along the water surface. All release configurations resulted in a very chaotic LH2-water mixing zone, causing considerable evaporation and resulting in minor over pressures. No RPTs were observed. The main phenomenon to be observed is, however, an ignition of the released gas cloud resulting in significant blast wave overpressures and heat radiation to the surroundings. The ignition occurred in all under-water releases and in about 90 % of the releases above the water surface.
T2 - 17th EFCE International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in Process Industries
CY - Prague, Czech Rebpublic
DA - 05.06.2022
KW - Liquid Hydrogen
KW - LH2
KW - Release
KW - RPT
KW - Rapid Phase Transition
PY - 2022
DO - https://doi.org/10.3303/CET2290091
SN - 2283-9216
VL - 90
SP - 541
EP - 546
PB - AIDIC
CY - Milano
AN - OPUS4-55324
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bernardy, Christopher
T1 - Thermal Radiation Investigations of Real-Scale Hydrogen Jet Flames at High Pressure
N2 - In order to reduce global warming, the use of hydrogen as a renewable energy source is becoming more important. To enable this transition, unprecedently large amounts of hydrogen need to be safely transported and stored. Since hydrogen is usually stored and transported under pressure, one scenario to be considered is the release of hydrogen from a leakage with subsequent ignition. The resulting jet flame must be characterized with respect to the thermal radiation emitted into the environment to define safety distances. Various models that characterize the resulting flame shape and radiation already exist in the literature, but these are mainly based on empirical data from hydrocarbon jet flames. To verify the applicability of these models to hydrogen, real-scale tests are carried out at the BAM Test Site for Technical Safety (BAM-TTS) with the aim to assess the flame geometry and the emitted thermal radiation. Parameters such as leakage diameter (currently up to 30 mm), pressure (currently up to max. 250 bar) and mass flow (up to max. 0.5 kg/s) are varied. In particular, the focus will be laid on the measurement and modelling of the thermal radiation. The challenge here is the characterization of the flame geometry in an open environment and its impact on the thermal radiation. Existing heat radiation data from literature are mostly based on unsteady outflow conditions. The experimental setup used here allows for the generation of a steady-state outflow for several minutes and thus a direct comparability with existing (steady-state) models. Furthermore, stationary outflow tests with hydrocarbons (methane) were also carried out, which are intended to serve as reference tests for checking flame models based on hydrocarbon data. Following from the experimental investigations, modelling parameters such as the Surface Emissive Power (SEP) and the radiant heat fraction for hydrogen and methane will be compared to literature data.
T2 - Center for Hydrogen Safety Americas Conference, American Institute of Chemical Engineers
CY - Las Vegas, NV, USA
DA - 21.05.2024
KW - Thermal radiation
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Release
KW - Jet flame
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60195
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - van Wingerden, K.
A1 - Kluge, Martin
A1 - Habib, Abdel Karim
A1 - Ustolin, F.
A1 - Paltrinieri, N.
ED - Pierucci, S.
ED - Klemes, J. J.
T1 - Medium-scale tests to investigate the possibility and effects of BLEVEs of storage vessels containing liquified hydrogen
N2 - Experiments have been performed to determine the consequences of a storage vessel containing liquified hydrogen (LH2) is engulfed by a fire. The tests were performed at the Test Site Technical Safety of the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) in Germany within a research cooperation between BAM and Gexcon as part of the SH2IFT program. Three tests were performed using double-walled vacuum insulated vessels of 1 m3 volume varying the orientation of the vessel and the effect of the insulation material used (perlite or multi-layer insulation (MLI)). The degree of filling of the vessel was approximately 35 % in each of the tests performed. The fire load was provided by a propane fed burner positioned under the storage vessel and designed to give a homogeneous fire load. In one of the tests a rupture of the storage vessel occurred causing a blast, a fireball and fragments. Apart from measuring these consequences, the conditions in the vessel (e.g. temperatures and pressure) during the heating process were monitored in all three tests. The work described was undertaken as part of the project Safe Hydrogen fuel handling and Use for Efficient Implementation (SH2IFT).
T2 - 17th EFCE International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in Process Industries
CY - Prague, Czech Republic
DA - 05.06.2022
KW - Liquid hydrogen
KW - LH2
KW - BLEVE
KW - Cryogenic tank
PY - 2022
DO - https://doi.org/10.3303/CET2290092
SN - 2283-9216
VL - 90
SP - 547
EP - 552
PB - AIDIC
CY - Milano
AN - OPUS4-55323
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Ebell, Gino
A1 - Lehmann, Jens
A1 - Burkert, Andreas
T1 - Weathring camopaigns to determine corrosivity on offshore wind turbines
N2 - ISO 9223 standard for the classification of corrosivity in atmospheres is based on the mass loss of standard samples. We are concerned with the question of which corrosivity categories for Fe-sheets can be found at an offshore wind turbine and where they are comparable with our offshore locations.
The preliminary results indicate that the extreme corrosivity of class CX is only given in splash water-affected exposure, which is not a real atmospheric exposure condition. The results of the exposure at the SP show that the corrosivity category changes into C4, only a few meters above the splash water zone. Compared to the marine environments at Helgoland or OSS-Platform, the corrosivity is higher. The offshore environment is not as corrosive as originally expected, no atmospheric corrosion attack could be determined that would form the corrosivity category C5.
T2 - Eurocorr 2024
CY - Paris, France
DA - 01.09.2024
KW - Korrosion
KW - Corrosion
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60973
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Drexler, Andreas
A1 - Konert, Florian
T1 - Hydrogen Solubility in Steels – What is the Role of Microstructure?
N2 - Hydrogen gas plays a key role in the European energy transition strategy. When transmitting and storing compressed hydrogen gas, safety is one of the most important conditions. With increasing hydrogen pressure and temperature, more hydrogen is absorbed by the steel components, such as pipelines or valves, and may lead to embrittlement. Although, a deep understanding of microstructure on the hydrogen solubility in steels is missing. Classical Sieverts’ law is only valid at high temperatures and low gas pressures. For that purpose, new theory is presented, which explains the role of microstructure on hydrogen solubility. Hydrogen trapping at microstructural defects is a thermally activated mechanism and causes an increase of the hydrogen solubility with decreasing temperatures. This mechanism has to be considered in cryogenic applications, such liquid or compressed hydrogen storage.
T2 - EPRI Workshop on Hydrogen Embrittlement 2024
CY - Oxford, UK
DA - 23.06.2024
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Sieverts’ law
KW - Hydrogen solubility in steels
KW - Hydrogen trapping
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60477
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Balscheit, Hagen
A1 - Geißler, Peter
A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo
A1 - Basedau, Frank
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
T1 - Large-scale field tests on plastic pile tip failure upon monopile installation
N2 - Large-diameter monopiles are the most common foundation structures for offshore wind turbines. One relevant failure mode during installation is plastic failure of the pile tip which may increase progressively during further driving (pile tip buckling; extrusion buckling). This paper presents the details and results of a large-scale field-test campaign with dynamic pile installation for the validation and calibration of different numerical approaches concerning pile-tip buckling phenomena. The phenomenology of observed pile-tip failures is here described in detail and a first quantitative approach is evaluated based on the field-test data. As the number of new projects continues to grow and the necessity to construct wind farms in challenging terrain increases, such field data-sets will become increasingly relevant.
KW - Monopile
KW - Offshore Windenergy
KW - Pfahlfußbeulen
KW - Pile Tip Buckling
KW - Reference Tests
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-611651
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.119322
VL - 313
SP - 1
EP - 14
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-61165
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Balscheit, Hagen
A1 - Victor, A.
A1 - Thiele, Marc
A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
A1 - Lüddecke, F.
T1 - Experimental Investigation on Buckling Behavior of soil-embedded Piles
N2 - Monopiles are currently the predominant foundation type for offshore wind turbines in Europe. Due to the increasing dimensions of the turbines, pile diameters beyond 10m become necessary. A design-relevant failure mode of monopiles is the local buckling of the pile wall in the embedded sections. Relevant buckling guidelines do not consider the soil-structure interaction specifically, although the embedment may allow for a reduction of wall thickness. However, Eurocode-based design concepts require a validation with comparative buckling cases for validation, either in terms of buckling curve parameters for both the algebraic stress-based and semi-numerical LBA/MNA design concept or as a calibration factor kGMNIA for fully numerical GMNIA calculations. These parameters are not yet available for embedded shells. To close this gap, we have conducted experiments on piles embedded in sand to investigate local buckling under soil-structure-interaction. The results will be used to calibrate numerical models. This research was carried out as part of the VERBATIM research project, funded by PTJ/BMWK and supported by the Carbon Trust's Offshore Wind Accelerator consortium.
T2 - EUROSTEEL 2023
CY - Amsterdam, The Netherlands
DA - 11.09.2023
KW - Wind
KW - Wind Energy
KW - Shell Buckling
KW - Offshore
KW - Soil-Structure-Interaction
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-583641
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/cepa.2313
SN - 2509-7075
VL - 6
IS - 3-4
SP - 1729
EP - 1734
PB - Ernst & Sohn Gmb
AN - OPUS4-58364
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zinas, Orestis
A1 - Papaioannou, Iason
A1 - Schneider, Ronald
A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
T1 - 3D spatial modelling of CPT data for probabilistic preliminary assessment of potential pile tip damage upon collision with boulders
N2 - Tip damage of monopiles from boulder collisions during installation has emerged as a critical design issue, primarily due to the combination of the widespread use of large-diameter piles and the complexity of the ground conditions at the available sites. Recently, a framework relating potential pile tip damage to cone tip resistance from Cone Penetration Tests (CPTs) has been proposed in the literature. Gaussian processes are powerful stochastic models that enable probabilistic spatial interpolation of soil data at any location within a site. On this basis, this study utilizes sparse CPT data from a site in the North Sea, to first develop an efficient Gaussian process regression model, which is used to derive a three-dimensional (3D) probabilistic predictive map of the cone tip resistance. Assuming deterministic loading conditions and a factual collision with a boulder of pre-defined properties, the cone tip resistance predictive model is subsequently used for a probabilistic preliminary assessment of potential pile tip damage. Results of the analysis are realistic 3D probability maps of potential damage that aim to support engineering judgment and contribute towards cost-effective site investigation planning and offshore wind farm design.
T2 - 5th International Symposium on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics (ISFOG 2025)
CY - Nantes, France
DA - 09.06.2025
KW - CPT data
KW - Gaussian process regression
KW - Boulder impact
KW - Preliminary pile tip damage assessment
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-634417
SN - 978-2-85782-758-0
DO - https://doi.org/10.53243/ISFOG2025-323
SP - 505
EP - 510
PB - International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering
CY - London
AN - OPUS4-63441
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
A1 - Balscheit, Hagen
A1 - Geißler, Peter
A1 - Schepers, Winfried
A1 - Cuèllar, Pablo
T1 - Evaluation of pile tip buckling based on large scale tests
N2 - Der Beitrag beschreibt eine groß angelegte Versuchskampagne mit Pfahlrammungen, um das Risiko des plastischen Versagens der Pfahlspitze besser zu verstehen und numerische Modelle zu validieren. Ein numerisches Modell mit transientem Bodenkontakt zeigt eine gute Übereinstimmung mit den Testergebnissen. Parametervariationen verdeutlichen, wie empfindlich die Pfahlreaktion auf Imperfektionen und Randbedingungen ist.
T2 - 5TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON FRONTIERS IN OFFSHORE GEOTECHNICS
CY - Nantes, France
DA - 09.06.2025
KW - Pile Tip Buckling
KW - Monopile
KW - Offshore Windenergy
KW - Driving Refusal
KW - Large Scale Test
PY - 2025
SN - 978-2-85782-758-0
DO - https://doi.org/10.53243/ISFOG2025-476
SP - 1218
EP - 1223
PB - International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE)
CY - Nantes
AN - OPUS4-63387
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zinas, Orestis
T1 - 3D spatial modelling of CPT data for probabilistic preliminary assessment of potential pile tip damage upon collision with boulders
N2 - Tip damage of monopiles from boulder collisions during installation has emerged as a critical design issue, primarily due to the combination of the widespread use of large-diameter piles and the complexity of the ground conditions at the available sites. Recently, a framework relating potential pile tip damage to cone tip resistance from Cone Penetration Tests (CPTs) has been proposed in the literature. Gaussian processes are powerful stochastic models that enable probabilistic spatial interpolation of soil data at any location within a site. On this basis, this study utilizes sparse CPT data from a site in the North Sea, to first develop an efficient Gaussian process regression model, which is used to derive a three-dimensional
(3D) probabilistic predictive map of the cone tip resistance. Assuming deterministic loading conditions and a factual collision with a boulder of pre-defined properties, the cone tip resistance predictive model is subsequently used for a probabilistic preliminary assessment of potential pile tip damage. Results of the analysis are realistic 3D probability maps of potential damage that aim to support engineering judgment and contribute towards cost-effective site investigation planning and offshore wind farm design.
T2 - 5th International Symposium on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics (ISFOG)
CY - Nantes, France
DA - 09.06.2025
KW - CPT data
KW - Gaussian process regression
KW - Boulder impact
KW - Preliminary pile tip damage assessment
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63444
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Karabeliov, Krassimire
A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
A1 - Rücker, Werner
T1 - System identification of inverse, multimodal and nonlinear problems using evolutionary computing - Application to a pile structure supported on nonlinear springs
N2 - This paper deals with the system identification of a mechanical structure supported by nonlinear springs subjected to an external load. If all mechanical parameters of the system were known, the displacement of the system subjected to this load could be easily calculated. However, the monitoring applications often deal with the inverse problem. The loads and displacements of the system are known and certain mechanical Parameters of the system are sought. The solution of such inverse problems can be difficult, especially when they have a nonlinear and multimodal character, which often makes them appear intractable at first sight. However, evolutionary computing can be applied to solve this inverse, nonlinear and multimodal problem. Sometimes a prior knowledge exists on certain system properties, which is difficult to implement into analytical or numerical solvers. This knowledge can play a decisive role in identifying the System properties and it can be easily included as a boundary condition when applying evolutionary algorithms.
This article discusses how and under what conditions the unknown spring resistances can be identified. The practical application of this procedure is exemplified here with the mechanical system of a pile foundation.
KW - Evolutionary computing
KW - Inverse problem
KW - Multimodal solution
KW - System identification
KW - Pile monitoring
PY - 2015
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.07.034
SN - 0141-0296
SN - 1873-7323
VL - 101
SP - 609
EP - 620
AN - OPUS4-39310
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kullolli, Borana
A1 - Stutz, H. H.
A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
A1 - Rackwitz, F.
ED - Cardoso, A. S.
ED - Borges, J. L.
ED - Costa, P. A.
ED - Gomes, A. T.
ED - Marques, J. C.
ED - Vieira, C. S.
T1 - A generalized plasticity model adapted for shearing interface problems
N2 - The response of many geotechnical systems, whose structural behavior depends on shearing effect, is closely related to soil structure interaction phenomenon. Experimentally it is found that the localisation of these effect happens at a narrow soil layer next to the structure. Numerically, this behavior can be modelled through inter-face elements and adequate constitutive models. In this work, a constitutive model in the framework of Gen-eralized Plasticity for sandy soils has been chosen to be adapted for the interface zone. From the direct shear experiments a sandy soil at loose and dense states under different normal pressures is considered. The adapted constitutive model is able to reproduce contraction and dilatation of the soil according to its relative density and it shows a good agreement with the experimental data.
T2 - Conference
CY - Porto, Portugal
DA - 25.06.2018
KW - Numerical modelling
KW - Soil-pile interaction
KW - Interface
KW - Shearing
PY - 2018
SN - 978-1-138-33198-3
VL - 1
SP - 97
EP - 102
PB - NUMGE
CY - Porto, Portugal
AN - OPUS4-45721
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bernardy, Christopher
T1 - Wärmestrahlung von Freistrahlflammen
N2 - Wasserstoff als Energieträger gewinnt zunehmend an Bedeutung. Die Untersuchung von Störfallauswirkungen mit Wasserstoff rückt somit stärker in den Fokus. Da Wasserstoff meist unter Druck gelagert und transportiert wird, ist ein zu betrachtendes Szenario die Freisetzung aus einer Leckage mit anschließender Zündung. Die daraus resultierende Freistrahlflamme (Jet Flame) muss hinsichtlich der in die Umgebung emittierten Wärmestrahlung charakterisiert werden. In der Literatur existieren bereits verschiedene Modelle ([1], [2]), welche jedoch vermehrt auf Daten aus Kohlenwasserstoffflammen mit geringem Impuls basieren. Zur Überprüfung dieser Modelle wird im Zuge des BAM internen H2 Jet Flame Projektes die sicherheitstechnische Untersuchung von impulsbehafteten Wasserstoff Freistrahlflammen vorgenommen. Hierfür finden Versuche im Realmaßstab auf dem Testgelände Technische Sicherheit der BAM (BAM-TTS) statt. Gegenstand der Untersuchungen ist die Beurteilung der Auswirkungen von realistischen Freisetzungsszenarien hinsichtlich der Flammengeometrie und der freigesetzten Wärmestrahlung. Dabei werden Parameter wie Freisetzungswinkel, Leckagedurchmesser (z.Zt. 1 mm bis 10 mm), Druck (z.Zt. bis max. 250 bar) und Massenstrom (bis max. 0,5 kg/s) variiert. Zusätzlich können auch Einflüsse wie Art der Zündung, Zündort sowie Zündung mit zeitlichem Verzug untersucht werden. Gewonnene Erkenntnisse werden mit den Ergebnissen bereits vorhandener Modelle verglichen und diese im Bedarfsfall weiterentwickelt. Insbesondere wird der Fokus auf die Modellierung der freigesetzten Wärmestrahlung von Wasserstoffflammen gelegt. Herausforderung dabei stellt die IR-Vermessung und Modellierung von Sichtmodellen der Flammen dar. Die Visualisierung der Flammengeometrie wird mit Hilfe mehrerer Infrarot Kamerasystemen (aus mindestens zwei Blickwinkeln) vorgenommen.
Bisherige Messungen, die in der Literatur zu finden sind, basieren meist auf instationären Auströmbedingungen. Der hier verwendete Versuchsaufbau ermöglicht ein stationäres Ausströmen für mehrere Minuten und somit eine direkte Vergleichbarkeit mit den existierenden (stationären) Modellen.
Weiterhin ist der Versuchsstand umrüstbar für Vergleichsmessungen mit Kohlenwasserstoffen (Methan etc.) sowie Mischungen aus Wasserstoff und Kohlenwasserstoffen.
T2 - DECHEMA - Fachgruppe Auswirkungen von Stoff- und Energiefreisetzungen
CY - Online meeting
DA - 08.11.2023
KW - Freistrahlflamme
KW - Wärmestrahlung
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Methan
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-60513
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kemmler, Samuel
T1 - Gekoppelte Fluid Partikel Simulationen einer Suction Bucket Gründung zur Analyse von Piping Erosion während der Installation von Offshore Windkraftanlagen
N2 - Wir stellen unseren Ansatz und unsere Methodik zur Simulation von Piping-Erosion vor, welche während des Installationsprozesses von Suction Bucket Fundamenten für Offshore-Windkraftanlagen auftreten kann und ein kritisches Versagen des Installationsprozesses darstellt. Wir zeigen die Ergebnisse mehrere Simulationen und analysieren die hydrodynamischen und Kontaktkräfte, die auf das granulare Medium wirken, sowie die Druckdifferenz der flüssigen Phase. Solche Simulationen können zum besseren Verständnis von Piping-Erosion und letztendlich zu dessen Verhinderung beitragen.
T2 - Gesinus-Treffen 2024
CY - Stuttgart, Germany
DA - 20.06.2024
KW - Suction Bucket
KW - Gekoppelte Fluid-Partikel Simulationen
KW - Offshore-Windkraftanlagen
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60516
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Konert, Florian
T1 - Evaluating X65 pipeline steel using the hollow specimen technique
N2 - This presentation describes the usability of the hollow tensile specimen technique for in-situ material testing in a hydrogen atmosphere.
In addition, the presentation provides an outlook on the methodology for investigating the suitability of pipeline steels and their weld seams for hydrogen operation.
T2 - EPHyC 2024
CY - Ghent, Belgium
DA - 19.03.2024
KW - Hydrogen embrittlement
KW - Hollow specimen technique
KW - Pipeline steel
KW - SSRT
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59746
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Chamorro, C. R.
T1 - Thermodynamic (p, ρ, T) characterization of H2-enriched natural gases
N2 - Hydrogen-enriched natural gas, H2NG is a mixture of natural gas and H2 that can be used on existing natural gas infrastructure with little or even no modification to be applied H2NG is thus an option in the transition from fossil fuels to a hydrogen economy, as it can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and can accelerate the adoption of H2 from renewable sources. Theoretically, H2 can be mixed with NG in any ratio, but H2NG mixtures with up to 20 vol-% of H2 represent the most realistic near term option due to technical and economic reasons. The addition of H2 to natural gas alters the thermodynamic properties of the mixture, which affects its transport, storage, and combustion characteristics. In this work, we present experimental density measurements for different H2NG mixtures, performed with a high-precision single sinker densimeter from 250 to 350 K and up to 20 MPa. The mixtures were prepared gravimetrically according to ISO 6142-1 for maximum precision in their composition.
T2 - The 22nd European Conference on Thermophysical Properties ECTP 2023
CY - Venice, Italy
DA - 10.09.2023
KW - Hydrogen-enriched natural gas
KW - Single-sinker densimeter
KW - High-pressure density
KW - Equations of state
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-60473
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Richter, Matthias
T1 - Primary References for the Determination of Sulphur Impurities in Hydrogen
N2 - Fuel cell electric vehicles are expanding quickly from light-duty to heavy-duty applications, such as buses or trucks. Hydrogen fuel quality needs to comply with ISO 14687:2025 to avoid any harmful impact on the vehicles. Total sulphur is one of the most impactful contaminants to a fuel cell system and has a threshold of 4 nmol/mol. In the European Partnership for Metrology (EPM) project Met4H2, BAM together with VSL, the National Metrology Institute of the Netherlands, developed novel gaseous primary reference materials (PRM) to improve the accuracy of the analysis of 7 sulphur compounds (hydrogen sulphide, carbonyl sulphide, methyl mercaptan, ethyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulphide, diethyl sulphide, and tetrahydrothiophene) for the quality control of hydrogen as fuel gas at this challenging amount fraction. These PRM were cross-validated using thermal desorption gas chromatography with a sulphur chemiluminescence detector (TD-GC/SCD). The results are presented and limits discussed.
T2 - Joint workshop EMN for Energy Gases
CY - Delft, Netherlands
DA - 26.03.2025
KW - Sulphur impurities
KW - Hydrogen
KW - GC/SCD
KW - Reference gas standards
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62818
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Fey, Gero
T1 - Thermophysically Simulated Weld HAZ and CCT Diagram of� High Strength Low Alloy Pipeline Steel
N2 - Kurzvorstellung der laufenden Projekte "Wasserstoffabhängige mechanische Eigenschaften der Schweißnahtgefüge niedriglegierter Stähle für Ferngasleitungen" und "Praktikable Prüfung geschweißter Ferngasleitungen aus niedrig-legierten Stählen für den sicheren Transport von Wasserstoff" mit kurzem Ergebnisstand und zukünftiger Versuchsplanung/Outlook
T2 - Sitzung des NA 092-00-05 GA "Gemeinschaftsarbeitsausschuss NAS/NMP: Zerstörende Prüfung von Schweißverbindungen (DVS AG Q 4/Q 4.1)"
CY - Online meeting
DA - 20.03.2025
KW - ZTU-Diagramm
KW - CCT
KW - WEZ
KW - Dilatometry
KW - Pipeline Steel
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63107
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hübner, Martin
T1 - Einfluss der Nahtgeometrie auf den Eigenspannungsabbau unter Verwendung von Low Transformation Temperature (LTT) – Schweißzusätzen
N2 - Low Transformation Temperature (LTT)-Schweißzusätze stellen einen innovativen Ansatz zur Erhöhung der Ermüdungsfestigkeit geschweißter Konstruktionen dar. LTT-Schweißzusätze zeichnen sich durch eine martensitische Phasenumwandlung nahe der Raumtemperatur aus, welche Druckeigenspannungen in der Schweißnaht und der Wärmeeinflusszone (WEZ) generieren.
Dieser Vortrag fokussiert sich auf die gezielte Einbringung zusätzlicher LTT-Lagen an ermüdungskritischen Stellen von konventionell geschweißten Verbindungen. Dies ermöglicht eine ökonomische Anwendung, ohne dass die Schweißnahtintegrität zu stark beeinflusst wird. Die Auswirkungen zusätzlicher LTT-Lagen wurden anhand geschweißter Längssteifen aus hochfestem Stahl hinsichtlich der chemischen Zusammensetzung und der Eigenspannungen untersucht. Unter Variation der Schweißgeschwindigkeit und Abstand zur konventionellen Naht konnten 3 unterschiedliche Nahtausführungen des Chrom-Nickellegierten LTT-Zusatzes bewertet werden.
Die chemische Zusammensetzung wurde mittels OES-Analysen untersucht. Dabei stellte heraus, dass die Aufmischung in allen Varianten sehr ähnlich war trotz teils unterschiedlicher LTT-Volumina. Härtebestimmungen ergaben in allen 3 Varianten eine ähnliche Härte. Daraus lässt sich annehmen, dass die Martensitstarttemperatur bei allen Nahtvarianten ähnlich ist.
Röntgenografische Eigenspannungsmessungen belegen, dass die Eigenspannungen am versa-genskritischen Nahtübergang bei Einsatz von LTT-Schweißzusätzen deutlich abgesenkt werden. Während die konventionelle Schweißnaht Zugeigenspannungen von ca. 350 MPa aufweist, können an den LTT-Nähten teilweise Druckeigenspannungen von bis zu -150 MPa nachgewiesen werden. Je höher der Abstand zur konventionellen Naht und je größer das eingebrachte LTT-Volumen ist, umso stärker sind die Eigenspannungsreduzierungen am Nahtübergang. Da in allen 3 Varianten eine ähnliche Martensitstarttemperatur angenommen werden kann, ist somit die Geometrische Komponente der LTT-Zusatzlage ein entscheidender Faktor für die Eigenspannungsreduzierung.
T2 - AWT FA 13
CY - Wolfsburg, Germany
DA - 19.03.2024
KW - Chemische Zusammensetzung,
KW - LTT
KW - Nahtgeometrie
KW - Eigenspannungen
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60135
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kromm, Arne
T1 - Residual stress reduction using LTT welding consumables with focus on the weld geometry
N2 - This article focuses on the selective placement of additional LTT layers to generate compressive residual stresses in fatigue-critical areas of conventional weld joints. This enables an economical solution without effecting the integrity of welded joints. For this, longitudinal stiffeners made of high-strength steel were gas metal arc welded using conventional welding consumable in the first layer. Afterwards, a chromium-nickel alloyed LTT welding consumable was deposit on front sides of the stiffeners. By varying the welding parameters, different weld geometries of the LTT filler metal could be analyzed. The effects of additional LTT layers were investigated with regards to residual stresses, microstructure and strength. X-ray residual stresses measurements show that the residual stresses at the failure critical weld toe are significantly reduced by using additional LTT layers. While the conventional weld is characterized by tensile residual stresses, compressive residual stresses can be detected at the LTT weld. The level of residual stresses is influenced by the geometry of the LTT layer. Additional LTT layers with a high offset to the conventional weld generate more compressive residual stress in the HAZ than with a low offset. Therefore, the weld geometry has a considerable impact on the residual stress profile.
T2 - IIW Intermediate Meeting Comission II-A
CY - Incheon, Republic of Korea
DA - 12.03.2024
KW - LTT
KW - Residual stress
KW - High strength steel
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59747
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Scharf-Wildenhain, R.
A1 - Hälsig, A.
A1 - Hensel, J.
A1 - Wandtke, Karsten
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Kromm, Arne
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Einfluss von Wärmeführung und Bauteildesign auf die Eigenschaften und fertigungsbedingten Beanspruchungen additiv geschweißter hochfester Feinkornbaustähle
N2 - Hochfeste Feinkornbaustähle verfügen über großes Potenzial für gewichtsoptimierte, effiziente Strukturen in vielen modernen Stahlkonstruktion. Weitere Effizienzsteigerungen können durch additives Fertigen sowie bionische Bauweisen erreicht werden. Hochfeste Zusatzwerkstoffe für additives MSG-Schweißen (engl.: Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing, WAAM) sind bereits von den Schweißzusatzherstellern lieferbar. Eine breite industrielle Anwendung insbesondere für KMU ist aufgrund fehlender quantitativer Erkenntnisse und Richtlinien bezüglich schweißbedingter Beanspruchungen und Bauteilsicherheit während der Herstellung und des Betriebs derzeit stark limitiert. In einem gemeinsamen Forschungsprojekt (FOSTA-P1380/IGF21162BG) der BAM und der TU Chemnitz werden daher die mit Eigenspannungsausbildung und der Gefahr einer Kaltrissbildung verbundenen prozess- und werkstoffbedingten sowie konstruktiven Einflüsse beim WAAM hochfester Stähle untersucht. Der vorliegende Beitrag fokussiert die Analyse der Auswirkungen von Schweißwärmeführung und Design der WAAM-Bauteile auf die Abkühlbedingungen, Gefüge, mechanisch-technologischen Eigenschaften und Eigenspannungen. Hierfür werden geometrisch definierte Probenkörper (Hohlquader) vollautomatisiert mit einem speziellen, hochfesten WAAM-Massivdraht (Streckgrenze >790 MPa) geschweißt. Die Wärmeführung und Probenabmessungen werden innerhalb eines statistischen Versuchsplans variiert. Die Schweißwärmeführung wird dabei so eingestellt, dass die t8/5-Abkühlzeiten im empfohlenen Verarbeitungsbereich (ca. 5 s bis 20 s) sichergestellt sind. Hierzu ließen sich über zusätzliche thermo-physikalische Umformsimulationen mittels Dilatometer die komplexen Wärmezyklen abbilden und die resultierende Zugfestigkeit des Schweißgutes bestimmen. Das WAAM-Schweißen komplexer Geometrien mit variierenden Schweißwärmeführungen und geometrischen Verhältnissen bzw. Wanddicken bedingt neben den Auswirkungen auf die Abkühlbedingungen, Abkühlzeiten und Gefüge deutliche Einflüsse auf die konstruktiven Steifigkeitsverhältnisse beim Schweißen. Es zeigen sich anhand der Schweißexperimente signifikante Auswirkungen durch Probenskalierung und Wärmeeinbringung auf die resultierenden lokalen Eigenspannungen. Die Folge können ungünstige Bauteileigenschaften und risskritische Zugeigenspannungen sein.
T2 - DVS Congress 2022
CY - Koblenz, Germany
DA - 19.09.2022
KW - MAG-Schweißen
KW - Additive Fertigung
KW - Eigenspannungen
KW - Hochfester Stahl
KW - Kaltrisssicherheit
KW - Wärmeführung
KW - Windenergie
PY - 2022
SN - 978-3-96144-189-1
VL - 382
SP - 737
EP - 745
PB - DVS Media GmbH
CY - Düsseldorf
AN - OPUS4-56719
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröder, Nina
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Mikrolegierungseinfluss auf das Ausscheidungsverhalten und die mechanischen Eigenschaften geschweißter hochfester Baustähle
N2 - Mikrolegierungselemente, wie Nb und Ti, sind für die signifikante Festigkeitssteigerung von vergüteten, hochfesten Feinkornbaustählen mit einer Nominalstreckgrenze ≥ 690 MPa unerlässlich. Normvorgaben zur chemischen Zusammensetzung geben dabei nur obere Grenzwerte für die Hersteller vor. Weiterhin wirken sich bereits kleine Abweichungen in der Legierungsroute teilweise drastisch auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften aus. Somit wird eine adäquate Vorhersage der Schweißeignung und der Integrität der Schweißverbindung aufgrund der variierenden Mikrogefüge erschwert bis unmöglich. Unerwünschte Nebeneffekte sind die mögliche Erweichung der Wärmeeinflusszone (WEZ) als auch der gegenteilige Effekt der Aufhärtung. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden erstmals systematisch die unterschiedlichen Mikrolegierungsrouten mit variierenden Ti und Nb-Gehalten an Versuchsschmelzen untersucht. Die Stahlgüte S690QL bildet dabei die Grundlage der chemischen Zusammensetzung sowie der entsprechenden Wärmebehandlung. Zur Untersuchung der jeweiligen Schweißeignung wurden Dreilagen-Schweißungen mittels moderner MAG-Hochleistungsschweißprozesse durchgeführt und kritische Gefügebereiche mit hoher Erweichung/Aufhärtung identifiziert. Der Fokus der analytischen Betrachtungen lag hier auf der Identifikation der Phasenumwandlungen beim Abkühlen und auf dem metallurgischen Ausscheidungsverhalten. Zusätzlich wurden isotherme und nicht-isotherme Phasenberechnungen mit der Software Thermo-Calc durchgeführt. Mechanisch-technologische Untersuchungen zur Kerbschlagzähigkeit mittels Kerbschlagbiegeversuchen durchgeführt wurden, bestätigen dabei die Ergebnisse der thermodynamischen Simulation bezüglich des Ausscheidungsverhaltens während der Temperatur-Zeit Schweißzyklen. Daraus lässt sich der Einfluss der Wärmeeinwirkung beim Schweißen auf die Gefügeausbildung in der WEZ und der korrespondierenden mechanischen Eigenschaften qualitativ beschreiben.
T2 - DVS Congress 2023 Große Schweißtechnische Tagung
CY - Essen, Germany
DA - 11.09.2023
KW - WEZ-Erweichung
KW - Mikrolegierungseinflüsse
KW - Hochfester Feinkornbaustahl
KW - Kerbschlagzähigkeit
PY - 2023
SN - 978-3-96144-230-0
VL - 389
SP - 218
EP - 225
PB - DVS Media GmbH
CY - Düsseldorf
AN - OPUS4-59419
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröder, Nina
T1 - Einfluss unterschiedlicher Mikrolegierungsrouten eines S690QL auf das Ausscheidungsverhalten in der WEZ
N2 - Mikrolegierungselementen, wie Nb und Ti sind für eine signifikante Festigkeitssteigerung von vergüteten, hochfesten Feinkornbaustählen mit einer Nominalstreckgren-ze ≥ 690 MPa unerlässlich. Normvorgaben zur chemischen Zusammensetzung dieser Stähle geben zur Erzielung der vorgeschriebenen Eigenschaften dabei oft nur Grenzgehalte für die Hersteller vor. Die Wirkung der Mikrolegierungselemente bzw. ihrer Karbide und/oder Nitride ist teilweise komplett konträr, insbesondere bei Auflösung und Wiederausscheidung in der WEZ bei identischem Schweißzusatz. Somit wird eine adäquate Vorhersage der Chargenabhängigkeit hinsichtlich der Schweißeignung und des Tragverhaltens der Schweißverbindung erschwert. Eine unerwünschte Eigenschaft ist dabei die Erweichung der WEZ, wie auch u.U. der gegenteilige Effekt der Aufhärtung.
T2 - 5. Symposium Materialtechnik
CY - Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
DA - 23.02.2023
KW - Divergente Ausbildung der Wärmeeinflusszone
KW - Hochfester vergüteter Feinkornbaustahl
KW - Thermodynamische Simulation
KW - Mikrolegierungseinfluss
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58004
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Combined effect of heating rate and restraint condition on stress relief cracking susceptibility during PWHT of thick walled Cr Mo V steel submerged arc welded joints
N2 - Contemporary steels creep-resistant steels like the 13CrMoV9-10 are used as thick plates e.g., for applications in hydrocrackers. The large plate thickness requires high efficiency welding processes like submerged arc welding (SAW) and a mandatory post weld heat treatment (PWHT). The PWHT-parameters stem from a combination of empirical knowledge and traditional experiments on free shrinking (FS) welds. In that connection, the formation of so-called stress-relief cracking (SRC) must be anticipated. The SRC susceptibility of a welded component is a complex combination and interaction of com-ponent specific, thermal, and metallurgical factors. Many of which have to date not been conclusively researched. For example, it is well known that SRCs develop during PWHT due to formation and growth of carbides on prior austenite grain boundaries, resulting in a significant hardness increase (secondary hardening) and toughness decrease. This leads to a high SRC susceptibility of the coarse grain heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) of the last weld bead during PWHT. This is intensified in case of high residual stresses from the component-specific, structurally induced stiffness. In combination with multi-layer welding this leads to a multiaxial stress distribution. Nonetheless, the combined effect of PWHT and high-residual stresses on the SRC formation is merely unknown. For that reason, this study presents the effect of different heating rates in conjunction with a certain component stiffness. For that reason, SAW joints of 13CrMoV9-10 steel were investigated under FS and defined external restraint condition.
T2 - 77th IIW Annual Assembly and International Conference, Meeting of Commission II-A
CY - Ixia, Rhodes, Greece
DA - 07.07.2024
KW - Stress relief cracking
KW - Submerged arc welding
KW - Post weld heat treatment
KW - Cr-Mo-V steel
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60675
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wandtke, Karsten
T1 - Einfluss der Prozessführung auf den Eigenspannungszustand beim WAAM-Schweißen hochfester Stahlbauteile
N2 - Hochfeste Feinkornbaustähle verfügen über großes Potenzial für gewichtsoptimierte, effiziente Strukturen in vielen modernen Stahlkonstruktion. Weitere Effizienzsteigerungen können durch additives Fertigen sowie bionische Bauweisen erreicht werden. Hochfeste Zusatzwerkstoffe für additives MSG-Schweißen (engl.: Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing, WAAM) sind bereits von den Schweißzusatzherstellern lieferbar. Eine breite industrielle Anwendung insbesondere für KMU ist aufgrund fehlender quantitativer Erkenntnisse und Richtlinien bezüglich schweißbedingter Beanspruchungen und Bauteilsicherheit während der Herstellung und des Betriebs derzeit stark limitiert. In einem gemeinsamen Forschungsprojekt (FOSTA-P1380/IGF21162BG) der BAM und der TU Chemnitz werden daher die mit Eigenspannungsausbildung und der Gefahr einer Kaltrissbildung verbundenen prozess- und werkstoffbedingten sowie konstruktiven Einflüsse beim WAAM hochfester Stähle untersucht. Der vorliegende Beitrag fokussiert die Analyse der Auswirkungen von Schweißwärmeführung und Design der WAAM-Bauteile auf die Abkühlbedingungen, Gefüge, mechanisch-technologischen Eigenschaften und Eigenspannungen. Hierfür werden geometrisch definierte Probenkörper (Hohlquader) vollautomatisiert mit einem speziellen, hochfesten WAAM-Massivdraht (Streckgrenze >790 MPa) geschweißt. Die Wärmeführung und Probenabmessungen werden innerhalb eines statistischen Versuchsplans variiert. Die Schweißwärmeführung wird dabei so eingestellt, dass die t8/5-Abkühlzeiten im empfohlenen Verarbeitungsbereich (ca. 5 s bis 20 s) sichergestellt sind. Hierzu ließen sich über zusätzliche thermo-physikalische Umformsimulationen mittels Dilatometer die komplexen Wärmezyklen abbilden und die resultierende Zugfestigkeit des Schweißgutes bestimmen. Das WAAM-Schweißen komplexer Geometrien mit variierenden Schweißwärmeführungen und geometrischen Verhältnissen bzw. Wanddicken bedingt neben den Auswirkungen auf die Abkühlbedingungen, Abkühlzeiten und Gefüge deutliche Einflüsse auf die konstruktiven Steifigkeitsverhältnisse beim Schweißen. Es zeigen sich anhand der Schweißexperimente signifikante Auswirkungen durch Probenskalierung und Wärmeeinbringung auf die resultierenden lokalen Eigenspannungen. Die Folge können ungünstige Bauteileigenschaften und risskritische Zugeigenspannungen sein.
Im Rahmen der Normungssitzung werden praktikable Verarbeitungsempfehlungen basierend auf den Erkenntnissen des Vh. mit Vertretern aus Industrie und Forschung diskutiert.
T2 - NA 092-00-05 GA: Gemeinschaftsarbeitsausschuss NAS/NMP: Zerstörende Prüfung von Schweißverbindungen (DVS AG Q 4/Q 4.1)
CY - Online meeting
DA - 10.03.2022
KW - MAG-Schweißen
KW - Additive Fertigung
KW - Eigenspannungen
KW - Hochfester Stahl
KW - Kaltrisssicherheit
KW - Wärmeführung
KW - Windenergie
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56722
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröder, Nina
T1 - Auswirkungen von Titan und Niob auf das metallurgische Schweißverhalten von hochfesten Feinkornbaustählen und deren mechanischen Eigenschaften
N2 - Mikrolegierungselemente wie Nb und Ti sind entscheidend für die erwünschte mechanische Festigkeit von vergüteten Feinkornbaustählen mit einer Nennstreckgrenze von ≥ 690 MPa. Aktuelle Spezifikationen geben lediglich Obergrenzen für die chemische Zusammensetzung vor, allerdings können geringfügige Abweichungen erhebliche Auswirkungen auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften haben. Die Vorhersage der Schweißbarkeit und Integrität von Schweißverbindungen stellt aufgrund der variierenden Zusammensetzung und Mikrostrukturen Herausforderungen dar. Unerwünschte Effekte wie Erweichung der Wärmeeinflusszone (WEZ) oder Verfestigung können auftreten. Um dies zu untersuchen, wurden verschiedene Mikrolegierungsrouten mit variierenden Ti- und Nb-Gehalten an Laborschmelzen erforscht. Die Basis jeder Route entsprach der üblichen S690QL in Zusammensetzung und Wärmebehandlung. Dreilagenschweißungen wurden mittels Metallaktivgasschweißens (MAG) durchgeführt, um kritische Gefügebereiche zu identifizieren. Die Analyse konzentrierte sich auf Phasenumwandlungen während der Abkühlung und metallurgisches Ausscheidungsverhalten. Die mechanischen Eigenschaften der Schweißnähte wurden durch Zugversuche ermittelt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen einen bedeutenden Einfluss der Mikrolegierungsroute und Schweißwärmezufuhr auf die Ausscheidungskinetik, trotz insgesamt guter Schweißbarkeit der Werkstoffe.
T2 - Bacheloranden-, Masteranden-, Doktoranden Kolloquium
CY - Magdeburg, Germany
DA - 17.01.2024
KW - WEZ-Erweichung
KW - Hochfester Feinkornbaustahl
KW - Digital Image Correlation
KW - Querzugversuch
KW - Mikrolegierungseinfluss
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59420
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kromm, Arne
T1 - Einfluss spanender Bearbeitungsschritte auf die Eigenspannungen additiv gefertigter Komponenten aus hochfestem Stahl
N2 - Diese Studie konzentriert sich auf den Einfluss der Bearbeitung auf die Eigenspannungen und den Verzug von WAAM-Proben. Definierte Proben wurden vollautomatisch mit einem speziellen WAAM-Massivdraht (Streckgrenze >820 MPa) mit unterschiedlichen geometrischen Designs geschweißt. Der Eigenspannungszustand vor und nach dem Abtrennen der AM-Struktur von der Substratplatte wurde mittels Röntgenbeugung an der Probenoberfläche analysiert und durch 3D-Verformungsanalysen mittels Photogrammetrie ergänzt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen einen signifikanten Einfluss der Geometrie auf die Relaxation und Umverteilung der Eigenspannungen.
T2 - NA 092-00-05 GA "Gemeinschaftsarbeitsausschuss NAS/NMP: Zerstörende Prüfung von Schweißverbindungen (DVS AG Q 4/Q 4.1)
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 20.03.2024
KW - DED-arc
KW - Eigenspannungen
KW - Hochfester Stahl
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59753
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CHAP
A1 - Eissel, A.
A1 - Engelking, Lorenz
A1 - Treutler, K.
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Wesling, V.
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
ED - da Silva, L. F. M.
ED - Martins, P. A. F.
ED - Reisgen, U.
T1 - Nickel-Iron-Alloy Modification to Enhance Additively Welded Microstructure for Subsequent Milling
N2 - The aerospace industry uses nickel–iron alloys, e.g., FeNi36, to create moulding tools for composite materials, since these alloys have a low coefficient of thermal expansion. Nickel–iron alloys are hard-to-cut materials. The moulding tools are large in size and involve complex structures, making them cost-intensive and difficult to manufacture. Thus, the focus is set on additive manufacturing, which can additionally enable the repair of components in order to eliminate local defects. However, the process usually results in a heterogeneous microstructure and anisotropic mechanical properties. As there is a high demand for a precise and exact fit of the precision moulds and the surface quality, the welded components must be subsequently machined. Additionally, inhomogeneous microstructure may lead to unstable cutting forces and conditions. Consequently, a modification of the microstructure morphology is achieved through specific alloy modifications in order to stabilise and improve the subsequent machining process. Therefore, titanium and zirconium are chosen as modification elements with a maximum 1% weight percent and are added to nickel–iron alloy powder. The elements are alloyed, and build-up welded by plasma-transferred-arcwelding. The resulting microstructure morphology of the welded wall structure and the machining properties are then determined. It can be shown that titanium has a significant effect on the structural morphology of the welded layers, as well as on the machining.
KW - Alloy modification
KW - Alloy 36
KW - Plasma-transferred arc welding
KW - Ultrasonic-assisted milling
KW - Surface integrity
PY - 2022
SN - 978-3-030-95463-5
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95463-5_6
SP - 85
EP - 99
PB - Springer
CY - Cham
AN - OPUS4-55484
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kromm, Arne
T1 - Increasing the Significance of Varestraint Tests through Improved Crack Evaluation
N2 - It was found that there is a systematic dependence of the crack growth on the welding parameters as well as on the load. Decreasing welding speeds with simultaneously higher heat input promote crack formation with increasing strain rate.
Based on the results, a new crack criterion was finally selected which allows an extended assessment of the material behavior during the MVT-test. The threshold introduced can quantify the dependencies of the crack formation on the welding and testing parameters, which could not be comprehensively described with the conventional evaluation. In principle, the evaluation routine can also be transferred to other Varestraint or externally loaded hot cracking tests.
T2 - IIW Intermediate Meeting Comission II-c
CY - Garching, Germany
DA - 06.03.2023
KW - Solidification cracking
KW - Varestraint-Test
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57131
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Quantitative Bestimmung von Wasserstoff durch Heißgasextraktion: Erfahrungen und Grenzen
N2 - Die Trägergas-Heißextraktion (TGHE) mit Warmauslagerung (d.h. ohne Schmelzen der Proben) ist eine häufig angewandte Technik zur Bestimmung von Wasserstoff, u.a. für Schweißverbindungen aber auch allgemein für Metalle geeignet. Die TGHE basiert auf der beschleunigten Wasserstoffausgasung aufgrund der thermischen Aktivierung bei erhöhten Temperaturen. Die Norm ISO 3690 schlägt hierzu verschiedene Probengeometrien sowie die erforderliche Mindestextraktionszeit in Abhängigkeit der Temperatur vor. Die vorliegende Präsentation fasst die Ergebnisse und Erfahrungen zahlreicher Testläufe an der BAM der letzten 15 Jahre mit unterschiedlichen Probentemperaturen, Geometrien, etc. zusammen, die die Wasserstoffbestimmung beeinflussen können. Dabei handelt es sich insbesondere um die Bewertung des Absorptionskoeffizienten für Infrarotstrahlung der Probenoberfläche, die begrenzte Empfindlichkeit von WLD im Vergleich zum MS, die Temperaturmessung, u.v.m. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass die Temperatur die treibende Kraft der TGHE ist. Es werden Vorschläge zur Verbesserung der Zuverlässigkeit der Wasserstoffbestimmung gemacht, die von der Stabilität des Wasserstoffsignals während der Extraktion und der Auswertung der aufgezeichneten Daten abhängt. Im Allgemeinen ist eine unabhängige Temperaturmessung mit Dummy-Proben für die weitere Datenanalyse nützlich, insbesondere wenn diese Daten für die Berechnung der Einfangkinetik verwendet werden.
T2 - Herbstsitzung des DGM Arbeitskreises "Materialprüfung unter Wasserstoff"
CY - Dortmund, Germany
DA - 19.11.2024
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Trägergasheißextraktion
KW - Messung
KW - Massenspektrometrie
KW - Schweißen
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61721
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
T1 - Residual stress formation in DED-arc manufactured high strength steel components
N2 - Additive manufacturing (AM) processes enable the efficient production of advanced constructions. New developments in topology optimization are leading to weight-optimized designs of increasing complexity. Direct energy deposition processes (DED) such as wire and arc-based additive manufacturing are an important method of additive manufacturing. The wire filler metals enable a wide range of materials, while the arc process provides a high deposition rate compared to laser and powder-based processes. Combined with the use of high-strength steels, the thickness of walls or components can be significantly reduced in the context of lightweight construction, which results in significant savings in energy, costs, time and resources. Suitable high-strength steel filler metals are commercially available for DED-arc AM processes. However, guidelines and quantitative knowledge about welding stresses and cold cracking issues during component production and service are lacking. This limits the industrial application considerably. In a joint project of BAM and Chemnitz University of Technology, the main influences and complex interactions of material, production process, design and processing steps on the residual stress level are investigated. The aim is to develop processing recommendations and a cold cracking test for economical processing and stress-related design of high-strength steels with DED-arc. This study focuses on residual stress analysis by neutron diffraction (ND) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) on defined test specimens. The ND analysis were performed at the Paul Scherrer Institute- Villigen, Switzerland (PSI) and the XRD analysis at BAM. The study shows a quantitative and qualitative comparison of the residual stress magnitudes and distribution between the component bulk (ND) and surface (XRD) analyses. The ND analysis reveals that in DED-arc AM walls the residual stresses dominate in the direction of welding and are negligibly small in each case transverse to the direction of welding. The topology of the analyzed residual stresses shows almost identical residual stress maps compared to XRD. In addition, the residual stresses are significantly influenced by the solid phase transformation of the material due to low cooling times and less post heat treatment cycles of following AM layers in the area of the top layer.
T2 - IIW Intermediate Meeting C-II/CIX
CY - Munich, Germany
DA - 06.03.2023
KW - Additive manufacturing
KW - High strength steel
KW - Residual stress
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-59307
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Scharf-Wildenhain, R.
A1 - Hälsig, A.
A1 - Hensel, J.
A1 - Wandtke, Karsten
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Heat control and design‑related effects on the properties and welding stresses in WAAM components of high‑strength structural steels
N2 - Commercial high-strength fller metals for wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) are already available. However, widespread industrial use is currently limited due to a lack of quantitative knowledge and guidelines regarding welding stresses and component safety during manufacture and operation for WAAM structures. In a joint research project, the process- and material-related as well as design infuences associated with residual stress formation and the risk of cold cracking are being investigated. For this purpose, reference specimens are welded fully automated with defned dimensions and systematic variation of heat control using a special, high-strength WAAM fller metal (yield strength>790 MPa). Heat control is varied by means of heat input (200–650 kJ/m) and interlayer temperature (100–300 °C). The ∆t8/5 cooling times correspond with the recommendations of fller metal producers (approx. 5–20 s). For this purpose, additional thermo-physical forming simulations using a dilatometer allowed the complex heat cycles to be reproduced and the resulting ultimate tensile strength of the weld metal to be determined. Welding parameters and AM geometry are correlated with the resulting microstructure, hardness, and residual stress state. High heat input leads to a lower tensile stress in the component and may cause unfavorable microstructure and mechanical properties. However, a sufciently low interlayer temperature is likely to be suitable for obtaining adequate properties at a reduced tensile stress level when welding with high heat input. The component design afects heat dissipation conditions and the intensity of restraint during welding and has a signifcant infuence on the residual stress. These complex interactions are analyzed within this investigation. The aim is to provide easily applicable processing recommendations and standard specifcations for an economical, appropriate, and crack-safe WAAM of high-strength steels.
KW - GMA welding
KW - Additive manufacturing
KW - Residual stresses
KW - High-strength steel
KW - Cold cracking safety
KW - Heat control
KW - Wind energy
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-567397
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-022-01450-x
SN - 1878-6669
VL - 2022
SP - 1
EP - 11
PB - Springer
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-56739
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Eissel, A.
A1 - Engelking, Lorenz
A1 - Gustus, R.
A1 - Treutler, K.
A1 - Wesling, V.
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Alloy modification for additive manufactured Ni alloy components—part I: effect on microstructure and hardness of Invar alloy
N2 - Alloy 36 (1.3912), also known as “Invar,” is an alloy with 36% nickel. The alloy has a remarkably low thermal expansion coefficient in certain temperature ranges. This peculiarity is called the invar effect, which was discovered in 1896 by the Swiss physicist Charles Édouard Guillaume. Therefore, it is used in applications in which dimensional stability is critical, such as molding tools for composite materials in aerospace, automotive applications, or liquified natural gas (LNG) cargo tanks. Moreover, increasingly complex structures and the optimization of resource efficiency also require additive manufacturing steps for the production or repair of components. Additively manufactured components have a heterogeneous microstructure and anisotropic mechanical properties. In addition, the manufactured components require subsequent machining surface finishing, like finish milling, to achieve their final contour. Nickel iron alloys are difficult to machine. Additionally, inhomogeneous microstructure may lead to unstable cutting forces and conditions. In part I of this investigation, the initial alloy 36 is modified with the elements Ti, Zr, and Hf up to a maximum of 0.33 wt.-%. The influence of the modification elements on the microstructure as well as on the hardness of the AM components is examined. Furthermore, one modification is applied to metal arc welding process and investigated. Part II focuses on the effect of the alloy modifications on machinability as well as on the surface integrity of plasma-transferred-arc-welded (PTA) and finish milled invar components.
T2 - 75th IIW Annual Assembly
CY - Tokyo, Japan
DA - 17.07.2022
KW - Alloy modification
KW - Alloy 36
KW - Plasma-transferred arc welding
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-571777
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-023-01510-w
SN - 0043-2288
SP - 1
EP - 9
PB - Springer
CY - Heidelberg
AN - OPUS4-57177
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Engelking, Lorenz
A1 - Eissel, A.
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Treutler, K.
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
A1 - Wesling, V.
T1 - Optimisation of surface residual stresses using ultrasonic‑assisted milling for wire‑arc additive manufactured Ni alloy components
N2 - Nickel alloys are cost intensive materials and generally classified as difficult-to-cut material. However, machining of these materials is needed especially in case of alloy 36 (1.3912), which is commonly used in mould construction for the production of fibre-reinforced composites. With regard to repair, modification and manufacturing of such components, additive manufacturing offers significant economic advantages. Nevertheless, subsequent machining steps are needed to achieve the final component contour and defined surface conditions. Dependent on the material and machining process conditions, detrimental tensile residual stresses may be the result on the machined surface, having negative impact on the component performance and safety. In this investigation, machining experiments were carried out on wire arc additive manufactured components made of alloy 36, varying the cutting speed and the feed rate. In addition, the conventional milling process (CM) was compared with a modern, hybrid machining process, the ultrasonic-assisted milling (US). The cutting forces and the surface-near residual stresses were analysed using X-ray diffraction. A significant improvement of the machinability as well as the surface integrity by using the ultrasonic assistance was observed, especially at low cutting speeds. The CM induced mainly tensile residual stresses, the US mainly compressive residual stresses.
KW - Surface integrity
KW - Ultrasonic-assisted milling
KW - Additive manufacturing
KW - Ni alloy
KW - Alloy 36
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-575246
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-11326-z
SN - 1433-3015
VL - 126
IS - 9
SP - 4191
EP - 4198
PB - Springer Nature
AN - OPUS4-57524
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Becker, Amadeus
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Kurzdarstellung der Projektergebnisse: Beanspruchungsgerechte Reparatur von Schweißverbindungen bei der Fertigung von Bauteilen aus hochfesten Feinkornbaustählen
N2 - Bei der Montage von Stahlkonstruktionen kommt es trotz anforderungsgerechter schweißtechnischer Fertigung vereinzelt zur Detektion von unzulässigen Unregelmäßigkeiten im Schweißbereich.
In einem Forschungsprojekt (FOSTA P1311) wurden Untersuchungen durchgeführt und Kenntnisse erarbeitet, um mittelfristig vor allem KMU beanspruchungsgerechte Reparaturkonzepte zur Verfügung zu stellen. Damit können letztlich Schäden und zumeist teure Nacharbeiten verhindert und eine verbesserte Ausnutzung des hohen Festigkeitspotentials hochfester Stähle erreicht werden. Gerade KMU können mit Blick auf die Kosten für Fertigung, Schweißarbeit und Material von den Erkenntnissen beim Einsatz hochfester Stähle, die für eine effiziente Realisierung der Energiewende in Deutschland notwendig sind, profitieren.
KW - MAG-Schweißen
KW - Hochfester Stahl
KW - Eigenspannungen
KW - Thermisches Ausfugen
KW - Reparaturschweißen
KW - Gefügedegradation
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-555822
SP - 1
EP - 2
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-55582
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Kromm, Arne
A1 - Mente, Tobias
A1 - Brackrock, Daniel
A1 - Czeskleba, Denis
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Component test for the assessment of delayed hydrogen-assisted cracking in thick-walled SAW joints for offshore applications
N2 - Offshore wind turbines continuously increase in size and weight and demand adequate offshore foundations concepts like monopiles, tripods, or jackets. These components are typically constructed using submerged arc welding (SAW) with high-strength thick steel plates like the S420ML. During welding, the occurrence of delayed hydrogen-assisted cracking (HAC) must be anticipated. HAC is a critical combination of the local hydrogen concentration within a susceptible microstructure under certain mechanical load, i.e., the occurring (welding) residual stresses. The welding sequence of the thick-walled plates complicates the residual stress distribution due to the necessary repeated thermal cycling, i.e., welding seam/layer deposition to fill the joint. For that purpose, SAW with two-wire-technique was used to weld a specially designed and prototype-like mock-up of a real component with a thickness of 50 mm, filled with over 20 passes and a seam length of 1000 mm. Additional welded stiffeners simulated the effect of a high restraint, to achieve critical HAC conditions. The necessity of a minimum waiting time (MWT) before the NDT can be conducted (to exclude HAC) was critically verified by the application of ultrasonic testing of the welded joint at different time-steps of the NDT of up to 48 h after the completion welding. The residual stresses were determined by a robot XRD goniometer. Tensile residual stresses up to the yield limit are found both in the weld metal and in the heat-affected zone. Numerical modeling allowed the qualitative estimation of the hydrogen diffusion in the weld. No noticeable HAC occurrence was identified and confirms the high cracking resistance of the investigated material. Finally, the applicability of the MWT concept should be critically discussed.
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Cold cracking
KW - Minimum Waiting Time
KW - Offshore steel grade
KW - Component test
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-591981
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-023-01658-5
SP - 1
EP - 15
PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC
AN - OPUS4-59198
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kromm, Arne
A1 - Thomas, Maximilian
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
A1 - Gibmeier, Jens
T1 - On the interpretation of Varestraint and Transvarestraint hot cracking test results
N2 - The Varestraint test and its variant Transvarestraint are one of the most widely used techniques for evaluating a material solidification cracking sensitivity during welding. The result of such tests is a crack length which is proportional to the material’s cracking susceptibility. Nevertheless, the welding and load parameters can unintentionally influence the crack length, which in some cases can distort the material evaluation. An approach is described as to how these effects can be assessed with the aid of a digital crack analysis. The crack lengths are compared position-dependently with their possible propagation due to the weld pool movement during continuous loading. The index derived from this can be used by the operator to evaluate his test parameters. In addition, a comparison of the results of different Varestraint setups is made possible. Alongside experimental results, a numerical sensitivity analysis is presented on how individual welding and loading parameters can affect the crack lengths.
KW - Varestraint test
KW - Solidification cracking
KW - Weldability
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-595089
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-024-01706-8
SN - 0043-2288
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC
AN - OPUS4-59508
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Quackatz, Lukas
A1 - Griesche, Axel
A1 - Nietzke, Jonathan
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - In situ measurement of hydrogen concentration in steel using laser‑induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS)
N2 - The ISO 3690 standard “Determination of hydrogen content in arc weld metal” requires a thermal activation of the diffusible hydrogen in a piece of weld metal for the subsequent ex situ concentration measurement by carrier gas hot extraction CGHE or thermal desorption spectroscopy (TCD). Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) offers a time and spatially resolved, almost non-destructive, in situ measurement of hydrogen at surfaces without sample preparation. We measured hydrogen in steels, which were charged either electrochemically or by high-pressure hydrogen gas, and compared the results. Further, the feasibility of quantitative hydrogen line scan measurements with LIBS was demonstrated by measuring hydrogen at water jet cut surfaces. The hydrogen concentrations measured with the help of LIBS were compared with CGHE measurements. It was observed that hydrogen can be reliably measured with LIBS for concentrations larger than 2 wt.-ppm. The maximum hydrogen concentration achieved using electrochemical charging was 85.1 ppm. The results show that LIBS is a promising technique for time- and spatially resolved measurements of hydrogen in steels.
T2 - IIW Annual Assembly 2023
CY - Singapore
KW - LIBS
KW - Hydrogen measurement
KW - Welding
KW - Stainless steel
KW - Diffusible hydrogen
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-593664
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-023-01677-2
SP - 1
EP - 9
PB - Springer
AN - OPUS4-59366
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Wandtke, Karsten
ED - Becker, Amadeus
ED - Schröpfer, Dirk
ED - Kromm, Arne
ED - Kannengießer, Thomas
ED - Scharf-Wildenhain, R.
ED - Hälsig, A.
ED - Hensel, J.
T1 - Residual Stress Evolution during Slot Milling for Repair Welding and Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing of High-Strength Steel Components
N2 - High-strength steels offer potential for weight optimization due to reduced wall thicknesses in modern constructions. Additive manufacturing processes such as Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) enable the resource-efficient production of structures. In the case of defects occurring in weld seams orWAAM components due to unstable process conditions, the economical solution is local gouging or machining and repair welding. It is important to understand the effects of machining steps on the multiaxial stress state in conjunction with the design-related shrinkage restraints. Research into how welding and slot milling of welds andWAAM structures affects residual stresses is still lacking. For this reason, component-related investigations with high-strength steels with yield strengths ≥790 MPa are carried out in our research. In-situ digital image correlation (DIC) and ex-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to analyze the stresses and strains induced on specimens during and after milling. The systematic analyses revealed a significant interaction of the stiffness and microstructure of the specimens with the initial residual stresses induced by welding. Subsequent repair welds can result in significantly higher residual stresses.
KW - High strength steels
KW - Additive manufacturing
KW - Residual stress
KW - Repair welding
KW - Ditigtal image correlation
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-593515
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/met14010082
VL - 14
IS - 1
SP - 1
EP - 11
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel
AN - OPUS4-59351
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schröder, Nina
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Thermodynamic prediction of precipitations behaviour in HAZ of a gas metal arc welded S690QL with varying Ti and Nb content
N2 - For a significant increase in the strength of high-strength fine-grained structural steels with a nominal yield strength ≥690 MPa, the addition of microalloying elements such as Nb and Ti is required. The standard specifications for the chemical composition of these steels (e.g., in EN 10025-6) often only give the manufacturer limit contents to achieve the defined properties. The effect of the alloying elements in the heat affected zone (HAZ) is sometimes completely contrary.
This makes it difficult to adequately predict the batch dependency regarding weldability and the load-bearing behaviour of the welded joint. Three different micro-alloyed steels of the grade S690QL were produced on a laboratory scale, focusing on different Nb and Ti contents. To investigate the tempering effect, these were gas metal arc welded in three layers. In addition to metallographic investigations of individual HAZ areas, thermodynamic phase calculations were carried out using Thermo-Calc, following variations in the chemical composition. This provides an understanding of phase transformation, precipitation growth, and dissolution during welding as a function of temperature and cooling conditions. The results show
a divergent metallurgical behaviour in the HAZ of the three different micro-alloyed steels. Thereby, the Ti micro-alloyed grade showed a strong softening of the HAZ in contrast to the Nb micro-alloyed grade. This can be attributed to a contrary precipitation behaviour during welding.
KW - High-strength structural steel
KW - Gas metal arc welding
KW - HAZ-softening
KW - Microalloying influences
KW - Thermodynamic simulation
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-579988
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-023-01550-2
SN - 0043-2288
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - Springer
AN - OPUS4-57998
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Wandtke, Karsten
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Scharf-Wildenhain, R.
A1 - Hälsig, A.
A1 - Kromm, Arne
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
A1 - Hensel, J.
T1 - Fertigungsbedingte Beanspruchungen und Kaltrisssicherheit in generativ gefertigten Bauteilen aus hochfesten Feinkornbaustählen - Kurzdarstellung der Projektergebnisse, FOSTA P1380
N2 - Die Verwendung hochfester Feinkornbaustähle hat für viele Anwendungen des Stahlbaus ein großes Potenzial für gewichtsoptimierte, effiziente Strukturen mit ho-her mechanischer Beanspruchbarkeit. Weitere Zugewinne an Effizienz sind durch generative Fertigungsschritte sowie bionische Bauweisen erzielbar. Hierzu stehen bereits kommerzielle hochfeste drahtförmige Zusatzwerkstoffe für formgebendes MSG-Schweißen zur Verfügung. Dem Einsatz stehen noch fehlende quantitative Aussagen zu den fertigungsbedingten Beanspruchungen und der Bauteilsicherheit während Herstellung und Betrieb im Wege. Dies betrifft insbesondere prozess- sowie materialbedingte Einflüsse und die konstruktive Schrumpfbehinderung verbunden mit der Ausbildung hoher Zugeigenspannungen und damit zusammenhängenden Kaltrissbildung.
Hierfür wurden im Projekt detaillierte und anwenderbezogene Kenntnisse zu den komplexen Wechselwirkungen zwischen Schweißprozess und Wärmeführung während der Fertigung, der metallurgischen Vorgänge und insbesondere der vorliegenden konstruktiven Einflüsse auf die entstehenden Eigenspannungen erarbeitet, um ein frühzeitiges Bauteilversagen aufgrund eines hohen fertigungsbedingten Beanspruchungsniveaus bis hin zu einer Rissbildung während der Fertigung sicher zu vermeiden. Gleichzeitig wurden die Einflüsse auf die mechanisch-technologischen Gütewerte systematisch analysiert. Zudem wurden die Auswirkungen trennender Verfahren durch Entfernen der Substratplatte sowie durch die spanende Bearbeitung der Vorformlinge zu Endbauteilgeometrien geklärt, da diese unmittelbar den Eigenspannungszustand beeinflussen und deutlichen Verzug der Bauteile auslösen.
Für das generative Schweißen konnten Verarbeitungsempfehlungen sowie Normenvorgaben erarbeitet werden. Dies hilft insbesondere KMU eine wirtschaftliche, beanspruchungsgerechte und risssichere generative Fertigung von Bauteilen aus hochfesten Feinkornbaustählen zu ermöglichen.
KW - MAG-Schweißen
KW - Additive Fertigung
KW - Eigenspannungen
KW - Kaltrisssicherheit
KW - Hochfester Stahl
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-582198
N1 - Das IGF-Vorhaben IGF-Nr. 21162 BG (P 1380) "Fertigungsbedingte Beanspruchungen und Kaltrisssicherheit in generativ gefertigten Bauteilen aus hochfesten Feinkornbaustählen" der Forschungsvereinigung Stahlanwendung e. V. wurde über die AiF im Rahmen des Programms zur Förderung der Industriellen Gemeinschaftsforschung (IGF) vom Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz aufgrund eines Beschlusses des Deutschen Bundestages gefördert.
SP - 1
EP - 2
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-58219
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Witte, Julien
A1 - Kromm, Arne
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Stresses in repair welding of high-strength steels—part 1: restraint and cold cracking risk
N2 - AbstractThe sustainable and resource-efficient production of wind energy plants requires the use of modern high-strength fine-grain structural steels. This applies to both foundation and erection structures, like mobile or ship cranes. During the assembly of steel structures, unacceptable defects can occasionally be found in the weld area. In most cases, the economical solution would be local thermal gouging of the affected areas and re-welding. Due to the high shrinkage restraint of the joint groove in the overall structure, the superposition of global and local welding-induced stresses may lead to crack formation and component failure, particularly in interaction with the degradation of the microstructure and mechanical properties of high-strength steels during the repair process. However, manufacturers hardly have any information about these issues and there is a lack of recommendations and guidelines to take these safety-relevant aspects into account in adequate repair concepts. The aim of this research is to derive recommendations for repair concepts appropriate to the stresses and materials involved providing a basis for standards and guidelines to avoid cold cracking, damage and expensive reworking especially for high-strength steels. Part 1 of this study involves systematic investigations of influences of shrinkage restraint during repair welding of two high-strength steels S500MLO for offshore application and S960QL for mobile crane structures. The quantification of the shrinkage restraint of repair weld joints was achieved by means of experimental and numerical restraint intensity analysis. In welding experiments with self-restrained slot specimens, restraint intensity and introduction of hydrogen via the welding arc using anti spatter spray were varied systematically to analyse the effect on welding result, residual stresses and cold cracking. It could be shown that increasing restraint intensities result in significantly higher transverse residual stress levels. In the case of hydrogen introduction S500MLO showed no cold cracking independent of the restraint conditions. However, S960QL was found to be considerably cold cracking sensitive if hydrogen is introduced. With increasing restraint intensity length and number of cold cracks increases significantly. Part 2 [1] of this study is focussed on microstructure and residual stresses due to gouging and stress optimization via adequate heat control parameters in repair welding.
KW - Metals and Alloys
KW - Mechanical Engineering
KW - Mechanics of Materials
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-595212
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-024-01691-y
SN - 0043-2288
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC
AN - OPUS4-59521
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schröder, Nina
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Influence of microalloying on precipitation behavior and notch impact toughness of welded high‑strength structural steels
N2 - Microalloying elements such as Nb and Ti are essential to increase the strength of quenched and tempered high-strength low alloy (HSLA) structural steels with nominal yield strength ≥ 690 MPa and their welded joints. Standards such as EN 10025–6 only specify limits or ranges for chemical composition, which leads to variations in specific compositions between steel manufacturers. These standards do not address the mechanical properties of the material, and even small variations in alloy content can significantly affect these properties. This makes it difficult to predict the weldability and integrity of welded joints, with potential problems such as softening or excessive hardening of the heat-affected zone (HAZ). To understand these metallurgical effects, previous studies have investigated different microalloying routes with varying Ti and Nb contents using test alloys. The high-strength quenched and tempered fine-grained structural steel S690QL is the basic grade regarding chemical composition and heat treatment. To evaluate weldability, three-layer welds were made using high-performance MAG welding. HAZ formation was investigated, and critical microstructural areas were identified, focusing on phase transformations during cooling and metallurgical precipitation behavior. Isothermal thermodynamic calculations for different precipitations were also carried out. Mechanical properties, especially Charpy notch impact toughness, were evaluated to understand the influence of different microalloys on the microstructure of the HAZ and mechanical properties.
KW - High-strength structural steel
KW - Gas metal arc welding
KW - HAZ-softening
KW - Notch impact toughness
KW - Microalloying influences
KW - Thermodynamic simulation
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-608548
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-024-01827-0
SN - 0043-2288
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - Springer
AN - OPUS4-60854
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Willeke, Maraike
A1 - Giese, Marcel
A1 - Lorenz, Swenja
A1 - Treutler, Kai
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Wesling, Volker
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Effect of alloy modification on the wear protection coatings made of Ni- and Co-based materials and surface machinability via ultrasonic milling process
N2 - AbstractWear-resistant coatings are required for highly efficient and economical steel components in equipment, process, and power plant engineering to withstand high corrosive, tribological, thermal, and mechanical stresses. Co-alloys are used as wear-resistant coatings for steel components, tailored to the specific application. The substitutability of Co alloys with Ni-based wear protection systems, in addition to price and supply uncertainties, is facilitated by the combination of innovative welding and machining processes such as ultrasonic-assisted milling. The aim of the study is to improve the machinability of two different hard-facing alloys while maintaining the same wear protection potential. Therefore, the wear-resistant alloys NiMoCrSi (Colmonoy C56) and CoMnCrSi (Tribaloy T400) were modified by the alloying additions Nb, Hf, and Ti and then applied to a carbon-manganese steel S355 using the plasma transfer arc (PTA) welding process. The influence of the alloying additions on the microstructure as
KW - Wear resistance
KW - Co-based alloy
KW - Ni-based alloy
KW - PTA welding process
KW - Ultrasonic assisted milling process
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-623931
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-024-14955-0
SN - 0268-3768
SP - 1
EP - 17
PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC
AN - OPUS4-62393
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Quackatz, Lukas
A1 - Westin, Elin Marianne
A1 - Griesche, Axel
A1 - Kromm, Arne
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
A1 - Treutler, Kai
A1 - Wesling, Volker
A1 - Wessman, Sten
T1 - Assessing ferrite content in duplex stainless weld metal: WRC ‘92 predictions vs. practical measurements
N2 - AbstractThe weldability of stainless steels is largely controlled by the chemical composition, and alloys with ferritic or ferritic-austenitic solidification show the highest resistance to hot cracking. As the resulting phase balance also affects the final properties, it may be beneficial to both foresee and measure the weld metal ferrite content. The WRC ‘92 constitution diagram is currently the most accurate prediction tool available, but it does not take the cooling rate into consideration and the precision may be less accurate for stainless steels with high ferrite numbers (FNs). This study aims to assess the reliability of the WRC ‘92 diagram for weld metals with FN 50. The chemical composition was altered through gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) of UNS S32205 with ER347 filler wire that had been coated using physical vapor deposition (PVD) with either niobium (Nb), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), carbon (C), or silicon (Si). The actual ferrite content was evaluated using image analysis, FeriteScope and X-ray diffraction (XRD). While predictions from the WRC ‘92 diagram were deemed acceptable for Ni, Si, and Mn, notable deviations were observed for Nb, Cu, and C. The FeriteScope exhibited a consistent trend with image analysis, albeit with slightly higher FN values, wider scatter, and the conversion factor from FN to vol% is open for discussion. The lowest accuracy and largest spread were obtained using non-contact XRD, rendering it unsuitable for ferrite measurements of welds. These findings underscore the need for improved prediction tools and appropriate measurement methods for assessing ferrite content in duplex weld metals.
KW - Duplex stainless steel
KW - Welding
KW - Phase balance
KW - Microscopy
KW - Microstructure
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-618777
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-024-01878-3
SN - 1878-6669
VL - 69
IS - 1
SP - 31
EP - 45
PB - Springer
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-61877
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Quackatz, Lukas
A1 - Westin, Elin Marianne
A1 - Griesche, Axel
A1 - Kromm, Arne
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
A1 - Treutler, Kai
A1 - Wesling, Volker
A1 - Wessman, Sten
T1 - Assessing ferrite content in duplex stainless weld metal: WRC ‘92 predictions vs. practical measurements
N2 - AbstractThe weldability of stainless steels is largely controlled by the chemical composition, and alloys with ferritic or ferritic-austenitic solidification show the highest resistance to hot cracking. As the resulting phase balance also affects the final properties, it may be beneficial to both foresee and measure the weld metal ferrite content. The WRC ‘92 constitution diagram is currently the most accurate prediction tool available, but it does not take the cooling rate into consideration and the precision may be less accurate for stainless steels with high ferrite numbers (FNs). This study aims to assess the reliability of the WRC ‘92 diagram for weld metals with FN 50. The chemical composition was altered through gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) of UNS S32205 with ER347 filler wire that had been coated using physical vapor deposition (PVD) with either niobium (Nb), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), carbon (C), or silicon (Si). The actual ferrite content was evaluated using image analysis, FeriteScope and X-ray diffraction (XRD). While predictions from the WRC ‘92 diagram were deemed acceptable for Ni, Si, and Mn, notable deviations were observed for Nb, Cu, and C. The FeriteScope exhibited a consistent trend with image analysis, albeit with slightly higher FN values, wider scatter, and the conversion factor from FN to vol% is open for discussion. The lowest accuracy and largest spread were obtained using non-contact XRD, rendering it unsuitable for ferrite measurements of welds. These findings underscore the need for improved prediction tools and appropriate measurement methods for assessing ferrite content in duplex weld metals.
KW - Duplex stainless steel
KW - Phase fraction prediction
KW - WRC diagram
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-623682
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-024-01878-3
VL - 69
SP - 31
EP - 45
PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC
AN - OPUS4-62368
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Liepold, Philipp
A1 - Kromm, Arne
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Transvarestraint testing of high-strength steel filler metal
N2 - High-strength steel welds are typically not known to be susceptible to Solidification Cracking (SC). However, modern light-weight constructions may force welding in highly restrained conditions, which are known to increase the probability of Solidification Crack (SC) emergence. In this article, the Modified Varestraint-Transvarestraint (MVT) test was used to evaluate the hot cracking susceptibility of welds made from high-strength, low-alloyed filler material. The materials tested include solid wires and a metal-cored wire. All wires are typically used in the Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) process. Susceptibility to SC was measured over a wide range of welding parameters and bending speeds. Results show little affinity of the tested materials to SC. However, crack length increases in most cases with arc energy ( U ∙ I∕welding speed ) and welding speed. The length of the longest crack in one test specimen follows a similar trend until high welding speeds, where stagnation of crack length with changing arc energy was observed.
KW - MVT
KW - Varestraint
KW - Transvarestraint
KW - Solidification cracking
KW - High-strength steel
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-630084
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-025-02042-1
SN - 1878-6669
VL - 2025
SP - 1
EP - 12
PB - Springer
CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg
AN - OPUS4-63008
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - THES
A1 - Quackatz, Lukas
T1 - In situ Untersuchung der Phasenverteilung und der Schmelzbaderstarrung von Duplexstählen mittels laserinduzierter Plasmaspektroskopie (LIBS)
N2 - Nichtrostende Duplexstähle (DSS) werden in allen Branchen eingesetzt, bei denen eine hohe Festigkeit in Verbindung mit einer hohen Korrosionsbeständigkeit in aggressiven Medien ge-fordert wird. Beispiele hierfür sind Kraftwerkskomponenten und maritime Strukturen. DSS ha-ben ein ausgewogenes Phasenverhältnis von Ferrit (α) und Austenit (γ). Im Gegensatz zu einphasigen nichtrostenden Stählen vereinen DSS die Vorteile dieser beiden Phasen und kön-nen daher viele Anforderungen der Industrie erfüllen, wie z. B. Gewichtseinsparung oder hohe mechanische Festigkeit. In vielen industriellen Anwendungen werden diese Stähle ge-schweißt. Die Schweißbarkeit wird weitgehend durch die chemische Zusammensetzung be-stimmt. Legierungen mit ferritischer oder ferritisch-austenitischer Erstarrung weisen die höchste Widerstandsfähigkeit gegen Heißrissbildung auf. Das resultierende Phasengleichge-wicht beeinflusst die endgültigen Eigenschaften des Bauteils. Daher kann es von Vorteil sein, den Ferritgehalt des Schweißguts vorherzusehen bzw. zu messen. Das neueste und präzi-seste Gefügediagramm ist das WRC-1992 Diagramm und basiert auf der chemischen Zusam-mensetzung der Grund- und Zusatzwerkstoffe. In diesem Diagramm kann vor dem Schweiß-prozess abgeschätzt werden, welche Volumenanteile von Ferrit und Austenit im resultierenden Schweißgut vorliegen werden. Genutzt wird es bei der schweißtechnischen Verarbeitung von nichtrostenden, austenitischen bzw. Duplex-Stählen. Verschiedene Quellen berichten, dass diverse Legierungselemente nicht berücksichtigt werden und Optimierungen nötig sind. Wei-terhin können Legierungselemente während des Schweißens abdampfen, was die Mikrostruk-tur zum Negativen beeinflusst.
Diese Arbeit eruiert zunächst die theoretischen Grundlagen zur laserinduzierten Plasmaspekt-roskopie (LIBS, engl.: laser induced breakdown spectroscopy), die zur in situ Messung chemi-scher Konzentrationen während des Schweißens genutzt werden soll. Weiterhin werden die Grundlagen zur Erstarrung und zur Schweißbarkeit von DSS aufgezeigt. Mithilfe verschiede-ner Kalibriermodelle werden quantitative Messungen mittels LIBS ermöglicht. Um die Ergeb-nisse der LIBS-Analysen zu validieren, wurden Schweißproben angefertigt und LIBS-Messun-gen mit konventionellen Messmethoden, wie die Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse (RFA) und die energiedispersive Röntgenspektroskopie (EDX) verglichen. Folglich wurden dann in situ LIBS-Versuche, während des Wolfram-Inertgas-Schweißens (WIG), mit und ohne Schweißzusatz-werkstoff durchgeführt. Hierbei konnten die chemischen Konzentrationen in der Schweißnaht mittels LIBS mit der gleichen Genauigkeit wie die konventionellen Verfahren gemessen wer-den. Ein weiteres Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die Gültigkeit und Vorhersagegenauigkeit des WRC-1992 Diagramms zu überprüfen. Hierfür wurde der Schweißzusatzwerkstoff mittels PVD-Be-schichtung mit den Legierungselementen Kohlenstoff, Nickel, Mangan, Silizium, Niob und Kup-fer beschichtet. Diese Elemente nehmen maßgeblich Einfluss auf das Phasengleichgewicht Austenit/Ferrit im Schweißgut der Duplexstähle, da sie entweder Ferrit- bzw. Austenitstabilisa-toren sind. Die Messung der ferritischen und austenitischen Phasenanteile im resultierenden Schweißgut wurde mit drei verschiedenen Methoden vergleichend durchgeführt. Mithilfe der Bildanalyse im Lichtmikroskop, einem Fischerscope® sowie der Röntgendiffraktion (XRD). Da-mit sollte auch geprüft werden, inwieweit die Verwendung der jeweiligen Messmethode die Aussagekraft des WRC-1992 Diagramms beeinflusst. Die Vorhersage anhand des WRC-1992 Diagramms war für Nickel, Silizium und Mangan akzeptabel, jedoch bei Niob, Kupfer und Koh-lenstoff waren deutliche Abweichungen zu beobachten. Anpassungen im WRC-1992 Dia-gramm sollten daher für die Elemente Niob, Kupfer und Kohlenstoff vorgenommen werden. Die geringste Genauigkeit und die größte Streuung wurden mit dem XRD-Verfahren erzielt. Daher kann dieses Verfahren für Ferritmessungen an Schweißnähten von Duplexstählen nicht empfohlen werden.
KW - LIBS
KW - Duplexstahl
KW - Vorhersage Phasenanteile
PY - 2025
SP - 1
EP - 118
AN - OPUS4-62622
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Evaluation of local strain behavior of cross-weld tensile specimens of micro-alloyed high-strength steels by digital image correlation
N2 - Microalloying elements such as Nb and Ti play a decisive function in achieving the desired mechanical strength of quenched and tempered, high-strength fine-grain structural steels with a nominal yield strength ≥ 690 MPa. The current specifications for the chemical composition only provide manufacturers with upper limits. However, even minor deviations in the alloy concept can have a significant impact on the mechanical properties. Consequently, accurate prediction of weldability and the integrity of welded joints becomes difficult or even impossible due to differences in composition and the resulting microstructures. Undesirable consequences include a possible softening of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) or, conversely, hardening effects. In view of these challenges, various microalloying strategies with different Ti and Nb contents are being systematically investigated for the first time using specially developed laboratory casting alloys. Each alloying route is based on the common S690QL, maintaining both the chemical composition and the heat treatment parameters. To analyse the weldability, three-layer welds were performed using gas metal arc welding (GMAW) and critical microstructures, such as areas of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) that exhibit significant softening or hardening, were identified. The effect of the softened HAZ region on failure was evaluated using transverse tensile specimens. Digital image correlation (DIC) is used to image changes in local strains in different HAZ regions in situ. Using a specially developed mirror system, the local strains of the microstructure zones on the top and bottom of the weld are recorded simultaneously. This makes it possible to analyse how the weld seam geometry (e.g., V-seam) influences the strain gradients. In addition, the analysis of the local deformation helps to understand the effects of the softened HAZ on the global strain, the fracture constriction, the fracture position, and the overall fracture behavior.
T2 - IIW Intermediate Meeting, Com. II-A
CY - Incheon, Republic of Korea
DA - 12.03.2024
KW - Welding
KW - High-strength steel
KW - Alloy concept
KW - Cross-weld tensile sample
KW - Mechanical properties
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59675
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hübner, Martin
T1 - Hybrid use of LTT welding filler
N2 - Through a hybrid use of Low Transforamtion Temperature welding filler, fatigue strength of welds should be increased. Through the hybrid use of LTT welding filler the Integrity of a weld will be less affected. By creating several variants of LTT weld geometries an idea of the optimum residual stress reduction is given.
T2 - European Academy of Wind Energy (EAWE)
CY - Hannover, Germany
DA - 06.09.2023
KW - Welding
KW - LTT (Low Transformation Temperature)
KW - Fatigue strength
KW - High-strength steels
KW - Residual stress
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58362
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schroeder, Nina
T1 - Precipitation influence and thermodynamic prediction of HAZ properties of a GMAW S690QL with varying Ti and Nb contents
N2 - For a significant increase in the strength of quenched and tempered, high-strength structural steels with a yield strength > 690 MPa, the addition of micro-alloying elements such as Nb and Ti is essential. The standard specifications for the chemical composition of these steels (e.g. in DIN EN 10025-6) often only specify limit contents for the manufacturer to achieve the specified properties. The effect of the alloying elements or their carbides and/or nitrides is sometimes completely contrary, especially in the case of dissolution and re-precipitation in the HAZ with identical filler metal. This makes it difficult to adequately predict the batch dependency regarding the weldability and the load-bearing behaviour of the welded joint. In addition, modern welding processes, such as GMAW with modified spray arc, can negatively influence the phase transformation in the heat-affected zone due to their high heat input. An undesirable property is the softening of the HAZ, as well as the opposite effect of hardening. Against this background, microalloying routes with varying Ti and Nb contents of the high-strength and quenched and tempered structural steel S690QL are systematically investigated within the framework of a DFG project. For this purpose, GMAW welding with modified spray arc is used, which is characterised by high deposition rate and allows narrower joint opening angles (α = 30°). The effect of metallurgical composition in combination with high heat exposure on the formation of a critical HAZ microstructure zone with softening and/or excessive hardening is investigated on these welds. Special attention is paid to the phase transformations and precipitation behaviour in the microstructure of the heat-affected zone and weld metal. In addition to extensive metallographic investigations of individual HAZ areas, thermodynamic phase calculations were carried out using ThermoCalc while varying the chemical composition. This provides an understanding of phase transformation and precipitation growth and dissolution during welding as a function of temperature and cooling conditions. The aim is to show the influence of the heat effect on the microstructure formation in the HAZ by means of initial investigations. Particular attention is paid here to the effect of the different microalloying concepts (Ti or Nb).
T2 - The 75th IIW Annual Assembly and International Conference
CY - Tokyo, Japan
DA - 17.07.2022
KW - High-strength structural steel
KW - GMAW
KW - HAZ-softening
KW - Microalloying influences
KW - Thermo-Calc
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55342
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kaiser, Sebastian
T1 - Vorstellungsvortrag: "H2-SuD" - Einfluss des Schweißens auf die Wasserstoffaufnahme und Degradation im Betrieb befindlicher H2-Ferngasleitungen
N2 - Zur Umsetzung der wasserstoffbasierten Energiewende ist eine zuverlässige Transportinfrastruktur unverzichtbar. Hierfür ist die Nutzung großer Teile des vorhandenen Erdgasnetzes vorgesehen. Im Rahmen von Reparatur- und Wartungsarbeiten ist das Schweißen im Betrieb an Erdgaspipelines Stand der Technik. In Verbindung mit Wasserstoff wirft diese Technik jedoch Fragen der Materialverträglichkeit auf. Das im Vortrag vorgestellte Projekt H2SuD leistet Beiträge zur Aufklärung des Einflusses von Reparaturschweißprozessen auf die Wasserstoffaufnahme und Degradation im Betrieb befindlicher H2 Gasleitungen. Ein Schwerpunkt des Vortrages liegt auf der im Projekt erarbeiteten Prüfmethode für Modellversuche, mit denen der Einfluss von Schweißen im Betrieb an Pipelines auf die Wasserstoffaufnahme getestet wird. Die Durchführung erster Versuche und dabei erzielte Ergebnisse werden präsentiert.
T2 - Bacheloranden-, Masteranden-, Doktoranden Kolloquium (BMDK) OvGU Magdeburg
CY - Magdeburg, Germany
DA - 17.01.2024
KW - Pipeline
KW - Prüfverfahren
KW - Schweißen
KW - Reparatur
KW - Wasserstoff
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59447
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Geißler, Peter
T1 - Modelling of compaction grouting using the implicit MPM
N2 - Compaction grouting involves the injection under high pressure of a highly viscous grout into the soil to displace and compact the surrounding soil without fracturing it. This ground improvement technique has been used widely for settlement control, increasing liquefaction resistance or bearing capacity of soil under new or existing structures. The work presented here aims to show some numerical and experimental investigations being carried out to understand the compaction mechanism and the soil-grout interaction, which is crucial for a successful usage of this technique.
To investigate compaction grouting in the laboratory under various stress conditions, a large-scale testing chamber has been developed. The grout was injected directly at the transparent vertical window of the chamber in order to investigate the possibility to monitor the injection process with a camera to measure the in-plane soil displacements and strains by means of the PIV technique. The other aim of this study is to develop a numerical model, which should be able to deal with large displacements and deformations and to simulate the change in shape of the distinct soil-grout interface solely as a result of the interaction between the injected grout and the surrounding soil. Based on these considerations, as a numerical technique, we employ the implicit Material Point Method based on a mixed formulation, which is implemented in the open source Kratos Multiphysics framework. In contrast to standard FE formulations, the usage of the MPM avoids both the numerical instability caused by extensive mesh distortion and the high computational costs of remeshing. The main results focus on the different evolution of the grout bulb inside the soil under various stress states.
T2 - 28th ALERT Workshop
CY - Aussois, France
DA - 02.10.2017
KW - Compaction grouting
KW - Soil-grout interface
KW - Material point method (MPM)
KW - Mixed formulation
KW - Particle image velocimetry (PIV)
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-42432
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Tuma, Dirk
A1 - Hernández-Gomez, R.
A1 - Pérez, E.
A1 - Chamorro, C. R.
T1 - Accurate experimental (p, ρ, and T) data for the introduction of hydrogen into the natural gas grid (II): Thermodynamic characterization of the methane−hydrogen binary system from 240 to 350 K and pressures up to 20 MPa
N2 - Most of the experimental density data of the methane−hydrogen binary system available at the time of the development of the equation of state for natural gases and related mixtures, GERG-2008, at temperatures above 270 K were limited to hydrogen contents higher than 0.20 (amount-of-substance fraction). On the contrary, for mixtures with hydrogen contents lower than 0.20, experimental data were limited to temperatures below 270 K. This work intends to close the gap and provides accurate experimental (p, ρ, and T) data for three binary mixtures of methane and hydrogen, (0.95 CH4 + 0.05 H2), (0.90 CH4 + 0.10 H2), and (0.50 CH4 + 0.50 H2), at temperatures of 240, 250, 260, 275, 300, 325, and 350 K, thus extending the range of available experimental data to higher temperatures for mixtures with hydrogen contents lower than 0.20 and, accordingly, to lower temperatures for mixtures with hydrogen contents higher than 0.20. The density measurements were performed by using a single-sinker densimeter with magnetic suspension coupling at pressures up to 20 MPa. Experimental data were compared to the corresponding densities calculated from the GERG-2008 and the AGA8-DC92 equations of state, respectively. The experimental data are within the uncertainty of both equations of state, except at the lower temperatures of 240 and 250 K and pressures over 14 MPa for the mixtures with a hydrogen content of 0.05 and 0.10, respectively. The virial coefficients B(T, x) and C(T, x), as well as the second interaction virial coefficient B12(T) for the methane−hydrogen binary system, were also calculated from the experimental data set at temperatures from 240 to 350 K using the virial equation of state.
KW - Volumetric data
KW - GERG-2008 equation of state
KW - Hydrogen-containing mixture
KW - Single-sinker densimeter
PY - 2018
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jced.7b01125
SN - 0021-9568
VL - 63
IS - 5
SP - 1613
EP - 1630
PB - ACS Publications
CY - Washington DC
AN - OPUS4-44890
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Geißler, Peter
A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo
A1 - Hüsken, Götz
A1 - Kühne, Hans-Carsten
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
T1 - Insights into compaction grouting for offshore pile foundations
N2 - The authors are currently investigating the possibility to apply compaction grouting for offshore pile foundations (Jacket piles as well as monopiles) as a possible retrofitting technique for an optimised foundation concept. In this research project, we are developing a design approach aiming to predict the ideal amount and properties of a grout for a specific soil situation and desired improvement of pile bearing capacity after Installation and during service time. Both numerical and experimental tests have been carried out to investigate the injection process during which a highly viscous grout is injected into the soil under high pressure to displace and compact the surrounding soil without fracturing it. The implicit Material Point Method (MPM) based on a mixed formulation is the numerical technique chosen to deal with the expected large deformations and the arbitrary shape of the developing grout bulb. The usage of MPM prevents both the need of remeshing and the numerical instability induced by extensive mesh distortion. For validation with experimental results, we have constructed a testing chamber with one transparent sidewall. This chamber enables us to observe the injection process directly at the transparent vertical window and to measure the in-plane soil displacements and strains by means of the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique.
The results already reveal the interrelation of soil and grout properties for a successful usage of this common ground improvement technique.
T2 - 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering (OMAE 2018)
CY - Madrid, Spain
DA - 18.06.2018
KW - Offshore pile foundation
KW - Compaction grouting
KW - Material Point Method (MPM)
KW - Mixed formulation
KW - Digital Image Correlation (DIC)
PY - 2018
SN - 978-0-7918-5130-2
SN - 2153-4772
VL - 9
SP - V009T10A013, 1
EP - 9
AN - OPUS4-46004
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CHAP
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo
A1 - Victor, A.
A1 - Lüddecke, F.
ED - Triantafyllidis, T.
T1 - Stability and large deformations of slender structures supported by soil materials
N2 - The stability and geometric nonlinearities of slender structures are a major topic in structural design. While this topic is most relevant in the field of Structural Engineering, e.g. for steel or concrete structures, only few applications take the role of soil-structure-interaction explicitly into account. The focus of this paper is placed on the impact of soil support and its modelling for the buckling analysis based on examples both for pile foundations and for railway track stability. The general interaction between steel design and the geotechnical input will be addressed. The paper discusses and summarizes a range of subtopics based on experience and current research at the author’s institute.
KW - Buckling soil-structure-interaction offshore piles track
PY - 2020
SN - 978-3-030-28515-9
SN - 978-3-030-28516-6
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28516-6
SN - 1613-7736
SN - 1860-0816
VL - 91
SP - 355
EP - 369
PB - Springer
CY - Cham, Switzerland
AN - OPUS4-49166
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo
T1 - Mechanical design challenges for offshore wind-farms
N2 - This talk provides a brief introduction on general engineering aspects of offshore wind energy production. Some geomechanical issues for the foundation of OWTs into the seabed are introduced, while the results from experimental investigations and coupled computational analysis are discussed.
In the second part of the seminar, the hydromechanical Wave–Tower interaction is firstly discussed. Then, some general aspects of the windfarm aerodynamics are introduced. On the one hand, some modelling possibilities for the wake analysis of single turbines and turbine groups are discussed. And on the other hand the relevance of such analyses for a proper windfarm layout optimization is pointed out.
Concerning the geomechanical issues the talk shows that: i) The pile’s bearing capacity can degrade under cyclic loading (waves, wind, …). ii) The time effects can be relevant: Capacity improvement can be substantial, but also fragile. iii) There are cyclic PWP effects: Cyclic interaction with pore water may lead to soil softening and an uncoupled analysis (current design practice) is potentially unsafe.
And concerning the hydromechanical and aerodynamical design considerations, this seminar shows that: i) Numerical analysis of turbine’s interaction with wind/waves is useful and affordable. ii) Simplified models can provide insight into windfarm aerodynamics. iii) Turbulent wake analysis is very relevant for the windfarm layout.
T2 - Energy Science Kolloquium, Fakultät für Physik, Universität Duisburg-Essen
CY - Duisburg, Germany
DA - 11.10.2018
KW - Geomechanics of offshore foundations
KW - Wave-Tower interaction
KW - Windfarm wake analysis
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-46313
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Strom ohne Ende? Herausforderungen für die Fügetechnik im Zuge der Energieerzeugung im 21. Jahrhundert
N2 - Die Energiewirtschaft ist bereits jetzt in massivem Umbruch. Herausforderungen der Energiewende sind u.a. die Einbindung von regenerativen Energiequellen und deren Speicherung. Dieses stellt auch die Fügetechnik, als zentrale Produktionstechnologie für die Komponentenfertigung, vor neue Aufgaben. Der Vortrag gibt zu ausgewählten Themen einen kurzen Überblick.
T2 - Vortragsreihe des DVS Bezirksverbandes Berlin
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 31.10.2018
KW - Fügetechnik
KW - Energieerzeugung
KW - Schweißen
KW - Komponenten
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-46483
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
T1 - Numerical Modelling of Local Pile Deformations and Buckling incorporating the Pile-Soil-Interaction
N2 - Pile Tip Buckling and Buckling of embedded piles both depend very much on the pile-soil-interaction and its modelling. The presentation gives an overview about current problems and research activities in the light of the development of numerical models.
T2 - WESC Wind Energy Science Conference
CY - Hannover, Germany
DA - 25.05.2021
KW - Offshore Wind Energy Converter
KW - Pile Foundation
KW - Monopile Buckling
KW - Pile Tip Buckling
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53033
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Hydrogen embrittlement of steels
N2 - Hydrogen assisted cracking of metals is a serious issue in the safety of components, espcially in case of welding. The current presentation gives an overview on specialized testing procedures at Department 9 including the quantitative determination of hydrogen.
T2 - HYDROGENIUS BAM Joint Hydrogen Symposium
CY - Online meeting
DA - 06.07.2021
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Embrittlement
KW - Degradation
KW - Carrier gas hot extraction
KW - Welding
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53049
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Scharf-Wildenhain, R.
T1 - Heat control and design-related effects on the properties and welding stresses in WAAM components of high-strength structural steels
N2 - Commercial high-strength filler metals for wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) are already available. However, widespread industrial use is currently limited due to a lack of quantitative knowledge and guidelines regarding welding stresses and component safety during manufacture and operation for WAAM structures. In a joint research project (FOSTA-P1380/IGF21162BG), the process- and material-related as well as design influences associated with residual stress formation and the risk of cold cracking are being investigated. For this purpose, reference specimens are welded fully automated with defined dimensions and systematic variation of heat control using a special, high-strength WAAM filler metal (yield strength >790 MPa). Heat control is varied by means of heat input (200–650 kJ/m) and interlayer temperature (100–300 °C). The ∆t8/5 cooling times correspond with the recommendations of steel producers (approx. 5–20 s). Welding parameters and AM geometry are correlated with the resulting microstructure, hardness and residual stress state. High heat input leads to a lower tensile stress in the component and may cause unfavorable microstructure and mechanical properties. However, a sufficiently low interlayer temperature is likely to be suitable for obtaining adequate properties at a reduced tensile stress level when welding with high heat input. The component design affects heat dissipation conditions and the intensity of restraint during welding and has a significant influence on the residual stress. These complex interactions are analyzed within this investigation. The aim is to provide easily applicable processing recommendations and standard specifications for an economical, appropriate and crack-safe WAAM of high-strength steels.
T2 - Third edition of the International Congress on Welding, Additive Manufacturing and associated non destructive testing
CY - Online meeting
DA - 08.06.2022
KW - MAG-Schweißen
KW - Eigenspannungen
KW - Additive Fertigung
KW - Hochfester Stahl
KW - Kaltrisssicherheit
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56710
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kromm, Arne
T1 - Investigation of restraint intensity influence on solidification cracking of high-strength filler materials in fillet welds via CTS testing
N2 - Next to chemical composition, metallurgy and welding parameters, the intensity of restraint is one of the variables influencing solidification cracking. Tests like the Houldcroft Test, rate the hot cracking susceptibility indirectly on the amount of restraint the welding can endure without cracking. Modern lightweight steel construction welds can be subject to a larger amount of restraint due to their high-strength nature compared to classical use cases. By varying the plate thickness of Controlled Thermal Severity (CTS) tests produced out of S1100 QL, it was possible to vary the intensity of restraint on fillet welds at a high level. Testing was conducted with four different filler wires for Metal Active Gas (MAG) welding, including three solid and one metal-cored wire. In addition, two sets of welding parameters were tested. The first set with high heat input and high welding speed was shown to be more prone to solidification cracking compared to the second set with lower heat input and welding speed. The results show an increase in solidification cracking with increasing restraint severity.
T2 - IIW Intermediate Meeting Comission II-A
CY - Incheon, Republic of Korea
DA - 12.03.2024
KW - Solidification cracking
KW - High strength steel
KW - Weldability
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59748
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Reichel, Levin
A1 - Kromm, Arne
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Moderne Schweißverfahren zur Optimierung von Reparaturschweißungen an hochfesten Offshore-Stählen
N2 - The successful energy transition in Germany will require offshore wind turbines with outputs >10 MW in the future, for which high-strength steels with a yield strength of up to 500 MPa and wall thicknesses up to 150 mm are increasingly being used. The repair of weld seams when detecting defects during NDT requires local-ized gouging and rewelding. This involves high demands on welding manufacturing, especially for high-strength steels. Due to a lack of investigations, there are no re-pair concepts and information in standards and guidelines, particularly for high-strength thick plate joints made of high-strength offshore steels. However, these are urgently needed to enable processors, especially SMEs, to carry out safe and eco-nomical repairs. Therefore, BAM started the FOSTA project P1629 (IGF 01IF22746N) to investigate the stress-optimized repair (local gouging and welding) of high-strength thick plate joints made of offshore grades in the yield strength range off 355 to 460 MPa and similar weld metal with controlled high-performance GMAW processes and optimized narrower gouging grooves. The experimental analyses consider the complex interaction of material, process, and design-related influences on the formation of weld-related stresses and the special microstructure of high-strength fine-grain structural steels. Welding-related material degradation and crack-critical residual tensile stresses need to be avoided to ensure high component safety and performance. With component-related welding experiments on special testing equipment, adapted process and heat control concepts along with variable groove configurations will be developed and recommendations for guidelines elabo-rated. This is the prerequisite for fully utilizing the strength potential of high-strength steels and making a valuable contribution to the energy transition in Germany, espe-cially for steel-processing SMEs.
T2 - Symposium Materialtechnik TU Clausthal
CY - Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
DA - 19.02.2025
KW - Reparaturschweißen
KW - Thermisches Ausfugen
KW - Offshore
KW - Sprühlichtbogen
KW - Eigenspannungen
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62630
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Liepold, Philipp
T1 - Anwendung von Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) bei der Erkennung von Rissen im Modifizierten Varestraint-Transvarestraint-Heißrisstest (MVT-Test)
N2 - Der MVT-Test ist die an der BAM entwickelte und genutzte Version des Varestraint-Tests der weltweit für die Charakterisierung der Erstarrungsrissanfälligkeit von Schweißzusätzen und Legierungen eingesetzt wird. Die Auswertung solcher Tests erfolgt klassisch unter dem Lichtmikroskop. Durch Automatisierung des Auswerteprozesses mit KI kann der Informationsgehalt des Tests besser ausgeschöpft und eine höhere Vergleichbarkeit zwischen Testergebnissen gewährleistet werden.
T2 - DVS-Congress
CY - Essen, Germany
DA - 10.09.2023
KW - MVT
KW - Varestraint
KW - KI
KW - Neuronales Netzwerk
KW - Semantic Segmentation
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58313
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - "H2-SuD" Einfluss des Schweißens auf die Wasserstoffaufnahme und Degradation im Betrieb befindlicher H2-Ferngasleitungen, Statusbericht – März 2024
N2 - Die Umstellung der Wirtschaft auf wasserstoffbasierte Energieversorgung soll in Deutschland vor allem auf Basis der Umstellung des bestehenden Erdgasnetzes erfolgen. Dabei sollen ca. 90 % dieser Fernleitungsnetze auf dem bestehenden Erdgasnetz basieren. Die Beimischung von Wasserstoff zum Erdgas als auch der reine Wasserstofftransport werfen jedoch die Frage auf, ob und wie kompatibel die eingesetzten Materialien sind. Die Reparatur- und Erweiterungsfähigkeit von Erdgas-Bestandspipelines ist zu klären, wenn diese auf Wasserstoff umgestellt werden. Denn gerade Gashochdruckleitungen müssen regelmäßig gewartet und erweitert werden, um einen ordnungsgemäßen Betrieb sicherzustellen. Insbesondere das Schweißen unter Betriebsdruck bzw. an in Betrieb befindlichen Gasleitungen ist eine der wichtigsten Instandhaltungstechnologien, unabhängig von der Zusammensetzung des geförderten Mediums. Es ist daher dringend notwendig, eine geeignete Teststrategie zu erarbeiten, welche die nötigen Vorrausetzungen für sicheres Schweißen an in Betrieb befindlichen Druckwasserstoffleitungen schafft und entsprechende Kriterien für die Praxis liefert. Im Projekt H2-SuD - Einfluss des Schweißens auf die Wasserstoffaufnahme und Degradation im Betrieb befindlicher H2-Ferngasleitungen - soll geklärt werden, ob und wie stark mit einer Eigenschaftsdegradation geschweißter Rohrstähle in Gasnetzen in Folge einer Wasserstoffaufnahme zu rechnen ist. Die Präsentation gibt dazu einen kurzen Überblick über den aktuellen Status des Projektes. Die Förderung erfolgt im Rahmen der DVGW-Innovationsprogammes Wasserstoff (Nr. G 202131).
T2 - DVGW - Arbeitsgruppentreffen
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 19.03.2024
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Pipeline
KW - Reparaturschweißen
KW - Betrieb
KW - Hochdruck
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59758
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
T1 - Correlation of process, design and welding residual stresses in WAAM of high-strength steel components
N2 - High-strength fine-grained structural steels have great potential for modern weight optimized steel construc-tions. Efficient manufacturing and further weight savings are achievable due to Wire Arc Additive Manu-facturing (WAAM). First commercial high-strength welding consumables for WAAM are already available. However, the application is still severely limited due to a lack of knowledge and guidelines for the industry regarding welding residual stresses and component safety in manufacturing and operation. Residual stresses may be critical regarding the special microstructure of high-strength steels in context with the risk of cold cracking and component performance in service. Therefore, process- and material-related influences, as well as the design effects on residual stress formation and cold cracking, are being investi-gated in a research project (IGF 21162 BG) focusing a high-strength WAAM welding consumable with yield strength of over 800 MPa. Objectives are the establish-ment of special WAAM cold cracking tests and pro-cessing recommendations allowing economical, suita-ble, and crack-safe WAAM of high-strength steels. First studies on process-related influences showed transfor-mation residual stresses arising during cooling, which significantly influence stress evolution of the compo-nent during layer-wise build-up. This has not yet been investigated for WAAM of high-strength steels. Focus of this study is on the systematic investigation of interactions of the WAAM welding process and design with cooling time, hardness, and residual stresses.
Defined open hollow cuboids were welded and investi-gated under systematic variation (design of experi-ments, DoE) of the scale/dimensions (cf. Fig. 1a) and heat control (interlayer temperature Ti: 100–300 °C), heat input E: 200–650 kJ/m. The welding parameters were kept constant as possible to avoid any influence by the arc and the material transfer mode. The heat input adjusted primarily via the welding speed. The resulting different weald bead widths were considered by different build-up strategies (weld beads per layer) to ensure defined wall thicknesses. The hardness was determined on cross-sections taken from the manufac-tured hollow cuboids (Fig. 1c) and the analysis of the residual stress state was carried out by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) at defined positions on the lateral wall (Fig. 1b).
The hardness is higher at the top compared to the lower weld beads, as shown in Fig. 1c exemplarily for central test parameters of the DoE = 425 kJ/mm, Ti = 200 °C). This may be attributed to the specific heat control of the top weld beads, i.e., quenching effects, which are not tempered by weld beads above as is the case for lower weld beads implying a higher hardness. It was observed that the hardness level decreases with increasing energy per unit length, while the in-terpass temperature has a rather low influence on the hardness
Residual stress analysis was performed on the lat-eral wall in the welding direction, cf. Fig. 1b, to deter-mine the influence of heat control and design. In the top area of the wall, maximum longitudinal residual stress-es of up to over 500 MPa exhibit, which corresponds to approx. 65% of the nominal yield strength of the mate-rial. The statistic evaluation of stress levels in welding direction of all test specimens show that adaption of heat input may reduce welding stresses up to 50%. In-terpass temperature has less pronounced effect on cool-ing times, microstructure, and on the residual level within parameter matrix. Overall, the results show a significant influence of heat input and component di-mensions on the residual stresses and minor effect of the interpass temperature. Hence, the properties of the specimens may be effectively adjusted via heat input. The working temperatures should be considered for global shrinkage behavior or restraints. Such investiga-tions of residual stress are necessary to further deter-mine local and global welding stresses regarding the consequences on the component safety during manu-facturing and service.
T2 - 6th International Symposium on Visualization in Joining & Welding Science through Advanced Measurements and Simulation
CY - Osaka, Japan
DA - 25.10.2022
KW - MAG-Schweißen
KW - Additive Fertigung
KW - Eigenspannungen
KW - Hochfester Stahl
KW - Kaltrisssicherheit
KW - Wärmeführung
KW - Windenergie
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56725
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröder, Nina
T1 - Untersuchung des Erweichungsmechanismus beim Schweißen in der Wärmeeinflusszone mikrolegierter hochfester Stähle
N2 - Für eine signifikante Festigkeitssteigerung von vergüteten hochfesten Feinkornbaustählen ist eine Zugabe von Mikrolegierungselementen wie Nb und Ti unerlässlich. Die Normvorgaben zur chemischen Zusammensetzung dieser Stähle gibt sehr breite Legierungsintervalle für die Hersteller vor, was eine Vorhersage bezüglich der Schweißeignung und des Tragverhaltens der Schweißverbindung erschwert. Zuzüglich kommen vermehrt moderne Schweißprozesse zum Einsatz, die durch ihre hohe Wärmeeinwirkung die Phasenumwandlung in der Wärmeeinflusszone negativ beeinflussen können. Eine unerwünschte Eigenschaft ist dabei die Erweichung (Festigkeitsverlust, engl.: softening) dieser Wärmeeinflusszone.
T2 - BMDK
CY - Online meeting
DA - 17.06.2021
KW - WEZ-Erweichung
KW - Vergüteter hochfester Feinkornbaustahl
KW - Modifizierter Sprühlichtbogen
KW - ThermoCalc
KW - HAZ-Softening
KW - MAG-Schweißen
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52846
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Engelking, Lorenz
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
A1 - Eissel, A.
A1 - Treutler, K.
A1 - Wesling, V.
T1 - Herstellung beanspruchungsgerechter Oberflächen durch Kombination innovativer additiver und abtragender Fertigungsschritte an hochbelasteten Komponenten
N2 - Die additive Fertigung (AM) durch schweißtechnische Verfahren eröffnet vielfach ökonomische Vorteile für eine ressour-ceneffiziente Bauteilherstellung. Gerade hinsichtlich der Homogenität und Anisotropie der resultierenden Schweißgefüge und den damit verbundenen Eigenschaften gibt es noch offene Fragestellungen. Die Einstellung der finalen Bauteilgeo-metrie und Oberflächengüte erfordert den komplementären Einsatz abtragender Fertigungsschritte. Hochleistungslegie-rungen auf der Basis von Nickel oder Kobalt sind aufgrund ihrer niedrigen Wärmeleitfähigkeit verbunden mit hoher Festigkeit und Zähigkeit schwer spanbar. Eine gezielte Gefügebeeinflussung mittels Modifikation der AM-Schweißzusatz-werkstoffe und der Einsatz des ultraschallunterstützten Fräsens (US) bietet das Potential insgesamt die Zerspanungssi-tuation zu verbessern. Dieser Lösungsansatz unter Gewährleistung des Erhalts der geforderten Werkstoff- bzw. Bauteileigenschaften ist Untersuchungsgegenstand eines Gemeinschaftsvorhabens (IGF-Nr. 20.979 N/DVS-Nr. 1.3211) der BAM und TU Clausthal/ISAF. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt Ergebnisse für die beiden untersuchten FeNi- und CoCr-Legierungen sowie wesentliche Zusammenhänge zwischen Legierungsmodifikation, entstehender Gefügemorphologie und Zerspanungseigenschaften der mittels MAG additiv gefertigter Proben vor. Das größte Potential für die Modifikation zeigten Zr und Hf. Die Zulegierung in das Schweißgut erfolgte durch Beschichtung von Massivdrähten sowie durch Her-stellung von Fülldrähten.
T2 - DVS Congress - GST
CY - Essen, Germany
DA - 11.09.2023
KW - Legierungsmodifikation
KW - Ultraschallunterstütztes Fräsen
KW - Additive Fertigung
KW - Oberflächenintegrität
PY - 2023
SN - 978-3-96144-230-0
VL - 389
SP - 697
EP - 703
PB - DVS Media GmbH
CY - Düsseldorf
AN - OPUS4-58380
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
A1 - Mente, Tobias
T1 - Zuverlässige Wasserstoff Bestimmung in Metallen und ihren Schweißverbindungen: Parameter, Einflüsse, Grenzen
N2 - Im Zuge der wasserstoffbasierten Energiewirtschaft von morgen, kommt der Errichtung der dementsprechenden Infrastruktur die zentrale Rolle zu. Der überwiegende Teil bisher eingesetzter und meist geschweißter Werkstoffe, wie Stähle, kann unter bestimmten Bedingungen zur Wasserstoffversprödung neigen. Dies umfasst die klassische verzögerte Kaltrissbildung während der Schweißverarbeitung als auch Versprödungsphänomene während des Betriebs. Für die Bewertung eines jeden Wasserstoffeffektes auf bspw. die mechanischen Eigenschaften eines geschweißten metallischen Werkstoffes, muss der Wasserstoffgehalt präzise bestimmt werden, Im Fall von Schweißnähten ist die beispielsweise nach der ISO 3690, die klassische isotherme Trägergas-Heißextraktion (TGHE). Die TGHE basiert dabei auf der beschleunigten Wasserstoffentgasung aufgrund der thermischen Aktivierung des Wasserstoffs bei erhöhten Temperaturen. Neben der reinen Quantifizierung des Wasserstoffs, kann über die thermische Desorptionsanalyse (TDA) mit variierten Heizraten, der Bindungszustand an mikrostrukturellen Defekten im Material festgestellt und bewertet werden. Für beide Techniken sind experimentelle und messtechnische Einflüsse zu beachten, die großen Effekt auf das Ergebnis haben. Für die TGHE schlägt die ISO 3690 schlägt beispielswiese verschiedene Probengeometrien sowie Mindestextraktionszeiten vor. Die vorliegende Studie fasst Ergebnisse und Erfahrungen zahlreicher Untersuchungen an der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) mit unterschiedlichen Probentemperaturen und Geometrien (ISO 3690 Typ B und zylindrische TDA-Proben) zusammen hinsichtlich: Einfluss der Probenoberfläche (poliert/geschweißt), Messgenauigkeiten in Abhängigkeit des Probenvolumens sowie die unzureichende Überwachung des Effektes des PI-Reglers auf die Extraktionstemperatur. Insbesondere eine abweichende Extraktionstemperatur zur eingestellten Temperatur, kann die Messergebnisse wesentlich verfälschen. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen werden Methoden aufgezeigt, um schnell die gewünschte Extraktionstemperatur zu erreichen, ohne physisch in das Messequipment eingreifen zu müssen. Dies dient der wesentlichen Verbesserung der Zuverlässigkeit der Wasserstoffmessung durch erhöhte Signalstabilität und beschleunigte Wasserstoffdesorption. Im Allgemeinen ist eine unabhängige Temperaturmessung mit Dummy-Proben für die gewählte Heizprozedur angeraten, um mögliche unerwünschte Temperatureinflüsse bereits vor der Messung auszuschließen. Die beschriebenen Methoden können ohne großen Aufwand direkt in die industrielle Anwendung überführt werden.
T2 - DVS Congress 2023
CY - Essen, Germany
DA - 11.09.2023
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Schweißen
KW - Forschung
KW - ISO 3690
PY - 2023
SN - 978-3-96144-230-0
VL - 389
SP - 435
EP - 442
PB - DVS Media GmbH
CY - Düsseldorf
AN - OPUS4-58309
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kromm, Arne
T1 - Influence of Residual Stresses on Stress Relief Cracking of Thick Walled Creep Resistant Steel Welds
N2 - Controlling the residual stress level during welding of creep-resistant Cr-Mo-V steels is crucial to avoid so called stress relief cracking (SRC) during post weld heat treatment (PWHT) of large-scale components. In the present study, a laboratory scale test specimen (400 mm x 400 mm x 25 mm) was used to simulate thick-walled component welds made of 13CrMoV9-10. The aim was to identify the level and distribution of residual stresses to evaluate the suitability of the specimen for laboratory based SRC testing. High restraint was ensured by the specimen geometry with a narrow welding gap in the center. This gap was filled by submerged arc welding in a multi-layer technique. Two specimens were welded with identical parameters and compared in the as-welded state and after PWHT (705 °C for 10 h). Neutron diffraction was used to determine the residual stresses in the weld metal, the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and the base material at different depths longitudinal, transverse, and normal to the welding direction. The experiments were performed on the instrument E3 of the research reactor BERII of HZB Berlin, Germany. Complementarily, laboratory X-ray diffraction was applied to characterize the surface residual stresses. In the welded state, especially in the weld metal and the adjacent HAZ, the residual stress can reach the yield strength of the untreated material. The highest levels occur in the longitudinal direction. The transverse and normal directions are characterized by residual stress of lower magnitude. As expected, the residual stress is almost completely relieved after PWHT.
T2 - International Conference on Residual Stresses ICRS-11
CY - Nancy, France
DA - 27.03.2022
KW - Welding
KW - Creep-resistant steel
KW - Stress relief cracking
KW - Residual stress
KW - Post weld heat treatment
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-54577
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Wasserstoffabhängige mechanische Eigenschaften der Schweißnahtgefüge niedriglegierter Stähle für Ferngasleitungen
N2 - Der Vortrag stellt aktuelle Ergebnisse des Fosta-Forschungsprojektes P1668 vor. Ziel ist hier, die Wasserstoffresistenz geschweißter Mikrostrukturen gängiger und neuer Pipeline-Stählen zu untersuchen. Im Fokus stehen hierbei durch physikalische Simulation nachgebildete, schweißnahtähnliche Mikrostrukturen in Form von (1) Wärmeeinflusszonen mit unterschiedlicher Abkühlgeschwindigkeit und (2) angelassene Zonen zur Simulation der typischen Mehrlagenschweißungen. Aus diesen repräsentativen Mikrostrukturen werden Zugproben extrahiert welche elektrochemisch oder mit Druckwasserstoff beladen werden. Aus diesen wird dann eine Datenbasis der spezifischen mechanische Eigenschaften unter Wasserstoff bereitgestellt. Die so entwickelte, praxisorientierte Prüfstrategie ermöglicht die schnelle und zuverlässige Bewertung sowohl in Betrieb befindlicher als auch neuer Rohrleitungswerkstoffe.
T2 - Herbstsitzung des DGM Arbeitskreises "Materialprüfung unter Wasserstoff"
CY - Dortmund, Germany
DA - 19.11.2024
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Pipeline
KW - Mechanische Kennwerte
KW - Schweißen
KW - Prüfung
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61750
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Thomas, Sebastian
T1 - Improvement of Type Approval Regulations of Pressure Vessels for Hydrogen Fueled Vehicles using Probabilistic Methods
N2 - Composite pressure vessels (CPVs) are becoming the state of the art for storage for compressed hydrogen (CH2) in automotive applications. There is a strong interest of car manufacturers to use lightweight and less-costly gas storage units. In order to reduce the necessary amount of expensive carbon fibre, the nominal safety margins are becoming gradually smaller, pushing the limits of the regulations for type approval. At the same time, the total volume of these vessels increases to extend the range of the vehicles, increasing the consequences for worst-case scenarios like the rupture of the CPVs in service.
This presentation presents insights gained in the project “TAnk HYdrogen Automotive” (TAHYA). Its aim is to improve the safety of current regulations for type approval of pressure vessels for the use in hydrogen fueled vehicles, namely GTR No. 13 and ECE R 134.
For the assessment of safety, the probabilistic approach developed by division 3.5 of BAM is used. Monte-Carlo-Simulations were conducted leading to the identification of several weak spots, mainly found in the burst test and the batch test.
By changing the requirements for burst tests and the approach for batch tests, the identified weak spots can be strongly reduced.
T2 - Colloquium of Department 3
CY - Online meeting
DA - 19.11.2020
KW - Monte-Carlo Simulation
KW - Safety Assessment
KW - Pressure Vessel
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-51696
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hensel, J.
T1 - Influence of the WAAM process and design aspects on residual stresses in high-strength structural steels
N2 - High-strength fine-grain structural steels have great potential for weight optimization of many modern engineering structures. Efficient manufacturing can be achieved here above all by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM). First commercial high-strength welding consumables for WAAM are already available. However, due to a lack of knowledge and guidelines for the industry regarding welding residual stresses and component safety in manufacturing and operation, their application is still severely limited. Residual stresses play a crucial role here, as the sensitive microstructure of high-strength steels carries a high risk of cold cracking. For this reason, process- and material-related influences, as well as the design aspects on residual stress formation and the risk of cold cracking, are being investigated in a recent project (FOSTA-P1380/IGF21162BG). This high strength of the WAAM welding consumables is adjusted via a martensitic phase transformation. The volume expansion associated with martensite formation has a significant influence on residual stress evolution. However, this has not yet been investigated in relation to the processing of high-strength steels by WAAM. The aim of this work is to establish a WAAM cold crack test and easy-to-apply processing recommendations that will allow economical, expedient, and crack-resistant fabrication of high-strength steels, especially for SME. This paper focuses on the analysis of the effects of welding heat control and design of WAAM components on cooling conditions, microstructure, mechanical-technological properties and residual stresses. For this purpose, geometrically defined specimens (hollow cuboids) are welded fully automatically with a special, high-strength WAAM solid wire (yield strength >790 MPa). The heat control and specimen dimensions are varied within a statistical experimental design. The weld heat control is adjusted in such a way that the t8/5 cooling times are ensured within the recommended processing range (approx. 5–20 s). For this purpose, additional thermo-physical forming simulations using a dilatometer allowed the complex heat cycles to be reproduced and the resulting ultimate tensile strength of the weld metal to be determined. The WAAM welding of complex geometries with varying welding heat control and geometric factors or wall thicknesses not only has an effect on the cooling conditions, cooling times and microstructure, but also has a significant influence on the structural restraint conditions during welding. Hence, the welding experiments show significant effects of specimen scaling and heat input on the welding residual stresses, which may be detrimental regarding component properties and crack-critical tensile residual stresses. These complex interactions are analyzed within this investigation.
T2 - 75th IIW Annual Assembly
CY - Tokyo, Japan
DA - 17.07.2022
KW - WAAM
KW - Residual Stresses
KW - High-strength Steels
KW - Cold cracking safety
KW - Heat control
KW - Wind energy
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56713
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GOVDOC
A1 - Neumann, Martin
T1 - Maßnahmen zum Qualitäts- und Alterungsmanagement nicht zulassungspflichtiger Bauarten von Versandstücken zur Beförderung radioaktiver Stoffe
N2 - Die BAM-GGR 016 erläutert die Anforderungen des ADR, RID, ADN und IMDG hinsichtlich notwendiger Maßnahmen zum Qualitäts- und Alterungsmanagement bei der Auslegung, Herstellung, Prüfung, Dokumentation, Gebrauch, Wartung und Inspektion von nicht-zulassungspflichtigen Versandstücken für radioaktive Stoffe für alle Bauarten von freigestellten Versandstücken, Industrieversandstücken des Typs IP-1, IP-2 und IP-3 und Versandstücken des Typs A.
KW - Radioaktive Stoffe
KW - Transport
KW - Beförderung
KW - Nicht-zulassungspflichtig
KW - Prüfpflichtig
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-595229
VL - BAM-GGR 016
SP - 1
EP - 26
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
ET - Revision 1
AN - OPUS4-59522
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schilling, O.
A1 - Neumann, Martin
T1 - System of Quality Assurance Measures in Manufacturing and Operation of Dual Purpose Casks for Spent Nuclear Fuel and High Level Waste in Germany
N2 - German spent nuclear fuel and high level waste is stored in dry conditions in interim storage facilities until a final repository will be ready for operation in the future. Dual purpose casks are used for the packaging of the materials to ensure transportability at any time during long-term interim storage and fulfilling both requirements from interim storage as well as transport. Germany’s 2011 decision to phase out utilization of nuclear energy has led to a high demand for casks for decommissioning power plants as quickly as possible. Cask serial production will continue at a high level for the next few years. In the process, a system of quality assurance measures ensures that every cask reliably complies with design specification according the transport approval certificate and storage license.
When the first casks were manufactured in Germany about 40 years ago, quality assurance was oriented towards pressure vessel and general nuclear manufacturing. The system was continuously adapted to the state of the art. In particular serial production, globalization of manufacturing and deep supplier chains had to be taken into account. The system of quality assurance measures applied today for cask manufacturing shall be presented here.
The quality assurance measures can be categorized as system-related and design-related. With respect to transport regulations for example, they are independently approved and monitored by the competent authority BAM and its authorized inspection experts. The qualification of the applicant is reviewed first in the context of the design approval procedure and then periodically. The qualification of component and cask manufacturers is also checked at the start of manufacturing and then periodically. Before the start of manufacturing documents such as quality plans are pre-assessed. Manufacturing and inspection are then performed according to the pre-assessed documents. Cask manufacturing is completed by a final inspection before commissioning. Periodic inspections during operation ensure preservation of the properties specified in the approval certificate over package life time. The type and the time interval of periodic inspections depend on the use of the package. For transport after interim storage a system of specific tests and inspections is prescribed.
T2 - 20th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials (PATRAM 22)
CY - Juan-les-Pins, France
DA - 11.06.2023
KW - Radioactive material
KW - Quality Assurance Measures
KW - Dual Purpose Casks
KW - Independent Surveillance
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57705
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Quercetti, Thomas
A1 - Wille, Frank
A1 - Neumann, Martin
A1 - Linnemann, Konrad
ED - Baraldi, P.
ED - Di Maio, F.
ED - Zio, E.
T1 - Safety Evaluation of a Package for Radioactive Waste by Full-Scale Drop Testing
N2 - As part of the evaluation of a package for the safe transport of radioactive waste the regulations of the IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency shall be fulfilled. The regulations define requirements for the package and specify mechanical and thermal test conditions. Different methods are allowed for the test performance to demonstrate compliance with the regulations. Next to calculational approaches and the use of models of an appropriate scale, the performance of full-scale testing with prototype packages respectively full-scale models is applied.
The use of full-scale models has several advantages within the complete safety assessment procedure for a transport package approval. Scaling and corresponding similarity questions don’t have to be considered, additional material investigations can be limited and analyses to transfer test results to the original package design are reduced in number and complexity. Additionally, experience for future serial design procedures can be built up during manufacturing and assembling of the test model.
BAM operates different drop and fire test facilities south of Berlin, Germany. BAM has started to perform a drop test campaign with a full-scale model of 120 metric tons weight for a transport package approval procedure. The paper describes experience with test preparation, drop performance and additional analyses. The measurement concept is explained and test goals regarding the package safety assessment and evaluation of safety margins are introduced.
T2 - 30th European Safety and Reliability Conference and 15th Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management Conference (ESREL2020 PSAM15)
CY - Online meeting
DA - 01.11.2020
KW - Slap-down
KW - Transport safety
KW - Package
KW - Drop test
KW - Similarity
KW - FEA
KW - Radioactive waste
PY - 2020
UR - https://www.rpsonline.com.sg/proceedings/esrel2020/html/3809.xml
SN - 987-981-14-8593-0
SP - Paper 3809,1
EP - 8
PB - Research Publishing Services
CY - Singapore
AN - OPUS4-50981
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eissel, A.
T1 - Alloy modification for additive manufactured Ni alloy components Part I: Effect on microstructure and hardness
N2 - Alloy 36 (1.3912), also known as “Invar”, is an alloy with 36% nickel. The alloy has a remarkably low thermal expansion coefficient in certain temperature ranges. Therefore, it is used in applications in which dimensional stability is critical, such as moulding tools for composite materials in aerospace and automotive applications. Moreover, increasingly complex structures and the optimisation of resource efficiency also require additive manufacturing steps for the production or repair of components. Additively manufactured components have a heterogeneous microstructure and anisotropic mechanical properties. In part I of this investigation, the initial alloy 36 is modified with the elements Ti, Zr and Hf up to a maximum of 0.33 wt.-%. The influence of the modification elements on the microstructure as well as on the hardness of the AM components is examined. Part II focusses on the effect of the alloy modifications on machinability as well as on the surface integrity of plasma-transferred-arc-welded (PTA) and finish milled invar components. The results show that PTA welding cause numerous finely distributed precipitates with high silicon content.
T2 - 75th IIW Annual Assembly
CY - Tokyo, Japan
DA - 17.07.2022
KW - Alloy modification
KW - Alloy 36
KW - Additive manufacturing
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55439
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
A1 - Schaupp, Thomas
ED - Brockmann, S.
ED - Krupp, U.
T1 - Wasserstoffunterstützte Kaltrissbildung in Schweißnähten hochfester Stahlgüten - Anforderungen an die Prüfung
N2 - Wasserstoff kann eine Rissbildung u.U. auch noch nach Tagen in der Schweißnaht bewirken. Dabei stellen höherfeste Stähle etablierte Kaltrissprüftests vor Herausforderungen. Generell nimmt die zur Rissvermeidung tolerierbare Wasserstoffkonzentration mit zunehmender Festigkeit der Werkstoffe ab. Zudem verändern weiterentwickelte Schweißverfahren die Nahtgeometrie und Wärmeeinbringung und die Ausbildung risskritischer Mikrostrukturen (z.B. Wärmeeinflusszone). Am Beispiel des Implant- und Tekken-Tests werden die Einsatz- u. Anwendungsgrenzen bewertet. Zu berücksichtigen ist, dass beim Schweißen eine äußere mechan. Beanspruchung durch bauteilspezifische Steifigkeitsverhältnisse wirksam ist. Zusätzlich werden weiterführende Prüfverfahren zur Bestimmung der Wasserstoffkonzentration und -diffusion in Schweißnähten vorgestellt, wie die Trägergasheißextraktion (TGHE) für die Ermittlung der Wasserstoffkonzentration (ISO 3690) oder Hochtemperaturdiffusionskoeffizienten.
Diese Werte sind für die schweißtechnische Praxis von großer Bedeutung, um Haltezeiten z.B. für das Wasserstoffarmglühen abzuleiten.
T2 - Tagung Werkstoffprüfung 2021
CY - Online meeting
DA - 02.12.2021
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Kaltrissprüfung
KW - Schweißen
KW - Stahl
KW - Hochfest
PY - 2021
SN - 978-3-941269-98-9
SP - 15
EP - 20
PB - Stahlinstitut VDEh
CY - Düsseldorf
AN - OPUS4-53900
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Becker, Amadeus
T1 - Determination of residual stress evolution during repair welding of high-strength steel components
N2 - The sustainable and resource-efficient production of wind energy plants requires the use of modern high-strength fine-grain structural steels. This applies to both foundation and erection structures. During the assembly of steel structures, unacceptable defects can occasionally be found in the weld area. In most cases, the economical solution would be local thermal gouging of the affected areas and re-welding. Due to the high shrinkage restraint of the joint groove in the overall structure, the superposition of design and welding-induced residual stress can lead to crack formation and ultimately to component failure, particularly in interaction with the degradation of the microstructure and mechanical properties high-strength steels during the repair process.
In this context, component-related investigations of S500MLO and S960QL (FOSTA-P1311/IGF-Nr. 20162 N) focusing on welding residual stress evolution during local thermal gouging and rewelding. In this study, repair welding of S500MLO is carried out using in-situ digital image correlation (DIC) and ex-situ X-ray diffraction methods (XRD) to analyse strains and stresses. Therefore, self-restrained specimens were systematically gouged and rewelded with defined welding heat control (heat input, working temperature) and parameters. By means of structural mechanics calculations, geometries of self-restrained specimens were identified, that represent defined rigidity conditions of repair welds of real components. It could be shown that with increasing restraint intensity significantly higher residual stresses occur in the weld metal and heat affected zone. Furthermore, it revealed that the transverse stresses along the weld seam decrease at the weld seam ends leading to different stress state during gouging and welding. XRD analysis of the local residual stresses after cooling to RT longitudinal and transverse to the weld direction showed a good comparability with global DIC analyses.
T2 - 2nd International Conference on Advanced Joining Processes
CY - Sintra, Portugal
DA - 21.10.2021
KW - MAG-Schweißen
KW - Eigenspannungen
KW - Reparatur
KW - Thermisches Ausfugen
KW - Hochfester Stahl
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-56700
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Becker, Amadeus
T1 - Berücksichtigung konstruktiver Einflüsse für die beanspruchungsgerechte Reparatur hochfester Schweißverbindungen
N2 - Bei der Montage von Stahlkonstruktionen kommt es trotz anforderungsgerechter schweißtechnischer Fertigung vereinzelt zur Detektion von unzulässigen Unregelmäßigkeiten im Schweißbereich. Die Verarbeitungsregelwerke empfehlen das lokale thermische Ausfugen betroffener Bereiche und erneutes Schweißen, geben aber aufgrund fehlender wissenschaftlich fundierter Untersuchungen kaum Informationen zu adäquaten Reparaturkonzepten. Dies betrifft insbesondere die Berücksichtigung und Optimierung resultierender schweißbedingter Beanspruchungen durch hohe Schrumpfbehinderungen der Ausfugenuten sowie der Gefügedegradation angrenzender Bereiche durch das Ausfugen und erneute Schweißen. Gerade bei hochfesten Stahlgüten ergeben sich dadurch häufig reduzierte mechanische Eigenschaften und zusätzliche schweißbedingte Beanspruchungen sowie erneut auftretende Nahtdefekte.
Deshalb sind für das Forschungsvorhaben systematische bauteilrelevante Untersuchungen der schweißbedingten Beanspruchungen und Gefügeveränderungen reparierter Schweißnähte in Abhängigkeit von der Schrumpfbehinderung und Wärmeführung beim Schweißen und Ausfugen sowie von der Reparaturzyklenanzahl geplant, mit dem Ziel Empfehlungen für beanspruchungs- und werkstoffgerechte Reparaturkonzepte abzuleiten. Hierfür sind gerade Analysen an hochfesten Stahlgüten S500 für den Offshore-Bereich und S960QL für den Mobilkranbau interessant, die zur Errichtung und Fertigung hocheffizienter Konstruktionen wie Windenergieanlagen notwendig sind. Die Erkenntnisse bieten eine Grundlage für entsprechende Normen und Regelwerke. Damit können letztlich Schäden und zumeist teure Nacharbeiten verhindert und eine verbesserte Ausnutzung des hohen Festigkeitspotentials hochfester Stähle erreicht werden. Gerade auch KMU können mit Blick auf die Kosten für Fertigung, Schweißarbeit und Material von den Erkenntnissen beim Einsatz hochfester Stähle, die für eine effiziente Realisierung der Energiewende in Deutschland notwendig sind, profitieren.
T2 - NA 092-00-05 GA (DVS AG Q 4/Q 4.1)
CY - Online meeting
DA - 10.03.2021
KW - Eigenspannungen
KW - Gefügedegradation
KW - Hochfester Feinkornbaustahl
KW - Reparatur
KW - Schweißen
KW - Wärmeführung
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53316
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kromm, Arne
T1 - Influence of Residual Stresses on Stress Relief Cracking of Thick-Walled Creep-Resistant Steel Welds
N2 - Controlling the residual stress level during welding of creep-resistant Cr-Mo-V steels is crucial to avoid so called stress relief cracking (SRC) during post weld heat treatment (PWHT) of large-scale components. In the present study, a laboratory scale test specimen (400 mm x 400 mm x 25 mm) was used to simulate thick-walled component welds made of 13CrMoV9-10. The aim was to identify the level and distribution of residual stresses to evaluate the suitability of the specimen for laboratory based SRC testing. High restraint was ensured by the specimen geometry with a narrow welding gap in the center. This gap was filled by submerged arc welding in a multi-layer technique. Two specimens were welded with identical parameters and compared in the as-welded state and after PWHT (705 °C for 10 h). Neutron diffraction was used to determine the residual stresses in the weld metal, the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and the base material at different depths longitudinal, transverse, and normal to the welding direction. The experiments were performed on the instrument E3 of the research reactor BERII of HZB Berlin, Germany. Complementarily, laboratory X-ray diffraction was applied to characterize the surface residual stresses. In the welded state, especially in the weld metal and the adjacent HAZ, the residual stress can reach the yield strength of the untreated material. The highest levels occur in the longitudinal direction. The transverse and normal directions are characterized by residual stress of lower magnitude. As expected, the residual stress is almost completely relieved after PWHT.
T2 - AJP 2023 3rd International Conference on Advanced Joining Processes
CY - Braga, Portugal
DA - 19.10.2023
KW - Residual stress
KW - Creep-resistant steel
KW - Stress relief cracking
KW - Neutron diffraction
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58646
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Komann, Steffen
T1 - Managementsystem Guide der IAEA (TS-G-1.4)
N2 - Es wird der Safety Guide der IAEA für das Managementsystem für den Transport radioaktiver Stoffe vorgestellt. Des Weiteren werden die BAM-Gefahrgutregeln für das Managementsystem erläutert.
T2 - Informationsaustausch zur verkehrsrechtlichen Aufsicht bei der Beförderung radioaktiver Stoffe
CY - Bonn, Germany
DA - 04.02.2025
KW - Radioaktive Stoffe
KW - Rückbau kerntechnischer Anlagen
KW - Transport
KW - Gefahrgut
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62654
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wandtke, Karsten
T1 - Einfluss der Wärmeführung auf den Beanspruchungszustand in additiv gefertigten Bauteilen aus hochfestem Stahl
N2 - Hochfeste Feinkornbaustähle verfügen über großes Potenzial für gewichtsoptimierte, effiziente Strukturen in vielen modernen Stahlkonstruktion. Weitere Effizienzsteigerungen können durch additives Fertigen sowie bionische Bauweisen erreicht werden. Hochfeste Zusatzwerkstoffe für additives MSG-Schweißen (engl.: Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing, WAAM) sind bereits von den Schweißzusatzherstellern lieferbar. Eine breite industrielle Anwendung insbesondere für KMU ist aufgrund fehlender quantitativer Erkenntnisse und Richtlinien bezüglich schweißbedingter Beanspruchungen und Bauteilsicherheit während der Herstellung und des Betriebs derzeit stark limitiert. In einem gemeinsamen Forschungsprojekt (FOSTA-P1380/IGF21162BG) der BAM und der TU Chemnitz werden daher die mit Eigenspannungsausbildung und der Gefahr einer Kaltrissbildung verbundenen prozess- und werkstoffbedingten sowie konstruktiven Einflüsse beim WAAM hochfester Stähle untersucht. Der vorliegende Beitrag fokussiert die Analyse der Auswirkungen von Schweißwärmeführung und Design der WAAM-Bauteile auf die Abkühlbedingungen, Gefüge, mechanisch-technologischen Eigenschaften und Eigenspannungen. Hierfür werden geometrisch definierte Probenkörper (Hohlquader) vollautomatisiert mit einem speziellen, hochfesten WAAM-Massivdraht (Streckgrenze >790 MPa) geschweißt. Die Wärmeführung und Probenabmessungen werden innerhalb eines statistischen Versuchsplans variiert. Die Schweißwärmeführung wird dabei so eingestellt, dass die t8/5-Abkühlzeiten im empfohlenen Verarbeitungsbereich (ca. 5 s bis 20 s) sichergestellt sind. Hierzu ließen sich über zusätzliche thermo-physikalische Umformsimulationen mittels Dilatometer die komplexen Wärmezyklen abbilden und die resultierende Zugfestigkeit des Schweißgutes bestimmen. Das WAAM-Schweißen komplexer Geometrien mit variierenden Schweißwärmeführungen und geometrischen Verhältnissen bzw. Wanddicken bedingt neben den Auswirkungen auf die Abkühlbedingungen, Abkühlzeiten und Gefüge deutliche Einflüsse auf die konstruktiven Steifigkeitsverhältnisse beim Schweißen. Es zeigen sich anhand der Schweißexperimente signifikante Auswirkungen durch Probenskalierung und Wärmeeinbringung auf die resultierenden lokalen Eigenspannungen. Die Folge können ungünstige Bauteileigenschaften und risskritische Zugeigenspannungen sein.
T2 - OVGU-Kolloquium (BMDK des IWF)
CY - Magdeburg, Germany
DA - 23.06.2022
KW - MAG-Schweißen
KW - Additive Fertigung
KW - Eigenspannungen
KW - Hochfester Stahl
KW - Kaltrisssicherheit
KW - Wärmeführung
KW - Windenergie
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56726
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sklorz, Christian
T1 - Qualification of protective splinter barrier for fire resistance testing of CPVS
N2 - There will be an experimental setup with a qualification of protective splinter barrier for fire resistance testing of CPVs presented. Various methods of qualifying the test stand enclosure are shown and the results are examined individually. A total of 14 explosion tests were carried out. Furthermore, the enclosure was examined for the influence of wind.
T2 - Visit Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (KICT)
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 30.08.2024
KW - Protective splinter barrier
KW - Fire testing
KW - Blast testing
KW - Wind meassurement
KW - CPV
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61455
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kästle, Emanuel D.
T1 - Failure monitoring and classification from acoustic emission tests on impact-damaged hydrogen composite pressure vessels
N2 - Composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPV) for hydrogen will play an important role in emission free mobility and energy storage. The DELFIN project (2018 – 2022) was set up with the goal of developing improved COPVs that are lighter, cheaper and more durable. A key aspect of this project was to conduct full-scale impact tests with different gas pressure levels that were used to evaluate the vessels’ crash performance and to verify numerical impact simulations. These tests were followed by controlled pressure experiments until the burst pressure was reached. The procedure was monitored with acoustic emission testing (AT) and subsequent computer tomography (CT). The residual COPV stability and the AT results are compared to different scenarios regarding the impact energies and impact angles. The event localization from AT shows a clear correlation of the emitted energy with the damaged areas. We classify the recorded signals into groups that can be related to the failure mechanism and compare those to the pressure evolution before failure of the COPV. All tests indicate that large impact energies lead to a significant reduction of the burst pressure of COPVs, whereas a higher internal pressure can have a stabilizing effect that reduces the damaging effect.
T2 - EWGA2024 36th Conference of the European Working Group on Acoustic Emission, 18-20 September 2024, Potsdam, Germany
CY - Potsdam, Germany
DA - 18.09.2024
KW - Acoustic Emission
KW - Carbon-Fibre Overwrapped Pressure Vessels
KW - Impact Damage
KW - Cluster Analysis
KW - Frequency Features
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61674
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hajhariri, Aliasghar
T1 - Enhancing efficiency and safety of LH2 storage for a cleaner future
N2 - As the world moves toward decarbonization and a green energy transition, hydrogen is increasingly recognized as a key energy carrier. However, its characteristics include a low volumetric energy density, necessitating storage in a high-density form to enable efficient energy transfer. Liquefied hydrogen (LH₂) offers a solution by providing high gravimetric energy storage within a confined volume. However, cryogenic hydrogen presents significant technical and safety challenges that must be addressed. This presentation explores the safety aspects that impact the integrity of storage systems and provides practical data analysis alongside experimental results, contributing to a broader understanding of liquid hydrogen storage and transportation.
T2 - Online Colloquium H2Safety@BAM
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 19.02.2025
KW - Multi-Layer Insulation
KW - Cryogenic
KW - Liquid Hydrogen
KW - Heat transfer
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62611
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Terhedebrügge, Gabriel
A1 - Prager, Jens
T1 - How can SHM be applied in a quality assured and legally compliant manner?
T1 - Wie kann SHM qualitätssicher und rechtssicher angewendet werden?
N2 - Many SHM applications developed at universities and research institutions have not yet left the laboratory scale. Possible reasons for this include:
- Real components and structures are often more complex than expected,
- The POD (probability of detection) of the SHM system is usually difficult to determine,
- The reliability of SHM systems is often unsatisfactory, and
- The transition from recurring inspection to permanent monitoring with automated SHM systems fails due to existing safety regulations and testing standards.
The workshop addresses these issues and aims to present solutions that facilitate the practical use of SHM. The solutions will be developed using real-world applications, such as those in the field of renewable energy.
N2 - Viele SHM-Anwendungen, die an den Universitäten und Forschungseinrichtungen entwickelt wurden, haben den Labormaßstab noch nicht verlassen. Mögliche Gründe dafür sind,
- dass reale Bauteile und Strukturen häufig komplexer sind als erwartet,
- die POD (probability of detection) des SHM-Systems zumeist schwer bestimmbar ist,
- die Zuverlässigkeit der SHM-Systeme oft nicht zufriedenstellend ist und
- der Übergang von wiederkehrender Prüfung zur permanenter Überwachung mit automatisierten SHM-Systemen an vorhandenen Sicherheitsrichtlinien und Prüfvorschriften scheitert.
Der Workshop greift diese Fragestellungen auf und soll Lösungsansätze aufzeigen, die den Einsatz von SHM in der Praxis erleichtern. Die Lösungen werden beispielhaft für reale Anwendungen, z.B. aus dem Bereich der erneuerbaren Energien, erarbeitet.
T2 - SCHALL 25
CY - Dresden, Germany
DA - 28.03.2025
KW - SHM
KW - Legal aspects
KW - Pressure vessels
KW - SMART-tools
KW - QI-Digital
KW - Periodic inspection
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62909
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Large scale hydrogen assisted cracking test for thick walled SAW joints for offshore applications
N2 - Offshore wind turbines continuously increase in size and weight and demand adequate offshore foundations concepts like monopiles, tripods or jackets. These components are typically submerged arc welded (SAW) high-strength thick steel plates like the S420ML. During welding, the occurrence of delayed hydrogen assisted cracking (HAC) must be anticipated. HAC is a critical combination of the local hydrogen concentration within a susceptible microstructure under certain mechanical load, i.e., the occurring (welding) residual stresses. The welding sequence of the thick-walled plates complicate the residual stress distribution due to the necessary repeated thermal cycling, i.e., welding seam / layer deposition to fill the joint. For that purpose, SAW with two-wire-technique was used to weld a specially designed and prototype-like mock-up of a real component with a thickness of 50 mm, filled with 22 passes and a seam length of 1,000 mm. Additional welded stiffeners simu-lated the effect of a high restraint, to stimulate critical HAC conditions. The necessity of a minimum waiting time (MWT) before the NDT can be conducted (to exclude HAC) was critically verified by the application of ultrasonic testing of the welded joint at different time-steps of the NDT of 48 h after welding. The residual stresses were determined by a robot XRD goniometer. Tensile residual stresses up to the yield limit are found both in the weld metal and in the heat-affected zone. Numerical modelling allowed the qualitative estimation of the hydrogen diffusion in the weld. A remarkable HAC occurrence was not identified and proves both, a certain resistance of the weld joint to HAC and the (questionable) duration of the MWT.
T2 - IIW Annual Assembly, Meeting of Commission II-C
CY - Singapore
DA - 19.07.2023
KW - Mock-up
KW - Hydrogen assisted cracking
KW - Submerged arc welding
KW - Offshore
KW - Steel
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57977
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Neumann, Martin
T1 - Experience feedback from BAM safety assessment of transport packages
N2 - In order to facilitate approval procedures and reduce effort BAM has filed a list of recently encountered issues during different approval procedures. This presentation shows different examples from the list, which are structured according to the PDSR guide.
T2 - RAM Tage
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 16.03.2016
KW - Experience feedback list
KW - Radioactive material
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37848
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Neumann, Martin
T1 - Introduction of BAM safety assessment experience feedback list
N2 - BAM as competent authority regarding assessment of mechanical and thermal design, activity release and quality assurance aspects of SNF and HLW transport packages developed a thesaurus of experience feedback topics from recent approval procedures. The list is structured according to the European PDSR guide. It involves issues, which from BAM point of view, needed clarification during last package design assessment procedures. The list contains issues from operation (e.g. deactivation of handling lugs not intended for package handling), maintenance (e.g. leak tightness of impact limiting devices) to technical assessment (e.g. formation of hydrogen by radiolysis and its impact on pressure and ignitability, consideration of ageing mechanisms, thermo-mechanical assessment, impact of gaps between content and flask, spent fuel behaviour) as well as to general and specific safety analysis report requirements (e.g. report structure and required data).
T2 - PATRAM 2016
CY - Kobe, Japan
DA - 18.09.2016
KW - Experience feedback list
KW - Radioactive material
KW - Transport
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37852
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Becker, Amadeus
T1 - Adequate repair concepts for high-strength steel weld joints for offshore support structures considering design influences
N2 - The sustainable and resource-efficient production of wind energy plants requires the use of modern high-strength fine-grain structural steels. This applies to both foundation and erection structures. During the assembly of steel structures, unacceptable defects can occasionally be found in the weld area. In most cases, the economical solution would be local thermal gouging of the affected areas and re-welding. Due to the high shrinkage restraint of the joint groove in the overall structure, the superposition of global and local welding-induced stresses may lead to crack formation and component failure, particularly in interaction with the degradation of the microstructure and mechanical properties of high-strength steels during the repair process [1]. Corresponding standards hardly provide any information on adequate repair concepts, and there is no uniform scientific data on which to base such concepts.
In this study, several relevant findings are discussed based on examples of structural engineering focusing on mechanical-technological properties and residual stresses, e.g. [1]. Further experimental and numerical work as conducted by [2] and weld tests under defined restraint conditions in special weld test-setups [3] show that an optimization of the welding-induced stresses of high-strength structural steels is achievable by means of an adapted heat control. The present research involves systematic investigations of influences of shrinkage restraint, the number of repair cycles and heat control during repair welding of a recently available high-strength offshore steel S500MLO (EN 10225-1). A quantification of the shrinkage restraint of repair weld joints is achievable by means of restraint intensity concept [4], analogous to previous studies [5]. Using structural mechanics calculations, geometries of self-restrained specimens are identified representing different defined rigidity conditions of repair welds considering actual high-strength steel components. Welding experiments with DIC analyses (digital image correlation) of the occurring strains during welding and XRD analyses (X-ray diffraction) of the resulting residual stresses after welding and cooling show increasing transient loads and significantly elevated residual stress profiles in the weld area with increasing restraint intensity. Especially in the heat affected zone, tensile residual stresses of up to 80 % of the nominal yield strength occur when welding under increased restraint conditions. In relation to the presented existing results, this indicates that a safe repair welding is primarily achievable by means of appropriate repair concepts and heat control taking into account the high welding stresses and special microstructures of high-strength steels. Finally, the aim of this research is to derive recommendations for repair concepts appropriate to the stresses and materials involved providing a basis for standards and guidelines, especially for SMEs, in order to avoid damage and, in most cases, expensive reworking and to improve the full utilization of the potential of high-strength steels.
T2 - 74th IIW Annual Assembly and International Conference, C II-A
CY - Online meeting
DA - 07.07.2021
KW - High-strength structural steels
KW - Welding
KW - Repair
KW - Residual stresses
KW - Restraint
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53320
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - RPRT
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
T1 - Einsatz modifizierter Sprühlichtbogenprozesse zur Optimierung schweißbedingter Beanspruchungen an Bauteilen aus hochfesten Feinkornbaustählen
N2 - Aufgrund aktueller Leichtbaubestrebungen sowie Forderungen nach Energie- und Ressourceneffizienz werden zunehmend hochfeste Feinkornbaustähle mit Streckgrenzen ≥ 690 MPa in modernen Stahlkonstruktionen eingesetzt. Vorrangig werden diese mit Streckgrenzen bis 960 MPa verarbeitet und mittels MAG-Schweißprozessen gefügt. Moderne Invertertechnik ermöglichte jüngst zahlreiche Firmenentwicklungen (bspw. „DeepARC“, „forceArc“), die zu modifizierten Sprühlichtbögen (mod. SLB) mit ähnlichen Eigenschaften führten. Neben den bekannten wirtschaftlichen Vorteilen dieser mod. SLB, lassen gerade die reduzierten möglichen Nahtöffnungswinkel und die geringere Wärmeeinbringung eine positive Wirkung auf schweißbedingte Beanspruchungen erwarten. Erste Eigenspannungsanalysen bei vorangegangenen Schweißeignungsuntersuchen mit mod. SLB zeigten bereits bei freischrumpfenden Laborproben geringere Zugeigenspannungen in der Schweißnaht im Vergleich zu konventionell geschweißten Proben. Die betriebsfeste Auslegung von hochfesten Schweißkonstruktionen und die Ausnutzung hoher Streckgrenzen erfordern jedoch eine ausreichende Quantifizierung schweißbedingter Beanspruchungen der mod. SLB unter definierter, bauteilrelevanter Schrumpfbehinderung. Dies betrifft sowohl die Kräfte und Spannungen im lokalen Schweißnahtbereich als auch die Gesamtbeanspruchung sowie den Einfluss von Wärmeführung, Bauteilgeometrie, Einspanngrad und Nahtöffnungswinkel. Hierzu lagen in der Industrie, besonders bei den KMU, kaum Kenntnisse vor und sollten deshalb als Ziel dieses Forschungsprojektes erarbeitet werden.
Die vergleichenden Untersuchungen mit konventionellen Lichtbogen und mod. SLB mit angepasster Nahtkonfiguration erfolgten mithilfe von speziellen Prüfanlagen, mit der reale Bauteilsteifigkeiten abgebildet werden können. Bei beiden Prozessvarianten waren mit den gewählten Parametern Schweißnähte unter Erfüllung der Anforderungen an die mechanisch-technologischen Eigenschaften realisierbar. Bei den Analysen konnte eine signifikante Reduzierung der Eigenbeanspruchungen durch eine verminderte Wärmeeinbringung bei dem Einsatz einer Nahtkonfiguration mit abgesenktem Nahtöffnungswinkel beobachtet werden. Insbesondere erwiesen sich zur Absenkung mehrachsiger Beanspruchungszustände aufgrund von Biegemomenten in den bauteilnahen Schweißungen die engeren Nahtspalte als zielführend. Eine Vorstellung der erarbeiteten Kenntnisse und Empfehlungen in entsprechenden Gremien zur Normung erfolgten, um mittelfristig vor allem den KMU eine einfachere Konstruktionsauslegung und sichere Verarbeitung hochfester Feinkornbaustähle zu ermöglichen.
Mit einer normativen Absicherung kann Qualifizierungs- und Zulassungsaufwand eingespart werden, der aktuell beim Einsatz hochfester Stähle vielfach notwendig ist. Ferner werden die Betriebe durch die Ergebnisse in die Lage versetzt, die technischen und wirtschaftlichen Vorteile der mod. SLB-Prozesse auszunutzen und signifikante Einsparungen bei Schweißzusatz, Schweiß- und Rüstzeit sowie unter Berücksichtigung der Eigenbeanspruchung optimierte Ergebnisse hinsichtlich der Tragfähigkeit von Bauteilen zu erreichen und die Produktivität zu erhöhen.
KW - MAG-Schweißen
KW - Hochfester Stahl
KW - Eigenspannungen
KW - Kaltrisssicherheit
PY - 2017
UR - https://matplus.shop/produkt/p-1011-einsatz-modifizierter-spruehlichtbogenprozesse-zur-optimierung-schweissbedingter-beanspruchungen-an-bauteilen-aus-hochfesten-feinkornbaustaehlen-2
SN - 978-3-946885-12-2
N1 - Das IGF-Vorhaben 17978 N wurde über die Arbeitsgemeinschaft industrieller Forschungsvereinigungen "Otto von Guericke" (AiF) im Rahmen des Programms zur Förderung der Industriellen Gemeinschaftsforschung (IGF) vom Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie (BMWi) aufgrund eines Beschlusses des Deutschen Bundestages gefördert
VL - P 1011
SP - 1
EP - 136
PB - Verlag und Vertriebsgesellschaft
CY - Düsseldorf
AN - OPUS4-59257
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Konert, Florian
T1 - Mechanische Eigenschaften der Längsschweissnaht einer X65-Pipeline in Druckwasserstoffatmosphäre
N2 - Die stetig steigende Nachfrage nach erneuerbaren Energieträgern führt dazu, dass große Mengen an Wasserstoff transportiert werden müssen. Da Pipelines eine kostengünstige Möglichkeit zur Verteilung von gasförmigem Wasserstoff bieten, muss die Wechselwirkung zwischen Wasserstoff und den Rohrleitungsmaterialien sorgfältig untersucht werden, da Wasserstoff unter bestimmten Bedingungen eine Verschlechterung der mechanischen Eigenschaften bewirken kann.
Insbesondere Schweißnähte, von denen man annimmt, dass sie anfälliger für die Degradation durch Wasserstoff sind, sind von großem Interesse. Ziel dieser Studie ist es, die Auswirkungen von gasförmigem Wasserstoff auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften einer X65-Rohrleitung und der längs verlaufenden Unterpulverschweißnaht zu untersuchen. Die Prüfungen werden mit Hilfe der Hohlkörpertechnik an zwei Arten von Proben durchgeführt: eine aus dem Grundwerkstoff (GW) und die andere als Querzugprobe (QZ), bestehend aus Grundwerkstoff und Schweißnaht, entnommen. Die Proben werden in-situ mit einem Druck von 60 bar beaufschlagt und in Zugversuchen mit langsamer Dehnrate (SSR) und einer nominellen Dehnrate von 10-5 s-1 geprüft. Die durchgeführten Versuche zeigen eine Verringerung der Einschnürung (RA) von 72 % in inerter Atmosphäre auf 52 % in Wasserstoffatmosphäre für die QZ-Probe und einen Rückgang von 73 % in inerter Atmosphäre auf 51 % für die GW-Probe. Metallographische Analysen zeigten die Rissbildung zwischen der feinkörnigen Wärmeeinflusszone (FGHAZ) und des GW sowohl für die in Wasserstoffatmosphäre geprüften Proben als auch für die Vergleichsproben. Dies lässt den Schluss zu, dass sich der Ort der Rissentstehung durch die Anwesenheit von gasförmigem Wasserstoff nicht ändert.
T2 - BMDK an der OvGU Magdeburg
CY - Magdeburg, Germany
DA - 11.12.2024
KW - Hohlzugprobe
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Pipeline
KW - SSRT
KW - in-situ
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62165
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kemmler, Samuel
T1 - Particle resolved simulations of piping erosion in suction bucket foundations
N2 - This poster provides an overview of the recent advances in simulating piping erosion during the installation process of a suction bucket foundation. The lattice Boltzmann method is coupled with the discrete element method. Numerical results are presented for three different suction conditions.
T2 - 5th International Symposium on Geomechanics from Micro to Macro
CY - Grenoble, France
DA - 23.09.2024
KW - Suction bucket foundation
KW - Coupled fluid-particle simulation
KW - Offshore wind support structure
KW - High-performance computing
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62375
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Konert, Florian
T1 - Deep Dive: Visualizing hydrogen assisted cracks in hollow specimens utilizing µCT
N2 - The Deep-Dive provides a short introduction and summary of the performed tests on API X65 Pipelinesteels. The aim of the tests is the visualization of hydrogen assisted crack popagation in hollow specimens.
T2 - DAAD Green Hydrogen Workshop
CY - Online meeting
DA - 07.05.2024
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Hollow specimen technique
KW - µCT
KW - Hydrogen embrittlement
KW - Pipeline steel
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60001
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zinas, Orestis
T1 - Stochastic variational Gaussian process for 3D site characterization
N2 - This work was presented at the the 2nd Workshop on Future of Machine Learning in Geotechnics (2FOMLIG) & the 5th Machine Learning in Geotechnics Dialogue (5MLIGD), in Chengdu, China. In this study, we propose an efficient multivariate Gaussian process regression model, utilizing the Linear Model of Coregionalization, stochastic variational inference and Dirichlet-based transformations, to jointly model continuous CPT and categorical (USCS) borehole variables. The predictive performance of the model is assessed using a real dataset from a site located in Christchurch, New Zealand.
T2 - 2nd Workshop on Future of Machine Learning in Geotechnics (2FOMLIG) & the 5th Machine Learning in Geotechnics Dialogue (5MLIGD)
CY - Chengdu, China
DA - 11.10.2024
KW - Geotechnical site-characterization
KW - Cone Penetration Tests
KW - Multivariate Gaussian process regression
KW - Categorical borehole data
KW - Stratigraphy prediction
KW - Linear Model of Coregionalization
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61775
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Ebell, Gino
T1 - Corrosion in Marine Environment
N2 - The investigation of the corrosivity of atmospheres ia a major target to ensure the durability of metallic structures. Therefore the corrosivity has to be determined and finally, the right material or corrosion protection system has to be chosen.Under marine environments it is a big challange to expose so called exposure racks to carry out those investigation. Together with EnBw we are able to use highly sought-after areas at the offshore plattform OSS for our investigations.
T2 - Präsentation Corrosion für Prof. David M. Paterson
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 28.11.2024
KW - Corrosion
KW - Wind
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61826
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kromm, Arne
T1 - Influence of machining on residual stresses in additive manufactured high-strength steel components
N2 - This study focuses on the effect of machining on the residual stresses and distortion of WAAM specimens. Defined specimens were welded fully automatically with a special WAAM solid wire (yield strength >820 MPa) with different geometric designs. The residual stresses state before and after cutting of the AM structure from the substrate plate were analyzed by means of X-ray diffraction on the specimen surface and complementary by 3d deformation analyses using photogrammetry. The results reveal significant influences of the geometry on the relaxation and redistribution of residual stresses.
T2 - IIW Intermediate Meeting Comission IX-AM
CY - Incheon, South Korea
DA - 12.03.2024
KW - Residual stress
KW - DED-arc
KW - High strength steel
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59751
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kromm, Arne
T1 - Einfluss der Schweiß- und Prüfparameter bei der Heißrissbewertung hochfester Schweißzusatzwerkstoffe
N2 - Die Heißrissneigung beim Schweißen kann mittels einer ganzen Reihe von Prüfverfahren ermittelt werden. Eine etablierte Methode ist die sogenannte Varestraint-Prüfung, welche auch an der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) als modifizierter Varestraint/Transvarestraint-Test (MVT) zum Einsatz kommt. Die Ergebnisse von Varestraint-Prüfungen hängen jedoch stets in unterschiedlichem Maße von der individuellen Prüfmaschinenauslegung und den verwendeten Prüfparametern ab. Dies kann zu einer uneinheitlichen Bewertung des Rissverhaltens führen, wenn die Risslänge konventionell als Kriterium für die Rissneigung herangezogen wird. Scheinbare Abhängigkeiten von Prozessparametern erschweren dann die Interpretation der Ergebnisse. Eine neuartige Bewertungsmethodik entkoppelt den Maschineneinfluss vom Materialverhalten und verwendet die Dehnrate als Risskriterium in Analogie zu Prokhorovs Heißrissmodell. Die neue Auswertung wird anhand einer Studie hochfester Schweißzusatzwerkstoffe vorgestellt, deren Rissverhalten in Abhängigkeit der chemischen Zusammensetzung und der Schweißparameter bewertet wird.
T2 - 5. Symposium Materialtechnik
CY - Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
DA - 23.02.2023
KW - Heißrisse
KW - Varestraint-Test
KW - Materialprüfung
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57070
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Griesche, Axel
T1 - Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) for Hydrogen Measurements in Steel
N2 - Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) allows for a time and spatially resolved almost non-destructive in situ measurement of hydrogen in metals. A surface pretreatment is not necessarily needed. We measured quantitatively hydrogen in steel samples, which were charged either electrochemically or by high-pressure hydrogen gas and compared the results. Further, the feasibility of quantitative hydrogen line scan measurements was demonstrated by measuring hydrogen at water jet cut surfaces. The hydrogen concentrations measured with the help of LIBS were compared with CGHE measurements. It was observed that hydrogen can be reliably measured with LIBS for concentrations larger than 2 wt.-ppm. The results show that LIBS is a promising technique for time- and spatially resolved measurements of hydrogen in steel and steel weldments. Results of time-dependant hydrogen permeation experiments will also be presented.
T2 - H2MSE 2025
CY - Siegburg, Germany
DA - 11.02.2025
KW - LIBS
KW - Hydrogen Measurements
KW - Steel
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62561
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Wandtke, Karsten
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Scharf-Wildenhain, R.
A1 - Hälsig, A.
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
A1 - Kromm, Arne
A1 - Hensel, J.
T1 - Influence of the WAAM process and design aspects on residual stresses in high-strength structural steels
N2 - Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) enables the efficient production of weight-optimized modern engineering structures. Further increases in efficiency can be achieved by using high-strength structural steels. Commercial welding consumables for WAAM are already available on the market. Lack of knowledge and guidelines regarding welding residual stress and component safety during production and operation leads to severely limited use for industry applications. The sensitive microstructure of high-strength steels carries a high risk of cold cracking; therefore, residual stresses play a crucial role. For this reason, the influences of the material, the WAAM process, and the design on the formation of residual stresses and the risk of cold cracking are being investigated. The material used has a yield strength of over 800 MPa. This strength is adjusted via solid solution strengthening and a martensitic phase transformation. The volume expansion associated with martensite formation has a significant influence on the residual stresses. The focus of the present investigation is on the additive welding parameters and component design on their influence on hardness and residual stresses, which are analyzed by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD). Reference specimens (hollow cuboids) are welded fully automated with a systematic variation of heat control and design. Welding parameters and AM geometry are correlated with the resulting microstructure, hardness, and residual stress state. Increased heat input leads to lower tensile residual stresses which causes unfavorable microstructure and mechanical properties. The component design affects heat dissipation conditions and the intensity of restraint during welding and has a significant influence on the residual stress.
KW - DED-arc
KW - Additive manufacturing
KW - High-strength steel filler metal
KW - Residual stress
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-572698
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-023-01503-9
SN - 1878-6669
VL - 67
IS - 4
SP - 987
EP - 996
PB - Springer
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-57269
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Engelking, Lorenz
A1 - Börner, Andreas
T1 - Ultraschallunterstütztes Schlichtfräsen einer schwer spanbaren FeNi-Legierung
N2 - Zunächst wird die BAM vorgestellt. Anschließend wird die Messung bzw. Bestimmung der Amplitude der Ultraschallunterstützung erläutert, gefolgt von Schlichtfräsexperimenten an AM-Bauteilen aus einer schwer spanbaren FeNi-Legierung. Es werden die Ergebnisse der Zerspankraft, der Rauheit und der Eigenspannungen vorgestellt.
T2 - Ultrasonic Seminar
CY - Stipshausen, Germany
DA - 08.09.2022
KW - Ultraschallunterstütztes Fräsen
KW - Alloy 36
KW - Schwer spanbar
KW - Additive Fertigung
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55709
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hübner, Martin
A1 - Kromm, Arne
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Influence of the weld geometry on the residual stress reduction using low transformation temperature welding consumables
N2 - Low transformation temperature (LTT) welding consumables offer an innovative approach to increase the fatigue strength of welded high-strength steel structures. LTT welding consumables are characterized by a martensitic phase transformation near ambient temperature, which generates compressive residual stresses in the weld and heat affected zone (HAZ). The aim is to achieve a weld geometry, which generate high compressive residual stresses at the fatigue crack critical weld toe.
Longitudinal stiffeners were gas metal arc welded using a conventional welding consumable; the base material was a high strength steel S700M. A chromium-nickel alloyed LTT consumable was deposit subsequently just on front sides of the stiffeners. Different welding parameters led to varying cross sections of the weld. The residual stresses were determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD) in the crack critical HAZ.
When using only the conventional, the HAZ is characterized by high tensile residual stresses. The additional application of the LTT alloy leads to a significant reduction of the tensile residual stresses. Depending on the weld geometry, even compressive residual stresses can be observed at the weld toe
T2 - ECRS 2024
CY - Prague, Czech Republic
DA - 03.06.2024
KW - LTT (Low Transformation Temperature)
KW - Residual stress reduction
KW - Fatigue
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60305
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hübner, Martin
A1 - Kromm, Arne
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
A1 - Dittmann, Florian
A1 - Varfolomeev, Igor
T1 - Effect of weld design on fatigue strength of welded components using LTT filler materials
N2 - Low transformation temperature (LTT) filler metals are an innovative approach to reduce tensile residual stress in weld seams and the surrounding heat affected zone (HAZ). The reduced tensile stress leads to an improvement in the fatigue strength of welded components. LTT filler metals are characterized by a reduced martensite start temperature (Ms), which is close to room temperature because of their chemical composition. This paper focuses on the hybrid use of LTT filler metals, where the LTT filler is applied as an additional layer to conventional welds on fatigue-critical spots. Conventional gas metal arc welded longitudinal stiffeners are used as specimens and at the face ends of the stiffeners, a second LTT layer was added with various weld modifications. These modifications were achieved by changing the welding parameters such as welding speed and offset to the first layer. These samples were used to analyze shape, dilution and resulting Ms, residual stress and fatigue strength. The dilution and dilatometer verified Ms did not change significant, although the surface of the 2nd LTT weld seam was varying clear with each modification. However, the weld modification had a significant effect on the residual stress state and the fatigue strength. The X-ray determined residual stress in the HAZ became lower when the weld toe of the LTT layer was further away from the stiffener. The Fatigue strength is clearly dependent on the residual stress state. The lower the residual stress at weld toe, the higher the fatigue strength. All samples with LTT weld exhibit significantly higher fatigue strength values than conventionally single and double-layer welded samples. The results show that on the one hand LTT filler metals increase the fatigue strength, and on the other hand the impact of LTT fillers materials is not restricted to the dilution and Ms, the shape of the weld seam must also be considered.
T2 - IIW Intermediate Meeting CII
CY - Trollhättan, Sweden
DA - 10.03.2025
KW - LTT (Low Transformation Temperature)
KW - Residual stress reduction
KW - Fatigue strength
KW - High-strength steels
KW - Welding
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62708
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Griesche, Axel
T1 - In situ Measurement of Hydrogen in Steel using Laser‑induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)
N2 - The ISO 3690 standard “Determination of hydrogen content in arc weld metal” requires a thermal activation of the diffusible hydrogen in a piece of weld metal for the subsequent ex situ concentration measurement by carrier gas hot extraction CGHE or thermal desorption spectroscopy (TCD). Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) offers a time and spatially resolved, almost non-destructive, in situ measurement of hydrogen at surfaces without sample preparation. We measured hydrogen in steels, which were charged either electrochemically or by high-pressure hydrogen gas and compared the results. Further, the feasibility of quantitative hydrogen line scan measurements with LIBS was demonstrated by measuring hydrogen at water jet cut surfaces. The hydrogen concentrations measured with the help of LIBS were compared with CGHE measurements. It was observed that hydrogen can be reliably measured with LIBS for concentrations larger than 2 wt.-ppm. The maximum hydrogen concentration achieved using electrochemical charging was 85.1 ppm. The results show that LIBS is a promising technique for time- and spatially resolved measurements of hydrogen in steels.
T2 - 2025 European Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 02.03.2025
KW - Hydrogen measurement
KW - LIBS
KW - Spatial resolution
KW - Temporal resolution
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62699
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröder, Nina
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Einfluss unterschiedlicher Mikrolegierungsrouten eines S690QL auf das Ausscheidungsverhalten in der Wärmeeinflusszone
N2 - Mikrolegierungselementen, wie Nb und Ti sind für eine signifikante Festigkeitssteigerung von vergüteten, hochfesten Feinkornbaustählen mit einer Nominalstreckgrenze ≥ 690 MPa unerlässlich. Normvorgaben zur chemischen Zusammensetzung dieser Stähle geben zur Erzielung der vorgeschriebenen Eigenschaften dabei oft nur Grenzgehalte für die Hersteller vor. Die Wirkung der Mikrolegierungselemente bzw. ihrer Karbide und/oder Nitride ist teilweise komplett konträr, insbesondere bei Auflösung und Wiederausscheidung in der WEZ bei identischem Schweißzusatz. Somit wird eine adäquate Vorhersage der Chargenabhängigkeit hinsichtlich der Schweißeignung und des Tragverhaltens der Schweißverbindung erschwert. Eine unerwünschte Eigenschaft ist dabei die Erweichung der WEZ, wie auch u.U. der gegenteilige Effekt der Aufhärtung.
Vor diesem Hintergrund werden im Rahmen eines DFG-Vorhabens systematisch Mikrolegierungs-routen mit variierenden Ti- und Nb-Gehalten des hochfesten und vergüteten Feinkornbaustahls S690QL untersucht. Dazu wird das MAG-Schweißen mit modifizierten Sprühlichtbogen verwendet, welches durch hohe Abschmelzleistung gekennzeichnet ist und schmalere Nahtöffnungswinkel (α = 30°) ermöglicht. An Dreilagen-Schweißungen wird der Effekt der metallurgischen Zusammensetzung in Kombination mit hoher Wärmeeinwirkung auf die Ausbildung einer kritischen WEZ-Gefügezone mit Erweichung und/oder exzessiver Aufhärtung untersucht. Ein besonderes Augenmerk wird auf die Phasenumwandlungen und das Ausscheidungsverhalten im Gefüge der Wärmeeinflusszone gelegt. Neben umfangreichen metallographischen Untersuchungen einzelner WEZ-Bereiche wurden, unter Variation der chemischen Zusammensetzung,
thermodynamische Phasenberechnungen mittels Thermo-Calc durchgeführt. Hierdurch wird ein Verständnis zur Phasentransformation und Ausscheidungswachstum und -auflösung während des Schweißens in Abhängigkeit von Temperatur und Abkühlbedingungen geschaffen. Das Ziel ist es, den Einfluss der Wärmeeinwirkung auf die Gefügeausbildung in der WEZ und dessen mechanischer Eigenschaften zu analysieren. Insbesondere wird hier auf die Auswirkung der unterschiedlichen Mikrolegierungskonzepte (Ti oder Nb) geachtet.
T2 - 5. Symposium Materialtechnik
CY - Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
DA - 23.02.2023
KW - WEZ Erweichung
KW - Thermodynamische Simulation
KW - Mikrolegierungseinfluss
KW - Schweißen von hochfesten FKB
PY - 2023
SN - 978-3-8440-9105-2
VL - 12
SP - 332
EP - 343
PB - Shaker Verlag
AN - OPUS4-58006
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Czeskleba, Denis
T1 - Numerical simulation of hydrogen diffusion in thick-walled S690 SAW joints: the role of microstructure-dependent diffusion vs. welding heat input
N2 - S690 steels are increasingly employed in modern steel construction, including building, plant, and mobile crane applications, due to their high strength and weldability. Submerged arc welding (SAW) is commonly used for these thick-walled structures but poses a risk of delayed hydrogen-assisted cold cracking (HACC). The influence of microstructure-dependent diffusion coefficients (DH) on hydrogen accumulation and distribution during welding and cooling remains poorly understood. In this study, the HACC susceptibility of thermomechanically rolled (MC) and quenched and tempered (Q) variants of S690 steel was compared. Weldments were fabricated using SAW, followed by electrochemical hydrogen permeation tests to determine microstructure-specific DH. A numerical model was developed to analyze hydrogen diffusion as a function of temperature, time, and microstructure. Results showed that the MC-grade exhibited slightly faster hydrogen diffusion than the Q-grade. However, simulations indicated that higher welding heat input and increased plate thickness had a significantly greater impact on hydrogen retention than microstructure-dependent diffusion effects. These findings suggest that while differences in hydrogen diffusivity exist between S690MC and S690Q, microstructure-specific diffusion plays a minor role in HACC risk. Instead, proper control of welding parameters is crucial for mitigating HACC, particularly in thick-plate, multi-layer SAW joints.
T2 - Cracking Phenomena in Welding and Additive Manufacturing, 5th Int. Conference
CY - Trollhätten, Sweden
DA - 12.03.2025
KW - Hydrogen Cracking
KW - Submerged Arc Welding
KW - Hydrogen Diffusion
KW - Cold Cracking
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63126
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Mente, Tobias
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
A1 - Schaupp, Thomas
A1 - Zavdoveev, Anatoly
T1 - Challenges for testing hydrogen-assisted cold cracking in weld seams of high-strength steel grades
N2 - Hydrogen can cause weld cold cracking even days after fabrication. In this respect, higher strength steels present a challenge to established cold crack testing. In general, the tolerable hydrogen concentration for crack prevention decreases with increasing material strength. In addition, advanced welding processes require changes in weld geometry and heat input. This directly influences the formation of crack-critical microstructures, e.g. in hardened areas of the heat-affected zone. The limits of use and application of modern cold cracking tests are evaluated by (1) the externally loaded Implant-test and (2) the self-restraint Tekken-test. In particular, external mechanical stresses, which cause additional mechanical loads on the components during welding, must be considered due to the component-specific stiffness of high-strength steels. Accompanying test methods for
determining hydrogen concentration and diffusion in welds are presented, such as carrier gas hot extraction for determining hydrogen concentration (ISO 3690) or temperature-dependent diffusion coefficients. These values are of great importance for a holistic approach to the evaluation of the cold cracking sensitivity of high strength steels.
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Welding
KW - Cold cracking test
KW - High-strength steel
PY - 2024
DO - https://doi.org/10.37434/tpwj2024.08.01
SN - 0957-798X
VL - 2024
IS - 8
SP - 3
EP - 9
PB - International Association "Welding"
CY - Kyiv, Ukraine
AN - OPUS4-60946
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröder, Nina
T1 - Auswirkungen von Ti und Nb auf die physikalisch simulierten WEZ-Bereiche von hochfestem Feinkornbaustahl S690QL
N2 - Mikrolegierungselemente, wie Nb und Ti, sind für die signifikante Festigkeitssteigerung von vergüteten, hochfesten Feinkornbaustählen mit einer Nominalstreckgrenze ≥ 690 MPa unerlässlich. Nominalvorgaben zur chemischen Zusammensetzung geben den Herstellern dieser Stähle dabei nur obere Grenzwerte für die Legierungsanteile in der chemischen Zusammensetzung vor. Weiterhin wirken sich bereits kleine Abweichungen in der Legierungsroute teilweise drastisch auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften aus. Somit wird eine adäquate Vorhersage der Schweißeignung und der Integrität der Schweißverbindung aufgrund der variierenden Mikrostruktur erschwert oder ist gar nicht möglich. Unerwünschte Nebeneffekte sind die mögliche Erweichung der Wärmeeinflusszone (WEZ) als auch der gegenteilige Effekt der Aufhärtung. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden erstmals systematisch die unterschiedlichen Mikrolegierungsrouten mit variierenden Ti- und Nb-Gehalten an Versuchsschmelzen untersucht. Die Stahlgüte S690QL bildet dabei die Grundlage der chemischen Zusammensetzung sowie der entsprechenden Wärmebehandlung. Zur Untersuchung des Einflusses von unter-schiedlichen Mikrolegierungsrouten auf die Ausbildung der WEZ wurden physikalische Simulationen an Abschreckproben an einem Dilatometer durchgeführt. Der Fokus der analytischen Betrachtungen lag hier auf der Identifikation der Phasenumwandlungen beim Abkühlen und der finalen WEZ-Gefüge. Ein besonderes Untersuchungsmerkmal bestand in der vorliegenden Arbeit bei der Untersuchung des doppelten Anlassvorganges bzw. der Simulation der interkritischen WEZ (IKWEZ), die sich beim Mehrlagenschweißen ausbildet. Ergeb-nisse haben gezeigt, dass der Effekt unterschiedlicher Mikrolegierungsrouten einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Ausbildung der einzelnen WEZ-Bereiche aufweist. Insbesondere haben Einflüsse, wie die thermische Sta-bilität der Ausscheidungen wie Ti- oder Nb-Karbonitride und Synergieeffekte zwischen anderen Elementen wie Mo eine Wirkung auf die Phasenumwandlung in der WEZ. Die Ergebnisse lassen sich gut mit den realen Schweißungen kongruieren und stellen hier eine systematische Validierung und einen umsetzbaren Wissenstransfer in die Entwicklung der Stahlherstellung und ihrer fügetechnischen Verarbeitung dar.
T2 - DVS CONGRESS 2024
CY - Erfurt, Germany
DA - 16.09.2024
KW - WEZ-Erweichung
KW - Digital Image Correlation
KW - Mikrolegierungseinfluss
KW - Querzugversuch
KW - Dilatometrie
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61380
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröder, Nina
T1 - Schweißen von hochfesten Feinkornbaustählen
N2 - Das Schweißen von hochfesten Feinkornbaustählen erfordert aufgrund der Sicherstellung der Gütewerte des Grundwerkstoffes (Zähigkeit, Festigkeit) auch in der Schweißverbindung, die Einhaltung von engen Grenzen bei der Auswahl von Schweißparametern. Die Reproduzierbarkeit von beanspruchungsgerechten hochfesten Schweißverbindungen hängt vom Schweißverfahren und der damit einhergehenden komplexen Gefügeausbildung ab. Hierbei müssen hochfeste Schweißverbindungen mindestens die gleichen Festigkeitsanforderungen erfüllen wie der eingesetzte Grundwerkstoff. In diesem Vortrag werden speziell die Herausforderungen wie der Empfindlichkeit gegenüber der wasserstoffunterstützen Kaltrissbildung beim Schweißen von hochfesten Feinkornbaustählen und dem Mikrolegierungseinfluss auf die divergente Ausbildung der Wärmeeinflusszone thematisiert.
T2 - Jahresmitgliederversammlung DVS BV Berlin
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 03.05.2023
KW - Herausforderungen beim Schweißen hochfester FKB
KW - Wasserstoffunterstütze Kaltrissbildung
KW - TEKKEN Test
KW - Mikrolegierungseinfluss
KW - Wärmeeinflusszone
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57995
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröder, Nina
T1 - Mikrolegierungseinfluss beim Schweißen hochfester Feinkornbaustähle
N2 - Mikrolegierungselemente, wie Nb und Ti, sind für die signifikante Festigkeitssteigerung von vergüteten, hochfesten Feinkornbaustählen mit einer Nominalstreckgrenze ≥ 690 MPa unerlässlich. Normvorgaben zur chemischen Zusam-mensetzung geben dabei nur obere Grenzwerte für die Hersteller vor. Weiterhin wirken sich bereits kleine Abwei-chungen in der Legierungsroute teilweise drastisch auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften aus. Somit wird eine adä-quate Vorhersage der Schweißeignung und der Integrität der Schweißverbindung aufgrund der variierenden Mikro-gefüge erschwert bis unmöglich. Unerwünschte Nebeneffekte sind die mögliche Erweichung der Wärmeeinflusszone (WEZ) als auch der gegenteilige Effekt der Aufhärtung.
T2 - DVS BV Potsdam, Mitglieder Weiterbildungsveranstaltung
CY - Groß Kreutz (Havel), Germany
DA - 31.05.2023
KW - WEZ Erweichung
KW - WEZ Aufhärtung
KW - Mikrolegierungseinfluss
KW - Schweißen von hochfesten FKB
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57996
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Erxleben, Kjell
T1 - Reparaturschweißen zukünftiger, in Betrieb befindlicher Wasserstoffpipelines
N2 - Wasserstoff leistet als Energieträger der Zukunft einen entscheidenden Beitrag zur nachhaltigen Energieversorgung. Der Transport wird vorwiegend durch das europäische Ferngasleitungsnetz erfolgen. Bisherige Untersuchungen zeigen, dass bisher verwendete Rohrstähle grundsätzlich für den Wasserstofftransport geeignet sind. Diese Eignung ist nicht direkt auf Reparaturfragestellungen im Betrieb übertragbar, da Schweißungen aus technisch-ökonomischen Gründen oft unter fortwährendem Gasfluss durchgeführt werden.
Ein im Erdgasnetz angewandtes Konzept ist das Anbohren druckführender Pipelines („Hot Tapping“). Dazu werden Zylinderhalbschalen zuerst durch Längs- und dann per Rohrrundnähten an die Pipeline geschweißt. Essenziell ist dabei die maßgeschneiderte Wärmeeinbringung, um das „Durchbrennen“ in die Pipeline zu vermeiden. Für zukünftige Wasserstoffpipelines liegt der Fokus u.a. auf dünnwandigen Leitungen. Im Gegensatz zu Erdgas, führen die beim Schweißen erreichten hohen Temperaturen an der Innenseite der Pipeline zu einer zusätzlichen Wasserstoffaufnahme in den Rohrstahl mit möglicher Materialdegradation.
Zur praktischen Lösung der Fragestellung, sind internationale Aktivitäten im Gang. Diese umfassen bspw. die Möglichkeiten und Weiterentwicklung von realistischen Prüfkonzepten (u.a. durch maßstäbliche Bauteilversuche). Dazu untersucht die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) in einem DVGW-geförderten Kooperationsprojekt mit Gasnetzbetreibern, die Frage der Übertragbarkeit der Schweißkonzepte der Erdgastechnik auf zukünftiger Wasserstoffpipelines.
T2 - DVS CONGRESS 2024
CY - Erfurt, Germany
DA - 16.09.2024
KW - Schweißen
KW - Reparatur
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Pipeline
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61076
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kaiser, Sebastian
T1 - Evaluation of welding on in-service pressurized hydrogen pipelines by component testing
N2 - Hydrogen transportation is fundamentally different from natural gas (NG) as it can be absorbed into the pipeline material. However, pipelines require frequent maintenance or repair, in some cases on or onto the pipelines while they are still under pressure. This in-service welding causes challenges for hydrogen operations. They can be roughly divided into: (1) possible austenitization of the inner pipe material exposed to hydrogen, and (2) welding itself with its temperature cycles. Both lead to a significant increase in hydrogen solubility/diffusivity of the materials. Fundamental investigations are required due to the missing service experience. The present study introduces a specially designed demonstrator concept for the assessment of the welding processing conditions. The mock-up was designed to enable temperature measurement during welding as well as ex-post extraction of samples for the quantification of the absorbed hydrogen. The necessary pressurized hydrogen volume was limited by the insertion of a solid cylinder. Welding experiments on the pressurized mock-ups (DN50 and DN200) have shown that the austenitization temperature is nearly reached on the inner surface of the pipeline. This corresponds to a significant hydrogen absorption of several ppm in the welded joint, especially for thin-walled pipelines. Nonetheless, a potential hydrogen assisted cracking was not identified.
T2 - 24. Werkstofftechnisches Kolloquium
CY - Chemnitz, Germany
DA - 02.04.2025
KW - Pipeline
KW - In-Service
KW - Welding
KW - Hydrogen
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62917
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kaiser, Sebastian
A1 - Erxleben, Kjell
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Repair Welding of In-Service Hydrogen Pipelines - Concepts and Challenges
N2 - Hydrogen is set as the energy carrier of tomorrow for a more sustainable fossil fuel free future. As this necessitates a reliable transport infrastructure, repurposing of the existing natural gas grid is planned. With regards to the well-known effect of hydrogen embrittlement, the compatibility of utilized materials must be investigated. First comprehensive studies on pipeline material hydrogen compatibility indicate that these materials can be applied to a certain extent. Nonetheless, the material compatibility is currently of high interest and focus of numerous research projects worldwide. However, pipelines require frequent maintenance and repair work. As part of these, in some cases it is necessary to do weldments onto pipelines while they are pressurized. This in-service welding introduces additional challenges for the material compatibility. Due to the resulting high temperatures, the metallurgical changes in the material and of course the presence of high-pressure hydrogen in the pipeline, additional investigations need to be conducted to ensure that no critical material degradation because of increased hydrogen absorption occurs and an overall material compatibility is given. For this reason, the present paper introduces in-service welding on pipelines. An overview of current research projects that deal with the application of in-service welding specifically on hydrogen pipelines and the emerging problems when applying these techniques on hydrogen pipelines is given. Methods of material testing, their limits and possible solutions are presented and discussed.
T2 - 2024 15th International Pipeline Conference
CY - Calgary, Alberta, Canada
DA - 23.09.2024
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Pipeline
KW - Welding
KW - In-Service
PY - 2024
SN - 978-0-7918-8856-8
DO - https://doi.org/10.1115/IPC2024-133052
SP - 1
EP - 6
PB - The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
CY - New York
AN - OPUS4-62262
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Scharf-Wildenhain, R.
T1 - Einfluss der Wärmeführung auf die Eigenschaften und fertigungsbedingten Beanspruchungen additiv geschweißter hochfester Feinkornbaustähle
N2 - Hochfeste Feinkornbaustähle verfügen über ein großes Potenzial für gewichtsoptimierte, effiziente Strukturen in vielen modernen Stahlkonstruktion. Weitere Effizienzsteigerungen können durch additives Fertigen sowie bionische Bauweisen erreicht werden. Kommerzielle hochfeste Zusatzwerkstoffe für additives MSG-Schweißen (engl.: Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing, WAAM) sind bereits von den Schweißzusatzherstellern lieferbar. Derzeit ist jedoch eine breite industrielle Anwendung insbesondere für KMU aufgrund fehlender quantitativer Erkenntnisse und Richtlinien bezüglich schweißbedingter Beanspruchungen und Bauteilsicherheit während der Herstellung und des Betriebs stark limitiert. In einem gemeinsamen Forschungsprojekt (FOSTA-P1380/IGF21162BG) der BAM und der TU Chemnitz werden die mit Eigenspannungsausbildung und der Gefahr einer Kaltrissbildung verbundenen prozess- und werkstoffbedingten sowie konstruktiven Einflüsse untersucht. Im Fokus dieser Analysen steht die Bestimmung der Wechselwirkungen zwischen WAAM-Prozessparametern bzw. der Wärmeführung auf das Gefüge und die Eigenspannungen. Hierfür werden Referenzproben als offene Hohlquader mit definierten Abmessungen vollautomatisiert mit einem speziellen, hochfesten WAAM-Massivdraht (Streckgrenze >790 MPa) geschweißt. Die gezielte Einstellung der geometrischen Eigenschaften erfolgt durch Schweißparameter und Nahtaufbau bei ca. 4 kg/h mittlerer Abschmelzleistung. Die Wärmeführung wird innerhalb eines statistischen Versuchsplanes mittels Streckenenergie (200 kJ/m bis 650 kJ/m) und Zwischenlagentemperatur (100 °C bis 300 °C) so variiert, dass die t8/5-Abkühlzeiten dem empfohlenen Verarbeitungsbereich entsprechen (ca. 5 s bis 20 s). Ziel ist es bei konstanten geometrisch-konstruktiven Randbedingungen, den Einfluss der Wärmeführung auf Gefüge und resultierende Eigenspannungen zu analysieren. Darüber hinaus erfolgt die Bestimmung des Einflusses der t8/5-Abkühlzeit auf die mechanisch-technologischen Eigenschaften des speziellen, hochfesten WAAM-Massivdrahts mithilfe von Dilatometeranalysen. Für die Streckenenergie können neben den Gefügeeinflüssen aufgrund der resultierenden Abkühlzeit deutliche Effekte insbesondere auf die lokalen Eigenspannungen im Bauteil belegt werden. Das Schweißen mit zu hoher Wärmeeinbringung bzw. Abschmelzleistung kann zu ungünstigen Gefüge- und Bauteileigenschaften führen, gleichzeitig jedoch niedrigere Zugeigenspannungsniveaus bewirken. Die Dilatometeranalysen zeigen für den untersuchten WAAM-Schweißzusatzwerkstoff eine großes t8/5-Zeitfenster mit einer vergleichsweise geringen Abnahme der Zugfestigkeit mit zunehmender t8/5-Abkühlzeit. Solche komplexen Wechselwirkungen gilt es letztlich mit diesen Untersuchungen zu klären, um leicht anwendbare Verarbeitungsempfehlungen und Normvorgaben für ein wirtschaftliches, anforderungsgerechtes und risssicheres WAAM von hochfesten Stählen den Anwendern zur Verfügung zu stellen.
T2 - 42. Assistentenseminar Fügetechnik
CY - Braunschweig, Germany
DA - 06.10.2021
KW - MAG-Schweißen
KW - Eigenspannungen
KW - Additive Fertigung
KW - Hochfester Stahl
KW - Kaltrisssicherheit
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-56691
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Hydrogen trapping in T24 steel weld joints - microstructure influence vs. experimental design effect on activation energy for diffusion
N2 - In general, hydrogen assisted cracking is a result of a critical combination of local microstructure, mechanical load and hydrogen concentration. In that connection, welded microstructures of low-alloyed creep-resistant steels can show different hydrogen trapping kinetics. That influences the adsorbed hydrogen concentration as well as the diffusion itself in terms of moderate or strong trapping. A common approach to describe trapping is by the activation energy that is necessary to release hydrogen from a specific trap site. In the present study, T24 base material and weld metal were investigated. For that purpose, electrochemically hydrogen charged specimens were analyzed by thermal desorption analysis(TDA) with linear heating using a mass spectrometer. The results showed a microstructure effect on hydrogen trapping kinetics at elevated temperatures. Additionally, it is necessary to monitor the specimen temperature. A comparison between idealized temperature profile and real specimen temperature showed that the calculated activation energy varied up to a factor of two. Thus, the assigned trap character(moderate or strong) changed. In case of high temperature peaks, this effect could be more important compared to the microstructure effect itself.
T2 - 70th IIW Annual Assembly, Commission II-A
CY - Shanghai, People's Republic of China
DA - 25.06.2017
KW - Creep resisting materials
KW - Welding
KW - Hydrogen diffusion
KW - Thermal desorption analysis
KW - Microstructure
KW - Experimental design
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-40954
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Reichel, Levin
A1 - Kromm, Arne
A1 - Michael, Thomas
A1 - Schroepfer, Dirk
A1 - Kannengiesser, Thomas
T1 - Modern welding processes for optimizing repair welding on high-strength offshore steels
N2 - The successful energy transition in Germany will require offshore wind turbines with outputs >10 MW in the future, for which high-strength steels with a yield strength of up to 500 MPa and wall thicknesses up to 150 mm are increasingly being used. The repair of weld seams when detecting defects during NDT requires localized gouging and rewelding. This involves high demands on welding manufacturing, especially for highstrength steels. Due to a lack of investigations, there are no repair concepts and information in standards and guidelines, particularly for high-strength thick plate joints made of high-strength offshore steels. However, these are urgently needed to enable processors, especially SMEs, to carry out safe and economical repairs. Therefore, BAM startedthe FOSTA project P1629 (IGF 01IF22746N) to investigate the stress-optimized repair(local gouging and welding) of high-strength thick plate joints made of offshore grades in the yield strength range off 355 to 460 MPa and similar weld metal with controlled high-performance GMAW processes and optimized narrower gouging grooves. The experimental analyses consider the complex interaction of material, process, and designrelated influences on the formation of weld-related stresses and the special microstructure of high-strength fine-grain structural steels. Welding-related material Degradation and crack-critical residual tensile stresses need to be avoided to ensure high component safety and performance. With component-related welding experiments on special testing equipment, adapted process and heat control concepts along with variable groove configurations will be developed and recommendations for guidelines elaborated. This is the prerequisite for fully utilizing the strength potential of high-strength steels and making a valuable contribution to the energy transition in Germany, especially for steelprocessing SMEs.
T2 - 6. Symposium Materialtechnik
CY - Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
DA - 20.02.2025
KW - Narrow groove
KW - Optimized repair welding
KW - Modern welding processes
KW - High-strength steel
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-636520
DO - https://doi.org/10.21268/20250507-5
SP - 3
EP - 15
AN - OPUS4-63652
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Reichel, Levin
T1 - From conventional to narrow groove repair: Optimizing repair welding with modern welding processes for high strength offshore steels
N2 - The successful energy transition in Germany will require offshore wind turbines with outputs >10 MW in the future. To achieve these high outputs, turbines far from the coast are required, featuring large subsea jacket structures (30 m up to 50 m) and tall towers (up to 200 m). High-strength steels with a yield strength up to 500 MPa and wall thicknesses of up to 120 mm are increasingly being used for these structures. During manufacture, weld defects detected by non-destructive testing (NDT) require localized repair (gouging and rewelding). To date, there is a lack of repair concepts and information in standards and guidelines. Therefore, BAM initiated the FOSTA project P1629 (IGF 01IF22746N) to investigate the stress-optimized repair (local gouging and welding) of high-strength thick plate joints made of offshore grades in the yield strength range off 355 to 460 MPa and similar weld metal. This research aims to develop a stress-optimized repair concept for thick plate joints, using controlled high-performance GMAW processes and optimized, narrow gouging grooves. Thermal and mechanical gouging are performed, allowing the groove configuration to be modified. Modern welding processes provide deep root penetration and focused energy input capable of welding narrow seams. The aimed residual stress reduction can be attributed to the lower input of weld metal due to the changes in groove configuration and to the reduction in heat input per layer due to the controlled arc process. The experimental analyses take into account the interaction of process, material, and design-related influences on the formation of weld induced stresses. Concluding with recommendations for guidelines elaborated for steel-processing SMEs.
T2 - 78th IIW Annual Assembly and International Conference
CY - Genoa, Italy
DA - 22.06.2025
KW - Narrow groove
KW - Optimized repair welding
KW - Modern welding processes
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63651
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröder, Nina
T1 - Influence of various microalloying strategies on the mechanical properties of weld seams in S690QL steel
N2 - Microalloying elements such as niobium (Nb) and titanium (Ti) play a crucial role in achieving the desired mechanical properties of quenched and tempered high-strength fine-grained structural steels with a nominal yield strength of ≥ 690 MPa. Current specifications for the chemical composition only define upper limits for these elements, providing manufacturers with some flexibility. However, even minor deviations in alloying concepts can significantly influence the resulting mechanical properties. Consequently, accurately predicting weldability and the integrity of welded joints becomes challenging or even unfeasible due to variations in composition and the associated microstructural changes. Potential adverse effects include the softening of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) or, conversely, localized hardening phenomena. To address these challenges, various microalloying strategies with different Ti and Nb contents are being systematically investigated for the first time using specially designed laboratory-cast alloys. Each alloying approach is based on the commonly used S690QL steel grade while maintaining consistent chemical composition and heat treatment parameters.
T2 - 78th Annual Assembly and International Conference
CY - Genoa, Italy
DA - 22.06.2025
KW - HSLA
KW - Digital Image Correlation
KW - HAZ Softening
KW - Impact Toughness
KW - Microalloying influence
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63648
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Neumann, Martin
T1 - Small modular reactor (SMR) - Prinzip und Potenzial
N2 - Derzeit gewinnen Small Modular Reactors (SMR) im Bereich zwischen 30 und 300MW in der internationalen Community stark an Gewicht. Diverse Länder entwickeln diese Reaktorkonzepte und viele Länder (unter anderem die Schweiz) planen, diese einzusetzen. Dieser Vortrag beleuchtet das Prinzip und das Potenzial der SMR sowie Chancen und Risiken.
T2 - Vortragsreihe am Sportgymnasium Davos
CY - Davos, Switzerland
DA - 06.03.2025
KW - SMR
KW - Radioaktiv
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63434
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Witte, Julien
A1 - Hübler, Daniela
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Börner, Andreas
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
ED - Hanke, S.
T1 - Wear behavior of innovative niobium carbide cutting tools in ultrasonic-assisted finishing milling
N2 - The resources of niobium exceed the ones of tungsten by an order of magnitude. With 92%, Brazil is today the main global producer of niobium. Hence, niobium carbides (NbC) are a sustainable and economic alternative to conventionally used cutting materials, especially tungsten carbides (WC). Moreover, NbC can be used in Ni alloy matrix and thus offer significant advantages by substituting WC in Co matrix as cutting materials in terms of health risks and raw material price and supply risk. Based on recent studies which found an increased performance of NbC compared to WC cutting tools in machining higher strength steels, the composition NbC12Ni4Mo4VC was chosen for finish machining of a high-strength steel S960QL in this study. The experiments were carried out on an ultrasonic-assisted 5-axis milling machine using NbC tools specially made to benchmark them with commercially available coated WC cutting inserts. In addition, the influence of a coating system for the NbC inserts is tested and evaluated for its performance in the cutting process. Tool wear and cutting force analyses are implied to identify optimal parameter combinations as well as tool properties for the novel NbC tool. Together with the oscillation of ultrasonic-assisted milling, the loads on the component surface and the tool can be reduced and the wear behavior of the novel NbC tool can be refined. These milling tests are accompanied by standardized wear tests, i.e., pin-on-disc, between the aforementioned material combinations, and the results are correlated with each other. Finally, the behavior when using hard-to-cut materials such as Ni alloys, or innovative materials such as iron aluminide is also being tested, as these are constantly in the focus of machining optimization. With this strategy, comprehensive knowledge is achievable for future efficient application of NbC for milling tools, which have already been researched for decades using WC.
T2 - 24th International Conference on Wear of Materials
CY - Banff, Canada
DA - 16.04.2023
KW - Niobium carbide
KW - Cutting tool
KW - Ultrasonic-assisted milling
KW - Tool wear
PY - 2023
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2023.204722
SN - 0043-1648
VL - 522
SP - 1
EP - 7
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-57561
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hübner, Martin
A1 - Kromm, Arne
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Eigenspannungsabbau mittels LTT – Schweißzusätzen unter Berücksichtigung der Nahtgeometrie
N2 - Low Transformation Temperature (LTT)-Schweißzusätze sind ein innovativer Ansatz, um Eigenspannungen in Schweißnähten zu reduzieren. Dieser Vortrag behandelt neben den Einfluss der LTT-Schweißzusätze auch deren Naht-Ausführungen. Die unterschiedlichen LTT-Nahtgeometrien haben einen signifikanten Einfluss auf den Eigenspannungsabbau in der Schweißnaht und der Wärmeeinflusszone (WEZ).
T2 - SFB 1120 Summer School
CY - Steinfeld, Germany
DA - 11.06.2024
KW - LTT (Low Transformation Temperature)
KW - Eigenspannungen
KW - Ermüdungsfestigkeit
KW - Aufmischung
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60306
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröder, Nina
T1 - Untersuchung des WEZ-Softening‘s und thermodynamische Simulation des Ausscheidungsverhaltens beim Schweißen eines S690QL mit unterschiedlichen Mikrolegierungsrouten
N2 - In vielen Bereichen des industriellen Stahlbaus, wie z. B. bei Mobilkränen und im Offshore-Bereich, werden seit langem hochfeste Feinkornbaustähle mit einer Streckgrenze von über 690 MPa eingesetzt. Um die notwendige Tragfähigkeit zu gewährleisten, erfordert die schweißtechnische Verarbeitung dieser Stähle eine zuverlässige Kenntnis des komplexen Zusammenspiels zwischen dem Schweißprozess, der zugrundeliegenden Wärmeeinbringung und den entsprechenden Abkühlungsbedingungen, der chemischen Zusammensetzung von Grund- und Zusatzwerkstoff und den daraus resultierenden metallurgischen Phänomenen in der Schweißnaht und der WEZ. Mikrolegierungselemente wie Ti und Nb leisten einen unverzichtbaren Beitrag zur Erhöhung der Festigkeit durch Ausscheidungshärtung. Frühere Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, dass ein signifikanter Einfluss der Mikrolegierungselemente auf die Phasenumwandlung hinsichtlich der Aufhärtung und/oder Erweichung der Wärmeeinflusszone angenommen werden kann. Die Normvorgaben für die chemische Zusammensetzung nach DIN EN 10025-6 geben dem Hersteller oft nur Grenzen vor, um die gewünschten mechanischen Eigenschaften zu erreichen. Die Wirkung der Legierungselemente und der entsprechenden Ausscheidungen (Karbide und/oder Nitride) ist manchmal völlig konträr, insbesondere bei Auflösung und Wiederausscheidung in der WEZ bei identischem Zusatzwerkstoff. Dies erschwert eine adäquate Vorhersage der Chargenabhängigkeit im Hinblick auf die Schweißbarkeit und die Belastbarkeit der Schweißnaht. Das Fügen dieser Stähle erfolgt hauptsächlich durch das Metall-Schutzgasschweißen (MSG). Moderne Inverterschweißquellen und mikroelektronische Steuerungstechnik ermöglichten den Einsatz von gesteuerten Lichtbogenvarianten, wie dem modifizierten Sprühlichtbogen. Diese Lichtbogenvariante zeichnet sich durch mehrere Eigenschaften aus, wie z.B. reduzierte Nahtöffnungswinkel und erhöhte Abschmelzleistungen. Wobei sich diese hohe Wärmeeinwirkung negativ auf die Phasenumwandlung in der WEZ auswirken kann. Eine unerwünschte Eigenschaft ist die Erweichung der WEZ, ebenso wie der gegenteilige Effekt der Aufhärtung.
T2 - Bachloranden-, Masteranden-, Doktoranden-Kolloquium (BMDK) OvGU Magdeburg
CY - Online meeting
DA - 09.03.2022
KW - WEZ-Erweichung
KW - S690QL
KW - Einfluss Mikrolegierungselmente Ti und Nb
KW - Ausscheidungsverhalten
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-54517
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröder, Nina
T1 - Ausscheidungsverhalten und Eigenschaften der schweißbedingten Wärmeeinflusszonen hochfester Stähle in Abhängigkeit der Mikrolegierungsroute
N2 - Für eine signifikante Festigkeitssteigerung von vergüteten, hochfesten Feinkornbaustählen mit einer Nominalstreckgrenze ≥ 690 MPa, ist die Zugabe von Mikrolegierungselementen, wie Nb und Ti, unerlässlich. Die Normvorgaben zur chemischen Zusammensetzung dieser Stähle (bspw. in DIN EN 10025-6) geben zur Erzielung der vorgeschriebenen Eigenschaften dabei oft nur Grenzgehalte für die Hersteller vor. Die Wirkung der Legierungselemente in der WEZ ist teilweise komplett konträr. Somit wird eine adäquate Vorhersage der Chargenabhängigkeit hinsichtlich der Schweißeignung und des Tragverhaltens der Schweißverbindung erschwert. Neben metallographischen Untersuchungen einzelner WEZ-Bereiche wurden unter Variation der chemischen Zusammensetzung, thermodynamische Phasenberechnungen mittels ThermoCalc durchgeführt. Hierdurch wird ein Verständnis zur Phasentransformation, Ausscheidungswachstum und -auflösung während des Schweißens in Abhängigkeit von Temperatur und Abkühlbedingungen geschaffen.
T2 - 40. Vortrags- und Diskussionstagung Werkstoffprüfung 2022
CY - Dresden, Germany
DA - 27.10.2022
KW - WEZ-Erweichung
KW - Hochfester Feinkornbaustahl
KW - ThermoCalc
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56169
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröder, Nina
T1 - Experimentelle Bestimmung und thermodynamische Modellierung des Ausscheidungsverhaltens in der WEZ eines S690QL bei unterschiedlichen Mikrolegierungsrouten
N2 - Für eine signifikante Festigkeitssteigerung von vergüteten, hochfesten Feinkornbaustählen mit einer Normstreckgrenze > 690 MPa, ist die Zugabe von Mikrolegierungselementen, wie Nb und Ti, unerlässlich. Die Normvorgaben zur chemischen Zusammensetzung dieser Stähle (bspw. in DIN EN 10025-6) geben zur Erzielung der vorgeschriebenen Eigenschaften dabei oft nur Grenzgehalte für die Hersteller vor. Die Wirkung der Legierungselemente bzw. ihrer Karbide und/oder Nitride ist teilweise komplett konträr, insbesondere bei Auflösung und Wiederausscheidung in der WEZ bei identischem Schweißzusatz. Somit wird eine adäquate Vorhersage der Chargenabhängigkeit hinsichtlich der Schweißeignung und des Tragverhaltens der Schweißverbindung erschwert. Zuzüglich können moderne Schweißprozesse, wie MSG mit modifiziertem Sprühlichtbogen (mod. SLB) durch ihre hohe Wärmeeinwirkung die Phasenumwandlung in der Wärmeeinflusszone negativ beeinflussen. Eine unerwünschte Eigenschaft ist dabei die Erweichung (engl.: softening) der WEZ, wie auch u.U. der gegenteilige Effekt der Aufhärtung (engl.: hardening). Vor diesem Hintergrund werden im Rahmen eines DFG-Vorhabens systematisch Mikrolegierungsrouten mit variierenden Ti- und Nb-Gehalten des hochfesten und vergüteten Feinkornbaustahls S690QL untersucht. Dazu wird das MAGSchweißen mit mod. SLB verwendet, welches durch hohe Abschmelzleistung gekennzeichnet ist und schmalere Fugenöffnungswinkel (α = 30°) ermöglicht. An diesen Schweißungen wird der Effekt der metallurgischen Zusammensetzung in Kombination mit hoher Wärmeeinwirkung auf dDie Ausbildung einer kritischen WEZ-Gefügezone mit Erweichung und/oder exzessiver Aufhärtung untersucht. Ein besonderes Augenmerk wird auf die Phasenumwandlungen und das Ausscheidungsverhalten im Gefüge der Wärmeeinflusszone gelegt. Neben umfangreichen metallographischen Untersuchungen einzelner WEZ-Bereiche wurden, unter Variation der chemischen Zusammensetzung, thermodynamische Phasenberechnungen mittels ThermoCalc durchgeführt. Hierdurch wird ein Verständnis zur Phasentransformation und Ausscheidungswachstum und -auflösung während des Schweißens in Abhängigkeit von Temperatur und Abkühlbedingungen geschaffen. Das Ziel ist es, mittels erster Untersuchungen den Einfluss der Wärmeeinwirkung auf die Gefügeausbildung in der WEZ zu zeigen. Insbesondere wird hier auf die Auswirkung der unterschiedlichen Mikrolegierungskonzepte (Ti oder Nb) geachtet.
T2 - DVS Congress 2022 - Große Schweißtechnische Tagung
CY - Koblenz, Germany
DA - 19.09.2022
KW - WEZ-Erweichung
KW - Hochfester Feinkornbaustahl
KW - ThermoCalc
KW - Thermodynamische Simulation
KW - Modifizierter Sprühlichtbogen
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55835
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröder, Nina
T1 - Influence of Microalloying on Precipitation Behavior and Notched Impact Strength of Welded High Strength Structural Steels
N2 - Microalloying elements, such as Nb and Ti, are essential for significantly increasing the strength of quenched and tempered, high-strength structural steels with a nominal yield strength ≥ 690 MPa and their welded joints. The standard specifications (e.g., EN 10025-6) for the chemical composition are only tolerated limit contents within which the steel manufacturers operate. The standard composition, however, says nothing per se about the properties of the material. Even small deviations in the alloy route can have a drastic effect on the mechanical properties. This makes it difficult or even impossible to adequately predict the weldability and integrity of the welded joint. An undesirable side effect is the possible softening of the heat-affected zone (HAZ), as well as the opposite hardening.Mechanical-technological investigations of the notched impact strength confirm the results of the simulation regarding the development of different microalloy routes in the welded state. From this, the influence of the heat effect of welding on the microstructure formation in the HAZ and the corresponding mechanical properties can be described qualitatively.
T2 - 76th IIW Annual Assembly and International Conference on Welding and Joining
CY - Singapore
DA - 16.07.2023
KW - High-strength structural steel
KW - Notched impact strength
KW - HAZ-softening
KW - Microalloying influences
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57997
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröder, Nina
T1 - Mikrolegierungseinfluss auf das Ausscheidungsverhalten und die mechanischen Eigenschaften geschweißter hochfester Baustähle
N2 - Mikrolegierungselemente, wie Nb und Ti, sind für die signifikante Festigkeitssteigerung von vergüteten, hochfesten Feinkornbaustählen mit einer Nominalstreckgrenze ≥ 690 MPa unerlässlich. Normvorgaben zur chemischen Zusammensetzung geben dabei nur obere Grenzwerte für die Hersteller vor. Weiterhin wirken sich bereits kleine Abweichungen in der Legierungsroute teilweise drastisch auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften aus. Somit wird eine adäquate Vorhersage der Schweißeignung und der Integrität der Schweißverbindung aufgrund der variierenden Mikrogefüge erschwert bis unmöglich. Unerwünschte Nebeneffekte sind die mögliche Erweichung der Wärmeeinflusszone (WEZ) als auch der gegenteilige Effekt der Aufhärtung. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden erstmals systematisch die unterschiedlichen Mikrolegierungsrouten mit variierenden Ti- und Nb-Gehalten an Versuchsschmelzen untersucht. Die Stahlgüte S690QL bildet dabei die Grundlage der chemischen Zusammensetzung sowie der entsprechenden Wärmebehandlung. Zur Untersuchung der jeweiligen Schweißeignung wurden Dreilagen-Schweißungen mittels moderner MAG-Hochleistungsschweißprozesse durchgeführt und kritische Gefügebereiche mit hoher Erweichung/Aufhärtung identifiziert. Mechanisch-technologische Untersuchungen zur Kerbschlagzähigkeit mittels Kerbschlagbiegeversuchen durchgeführt wurden, bestätigen dabei die Ergebnisse der thermodynamischen Simulation bezüglich des Ausscheidungsverhaltens während der Temperatur-Zeit Schweißzyklen. Daraus lässt sich der Einfluss der Wärmeeinwirkung beim Schweißen auf die Gefügeausbildung in der WEZ und der korrespondierenden mechanischen Eigenschaften qualitativ beschreiben.
T2 - DVS CONGRESS 2023
CY - Essen, Germany
DA - 11.09.2023
KW - WEZ-Erweichung
KW - Digital Image Correlation
KW - Mikrolegierungseinfluss
KW - Hochfester Feinkornbaustahl
KW - Kerbschlagzähigkeit
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58354
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröder, Nina
A1 - Kadoke, Daniel
A1 - Kruse, Julius
T1 - Investigation of the local strain behavior by digital image correlation and transverse tensile tests on welded differently microalloyed high strength structural steel
N2 - Der Einsatz von hochfesten niedriglegierten Stählen (HSLA) ist in vielen Industriesektoren, wie dem allgemeinen Bauwesen, Offshore Strukturen, Mobilkranbau usw. unumgänglich geworden. Die steigende Nachfrage an Stählen mit einer hohen Festigkeit und gleichzeitig hervorragenden Zähigkeit stellt ein ökonomisches und ökologisches Potential dieser Stähle in Vordergrund. Aktuell gültige Normvorgaben (EN ISO 10025-6) geben den Stahlherstellern Vorgaben bezüglich der chemischen Zusammensetzung, um die geforderten mechanischen Eigenschaften erreichen zu können. Die Legierungsrouten variieren jedoch von Hersteller zu Hersteller. In Betracht der Schweißeignung dieser Stähle zeigt sich das Problem, dass diese bereits bei geringen Nb- und Ti-Mikrolegierungsunterschieden im Grundwerkstoff ein divergentes metallurgisches Verhalten in der Wärmeeinflusszone (WEZ) aufweisen.
In diesem Vortrag werden die schweiß-metallurgischen Unterschiede zwischen verschieden mikrolegiertem hochfestem Feinkornbaustahl S690QL thematisiert. Zur Prüfung der Schweißnahtfestigkeit wurden mittels eines instrumentierten DIC (ARAMIS) Systems Querzugversuche an Schweiß-Querflachzugproben durchgeführt.
T2 - AJP 2023 3rd International Conference on Advanced Joining Processes
CY - Braga, Portugal
DA - 19.10.2023
KW - WEZ-Erweichung
KW - Hochfester Feinkornbaustahl
KW - Digital Image Correlation
KW - Querzugversuch
KW - Mikrolegierungseinfluss
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58721
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Giese, Marcel
T1 - Investigation of the influence of PWHT heating rate and global stress conditions on the stress relief cracking mechanism of CrMoV steel SAW joints
N2 - This presentation summarizes the latest research results of the influence of the post weld heat treatment (PWHT) rate and
the global mechanical stress conditions on the stress relief cracking (SRC) susceptibility of low-alloyed and creep-resistant CrMoV steel submerged arc weld joints. It was found that a certain effect of very low heating rates could be confirmed. In addition, the interlinking of SRC susceptibility increasing effects during the PWHT and the ex-post indentification in metallographic cross-section via microstructure characterization is very complex.
T2 - IIW Intermediate meeting of Commission II-A
CY - Garching, Germany
DA - 06.03.2023
KW - Creep-resistant steel
KW - Submerged arc welding
KW - Stress relief cracking
KW - Heating rate
KW - Microstructure characterization
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57116
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eissel, A.
T1 - Alloy modification for additive manufactured Ni alloy components Part I: Effect on microstructure and hardness
N2 - Alloy 36 is an iron-based alloy with 36% nickel. It is used in applications in which dimensional stability is critical, such as molding tools for composite materials in aerospace and automotive applications. Moreover, increasingly complex structures and the optimisation of resource efficiency also require additive manufacturing steps for the production or repair of components. Additively manufactured components have a heterogeneous microstructure and anisotropic mechanical properties. In addition, the manufactured components require subsequent machining surface finishing due to the high requirements. Nickel iron alloys are difficult to machine. Additionally, inhomogeneous microstructure may lead to unstable cutting forces and conditions. Alloy modifications are made to the alloy 36. For this purpose, titanium, zirconium and niobium are added up to 1 % by mass each. Plasma-Transferred-Arc is used for the welding tests. The hardness profile is determined on the transverse section. The initial structure as well as the modifications have an austenitic structure. The microstructure of the modifications of Alloy 36 with 1% Ti and 1% Zr is not refined, instead the grain size increases.
T2 - IIW C-II Intermediate meeting
CY - Online meeting
DA - 17.03.2022
KW - Alloy modification
KW - Alloy 36
KW - Additive manufacturing
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56622
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Czeskleba, Denis
T1 - Numerical simulation of hydrogen diffusion in submerged arc multilayer welds as a tool for the evaluation of cold cracking resistance
N2 - High-strength structural steels are increasingly used in modern steel construction for economic and design reasons, e.g., in building, plant or mobile crane construction. By using steels with higher yield strengths (≥690 MPa), significant weight reductions and lower processing costs can be achieved by reducing the wall thickness. For example, substituting S235J2 with S960QL can reduce weight by up to 78%. Current efforts in lightweight design result from the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by up to 65% by 2030 compared to 1990. These demands mean a significant reduction in process emissions in industry by increasing the efficiency of energy and raw materials. Submerged arc welding (SAW) offers high deposition rates and the welding of sheet thicknesses of up to 200 mm. Due to their special microstructure to achieve strength, high strength steels have reduced ductility and are susceptible to hydrogen-assisted cold cracking (HACC), which can also form with delay. In addition, large plate thicknesses lead to high residual welding stresses and long diffusion paths for hydrogen introduced via the welding process, for example. Numerical simulations provide a tool for evaluating the susceptibility of welded joints to cold cracking. In this study, the influence of heat input (ranging from 14.5 kJ/cm to 22 kJ/cm) and plate thickness (30 mm to 60 mm) on the hydrogen content in welded joints was investigated using the finite difference method. The simulation was parametrized to account for weld geometry, heat input and conduction, as well as hydrogen diffusion. Experimental investigations within the project determined hydrogen diffusion coefficients using electrochemical permeation. Additionally, the geometry of the weld layers was analyzed through macrosection examinations. These simulations showed that the heat input has a significant influence on the effusion of hydrogen and the distribution of the hydrogen concentration. Significant influencing factors are above all the sheet thickness and the thickness of the weld bead, as the hydrogen needs more time for effusion with longer diffusion paths. The simulation results can be used to derive HRHT diagrams and improve efficiency through process optimization.
T2 - IIW Intermediate Meeting 2025
CY - Trollhätten, Sweden
DA - 10.03.2025
KW - Hydrogen Cracking
KW - Submerged Arc Welding
KW - Hydrogen Diffusion
KW - Cold Cracking
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63125
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Scharf-Wildenhain, R.
A1 - Hälsig, A.
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Wandtke, Karsten
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) mit hochfesten Feinkornbaustählen
N2 - Die additive Verarbeitung hochfester Feinkornbaustähle mittels Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) ist ein komplexes, aber zugleich auch effizientes Verfahren, bei dem Werkstoff, Bauteilgeometrie und Schweißprozess gezielt aufeinander abgestimmt sein müssen. Ziel dieser Studie war es, einen Zusammenhang zwischen den Prozessparametern und der generierten Schichtgeometrie zu ermitteln. Dazu wurden definierte Referenzkörper mit einem robotergestützten Schweißsystem additiv gefertigt und hinsichtlich Schichthöhe, Wandstärke und Mikrostruktur analysiert. Fokus der Untersuchung waren sowohl konventionelle als auch für die WAAM-Fertigung speziell entwickelte hochfeste Schweißzusatzwerkstoffe. Die geometrischen Eigenschaften additiv gefertigter Bauteile lassen sich insbesondere durch die Faktoren Drahtvorschubgeschwindigkeit und Schweißgeschwindigkeit gezielt einstellen. Jedoch können diese Parameter nicht beliebig variiert werden, auch aufgrund der rheologischen Eigenschaften der Zusatzwerkstoffe. Zu hohe Streckenenergien führen zu lokalen Überhitzungen und Fehlstellen in der generierten Schicht. Undefinierte Fließ- und Erstarrungsvorgänge im überhitzten Bereich erschweren die maßhaltige Fertigung. Deshalb wird bei speziellen WAAM-Schweißdrähten das Fließverhalten gezielt modifiziert, sodass es über einen größeren Temperaturbereich hinweg konstant ist. Erst die Kenntnis über die komplexen Zusammenhänge zwischen den Prozessparametern und der Bauteilgeometrie ermöglicht die Erzeugung exakter Schichtmodelle für die additive Fertigung. Dies bildet die Grundlage für die Bearbeitung weiterer Fragestellungen auf dem Gebiet der additiven Fertigung mit hochfesten Zusatzwerkstoffen und insbesondere deren Anwendung in modernen hochfesten Bauteilen.
T2 - 41. Assistentenseminar Fügetechnik
CY - Magdeburg, Germany
DA - 03.09.2020
KW - MAG-Schweißen
KW - Eigenspannungen
KW - Additive Fertigung
KW - Hochfester Stahl
KW - Kaltrisssicherheit
PY - 2021
SN - 978-3-96144-141-9
VL - 370
IS - 41
SP - 113
EP - 124
PB - DVS Media GmbH
CY - Düsseldorf
AN - OPUS4-56641
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Reichardt, Adrian
T1 - Introduction of an ageing management approach for packages for the transport of radioactive materials
N2 - With integration of the new para 613A into SSR-6 [1] the consideration of ageing mechanisms is now obligatory for the design of packages and their approval. In addition, para 809(f) of SSR-6 [1] requires consideration of the effects of storage on ageing mechanisms, safety analyses and operation and maintenance instructions.
German competent authorities Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) and Bundesamt für die Sicherheit der nuklearen Entsorgung (BASE) are considering the aspect of ageing in approval procedures. Ageing assessment is mainly focused on dual purpose casks (DPC) package designs which are long-term stored in interim storage facilities. For these package designs, the evaluation of ageing management is now mandatory for the maintenance of the package design approvals with a validity period of 5 years and beyond. The ageing management includes amongst others a gap analysis, the assessment of ageing effects and operational experiences during operation and interim storage.
BAM works on the compilation of a guideline for implementation of paras 613A, 809(f) and 809(k) for packages requiring competent authority approval at the application procedure in Germany. The paper describes essential items of ageing mechanisms and will give a foresight to the ageing management evaluation by BAM.
T2 - INMM & ESARDA Joint Annual Meeting
CY - Online Meeting
DA - 30.08.2021
KW - Ageing
KW - Dual purpose casks
KW - Transport of radaioactive materials
KW - Ageing mechanisms
KW - Interim storage
KW - SSR-6
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53197
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Gleim, Tobias
A1 - Neumann, Martin
A1 - Linnemann, Konrad
A1 - Komann, Steffen
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Fracture Mechanical Analyses of a Welding Seam of a Thick-Walled Transport Package
N2 - Transport packages shall satisfy various safety criteria regarding mechanical, thermal and radiation phenomena. Typical requirements focusing mechanical aspects are usually drop tests in accordance with IAEA regulations. The drop tests are usually carried out experimentally and, as an additional measure, finite element analyses (FEA) are performed. A specific part of the investigations presented is the evaluation of the welding seam connecting cask shell and cask bottom. Experimental results and FEA are presented and compared. The evaluation of the welding seam performed includes a variety of aspects. In addition to the experimental and analytical stresses determined, different standards are used to investigate a possible crack initiation. Several destructive and non-destructive tests are performed for quality assurance in the manufacturing process as well as for different input parameters. The necessary monitoring and non-destructive measurement methods to define the boundary conditions of the standards are introduced. Taking into account all required parameters, the welding seam is examined and evaluated using the failure assessment diagrams (FAD) of the respective standards. It can be shown under the given boundary conditions that considering the experimental data, the welding seam is in the context of crack initiation below the enveloping curve in the acceptable region. More critical drop tests to be conducted are proposed and need to be investigated in future work.
T2 - Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference® 2022
CY - Las Vegas, NV, USA
DA - 17.07.2022
KW - Transport package
KW - Drop test
KW - Fracture initiation
PY - 2022
SP - 1
EP - 9
AN - OPUS4-55375
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Erxleben, Kjell
T1 - Challenges in repair welding of in-service h2-pipelines
N2 - Hydrogen will be one of the most important energy carriers of tomorrow. For the necessary large-scale and long-distance transportation, a reliable pipeline infrastructure is required. It is meanwhile in the most countries accepted to follow a two-way strategy by (I) repurposing the existing natural gas (NG) grid combined with (II) the installation of new pipelines. For example, in Europe a so-called European Hydrogen Backbone (EHB) is planned for 2040. Currently, 28 countries work together to establish a hydrogen pipeline grid of several thousands of kilometers. In that connection, a wide number of materials are used with different thicknesses, strength levels, chemical composition, surface conditions and so on. Worldwide research projects suggest the general compatibility of the currently applied pipeline steels e.g., in Germany the “SysWestH2” project. Nonetheless, the hydrogen gas grid will require regular inspections, repair, and maintenance. In addition, sometimes pipeline tees are required to connect new grids or pipelines the existing infrastructure. From that point of view, existing concepts from NG-grids must be investigated in terms of the transferability to hydrogen service. An overview on occurring challenges for this hydrogen transition, especially for in-service weld repair procedures is given in this presentation.
T2 - AMPP 2024 - The Association for Materials Protection and Performance
CY - Genoa, Italy
DA - 09.06.2024
KW - In-service
KW - Pipeline
KW - Repair welding
KW - High-pressure
KW - Hydrogen
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60327
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kromm, Arne
T1 - Comparison and capabilities of different Methods
N2 - X-ray and Neutron diffraction as well as the contour method were used to determine residual stresses in a additively manufactured sample. The results are compared. Capabilites and limitations are shown.
T2 - European Conference on Residual Stresses 11 - Tutorial 1: Residual stresses in additive manufacturing
CY - Prague, Czech Republic
DA - 03.06.2024
KW - Residual stress
KW - X-ray diffraction
KW - Neutron diffraction
KW - Contour method
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60286
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Neumann, Martin
T1 - Nuclear disposal - transport and storage of radioactive waste
N2 - This presentation deals with transport, interim storage, and final disposal of radioactive material in Germany in the context of the University of Magdeburg course "Introduction to nuclear plant design and safety". The IAEA regulatory framework, relevant tests for ensuring safety, and transport packages are a major part of the transport aspect. Different interim storage designs are discussed as well as the current state of final repositories in Germany analyzed. Finally, a European perspective is given.
T2 - Vorlesungsreihe "Introduction to nuclear plant design and safety"
CY - Magdeburg, Germany
DA - 13.06.2025
KW - Nuclear
KW - Transport
KW - Radioactive
KW - Material
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63433
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Reichel, Levin
T1 - Residual stress formation during repeated gouging and repair welding cycles of high-strength steels
N2 - The construction of foundation and erection structures for wind power plants requires the use of modern, sustainable and resource-efficient high-strength fine-grained structural steels. Weld defects due to the welding process are unacceptable. To overcome this issue, local thermal gouging followed by re-welding is a common and cost-effective method. The high shrinkage restraint of the gouge by the surrounding structure can cause crack initiation when design and re-weld induced residual stresses are superimposed. This risk is intensified by the progressive degradation of the microstructure and mechanical properties of high-strength steels during the weld repair process.
This investigation focuses on high-strength steels S500MLO for offshore applications and S960QL for mobile crane applications. The reduction and development of residual stresses caused by local thermal gouging and re-welding was investigated. Digital Image Correlated (DIC) stress-strain analysis was performed during preheating, welding and cooling. The results of the global DIC analysis and local longitudinal and transverse residual stresses of the weld determined by X-ray diffraction were found to be in good agreement. Furthermore, different stress levels were identified during gouging and welding. Repeated repair cycles led to an increase of longitudinal and transverse residual stresses in the weld metal as well as a hardness increase in the heat affected zone.
T2 - European Conference on Residual Stresses - ECRS11
CY - Prague, Czech Republic
DA - 03.06.2024
KW - Repair welding
KW - Gouging
KW - Residual stress
KW - Repair cycles
KW - High-strength steels
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60215
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schubert, Sven
A1 - Reichardt, Adrian
A1 - Wille, Frank
A1 - Komann, Steffen
A1 - Neumann, Martin
T1 - Introduction of an ageing management approach for packages for the transport of radioactive materials
N2 - With integration of the new para 613A into SSR-6 [1] the consideration of ageing mechanisms is now obligatory for the design of packages and their approval. In addition, para 809(f) of SSR-6 [1] requires consideration of the effects of storage on ageing mechanisms, safety analyses and operation and maintenance instructions.
German competent authorities Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) and Bundesamt für die Sicherheit der nuklearen Entsorgung (BASE) are considering the aspect of ageing in approval procedures. Ageing assessment is mainly focused on dual purpose casks (DPC) package designs which are long-term stored in interim storage facilities. For these package designs, the evaluation of ageing management is now mandatory for the maintenance of the package design approvals with a validity period of 5 years and beyond. The ageing management includes amongst others a gap analysis, the assessment of ageing effects and operational experiences during operation and interim storage.
BAM works on the compilation of a guideline for implementation of paras 613A, 809(f) and 809(k) for packages requiring competent authority approval at the application procedure in Germany. The paper describes essential items of ageing mechanisms and will give a foresight to the ageing management evaluation by BAM.
T2 - INMM & ESARDA Joint Annual Meeting
CY - Online meeting
DA - 30.08.2021
KW - Dual purpose casks
KW - Ageing
KW - SSR-6
KW - Interim storage
KW - Ageing mechanisms
KW - Transport of radaioactive materials
PY - 2021
UR - https://www.abstractsonline.com/pp8/#!/10383/presentation/964
SP - 1
EP - 6
PB - Institute of Nuclear Materials Management (INMM)
CY - Mount Laurel, NJ
AN - OPUS4-53180
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Quercetti, Thomas
T1 - Full-scale drop testing with a heavy-weight package for radioactive waste
N2 - Packages for the transport of radioactive materials shall fulfil the requirements of the IAEA regulations for the safe transport. The requirements define mechanical and thermal test conditions including criteria ensuring the package design’s ability to withstand severe accidents and provide a high level of technical safety. Different methods can be used for safety demonstration showing compliance with the regulations.
The central part of a safety demonstration which is presented in this paper was a comprehensive drop test program with a full-scale model of a transport package accompanied by pre- and post-test FE analyses. Using full-scale drop test models allow the benefit that similarity and scaling issues become a significant smaller issue, additional material investigations can be limited and analyses for transferring test results to the original package design are reduced. Additionally, experience for the future serial packaging manufacturing and handling procedures can be collected in a very early state of the design approval process. The pre-test finite element analyses derived and justified the drop test program consisting of several drop sequences with different drop orientations of the specimen. The performance and the results of the drop test sequences shows the manageability and the advantage e.g., in view of the direct availability of test results for the package licensing. On the other hand, the drop test performance shows the difficulties during handling and the need for additional equipment during preparation of the specimen.
The package presented was intended for the transport and storage of compacted radioactive waste from reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel assemblies - designed and applied for approval by the AGC consortium. The project ended in 2021. The package design was characterized by a cask body made of a forged thick stainless-steel shell, a bolted double lid system with metallic gaskets and wood filled shock absorbers at both ends. The total mass of the entire transport package including content was 120,000 kg, the total length was about 7000 mm and the diameter approximately
3000 mm, both measures include the shock absorbers.
The paper provides an insight into the performance of a full-scale drop testing campaign within the package safety evaluation and shows some selected test results.
T2 - 20th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials (PATRAM 22)
CY - Juan-Les-Pins, France
DA - 11.06.2023
KW - Full-scale
KW - Drop testing
KW - Package
KW - Radioactive waste
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57731
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kromm, Arne
T1 - Case Studies 2 – RS in DED-arc AM Components
N2 - The presentation shows examples of resdiual stresses to be found typically in DED-arc additively manufactured high strength steel components.
T2 - European Conference on Residual Stresses 11 - Tutorial 1: Residual stresses in additive manufacturing
CY - Prague, Czech Republic
DA - 03.06.2024
KW - Residual stress
KW - DED-arc
KW - High strength steel
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60285
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Engelking, Lorenz
T1 - Residual Stress Analysis on a DED-Arc High-strength Steel Component Using the Contour Method
N2 - This poster compares the results of the residual stress determination of DED-Arc open hollow cuboid specimens via XRD with the contour method. The results are in very good agreement.
T2 - ECRS11
CY - Prague, Czech Republic
DA - 03.06.2024
KW - DED-Arc
KW - Residual stress
KW - Contour method
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60221
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Component test for the assessment of hydrogen assisted cracking susceptibility of thick-walled submerged arc welded offshore steels
N2 - Offshore wind turbines (OWT) are a key factor of the sustainable energy generation of tomorrow. The continuously increasing installation depths and weight of the OWTs require suitable foundation concepts like monopiles or tripods. Typically, mild steels like the S420ML are used with plate thicknesses up to several hundreds of mm causing high restraints in the weld joints. Due to the large plate thickness, submerged arc welding (SAW) with multiple wires is the state-of-the-art welding procedure. As a result of the very high stiffness of the construction, a certain susceptibility for time-delayed hydrogen-assisted cracking (HAC) may occur. The evaluation of crack susceptibility is very complex due to the component size and stiffness of real offshore structures. For this purpose, a near-component test geometry was developed to transfer the real stiffness conditions to laboratory (i.e., workshop) scale. The investigated mock-up, weighing 350 kg, comprised heavy plates (thickness 50 mm, seam length 1,000 m) joined by a 22-pass submerged arc weld. Additional stiffeners simulated the effect of high restraint or shrinkage restraint of the weld. Extreme scenarios of hydrogen absorption during welding were simulated via the use of welding fluxes in dry (HD < 5 ml/100g Fe) and moisture condition (HD > 15 ml/100g Fe). The residual stresses were determined by a robot X-ray diffractometer. Areas of critical tensile residual stress (at the level of the yield strength) were found in the weld metal and heat affected zone. To identify possible delayed cracking, the welds were tested by phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT) after 48 h. Summarized, no significant occurrence of HAC was detected, indicating the high crack resistance of the welded joint, i.e., a suitable combination of base material, welding consumable and welding parameters.
T2 - AJP 2023: 3rd International Conference on Advanced Joining Processes 2023
CY - Braga, Portugal
DA - 19.10.2023
KW - Hydrogen assisted cracking
KW - Submerged arc welding
KW - Component test
KW - NDT
KW - Waiting time
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58672
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Giese, Marcel
A1 - Schröder, Nina
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
A1 - Kromm, Arne
A1 - Kadoke, Daniel
A1 - Kruse, Julius
T1 - Local strain behaviour in cross weld tensile specimens of microalloyed high strength steels using digital image correlation
N2 - This study specifically examines the role of the microalloying element titanium (Ti) in achieving the desired mechanical properties of quenched and tempered high-strength fine-grain structural steels, with a nominal yield strength of ≥ 690 MPa. Current specifications limit chemical composition only by defining upper thresholds, but even minor variations in Ti content can substantially alter mechanical properties. Consequently, accurate prediction of weldability and welded joint integrity becomes challenging, as variations in Ti lead to distinct microstructural characteristics, potentially causing undesirable softening or hardening effects in the heat-affected zone (HAZ).
To address these complexities, two distinct titanium concentrations were systematically investigated for the first time using specially developed laboratory-cast alloys. Both alloying configurations were based on the standard S690QL grade, with consistent chemical composition and heat treatment parameters maintained across the samples.
For the weldability analysis, three-layer welds were executed using gas metal arc welding (GMAW), allowing for the identification of critical microstructural zones within the HAZ that exhibit significant softening or hardening. The influence of the softened HAZ region on failure mechanisms was assessed through transverse tensile tests. Digital image correlation (DIC) was employed to capture local strain variations across different HAZ regions in situ. With a custom-developed mirror system, local strains in microstructural zones on both the top and bottom surfaces of the weld were recorded simultaneously. This setup enabled a detailed analysis of how weld seam geometry (e.g., V-groove configuration) influences strain gradients. Additionally, the investigation of localized deformation provided insights into how variations in Ti content within the HAZ affect global strain, fracture constriction, fracture location, and overall fracture behavior.
T2 - MPA Seminar 2024 Materials Processes Applications
CY - Stuttgart, Germany
DA - 08.10.2024
KW - HAZ-Softening
KW - Digital Image Correlation
KW - Cross weld tensile test
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61488
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wandtke, Karsten
T1 - Residual Stress Evolution During Slot Milling for Repair Welding and WAAM of High-Strength Steel Components
N2 - High-strength steels have great potential for weight optimization due to reduced wall thicknesses in many modern steel constructions. Further advances in efficiency can be achieved through the application of additive manufacturing processes, such as Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM). These technologies enable the sustainable and resource-efficient manufacturing of high-strength steels into near-net-shape, efficient structures. During the production of steel structures, unacceptable defects may occur in the weld area or in the WAAM component, e.g., due to unstable process conditions. The economical solution for most of the cases is local gouging or machining of the affected areas and repair welding. With respect to the limited ductility of high-strength steels, it is necessary to clarify the effects of machining steps on the multiaxial stress state and the high design-induced shrinkage restraint. In this context, the component-related investigations in two research projects are concerned with the residual stress evolution during welding and slot milling of welds and WAAM structures made of high-strength steels with yield strengths ≥790 MPa. In-situ digital image correlation (DIC) and ex-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to analyse the stresses and strains induced on specimens during and after milling. The systematic analyses revealed a significant interaction of the stiffness and relaxation of the specimens with the initial residual stresses induced by welding.
T2 - ICRS 11 - The 11th International Conference on Residual Stresse
CY - Nancy, France
DA - 27.03.2022
KW - MAG-Schweißen
KW - Eigenspannungen
KW - Additive Fertigung
KW - Hochfester Stahl
KW - Reparaturschweißen
KW - Gefügedegradation
KW - Windenergie
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56708
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Becker, Amadeus
T1 - Konstruktive Einflüsse bei der beanspruchungsgerechten Reparatur geschweißter Bauteile aus hochfesten Feinkornbaustählen
N2 - Für eine nachhaltige und ressourceneffiziente Fertigung von Windkraftanlagen ist der Einsatz moderner hochfester Feinkornbaustähle vielfach notwendig. Bei der Montage hochfester Stahlkonstruktionen kommt es trotz anforderungsgerechter schweißtechnischer Fertigung vereinzelt zur Detektion von unzulässigen Unregelmäßigkeiten im Schweißbereich. Derzeitige Normen und Verarbeitungsrichtlinien geben hierbei kaum Informationen zu adäquaten Reparaturkonzepten, insbesondere für hochfeste Stähle. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden an der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) bauteilrelevante Untersuchungen zu den schweißbedingten Beanspruchungen und Gefügeveränderungen bei der schweißtechnischen Reparatur durch lokales thermisches Ausfugen und erneutes Schweißen durchgeführt.
Hierzu werden einige wesentliche Ergebnisse an Beispielen des Ingenieurbaus, mit Blick auf die mechanisch-technologischen Eigenschaften und Eigenspannungen erörtert. In einem aktuellen Vorhaben (FOSTA P1311, IGF 20162N) sind darauf aufbauend die Einflüsse durch die Schrumpfbehinderung und Wärmeführung beim Reparaturschweißen hochfester Feinkornbaustähle (S500MLO, S960QL) sowie die Reparaturzyklenanzahl Fokus systematischer Untersuchungen. Mittels strukturmechanischer Berechnungen ließen sich hierzu selbstbeanspruchende Probenformen identifizieren, die unterschiedliche definierte Steifigkeitsverhältnisse von Reparaturschweißnähten realer Bauteile abbilden. Schweißnähte an diesen bauteilähnlichen Proben weisen signifikant erhöhte schweißbedingte Beanspruchungen mit zunehmenden (Biege-)Einspanngraden auf. Im Vergleich mit bisherigen Erkenntnissen wird gezeigt, dass eine sichere Reparatur solcher Schweißnähte nur mittels optimaler Reparaturkonzepte und Wärmeführung gelingt, um diesen hohen Beanspruchungen und auch den speziellen Gefügen hochfester Stähle Rechnung zu tragen.
Ziel der Untersuchungen ist es letztlich, Empfehlungen für beanspruchungs- und werkstoffgerechte Reparaturkonzepte gerade für KMU abzuleiten, um Schäden und zumeist teure Nacharbeiten zu vermeiden.
T2 - 4. Niedersächsisches Symposium Materialtechnik
CY - Online meeting
DA - 25.02.2021
KW - Feinkornbaustähle
KW - Hochfest
KW - Reparaturschweißen
KW - Eigenspannungen
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52562
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Nagelschmidt, Sven
T1 - Application study of time-temperature correlation methods on test data of metal seals
N2 - Reliable experimental data and prediction models are required to evaluate the behavior of components and materials over long periods of time. One method is based on the time-temperature equivalence principle, according to which a state or material property occurs or can be achieved equivalently at different time-temperature combinations. Higher temperatures generally shorten the duration and vice versa. Based on this approach, the long-term behavior of metal seals, as used in storage containers for spent nuclear fuels and high-level radioactive waste, has been studied at BAM and other institutions around the world for several years. However, such tests are often not planned as a preliminary point regarding the basic conditions of time-temperature related models. Gaps are then sometimes identified during the evaluation, for example because certain temperature values are missing, or the measurement intervals were not selected appropriately.
This study evaluates exemplarily the status of the test data of metal seals at the BAM regarding the applicability of existing time-temperature correlation methods and corresponding models. Based on the existing database, the aim is to show which method and model are more likely to be applicable and which additional tests might be necessary to obtain a more suitable database.
The tests so far have provided important findings for the planning and adaptation of possible further tests and for suitable model developments. Identified gaps in the data basis led to further development of the methods. In the present work, a time-temperature correlation was determined based on a time-temperature parameter from GRAHAM and WALLES for a selected data range.
T2 - Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference PVP2025
CY - Montreal, Canada
DA - 20.07.2025
KW - Time-temperature equivalence
KW - Metal seals,
KW - Time-temperature superposition
KW - Time-temperature parameters
PY - 2025
VL - 2025
SP - 1
EP - 4
PB - ASME
CY - USA
AN - OPUS4-63789
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Wätzold, Florian
A1 - Popiela, Bartosz
A1 - Mayer, Jonas
T1 - Methodology for AI-Based Search Strategy of Scientific Papers: Exemplary Search for Hybrid and Battery Electric Vehicles in the Semantic Scholar Database
N2 - The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) has significantly enhanced productivity, particularly in repetitive tasks. In the scientific domain, literature review stands out as a key area where AI-based tools can be effectively applied. This study presents a methodology for developing a search strategy for systematic reviews using AI tools. The Semantic Scholar database served as the foundation for the search process. The methodology was tested by searching for scientific papers related to batteries and hydrogen vehicles with the aim of enabling an evaluation for their potential applications. An extensive list of vehicles and their operational environments based on international standards and literature reviews was defined and used as the main input for the exemplary search. The AI-supported search yielded approximately 60,000 results, which were subjected to an initial relevance assessment. For the relevant papers, a neighbourhood analysis based on citation and reference networks was conducted. The final selection of papers, covering the period from 2013 to 2023, included 713 papers assessed after the initial review. An extensive discussion of the results is provided, including their categorisation based on search terms, publication years, and cluster analysis of powertrains, as well as operational environments of the vehicles involved. This case study illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed methodology and serves as a starting point for future research. The results demonstrate the potential of AI-based tools to enhance productivity when searching for scientific papers.
KW - Search strategy
KW - Methodology
KW - Artificial intelligence
KW - Literature review
KW - Battery electric vehicles
KW - Hydrogen-powered vehicles
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-622012
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/publications12040049
VL - 12
IS - 4
SP - 1
EP - 16
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel, Switzerland
AN - OPUS4-62201
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Ghaznavi, Ali
A1 - Kästle, Emanuel D.
A1 - Popiela, Bartosz
A1 - Duffner, Eric
T1 - Damage monitoring of hydrogen composite pressure vessels using acoustic emission technique and machine learning
N2 - A good understanding of the structural stability of hydrogen composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPV) is important for the cost-effective design and safe operation of hydrogen storage systems. Acoustic emission (AE) monitoring is a non-destructive method sensitive to microstructural damages such as e.g. fiber breakage, and matrix cracking in COPVs. This study proposes a novel approach for damage monitoring by integrating acoustic emission techniques with machine learning (ML) algorithms to classify and predict damage types in COPVs. However, training accurate classification models requires extensive labeled datasets, which are very challenging to generate due to the nature of AE signal data and the lack of in-situ observations of microscopic failures in COPVs. Our research overcomes this limitation by automating the labeling process of AE signal data for different COPVs using unsupervised ML methods. The most representative features were extracted and then selected from recorded AE signals. Different unsupervised clustering algorithms were utilized based on various extracted feature combinations. The most stable clustering result was achieved and later used as appropriate labels for training classification algorithms. A deep neural network-based deep learning (DL) architecture was used to train discriminative models on AE data, identify patterns, and classify damage types into different classes with improved accuracy and speed for each COPV. Results demonstrate the potential of the proposed combined deep learning approach to train predictive models in identifying failure patterns. The trained models based on individual COPVs show high training, validation, and test accuracy for unseen datasets and offer enhanced predictive capabilities by following advanced DL techniques compared to traditional monitoring methods. The proposed method highlights its potential to improve the efficiency and safety of hydrogen storage systems.
T2 - SCHALL 25
CY - Dresden, Germany
DA - 26.03.2025
KW - Sequential Neural Network
KW - Acoustic Emission
KW - Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessels
KW - Damagemonitoring
KW - Machine Learning
KW - Deep Learning
KW - Deep Neural Network
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-629040
DO - https://doi.org/10.58286/30958
SP - 1
EP - 12
AN - OPUS4-62904
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Ghafafian, Carineh
A1 - Popiela, Bartosz
A1 - Trappe, Volker
T1 - Failure Mechanisms of GFRP Scarf Joints under Tensile Load
N2 - A potential repair alternative to restoring the mechanical properties of lightweight fiberreinforced polymer (FRP) structures is to locally patch these areas with scarf joints. The effects of such repair methods on the structural integrity, however, are still largely unknown. In this paper, the mechanical property restoration, failure mechanism, and influence of fiber orientation mismatch between parent and repair materials of 1:50 scarf joints are studied on monolithic glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) specimens under tensile load. Two different parent orientations of [-45/+45]2S and [0/90]2S are exemplarily examined, and control specimens are taken as a baseline for the tensile strength and stiffness property recovery assessment. Using a layer-wise stress analysis with finite element simulations conducted with ANSYS Composite PrepPost to support the experimental
investigation, the fiber orientation with respect to load direction is shown to affect the critical regions and thereby failure mechanism of the scarf joint specimens.
KW - Scarf joint
KW - Glass fiber reinforced polymers
KW - Failure mechanisms
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-523952
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14071806
VL - 14
IS - 7
SP - 1806
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel, Switzerland
AN - OPUS4-52395
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Karapanagiotis, Christos
T1 - Toward a Digital Twin of Hydrogen Pressure Vessels Enabled by Distributed Fiber Optic Sensors
N2 - We present a digital replica of a hydrogen pressure vessel enabled by distributed fiber optic sensors (DFOS). This digital replica dynamically displays and updates the vessel’s structural condition by calculating strain residuals defined as the difference between the measured DFOS strain and the expected strain based on pressure data. As an example, we show the ability of the DFOS to detect and localize damage caused by drilling six holes into the vessel’s body. This digital replica represents a foundational step toward a fully integrated digital twin for predictive maintenance and remaining lifetime prognosis.
T2 - Sensor and Measurement Science International 2025
CY - Nuremberg, Germany
DA - 06.05.2025
KW - Fiber optic sensors
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Digital twins
KW - Structural health monitoring
KW - Machine learning
KW - Predictive maintenance
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63087
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Lu, Xin
A1 - Schukar, Marcus
A1 - Großwig, S.
A1 - Weber, U.
A1 - Krebber, Katerina
T1 - Monitoring acoustic events in boreholes using wavelengthscanning coherent optical time domain reflectometry in multimode fiber
N2 - A distributed acoustic sensor (DAS) based on wavelength-scanning coherent optical time domain reflectometer (WS-COTDR) is tested in an underground gas storage based on a multimode fiber for the first time to the best of our knowledge. The WS-COTDR acquires the reflection spectrum by scanning the wavelength of the laser and uses the spectra to calibrate strain. It overcomes the fading problem which is common for all DAS systems, and possesses the advantage of simple configuration and low-cost. The working principle of the system is well explained and the measurement results are presented. Various artificial and natural acoustic events have been successfully detected by the WS-COTDR. Such a sensor demonstrates several advantages over the traditional DAS systems, so it is supposed to be widely used in the oil and gas industry.
T2 - EAGE GeoTech 2021 Second EAGE Workshop on Distributed Fibre Optic Sensing
CY - Online meeting
DA - 01.03.2021
KW - Leakage detection
KW - Distributed acoustic sensing
KW - Distributed fiber optic sensing
PY - 2021
DO - https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.202131010
SP - Paper 10, 1
PB - European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers
CY - Houten, Niederlande
AN - OPUS4-52248
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Krebber, Katerina
A1 - Weege, S.
A1 - Großwig, S.
A1 - Obermöller, M.
A1 - Perk, M.
A1 - Lu, Xin
A1 - Schukar, Marcus
A1 - Weber, U.
A1 - Pfeiffer, T.
A1 - Rembe, M.
T1 - Kombinierte faseroptische Messungen in Bohrlöchern helfen bei der Detektion von Kleinstleckagen
N2 - Seit November 2019 läuft ein breit angelegtes und vom BMWi gefördertes ZIM-Kooperationsprojekt zwischen der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), der IAB'Weimar gGmbH, der GKSO GmbH & Co. Projekt KG, der DEEP.KBB GmbH sowie der Rembe Consulting PartG mbB. Ziel des Forschungsvorhabens sind sowohl die Lokalisierung als auch die Quantifizierung insbesondere sehr kleiner Leckagen in einer Bohrlochverrohrung durch die Nutzung faseroptischer Messtechnik. Durch Messdatenkopplung und den Wegfall bewegungsbedingter Nachteile einer Messsonde werden wesentlich präzisere Ergebnisse zur Bewertung der Bohrlochintegrität als üblich
erwartet.
T2 - DGMK/ÖGEW-Frühjahrstagung 2020
CY - Meeting was canceled
DA - 15.04.2020
KW - Wasserstoffspeicher
KW - Kavernenspeicher
KW - Verteilte faseroptische akustische Sensorik
PY - 2020
VL - 6
SP - 43
EP - 43
PB - DVV Media Group
CY - Hamburg
AN - OPUS4-52233
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Heuser, Lina
T1 - Sintering of silver‑alkali zinc borate glass‑composites
N2 - Since decades electric contacts based on silver metallization pastes are key components of photovoltaics and advanced microelectronics. For the metallization of commercial Si solar cells, high conductive silver glass pastes are cost effectively applicated by screen printing. Nevertheless, silver pastes are still one of the most crucial and expensive none Si materials in solar cells. Ever shorter time to market as well as increasing demands on reduced Ag consumption and line width require the targeted development of silver-glass-pastes with increased sinter ability and electrical conductivity. As a main difficulty, however, the liquid phase sintering of silver glass pastes is poorly understood so far.
In the present study, the influence of different network modifier in alkali-zinc-borate paste glasses on liquid phase sintering of silver-glass-pastes was investigated. Low melting X2O-ZnO-B2O3 glasses with X = Na, Li and Rb (abbr. LZB, NZB, and RZB) were utilized to prepare silver-glass-composites containing 30 %Vol glass. Shrinkage behavior of the silver-glass-composites compared with that of pure silver and pure glass powder compacts was studied with heating microscopy. The powder compacts were uniaxially pressed and heated at 5 K/min to the glass softening temperature. Glass transformation temperature and viscosity of the glasses were respectively measured with dilatometry and rotational viscometry. The thermal behavior of the pure glasses was analyzed with thermal analysis. Additionally, the contact angle of glass on pure silver foil was determined by means of heating microscopy between room temperature and 830 °C.
Thermal analysis of the alkali-zinc-borate-glasses under study has shown transformation temperatures between 450 °C (RZB), 460 °C (LZB) and 465 °C (NZB). For all glasses crystallization was found to start approximately at about 550 °C. However, different peak areas hint on a different degree of crystallization. Conformingly, the sintering behavior, measured in terms of area shrinkage, significantly differed for the silver-pastes under study. For silver-pastes with NZB or LZB-glass, sintering starts at 464 °C for NZB Ag pastes and at 451 °C for LZB Ag pastes and ends at 597 °C for NZB Ag paste and at 594 °C for LZB Ag paste. The sintering of the RZB Ag paste proceeds between 426 °C and 703 °C. The final densification was retarded possibly due to crystallization or swelling. The low sinter onset at 426 °C seems to correlate with the good wetting behavior of the RZB glass. Thus, the lowest apparent contact angle between the just densified powder compact sintered at a silver substrate was found for this glass. Moreover, microstructure analyses of the various composites indicate differences in silver dissolution and reprecipitation.
T2 - Technology Crossover Extravaganza, HiTEC/CICMT/APEPS
CY - Online meeting
DA - 26.04.2021
KW - Silver-glass-metallization-paste
KW - Sintering
KW - Crystallization
KW - Alkali ions
KW - Sintering atmosphere
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52872
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Heuser, Lina
T1 - Flüssigphasensinterung von Silber-Glas Dispersionen
N2 - Silber-Glas Wechselwirkungen spielen eine wichtige Rolle zum Beispiel in Glas-haltigen Silberpasten, die in der Photovoltaik oder Mikroelektronik verwendet werden. Um ein besseres Verständnis der Vorgänge zu erhalten, werden niedrig-schmelzende, bleifreie X2O ZnO B2O3 Gläser (X = Li, Na, K und Rb, Abk.: LZB, NZB, KZB and RZB) zur Untersuchung der Pasten verwendet.
Raman und Infrarot Spektroskopie zeigen, dass die Glasstruktur weitgehend vergleichbar ist, aber Unterschiede in der Bildung von Pentaboratgruppen in LZB und NZB oder Diboratgruppen in KZB und RZB auftreten. Die Anzahl an vierfach koordinierten Bor-Ionen (N4) sinkt mit zunehmendem Alkaliionenradius. Die Verringerung von N4 führt zu einer niedrigeren Glasübergangstemperatur in der Reihe LZB (472 °C) < NZB (465 °C) < KZB (460 °C) < RZB (449 °C).
Zur Herstellung der Pasten wurde kommerzielles Silber-Pulver mit 30 Vol.-% Glas und Organik gemischt. Das Sinterverhalten der gepressten Pulver wurde mittels Erhitzungsmikrospie untersucht. Der Sinterbeginn der Pasten ist vergleichbar und korrespondiert mit den geringen Unterschieden der Viskosität bei vergleichbarer Partikelgröße der Gläser. In den Ag-KZB- und Ag-RZB-Pasten ist die Schwindung durch die stärker einsetzende Kristallisation im Vergleich zu LZB und NZB verzögert.
T2 - AK Glasig-kristalline Multifunktionswerkstoffe
CY - Aachen, Germany
DA - 17.02.2022
KW - Sintern
KW - Silber
KW - Glas
KW - Diffusion
KW - Gefüge
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55735
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Heuser, Lina
T1 - Liquid phase sintering of alkali zinc borate glass-bearing silver pastes for applications in photovoltaics and microelectronics
N2 - Liquid phase sintering of glass bearing silver pastes used in photovoltaics and microelectronics is poorly understood. In particular, the role of different network modifiers acting in the glass component and the question of the most suitable atmospheric oxygen level during sintering are still under considerable debate. To tackle these issues, low-melting and lead-free X2O-ZnO-B2O3 glasses with X = Li, Na, K and Rb (LZB, NZB, KZB and RZB) were prepared. Infrared spectroscopy showed that the glass structure was similar to each other, while an increase of tetrahedrally coordinated boron with increasing field strength of the alkali was evident. In turn, the glass transition temperature (from differential thermal analysis) increased in the order: RZB (449 °C) < KZB (460 °C) < NZB (465 °C) < LZB (472 °C). Powders of each glass were mixed with organics to receive silver-glass-pastes containing 30 vol% glass and these were subjected to heating microscopy in air. Although similar onset temperatures of sintering were recorded for Ag-NZB and Ag-LZB glass pastes, and for Ag-RZB paste and KZB-Ag-paste, respectively, differences in the crystallization behavior and final densification were observed between the former and the latter group. These were translated in terms of differences in silver dissolution and reprecipitation among the two groups. Further, running the experiments in nitrogen gas showed that sintering of all pastes was considerably hampered. The slow-down of the sinter kinetics was found to be in line with the assumed lower oxidation and dissolution of silver ions into the glass-forming liquid.
T2 - 26th International Congress on Glass
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 03.07.2022
KW - Silver metallization paste
KW - Sintering
KW - Glass
KW - Alkali zinc borate glasses
KW - Viscosity
KW - Structure
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55728
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Heuser, Lina
T1 - In situ observation of silver precipitation in sodium zinc borate glass-forming melts
N2 - Melting of Na2CO3-ZnO-B2O3 batches containing up to 16.8 wt% AgNO3 (5 mol% Ag2O in the target glass composition) was observed in situ by means of hot stage microscopy. In all batches metallic silver precipitation took place as most of the silver nitrate was reduced to metallic silver before Ag+ ions could be dissolved in the evolving borate melts. In turn, only traces of Ag+ (<300 ppmw) were dissolved in the sodium zinc borate glass melts under study. It is assumed that the oxidation to Ag+ was limited due to poor availability of reducible oxygen in the glass melts and presence of Na2O being a stronger base than Ag2O. Thus, the precipitated metallic silver formed droplets of different sizes. The larger droplets (d > 20 µm) were already settled at the bottom of the container and remained constant in size upon dwelling for 1 h at 1050 °C of about one hour and the subsequent cooling (45 K/min) to room temperature, whereas the smaller droplets (d < 20 µm) were mobile in the borate melt due to Marangoni and Stokes motion. For the latter droplets, coalescence was observed in situ. A growth of larger droplets at the expense of smaller ones, i.e., Ostwald ripening was also expected but could not be studied with the used experimental equipment.
T2 - 26th International Congress on Glass
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 03.07.2022
KW - Glass melt
KW - Silver
KW - Sodium zinc borate glass
KW - Hot stage microscopy
KW - Precipitation
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55732
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Popiela, Bartosz
T1 - Influence of manufacturing process related residual stresses in wound composite material on the operational safety of H2 pressure vessels: PhD Topic Introduction
N2 - Short introduction of the PhD Topic 5 in the BTU-BAM Graduate School "Trustworthy Hydrogen". Description of the objectives, deliverables and expected added value of the thesis.
T2 - Introduction Week - BTU-BAM Graduate School "Trustworthy Hydrogen"
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 16.01.2023
KW - Residual stress
KW - Composite
KW - Pressure vessel
KW - Hydrogen
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-56882
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - BOOK
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Sicherheitsbewertung von Composite-Druckgasbehältern - Potential statistischer Methoden jenseits aktueller Vorschriften
N2 - Das Buch zeigt einen alternativen Weg der Sicherheitsbeurteilung von Druckbehältern aus Faserverbundwerkstoffen. Dies ist insbesondere für die Mobilität der Zukunft und die zugehörige Energieversorgung mit Bio-/Erdgas und Wasserstoff von Interesse. Mit statistischen Methoden gelingt es, die Sicherheit auch jenseits der Grenzen aktueller Vorschriften fundiert zu beurteilen. Es wird dargelegt wie eine probabilistische sicherheitsbeurteilung als Alternative aussehen könnte. Dieser Ansatz basiert auf neuen Verfahren der zerstörenden Prüfung und statistischer Auswertung relevanter Festigkeitseigenschaften. Hierzu zählen die langsame Berstprüfung und ein spezielles Arbeitsdiagramm zur Auswertung von Stichproben. Darüber hinaus erlaubt der Ansatz die Quantifizierung der Degradation im Betrieb und zeigt Wege zur Abschätzung der Lebensdauer. Sicherheit wird diskutiert als Kombination von Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit und Konsequenz.
N2 - A detailed analysis of current approval requirements and relevant safety assessment methods for gas cylinders is given. With a focus on composite cylinders for storing compressed natural gas and hydrogen, this book demonstrates how current regulations and standards limit the ability to reduce cost and weight. Based on this data, it then highlights the potential offered by a new, probabilistic safety assessment standard.
After addressing the economic potential of probabilistic safety assessment, the book details working procedures and the improvement of cycling and (slow) burst tests as methods for residual strength assessment. This is followed by methods for the statistical evaluation of test data, as well as considerations of samples size and character of distribution. A definition of sample strength is elaborated in terms of the “Sample Performance Chart” developed by the author. On this basis, safety is discussed as a property of service life and interpreted as an issue of degradation, before aspects of artificial aging for simulating the reliability level at end of life are discussed. Lastly, the book considers testing and inspection aspects: quality of production, degradation prediction by means of destructive sample tests parallel to operation, retesting periods, and correcting for under- and overestimates of safe lifetime.
Presented in schematic diagrams, illustrations and tables, this information will enable manufacturers and operators to use this new approach in practice and support the improvement of current regulations and standards.
KW - Sicherheitsbewertung
KW - safety assessment
KW - Streuung
KW - scatter
KW - Probabilistischer Ansatz
KW - probabilistic approach
KW - Gasspeicherung
KW - gas storage
KW - Faserverbundwerkstoffe
KW - composite materials (FRP)
PY - 2016
SN - 978-3-662-48131-8
SN - 978-3-662-48132-5
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48132-5
SP - VII - XIX, 1
EP - 303
PB - Springer Vieweg
CY - Berlin Heidelberg
ET - 1
AN - OPUS4-35664
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Minimum Burst Requirements for CGH2-Pressure Receptacles
N2 - The presentation is divided in two parts, each evaluates a different aspect of safety.
It starts with the analysis of consequences resulting from worst case ruptures of gas cylinders. The number of harmed persons and fatalities dependent from the pressure-volume product and the kind of stored gas. In parallel, there is a national accepted rule for accepted failure rates depending from this pV-product created by BAM. When combining both aspects it become clear that the pressure-volume product can be used as a good indicator for consequences. At a level of about 120 MPa m3 the maximum consequence starts to become catastrophic character. This shows the reason why the representatives of DIN insisted in limiting relevant pV-limits for tubes and cylinders to 1 Mio. bar litres.
The second part gives a raff overview on the parameters influencing the acceptance rates of borderline basic populations. This is added by some slides giving an idea for the improvement of the minimum burst requirement and finally completed by a proposal for improved acceptance criteria for the burst test.
The basic idea is: an increased pV-product of tubes has the be reflected by an increased safety level.
T2 - CEN TC23/WG16
CY - Paris, France
DA - 21.06.2018
KW - Burst ratio
KW - Acceptance rate
KW - Risk
KW - F-N-curve
KW - PV-product
KW - Catastrophe
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-45490
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Gase als Energieträger - Aktivitäten der BAM mit Wirkung auf die Gaseindustrie
N2 - Zunächst werden die aus der Themenfeldstruktur der BAM resultierenden Änderungen im Auftreten der BAM vorgestellt und erläutert, wie diese für die Antragsteller zu verstehen sind.
Danach werden die Zielsetzung der GGRn 021 und 022 und deren inhaltlicher Ansatz vorgestellt und auch erläutert, welche Interaktion mit dem Distribtionsverkehr von gasförmigen Energeiträgern besteht.
Zuletzt wird dargelegt, welches Optimierungspotential hinter dem Ansatz in den GGRn steckt.
T2 - Jährlicher Austausch zwischen der BAM und DIN, IGV und DVFG
CY - IGV-Sitz in Berlin-Mitte, Germany
DA - 21.02.2018
KW - BAM-Gefahrgutregel
KW - Composite-Druckgefäße
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Lebensdauerüberwachung
KW - Prüffristenfestlegung
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-45462
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Hintergrund zur neuen SV 674 für Over-moulded cylinders (OMC)
N2 - Der Vortrag zeigt den alternativen Ansatz mit wissenschaftlichem Hintergrund zur wiederkehrenden Prüfung von sog. over-moulded cylinders OMC, wie er ab ADR/RID 2019 im Recht zu finden sein wird.
Zuletzt wird noch erläutert, dass die Nutzung des Ansatzes für die Wasserstoffinfrastruktur eine große Bedeutung haben könnte.
T2 - Jährlicher Austausch zwischen der BAM und DIN, IGV und DVFG
CY - IGV-Sitz in Berlin-Mitte, Germany
DA - 21.02.2018
KW - Umformte Flaschen
KW - P15y
KW - Statistische Auswertung
KW - Innendruckprüfung
KW - General Provisions
KW - Periodic inspection
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-45463
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Open Issues of insuring Safety of CPVs by Strength testing
N2 - Der Vortrag erläutert den Sicherheitsbegriff im erweiterten Sinne und führt zur Notwendigkeit eines eher risikobasierten Verständnisses der Sicherheit.
Darauf aufbauend wird mithilfe der Monte-Carlo-Simulation gezeigt, wo die Schwachstellen der ECE R 134 liegen und in welche Richtung die GTR 13 in der Phase 2 optimiert werden könnte.
Hierzu ist es hilfreich, die Monte-Carlo Simulation als Werkzeug weiter zu entwickeln, wozu die BAM das Vh-Konzept MoCaSiB vorstellt.
N2 - The presentation explains the term “safety” in a broader sense and leads to the need for a more risk-based understanding of safety. Based on this, the Monte Carlo simulation is used to show where the weak points of the ECE R 134 are and in which direction the GTR 13 could be optimized during the currently running phase 2. For this purpose, it is helpful to improve the currently operated tool for Monte Carlo simulation, for which BAM introduced the research idea “MoCaSiB”.
T2 - Sitzung 18-01 des FKT- Sonderausschusses „Sicherheit von Gas- und Wasserstoffahrzeugen“ (FKT-SA SGWF)
CY - TÜV Rheinland, Köln, Germany
DA - 24.05.2018
KW - Probability of failure
KW - Acceptance rate
KW - Survival rate
KW - Basic populaiton
KW - Burst ratio
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-45469
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Prüfung der Wirksamkeit von Normen mithilfe der Monte-Carlo-Simulation
N2 - Der Vortrag gibt zunächst einen Überblick über die Disziplinen, die in der BAM bzgl. Druckgefäßpüfung verfügbar sind. Außerdem ist zusammengestellt, mit welchen Vh-Beteiligungen und daraus resultierenden Lösungsansätzen die BAM jeweils zeitnah auf Änderungen im Recht, die die Aufgabe als zuständige Behörde betrafen, reagiert hat.
Danach wird in die Festigkeitskennwerte und deren Simulation mithilfe der Monte-Carlo-Simulation eingeführt und der Unterschied zwischen Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit und Akzeptanzrate erläutert.
Darauf aufbauend wird gezeigt, wie die Akzeptanzrate grenzwertig zuverlässiger Grundgesamtheiten einer Prüfvorschrift ermittelt werden kann.
Zuletzt wird gezeigt, dass ein solcher Ansatz ein Optimierungspotential für Wasserstoff-Trailerflaschen eröffnet, sofern er konsequent angewendet wird.
T2 - Jährlicher Austausch zwischen der BAM und DIN, IGV und DVFG
CY - IGV-Sitz in Berlin-Mitte, Germany
DA - 21.02.2018
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Akzeptanzrate
KW - GTR 13
KW - Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit
KW - Berstfestigkeit
KW - Sample Performance Chart
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-45465
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Safety Assessment of RCS by BAM
N2 - The presentation explains the intended way of BAM in tackling the safety issues in the project TAHYA.
The way how the term “safety” is used in TAHYA leads to the need for a more risk-based understanding of safety. Based on this, the Monte Carlo simulation is used to show where the weak points of current regulations are. Thus, a concept for optimization of relevant regulations, codes and standards will be elaborated during the project. For this purpose, it is helpful to improve the currently operated tool for Monte Carlo simulation, which will need additional data for monitoring the outcome. Strength data, that will be determined by BAM and the other partners during the already agreed test program can be used for this purpose without additional effort.
T2 - Consortial Meeting TAHYA
CY - Regus at Diegem, Brussels
DA - 31.05.2018
KW - Risk
KW - Acceptance rate
KW - Survival rate
KW - Composite
KW - Hydrogen Storage
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-45479
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Duffner, Eric
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Lebensdauerabschätzung von Composite-Druckgefäßen / COD-AGE
N2 - Angewendete Messverfahren im Themenfeldprojekt
"Lebensdauerabschätzung von Composite-Druckgefäßen" / COD-AGE
T2 - Beirat TF Material
CY - BAM Berlin, Germany
DA - 26.04.2018
KW - Lebensdauerabschätzung
KW - Composite-Druckgefäße
KW - Degradation
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-44898
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Barthélémy, H.
A1 - Agnoletti, A.
A1 - Bortot, P.
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Zheng, J.
T1 - Storage
N2 - The whole conference focused on gaps in research concerning hydrogen and hydrogen safety. This presentation focus on storage aspects and shows the current gaps in research from the point of view of the authors. They have differences in background, from university via manufacturer and safety institute to hydrogen operating industry. The different purposes of storage are covered (onboard storage, stationary storage and transport of gases) as well as the different designs (steel to pure composite/plastic).
T2 - "Research Priorities Workshop RPW 2018" (EC & US DOE)
CY - Buxton, UK
DA - 18.09.2018
KW - Strength degradation
KW - Initial testing
KW - Knowledge gaps
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-46159
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Becker, B.
A1 - Gesell, Stephan
A1 - Wang, Bin
T1 - Monte-Carlo-analysis of minimum load cycle requirements for composite cylinders for hydrogen
N2 - Hydrogen is an attractive energy carrier that requires high effort for safe storage. For ensuring safety, storage cylinders must undergo a challenging approval process. Relevant standards and regulations for composite cylinders used for the transport of hydrogen and for its onboard storage are currently based on deterministic (e.g. ISO 11119-3) or to some respect semi-probabilistic criteria (UN GTR No. 13; with respect to burst strength).
This paper provides a systematic analysis of the load cycle properties resulting from these regulations and standards. Their characteristics are compared with the probabilistic approach of the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing BAM. The most important aspect of comparing different concepts is the rate for accepting designs with potentially unsafe or critical safety properties. This acceptance rate is analysed by operating Monte-Carlo simulations over the available range of production properties.
T2 - ICHS 2017
CY - Hamburg, Germany
DA - 11.09.2017
KW - Safety assessment
KW - Failure rate
KW - Ageing
KW - Degradation
KW - End of life
KW - Production scatter
PY - 2018
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.09.185
SN - 0360-3199
VL - 44
IS - 17
SP - 8833
EP - 8841
PB - Elsevier Ltd
AN - OPUS4-46341
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Spode, Mandfred
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Das Monte-Carlo-Experiment - Simulation des Verhaltens von Populationen aus Composite-Druckbehältern (Prinzip und Beispiel)
N2 - Das Monte-Carlo-Experiment ermöglicht die numerische Simulation von statistischen Grundgesamtheiten und somit auch die Generierung von Festigkeitswerten für eine genau definierte Population von Druckgefäßen. In diesem Beitrag wird möglichst nachvollziehbar gezeigt, wie Werte generiert, Stichproben gezogen und ausgewertet werden. Auf dieser Basis wird auch gezeigt, wie die Wahrscheinlichkeit ermittelt wird, mit der Stichproben aus simulierten Populationen das Zulassungskriterium „Mindestberstdruck“ bestehen.
KW - Polarmethode
KW - Stichprobenprüfung
KW - Zufallszahl
KW - Berstdruck
KW - Grundgesamtheit
PY - 2018
UR - https://www.technische-sicherheit.de/ts/article.php?data[article_id]=90680
SN - 2191-0073
VL - 8
IS - 11/12
SP - 49
EP - 53
PB - Springer-VDI-Verlag GmbH & Co. KG
CY - Düsseldorf
AN - OPUS4-46986
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Spode, Manfred
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Monte Carlo Simulation - Prinzip und Beispiel
N2 - Die Monte-Carlo-Simulation ist eine geeignete Methode, um Festigkeitseigenschaften wie z.B. Berstdruck, oder auch die Lastwechselfestigkeit von ganzen Population von Druckbehältern zu simulieren.
Dies erlaubt wiederum die systematische Analyse der Wirksamkeit von deterministischen Mindestanforderungen und die Optimierung entsprechender Zulassungsvorschriften.
T2 - BAM-Kolloquium der 3. Abteilung
CY - BAM Berlin, Germany
DA - 08.11.2018
KW - Monte Carlo Simulation
KW - Faserverbundwerkstoffe
KW - Druckbehälter
KW - Berstfestigkeit
KW - Lastwechselfestigkeit
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-46628
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Wang, Bin
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Islam, F.
T1 - Evaluation methods for estimation of Weibull parameters used in Monte Carlo simulations for safety analysis of pressure vessels
N2 - The test data for static burst strength and load cycle fatigue strength of pressure vessels can often be well described by Gaussian normal or Weibull distribution functions. There are various approaches which can be used to determine the parameters of the Weibull distribution function; however, the performance of these methods is uncertain. In this study, six methods are evaluated by using the criterion of OSL (observed significance level) from Anderson-Darling (AD) goodness of Fit (GoF), These are: a) the norm-log based method, b) least squares regression, c) weighted least squares regression, d) a linear approach based on good linear unbiased estimators, e) maximum likelihood estimation and f) method of moments estimation. In addition, various approaches of ranking function are considered. The results show that there are no outperforming methods which can be identified clearly, primarily due to the limitation of the small sample size of the test data used for Weibull analysis. This randomness resulting from the sampling is further investigated by using Monte Carlo simulations, concluding that the sample size of the experimental data is more crucial than the exact method used to derive Weibull parameters. Finally, a recommendation is made to consider the uncertainties of the limitations due to the small size for pressure vessel testing and also for general material testing.
KW - Safety assessment
KW - Weibull distribution parameters
KW - Randomness
KW - Sample size
KW - Monte Carlo simulation
PY - 2021
DO - https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2020-0058
VL - 63
IS - 4
SP - 279
EP - 385
PB - De Gruyter
AN - OPUS4-53105
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Becker, B.
A1 - John, Sebastian
A1 - Duffner, Eric
T1 - Composite storage systems for compressed hydrogen - systematic improvement of regulations for more attractive storage units
N2 - Hydrogen is an attractive energy carrier that requires high effort for safe storage. Forensuring safety, they must undergo a challenging approval process. Relevant standardsand regulations for composite cylinders used for the transport of hydrogen and for its on-board storage are currently based on deterministic (e.g. ISO 11119-3) or semi-probabilistic(UN GTR No. 13) criteria. This paper analysis the properties of such methods withrespect to the evaluation of load cycle strength. Their characteristics are compared withthe probabilistic approach of the BAM. Based on Monte-Carlo simulations, the availabledesign range (mean value and scatter of strength criteria) of current concepts was exem-plarily estimated. The aspect of small sample sizes is analysed and discussed with respectto the evaluation procedures.
KW - Probabilistic
KW - Monte-Carlo
KW - Regulations
KW - Composite cylinder
KW - Hydrogen vehicles
KW - Transport of dangerous goods
PY - 2020
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.04.068
SN - 0360-3199
VL - 45
IS - 25
SP - 13672
EP - 13679
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-50687
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Popiela, Bartosz
A1 - Günzel, Stephan
A1 - Schukar, Marcus
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Krebber, Katerina
A1 - Seidlitz, Holger
T1 - Impact of internal pressure control during manufacturing on residual stresses and safety performance of type 4 pressure vessels
N2 - Composite pressure vessels are commonly manufactured using the wet filament winding process, where various process parameters can influence the performance of the finished component. In this study two designs of wet filament wound 6.8-liter type 4 composite pressure vessels were manufactured. Both differ only by the internal pressure used during the filament winding, which primarily influences the residual stress state in the composite structure. An extensive experimental study was carried out, including 10 slow burst tests and strain measurements with fiber optic sensors. Significant differences can be observed in the performance of the two designs even though the used stacking sequence, materials and other manufacturing parameters are the same for both designs. A discussion of the differences in the behavior of both cylinder types is provided, including the strain distribution in slow burst tests and failure mechanism.
KW - Residual stresses
KW - Slow burst tests
KW - Filament winding
KW - Type 4 composite pressure vessels
KW - Hydrogen
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-626663
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100581
SN - 2666-6820
VL - 17
SP - 1
EP - 9
PB - Elsevier B.V.
CY - Amsterdam, Netherlands
AN - OPUS4-62666
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Markthochlauf von Wasserstoff - probabilistische Sicherheitsbewertung von Speichern und Normen
N2 - Der Foliensatz beginnt mit der Kurzvorstellung des Kompetenzzentrums H2Safety@BAM und weiteren Informationen zum Kompetenzfeld MatCom. Danach werden die Erwartungen der EU zum Wasserstoffverbrauch vorgestellt und visualisiert, wie Risikosteuerung bei stark wachsender Technik funktionieren kann, und welchen zeitlichen Vorlauf man für die Einführung von neuen Zulassungsanforderungen benötigt. Der Begriff Sicherheit wird über den Risikobegriff definiert und am Beispiel quantifiziert. Danach werden verschiedene Werkzeuge vorgestellt, die dazu geeignet sind, die Risikosteuerung im Markthochlauf zu realisieren: Die statistische Bewertung von Stichproben, die probabilistische Bewertung von Populationen, die Lebensdauervorhersage von Populationen. Dies führt weiter zum Gedanken eines probabilistischen Zulassungsansatzes und zum Potential Monte-Carlo-Experimentes in der Bewertung der Wirkung von deterministischen Baumusterprüfkriterien. All dies sind Themen, die nach Meinung des Vortragenden Zukunftsprojekte der Normung sein sollten, um ein Werkzeug zu erhalten, das auch weitgehend ohne produktspezifische Erfahrung geeignet ist, Sicherheit in einer H2-Gesellschaft zu gewährleisten.
T2 - Beirat des DIN-Normenausschusses Materialprüfung (NMP)
CY - Online meeting
DA - 23.03.2021
KW - H2Safety@BAM
KW - Monte-Carlo-Experiment
KW - Lebensdauervorhersage
KW - Statistische Bewertung
KW - Risikosteuerung
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-54613
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Markthochlauf von Wasserstoff probabilistische Sicherheitsbewertung von Speichern und Normen
N2 - Der Foliensatz beginnt mit den Erwartungen der EU zum Wasserstoffverbrauch und der Visualisierung, wie Risikosteuerung bei stark wachsender Technik funktionieren kann, und welchen zeitlichen Vorlauf man für die Einführung von neuen Zulassungsanforderungen benötigt. Der Begriff Sicherheit wird über den Risikobegriff definiert und am Beispiel quantifiziert. Danach werden verschiedene Werkzeuge vorgestellt, die dazu geeignet sind, die Risikosteuerung im Markthochlauf zu realisieren: Die statistische Bewertung von Stichproben, die probabilistische Bewertung von Populationen, die Lebensdauervorhersage von Populationen. Dies führt weiter zum Gedanken eines probabilistischen Zulassungsansatzes und zum Potential Monte-Carlo-Experimentes in der Bewertung der Wirkung von deterministischen Baumusterprüfkriterien. All dies sind Themen, die nach Meinung des Vortragenden Zukunftsprojekte der Normung sein sollten, um ein Werkzeug zu erhalten, das auch weitgehend ohne produktspezifische Erfahrung geeignet ist, Sicherheit in einer H2-Gesellschaft zu gewährleisten.
T2 - Beirat des DIN-Normenausschusses Druckgasanlagen (NDG)
CY - Online meeting
DA - 23.02.2021
KW - Wasserstoffspeicher
KW - Monte-Carlo-Experiment
KW - Lebensdauervorhersage
KW - Zuverlässigkeit
KW - Streuung
KW - Zulassungskriterium
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-54610
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Current work at BAM on composite-cylinders in fire
N2 - The presentation gives information about several activities of BAM on the issue of fire engulfment tests of onboard gas storage systems.
T2 - Advisory Board of the SUPERGEN Challenge project "Integrated safty strategies for onboard H2-storage"
CY - Hangzhou, China
DA - 19.04.2016
KW - Fire engulfment tests
KW - Competence of BAM
KW - Car crash
KW - Gas explosion
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-35958
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Probabilistic approval approach - Safety and economic aspects of minimum burst and load cycle requirements
N2 - This presentation provides the main issue of a probabilistic based safety assessment.
It shows the differences in terms of survival rate between some current deterministic standards and the probabilistic approach.
It deals with three test procedures: slow burst test, cycle test and fire engulfment test.
T2 - INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE HYDROGEN BRIDGE 2016 - Safety of high-pressure hydrogen storage
CY - Hangzhou, China
DA - 21st APRIL 2016
KW - Slow burst test
KW - Cycle strength
KW - End of life
KW - Degradation
KW - Lucky punch area
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-35960
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - de Miguel, N.
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Acosta, B.
A1 - Szczepaniak, Mariusz
A1 - Moretto, P.
T1 - Hydraulic and pneumatic pressure cycle life test results on composite reinforced tanks for hydrogen storage
N2 - Current standards governing the design, qualification and in-service inspection of carbon fibre composite cylinders do not facilitate to optimise cylinder design. The requirements have been adapted from standards for metallic cylinders and cannot easily quantify the degradation processes in composite materials. In this article, the results of hydraulic and hydrogen pressure cycle life tests performed on composite reinforced tanks with a metal liner (type 3) and with a high density polymer liner (type 4) are shown. Moreover, the degradation measured by means of residual strength of the tanks after the cycling tests have been compared. It has been found that the most critical aging for metal based composite cylinder is the gaseous cycling while type 4 designs seem to be more sensitive to hydraulic cycling at high temperature.
T2 - ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference
CY - Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
DA - 17.07.2016
KW - Composite reinforced tanks
KW - Compressed hydrogen storage
KW - Design and qualification standards
KW - Pressure cycle life tests
KW - Safety factors
PY - 2016
SN - 978-0-7918-5035-0
VL - 1A
SP - 63568-1
EP - 63568-10
PB - ASME
CY - Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
AN - OPUS4-36275
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Becker, Ben
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Klauke, André
T1 - Einfluss der Unsicherheiten von Stichprobenprüfungen auf die Sicherheitsbewertung von Composite-Druckgefäßen
N2 - Viele Konzepte zur Sicherheitsbewertungen beruhen auf der Untersuchung weniger, oder einzelner Prüfergebnisse. Aber auch im Fall umfangreicherer statistischer Untersuchungen können nur begrenzte Stichproben untersucht werden. Mittelwerte und Streuung kleiner Stichproben weichen mehr oder weniger von den wahren Eigenschaften des untersuchten Baumusters ab. Solche Abweichungen werden derzeit nicht oder nur sehr vage berücksichtigt. In diesem Aufsatz wird der Einfluss der Unsicherheiten aus Stichproben anhand der Bewertung von Composite-Druckgefäßen durch Berst- und Lastwechselprüfungen dargestellt.
KW - Akzeptanzwahrscheinlichkeit
KW - GTR 13
KW - Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit
KW - Langsame Berstprüfung
KW - Stichprobenumfang
KW - Lastwechselprüfung
PY - 2016
SN - 2191-0073
VL - 6
IS - 7/8
SP - 27
EP - 33
PB - Springer-VDI-Verlag
CY - Düsseldorf
AN - OPUS4-37061
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Analyse von Vorschriften mit probabilistischen Methoden
N2 - Durch Anwendung der Monte-Carlo-Simulation auf das SPC-Arbeitsdiagramm der BAM lässt sich darstellen, in welchem Umfang aktuelle Mindestanforderungen in den Zulassungsvorschriften bereits im Neuzustand Baumuster akzeptieren, die keine hirneichende Zuverlässigkeit (Sicherheit) aufweisen. Dies ist hier exemplarisch u. a. am Beispiel der Wasserstofffahrzeug-GTR dargestellt.
T2 - Sonderausschuss Gasfahrzeuge des FKT des BMVI
CY - BMVI- Bonn, Germany
DA - 27.09.2016
KW - Wasserstofffahrzeug
KW - Berstfestigkeit
KW - Mindestfestigkeiten
KW - Streuung
KW - Probabilistischer Ansatz
KW - Sample Performance Chart
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37818
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Probabilistic safety assessment of composite gas cylinders - Safety and economic aspects of minimum burst and load cycle requirements
N2 - This presentation shows the most important steps for developing the probabilistic approach PA with a lot of detailed information on test results. It discusses the necessitiy of performing a slow burst test, to which amount degradation can be accepted and how these interacts with aspects of costs etc.
T2 - SAE - Fuel Cell Safety Task Force
CY - Torrance, CA, USA
DA - 8th March 2016
KW - Saving effort
KW - Sample performance chart
KW - Degradation
KW - Lucky punch arey
KW - Confidence level
KW - Survival rate
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-35961
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Becker, Ben
T1 - Risks and safety level of composite cylinders
N2 - The increasing amount of composite transport systems for hydrogen leads to new and there-fore unknown potential hazards for general public. Due to lack of experience, risks of new technologies tend to be rated as higher than existing familiar applications. An approach for probabilistic safety assessment of technologies or products requires the definition of minimal acceptable reliability levels. This ensures that the probability of a critical failure with a certain consequence is limited to an acceptable risk. But what is the acceptable risk and which risk results from specific probabilities of occurrence and consequences? This is always a very complex question. The following example is based on a probabilistic approach for safety as-sessment of composite cylinders developed at the BAM (Federal Institute for Materials Re-search and Testing).
T2 - WHEC 2016
CY - Saragossa, Spain
DA - 12.06.2016
KW - Hydrogen storage composite cylinder safety
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-36640
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Probabilistic safety analysis of CPVs – Comparison PA vs. ISO 11119 and GTR13
N2 - The presentation shows the basics on the graphic comparison of deterministic regulations and probabilistic safety requirements. In doing so, unsafe but approvable areas in the BAM-SPC (sample performance chart) becomes obvious; as the area of not approveable but safe strength properties does.
Finally the semi-porbabilistic approach of GTR#13 (global technical regulation for hydrogen vehicles) is analysed. Relevant figures show again potential of saving material and unsafe areas in case of high scatter at end of life.
T2 - PHASE convention 2016; dissimination event of the COPERNIC project (COst and PERformaNce Improvement for Cgh2 composite tanks; EU FP7)
CY - De Hoorn in Leuven, Belgium
DA - 24.05.2016
KW - Composite cylinders
KW - Reliability
KW - Deterministic
KW - Degradation
KW - End of life
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-36255
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Becker, Ben
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Risks and safety level of composite cylinders
N2 - The increasing amount of composite transport systems for hydrogen leads to new and therefore unknown potential hazards for general public. Due to lack of experience, risks of new technologies tend to be rated as higher than existing familiar applications. An approach for probabilistic safety assessment of technologies or products requires the definition of minimal acceptable reliability levels. This ensures that the probability of a critical failure with a certain consequence is limited to an acceptable risk. But what is the acceptable risk and which risk results from specific probabilities of occurrence and consequences? This is always a very complex question. The following example is based on a probabilistic approach for safety assessment of composite cylinders developed at the BAM (Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing).
T2 - WHEC 2016
CY - Saragossa, Spain
DA - 13.06.2016
KW - Hydrogen composite cylinder risk consequence
PY - 2016
VL - 2016
SP - 41
EP - 42
AN - OPUS4-36666
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Duffner, Eric
T1 - Full-scale bonfire test
N2 - Explanation of the test setup, intention and assessment of a Full-Scale Bonfire Test
T2 - Follow-up Workshop on statistical safety assessment
CY - BAM TTS, Horstwalde, Germany
DA - 05.10.2016
KW - Full scale bonfire test
KW - Composite cylinder
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37836
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Markthochlauf von Wasserstoff - Vertrauen durch probabilistische Sicherheitsbewertung der H2-Speicher
N2 - Der Vortrag beginnt mit dem erwarteten Bedarf an Wasserstoff und der Frage der Risikosteuerung bei stattfindender Marktdurchsetzung. Dem gegenüber ist an einem Beispiel der Prozess der Regelsetzung gestellt, was die Notwendigkeit pro-aktiven Handelns zeigt.
Es wird über die risikobasierte Definition von Sicherheit gezeigt, welche Bedeutung die Erfassung der Fertigungsstreuung hat und wie die quantitative Erfassung und Bewertung aussehen könnte. Zuletzt wird über den Aspekt der Alterung auf das Potential probabilistischer Zulassungsansätze verwiesen und aufgezeigt, wie die Wirkung von Vorschriften nach dem probabilistischen Sicherheitskriterium bewertet und optimiert werden kann.
T2 - 9. HYPOS-Dialog: Grüner Wasserstoff, aber sicher! (Uni Magdeburg)
CY - Magdeburg, Germany
DA - 11.09.2020
KW - Wasserstoffspeicher
KW - Monte-Carlo-Experiment
KW - Lebensdauervorhersage
KW - Statistische Bewertung
KW - Sicherheit
KW - Population
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-53154
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - 1. Wasserstoffkolloquium H2 SAFETY@BAM
N2 - Die Präsentation ist der Startschuss für die Wasserstoffkolloquien der BAM. Sie beginnt mit Adolf Martens und zeigt den Weg vom Foresight-Prozess Wasserstoff bis zum Kompetenzzentrum H2Safety@BAM. Es werden die Kompetenzfelder vorgestellt und die handelnden Personen. Dies leitet über zu den drei Vorträgen des Tages und den Vortragenden.
T2 - 1st H2 Colloquium of the competence centre „H2 SAFETY@BAM”
CY - Online-Meeting
DA - 16.02.2022
KW - H2Safety@BAM
KW - Foresight Prozess H2
KW - Wasserstoff Café
KW - Project QI Digital: Quo vadis Use Case H2 Refuelling Station?
KW - Current results of the DELFIN project
KW - The upper consequence limit as a control instrument
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-54607
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Becker, Ben
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Risks and safety level of composite cylinders
N2 - The increasing amount of composite transport systems for hydrogen leads to new and therefore unknown potential hazards for general public. Due to lack of experience, risks of new technologies tend to be rated higher than existing familiar applications. An approach for probabilistic safety assessment of technologies or products requires the definition of minimal acceptable reliability levels. This ensures that the probability of a critical failure with a certain consequence is limited to an acceptable risk. But what is the acceptable risk and which risk results from specific probabilities of occurrence and consequences? This is always a very complex question. The following example is based on a probabilistic approach for safety assessment of composite cylinders developed at the BAM (Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing).
KW - Reliability
KW - Cylinder
KW - Safety
KW - Consequence
PY - 2017
UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319917303117
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.01.145
SN - 0360-3199
SN - 1879-3487
VL - 42
IS - 19
SP - 13810
EP - 13817
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-40691
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Becker, Ben
T1 - Practical applications of CPVs - ESR 11: Accumulation of fibre breaks under time-dependent loads in CFRP materials of composite cylinders
N2 - Das Anwendungsspektrum von CPV (composite pressure vessels) ist vielschichtig. Aber auch die Versagensformen und das Spektrum der Messmethoden ist vielfältig. Anhand verschiedener, in der BAM festgestellter Effekte wird gezeigt, warum die micromechnanische Betrachtung des Composties von so großem Interesse für die Vorhersage der Alterung von CPVn ist.
N2 - The application range of CPV (composite pressure vessels)
is multifaceted. But also the failure forms and the spectrum of measurement methods is manifold. On various, at BAM observed effects, it is shown why the micromechanical analysis of the composites is of such great interest for the prediction of aging effects of CPVs.
T2 - Kick-Off Meeting FiBreMoD
CY - KU Leuven, Belgium
DA - 27.03.2017
KW - Composite
KW - Degradation
KW - Pressure increase rate
KW - Slow burst test
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-41711
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Becker, Ben
T1 - Monte-Carlo-analysis of minimum load cycle requirements for composite cylinders for hydrogen
N2 - Existing regulations and standards for the approval of composite cylinders in hydrogen service are currently based on deterministic criteria (ISO 11119-3, UN GTR No. 13). This paper provides a systematic analysis of the load cycle properties resulting from these regulations and standards. Their characteristics are compared with the probabilistic approach of the BAM. Based on Monte-Carlo simulations the available design range of all concepts is compared. In addition, the probability of acceptance for potentially unsafe design types is determined.
T2 - ICHS 2017
CY - Hamburg, Germany
DA - 11.09.2017
KW - Composite
KW - Sample performance chart
KW - Regulations
KW - GTR No 13
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-41942
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - GAS ALS ENERGIETRÄGER - Die Kompetenz der BAM in Fragen der sicheren Druckspeicherung
N2 - Der Vortrag stellte kurz die Abteilung vor und wo der Arbeitsbereich Druckgefäße einzuordnen ist. Er weist auf die Verwendung von Wasserstoff und auf unsere Kompetenz in der Beurteilung von Sicherheit, unsere Beratung und Forschung hin.
Darüber hinaus werden die in der BAM auf Wasserstoffspeicher angewendeten Prüfverfahren dargestellt und als ein Schwerpunkt die hydraulische Prüfung erläutert.
Über die Monte-Carlo-Simulation zur Beurteilung von Vorschriften führt er zum probabilistischen Sicherheitsansatz.
T2 - Besuch der BAM durch die China Energy-saving Insulation Materials Association, China
CY - BAM-FB, Berlin, Germany
DA - 07.06.2017
KW - Monte-Carlo
KW - Sample Performance Chart
KW - Zuverlässigkeit
KW - Langsame Berstprüfung
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-41737
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
ED - Saul, Herbert
ED - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Proceedings Follow-up Workshop on Statistical Safety Assessment of Composite Cylinders from Mass Production
N2 - Printed collection of important information about the workshop, wellcome of the president, list of participants, literature and a lot of documents and work sheets in addition to the elictronically distributed presentations
T2 - Follow-up Workshop on Statistical Safety Assessment of Composite Cylinders from Mass Production
CY - BAM Berlin, Germany
DA - 05.10.2016
KW - Composite cylinders
KW - Probabilistic approach
KW - Statistical assessment
PY - 2016
SP - 1
EP - 90
PB - Eigenverlag
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-38948
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Becker, Ben
A1 - Duffner, Eric
A1 - Saul, Herbert
A1 - Schoppa, André
T1 - Composite gas cylinders - Probabilistic analysis of minimum load cycle requirements
N2 - Gas cylinders made of composite materials receive growing popularity in light-weight applications. Current standards are mostly based on safety determination relying on minimum amounts of endured load cycles and a minimum burst pressure of a small number of specimens. This paper investigates the possibilities of a probabilistic strength assessment for safety improvements as well as cost and weight savings. The probabilistic assessment is based on destructive testing of small sized samples. The influence of sample size on uncertainty of the assessment is analysed. Furthermore, methods for the assessment of in-service ageing (degradation) are discussed and displayed in performance charts.
KW - Cycle strength
KW - Degradation
KW - End of life
KW - Lucky punch area
KW - Slow burst test
KW - Statistical assessment
PY - 2016
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.06.067
SN - 0360-3199
SN - 1879-3487
VL - 42
IS - 11
SP - 7474
EP - 7484
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-38949
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - UN-service life checks by statistical methods
N2 - This slides explain the functionality and the procedure of the UN-service life checks as they are operated by BAM as German authority. These are based on the probabilistic approach including evaluation of current safety level and its comparison with assessments of different status of degrdation including extrapolation towards end of safe service life.
The similarity to the approach for determiantion of retest periods by BAM is explained.
T2 - Follow-up Workshop on Statistical Safety Assessment of Composite Cylinders from Mass Production
CY - BAM-Berlin, Germany
DA - 05.10.2016
KW - Life time determination
KW - UN-service life check
KW - Periodic insepction
KW - Trace of degradation
KW - Acceptance of failure rates
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-38955
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Step by step assessment of test results from composite cylinders
N2 - Repetition of the main aspects about the assessment of sample test results of the 1st and 2nd workshop on statistical safety assessment
T2 - Follow-up Workshop on Statistical Safety Assessment of Composite Cylinders from Mass Production
CY - BAM Berlin, Germany
DA - 05.10.2016
KW - Cycle strength
KW - Slow burst test
KW - Statisitcal evaluation
KW - GAUSSian net
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-38951
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - In-service degradation - a lack of knowledge
N2 - The slides explain different meanings and aspects of degradation; the relevant slides show effects to be measured by destructive tests and their graphical evaluation in SPCs
T2 - Follow-up Workshop on Statistical Safety Assessment of Composite Cylinders from Mass Production
CY - BAM Berlin, Germany
DA - 05.10.2016
KW - Artifical aging
KW - Gaseous filling
KW - Combined distribution
KW - Extrapolation of degradation
KW - Confidence level
KW - End of life
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-38954
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - The sample performance chart & its use for the display of degradation
N2 - Display and graphical interpretation of statistically evaluated sample properties; Including assessment of degradation respectivelly aging
T2 - Follow-up Workshop on Statistical Safety Assessment of Composite Cylinders from Mass Production
CY - BAM Berlin, Germany
DA - 05.10.2016
KW - Sample performance chart
KW - Mean strength
KW - Scatter value
KW - Degradation
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-38952
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Popiela, Bartosz
T1 - Experimental study on the impact of manufacturing process related residual stresses in wound composite material on the operational safety of H2 pressure vessels
N2 - The presentation is an update on the progress of the PhD Project. It focuses on the experimental investigation of the impact of residual stresses on the reliability of type 4 composite pressure vessels.
T2 - Summer School 2024 - BTU-BAM Graduate School "Trustworthy Hydrogen"
CY - Cottbus, Germany
DA - 07.10.2024
KW - Composite
KW - Pressure vessel
KW - Residual stresses
KW - Burst test
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61272
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Leichtbau von Gasspeichern - unsere Werkzeuge für den Leichtbau
N2 - Der Vortrag stellt dar, wie die aktuellen Maßnahmen im Bereich der Sicherheitsbewertung von Gasspeichern in den Leichtbau einzahlen. Hierbei wird die Motivation für den Markthochlauf Wasserstoff vorangestellt: Die Reduktion bzw. Vermeidung von Klimagasen.
Danach wird unterschieden zwischen den Maßnahmen für die Aspekte „Einsparung von Transportenergie“, „Materialeinsatz im Design“, „Maximierung der Verwendung“.
Das Ergebnis kann zusammengefasst werden mit
a) Der Leichtbau hat viele Aspekte, Zielsetzungen und Wirkansätze.
b) Die Designoptimierung nach den konkurrierenden Zielen „Materialeinsatz“ (Produktionskosten; günstige Werkstoffe), Gewicht (Transportkosten) und Sicherheit gelingt immer besser.
c) Im geregelten Bereich erfordern neue Wege des Leichtbaus oft eine Änderung der Vorschriften, die man rechtzeitig angehen muss.
d) Wenn man Leichtbau auch als Maximierung der Nutzungsdauer pro Materialeinsatz versteht, geht es vor allem um die Nachhaltigkeit in der Nutzung und damit um neue Methoden der Sicherheitsbeurteilung zur Maximierung der Nutzungsdauer (ZfP oder lfd. Überwachung).
T2 - 4. Netzwerktreffen Leichtbau Berlin-Brandenburg
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 01.10.2024
KW - Wasserstoffspeicher
KW - Probabilistik
KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung
KW - Stichprobenprüfung
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61331
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sklorz, Christian
T1 - Investigations on fire resistance of CPVs with respect to validation of fire test setup
N2 - Based on Global Technical Regulations No. 13 phase 2 it is shown how to desing an over ground fire test stand with splinter barrier elements and qualification tests like blast testing and wind measurement.
T2 - Stakeholders Workshop VH SH2APED
CY - Brussels, Belgium
DA - 26.09.2024
KW - GTR 13
KW - Fire testing on CPVs
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61335
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Popiela, Bartosz
T1 - Creep Phenomena During Initial Loading of Type 4 Composite Pressure Vessels
N2 - A poster presentation on the impact of creep phenomena during initial loading on the safety of type 4 composite pressure vessels. A statistical evaluation of slow burst tests shows an increase of the survival rate of initially loaded composite pressure vessels (sustained load and increased pressure) compared to the ones tested in a brand-new state.
T2 - ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping® Conference
CY - Quebec, Canada
DA - 20.07.2025
KW - Composite
KW - Pressure vessel
KW - Safety
KW - Creep
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63761
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - THES
A1 - Liehr, Sascha
T1 - Fibre Optic Sensing Techniques Based on Incoherent Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry
N2 - Diese Arbeit beschreibt einen alternativen Ansatz zur weit verbreiteten optischen Zeitbereichsreflektometrie, engl.: optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR). Die inkohärente optische Frequenzbereichsreflektometrie, engl.: incoherent optical frequency domain reflectometry (I-OFDR), wird grundlegend analysiert und hinsichtlich ihrer Möglichkeiten zur kontinuierlich ortsaufgelösten (verteilten) Rückstreumessung in optischen Fasern sowie faseroptischen Sensoranwendungen betrachtet. Im Gegensatz zum OTDR Ansatz wird hier die Übertragungsfunktion der optischen Faser gemessen, die über die inverse Fouriertransformation mit der äquivalenten Zeitbereichsantwort verknüpft ist. Das grundsätzliche Verfahren hat gewisse Vorteile und wird bereits zur Messung nichtlinearer optischer Effekte in optischen Fasern genutzt. Die allgemeine Rückstreumesstechnik unterscheidet sich jedoch bezüglich Anforderungen und Einschränkungen und wurde bisher nicht genau untersucht. Verteilte faseroptische Sensoranwendungen mit bemerkenswerter Messauflösung basierend auf Rayleigh-Rückstreuung und Reflexionsstellen in optischen Fasern werden erstmals vorgestellt. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wird der Frequenzbereichsansatz theoretisch beschrieben. Notwendige Signalverarbeitung und deren Einfluss auf die Zeitbereichsantwort werden dargestellt. Abweichungen von der Linearität des I-OFDR Systems werden diskutiert und ein optimierter Messaufbau wird eingeführt; der entscheidende Einfluss der spektralen Eigenschaften der optischen Quelle wird im Detail betrachtet. Geeignete Parameter des I-OFDR Ansatzes, wie Dynamikbereich und Empfindlichkeit, werden definiert und für den Laboraufbau bestimmt. Ein möglicher Ansatz zur Unterdrückung starker Störsignale wird vorgestellt. Die Vorteile des I-OFDR Ansatzes gegenüber der OTDR Technik bezüglich der Umsetzung für hohe Ortsauflösungen sowie Messauflösung und Signalstabilität werden gezeigt. Diese Vorteile und dem Frequenzansatz eigene Messmöglichkeiten werden im zweiten Teil der Arbeit für ortsaufgelöste Sensoranwendungen demonstriert: Eine dämpfungsarme polymeroptische Faser (POF) wird erstmals auf ihre Sensoreigenschaften untersucht und zur verteilten Dehnungsmessung verwendet. Die Abhängigkeit der Rückstreuleistung von der aufgebrachten Dehnung kann genutzt werden, um gedehnte Faserstrecken zu lokalisieren. Weiterhin wird ein Korrelationsalgorithmus eingeführt, der es ermöglicht ortsaufgelöst Längenänderungen entlang der Faser mit mm-Auflösung zu messen indem die starken Streuzentren in der Faser mit einer Referenzmessung korreliert werden. Untersuchungen auf Querempfindlichkeiten der Sensorfaser bezüglich Temperatur, relativer Feuchte und Modenausbreitung zeigen vernachlässigbare bzw. beherrschbare Abhängigkeiten. In Kombination mit dem hochauflösenden I-OFDR Ansatz ermöglichen die vorgestellten Sensorverfahren vielversprechende neue Messanwendungen. Spezielles Interesse besteht in Bereichen der Bauwerksüberwachung, da die Faser nahezu verlustfrei auf über 100 % gedehnt werden kann. Ein weiteres Sensorverfahren, basierend auf dem Frequenzbereichsansatz zur dynamischen und quasi-verteilten Messung von Längenänderungen und Leistungsänderungen zwischen Reflexpunkten in der Faser wird präsentiert. Basierend auf der Messung weniger Frequenzpunkte der komplexen Frequenzantwort der Messfaser können mehrere Reflexe gleichzeitig und unabhängig voneinander bezüglich Position und reflektierter optischer Leistung ausgewertet werden. Messfrequenzen bis zu 2 kHz können erreicht werden und Längenänderungsauflösungen im μm-Bereich bei kleineren Messfrequenzen sind möglich. Das Messverfahren wird auf systematische Fehlereinflüsse untersucht und anhand von Demonstratormessungen validiert. Messungen der Deformation eines Gebäudes auf einem Erdbebenversuchsstand demonstrieren die Möglichkeit der Feldanwendung des Verfahrens. Das vorgestellte I-OFDR Verfahren demonstriert konkurrenzfähige Messparameter für allgemeine und hochauflösende optische Rückstreumessungen und die vorgestellten faseroptischen Sensorprinzipien zeigen vielversprechende Perspektiven für Anwendungen z.B. in der Bauwerksüberwachung.
N2 - In this thesis, an alternative approach to the well-known optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) technique is presented. A thorough analysis regarding distributed backscatter measurement in optical fibres is provided and its prospects for optical fibre sensing applications are demonstrated and discussed. The measurement approach is referred to as incoherent optical frequency domain reflectometry (I-OFDR): the frequency response of the fibre under test is measured and transferred into its time domain equivalent using inverse Fourier transform. This general technique has been studied and used for the measurement of nonlinear scattering effects in optical fibres. The requirements, limitations and prospects for general backscatter measurement, however, are different and have not been studied in detail prior to this work. Distributed sensing using Rayleigh scattering and reflective events in the fibre is first demonstrated using I-OFDR with remarkable measurement resolution. The incoherent detection technique allows for measuring singlemode fibres as well as multimode fibres. The first part of this work deals with the theoretical analysis and optimized implementation of the frequency domain approach. Necessary signal processing and its impact on the time domain response are presented. Sources of deviation from the linearity of the I-OFDR system are identified and an optimized laboratory setup is introduced; the crucial impact of the source coherence is thoroughly discussed. Suitable system parameters for the I-OFDR approach are defined: the system dynamic range and sensitivity are determined. A technique to suppress the dynamic range-limiting signal originating from strong reflections in the fibre is suggested. It is demonstrated that the I-OFDR technique has advantages over OTDR in terms of implementation for high-resolution measurement, measurement accuracy and signal stability. These advantages and measurement possibilities specific to the frequency domain approach are utilized for spatially resolved sensing applications in the second part of this work: A low optical loss polymer optical fibre (POF) is for the first time studied and analyzed for distributed strain sensing. The backscatter level dependence on strain in the fibre can be used to detect and locate strained fibre sections. Also, a correlation algorithm is proposed and demonstrated to measure length changes along the fibre with mm-resolution by correlating the typical backscatter signature of this fibre type. The fibre type is analyzed in detail regarding cross-sensitivities to temperature, relative humidity as well as mode propagation influences. The proposed sensing principles in combination with the highresolution I-OFDR allow for promising distributed sensing applications. Special interest is expressed by the structural health monitoring (SHM) sector since the fibre can measure strain values exceeding 100 %. Another sensing technique, specific to I-OFDR, is proposed for quasi-distributed and dynamic measurement of length changes and optical power changes at reflective events along the fibre. Precise calculation of the positions and reflected powers of multiple reflections can be conducted in parallel from the measurement of a few sampling points of the complex-valued frequency response. That allows for measuring with an increased repetition rate up to 2 kHz or at μm-scale length changes resolution at lower measurement frequencies. The approach is demonstrated in the laboratory and in a field application by measuring the deformation of a masonry building on a seismic shaking table. The I-OFDR exhibits competitive performance for general high-resolution backscatter measurement and the proposed optical fibre sensor principles may have promising prospects in the structural health monitoring (SHM) sector.
T3 - BAM Dissertationsreihe - 125
KW - optical fiber sensor
KW - OFDR
KW - distributed backscatter measurement
KW - polymer optical fiber (POF) sensor
KW - structural health monitoring
PY - 2015
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-4660
SN - 978-3-9816668-4-7
VL - 125
SP - 1
EP - 144
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-466
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - THES
A1 - Zur, Malte
T1 - Numerische Modellierung der Kabinenluftströmung und des Stofftransports von Gefahrgut in Flugzeugfrachträumen
N2 - Für den Transport flüssiger Gefahrguter im Luftverkehr werden unter anderem Kunststoffverpackungen verwendet, die Leckagen aufweisen oder Permeation unterliegen können. Aufgrund der vorhandenen Belüftungsbedingungen ist eine Ansammlung entzündlicher oder gesundheitsschädlicher Gase im Frachtraum von Flugzeugen denkbar. Die Überschreitung ausreichender Konzentrationen solcher Gase kann zu einer Gefährdung führen. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die Kabinenluftströmungen und der Stofftransport von Gefahrgut in Flugzeugfrachträumen mittels CFD untersucht. Zunächst erfolgt die Entwicklung eines geeigneten numerischen Modells auf der Grundlage eines generischen Frachtraums mit typischen Merkmalen.
Die verwendeten realitätsnahen Randbedingungen entsprechen aktuellen Flugzeugmustern. Das numerische Modell wird mittels experimenteller Modellversuche im Maßstab 1/10 validiert. Das Strömungsfeld im Frachtraummodell wird mittels eines LDA-Systems vermessen. Das validierte numerische Modell wird sowohl für Simulationen im Maßstab 1/10 als auch im Maßstab 1/1 verwendet. Anhand der drei Validierungskriterien Symmetrie, Verlaufe und Beträge der betrachteten Strömungsgrößen und einer LDA-Spektralanalyse wird insgesamt eine gute qualitative und quantitative Übereinstimmung zwischen Experiment und Simulation ermittelt. Eine systematische Untersuchung zeigt den Einfluss relevanter Parameter auf das Strömungsfeld und den Stofftransport. Zunächst werden die Einlassreynoldszahl und der Einlassturbulenzgrad sowie die Wandrauigkeit und Wandunebenheit bewertet. Für kleine Reynoldszahlen werden hohe Konzentrationen und für größere Reynoldszahlen werden deutlich geringeren Konzentrationen von Gefahrgut ermittelt. Anhand einer Variation in vier Schritten wird der Einfluss des Einlassmassenstromverhältnisses aus Luft und Gefahrgut bewertet. Erst für Werte von <1000 lasst sich ein signifikanter Einfluss feststellen. Es werden die Stoffe Toluol und n-Hexan beispielhaft für brennbare Gefahrgüter der Klasse 3 verwendet. Der Einfluss der Position und Gestalt verschiedener Einlassquellen wird an vier realitätsnahen Quellentypen bewertet.
Anhand vier verschiedener Transportszenarien wird die Ausbreitung von Gefahrgut im Modellmaßstab untersucht. Die Szenarien unterscheiden sich durch die Art der Belüftung und durch die Dauer des Gefahrgutaustritts. Szenarien mit aktiver Frachtraumbelüftung sind als eher unkritisch zu beurteilen. Die betrachteten Szenarien ohne aktive Frachtraumbelüftung sind als gefährlich einzustufen. Insbesondere das Szenario mit zeitlich unbegrenztem Gefahrgutmassenstrom erreicht kritische Konzentrationswerte und eine kritische Ausdehnung der Gefahrgutansammlung im Frachtraum. Diese Ergebnisse werden anhand zweier Szenarien im Maßstab 1/1 bestätigt. Die vorliegende Arbeit leistet einen Beitrag, das Verständnis der Strömungs- und Stofftransportvorgange im Flugzeugfrachtraum beim Transport von Gefahrgütern im Luftverkehr zu erweitern, um Risiken im Luftverkehr zu identifizieren. Die Allgemeingültigkeit und die Übertragbarkeit der Erkenntnisse auf Flugzeugmuster und Flugszenarien mit komplexeren Details sind zu prüfen.
N2 - Liquid dangerous goods are regularly transported as air freight in commercial aircrafts.
Using plastic jerrycans or plastic containers, liquids or gases can escape by leakage or permeation effects. The specific ventilation situation in the aircraft cargo compartment may lead to agglomerations of potentially flammable or harmful gas-air mixtures in the cargo compartment. Exceeding certain concentration limits of such gases may cause dangerous situations. This work presents a CFD study of the cabin air flow and the mass transport of dangerous goods in the cargo compartments of commercial airplanes.
In a first step, an adequate numerical model is developed that utilizes a generic aircraft cargo compartment with typical characteristics. The realistic boundary conditions are based on modern types of aircrafts. The numerical model is validated by model experiments in 1/10 scale. As a second step, the flow field in the cargo compartment is
determined using a LDA-system. The validated numerical model is employed for simulations in 1/10 and 1/1 scale. Using three validation criteria (the symmetry, the
evolution and values of flow variables and a LDA spectral analysis) a good qualitative and quantitative agreement between experiment and simulation is found. As a next
step, a systematic analysis of relevant parameters influencing the flow and the mass transport in the cargo compartment is conducted. The influence of the inlet Reynolds number and the inlet turbulence intensity as well as the wall roughness and geometric obstructions on the wall are evaluated. For low Reynolds numbers, high concentrations are found and for higher Reynolds numbers, significantly lower concentrations of dangerous goods are calculated. The influence of, the ratio of air and dangerous good flowing into the domain is evaluated using four different values of. Only values of <1000 show a significant influence on the concentration levels in the domain. The dangerous substances toluene and hexane are used as examples for class 3 flammable dangerous goods. The influence of the position and the shape of different inlet sources for dangerous goods are evaluated using four different types of sources. In a final step, four different transport scenarios are used to simulate and evaluate the expansion and propagation of dangerous goods in the generic cargo compartment in the model scale
1/10. The scenarios differ in the ventilation situation and the duration of the mass of dangerous goods entering the domain. Scenarios with an active cargo compartment
ventilation are found to be noncritical. Scenarios without an active ventilation lead to critical concentrations of dangerous goods. In particular, a scenario with an indefinite mass inflow of a dangerous gas shows critical concentration levels and a critical expansion in the cargo compartment. These findings are confirmed by simulations of
two different scenarios in a 1/1 scale.
The presented work contributes to a better understanding of the cabin air flow and the mass transport of dangerous goods in aircraft cargo compartments in order to identify
potential risks. The universal validity and the transferability of the findings to other, more complex aircraft cargo compartments and transportations scenarios are to be reviewed in further research.
T3 - BAM Dissertationsreihe - 128
KW - CFD
KW - Kabinenluftströmung
KW - Stofftransport von Gasen
KW - gefährliche Güter im Luftverkehr
KW - LDA
PY - 2015
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-4949
SN - 978-3-9816668-8-5
VL - 128
SP - 1
EP - 170
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-494
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
T1 - PREDIS: Innovative ways for pre disposal treatment and monitoring of low and medium radioactive waste
N2 - The EURATOM PREDIS project (http://www.predis-h2020.eu, last access:TS1) targets the development and implementation of activities for predisposal treatment of radioactive waste streams other than nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste. It started on 1 September 2020 with a 4 year duration. The consortium includes 47 partners from 17 member states. The overall budget of the project is EUR23.7 million, with EC contribution of EUR 14 million. The PREDIS project develops and increases the technological readiness level (TRL) of treatment and conditioning methodologies for wastes for which no adequate or industrially mature Solutions are currently available, including metallic materials, liquid organic waste and solid organic waste. The PREDIS project also develops innovations in cemented waste handling and predisposal storage by testing and evaluating.
The technical work packages align with priorities formulated within the Roadmap Theme 2 of EURAD (https://www.ejp-eurad.eu/TS2), Nugenia Global Vision (https://snetp.eu/nugenia/TS3) and with those identified by the project’s industrial end users group (EUG). The PREDIS will produce tools guiding decision making on the added value of the developed technologies and their impact on the design, safety and economics of waste management and disposal.
Four technical work packages are focusing on specific waste types: metallic, liquid organic, solid organic, and cemented wastes. For the first three, the main aim lies in processing, stabilizing, and packaging the different waste streams, e.g. by using novel geopolymers, to deliver items which are in line with national and international waste acceptance criteria. In contrast, the fourth technical work package has a different focus.
To provide better ways for a safe and effective monitoring of cemented waste packages including prediction tools to assess the future integrity development during predisposal activities, several digital tools are evaluated and improved. Safety enhancement (e.g. less exposure of testing personnel) and cost-effectiveness are part of the intended impact. The work includes but is not limited to inspection methods, such as muon imaging, wireless sensors integrated into waste packages as well as external package and facility monitoring, such as remote Fiber optic sensors. The sensors applied will go beyond radiation monitoring and include proxy parameters important for long-term integrity assessment (e.g. internal pressure). Sensors will also be made cost-effective to allow the
installation of many more sensors compared to current practice. The measured data will be used in digital Twins of the waste packages for specific simulations (geochemical, integrity) providing a prediction of future behavior.
Machine learning techniques trained by the characterization of older waste packages will help to connect the models to the current data. All data (measured and simulated) will be collected in a joint database and connected to a decision framework to be used at actual facilities.
The presentation includes detailed information about the various tools under consideration in the Monitoring of cemented waste packages, their connection and first results of the research.
T2 - Safety of Nuclear Waste Disposal
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 10.11.2021
KW - Radioactive waste disposal
KW - RFID
KW - Monitoring
KW - Cemented waste
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-54157
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
T1 - Inspection and monitoring of massive concrete structures by innovative ultrasonic methods
N2 - Presentation on recent progress in ultrasinic testing and monitoring of concrete for massive structures. First, a new instrument (LAUS) for ultrasonic echo testing of thicknesses up to 5 m is shown. A new method to provide better images of the concrete interior, Reverse Mitem Migration (RTM)is presented. Second, the use of embedded ultrasonic transducers and data processing methods borrowed from seismology to detect subtle changes in concrete are documented.
T2 - NUCCON 2016
CY - Helsinki, Finland
DA - 31.10.2016
KW - Ultrasound
KW - Concrete
KW - Imaging
KW - Monitoring
KW - Nuclear
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-38181
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Effner, Ute
T1 - Entwicklung einer Bohrlochsonde für Ultraschalluntersuchungen an Abschlussbauwerken in Endlagern
N2 - Für die Qualitätssicherung von Abschlusswerken für Endlager wird eine Ultraschall-Bohrlochsonde entwickelt. Mithilfe dieser Sonde, die aus einer Vielzahl von einzelnen koppelmittelfreien Ultraschall-Punktkontaktprüfköpfen besteht, soll die Rissfreiheit der Versuchsbauwerke überprüft werden.
Ein erster Prototyp der Sonde wurde mit einem kommerziellen Ultraschallgerät betrieben und bestand aus 12 Transversalwellen-Punktkontaktprüfköpfen von denen jeweils sechs als Sender und sechs als Empfänger parallelgeschaltet waren. Um den erzeugten Schalldruck der Bohrlochsonde zu steigern, wurde bei der Neuentwicklung die Prüfkopfanzahl erhöht und zusätzlich die laufzeitgesteuerte Anregung der einzelnen Prüfköpfe vorgesehen. Für die Anregung der Prüfköpfe mit programmierten Zeitverzögerungen wurde ein neuartiger mehrkanaliger Sender für bipolare Rechtecksignale entwickelt.
Durch die Entwicklung der Bohrlochsonde soll eine dynamische Anpassung der Prüfkopf-Apertur sowie eine Fokussierung des Schallfeldes in Abhängigkeit der zu untersuchenden Tiefe erfolgen. Mithilfe entsprechender Anregungsfunktionen kann das Schallfeld der Bohrlochsonde unterschiedlich geformt werden, z. B. ist auch ein Schwenken des fokussierten Schallbündels möglich. Dadurch wird das erfasste Prüfvolumen begrenzt und auf diese Weise das Signal-Störverhältnis der Empfangssignale verbessert. In Kombination mit SAFT-Rekonstruktionsrechnungen wird durch eine optimierte Abstrahlcharakteristik der Sonde mit einem hohen Schalldruck unter verschiedenen Winkeln eine verbesserte Signalqualität und damit eine erhöhte Aussagesicherheit der Ergebnisse in der Objektabbildung erwartet.
T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2021
CY - Online meeting
DA - 10.05.2021
KW - Abdichtbauwerk
KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung
KW - Ultraschall-Echoverfahren
KW - Bohrlochsonde
KW - Verschlussbauwerk
PY - 2021
UR - https://jahrestagung.dgzfp.de/portals/jt2021/bb176/inhalt/poster.htm
AN - OPUS4-52657
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - RPRT
A1 - Wiggenhauser, Herbert
A1 - Helmerich, Rosemarie
A1 - Krause, Martin
A1 - Mielentz, Frank
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
A1 - Taffe, Alexander
A1 - Wilsch, Gerd
ED - Naus, D.
T1 - Non-destructive Testing of Nuclear Power Plant Concrete Structures State of the Art Report
N2 - Nuclear Power Plants have been in operation for ca. 50 years. Based on this experience, non-destructive testing tasks specific to thick and highly reinforced nuclear containment structures have materialized. The performance based Service life extension of existing NPPs also needs a measurement based decision to support continuing the service of the concrete part of the installations.
By nature, concrete is a very durable material and any natural Deterioration processes may take a long time to become critical to the structure. The experience of more than 50 years of service limits the testing tasks to a few ones which are not yet solved.
Research in NDT of concrete structures is performed by many research institutions all over the world with different technical and systematic approaches. Results are mainly obtained on laboratory specimens, sometimes additional field studies are reported. This research takes place independently without coordination and as a result, the outcomes mostly lack full comparability.
Software for data analysis has become indispensable and very powerful. This part of testing needs more attention when it comes to evaluate test results. Validation of NDE solutions is becoming a critical part in concrete structure testing.
Validation is by definition the proof that a customer´s requirements in the test are being met by the testing solution. This includes equipment, personnel qualification and data analysis. In the following tables, the research recommendation Validation is used in the sense, that proof of the performance of existing solutions needs to be adressed. In general, a validation methodology for NDE solutions for concrete testing in itself needs to be researched and established.
Comparability of research also needs an accepted and easily accessible reference. From experience, it is almost impossible to manufacture exact copies of test specimens at different locations. Round Robin tests are therefore needed to evaluate the performance of a test.
Data evaluation is generally done using dedicated software, sometimes Hardware dependant and not interchangeable between systems. Software is ever more increasingly becoming more powerful and sophisticated. An in-depth evaluation needs to address the comparability and validation of Software used for data analysis and evaluation. The vision of a unified software pool for NDE investigations would undoubtedly support research tremendously.
Quantitative NDE is mostly recommended to assess the condition of a structure. However, qualitative data can be very useful, especially for processes which change the material properties or deteriorate the structure (e.g. corrosion of reinforcement). The need for reliable baseline data is a key factor for such monitoring tasks.
KW - Nuclear structures
KW - Non-destructive testing
KW - State of the art
KW - Research needs
PY - 2013
SP - 1
EP - 120
PB - BAM
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-51049
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey
T1 - New developments in high power laser and hybrid welding of thick plates for application in modern ship building
N2 - High power laser beam welding has been already introduced in ship building industry since last two decades and is characterized by higher performance as conventional arc welding technologies through its higher welding speed, penetration depth and therefore higher productivity. Moreover, high quality weld joints are achievable thanks to a stronger automatization degree and better repeatability of the process. A further advantage of the laser beam welding is a manufacturing of parts with very low distortion according to much lower heat input, so that rework amount can be reduced significantly. Nevertheless, there are still some unresolved problems limiting the range of application of the technology in part manufacturing within ship building industry, restricted by development and application of new materials or new design of ship vessels.
The present contribution deals with some novel aspects of laser beam welding technology allowing to widen this range significantly. One of the possibilities is to increase the weld seam thickness for single pass laser or laser-hybrid welding is to apply contactless EM-support system based on generation of the Lorentz force counteracting the liquid metal drop out. Also, application of laser-hybrid welding technology for welding novel materials like cold resistant steel X8Ni9 used for construction of LNG tanks brings technological and design advantages comparing to conventional welding technologies by using of a similar alloyed filler wire instead of expensive Ni-based filler material. Finally, it is shown how the application of computational techniques can be used to helps to improve the quality of laser welded joints and avoid the critical weld failure by optimization of the welding process parameters.
T2 - SHY Virtual Laserforum 2020
CY - Online meeting
DA - 01.09.2020
KW - Ship building
KW - Laser beam welding
KW - Hybrid laser arc welding
PY - 2020
UR - https://laserforum.mobieforum.fi/
AN - OPUS4-51221
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - RPRT
A1 - Schaumann, P.
A1 - Schürmann, K.
A1 - Pittner, Andreas
A1 - Rethmeier, Michael
T1 - Quantifizierung der Einflüsse aus Fertigungsautomatisierung und Innenschweißen auf die Ermüdungsfestigkeit von Hohlprofilknoten für Offshore-Windenergieanlagen
T1 - Quantifying the effects of manufacturing automation and internal welding on the fatigue resistance of circular hollow section joints for offshore wind energy converters
N2 - Die Entwicklung in der Offshore-Windenergie hin zu größeren, leistungsstärkeren An-lagentypen sowie die zeitgleich zunehmenden Wassertiefen der projektierten Wind-parks stellt u. a. Designer und Fertiger der Gründungsstrukturen von Windenergiean-lagen vor wachsende Herausforderungen. Neben dem Gründungskonzept der XL-Monopiles rückt wegen der Kombination aus dem vergleichsweise geringen Materialverbrauch bei gleichzeitig hoher Steifigkeit, auch die Jacketgründung in den Fokus. Der Fertigungsaufwand der Jackets ist verglichen mit Monopiles groß; kann jedoch durch die Nutzung von Standardrohren mit automatisiert gefertigten Jacketknoten reduziert werden.
Vor diesem Hintergrund beschreibt der vorliegende Forschungsbericht den Fertigungs-prozess zum automatisierten Schweißen von X-förmigen Hohlprofilknoten für Jacket-Gründungsstrukturen von Offshore-Windenergieanlagen. Ein weiteres wesentliches Ziel dieses Vorhabens war die konsequente Digitalisierung der schweißtechnischen Fertigungskette während der automatisierten Schweißung der X-Knoten. Die so ge-speicherten Prozessparameter können zum einen als Grundlage einer Qualitätskon-trolle dienen, zum anderen ermöglichen sie eine vollständige Nachverfolgbarkeit der automatisiert gefertigten Rohrknoten.
Der zweite maßgebend in diesem Bericht behandelte Aspekt umfasst die Quantifizie-rung der Einflüsse aus Fertigungsautomatisierung und Innenschweißen auf die Ermü-dungsfestigkeit der Hohlprofilknoten auf Basis serieller Ermüdungsversuche. Dazu wurden im Projekt zwei Serien mit jeweils 16 Schwingversuchen an ein- und doppel-seitig automatisiert geschweißten X-Knoten durchgeführt und entsprechende Struktur-spannungswöhlerlinien für die automatisiert gefertigten X-Knoten bestimmt.
Die Ergebnisse dieser Ermüdungsversuche werden abschließend in numerischen Untersuchungen auf Basis der Strukturspannungs- und des Kerbspannungskonzeptes gegenübergestellt, um die Prognosefähigkeit beider Konzepte für die ermüdungs-kritischen Bereiche des X-Knotens bewerten zu können.
Durch die im Forschungsvorhaben durchgeführten schweißtechnischen, experimen-tellen und numerischen Analysen konnte das Potential automatisiert gefertigter Rohr-knoten hinsichtlich Reproduzierbarkeit und Ermüdungsverhalten quantifiziert werden. Zusätzlich konnte der Einfluss der inneren Schweißnaht auf die Ermüdungsfestigkeit bewertet werden.
N2 - The development within the offshore wind sector towards more powerful turbines combined with increasing water depth for new wind parks is challenging both the designer as well as the manufacturer of bottom fixed support structures. Besides XL-monopiles, the market developed an innovative and economic jacket support structure, which is based on automatically manufactured tubular joints combined with standardized pipes. Besides the improvements for a serial manufacturing process the automatically welded tubular joints show a great potential in terms of fatigue resistance e.g. due to a smooth weld geometry without sharp notches. However, these benefits are not considered yet within the fatigue design process of automatically manufactured jacket substructures according to standards and guidelines due to the lack of suitable S-N curves.
Therefore, within this research project the automatically welding process of tubular joints for jacket support structures of offshore wind energy turbines was developed. Additionally, the project was focused on a consistent digitalization of the welding production chain during the automated welding of the X-joints. These stored process parameters can then serve as the basis for quality checks and a complete traceability of the automatically produced tubular joints is enabled.
The second aspect dealt within this report is the quantification of the effects of production automation and internal welding on the fatigue resistance of the tubular joints by performing serial fatigue tests. For this purpose, two series each with 16 fatigue tests on single- and double-sided automatically welded X-joints were carried out in the project to determine structural stress based S-N curves for the automatically welded X-joints.
The results of these fatigue tests are then compared to numerical investigations based on the structural stress as well as notch stress approach. The outcomes are then compared to evaluate the capability of both approaches for the prediction of the fatigue-critical locations within the X-joints.
Based on the analysis of the welding procedure as well as the experimental and numerical investigations within this research project, the potential of automatically manufactured tubular joints with regard to reproducibility and fatigue behaviour was investigated. In addition, the effects of an inner root layer on the fatigue resistance was evaluated.
KW - Lightweight Design
KW - Jacket Support Structures
KW - Fatigue
KW - Arc Welding Automation
KW - Offshore Wind
PY - 2020
UR - https://shop.stahldaten.de/produkt/p-1178-quantifizierung-der-einfluesse-aus-fertigungsautomatisierung-und-innenschweissen-auf-die-ermuedungsfestigkeit-von-hohlprofilknoten-fuer-offshore-windenergieanlagen
SN - 978-3-946885-79-5
VL - Bericht P1178
SP - 1
EP - 189
AN - OPUS4-51855
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - RPRT
A1 - Pittner, Andreas
A1 - Rethmeier, Michael
T1 - Ökologische Bilanzierung von Schmelzschweißverfahren unter Berücksichtigung vor- und nachgelagerter Prozessschritte
N2 - Schweißen ist ein industriell relevantes Fertigungsverfahren mit einer branchenübergreifenden Bedeutung. Die Umweltwirkungen von Schweißverfahren sind jedoch bisher unbekannt und werden im Entstehungsprozess eines Produktes entlang seiner Fertigungskette daher meist nicht berücksichtigt. Ferner ist der Schweißprozess durch einen hohen Verbrauch an Energie sowie Ressourcen gekennzeichnet. Zahlreiche Arbeiten zeigen, dass der Bedarf einer Ökobilanzierung enorm ist. Ursächlich für die bisher mangelhafte Etablierung der Ökobilanzierung von Schweißverfahren und damit Motivation für die Forschungsarbeiten ist die Unkenntnis relevanter Einflussgrößen und damit verbunden ein nicht abschätzbarer Aufwand bei der Durchführung sowie Implementierung einer Ökobilanz im fertigungstechnischen Kontext.
Demgegenüber ist die Ökobilanzierung in anderen Branchen ein oft genutztes Werkzeug zur Ableitung von Umweltwirkungen. Aufgrund der aktuellen Diskussionen bezüglich des Übergangs hin zu einer klimaneutralen Produktion erfährt auch die Analyse und Optimierung der Umweltwirkungen schweißtechnischer Fertigungsverfahren derzeit eine gesteigerte Aufmerksamkeit. Für Unternehmen stellt die Verfügbarkeit umweltverträglicher Produkte bzw. Prozesse eine gewisse Werbewirksamkeit dar, wie dies im Bereich der Schweißstromquellentechnik aktuell zu beobachten ist. Gleichzeitig wird das Thema des „green welding“ auch bezogen auf die gesamte Fertigungskette immer häufiger diskutiert. Dies zeigt sich durch eine in den letzten Jahren deutlich gestiegene Publikationsaktivität. Neben Analysen zu den Einflussfaktoren auf die Nachhaltigkeit in schweißtechnischen Produktionsumgebungen stehen vor allem auch konkrete Implementierungen in der Fertigung bzw. der Produktentstehung im Fokus.
Die grundlegende Vorgehensweise einer Ökobilanzierung (Life-Cycle-Assessment bzw. Abk. LCA) ist als standardisierte Methode in geltenden Normen] sowie in entsprechender Fachliteratur beschrieben. Kernelement der Ökobilanzierung ist die Sachbilanzierung, d.h. die Erfassung der relevanten Inputs sowie Outputs bezogen auf das System „Schweißprozess“. Aus dem entlang der schweißtechnischen Fertigungskette akkumulierten Ressourcenverbrauch während des Schweißens (z.B. Zusatzwerkstoff, elektrische Energie, Schutzgas, etc.) und Abfallprodukten bzw. Emissionen wird die Umweltwirkung entsprechend verschiedener Kategorien, z.B. dem CO2-Äquivalent, gemäß der World Steel Association abgeleitet.
In der schweißtechnischen Community ist es bekannt, dass die Umweltwirkung von Schweißprozessen qualitativ direkt aus dem Ressourcenverbrauch abgeleitet werden kann. Der Einfluss der verschiedenen Input- sowie Outflüsse auf ausgewählte Wirkkategorien ist jedoch nicht ad-hoc quantifizierbar. Die Forschungsarbeiten haben gezeigt, dass der Materialverbrauch (z.B. Grund-/Zusatzwerkstoff, etc.), der Energieverbrauch (z.B. Wirkleistung sämtlicher elektrischer Verbraucher während der Prozesszeit), Gasverbrauch (Prozess-, Schutzgas oder Druckluft) sowie Hilfsmittel (z.B. Schutzgläser) signifikante Inputgrößen darstellen, deren Berücksichtigung im Rahmen einer Prozessökobilanz ausreichend ist.
Eine wesentliche Forderung des projektbegleitenden Ausschusses war, Methoden für eine direkte Implementierung, um somit Nachnutzung der Ergebnisse zu entwickeln. Um die Ökobilanzierung als festen Bestandteil in die schweißtechnische Dokumentation einfließen zu lassen, sind die notwendigen Arbeitsschritte zu automatisieren. Daher wurden im Rahmen der Forschungsarbeiten sämtliche zu berücksichtigenden Größen durch ein an der Forschungsstelle entwickelten Schweißdatenmanagements digital erfasst sowie archiviert und in eine Umweltwirkung durch Zugriff auf entsprechende Open-Source Datenbanken „übersetzt“. Das Datenmanagement ermöglicht die eindeutige Zuordnung der Umweltwirkung eines geschweißten Bauteiles ohne Dokumentationsaufwand für den Anwender. Dadurch werden insbesondere KMU in die Lage versetzt, den Anforderungen bezüglich der Bewertung der Ökoeffizienz von Fertigungsverfahren gerecht zu werden und somit auf die nationalen sowie internationalen klimapolitischen Rahmenbedingungen vorbereitet zu sein.
Die Analysen eines breiten Spektrums an Schweißverfahren haben gezeigt, dass eine Verringerung der Umweltwirkungen von Schweißverfahren demnach nur primär durch eine Reduktion des Zusatzwerkstoff- sowie Energieverbrauches zu realisieren ist. Hierbei zeigen Verfahren mit niedrigem Werkstoffeinsatz, im Extremfall autogene Verfahren, die geringsten Umweltwirkungen. Im Produktentstehungsprozess ist es daher notwendig, unter Berücksichtigung der Schweißbarkeit die ökologischen Verfahrenscharakteristika hinsichtlich konstruktiver, fertigungstechnischer sowie werkstoffspezifischer Randbedingungen zu bewerten, um die vorgeschriebenen Produkteigenschaften zu gewährleisten und die Umweltbelastung zu minimieren.
Damit der Workflow, der bei der Ökobilanzierung zu durchlaufen ist, vereinheitlicht und für jeden verständlich ist, fließen die Forschungsergebnisse direkt in die DIN SPEC 35235 „Nachhaltigkeit in der Schweißtechnik – Ökobilanzierung von Schweißverfahren“ ein. Dies ist die Grundlage, um die Vergleichbarkeit von Ökobilanzen in der Schweißtechnik zu gewährleisten und so deren Akzeptanz in der Industrie zu erhöhen. Damit ist ein optimaler Transfer der Forschungsergebnisse in die Industrie gewährleistet.
KW - Schweißverfahren
KW - Ökobilanzierung
PY - 2020
SP - 1
EP - 38
PB - DVS Media
CY - Düsselorf
AN - OPUS4-51856
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sproesser, Gunther
T1 - Increasing performance and energy efficiency of Gas Metal Arc Welding by a high power tandem process
N2 - Standard Gas Metal Arc Welding (Standard GMAW) and a high power Tandem GMAW (TGMAW) process are evaluated with respect to energy efficiency. Current, voltage and overall equipment power are measured and energy consumption is determined. The new key performance indicator Electrical Deposition Efficiency is introduced to reflect the energy efficiency of GMAW processes. Additionally, wallplug efficiency of the equipment is determined in order to identify the overall energy consumption. Results show that energy efficiency as well as economic process performance can be significantly increased by application of the TGMAW process. Furthermore findings indicate that wall-plug efficiency of the equipment is independent of power Level and material transfer mode. A metal plate of 30 mm thick structural steel is joined by Standard GMAW and TGMAW to demonstrate the total energy savings for a real weld. Electricity consumption is reduced by more than 20 % using the high power TGMAW process.
T2 - 13th Global Conference on Sustainable Manufacturing
CY - Ho Chi Minh City & Binh Duong, Vietnam
DA - 16.09.2015
KW - thick metal plate welding
KW - Energy efficiency
KW - Tandem Gas Metal Arc Welding
KW - high power welding
PY - 2015
AN - OPUS4-35439
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sproesser, Gunther
T1 - Energy efficiency and environmental impacts of high power gas metal arc welding
N2 - Single wire Gas Metal Arc Welding (SGMAW) and high power Tandem GMAW (TGMAW) are evaluated with respect to energy efficiency. The key performance indicator Electrical Deposition Efficiency is applied to reflect the energy efficiency of GMAW in different material transfer modes. Additionally, the wall-plug efficiency of the equipment is determined in order to identify the overall energy consumption. The results show that energy efficiency as well as economic process performance can be significantly increased by application of tandem processes. A comparative Life Cycle Assessment of a 30 mm thick weld is conducted to investigate the influences of the energy efficiency on the environmental impacts. Environmental burdens in the categories Global Warming Potential, Acidification Potential, Eutrophication Potential and Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential can be reduced up to 11% using an energy efficient TGMAW process
T2 - IIW Intermediate Meeting Commission I, IV, XII / SG 212
CY - Genova, Italy
DA - 07.03.2016
KW - Life cycle assessment (LCA)
KW - Energy efficiency
KW - High power welding
KW - Tandem gas metal arc welding
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-36535
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sproesser, Gunther
T1 - Reduction of the Environmental Impacts of Gas Metal Arc Welding by an Energy Efficient Tandem Process - IIW Doc.XII-2292-16
N2 - This paper investigates GMAW with respect to energy consumption and its associated environmental impacts. Different material transfer modes and power levels for Single Wire GMAW (SGMAW) and Tandem GMAW (TG-MAW) are evaluated by means of the indicator Electrical Deposition Efficiency. Furthermore, the wall-plug efficiency of the equipment is measured in order to describe the total energy consumption from the grid. The results show that energy efficiency is highly affected by the respective process and can be significantly enhanced by a TGMAW process. The wall-plug efficiency of the equipment shows no significant dependency on the power range or the material transfer mode. Moreover, the method of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is adopted in order to investigate the influences of energy efficient welding on the environmental impacts. In the comparative LCA study, the demand of electrical energy is reduced up to 24%. In consequence, the indicator values for GlobalWarming Potential (100), Acidification Potential, Eutrophication Potential and Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential that are applied to express the environmental impacts are reduced up to 11%.
T2 - 69th IIW Annual Assembly and Internationla Conference
CY - Melbourne, Australia
DA - 10.07.2016
KW - GMA welding
KW - Energy input
KW - Environment
KW - Tandem welding
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37489
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
T1 - Nachbestimmung von Pfahllängen am Beispiel von Masten.
N2 - Im Rahmen der Lebensdauerverlängerung oder der Umnutzung von Bauwerken (z. B. Brücken, Bürogebäude oder Maste) müssen diese zum Teil neu bewertet werden. Dafür ist eine Nachrechnung für statische und dynamische Lastfälle erforderlich. Dies betrifft zum einen die Struktur selbst, die gegebenenfalls verstärkt werden muss. Aber auch die Gründung (oft Pfähle verschiedenster Typen) muss neu beurteilt werden. Nach mehreren Jahrzehnten sind jedoch für einige Bauwerke keine zuverlässigen Bestandsunterlagen verfügbar.
Eine vollständige Freilegung der Pfähle verbietet sich aus Kostengründen sowie Verlust an Widerstand gegen Zug. Lediglich der Pfahlanschluss kann visuell begutachtet werden, um Pfahlzahl, -typ und Durchmesser zu bestimmen. Für die Bestimmung der Pfahllänge müssen zerstörungsfreie Verfahren eingesetzt werden. In einer Machbarkeitsstudie wurden von den Autoren teils im Blindversuch drei Verfahren evaluiert: die klassische Pfahlintegritätsprüfung nach der Hammerschlagmethode, eine mehrkanalige Variante hierzu und das Parallel-Seismik-Verfahren. Die ersten beiden Methoden lieferten an den untersuchten Pfählen nur in Einzelfällen verwertbare Ergebnisse. Die Parallel-Seismik-Methode lieferte auch im Blindversuch an Fundamenten, bei denen die Pfahllänge dem Eigentümer bekannt war, Ergebnisse mit einer Abweichung von max. 0,5 m. Diese Toleranz lässt sich bei der Standfestigkeitsbeurteilung berücksichtigen. Die Mehrkosten des Verfahrens (anders als bei den anderen Verfahren wird ein verrohrtes Bohrloch im Boden nahe dem Pfahl benötigt) halten sich in Grenzen, wenn man es in die geotechnische Untersuchung integriert. Daher wurde es inzwischen auch in der Praxis eingesetzt. Auch liegen die Gesamtkosten für die Untersuchung deutlich unter denen für eventuell notwendigen Ersatz – oder Verstärkungsmaßnahmen, die notwendig werden, wenn keine Daten zur Pfahllänge verfügbar sind.
Der Vortrag erläutert die Ergebnisse der Machbarkeitsstudie, zeigt erste Praxisfälle und weist auf Möglichkeiten hin, das Parallel-Seismik Verfahren in Zukunft noch genauer und effizienter einzusetzen.
T2 - Workshop Geophysikalische Untersuchungen an Bauwerken
CY - Neustadt/W., Germany
DA - 05.10.2016
KW - Parallel-Seismik
KW - Mast
KW - Pfahl
KW - Länge
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37720
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Lay, Vera
T1 - Ultrasonic quality assurance for underground salt shotcrete sealing structures in Teutschenthal mine, Germany
N2 - Underground sealing structures are necessary to seal radioactive or toxic waste in underground repositories. Particularly developed MgO concrete is used in the mine in Teutschenthal and applied at a large-scale test with the aim to provide concrete with low permeabilities. The test structures (up to 10 m long) were created with the help of a shotcrete procedure. Besides destructive tests, non-destructive ultrasonic measurements are used for quality assurance to monitor potential anomalies such as cracks, concrete inhomogeneities, and delamination. We show results of ultrasonic measurements with a multi-transducer system used at the front site of the concrete structure. Images are obtained by synthetic aperture focusing techniques. Concreting sections are not systematically imaged so that a successful concreting is assumed as also indicated by observed low permeabilities. Several reflectors up to a depth of 1.2 m are identified and interpreted as potential damages in the concrete. Phase analysis of prominent reflectors reveal a negative impedance contrast thus indicating air filled voids, cracks or delamination. Boreholes through some of the identified reflectors are used to verify the results from ultrasonic measurements. Additionally, an experiment with incorporated defects is undertaken to analyse the reliability of the applied methods. Overall, the conducted tests show the great potential of ultrasonic measurements to detect critical anomalies. Despite challenges at small-scale structures (cm-order), large-scale anomalies can be identified. Implementing ultrasonic monitoring during and after the construction of concrete sealing structures is recommended as a tool for quality assurance.
T2 - NDT-CE 2022
CY - Zurich, Switzerland
DA - 16.08.2022
KW - Ultrasound
KW - Ultrasonic imaging
KW - Magnesia shotcrete
KW - Underground
KW - Engineered barrier systems
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55825
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
T1 - Ultraschallprüfung von Verschlussbauwerken im Salinar
N2 - Zu jedem Endlager gehört die Entwicklung eines Verschlusskonzept. Im Endlager Morsleben und an anderer Stelle werden in Abhängigkeit vom Wirtsgestein verschiedene Materialien und Bauweisen für Streckenverschlüsse entwickelt und in großem Maßstab erprobt. Hierzu gehören auch Maßnahmen der Qualitätssicherung, die Informationen über Ausführung und Zustand der Versuchsbauwerke liefern. Hierzu werden von der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) für verschiedene Forschungsvorhaben und Prüfaufträge Methoden und Geräte getestet, verbessert und vor Ort unter Tage eingesetzt Die hier beschriebenen Verfahren lassen sich auch zu Untersuchungen im Wirtsgestein anwenden.
T2 - Tage der Standortauswahl
CY - Freiberg/S., Germany
DA - 11.02.2021
KW - Endlager
KW - Verschlussbauwerke
KW - Qualitätssicherung
KW - Ultraschall
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-54166
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Chaudhuri, Somsubhro
T1 - WTB-IRT: Modelling and Measurement of Thermal Contrast in wind turbine rotor blades (WTBs)
N2 - To understand the results that can be obtained with thermography of operational wind turbine blades, a climate chamber based experiment was performed. The results of these experiments were additionally modelled using COMSOL Multiphysics. The results have been presented at the conference.
T2 - Advanced Infrared Technology and Applications (AITA) 2025
CY - Kobe, Japan
DA - 15.09.2025
KW - Thermography
KW - Thermografie
KW - Wind turbine rotor blades
KW - Windenergie Anlage Rotorblätter
KW - FEA
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64222
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
T1 - Non-destructive Evaluation for Nuclear Power Plant concrete infrastructure
N2 - The ageing and decommissioning of nuclear concrete infrastructure (e. g. safety containments) as well as the building and closure of waste repositories gives new challenges to non-destructive testing. For example, the quality assurance of very thick concrete structures is beyond the limitations of commercial ultrasonic instrumentation.
The presentation introduces typical testing tasks and the application of state of the art NDT techniques. In addition, it describes some new developments in ultrasonic testing and monitoring. Specifically, the application of the unique deep penetration system LAUS is shown. Ultrasonic monitoring using embedded transducers to check for subtle and sudden changes in the material is introduced as well.
T2 - Aalto University Special Guest Seminar
CY - Espoo, Finland
DA - 25.10.2018
KW - Ultrasound
KW - Concrete
KW - Nuclear
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-46425
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Oesch, Tyler
T1 - Quality assurance of engineered barriers in underground waste disposals
N2 - This poster provides an overview of ultrasonic investigations of an engineered test barrier at ERAM Morsleben, which were completed as part of contractual work with the Bundesgesellschaft für Endlagerung mbH (BGE). This includes both experiments with the Large Aperture Ultrasound System (LAUS) and the ultrasonic borehole array. Also included in the poster is a description of the planned BAM thematic project “SealWasteSafe”. In particular, the proposed geopolymer materials are described and future research requirements are detailed.
T2 - 1. Statuskonferenz Endlagerung von hochradioaktiven Abfällen
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 08.11.2018
KW - Large Aperture Ultrasound System (LAUS)
KW - Ultrasonic Borehole Array
KW - SealWasteSafe
KW - Geopolymer
KW - Crack Detection
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-47021
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Chierici, Andrea
A1 - Ciolini, Riccardo
A1 - Lo Frano, Rosa
A1 - D’Onofrio, Antonio
A1 - Sabbarese, Carlo
A1 - Pandalone, Antonio
A1 - Romoli, Mauro
A1 - di Meo, Paolo
A1 - Finocchiaro, Paolo
A1 - Conti, Enrico
A1 - Gonella, Franco
A1 - Andreetto, Paolo
A1 - Checchia, Paolo
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
A1 - d’Errico, Francesco
T1 - Innovative Non-Destructive Techniques for Radioactive Waste Packages Monitoring
N2 - A monitoring and surveillance system is a mandatory element to ensure that a radioactive waste disposal facility provides and meets the required level of safety during both its operational and closure periods. In this study an innovative approach for the identification and monitoring of the structural integrity of stored radioactive drums is presented. The activities were carried out in the context of the European Project PREDIS, whose goal is the development of a robust and reliable sensing technology for monitoring and long-term storage of radioactive waste packaging systems.
Specifically, the focus was set on the development of innovative and smart sensor technologies, non-destructive examination tools, and/or devices capable to improve the safety of the storage by minimizing the number of interventions of cemented waste packages. Both conventional and innovative techniques, such as muon-tomography, SiLiF neutron and SciFi gamma detection, or contactless and smart radio transceiver technology provided with radiation monitoring sensors, have been considered and adapted for the use under repository conditions. Indeed, gamma and neutron detection techniques exploit the radiological information coming from inside the drums, while imaging techniques proved to be effective in spotting high density objects embedded inside the concrete: together, they allow to improve safety and security and can provide an early alert on behavioral changes hinting at anomalies in the drums.
T2 - ASME 2023 International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management
CY - Stuttgart, Germany
DA - 03.10.2023
KW - Radioactive waste
KW - Waste packages
KW - Radiation monitoring
KW - Muon tomography
KW - Integrity testing
PY - 2023
SN - 978-0-7918-8753-0
DO - https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEM2023-110990
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - American Society of Mechanical Engineers
AN - OPUS4-60218
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schaumann, P.
A1 - Schürmann, K.
A1 - Dänekas, C.
A1 - Rethmeier, Michael
A1 - Schippereit, Christian
A1 - Pittner, Andreas
T1 - Automatisierte Fertigung von Hohlprofilknoten für Jacket-Gründungsstrukturen
T1 - Automated manufacturing of tubular joints for jacket support structures - Description of the welding process chain as well as integration of the process parameters within the fatigue design
N2 - The development within the offshore wind energy sector towards more powerful turbines combined with increasing water depth for new wind parks is challenging both, the designer as well as the manufacturer of support structures. Besides XL-monopiles the jacket support structure is a reasonable alternative due to the high rigidity combined with low material consumption. However, the effort for manufacturing of the hollow section joints reduces the economic potential of jacket structures significantly. Therefore, a changeover from an individual towards a serial production based on automated manufactured tubular joints combined with standardized pipes must be achieved. Hence, this paper addresses the welding process chain of automated manufactured tubular joints including digitization of the relevant manufacturing parameters such as laser scanning of the weld seam geometry. Additionally, a methodology for the computation of the notch radius as well as the weld seam angle is presented based on the scanned profiles of three analysis points of an automated manufactured tubular X-joint. Subsequently, these parameters are considered within the notch stress approach based fatigue design and their impact is quantified by a comparison with the structural stress approach using equivalent stress concentration factors.
KW - Hohlprofilknoten
KW - Tubular joints
KW - Automatisierte Fertigung
KW - Digitalisierung
KW - Schweißnahtgeometrie
KW - Kerbspannungskonzept
KW - Äquivalente Spannungskonzentrationsfaktoren
KW - Automated manufacturing
KW - Digitization
KW - Weld seam geometry
KW - Notch stress approach
KW - Equivalent stress concentration factors
PY - 2018
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/stab.201810017
SN - 0038-9145
SN - 1437-1049
VL - 87
IS - 9
SP - 897
EP - 909
PB - Ernst & Sohn Verlag für Architektur und technische Wissenschaften GmbH & Co. KG
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-46633
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
T1 - Towards digital tools for waste package and facility monitoring and prediction
N2 - The workpackage 7 of the EC funded project PREDIS deals with cemented low and intermediate level radioactive waste. The focus is on NDT/monitoring technologies, digiutal twins and data/decision frameworks to optimize facilitay and waste package management. The talk describes the project setup and planned activities.
T2 - DigiDecom 2021
CY - Online meeting
DA - 22.03.2021
KW - Nuclear waste
KW - Waste package
KW - Predisposal
KW - storage
KW - monitoring
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52334
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
T1 - Towards digital tools for waste package and facility monitoring and prediction
N2 - To provide better means for a safe and effective monitoring of cemented waste packages including prediction tools to assess the future integrity development during pre-disposal activities, several digital tools are evaluated and improved in the frame of the EC funded project PREDIS. Safety enhancement (e. g. less exposure of testing personnel) and cost effectiveness are part of the intended impact.
The work includes but is not limited to inspection methods such as muon imaging, wireless sensors integrated into waste packages as well as external package and facility monitoring such as remote fiber optical sensors. The sensors applied will go beyond radiation monitoring and include Proxy parameters important for long term integrity assessment (e. g. internal pressure). Sensors will also be made cost effective to allow the installation of much more sensors compared to current practice.
The measured data will be used in digital twins of the packages for specific simulations (geochemical, integrity) providing a prediction of future behavior. Machine Learning techniques trained by the characterization of older packages will help to connect the models to the actual data.
All data (measured and simulated) will be collected in a joint data base and connected to a decision framework to be used at actual facilities.
The presentation includes detailed information about the various tools under consideration, their connection and first results of our research.
T2 - DigiDecom 2021 DIGITAL – Online event focusing on innovation within nuclear decommissioning
CY - Online Meeting
DA - 23.03.2021
KW - Radioactive waste
KW - Waste package
KW - Monitoring
KW - Digital twin
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52622
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Becker, Ben
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Statistical analysis of burst requirements from regulations for composite cylinders in hydrogen transport
N2 - Existing standards for the approval of composite cylinders for the transport of compressed hydrogen are currently based on deterministic (ISO 11119-3) and semi-probabilistic (UN GTR No. 13) criteria. This paper analysis the capabilities of these procedures with respect to the evaluation of burst strength. Their characteristics are compared with the probabilistic approach developed at BAM. Based on Monte-Carlo simulations the available design range (mean value and scatter of burst strength) of all concepts are assessed. In addition, the probability of acceptance for potentially unsafe design types is determined.
The results show large areas of burst properties with a sufficient reliability which cannot be used for the design of composite cylinders, due to current approval criteria. On the other hand, existing standards allow the approval of potentially unsafe designs in case of a very high scatter regarding their burst strength.
It is also shown that existing design types are already designed to the limits of the available design area. A further weight and cost reduction of composite cylinders is therefore closely related to the approval criteria. An example based on UN GTR No. 13 shows how an approval criterion can be optimized by using statistical methods. The example shows that a reduced minimum burst pressure can be combined with a lower probability of acceptance for potentially unsafe design types.
KW - Composite cylinder
KW - Monte Carlo simulation
KW - Burst requirements
PY - 2017
UR - http://www.hanser-elibrary.com/doi/pdf/10.3139/120.110988
DO - https://doi.org/10.3139/120.110988
SN - 0025-5300
VL - 59
IS - 3
SP - 226
EP - 232
PB - Carl Hanser Verlag
CY - München
AN - OPUS4-39526
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Wasserstoff als Energieträger - Technik und Bedeutung der Druckspeicherung
N2 - Der Vortrag führt kurz in die Entwicklung der Primärenergiequellen in D und die Bedeutung der Energie für Mobilität und deren Speichermöglichkeiten ein. Er greift kurz den geschlossenen Charakter des H2-Kreislaufes auf, und stellt die Universalität des Wasserstoffs in der Energieversorgung dar. Er zeigt die Entwicklung der Speichermethoden auf und stellt deren Leistungsfähigkeit gegenüber.
Am Beispiel wird der Aufbau eines modernen CGH2-Hochdruckspeichers erläutert und die von der Entwicklung bis zum Lebensende erforderlichen Arbeitsschritte dargelegt. Darauf aufbauend wird für jeden Arbeitsschritt dargestellt, welche zugehörigen Kompetenzen über die gesamte BAM verteilt verfügbar sind. Ergänzend werden die zerstörenden und die nicht zerstörenden Prüfverfahren gegenübergestellt, die gemeinsam ihren Beitrag zur Betriebssicherheit leisten. Analog werden die Bewertungsverfahren klassischer Art (deterministisch) und das der BAM (probabilistisch) verglichen und das Entwicklungspotential des letzteren bzgl. der Effizienz im Wasserstofftransport am Beispiel der Wasserstoffbatteriefahrzeuge aufgezeigt.
Der Vortrag endet mit drei Fragen an die Beiräte.
T2 - 2. Sitzung des Beirates „Energie“
CY - BAM, Berlin, Germany
DA - 03.05.2016
KW - Wasserstoff als Energieträger
KW - Energiequelle
KW - Energiespeicher
KW - Wasserstoff-Druckspeicherung
KW - Mobilität
KW - Sicherheit
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-39147
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Summary - Recollection and common anaylsis
N2 - The set of slides summarises the expectations of participants discussed during the opening session. Then the most important aspects of the presentations during the first two days are compiled. At the end the conclusions coming out of a joint discussion are presented. This show what participants expect BAM to do for implementation of the PA in near future.
T2 - Follow-up Workshop on Statistical Safety Assessment of Composite Cylinders from Mass Production
CY - BAM-Berlin, Germany
DA - 05.10.2016
KW - Life time determination
KW - Determination of periodic inspection
KW - Probabilistic approval approach
KW - Degradation
KW - Monte-Carlo-experiment
KW - Failure rate-pressureVolume-curve
KW - Acceptance rate
KW - Complexity of PA
KW - Industrial needs
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-38958
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Duffner, Eric
T1 - Schallemissionsprüfung an Druckbehältern
N2 - Neben Anwendungsbeispielen für die Schallemissionsprüfung bei der wiederkehrenden Prüfung von Druckspeichern, wird insbesondere auf Forschungsaspekte der Schallemissionsmessung an Composite-Druckbehältern eingegangen.
T2 - Erfahrungsaustausch für amtlich anerkannte Sachverständige der Anlagenüberwachung der Industrie
CY - Würzburg, Germany
DA - 04 April 2017
KW - Schallemissionsprüfung
KW - Druckspeicher
KW - Composite-Druckbehältern
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-39684
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Potential of PA - Aspects related to battery-vehicles
N2 - While concluding the previous presentations, it is explained why and how a statistical approach, in general, and in the meaning of the UN-service life, in detail, would help to improve safety and economic aspects of hydrogen supply by trailer vehicles.
T2 - Follow-up Workshop on Statistical Safety Assessment of Composite Cylinders from Mass Production
CY - BAM-Berlin, Germany
DA - 05.10.2016
KW - Hydrogen energy
KW - Storage and transport
KW - Efficiency in transportation
KW - Hydraulic proof testing
KW - Sample testing
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-38956
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Saul, Herbert
T1 - Gefahrguttransport - Ablaufdiagramm "Verwaltungsvorgang"
N2 - Das Poster stellt die verschiedenen Schritte zur Bearbeitung eines Verwaltungsvorangs dar.
Dieser beginnt mit der Anbahnung des Vorgangs, mit Prüfung der Rechtsvorschriften und der Erforschung des Kundenwillens. Im nächsten Schritt wird die Vollständigkeit der Unterlagen geprüft, bevor im Fall positiv geprüfter Unterlagen (Nachweis der Erfüllung der Rechtsanforderungen) der Bescheid erstellt und der Verwaltungsakt abgeschlossen werden kann.
T2 - Abteilungskolloquium "Verwaltungsrecht für Zulasser"
CY - BAM-Berlin, Germany
DA - 16.02.2017
KW - Antragstellung
KW - Verwaltungsakt
KW - Bescheid
KW - Nachforderung
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-39213
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Müller, Karsten
T1 - Experimentelle Untersuchungen von Composite-Druckgasbehältern: Prüfverfahren, Anwendungsbeispiele und Entwicklungen
N2 - Dem AVK-Arbeitskreis Wasserstoff-Drucktanks werden ausgehend von Zielen und Aufgaben der BAM sowie der Fachkompetenz auf dem Gebiet der Sicherheit von Composite-Druckbehältern über die prüftechnische Ausstattung, die angewendeten und weiterentwickelten Prüf- und Untersuchungsmethoden sowie zu Beispielen von Forschungsvorhaben wie DELFIN, COLIBRI und SH2APED berichtet.
T2 - Arbeitskreissitzung
CY - Frankfurt a.M., Germany
DA - 24.04.2024
KW - Composite-Druckbehälter
KW - Berstversuch
KW - Hydraulischer Lastwechselversuch
KW - Feuersicherheit
KW - Impakt
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60117
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Günzel, Stephan
T1 - Der sichere Wasserstofftransport - Eine Rechtsänderung in der Vorschau
N2 - Das Bundesverkehrsministerium hat seit 2008 in drei Stufen jeweils auf Vorschlag der BAM einen Antrag zur Einführung bzw. Regulierung von Bergungsdruckgefäßen bei den Vereinten Nationen eingebracht. Die Anträge führten jeweils nach der Delegation in eine Arbeitsgruppe unter der Leitung des Vortragenden zu neuen Vorschriften im internationalen Gefahrguttransportrecht.
Zuletzt hat das UN-Subcommittee der Experten für den Transport gefährlicher Güter der Einführung einer Druck-Volumen-Begrenzung für Druckgefäße zugestimmt. Mit dieser Begrenzung wurde die bisherige Volumenbegrenzung für Bergungsdruckgefäße ersetzt, wodurch nun das Spektrum der Bergungsdruckgefäße gestaltet werden kann, das notwendig wäre, um defekte Druckgefäße transportieren zu können.
Das zentrale Kriterium für die Begrenzung des Druck-Volumen-Produktes (pV) fand bereits in den Landverkehrsvorschriften ADR/RID bis zu ihrer Neustrukturierung auch als Konsequenzmaß Verwendung. Damit soll sichergestellt werden, dass sich aus Wasserstofftransporten in Druckgefäßen keine Konsequenz entwickeln kann, die nach den Kriterien für stationäre Anlagen, einer Katastrophe gleichkommen würde.
Hierzu hatte eine Arbeitsgruppe der Vereinten Nationen seit 2020 auf Vorschlag der BAM eine Kette aufeinander aufbauende Kriterien diskutiert, die im Vortrag vorgestellt werden:
Einfluss der Druckwellen auf den menschlichen Körper (ohne Splitterwirkung oder Umsetzung der chemischen Energie) – Zusammenhang von Druckwelle und Fläche – Druckwellenberechnung – Bevölkerungsdichte – Grenzwerte für eine Katastrophe – resultierendes pV-Produkt.
Das Ergebnis wurde mit herausragenden Großunfällen und Katastrophen aus dem Gefahrguttransport und Gefahrstoffbereich verglichen. Außerdem wurden noch die Effekte des Temperatureinflusses auf den maximalen Betriebsdruck diskutiert. Zuletzt wurde bei den UN darauf hingewiesen, dass mit Blick auf die Auswirkungsbetrachtung der Wassersoff das Gas mit den geringsten Konsequenzen bei gegeben Druk-Volumen-Produkt ist, was zu restriktiveren Obergrenzen für z.B. Erdgas führen könnte.
Als letzter Punkt im Vortrag wird erläutert, dass in den kommenden UN-Sitzungen über nachfolgende Änderungen im Recht, wie z.B. der Kennzeichnung des pV-Produktes, diskutiert werden wird. Außerdem muss ein neuer Einstieg für die bei ISO in der Normung befindliche Umschließungen mit einem größeren pV-Produkt gefunden werden, wozu aber Transportland-spezifische Risikoanalysen in Verbindung mit massiven Fahrwegsbeschränkungen zu erwarten sind.
T2 - 32. Erfahrungsaustausch für Gefahrgutbeauftragte (ERFA-T) des IGV
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 08.11.2023
KW - pV-Produkt
KW - Quantitative Risikoanalyse
KW - Konsequenzbegrenzung
KW - Katastrophe
KW - Druckgefäße
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58832
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Die Zukunft der Betriebsüberwachung von Gasspeichern aus Composite
N2 - Der Wasserstofftransport auf der Straße ist wichtig und wird wie der noch geringe Transport auf der Schiene weiter stark zunehmen. Die bisherige Effizienzsteigerungen sind über Werkstoff- und Designänderungen vom Vollstahl über umfangsumwickelte Stahl- bis zu Compositespeichern mit Kunststofflinern erfolgt.
Hinzu kam die auf Basis der BAM-GGR 022 an Vorbedingungen geknüpfte Prüffristverlängerung von 5 auf 10 Jahre. Die wiederkehrende Prüfung von großen Transporteinheiten bedeutet jedes Mal einen Stillstand von gut 8 Wochen. Entsprechend steht mit Blick auf die weitere Effizienzsteigerung die Reduktion des Prüfaufwands im Fokus.
Eine Effizienzsteigerung kann nach aktueller Rechtslage geschehen, indem die hydraulische Prüfung auf eine Gasdruckprüfung umgestellt wird. Dies könnte zukünftig mit geeigneten Arbeitsschutzmaßnahmen pneumatisch durchgeführt werden – auch ohne Rechtsänderung.
Ein deutlich größerer Schritt in Richtung Verbesserung des Aufwands- zu Nutzenverhältnis ließe sich erreichen, indem die zerstörungsfreie Prüfung nicht mehr nur als Arbeitsschutz-motiviertes, begleitendes, sondern als zentrales Prüfverfahren ausgebaut wird. Gerade wenn – wie für die Schallemissionsanalyse erwartet – eine relativ gute Abschätzung des Berstdruckes möglich ist, könnte auf die 100%-Prüfung verzichtet werden und bis zu einem kritischen Alter nur auf Stichprobenprüfung basieren, was allerdings erhebliche Rechtsänderung erfordert und auch neue Werkezuge der Informationsverwaltung.
Als Vorlage für einen praktischen Ansatz zur Rechtsänderungen inkl. Informationsverwaltung wird auf die SV 674 in Verbindung mit 6.2.3.5.3ff ADR/RID verwiesen. Dies kombiniert mit einer digitalen Lebenslaufakte, die auf der digitalen Qualitätssicherung (QI-digital) beruht, wäre ein mächtiges Werkzeug für eine Verbesserung des Aufwands- zu Nutzenverhältnis und so auch eine Lösung des mit der stark steigenden Anzahl der Transporteinheiten absehbaren Kapazitätsproblems in der wiederkehrenden Prüfung.
T2 - 31. BAM-DIN-IGV-DVFG Jahresgespräche
CY - IGV, Berlin
DA - 21.02.2024
KW - pV-Produkt
KW - Schallemissionsanalyse
KW - Sondervorschrift 674
KW - Stichprobenprüfung
KW - BAM-GGR 022
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59601
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Popiela, Bartosz
T1 - Modelling of the manufacturing related residual stresses in type 4 pressure vessels for hydrogen storage
N2 - Presentation about modelling of the residual stresses in type 4 pressure vessels for hydrogen storage at the European PhD Hydrogen Conference 2024 in Ghent, Belgium.
T2 - European PhD Hydrogen Conference 2024 (EPHyC2024)
CY - Ghent, Belgium
DA - 20.03.2024
KW - Composite
KW - Pressure vessel
KW - Residual stresses
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59757
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Popiela, Bartosz
T1 - Impact of the Initial Loading on the Performance of Type 4-CPVs
N2 - Poster presentation on the impact of initial loading on the performance of type 4 composite pressure vessels presented at the 4th Netzwerktreffen Leichtbau Berlin-Brandenburg.
T2 - 4. Netzwerktreffen Leichtbau Berlin-Brandenburg
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 01.10.2024
KW - Composite
KW - Pressure vessel
KW - Safety
KW - Burst test
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61197
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - VIDEO
A1 - Popiela, Bartosz
T1 - Better with age? Discussion of creep phenomena during initial loading of type 4 composite pressure vessels
N2 - A video for the Rudy Scavuzzo Student Paper Competition at ASME PVP 2025. The topic of the presentation is the impact of creep phenomena during initial loading on the safety of type 4 composite pressure vessels.
T2 - ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference (ASME PVP 2025)
CY - Quebec, Canada
DA - 20.07.2025
KW - Composite
KW - Pressure vessel
KW - Safety
KW - Creep
PY - 2025
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-63763
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - John, Sebastian
T1 - Delfin - Statusbericht zum 4.HJM
N2 - Präsentation über den Fortschritt der BAM zum Vorhaben Delfin, welches sich mit der Entwicklung und Schädigungsneigung von Composite-Wasserstoffbehältern für den Anwendungsfall KFZ beschäftigt
T2 - 4. Halbjahresmeeting zum Vorhaben Delfin
CY - Online meeting
DA - 21.10.2020
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Impact
KW - Druckbehälter
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-51495
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Needs for safe hydrogen storage - Contributions of BAM
N2 - This presentation provides general data about BAM, the structure of department 3 and a short impression of the application of pressure vessels for hydrogen in stationary use, supply chain and onboard storage.
It guides to the actions of BAM as competent authority on this area and shows a lot different methods for testing operated at BAM. Based on this additional research has been detected as necessary for a competent tackling of the tasks as competent authority. After having mentioned several important research projects a figure is presented that compares the development of regulations with relevant re-actions of BAM. The outcome was a concept of a risk based definition of accepted failure rates in combination with probability-oriented safety assessment over entire service life.
The second aspect raised at INERIS is the issue of advising the BMVI concerning pressure vessels for hydrogen. Since the pressure is high for saving material consumption and weight there is still high interest in changing regulatory requirements. Therefor we developed an approach for the display of minimum requirements of regulations in diagrams (sample performance charts; SPC) and the probabilistic analysis for these deterministic requirements. This is done by Monte-Carlo simulation and the analysis of acceptance rate and survival rate of basic populations all over the SPC.
This finally provide same knowledge of non-approvable but safe ranges of parameters and even approvable but non-safe constellations. In addition, this analysis allows to optimise deterministic requirements in regulations to the intended level of safety for approved populations of pressure vessels, which is shown on the example of the GTR#13.
T2 - WORKING MEETING Cooperation BAM - INERIS
CY - INERIS, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
DA - 23.10.2017
KW - Competent authority
KW - Monte-Carlo
KW - Composite
KW - Sample performance chart
KW - Regulations
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-42637
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Monte-Carlo-analysis of requirements for CGH2-CPVs
N2 - This presentation explains how the evaluation of technical requirements in regulations effects safety level. This shown by using the Monte-Carlo experiment consequently.
The first step is to explain how deterministic requirements and how probabilistic requirements work. Then the statistical behaviour of the generally unknown basic population can be described and that his behaviour is independent from the regulatory approach. Subsequently, the concept of evaluating sample test results with respect to deterministic requirements is explained. The item “acceptance rate” of the basic population that is behind each sample and behind each individuum in a sample is defined. On this collective understanding, the differences in evaluation between the probabilistic approach PA and the most important RC&S are discussed. Some areas are validated in contradictorily. Then the parameters for acceptance of burst strength in the UN-GTR#13 are varied and opens the door for an accurate improvement of acceptance criteria. Finally, the special aspects of degradation in load cycle testing are shown. There, two aspects must be differentiated, the current reliability and its degradation by ongoing load cycles. This is a convincing argument against the very common opinion, which means that the number of hydraulically tested load cycles pro-vides a figure for the number of acceptable filling cycles.
T2 - FiBreMoD Training Unit #5
CY - BAM-FB, Berlin, Germany
DA - 05.10.2017
KW - Composite pressure vessels
KW - Basic population
KW - Acceptance criteria
KW - Acceptance rate
KW - Sample size
KW - Lucky punch area
KW - Load cycle test
KW - Burst test
KW - Scatter
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-43112
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Open Issues of Insuring Safety of CPVs by Strength Testing
N2 - This presentation mentions the most important safety items that should be improved from the perspective of Germany.
These are the improvement of the understanding and definition of term "safety", the agreement on procedures for the measurement of safety and the issue of degradation in combination with the safety level to be ensured until end of life.
For using probabilistic experience for the whole production adequate measures for surveillance of the production should additionally become mandatory to be taken into account.
The essential aspects of these issues are shortly explained and highlighted by especially aspects of the slow burst testing with respect to non-cycle fatigue sensitive designs and the hint on the general scatter of properties (Monte-Carlo simulation).
T2 - 1st Meeting of the informal working group on Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Vehicles Global Technical Regulation No. 13 (Phase 2)
CY - Brussels, Belgium - European Commission Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs Automotive and Mobility Industries (DG GROW C.4)
DA - 17.10.2017
KW - Safety
KW - Scatter
KW - Cycle-fatigue sensitivity
KW - ECE R134
KW - GTR 13
KW - Degradation
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-42638
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - The Sample Performance Chart & its use for the display of degradation
N2 - This presentation explains how BAM operates the PA approach for the life-time surveillance based on the measurement of degradation.
The starting point is the sample performance chart (SPC) as developed by BAM. There it is possible to show minimum requirements, sample properties and lines of constant survival rates, these lines are called isoasfalia. The BAM provides a tool for the safety evaluation of results from sample testing. Then the interaction to the micro-mechanical approach of the FiBreMoD-project is linked with the idea of a degradation of strength and reliability. This leads to the methods of burst and cycle testing. For both methods examples are shown and degradation is explained by showing data of two design types. This visualise the determination of safe service life. Finally, statistical aspects of misinterpretation of test results and the reasons for the decision in favour of the slow burst tests are explained.
T2 - FiBreMoD Training Unit #5
CY - BAM-FB, Berlin, Germany
DA - 05.10.2017
KW - Sample performance chart
KW - End of Life
KW - Loss of safety
KW - Micro-mechanics
KW - Creep effects
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-43110
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Concept of a Probabilistic Approval Approach (PAA)
N2 - This presentation explains how an PA-based approval concept could work and would substitute the most of deterministic requirements based on a risk based quantification of accepted failure rates.
The concept of a probabilistic approval approach is based on 5 separate types of requirements:
1. Testing and evaluation of properties at Beginning of Life (BoL)
2. Artificial aging with residual strength assessment
3. Testing against dedicated accidental loads
4. Surveillance of production quality
5. Surveillance of degradation/ check of estimated end of life (EoL)
Each of these aspects is visualised by photos and diagrams.
T2 - FiBreMoD Training Unit #5
CY - BAM-FB, Berlin, Germany
DA - 04.10.2017
KW - Beginning of life
KW - End of safe service life
KW - Artificial ageing
KW - Design type testing
KW - Accidental loads
KW - Survaillance of degradation
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-43111
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Tasks and needs of a competent authority for gas storage
N2 - This presentation provides an impression of the boundary condition of the work on composite cylinders on a competent authority. It shows the various kinds of usage, the different tasks and duties around this kind of storage units and the wide spread of technical competence necessary for the substantial research when addressing the legislation. Based on this it shows how we react on changes in the regulations by research and how this influences the regulations, again. As an example, our probabilistic approach is mentioned and drafted for getting mentioned several times during the ongoing set of presentations.
T2 - FiBreMoD Training Unit #5
CY - BAM-FB, Berlin, Germany
DA - 05.10.2017
KW - Advisement
KW - Frequency
KW - Consequence
KW - Safety assessment
KW - NDT
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-43085
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Saul, Herbert
A1 - Duffner, Eric
T1 - Composite Pressure Vessels for Hydrogen - Research for Safety
N2 - Referring to the inter-departmental project group "Pressure Equipment" and the section "Pressure Equipment-pressure receptacles; Fuel Gas Storage Systems" developed from, it is shown here how research on safety aspects, technical regulations and the activities of the Federal Institute BAM in its role as competent authority interact to the advantage of safety of composite pressure vessels.
T2 - FiBreMoD Steering Committee Meeting and Training Unit #5
CY - BAM Berlin, Germany
DA - 04.10.2017
KW - Pressure Equipment
KW - ECE R110
KW - TPED
KW - StorHy
KW - HyComp
KW - Service life tests
KW - UN composite cylinders
KW - PN020
KW - GTR
KW - ECE R134
KW - Competent authority
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-42461
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Quercetti, Thomas
T1 - A fire test stand for thermal testing of extra-large packages
N2 - Packages for the transport of high-level radioactive materials are designed to withstand severe accidents. These packages must adhere to the specification-based criteria of the International Transport Regulations of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). To ensure compliance with these requirements, specific mechanical and thermal tests need to be addressed with respect to the package type. Typically, the Regulations prescribe mechanical tests followed by a thermal test as part of a cumulative test scenario. The thermal test is specified by the exposure of a test specimen for a period of 30 minutes to a thermal environment that provides a heat flux equivalent to that of a hydrocarbon fuel-air fire with an average fire temperature of at least 800 °C fully flame engulfing the test specimen. The Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) operates various test facilities for this purpose at their test site (TTS) near Berlin in Germany. Thermal tests for large packages are carried out in an established fire test stand that can be adapted by the test-setup to the geometric boundary conditions of a test specimen. This fire test stand is built for test specimens with masses up to 200,000 kg and geometric dimensions relating to large transport packages including their impact limiters. The test specimen is usually placed on a water-cooled support frame in the middle of the test-stand. The fire is realized by burning propane gas which is released in liquid state from an array of gas nozzles arranged in the form of a burner ring surrounding the test specimen. For particularly extra-large test specimens, two burner rings are used on top of each other and at different heights in order to firstly achieve full fire engulfment with a significantly larger volume of fire and secondly to achieve the required heat output. In advance of a regular thermal test BAM usually performs so-called fire reference tests to determine the test conditions for compliance with the IAEA requirements. These tests are performed using a generic package which corresponds to the external geometric dimensions of the test specimen used later in the approval test. Then, this reference package is exposed to a fire under defined test parameters whereas the corresponding heat input determined from the temperature changes measured is regarded as main criterion for proofing compliance with the IAEA criteria. The paper shows the experimental proof of the suitability of BAM’s fire test stand for thermal testing of extra-large packages. The heat input and fire temperatures fully meet the IAEA criteria but can also be set significantly higher for e.g. extra-regulatory testing.
T2 - ASME PVP 2025
CY - Montreal, Quebec, Canada
DA - 20.07.2025
KW - Package
KW - Thermal testing
KW - Test stand
KW - Fire
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63893
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schubert, Sven
A1 - Neumann, Martin
A1 - Reichardt, Adrian
A1 - Komann, Steffen
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Experiences with the implementation of ageing management for packages for transport of radioactive materials in Germany
N2 - The consideration of ageing mechanisms is now obligatory for the design of transport packages with integration of the para 613A into IAEA SSR-6 (Rev. 1). In addition, para 809(f) of SSR-6 (Rev. 1) requires for packages intended to be used for shipment after storage the consideration of the effects of ageing mechanisms during storage in safety analyses and the implementation of corresponding instructions for operation and maintenance. Para 503(e) requires that these packages have been maintained during storage in a manner that all requirements specified in SSR-6 (Rev.1) and in the applicable certificates of approval have been fulfilled.
The evaluation of ageing mechanisms and their effects including monitoring are part of BAM’s authority assessment tasks related to the mechanical and thermal package design and quality assurance aspects. BAM has compiled the guideline BAM-GGR 023 for the implementation of ageing assessment and related measures into the approval procedure.
The implementation of ageing management measures is obligatory in case of extension/renewal of package design approval certificates. BAM has evaluated package designs which are used only for transport as well as package designs for long term interim storage. The assessment of ageing mechanisms associated with the identification of ageing effects on components is the main part of the ageing management plan (AMP). Different approaches regarding AMP structure are introduced. Experiences and approaches about the evaluation of components for the expected package operating time are shown. We are focusing the evaluations of proofs for not accessible and not replaceable components. Operational experiences for these package designs are available and should be considered in the ageing evaluation. Corresponding measures for package monitoring are to be derived based on these results. The measures for monitoring shall be fixed in the Ageing Surveillance Program (ASP) to maintain a specification conform package for the transport on public routes. We show exemplary how results from ageing evaluation during the approval procedure are transferred into the ASP.
T2 - PATRAM 2025
CY - San Antonio, Texas , US
DA - 27.07.2025
KW - RAM
KW - Ageing management
KW - Radioactive material
KW - Transport
PY - 2025
SP - 1
EP - 8
PB - INMM
CY - Washington D.C.
AN - OPUS4-63987
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Neumann, Martin
A1 - Feldkamp, Martin
A1 - Linnemann, Konrad
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Conclusions from the first return campaign of vitrified High-Level Waste on sea going vessels from the competent authority
N2 - Germany has to take back vitrified waste from the reprocessing plants in France and Great Britain. The waste resulted from decades of transporting spent fuel for reprocessing to La Hague and Sellafield. The return campaign from France was concluded in 2024 with the transport of five CASTOR® HAW28M casks to the interim storage facility in Philippsburg in southern Germany. The return of waste from Sellafield comprises three campaigns and a total of 20 CASTOR® HAW28M casks. The first campaign was performed in 2020, consisting of six CASTOR® HAW28M casks, while the second campaign was performed in March 2025, consisting of seven CASTOR® HAW28M casks. The casks were transported by rail from Sellafield to the port in Barrow-in-Furness, where they were loaded into a dedicated seagoing vessel, certified as INF Class 3 according to the INF Code. This was the first time that vitrified high level waste with considerable heat load was transported under a German design approval certificate. The third campaign is expected to be performed during 2026. BAM as part of the German competent authority system was among others involved in the assessment of the sea transport. BAM required for the first transport, among others, an assessment of temperature distribution during transport, logging of temperatures of cargo bays and graphical imaging of temperatures of the bay with the cask to ensure compliance with temperature specifications, e.g. maximal neutron absorber and gasket temperatures. Special interest was taken in the identification of possible events exceeding the specified temperatures considering the different philosophies of the IMDG code and its supplement the INF code regarding temperature control of hatches. Results show compliance with assumed conditions.
T2 - PATRAM 2025
CY - San Antonio, Texas, USA
DA - 27.07.2025
KW - RAM
KW - Transport
KW - Radioactive material
KW - Sea
PY - 2025
SP - 1
EP - 8
PB - INMM
CY - Washington D.C.
AN - OPUS4-63984
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Neumann, Martin
T1 - Experiences with the implementation of ageing management for packages for transport of radioactive materials in Germany
N2 - The consideration of ageing mechanisms is now obligatory for the design of transport packages with integration of the para 613A into IAEA SSR-6 (Rev. 1). In addition, para 809(f) of SSR-6 (Rev. 1) requires for packages intended to be used for shipment after storage the consideration of the effects of ageing mechanisms during storage in safety analyses and the implementation of corresponding instructions for operation and maintenance. Para 503(e) requires that these packages have been maintained during storage in a manner that all requirements specified in SSR-6 (Rev.1) and in the applicable certificates of approval have been fulfilled.
The evaluation of ageing mechanisms and their effects including monitoring are part of BAM’s authority assessment tasks related to the mechanical and thermal package design and quality assurance aspects. BAM has compiled the guideline BAM-GGR 023 for the implementation of ageing assessment and related measures into the approval procedure.
The implementation of ageing management measures is obligatory in case of extension/renewal of package design approval certificates. BAM has evaluated package designs which are used only for transport as well as package designs for long term interim storage. The assessment of ageing mechanisms associated with the identification of ageing effects on components is the main part of the ageing management plan (AMP). Different approaches regarding AMP structure are introduced. Experiences and approaches about the evaluation of components for the expected package operating time are shown. We are focusing the evaluations of proofs for not accessible and not replaceable components. Operational experiences for these package designs are available and should be considered in the ageing evaluation. Corresponding measures for package monitoring are to be derived based on these results. The measures for monitoring shall be fixed in the Ageing Surveillance Program (ASP) to maintain a specification conform package for the transport on public routes. We show exemplary how results from ageing evaluation during the approval procedure are transferred into the ASP.
T2 - PATRAM 2025
CY - San Antonio, TX USA
DA - 27.07.2025
KW - RAM
KW - Ageing management
KW - Transport
KW - Radioactive material
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63985
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Neumann, Martin
T1 - Conclusions from the first return campaign of vitrified High-Level Waste on sea going vessels from the competent authority
N2 - Germany has to take back vitrified waste from the reprocessing plants in France and Great Britain. The waste resulted from decades of transporting spent fuel for reprocessing to La Hague and Sellafield. The return campaign from France was concluded in 2024 with the transport of five CASTOR® HAW28M casks to the interim storage facility in Philippsburg in southern Germany. The return of waste from Sellafield comprises three campaigns and a total of 20 CASTOR® HAW28M casks. The first campaign was performed in 2020, consisting of six CASTOR® HAW28M casks, while the second campaign was performed in March 2025, consisting of seven CASTOR® HAW28M casks. The casks were transported by rail from Sellafield to the port in Barrow-in-Furness, where they were loaded into a dedicated seagoing vessel, certified as INF Class 3 according to the INF Code. This was the first time that vitrified high level waste with considerable heat load was transported under a German design approval certificate. The third campaign is expected to be performed during 2026. BAM as part of the German competent authority system was among others involved in the assessment of the sea transport. BAM required for the first transport, among others, an assessment of temperature distribution during transport, logging of temperatures of cargo bays and graphical imaging of temperatures of the bay with the cask to ensure compliance with temperature specifications, e.g. maximal neutron absorber and gasket temperatures. Special interest was taken in the identification of possible events exceeding the specified temperatures considering the different philosophies of the IMDG code and its supplement the INF code regarding temperature control of hatches. Results show compliance with assumed conditions.
T2 - PATRAM 2025
CY - San Antonio, TX, USA
DA - 27.07.2025
KW - RAM
KW - Transport
KW - Radioactive material
KW - Sea
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63983
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Popiela, Bartosz
A1 - Kim, Kyunghwan
A1 - Lee, Kyu-Jin
A1 - Lee, Jung-Ryul
T1 - Impact of internal pressure regulation in filament winding on the quality of composite cylinders: a study with pulse-echo ultrasonic propagation imaging
N2 - To ensure the safety of composite pressure vessels considering the growing usage, this case study investigates how wet filament winding parameters affect quality of composite cylinders. Two 6.8-liter Type 4 cylinders with identical geometry and fiber stacking sequence were analyzed using pulse-echo ultrasonic propagation imaging. One cylinder was wound under constant internal pressure, while the other used increasing pressure to influence residual stress and influence imperfections. This difference led to distinct failure mechanisms in burst tests. The study focused on identifying porosity and resin-rich areas, visualized through ultrasonic wave propagation imaging and variable time-window amplitude mapping. Results revealed that the cylinder wound with increasing pressure had better composite consolidation but more resin-rich areas in the hoop windings. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of pulse-echo ultrasonic imaging as a non-destructive method for detecting manufacturing-induced imperfections and highlight the importance of optimizing filament winding parameters to enhance composite quality.
KW - Composite
KW - Pressure vessel
KW - Wet filament winding
KW - Pulse-echo ultrasonic propagation imaging
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-639801
DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/09243046.2025.2547457
SN - 1568-5519
SP - 1
EP - 18
PB - Taylor & Francis
AN - OPUS4-63980
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Soruco Aloisio, Ricardo
T1 - Digitale Abbildung von Assets - Dateninfrastruktur für Industrie 4.0
N2 - Im Rahmen der von der BAM und anderen Partnern ins Leben gerufenen Initiative „Digitale Qualitätsinfrastruktur“ liegt der Fokus u.a. auf der Entwicklung von neuen Zertifizierungsworkflows. Dabei ist eine besondere Bedeutung dem Zusammenführen von Operational Technology (OT) und Informationstechnik (IT) beizumessen. Zur Datenintegration aus der Sensor-Feldebene einer Versuchs-Wasserstofftankstelle wurde eine solche Infrastruktur aufgebaut. Zudem wurde der von der Plattform Industrie 4.0 empfohlene standardisierte Zwilling „Verwaltungsschale“ für einige Assets der Wasserstofftankstelle implementiert.
T2 - QI-Forum 2024
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 09.10.2024
KW - Datenintregration
KW - IT
KW - Infrastruktur
KW - OT
KW - Open Source
KW - Software
KW - VPN
KW - Verwaltungsschale
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-63493
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Maiwald, Michael
T1 - Metrology for Advanced Hydrogen Storage Solutions (MefHySto) – Overviewand Tangible Results
N2 - The European project MefHySto addresses the need of large-scale energy storage, which is required for a shift to renewable energy supply. The project is funded by the European Metrology Programme on Innovation and Research (EMPIR) and consists of 14 consortium partners from all over Europe (www.mefhysto.eu). It is demonstrated, how MefHySto is contributing to the EMN for Energy Gases aiming at prioritisation of the measurement gaps and challenges interacting with the EMN stakeholders.
T2 - European Metrology Network Energy Gases “Measurement Solutions for Energy Gases” Workshop
CY - Lisbon, Portugal
DA - 21.03.2023
KW - MefHySto
KW - EMPIR
KW - Hydrogen Storage
KW - Hydrogen Metrology
KW - Hydrogen Purity
KW - Geological Storage
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57193
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kipphardt, Heinrich
T1 - Introduction to Metrology in Chemistry
N2 - Measurements are an important fundament of natural science in general and of chemical analysis in particular. Metrology is the science (and art) of performing measurements. The basic concepts and terms of metrology and their practical implementation are introduced. The very special peculiarities of chemical measurements that are absent in physical measurements are discussed.
T2 - 7th PhD Seminar of the German Working Group for Analytical Spectroscopy (DAAS) in the GDCh Division of Analytical Chemistry
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 15.11.2023
KW - Metrology
KW - Chemical Analysis
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58868
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Winckelmann, Alexander
T1 - How does solid microanalysis profit from innovations in EUV research
N2 - Research into new sources for EUV lithography is driving advancements in experimental methods tailored for this short wavelength range. This progress enables the exploration of spectroscopic techniques aimed at monitoring electronic transitions within this energy spectrum. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) serves as a rapid tool for elemental analysis, primarily established in the UV-vis range. However, LIBS encounters challenges such as limited repeatability precision and elevated background noise resulting from continuum radiation.
In parallel, laser-induced extreme UV spectroscopy (LIXS) delves into the initial stages of plasma evolution, characterized by the emergence of soft X-ray and extreme UV radiation. The method benefits from a fast timeframe and constrained plasma confinement, leading to better precision. Nevertheless, LIXS encounters convoluted spectra arising from unresolved transition arrays (UTA), particularly pronounced for heavier elements. This complexity renders conventional univariate data analysis impractical, demanding the adoption of a multivariate data analysis approach.
Multiple cathode samples, each coated with varying stoichiometries of lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), were prepared and used for calibration purposes. Through the application of Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression, a robust correlation with an R2 value exceeding 0.97 was achieved. The LIXS technique underwent a comparative evaluation against UV-vis LIBS. Furthermore, a comparison between univariate and multivariate analysis approaches was conducted, incorporating validation through y-randomization to mitigate overfitting risks.
The viability of this approach was confirmed through the testing of an NMC reference material. The results showed metrological compatibility with reference values, underscoring the potential capability of the proposed methodology.
T2 - 322. PTB Seminar 2023 - VUV and EUV Metrology
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 14.11.2023
KW - Laser induced XUV spectroscopy
KW - Lithium-ion batteries
KW - Solid microanalysis
PY - 2023
UR - https://www.euv2023.ptb.de/
AN - OPUS4-58834
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kipphardt, Heinrich
T1 - MefHySto - Metrology for Advanced Hydrogen Storage Solutions
N2 - An overview on the almost completed EMPIR-MefHySto-Project is given.
T2 - Workshop on Green Hydrogen
CY - Montevideo, Uruguay
DA - 12.10.2023
KW - MefHySto
KW - Hydrogen storage
KW - Metrology
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58650
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Abad Andrade, Carlos Enrique
T1 - Isotope analysis through the integration of chemometrics into optical spectroscopy
N2 - Lithium (Li), Boron (B), Nitrogen (N), Magnesium (Mg), and Calcium (Ca) are pivotal elements across various spheres such as the hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere, significantly impacting (bio-) geochemical and physiological processes. These elements exhibit stable isotopes with substantial roles in geological, environmental, and biological studies. The traditional method for measuring isotope amount ratios has been through mass spectrometry, which, despite its accuracy, comes with high operational costs, the need for skilled operators, and time-consuming sample preparation processes.
Combining optical spectroscopy with chemometrics introduces an innovative, cost-effective approach by the hand of high-resolution continuum source atomic and molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-AAS and HR-CS-MAS) for the analysis of isotope ratios in Li, B, N, Mg, and Ca. By analyzing the atomic or molecular absorption spectrum of the in-situ generated cloud of atoms of diatomic molecules (e.g., Li, BH, NO, MgF, CaF) during the electronic transition from the fundamental state, this method allows for the rapid determination of isotope ratios directly from sample solutions without the need for complex sample preparation.
For each element, the respective atomic or molecule's absorption spectrum was deconvoluted into its isotopic components using partial least squares regression or machine learning algorithms. Robust calibration models were developed, calibrated with enriched isotope, and validated against certified reference materials. Spectral data underwent preprocessing to optimize the modeling to determine the optimal number of latent variables.
The findings showcase that this optical spectrometric method yields results that agree with those obtained via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), offering a promising, cost-effective, and rapid alternative for isotope analysis with precisions as low as ± 0.2‰. This approach is a significant advancement in analytical chemistry, providing a new way to study isotope variations in biological, environmental, and geological samples.
T2 - Analytica Conference
CY - Munich, Germany
DA - 09.04.2024
KW - Isotopes
KW - HR-CS-MAS
KW - Chemometrics
KW - Lithium
KW - Boron
KW - Magnesium
KW - Nitrogen
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59946
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Ziel, Ruben P.
A1 - Zalewska, Ewelina
A1 - van der Veen, Adriaan M. H.
A1 - Kipphardt, Heinrich
A1 - Tuma, Dirk
A1 - Esteban, Andres Rojo
A1 - Fernandez Vicente, Teresa Esperanza
A1 - Mace, Tatiana
A1 - Sutour, Christophe
A1 - Marioni, Fabrice
A1 - Fükö, Judit
A1 - Szücs, László
A1 - Büki, Tamás
A1 - Szilágyi Nagyné, Zsófia
A1 - Cieciora, Dariusz
A1 - Ochman, Grzegorz
A1 - Romanowski, Przemysław
A1 - Lis, Anna
A1 - Garnuszek, Magdalena
A1 - Valkova, Miroslava
A1 - Ackermann, Andreas
A1 - Pascale, Celine
A1 - Niederhauser, Bernhard
A1 - Tarhan, Tanil
A1 - Boztepe, Aylin
A1 - Beránek, Jan
A1 - Bárta, Miroslav
T1 - International comparison EURAMET.QM-K3.2019 - Automotive exhaust gases
N2 - EURAMET.QM-K3.2019 was a repeat of the key comparison EURAMET.QM-K3 on the composition of automotive exhaust gases. New in EURAMET.QM-K3.2019 was the addition of the amount fraction oxygen to the programme. The key comparison reference values were obtained independently, using static gravimetry and appropriate corrections from purity analysis and are linked to those of CCQM-K3.2019. The key comparison results show equivalence between the measurement standards maintained by the participating national metrology institutes. The demonstrated equivalence can be used to underpin services related to automotive exhaust gases as well as generically through the flexible scheme ("track A").
KW - CCQM
KW - Automotive gases
PY - 2023
DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/60/1A/08030
SN - 1681-7575
VL - 60
IS - 1A
SP - 1
EP - 63
PB - IOP Publishing
CY - Bristol
AN - OPUS4-58904
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Maiwald, Michael
T1 - Sensors, Analytics and Certified Reference Materials safeguarding the quality infrastructure in the hydrogen economy
N2 - The prerequisites for a successful energy transition and the economic use of hydrogen as a clean green energy carrier and for H2 readiness are a rapid market ramp-up and the establishment of the required value chains. Reliable quality and safety standards for innovative technologies are the prerequisite for ensuring supply security, for environmental compatibility and sustainable climate protection, for building trust in these technologies and thus enable product and process innovations.
With the Competence Centre "H2Safety@BAM", BAM is creating the safety-related prere-quisites for the successful implementation of hydrogen technologies at national as well as European level. BAM uses decades of experience in dealing with hydrogen technologies to develop the necessary quality and safety standards.
The presentation will draw a bow from the typical basic tasks of BAM in the field of competence "Sensors, analytics and certified reference materials", such as maintenance and dissemination of the national gas composition standards for calorific value determination as Designated Institute for Metrology in Chemistry within the framework of the Metre Convention, to the further development of measurement and sensor technology for these tasks. For the certification of reference materials, a mostly slow and time-consuming but solid reference analysis is common. With hydrogen and its special properties, completely new requirements are added. In addition, fast and simple online analysis is required for process control, for example to register quality changes, e.g., during load changes or refuelling processes.
T2 - Indo-German International Conference on Metrology for the Deployment of Green Hydrogen and Renewable Fuels in India
CY - Online meeting
DA - 04.04.2022
KW - Quality Infrastructure
KW - Gas Reference Material
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Energy Gases
KW - Sensors
KW - Hydrogen Storage Materials
PY - 2022
UR - https://www.imeko-gh2fuels.ptb.de/
AN - OPUS4-54596
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Klaus, Christian
T1 - QI Digital: Cross-Location IT Infrastructure and Asset Administration Shell as a Digital Twin
N2 - Im Rahmen der von der BAM und anderen Partnern ins Leben gerufenen Initiative „Digitale Qualitätsinfrastruktur“ liegt der Fokus u.a. auf der Entwicklung von neuen Zertifizierungsworkflows. Dabei ist eine besondere Bedeutung dem Zusammenführen von Operational Technology (OT) und Informationstechnik (IT) beizumessen. Zur Datenintegration aus der Sensor-Feldebene einer Versuchs-Wasserstofftankstelle wurde eine solche Infrastruktur zunächst in einer Laborumgebung aufgebaut.
Dieser Vortrag beschreibt die Implementierung des standardisierten und von der Plattform Industrie 4.0 empfohlenen digitalen Zwillings "Verwaltungsschale" an dieser Wasserstofftankstelle. Außerdem wird die Implementierung einer standortübergreifenden IT-Infrastruktur über VPN/5G beschrieben.
T2 - BAM Kolloquium Abteilung 1
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 10.06.2025
KW - Datenintregration
KW - IT
KW - Infrastruktur
KW - OT
KW - Open Source
KW - Software
KW - VPN
KW - Verwaltungsschale
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63495
LA - mul
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Lozano-Martín, D.
A1 - Tuma, Dirk
A1 - Kipphardt, Heinrich
A1 - Khanipour, Peyman
A1 - Chamorro, C. R.
T1 - Thermodynamic characterization of the (H2 + C3H8) system significant for the hydrogen economy: Experimental (p, rho, T) determination and equation-of-state modelling
N2 - For the gradual introduction of hydrogen in the energy market, the study of the properties of mixtures of hydrogen with typical components of natural gas (NG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is of great importance. This work aims to provide accurate experimental (p, rho, T) data for three hydrogen-propane mixtures with nominal compositions (amount of substance, mol/mol) of (0.95 H2 + 0.05 C3H8), (0.90 H2 + 0.10 C3H8), and (0.83 H2 + 0.17 C3H8), at temperatures of 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, and 375 K, and pressures up to 20 MPa. A single-sinker densimeter was used to determine the density of the mixtures. Experimental density data were compared to the densities calculated from two reference equations of state: the GERG-2008 and the AGA8-DC92. Relative deviations from the GERG-2008 EoS are systematically larger than those from the AGA8-DC92. They are within the ±0.5% band for the mixture with 5% of propane, but deviations are higher than 0.5% for the mixtures with 10% and 17% of propane, especially at low temperatures and high pressures. Finally, the sets of new experimental data have been processed by the application of two different statistical equations of state: the virial equation of state, through the second and third virial coefficients, B(T, x) and C(T, x), and the PC-SAFT equation of state.
KW - Hydrogen-containing gas mixture
KW - Density data
KW - Equation of state
KW - Virial coefficients
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-570056
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.11.170
SN - 0360-3199
VL - 48
IS - 23
SP - 8645
EP - 8667
PB - Elsevier B. V.
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-57005
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Lozano-Martín, Daniel
A1 - Kipphardt, Heinrich
A1 - Khanipour, Peyman
A1 - Tuma, Dirk
A1 - Horrillo, Alfonso
A1 - Chamorro, César R.
T1 - Impact of hydrogen addition, up to 20 % (mol/mol), on the thermodynamic (p, ρ, T) properties of a reference high-calorific natural gas mixture with significant ethane and propane content
N2 - Injecting hydrogen into the natural gas grid supports gradual decarbonization. To check the accuracy of equations of state for hydrogen-enriched natural gas mixtures, precise density data from well-characterized reference mixtures are essential. In a prior study, we provided experimental measurements for a natural gas constituted mainly of methane and for two derived hydrogen-enriched mixtures. In the present study, being the second and final part of our investigation, density measurements for a high-calorific natural gas with significant ethane and propane content, along with two hydrogen-enriched variants (10 and 20 mol-% hydrogen) are provided. The mixtures are gravimetrically prepared following ISO 6142-1. Density measurements, conducted with a single-sinker densimeter at temperatures from (260–350) K and pressures up to 20 MPa, are compared with three equations of state: AGA8-DC92, GERG-2008, and an improved GERG-2008. Results indicate that all models perform better for methane-dominant mixtures than for those containing heavier hydrocarbons.
KW - Hydrogen-enriched natural gas
KW - High-pressure density
KW - Reference equation of state
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-633371
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.05.173
SN - 0360-3199
VL - 140
SP - 256
EP - 271
PB - Elsevier BV
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-63337
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Lozano-Martín, D.
A1 - Pazoki, F.
A1 - Kipphardt, Heinrich
A1 - Khanipour, P.
A1 - Tuma, Dirk
A1 - Horillo, A.
A1 - Chamorro, C. R.
T1 - Thermodynamic (p, ρ, T) characterization of a reference high-calorific natural gas mixture when hydrogen is added up to 20 % (mol/mol)
N2 - The injection of hydrogen into the natural-gas grid is an alternative during the process of a gradual decarbonization of the heat and power supply. When dealing with hydrogen-enriched natural gas mixtures, the performance of the reference equations of state habitually used for natural gas should be validated by using high-precision experimental thermophysical data from multicomponent reference mixtures prepared with the lowest possible uncertainty in composition. In this work, we present experimental density data for an 11-compound high-calorific (hydrogen-free) natural gas mixture and for two derived hydrogen-enriched natural gas mixtures prepared by adding (10 and 20) mol-% of hydrogen to the original standard natural gas mixture. The three mixtures were prepared gravimetrically according to ISO 6142–1 for maximum precision in their composition and thus qualify for reference materials. A single-sinker densimeter was used to determine the density of the mixtures from (250–350) K and up to 20 MPa. The experimental density results of this work have been compared to the densities calculated by three different reference equations of state for natural gas related mixtures: the AGA8-DC92 EoS, the GERG-2008 EoS, and an improved version of the GERG-2008 EoS. While relative deviations of the experimental density data for the hydrogen-free natural gas mixture are always within the claimed uncertainty of the three considered equations of state, larger deviations can be observed for the hydrogen-enriched natural gas mixtures from any of the three equations of state, especially for the lowest temperature and the highest pressures.
KW - Hydrogen-enriched natural gas
KW - Single-sinker densimeter
KW - High-pressure density
KW - Equations of state
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-604742
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.05.028
SN - 0360-3199
VL - 70
SP - 118
EP - 135
PB - Elsevier BV
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-60474
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Golub, Tino Petar
A1 - Meyer, Klas
A1 - Paul, Andrea
A1 - Kipphardt, Heinrich
A1 - Tuma, Dirk
T1 - Exploring the potential of a setup for combined quantification of hydrogen in natural gas – Raman and NMR spectroscopy
N2 - An accurate measurement of the amount fraction of hydrogen in gas mixtures is mandatory for practical applications, requiring methods that are fast, continuous, robust, and cost-effective. This study compares the performance of Raman and benchtop NMR process spectroscopy for determining the hydrogen amount fraction in gas mixtures. A setup was designed to integrate both techniques, enabling measurements of the same sample.
Tests were conducted with gravimetrically prepared gas mixtures of reference quality ranging from 1.20 cmol/mol to 85.83 cmol/mol of hydrogen. The results demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy provides superior performance, with a minimal root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.22 cmol/mol and excellent linearity. In contrast, benchtop NMR spectroscopy faced challenges, such as overlapping peaks and longer measurement times, resulting in a higher RMSE of 0.71 cmol/mol. Raman spectroscopy proves to be particularly well-suited for
practical applications due to its high accuracy and linearity. Meanwhile, benchtop NMR spectroscopy holds potential for future enhancements through ongoing technological advances, such as higher magnetic field strengths. In summary, the results from our study indicate that Raman spectroscopy is already a serviceable method for precise hydrogen quantification, whereas benchtop NMR spectroscopy can be attributed potential for future applications.
KW - Hydrogen amount fraction
KW - Raman spectroscopy
KW - NMR spectroscopy
KW - Field applicability
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-610093
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2024.125087
SN - 1386-1425
VL - 325
SP - 1
EP - 9
PB - Elsevier B.V.
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-61009
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Segovia, J. J.
A1 - Tuma, Dirk
A1 - Lozano-Martín, D.
A1 - Moreau, A.
A1 - Martín, M. C.
A1 - Vega-Maza, D.
T1 - Speed of sound data and acoustic virial coefficients of two binary (N2 + H2) mixtures at temperatures between (260 and 350) K and at pressures between (0.5 and 20) MPa
N2 - This work aims to address the technical concerns related to the thermodynamic characterization of gas mixtures blended with hydrogen for the implementation of hydrogen as a new energy vector. For this purpose, new experimental speed of sound measurements have been done in gaseous and supercritical phases of two binary mixtures of nitrogen and hydrogen using the most accurate technique available, i.e., the spherical acoustic resonator, yielding an experimental expanded (k = 2) uncertainty of only 220 parts in 106 (0.022%). The measurements cover the pressure range between (0.5 and 20) MPa, the temperature range between (260 and 350) K, and the composition range with a nominal mole percentage of hydrogen of (5 and 10) mol%, respectively.
From the speed of sound data sets, thermophysical properties that are relevant for the characterization of the mixture, namely the second βa and third γa acoustic virial coefficients, are derived. These results are thoroughly compared and discussed with the established reference mixture models valid for mixtures of nitrogen and hydrogen, such as the AGA8-DC92 EoS, the GERG-2008 EoS, and the recently developed adaptation of the GERG-2008 EoS, here denoted GERG-H2_improved EoS. Special attention has been given to the effect of hydrogen concentration on those properties, showing that only the GERG-H2_improved EoS is consistent with the data sets within the experimental uncertainty in most measuring conditions.
KW - Speed of sound
KW - Acoustic resonance
KW - Binary gas mixture
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-551482
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2022.106791
SN - 0021-9614
VL - 171
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - Elsevier B. V.
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-55148
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Lozano-Martín, D.
A1 - Tuma, Dirk
A1 - Vega-Maza, D.
A1 - Martín, M. C.
A1 - Chamorro, C. R.
T1 - Thermodynamic characterization of the (CO2+ O2) binary system for the development of models for CCS processes: Accurate experimental (p, rho, T) data and virial coefficients
N2 - Continuing our study on (CO2 + O2) mixtures, this work reports new experimental (p, rho, T) data for two oxygen-rich mixtures with mole fractions x(O2) = (0.50 and 0.75) mol·mol−1, in the temperature range T = (250–375) K and pressure range p = (0.5–20) MPa, using a single-sinker densimeter. Experimental density data were compared to two well-established equation-of-state models: EOS-CG and GERG-2008. In the p, T-range investigated, the EOS-CG gave a better reproduction for the equimolar mixture (x(O2) = 0.5), whereas the GERG-2008 performed significantly better for the oxygen-rich mixture (x(O2) = 0.75). The EOS-CG generally overestimates the density, while the GERG-2008 underestimates it. This complete set of new experimental data, together with previous measurements, is used to calculate the virial coefficients B(T, x) and C(T, x), as well as the second interaction virial coefficient B12(T) for the (CO2+ O2) system.
KW - Binary mixtures CO2 + O2
KW - Density measurements
KW - Equations of state
KW - Virial coefficients
PY - 2021
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2020.105074
SN - 0896-8446
VL - 169
SP - 5074
PB - Elsevier B. V.
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-51670
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Maiwald, Michael
T1 - Metrologie für fortschrittliche Wasserstoffspeicherlösungen – Das EU-Projekt MefHySto
T1 - Metrology for advanced hydrogen storage solutions – The EU project MefHySto
N2 - Das europäische Projekt MefHySto befasst sich mit dem Bedarf an großmaßstäblichen Energiespeichern, die für eine Umstellung der Energieversorgung auf erneuerbare Energien erforderlich sind. Eine solche Speicherung ist entscheidend, um Energie zu Spitzenzeiten zu liefern, wenn die erneuerbaren Energiequellen schwanken. Eine mögliche Lösung für die Energiespeicherung ist der großtechnische Einsatz von Wasserstoff. Die messtechnische Rückführbarkeit in der Energieinfrastruktur für die Wasserstoffspeicherung ist dann von entscheidender Bedeutung und eine bessere Kenntnis der chemischen und physikalischen Eigenschaften von Wasserstoff sowie rückführbare Messungen und validierte Techniken unverzichtbar.
N2 - The European project MefHySto addresses the need of large-scale energy storage, which is required for a shift to renewable energy supply. Such storage is mandatory to supply energy at peak times when renewable sources fluctuate. A possible solution for energy storage is large-scale use of hydrogen. Metrological traceability in the energy infrastructure for hydrogen storage is then crucial and a better knowledge of the chemical and physical properties of hydrogen as well as traceable measurements and validated techniques are indispensable.
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Wasserstoffspeicher
KW - Infrastruktur
KW - Metrologie
KW - PEM-Wasserelektrolyse
KW - Rückverstromung
KW - Lastwechsel
KW - Wasserstoff-Qualität
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-556451
UR - https://gwf-gas.de/forschung-entwicklung/metrologie-fuer-fortschrittliche-wasserstoffspeicherloesungen-das-eu-projekt-mefhysto/
SN - 2366-9594
VL - 163
IS - 9
SP - 38
EP - 45
PB - Vulkan Verlag
CY - Essen
AN - OPUS4-55645
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zinas, Orestis
T1 - CPT-based probabilistic analysis of monopile foundations considering spatial and transformation uncertainties
N2 - This study utilizes cone penetration testing data data from a real offshore windfarm project in the North Sea and presents a method for incorporating both, statistical and spatial uncertainties, in a reliability-based assessment of monopile foundations. Initially, a Gaussian Process regression model is constructed to predict a 3D map of the cone tip resistance and the associated uncertainties in the predictions and the hyperparameters, leveraging Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods. The CPT-based prediction is combined with a correlation derived from data collected at a nearby site to predict the probability distribution of the friction angle at a test location, which is subsequently used to evaluate the probability of failure for a monopile foundation with a finite element model.
T2 - 9th International Symposiumon Geotechnical Safety and Risk (ISGSR)
CY - Oslo, Norway
DA - 25.08.2025
KW - Monopile design
KW - Cone Penetration Test
KW - Gaussian process regression
KW - Bayesian Inference
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64001
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Hahn, Sarah-K.
A1 - Janßen, Marvin
A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico
T1 - Was macht eigentlich… der Demonstrator aus dem Forschungsprojekt SEE-2L?
N2 - In den Jahren 2021 bis 2023 hat die BAM im Verbund mit weiteren Institutionen das BMBF-Vorhaben SEE-2L bearbeitet. Der Artikel gibt einen kurzen Überblick über die daraus weitergeführten Aktivitäten.
KW - Auswirkungsbetrachtungen
KW - Thermisches Durchgehen
KW - Stationäre Energiespeicher
KW - Lithium-Ionen-Batterie
KW - Elektrische Energiespeicher
PY - 2025
UR - https://info.sifo.de/-lp/GZ5jd25436/c5350177#SEE-2L
VL - 2025
IS - 06
SP - 24
EP - 28
PB - Bundesministerium für Forschung, Technologie und Raumfahrt (BMFTR)
CY - Bonn
AN - OPUS4-63996
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Liepold, Philipp
A1 - Kromm, Arne
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Semantic Segmentation for Hot Cracking
N2 - The images in this dataset are light microscope images of the surfaces of modified Varestraint-Transvarestraint test samples. The training images show the surface of a tungsten inert gas weld with possible hot cracks. The dataset is intended for use in training crack segmentation networks.
This database consists of images in .png format. The training images were taken in 24-bit, 3-color channels with an optical light microscope (Keyence). The corresponding mask images are 8-bit grayscale images, where 255-valued pixels (white) denote crack areas and 0-valued pixels (black) denote non-cracked areas. This dataset was created manually with the help of a self-written segmentation program based on OpenCV. I used it to train networks based on ViT, ConvNeXt, U-Net, and EfficientNet architectures. The images were taken at magnifications of 50x and 100x.
The dataset is structured as follows:
Wire → Magnification (50, 100) → Data (train, mask = label) → Numbered images (1, 2, 3, …)
(There may be missing numbers. The reasons are:
1) I did not take images of all surfaces if they were not cracked, and
2) the 100x magnification images were taken at a later point, by which time some samples had already been prepared for further evaluation, so no images could be taken.)
For every image number in train, there is an equivalent number in mask with the same image size (but a different channel size, since train is 3-channel color and mask is single-channel).
There is no fixed image size (h × w). If you want to train a network, I recommend either rescaling or taking sub-images for both the training and mask sets, or using architectures that can handle varying input sizes.
The research project " Evaluation of design-induced solidification cracks during welding of high-strength fine-grained structural steels" is funded by the Federal Ministry of Economics and Climate Protection as part of the "Industrial Collective Research" programme on the basis of a resolution of the German Bundestag. This project IGF 01IF21837N FE 1 / P 1516 from the Research Association for steel Application (FOSTA), Düsseldorf, is carried out at Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung.
KW - CNN
KW - Segmentation
KW - Hot cracking
KW - AI
PY - 2025
DO - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16919144
PB - Zenodo
CY - Geneva
AN - OPUS4-64031
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eiben, Mario
T1 - Die Aufgaben der BAM als zuständige Behörde im Gefahrgutbereich in Deutschland
N2 - Die BAM ist zuständige Behörde in Deutschland für bestimmte Aufgaben im Gefahrgutbereich, die u. a. in § 8 der Gefahrgutverordnung Straße, Eisenbahn und Binnenschifffahrt (GGVSEB) und § 12 der Gefahrgutverordnung See (GGVSee) aufgeführt sind und hauptsächlich von den Abteilungen 2 und 3 wahrgenommen werden. So ist die BAM bspw. die in Deutschland für die Zulassung von Verpackungen und Tanks oder auch die Einstufung bestimmter gefährlicher Güter zuständige Stelle. Die BAM arbeitet des Weiteren als Kompetenzbehörde national und international in den entsprechenden Gremien mit und berät das BMDV in der Rechtsfortentwicklung der internationalen Vorschriften für den Gefahrguttransport. Dies geschieht u. a. durch die Mitarbeit im Ständigen Ausschuss Gefahrgutbeförderung (AGGB) des Gefahrgut-Verkehrs-Beirats beim BMDV und den zugehörigen Arbeitsgruppen, oder auch das Erstellen von Anträgen für Rechtsänderungen in den internationalen Vorschriften der Vereinten Nationen (UN) bzw. der Wirtschaftskommission für Europa der UN (UNECE) im Auftrag des BMDV. Die Beratung der betroffenen Wirtschaft und die Normungsarbeit sind weitere wichtige Themen. Die Expertise der BAM wird insbesondere durch Forschung im Gefahrgutbereich erhalten und weiter ausgebaut. Im Rahmen des Vortrags werden drei Forschungsbereiche vorgestellt, von denen zwei für die Energiewende von großer Bedeutung sind.
T2 - 10. Deutsche Gefahrgut-Sicherheitstage
CY - Nürburg, Germany
DA - 13.09.2023
KW - Gefahrgut
KW - Zuständige Behörde
KW - Transport gefährlicher Güter
KW - Gremienarbeit
KW - Normung
KW - Forschung
KW - Gesetzliche Aufgaben
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58350
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - El Moutaouakil, H.
A1 - Heimann, Jan
A1 - Lozano, Daniel
A1 - Memmolo, V.
A1 - Schütze, A.
T1 - Feature Extractor for Damage Localization on Composite-Overwrapped Pressure Vessel Based on Signal Similarity Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves
N2 - Hydrogen is one of the future green energy sources that could resolve issues related to fossil fuels. The widespread use of hydrogen can be enabled by composite-overwrapped pressure vessels for storage. It offers advantages due to its low weight and improved mechanical performance. However, the safe storage of hydrogen requires continuous monitoring. Combining ultrasonic guided waves with interpretable machine learning provides a powerful tool for structural health monitoring. In this study, we developed a feature extraction approach based on a similarity method that enables interpretability in the proposed machine learning model for damage detection and localization in pressure vessels. Furthermore, a systematic optimization was performed to explore and tune the model’s parameters. This resulting model provides accurate damage localization and is capable of detecting and localizing damage on hydrogen pressure vessels with an average localization error of 2 cm and a classification accuracy of 96.5% when using quantized classification. In contrast, binarized classification yields a higher accuracy of 99.5%, but with a larger localization error of 6 cm.
KW - Ultrasonic Guided Waves
KW - Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessel
KW - Interpretable Machine Learning
KW - Structural Health Monitoring
KW - Damage Localization
KW - Critical Infrastructure
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Non-destructive Testing
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-640249
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/app15179288
VL - 15
IS - 17
SP - 1
EP - 20
PB - MDPI
AN - OPUS4-64024
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Müller, Lars
A1 - Scheidemann, Robert
A1 - Neumeyer, Tino
A1 - Neumann, Martin
A1 - Komann, Steffen
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Thightness Assessment of welded Lids for Encapsulations of damaged Spent Nuclear Fuel in the Design Approval Process of Dual-Purpose Casks (DPC)
N2 - The disposal of spent nuclear fuel in Germany is ensured using dual-purpose casks (DPC) for transport and interim storage. The leak tightness of the DPC and resulting containment is one of the most important aspects. Additional encapsulations are required for damaged spent nuclear fuel (DSNF) to guarantee safe handling and a separate tight closure. Due to the general design of DPCs for standard fuel assemblies should special requirements be considered for the design of the encapsulations for DSNF to ensure the loading in existing package designs. The absence of a replaceable sealing in the tightness barrier is the main difference for the encapsulations for damaged spent nuclear fuel. Instead, they are welded shut with a lid. The leak tightness of the encapsulation shall be proven in the design approval process for all transport conditions. This is especially valid for accident conditions of transport, where high internal impact forces may occur.
BAM as German competent authority is responsible for the safety assessment of mechanical and thermal design, retention of radioactive material and quality assurance aspects of manufacturing and operation. BAM carried out a comprehensive safety assessment concerning the mechanical package design. As there are no representative standards for verifying the leak tightness of a welded lid, two approaches were being pursued. Established German standards may be used for verifying the leak tightness of a weld - but limited to low stresses. Therefore, physical tests were required for higher impact loads. Representative drop tests and highly sensitive leakage tests were performed.
The paper presents an overview of the containment assessment by BAM and points out the main findings for the design of welds regarding leak tightness. Both verification procedures are described, on one hand with German standards for lower loads and on the other hand with physical tests for higher impact loads. The leak tightness of the encapsulation weld could be approved based on leakage tests and a corresponding evaluation for all transport conditions.
T2 - PATRAM 2025
CY - San Antonio, Texas, USA
DA - 27.07.2025
KW - Transport packages
KW - Tightness assessment
KW - Welded lids
KW - Encapsulations
PY - 2025
VL - 2025
SP - 1
EP - 11
PB - Institute of Nuclear Materials Management (INMM)
CY - Indianapolis
AN - OPUS4-64023
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Guitton, Matthieu
A1 - Chrupek, Thierry
A1 - Leblanc, Vincent
A1 - Van derTuijn, Jeroen
A1 - Kaufhold, Dominik
A1 - Kesting, Frederik
A1 - Müller, Lars
T1 - Multilateral approval of a SCO-III (three spent steam generator lower parts from EDF Fessenheim nuclear power plant) multimodal shipment
N2 - A Surface Contaminated Object (SCO) is defined as a solid object which is not itself radioactive, but which has radioactive material distributed on its surfaces. The 2018 Edition of the IAEA Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material (SSR-6 Rev. 1) introduced the group SCO-III to transport unpackaged large objects.
The two pressurized water reactors of the Fessenheim Nuclear Power Plant, owned by EDF, were shut down in 2020. Previously, for maintenance operations in the year 2002 and 2010, the three steam generators – over 20 metres long, 300 tons – of each reactor were taken out from the reactors, divided in two and stored on site:
- EDF shipped the six upper parts, as SCO-I, to Cyclife, in Studsvik (Sweden), in 2021, to be
recycled;
- EDF plans two transports of the lower parts (three parts for each transport), as SCO-III
(considering the higher activity due to the NPP primary coolant) to the same facility. Modes of
transport are, from consignor to consignee, road, inland waterways and maritime. The countries crossed by inland waterways, from Neuf-Brisach to Dunkerque (France), are France, Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands.
According to the para. 825 of SSR-6 Rev. 1, “multilateral approval shall be required for the shipment of SCO-III”. EDF has submitted to all Competent Authorities an application (para. 827A of SSR-6 Rev. 1), including a transport plan and demonstrations to withstand normal conditions of transport.
Despite SSR-6 Rev. 1, national regulations have their own specificities and each Competent Authority has its own assessment procedures. Nevertheless, involved Authorities agreed for a joint review, which included:
- the understanding of national regulatory requirements,
- the expected level of detail and quality of the safety case,
- the feedback from previous shipments of similar type,
- the contents, including the conditions, of the approvals to be issued.
This joint review demonstrated good coordination between authorities, enabling the application to be processed rapidly, and the various authorities to benefit from each other's expertise and feedback. This was of particular importance, as it was the first application for the transport of an SCO-III assessed by the Competent Authorities involved.
Finally, the authorities were able to issue approvals, whose format is certainly in line with their national provisions, but whose content and level of requirements in terms of transport safety are consistent.
T2 - PATRAM 2025
CY - San Antonio, Texas, USA
DA - 27.07.2025
KW - Shipment
KW - Multilateral approval
KW - Steam generator
KW - SCO-III
PY - 2025
VL - 2025
SP - 1
EP - 8
PB - Institute of Nuclear Materials Management (INMM)
CY - Indianapolis
AN - OPUS4-64026
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Müller, Lars
T1 - Thightness Assessment of welded Lids for Encapsulations of damaged Spent Nuclear Fuel in the Design Approval Process of Dual-Purpose Casks (DPC)
N2 - The disposal of spent nuclear fuel in Germany is ensured using dual-purpose casks (DPC) for transport and interim storage. The leak tightness of the DPC and resulting containment is one of the most important aspects. Additional encapsulations are required for damaged spent nuclear fuel (DSNF) to guarantee safe handling and a separate tight closure. Due to the general design of DPCs for standard fuel assemblies should special requirements be considered for the design of the encapsulations for DSNF to ensure the loading in existing package designs. The absence of a replaceable sealing in the tightness barrier is the main difference for the encapsulations for damaged spent nuclear fuel. Instead, they are welded shut with a lid. The leak tightness of the encapsulation shall be proven in the design approval process for all transport conditions. This is especially valid for accident conditions of transport, where high internal impact forces may occur.
BAM as German competent authority is responsible for the safety assessment of mechanical and thermal design, retention of radioactive material and quality assurance aspects of manufacturing and operation. BAM carried out a comprehensive safety assessment concerning the mechanical package design. As there are no representative standards for verifying the leak tightness of a welded lid, two approaches were being pursued. Established German standards may be used for verifying the leak tightness of a weld - but limited to low stresses. Therefore, physical tests were required for higher impact loads. Representative drop tests and highly sensitive leakage tests were performed.
The paper presents an overview of the containment assessment by BAM and points out the main findings for the design of welds regarding leak tightness. Both verification procedures are described, on one hand with German standards for lower loads and on the other hand with physical tests for higher impact loads. The leak tightness of the encapsulation weld could be approved based on leakage tests and a corresponding evaluation for all transport conditions.
T2 - PATRAM 2025
CY - San Antonio, TX, USA
DA - 27.07.2025
KW - Tightness assessment
KW - Welded lids
KW - Transport packages
KW - Encapsulations
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64017
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Entwicklungen rings um Gase als Energieträger
N2 - Dr. Mair erläutert, welcher Anwuchs an H2-Bedarf zu erwarten ist, wo er weltweit erzeugt werden könnte und in welcher Form auf grünem Wasserstoff basierende Energieträger transportiert werden können. Es wird deutlich, dass das Transportaufkommen von H2 erheblich anwachsen wird und dass sich alle Seiten, die Regelsetzer und die Industrie darauf vorbereiten müssen.
Danach wird mit Blick auf die Normungsroadmap H2 des DIN der probabilistische Ansatz mit seinem Potenzial, Normen und Vorschriften in ihrer Wirkung zu simulieren und zu bewerten kurz vorgestellt.
Der dritte Block des Vortrages beginnt mit der Definition von Sicherheit, zeigt kurz das mikromechanische Prinzip der Alterung von Composite und greift dann ein Thema auf, dass Dr. Mair bereits 2018 und 2019 in dieser Runde dargelegt hat: Der Aufwand für die klassische Wiederkehrende Prüfung ist enorm und bringt nur wenig Erkenntnis. Es werden graphisch das 5-Jahres 100%-Prooftesting, der Ansatz nach GGR 022 mit seiner zerstörend geprüften Stichprobe und der mögliche Ansatz für eine ergebnisgesteuerte Stichprobenprüfung auf ZfP-Basis miteinander verglichen. Die Unterschiede im Aufwand-zu-Nutzen-Verhältnis sind enorm. Dabei ist der aufwändigste Ansatz zudem der mit der geringsten Erkenntnistiefe.
Jeder Ansatz, der von einer 100%-Prüfung in einem maximalen Zeitrahmen von 10 Jahren abweicht, also z.B. der Verzicht auf eine 100%-Prüfung während des Betriebes, würde eine Änderung des Regelwerkes erfordern, die zeitnah angestoßen werden müsste. Da es sich hierbei primär um eine Ressourcenoptimierung und nicht um eine Verbesserung der Sicherheit handelt, liegt der Ball bei den Verbänden. Als eine Idee für das Herangehen mit einer Begrenzung auf Druckgefäße, die nach der EN 17339 zulassungsfähig sind (fest montiert, H2 und nur CFK), verweist Dr. Mair auf die SV 674 in Verbindung mit 6.2.3.5.3/.4 ADR/RID. Bei dem absehbaren Anwachsen des Bestandes an H2-Batteriefahrzeugen, ist hier nicht nur ein Optimierungsaspekt, sondern auch ein Kapazitätsproblem in der wiederkehrenden Prüfung zu lösen. Es würde aber auch ein Mehrwert für die Sicherheit entstehen.
T2 - 30. BAM-DIN-IGV-DVFG Treffen
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 22.02.2023
KW - Wasserstoffspeicher
KW - Markthochlauf
KW - Sicherheit
KW - Wiederkehrende Prüfung
KW - Schallemissionsanalyse
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57041
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Duffner, Eric
A1 - Günzel, Stephan
T1 - Die Zukunft der Betriebsüberwachung von Gasspeichern aus Composite
N2 - Im Vortrag wird zunächst erläutert, dass auch im Fall der Wasserstoffversorgung die Schadensanalyse, -vermeidung und die wiederkehrende Prüfung von Speichern in engem Zusammenhang stehen.
Der Wasserstofftransport in Deutschland hat bereits deutlich zugenommen und wird in den nächsten Jahren weiter erheblich zunehmen. Dies führt zu einem stärkeren Fokus auf die wirtschaftlichen Aspekte im Transport und der wiederkehrenden Prüfung. Letztere droht, ohne neue technische Ansätze zum Flaschenhals in der Verfügbarkeit vorhandener Transportkapazitäten zu werden.
Das gegenwärtige System der Wasserdruckprüfung bis zum sog. Prüfdruck mit Innen- und Außenbesichtigung etc., die im Normalfall alle 5 Jahre durchzuführen ist, führt zu jeweils etwa 8 Wochen Stillstand. Das Aufwendige dabei sind die Trocknungs- und Spülprozesse, die notwendig sind, um wieder entsprechend reinen Wasserstoff abfüllen zu können. Auf Basis der BAM GGR‘n 021 und 022 lässt sich beim Nachweis entsprechender, probabilistischer Restzuverlässigkeiten diese Frist in Deutschland auf 10 Jahre ausdehnen. Diesen Weg sind in den letzten Jahren viele Betreiber gegangen.
Mit Blick auf die derzeit fast exponentielle Zunahme von Transporteinheiten kann auch diese Verlängerung der Prüffristen das Problem nicht lösen. Auch das Umschwenken von hydraulischer, auf die heute bereits genehmigungsfähige Gasdruckprüfung bis zum Prüfdruck bringt zwar eine Verkürzung der Stillstandzeiten, erfordert aber erhebliches Investment in Schutzmaßnahmen.
Als hinreichend zielführendes Konzept für Transporteinheiten mit vielen Elementen wird im Vortrag eine Mischung aus probabilistischem Ansatz und zerstörungsfreien Prüfungen erläutert und bzgl. Aufwand und Nutzen im Vergleich zu den üblichen Verfahren visualisiert. Voraussetzung für diesen vorgestellten Ansatz sind die Weiterentwicklung und Qualifizierung der Schallemissionsanalyse als Ersatz für die derzeitig zerstörenden Prüfungen und auch eine durchgängig digitale Lebenslaufakte, die eine lückenlose Zuordnung von Baumusterprüfung, Herstellungslos, Betreiber und Betriebsdaten erlaubt.
Für Transporteinheiten mit wenigen, sehr großen Elementen wird dagegen das sog. Online-Monitoring mit fest installierter und permanent messender Technik gesehen.
Für die Anwendung beider Lösungsansätze sind umfangreiche Änderungen im Recht erforderlich.
T2 - 49. VDI-Jahrestagung Schadensanalyse 2023: Schadensprävention bei Druckwasserstoff und Schadensprävention für Kunststoff- und Elastomerprodukte
CY - Würzburg, Germany
DA - 18.10.2023
KW - ATR Anerkanntes Technisches Regelwerk
KW - Probabilistik
KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung
KW - Online-Monitoring
KW - Schallemissionsanalyse
KW - Gasdruckprüfung
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58838
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Competence centre H2Safety@BAM
N2 - Dr Mair presents the competence centre “H2Safety@BAM”. He starts with a spectacular hydrogen accident on the Tempelhofer Feld (Berlin) in 1894, comes to the foundation of the competence centre in the context of the hydrogen strategies of Germany and the EU and explains their safety-focused orientation in order to create and maintain confidence in hydrogen technologies.
Beyond the long-term changes in energy supply, in Sept. 2022 there are enormous cost leaps in gas supply, which puts hydrogen as an energy carrier in a different light.
Based on this, he presents the structure of the Competence Centre with its 5 competence areas and the corresponding contact persons. This is underpinned by a slide on each of the work packages in the fields of competence.
At the end of the presentation, he explains the focus of the competence area "Component Testing, Component Safety and Approval", for which he is responsible. This is the question of cost reduction by using the whole potential of digitalisation in connection with the safety surveillance of the storage systems. The run of a fully digital system is of great importance for both, for the hydrogen supply of large consumers via road and rail and for storage systems in stationary plants. A robust and well-thought-out digitalisation in all levels of documentation will lead to a new quality in monitoring safety porperties, integration of new components and cost reduction.
T2 - TÜV Rheinland H2-Safety-Day für Berlin und Brandenburg
CY - Dahlewitz, Germany
DA - 22.09.2022
KW - H2Safety@BAM
KW - Market Rump Up
KW - Safety
KW - Reliabillity
KW - Hydrogen Supply
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56983
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Popiela, Bartosz
A1 - Günzel, Stephan
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Seidlitz, Holger
ED - Nabizada, A.
ED - Dechany, A.
ED - Carré, B.
ED - Ghogare, D.
ED - Stendardo, E.
ED - Lappa, F.
ED - Vanlaere, J.
ED - Mendoza, M. J.
ED - Dejonghe, M.
ED - Daese, M.
ED - Namazifard, N.
ED - Jacops, R.
ED - Jottrand, S.
ED - Pahlavan, S.
T1 - Modelling of the Manufacturing Process Related Residual Stresses in Type 4 Pressure Vessels for Hydrogen Storage
N2 - The publication is an extended abstract on the modelling of the manufacturing process related residual stresses in type 4 pressure vessels for hydrogen storage. A 2D analytical model based on the classical laminate theory and a 3D finite element model are introduced. The calculated residual stress state after the filament winding process as well as the stress state in service are presented and discussed.
T2 - European PhD Hydrogen Conference 2024 (EPHyC2024)
CY - Ghent, Belgium
DA - 20.03.2024
KW - Composite
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Pressure vessel
KW - Residual stresses
KW - Filament winding
KW - Carbon fiber
PY - 2024
VL - 2024
SP - 445
EP - 450
PB - Hydrogen Europe Research, BE-HyFE
AN - OPUS4-59779
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Lengas, Nikolaos
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Müller, Karsten
A1 - Sklorz, Christian
A1 - Wang, Bin
A1 - Natasya, Riska
T1 - Overview of experimental testing at BAM: Hydraulic pressure, drop and fire tests
N2 - Safe onboard storage is clearly one of the greatest challenges for the hydrogen economy. Even if hydrogen vehicles offer better efficiency, technological barriers remain for short-term implementation. Hydrogen storage difficulties stem from its low density, necessitating very high pressure for storage. In addition, the weight, volume, efficiency, safety of storage as well as the cost of the hydrogen must be considered. Safety is of paramount importance for deployment of hydrogen technologies as it is flammable in a wide range of concentrations with air, more sensitive to ignition due to its low minimum ignition energy, deflagrates faster due to higher burning velocity, and is prone to deflagration-to-detonation transition. Various safety measures must be implemented in order to prevent accidental leakage and ensure inherent safety.
Today, the strategy of the OEM’s prioritises the development of a single electrical drivetrain platform where the battery pack is mounted in the underbody of the vehicle. The automotive industry aims to use this same space for hydrogen storage systems, with the expectation that such conformable hydrogen storage systems will be available in the next 3-5 years.
The main innovations of BAM’s specialist divisions 3.5 and 8.6 in this project are, firstly, the integration of optical fibres in the filament winding of complete pressure to gain a deeper understanding of the structural behaviour under the different hydraulic and pneumatic loading conditions, and secondly, the development of a fire test platform to test the assembly of 9 tubular vessels under the fire test requirements of GTR13. Therefore, a wind damping and splinter-protecting cage was built from protection modules specifically developed for this project. Extensive safety-related tests are to be carried out at BAM during the project period.
T2 - Stakeholders’ Meeting
CY - Brussels, Belgium
DA - 26.09.2024
KW - Composite pressure vessel
KW - Drop test
KW - Hydraulic pressure test
KW - Fire test
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61167
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Die BAM - mit einem aktuellen Aspekt der ZfP
N2 - Die BAM wird kurz mit ihren Eckdaten als Ganzes vorgestellt und dann der Einstieg in die besonderen Möglichkeiten der Versuchsplattform "Wasserstofftankstelle" erläutert. Nach kurzen Vorstellung der Struktur der Tankstelle wird erläutert, wie drei Methoden der ZfP für das Structural Health Monitoring in Verbindung mit KI zur Anwendung kommen werden.
T2 - Fachausschusssitzung Schallemissionsprüfung DGZfP
CY - Online meeting
DA - 10.03.2022
KW - 150 Jahre BAM
KW - Versuchsplattform
KW - H2-Tankstelle
KW - Ultraschall
KW - Schallemissionsanalyse
KW - Optische Fasern
KW - Künstliche Intelligenz
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-54606
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Popiela, Bartosz
T1 - Einfluss der fertigungsbedingten Eigenspannungen auf die Sicherheit von Typ 4-Druckbehältern
N2 - Vorstellung der Erkenntnisse aus einer experimentellen Studie mit langsamen Berstprüfungen an Typ 4-Druckbehältern bei einer Arbeitskreis-Sitzung "Wasserstoff-Drucktanks" der AVK.
T2 - AVK-Arbeitskreis-Sitzung "Wasserstoff-Drucktanks"
CY - Frankfurt am Main, Germany
DA - 26.09.2024
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Druckbehälter
KW - Eigenspannungen
KW - Langsame Berstprüfung
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61134
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Munzke, Dorit
A1 - Duffner, Eric
A1 - Eisermann, René
A1 - Schukar, Marcus
A1 - Schoppa, André
A1 - Szczepaniak, Mariusz
A1 - Strohhäcker, J.
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Monitoring of type IV composite pressure vessels with multilayer fully integrated optical fiber based distributed strain sensing
N2 - We present the results of distributed fiber optic strain sensing for condition monitoring of a hybrid type IV composite fully wrapped pressure vessel using multilayer integrated optical fibers. Distributed strain sensing was performed for a total number of 252,000 load cycles until burst of the vessel. During this ageing test material fatigue could be monitored and spatially localized. Critical material changes were detected 17,000 cycles before material failure. Results have been validated by acoustic emission analysis.
T2 - 12th International Conference on Composite Science and Technology (ICCST12)
CY - Sorrento, Italy
DA - 08.05.2019
KW - Hybrid composite pressure vessel
KW - Distributed fiber optic sensing
KW - Acoustic emission analysis
KW - Structural health monitoring
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-516772
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.872
SN - 2214-7853
VL - 34
SP - 217
EP - 223
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-51677
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Positionspapier Wasserstofftransport - Markthochlauf vs. Sicherheitsanforderungen von Gasspeichern - Änderungen in der wiederkehrenden Prüfung sind notwendig
N2 - Es ist absehbar, dass die sicherheitstechnisch notwendige Verpflichtung zur wiederkehrenden Prüfung jedes Druckbehälters im Transport in seiner heute üblichen Form zu mehrwöchigen Stillstandszeiten und damit zu zusätzlichen Engpässen in der Verfügbarkeit von Transportein-heiten führen wird.
Auf Grundlage wird nun weitergehend de-regulierend angestrebt, die individuelle wiederkehrende Prüfung von festverbauten Druckbehältern aus Faserverbundwerkstoffen mit Kunststoffliner durch Stichprobenprüfungen zu ersetzen, solange wie die Stichprobenergebnisse die geforderte Sicherheit belegen.
Durch den vorgeschlagenen, stichprobenbasierten Ansatz werden die Stillstandzeiten im Transport von Wasserstoff erheblich reduziert und die mit der Wasserdruckprüfung verbundenen kostenintensiven Reinigungs- und Spülverfahren vermieden. Damit wird die Grundlage gelegt für den geplanten Markthochlauf mit Blick auf Umsetzbarkeit durch die Industrie bei gleichzeitiger Gewährleistung der Sicherheit.
T2 - H2NormungsRoadMap: Jour Fixe der Koordinationsverantwortlichen
CY - Online meeting
DA - 14.01.2025
KW - Wiederkehrende Prüfung
KW - Deregulierung
KW - Wirtschaftlichkeit
KW - Markthochlauf
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Sicherheit
KW - Gefahrguttransport
KW - Druckgefäße
KW - Faserverbundwerkstoffe
KW - Stichprobe
KW - Probabilistik
KW - Zerstörende Prüfung
KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung
KW - Stationäre Speicher
PY - 2025
SP - 1
EP - 2
AN - OPUS4-62484
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Neue Ansätze zur Überwachung der Speichersicherheit im Betrieb
N2 - Es ist absehbar, dass die sicherheitstechnisch notwendige Verpflichtung zur wiederkehrenden Prüfung jedes Druckbehälters im Transport in seiner heute üblichen Form zu mehrwöchigen Stillstandszeiten und damit zu zusätzlichen Engpässen in der Verfügbarkeit von Transporteinheiten führen wird. Auf Grundlage wird nun weitergehend de-regulierend angestrebt, die individuelle wiederkehrende Prüfung von festverbauten Druckbehältern aus Faserverbundwerkstoffen mit Kunststoffliner durch Stichprobenprüfungen zu ersetzen, solange wie die Stichprobenergebnisse die geforderte Sicherheit belegen. Hierzu liegt Erfahrung aus der Anwendung der BAM-GGR 021 vor. Durch den vorgeschlagenen, stichprobenbasierten Ansatz werden die Stillstandzeiten im Transport von Wasserstoff erheblich reduziert und die mit der Wasserdruckprüfung verbundenen kostenintensiven Reinigungs- und Spülverfahren vermieden. Damit wird die Grundlage gelegt für den geplanten Markthochlauf mit Blick auf Umsetzbarkeit durch die Industrie bei gleichzeitiger Gewährleistung der Sicherheit. Es werden 4 Schritte als Handlungsempfehlung vorgestellt:
1. Harmonisierung des Verfahrens zur stichprobenbasierten Festigkeitsbewertung anwendungsübergreifend in einer Norm beschreiben.
2. Interaktion mit dem DIN-Projekt TS 19472 Monte-Carlo- Simulation von Grundgesamtheiten (OSD) herstellen.
3. Verfahren zur Stichprobebewertung über ZfP weiter entwickeln
4. Ziel: Der Ersatz der 100%-Prüfung für die ersten 15 … 25 Jahre.
T2 - H2NormungsRoadMap - Jour Fixe der Koordinationsverantwortlichen
CY - Online meeting
DA - 14.01.2025
KW - Deregulierung
KW - Wirtschaftlichkeit
KW - Markthochlauf
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Sicherheit
KW - Druckbehälter
KW - Gefahrguttransport
KW - Druckgefäße
KW - Faserverbundwerkstoffe
KW - Stichprobe
KW - Probabilistik
KW - Zerstörende Prüfung
KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung
KW - Stationäre Speicher
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62483
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Thomas, Sebastian
T1 - Consequences of the reduced minimum burst pressure on the production surveillance
N2 - First the acceptance rates resulting from the analysis of different minimum burst ratios and standards are displayed and explained. Especially the problems resulting from a further reduction if the minimum burst ratio are shown.
For a better understanding of these results the process of analysing the acceptance rate is explained in detail. This contains the alleged contradiction between safety of samples due to its scatter while the rejected sample provides a higher mean strength.
Then the importance of batch testing is explained and leads to the recommendation to have a strong interaction between provided mean strength and requested maximum of production scatter.
T2 - 8 th WG on rev GTR 13
CY - Online meeting
DA - 02.03.2020
KW - Minimum burst ratio
KW - Production scatter
KW - Mean burst pressure
KW - Batch testing
KW - Acceptance rate
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-53147
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Günzel, Stephan
T1 - Normung und Sicherheit im Leichtbau - Sicherheitsbetrachtungen aus Sicht der Regelsetzung am Beispiel von Behältern für den Wasserstofftransport
N2 - Es werden Methoden, Betrachtungen und Bewertungen der Sicherheit aus Sicht der Regelsetzung am Beispiel von Behältern für den Wasserstofftransport vorgestellt.
T2 - 18. Cottbuser Leichtbauworkshop
CY - Cottbus, Germany
DA - 14.03.2024
KW - Sicherheit
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Gefahrgut
KW - Bewertung
KW - Druckgefäß
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59697
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Günzel, Stephan
T1 - Safety aspects of hydrogen transportation
N2 - In this presentation safety aspects of hydrogen transportation are discussed. At first, the regulatory background and level of safety are presented. In the second part, the modelling of consequence due to sudden rupture of pressure receptacles is explained. Finally, the results are used to define a limit for consequence to enable an acceptable and safe transport of hydrogen.
T2 - 3rd Germany-Korea Hydrogen Conference
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 27.09.2022
KW - Safety
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Gefahrgut
KW - Consequence
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-59902
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Günzel, Stephan
T1 - Safety assessment of hydrogen gas storage systems
N2 - In this lecture, the safety assessment of hydrogen gas storage systems is presented using the example of composite pressure vessels. The main element is a probabilistic approval approach based on five steps. Firstly, the testing and evaluation of properties at the beginning of life are shown. Secondly, methods for artificial aging and the effect on the residual strength are presented. Thirdly, testing against dedicated accidents is introduced. Fourthly, effects on the surveillance of production quality are discussed. Finally, degradation and the end of life are estimated. Background information and examples are given for each step. The assessment presented is a method applicable for many safety-related systems.
T2 - Masterstudiengang Wasserstofftechnologie - Modul 8: Safety and Public Acceptance – Sicherheitsaspekte, Akzeptanz und werkstofftechnische Herausforderungen des Wasserstoffs
CY - Online meeting
DA - 25.08.2023
KW - Safety
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Bewertung
KW - Assessment
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-59899
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Günzel, Stephan
T1 - Safety assessment of hydrogen gas storage systems
N2 - In this lecture, the safety assessment of hydrogen gas storage systems is presented using the example of composite pressure vessels. The main element is a probabilistic approval approach based on five steps. Firstly, the testing and evaluation of properties at the beginning of life are shown. Secondly, methods for artificial aging and the effect on the residual strength are presented. Thirdly, testing against dedicated accidents is introduced. Fourthly, effects on the surveillance of production quality are discussed. Finally, degradation and the end of life are estimated. Background information and examples are given for each step. The assessment presented is a method applicable for many safety-related systems.
T2 - Joint European Summer School 2021 on Fuel Cell, Electrolyser, and Battery Technologies
CY - Online meeting
DA - 12.09.2021
KW - Safety
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Bewertung
KW - Assessment
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-59905
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Günzel, Stephan
T1 - Safety assessment of hydrogen gas storage systems
N2 - In this lecture, the safety assessment of hydrogen gas storage systems is presented using the example of composite pressure vessels. The main element is a probabilistic approval approach based on five steps. Firstly, the testing and evaluation of properties at the beginning of life are shown. Secondly, methods for artificial aging and the effect on the residual strength are presented. Thirdly, testing against dedicated accidents is introduced. Fourthly, effects on the surveillance of production quality are discussed. Finally, degradation and the end of life are estimated. Background information and examples are given for each step. The assessment presented is a method applicable for many safety-related systems.
T2 - Joint European Summer School 2023, Hydrogen Safety
CY - Online meeting
DA - 17.09.2023
KW - Safety
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Bewertung
KW - Assessment
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-59903
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Günzel, Stephan
T1 - Safety assessment of hydrogen gas storage systems
N2 - In this lecture, the safety assessment of hydrogen gas storage systems is presented using the example of composite pressure vessels. The main element is a probabilistic approval approach based on five steps. Firstly, the testing and evaluation of properties at the beginning of life are shown. Secondly, methods for artificial aging and the effect on the residual strength are presented. Thirdly, testing against dedicated accidents is introduced. Fourthly, effects on the surveillance of production quality are discussed. Finally, degradation and the end of life are estimated. Background information and examples are given for each step. The assessment presented is a method applicable for many safety-related systems.
T2 - Joint European Summer School 2022, Hydrogen Safety
CY - Athens, Greece
DA - 18.09.2022
KW - Safety
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Bewertung
KW - Assessment
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-59904
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - DIN TS 19472 - Das Monte-Carlo-Experiment in der Normung
N2 - Der Vortrag stellt das neue Normungsprojekt DIN TS 19472 „Das Monte-Carlo-Experiment als Werkzeug zur Quantifizierung deterministischer Mindestanforderung in Normen - Überprüfung von deterministischen Akzeptanzkriterien in Normen auf ihre sicherheitstechnische Wirkung unter probabilistischer Berücksichtigung der Fertigungsstreuung“ vor und erläutert hierzu die Motivation und das Vorgehen bei der Nutzung des Monte-Carlo-Experiments zur Simulation des Verhaltens und der Bewertung von Populationen von Gasflaschen.
Mit Blick auf den Markthochlauf Wasserstoff, aber auch auf eine Reihe weiterer Anwendungen wird es immer wichtiger, Sicherheit als Grenze von Konsequenz-abhängiger Zuverlässigkeit zu verstehen und zu steuern. Hierzu wird das angefangene Projekt ein Werkzeug bieten, das im probabilistischen Sinn, die Wirkung von Mindestfestigkeit u.ä. aufzeigt.
Der Prozess mit den Schritten Stichprobensimulation, Ermittlung der Akzeptanzrate nach Mindestanforderung, systematische Variation und Bewertung werden aufgezeigt und der Erstentwurf im digitalen Werkzeugt zur Onlinebearbeitung OSD gezeigt.
Am Ende des Projektes soll ein entsprechendes Programmtool als Anlage der TS zur Verfügung gestellt werden.
T2 - Sitzung des NA 016-00-03-03 AK „Composite-Flaschen“ des DIN-Normenausschuss Druckgasanlagen (NDG)
CY - Halle (Saale), Germany
DA - 17.09.2024
KW - Risikosteuerung
KW - Probabilistik
KW - Baumusterprüfung
KW - Zufallsgenerator
KW - Normalverteilung
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61363
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Bergungsdruckgefäße - Vorschlag zur Definition von Druckgefäßen
N2 - Es wird plastisch dargestellt, mit welcher Intention und welchem Ziel Deutschland in die Juni Sitzung des UN ECOSOC SubCom TDG gehen wird, um ein Druckvolumenbegrenzung für Druckgefäße zu erreichen.
T2 - BAM-DIN-IGV-DVFG-Jahresgespräch 2020
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 27.02.2020
KW - Bergungsdruckgefäß
KW - Konsequenzbegrenzung
KW - Volumenbegrenzung
KW - Druck-Volumen-Produkt
KW - UN-Modellvorschriften
KW - Akzeptanz
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-53146
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Thomas, Sebastian
A1 - Schalau, Bernd
A1 - Wang, Bin
T1 - Safety criteria for the transport of hydrogen in permanently mounted composite pressure vessels
N2 - The recent growth of the net of hydrogen fuelling stations increases the demands to transport compressed hydrogen on road by battery vehicles or tube-trailers, both in composite pressure vessels. As a transport regulation, the ADR is applicable in Europe and adjoined regions, and is used for national transport in the EU. This regulation provides requirements based on the behaviour of each individual pressure vessel, regardless of the pressure of the transported hydrogen and relevant consequences resulting from generally possible worst case scenarios such as sudden rupture. In 2012, the BAM (German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing) introduced consequence-dependent requirements and established them in national transport requirements concerning the “UN service life checks” etc. to consider the transported volume and pressure of gases. This results in a requirement that becomes more restrictive as the product of pressure and volume increases. In the studies presented here, the safety measures for hydrogen road transport are identified and reviewed through a number of safety measures from countries including Japan, the USA and China. Subsequently, the failure consequences of using trailer vehicles, the related risk and the chance are evaluated. A benefit-related risk criterion is suggested to add to regulations and to be defined as a safety goal in standards for hydrogen transport vehicles and for mounted pressure vessels. Finally, an idea is given for generating probabilistic safety data and for highly efficient evaluation without a significant increase of effort.
T2 - ICHS 2019
CY - Adelaide, Australia
DA - 24.09.2019
KW - F-N-diagram
KW - Chance-risk analysis
KW - Pressure-volume product
KW - Limit of acceptable consequence
KW - Minimum burst pressure
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-511589
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.07.268
SN - 0360-3199
VL - 46
IS - 23
SP - 12577
EP - 12593
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-51158
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Gleim, Tobias
ED - Monavari, Mehran
ED - Bertovic, Marija
ED - Wille, Frank
T1 - AI-Based Documentation Analysis for Safety Assessment of Packages for Radioactive Material
N2 - The transportation of radioactive material requires, dependent on type and quantity of the radioactive material, a regulatory approval based on the package type. Safety assessments shall be conducted in compliance with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) regulations and documented in a comprehensive package design safety report to obtain approval from authority. This comprehensive safety report evaluates a broad range of requirements from the regulations, including mechanical, thermal, shielding, criticality and transport requirements and controls, and testing assessments. Additionally, it encompasses supporting documents such as specifications, inspections, certifications, drawings, and guidelines in a variety of complex documents.
Safety and manufacturing reports contain multiple interconnected sub-reports covering various topics. Changes, such as component modifications, material property updates, or regulatory revisions, often impact multiple sections of the safety analysis reports, making even minor adjustments complex and time-consuming. Each transport package has unique requirements to be fulfilled, making every safety report distinct, despite following the same regulatory framework.
Most documentation exists in standard digital formats but is often not machine interpretable, preventing automated analysis of the critical dependencies between them. This paper argues that moving beyond simple digitization towards structured knowledge representation is essential for addressing these challenges. We propose a multi-stage approach, beginning with foundational AI technologies such as Large Language Models (LLMs) and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG), and progressing toward the construction of Knowledge Graphs (KGs). KGs convert unstructured and semi-structured information into a connected, queryable network, enabling precise tracing and visualization of complex interdependencies within the documentation landscape.
By linking interpretable content directly to datasheets, tables, simulations, experimental results, standards, and regulations, such a system would automatically identify changes and interdependencies. Related conditions could be validated using AI-based tools, reducing the need for manual intervention, improving both efficiency and safety.
Human error plays a significant role in drafting, reviewing, and revising safety reports, often requiring iterative review cycles and multiple reviewers before approval. A digital quality infrastructure could reduce iterations and further improve efficiency. Integrating AI into this process could optimize safety assessments and enhance their robustness by leveraging interpretability to enhance safety.
This preliminary study explores the readiness and requirements for using intelligent documentation analysis system in the context of regulatory compliance for package safety for the transport of radioactive material. By analysing current documentation workflows, we identify how LLM-based tools can interpret complex safety reports and highlight critical interdependencies and then demonstrate why a KG-based architecture is necessary to robustly manage and query critical interdependencies. This lays the groundwork for future agentic AI systems capable of proactively supporting the safety assessment lifecycle, while stressing the importance of robust data governance and AI reliability in this highly regulated context.
T2 - PATRAM 2025
CY - San Antonio, TX, USA
DA - 27.07.2025
KW - AI, RAG, LLM, Knowledge Graph
PY - 2025
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - Institute of Nuclear Materials Management (INMM)
AN - OPUS4-63863
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Naster, Maximilian
A1 - Gleim, Tobias
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Experimental and numerical analyses of hydrogen flames for the thermal testing of transport packages for radioactive material
N2 - In this paper we present an update of the hydrogen based test rig for an ongoing feasibility study of using hydrogen as an energy source for the thermal testing of transport packages containing radioactive materials [ The test rig is capable of combusting hydrogen for a wide range of different burner geometries, mass flows , hydrogen blends and single jet flame operation s as well as a full array of burners for thermal testing can be set up. As this type of fire test according to the IAEA boundary conditions does not yet exist, a large number of preliminary investigations, safety assessments and simulations must be carried out in order to develop a viable concept for hydrogen fires. In a first step of the feasibility study, the temperature , structure, and radiative behavior of hydrogen jet flames must be surveyed. The simulation with a single hydrogen flame was investigated in a previous work. In the next step the results are used to study the interaction and structural behavior of multiple jet flames in proximity with varying nozzle distances. With the test rig completed, it will be possible in future works to design burner frames suitable for fire reference tests to make comparisons with pool and propane fires used in assessment procedure today. Thus, preliminary comparative numerical simulations are conducted to model the behavior of overlapping hydrogen jet flames using the software package Ansys®. This paper gives an overview on the current state and design of the test rig. Furthermore, the results of the simulations show that nozzle geometry, mas s flow and nozzle distance provide significant design margin for designing a test fire capable of fully engulfing a specimen.
T2 - PVP2025, Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference
CY - Montreal, Quebec, Canada
DA - 20.07.2025
KW - Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
KW - Fire testing
KW - Hydrogen
KW - IAEA
PY - 2025
SP - 1
EP - 10
AN - OPUS4-63864
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Affagard, Jean-Sebastien
A1 - Gleim, Tobias
A1 - Louis, Baptiste
A1 - Quercetti, Thomas
A1 - Ledroit, Frédéric
A1 - Létang, Eric
T1 - Towards a simplifiedmodel of the delayed impact: numerical and experimental outlook
N2 - The IAEA Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material No. SSR-6 require drop tests for demonstrating the ability of a package to withstand accident conditions of transport. In case a gap exists between the contents and the lid, it can result in a delayed impact of the content onto the lid system during a vertical drop test. The kinematic energy transmitted to the lid in such cases can be significant due to the stiffness of the impact, leading to high stresses in the bolts compared to a configuration without a gap.
In the past, IRSN and BAM have individually investigated the modelling of the delayed impact phenomenon. BAM has examined the effects of the delayed impact phenomenon for spent fuel packages in a comparative analysis between experiments and simulations, which was presented at SMIRT 2013. Meanwhile, IRSN’s has developed a simple numerical tool that can quickly evaluate the influence of various parameters before considering a more complex finite element numerical calculation. This tool was presented at PATRAM 2022.
In 2023, BAM and IRSN (now ASNR - French nuclear safety and radiation protection authority) decided to jointly pursue their study on the delayed impact phenomenon, incorporating damping effects, by developing new insights and techniques. To this end, a controlled and simplified set of experiments needs to be developed to calibrate and validate the simplified model. These experiments will record velocity, position of parts, strain and accelerations. The parameters and the configurations necessary for the development of the mock-up, as well as the placement and quantity of sensors, are determined through extensive pre-calculations using both complex finite element models and the simplified approach. A key challenge involves precisely controlling the drop of the mock-up to accurately replicate the theoretical contact and damping conditions. Advanced sensor technologies will be employed to acquire reliable and sufficient data. The tests are designed and conducted at BAM's TTS drop test facility in collaboration with ASNR.
T2 - PATRAM 2025
CY - San Antonio, TX, USA
DA - 27.07.2025
KW - Experiments
KW - Impact
KW - Drop Tower
PY - 2025
SP - 1
EP - 11
CY - Institute of Nuclear Materials Management (INMM)
AN - OPUS4-63870
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Quercetti, Thomas
A1 - Feldkamp, Martin
A1 - Gleim, Tobias
A1 - Musolff, André
A1 - Werner, Jan
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Fire Test Stand for Thermal Testing of Large Packages for the Transport of Radioactive Materials
N2 - Packages for the transport of high level radioactive materials are designed to withstand severe accidents. These packages must comply with the specific safety requirements SSR 6 [ of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). To guarantee compliance with these requirements, specific mechanical and thermal tests need to be addressed r egard ing the package type. Typically,
the r egulations prescribe mechanical tests followed by a thermal test as part of a cumulative test scenario. The thermal test is specified by the exposure of a test specimen for a period of 30 minutes to a thermal environment that provides a heat flux equivalent to that of a hydrocarbon fuel air fire with an av erage fire temperature of at least 800 °C fully flame engulfing the test specimen. The Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) operates various test facilities for this purpose at their Test Site for Technical Safety (near Berlin in Germany).
Thermal tests for large packages are conducted in an established fire test stand that may be adapted by the test setup to the geometric boundary conditions of a test specimen. This fire test stand is built for test specimens with masses up to 200,000 kg an d geometric dimensions relating to large transport packages including their impact limiters. The test specimen is usually placed on a water cooled support frame in the middle of the test stand. The fire is realized by burning propane gas which is released in liquid state from an array of gas nozzles arranged in the form of a burner ring surrounding the test specimen. For particularly extra large test specimens, two burner rings are used on top of each other and at different heights to firstly achieve full f ire engulfment with a significantly larger volume of fire and secondly to achieve the required heat output , cf. In advance of a regular thermal test BAM usually performs so called fire reference tests to determine the test conditions for compliance with the IAEA requirements. These tests are performed using a generic package which corresponds to the external geometr ic dimensions of the test specimen used later in the approval test. Then, this reference package is exposed to a fire under defined test parameters whereas the corresponding heat input determined from the temperature changes measured is regarded as main cr iterion for proofing compliance with the IAEA criteria. The paper shows the experimental proof of the suitability of BAM’s fire test stand for thermal testing of extra large packages. The heat input and fire temperatures fully meet the IAEA criteria and can also be set significantly higher for example for extra regulatory testing.
T2 - PATRAM 2025
CY - San Antonio, TX, USA
DA - 27.07.2025
KW - IAEA Regu-lations
KW - Fire Test Stand
KW - Accident Scenario
KW - Fire Qualification
PY - 2025
SP - 1
EP - 10
CY - Institute of Nuclear Materials Management (INMM)
AN - OPUS4-63872
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Naster, Maximilian
T1 - Experimental and numerical analyses of hydrogen flames for the thermal testing of transport packages for radioactive material
N2 - In this paper we present an update of the hydrogen-based test rig for an ongoing feasibility study of using hydrogen as an energy source for the thermal testing of transport packages containing radioactive materials. The test rig is capable of combusting hydrogen for a wide range of different burner geometries, mass flows, hydrogen blends and single jet flame operations as well as a full array of burners for thermal testing can be set up. As this type of fire test according to the IAEA boundary conditions does not yet exist, a large number of preliminary investigations, safety assessments and simulations must be carried out in order to develop a viable concept for hydrogen fires. In a first step of the feasibility study, the temperature, structure, and radiative behavior of hydrogen jet flames must be surveyed. The simulation with a single hydrogen flame was investigated in a previous work. In the next step the results are used to study the interaction and structural behavior of multiple jet flames in proximity with varying nozzle distances. With the test rig completed, it will be possible in future works to design burner frames suitable for fire reference tests to make comparisons with pool and propane fires used in assessment procedure today. Thus, preliminary comparative numerical simulations are conducted to model the behavior of overlapping hydrogen jet flames using the software package Ansys®. This paper gives an overview on the current state and design of the test rig. Furthermore, the results of the simulations show that nozzle geometry, mass flow and nozzle distance provide significant design margin for designing a test fire capable of fully engulfing a specimen.
T2 - PVP2025, Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference
CY - Montreal, Quebec, Canada
DA - 20.07.2025
KW - Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
KW - Hydrogen
KW - IAEA fire test
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63865
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Gleim, Tobias
A1 - Affagard, Jean-Sebastien
T1 - Towards a simplifiedmodel of the delayed impact: numerical and experimental outlook
N2 - The IAEA Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material No. SSR-6 require drop tests for demonstrating the ability of a package to withstand accident conditions of transport. In case a gap exists between the contents and the lid, it can result in a delayed impact of the content onto the lid system during a vertical drop test. The kinematic energy transmitted to the lid in such cases can be significant due to the stiffness of the impact, leading to high stresses in the bolts compared to a configuration without a gap.
In the past, IRSN and BAM have individually investigated the modelling of the delayed impact phenomenon. BAM has examined the effects of the delayed impact phenomenon for spent fuel packages in a comparative analysis between experiments and simulations, which was presented at SMIRT 2013. Meanwhile, IRSN’s has developed a simple numerical tool that can quickly evaluate the influence of various parameters before considering a more complex finite element numerical calculation. This tool was presented at PATRAM 2022.
In 2023, BAM and IRSN (now ASNR – French nuclear safety and radiation protection authority) decided to jointly pursue their study on the delayed impact phenomenon, incorporating damping effects, by developing new insights and techniques. To this end, a controlled and simplified set of experiments needs to be developed to calibrate and validate the simplified model. These experiments will record velocity, position of parts, strain and accelerations. The parameters and configurations necessary for the development of the mock-up, as well as the placement and quantity of sensors, are determined through extensive pre-calculations using both complex finite element models and the simplified approach. A key challenge involves precisely controlling the drop of the mock-up to accurately replicate the theoretical contact and damping conditions. Advanced sensor technologies will be employed to acquire reliable and sufficient data. The tests are designed and conducted at BAM's TTS drop test facility in collaboration with ASNR.
T2 - PATRAM 2025
CY - San Antonio, TX, USA
DA - 27.07.2025
KW - Experiments
KW - Impact
KW - Drop Tower
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63869
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Gleim, Tobias
T1 - Enhancement of Fire Test Stand Performance at Test Site of BAM: Installation and Evaluation of an Augmented System with a Fire Reference Package
N2 - Packages for the transport of radioactive material are designed to endure severe accidents. Packages for the transportation of radioactive material must demon-strate that the package can withstand certain prescribed tests from the IAEA Reg-ulations [1]. In addition to mechanical tests, a thermal test in form of a fire test must be carried out. As packages to be tested at BAM are significantly larger than previous package designs, BAM has expanded an existing fire test stand. A modular concept is chosen, which means that the arrangement of the burner noz-zles can be adapted to the test specimen. The dimensions of the burner rings, the type, the orientation and the number of burner nozzles can be varied depending on the test specimen. In addition, various pumps can be used to set the corre-sponding mass flow. With the help of a calorimeter test, the fire test stand can be qualified for a specific size of packages regarding the boundary conditions of the IAEA Regulations [1]. Due to the typically wood filled impact limiters in German package designs, a fire test is necessary, as experiments have shown that possible openings that occurred during a mechanical test contributed to the ignition of the wood filled impact limiters within the prescribed 30 minutes of the IAEA Regula-tions [1]. From a series of experiments, two experiments are presented to show the possibilities to obtain different temperatures and temperature rates in the test specimen. In addition to sensor data, the heat flux into the package is calculated to verify that the IAEA boundary conditions are satisfied. In addition to the tem-perature data, other data such as wind speed and wind direction are also recorded to explain subsequent effects in the measurement data in a comprehensible man-ner.
T2 - Sandia-BAM Technical Exchange
CY - Albuquerque, NM, USA
DA - 23.07.2025
KW - IAEA Regulations
KW - Fire Test Stand
KW - Accident Scenario
KW - Fire Qualification
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63861
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Komann, Steffen
A1 - Müller, Lars
A1 - Neumann, Martin
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Shipment of SCO-II – Authority assessment of mechanical aspects and quality management
N2 - The decommissioning of nuclear facilities necessitates either the storage or disposal of large radioactive components such as steam generators, pressurizers, reactor pressure vessels and heads, or coolant pumps. These components or objects are large in size and mass with up to 6 meters in diameter and 20 meters in length and a weight of up to 400 tons. They are often transported to a storage, disposal, or recycling facility. Large components from nuclear facilities may often not be packed and need to be transported unpackaged due to size and weight.
T2 - PATRAM 2025
CY - San Antonio, TX, USA
DA - 27.07.2025
KW - radioaktive Stoffe, Rückbau kerntechnischer Anlagen, Transport, Gefahrgut
PY - 2025
SP - 1
EP - 10
AN - OPUS4-63878
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
A1 - Simbruner, Kai
A1 - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Analysis of Zirconium Hydride Structures in Spent Fuel Claddings Subjected to Storage Conditions
N2 - Pre-storage drying and the early stage of storage can subject spent fuel claddings to higher temperatures and higher tensile hoop stresses than those associated with in-reactor operation. Under these conditions, existing circumferential hydrides in zirconium-based alloys can be partly reoriented into radial ones that may result in embrittlement of the cladding material. As a consequence, the failure limits may be reduced under mechanical loads caused by handling or during transport after storage. The potential occurrence of brittle fracture strongly depends on the specific location, size, and orientation of the zirconium hydrides. The morphology of such hydride structures was experimentally investigated in unirradiated, hydrogen-loaded samples made of a zirconium-based alloy. The hydrogen was introduced into the cladding sample by means of a cathodic charging process. The loading process was followed by a thermal treatment to precipitate the hydrides in the circumferential direction and then a thermomechanical treatment to reorient the hydrides in the radial direction. Metallographic methods were used to describe and classify the hydride morphology. The resulting metallographic micrographs were evaluated using suitable radial hydride metrics. The determination of the maximum length of a hydride structure was carried out in two different ways, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Both methods consider neighboring hydrides as continuous according to the definition of the Radial Hydride Continuity Factor (RHCF). The first option is to measure the Euclidean distance between the two most distant pixels of the hydride structure in the image analysis, whereby the actual maximum size of the hydride structure is determined. The second possibility is to measure the maximum size of a hydride or a hydride structure within a certain arc length in the radial direction of the cladding tube. This value is of particular interest because the ratio of the maximum radial size of a hydride structure to the wall thickness of the cladding tube is used for the safety assessment of spent fuel claddings with radial hydrides using the RHCF.
T2 - 21st International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials - PATRAM 2025
CY - San Antonio, TX, USA
DA - 27.07.2025
KW - Extended Interim Storage
KW - Nuclear Fuel Cladding
KW - Zirconium Hydride Structure
KW - Ring Compression Test
KW - Micrograph Analysis
PY - 2025
SP - 1
EP - 8
CY - Indianapolis, IN, USA
AN - OPUS4-63875
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
T1 - Analysis of Zirconium Hydride Structures in Spent Fuel Claddings Subjected to Storage Conditions
N2 - Pre-storage drying and the early stage of storage can subject spent fuel claddings to higher temperatures and higher tensile hoop stresses than those associated with in-reactor operation. Under these conditions, existing circumferential hydrides in zirconium-based alloys can be partly reoriented into radial ones that may result in embrittlement of the cladding material. As a consequence, the failure limits may be reduced under mechanical loads caused by handling or during transport after storage. The potential occurrence of brittle fracture strongly depends on the specific location, size, and orientation of the zirconium hydrides. The morphology of such hydride structures was experimentally investigated in unirradiated, hydrogen-loaded samples made of a zirconium-based alloy. The hydrogen was introduced into the cladding sample by means of a cathodic charging process. The loading process was followed by a thermal treatment to precipitate the hydrides in the circumferential direction and then a thermomechanical treatment to reorient the hydrides in the radial direction. Metallographic methods were used to describe and classify the hydride morphology. The resulting metallographic micrographs were evaluated using suitable radial hydride metrics. The determination of the maximum length of a hydride structure was carried out in two different ways, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Both methods consider neighboring hydrides as continuous according to the definition of the Radial Hydride Continuity Factor (RHCF). The first option is to measure the Euclidean distance between the two most distant pixels of the hydride structure in the image analysis, whereby the actual maximum size of the hydride structure is determined. The second possibility is to measure the maximum size of a hydride or a hydride structure within a certain arc length in the radial direction of the cladding tube. This value is of particular interest because the ratio of the maximum radial size of a hydride structure to the wall thickness of the cladding tube is used for the safety assessment of spent fuel claddings with radial hydrides using the RHCF.
T2 - 21st International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials - PATRAM 2025
CY - San Antonio, TX, USA
DA - 27.07.2025
KW - Extended Interim Storage
KW - Nuclear Fuel Cladding
KW - Zirconium Hydride Structure
KW - Ring Compression Test
KW - Micrograph Analysis
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63876
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Komann, Steffen
T1 - Shipment of SCO-II – Authority assessment of mechanical aspects and quality management
N2 - The decommissioning of nuclear facilities necessitates either the storage or disposal of large radioactive components such as steam generators, pressurizers, reactor pressure vessels and heads, or coolant pumps. These components or objects are large in size and mass with up to 6 meters in diameter and 20 meters in length and a weight of up to 400 tons. They are often transported to a storage, disposal, or recycling facility. Large components from nuclear facilities may often not be packed and need to be transported unpackaged due to size and weight.
T2 - PATRAM 2025
CY - San Antonio, TX, USA
DA - 27.07.2025
KW - Transport
KW - Radioaktive Stoffe
KW - Rückbau kerntechnischer Anlagen
KW - Gefahrgut
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63877
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Quercetti, Thomas
T1 - Fire Test Stand for Thermal Testing of Large Packages for the Transport of Radioactive Materials
N2 - Packages for the transport of spent nuclear fuel are designed to withstand severe accidents and must ensure compliance with the IAEA-Regulations prescribing mechanical tests followed by a thermal test. The thermal test involves that a test specimen is exposed to a thermal environment for 30 minutes, simulating the conditions of a hydrocarbon fuel-air fire. The average fire temperature is at least 800°C, and the fire completely engulfs the test specimen. In advance of a regular fire test, BAM performs so-called fire reference tests or calorimeter tests with a fire reference package (FRP) to determine the test conditions for compliance with the IAEA-requirements.
T2 - PATRAM 2025
CY - San Antonio, TX, USA
DA - 27.07.2025
KW - Experiment
KW - Thermal Test
KW - Fire
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63871
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schönhals, Andreas
A1 - Szymoniak, Paulina
A1 - Kolmangadi, Mohamed Aejaz
A1 - Böhning, Martin
A1 - Zamponi, M.
A1 - Frick, B.
A1 - Appel, M.
A1 - Günther, G.
A1 - Russina, M.
A1 - Alentiev, D.
A1 - Bermeshev, M.
A1 - Zorn, R.
T1 - Microscopic dynamics of highly permeable super glassy polynorbornenes revealed by quasielastic neutron scattering
N2 - The molecular dynamics of addition-type poly(tricyclononenes) with Si-substituted bulky side groups has been investigated by a combination of neutron time-of-flight and neutron backscattering spectroscopy methods on a time scale from 0.1 ps to ca. 3 ns. The investigated poly(tricyclononenes) PTCNSi1 and PTCNSi2g both bear a high microporosity which makes them promising candidates for active separation layers for gas separation membranes. At least for larger gas molecules it is assumed that the pathways for diffusion require an enlargement of pre-existing micropores in terms of an activated zone. A low temperature relaxation process was found for both polymers by the performed neutron scattering experiments. This process was assigned to the methyl group rotation. It was analysed in terms of a jump diffusion in a three-fold potential. The analysis of the dependence of the elastic incoherent structure factor on the scattering vector yields the number of methyl groups which might be immobilized. For PTCNSi1 (3 methyl groups in the monomeric unit) it was found that all methyl groups take part in the methyl group rotation whereas for PTCNSi2g (6 methyl groups in monomeric unit) a considerable number of methyl groups are blocked in their rotation. This immobilization of methyl groups is due to the sterically demanding arrangement of the methyl groups in PTCNSi2g. This conclusion is further supported by the result that the activation energy for the methyl group rotation is three times higher for PTCNSi2g than that of PTCNSi1.
KW - Highly permeably polynorbornenes
KW - Polymers of intrinsic microporosity
KW - Gas separation membranes
KW - Quasielastic neutron scattering
PY - 2021
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119972
SN - 0376-7388
VL - 642
PB - Elesevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-53508
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kolmangadi, Mohamed Aejaz
A1 - Szymoniak, Paulina
A1 - Smales, Glen Jacob
A1 - Bermeshev, M.
A1 - Schönhals, Andreas
A1 - Böhning, Martin
T1 - Molecular mobility of polynorbornenes with trimethylsiloxysilyl side groups: Influence of the polymerization mechanism
N2 - We report dielectric and calorimetric studies on metathesis and addition-type polytricyclononenes, both based on the same monomer bearing three pendant OSiMe3 groups. For the addition-type polymer, dielectric spectroscopy reveals a β*-process related to the microporosity, whereas for its metathesis counterpart, the segmental dynamics manifests as an α-process related to a glass transition. Besides active dielectric processes, a significant conductivity contribution is detected for both samples which for the microporous additiontype polymer is three orders of magnitude greater than for the metathesis polymer. The broadband dielectric spectroscopy is complemented by detailed calorimetric investigations, comprising DSC, FSC, and TMDSC. The calorimetric methods detected the glass transition for the metathesis polymer in agreement with the observed dielectric α-process. Furthermore, the already reported gas transport properties for both polymers are compared, setting them in correlation with the observed molecular mobility and conductivity behavior. The discussed results reflect significant differences in molecular mobility of the two polymers affecting the appearance of microporosity which strongly determines the gas transport properties.
KW - Microporous polymers
KW - Molecular mobility
KW - Electrical conductivity
KW - Membrane polymers
KW - Gas separation
PY - 2022
DO - https://doi.org/10.22079/JMSR.2021.538060.1495
SN - 2476-5406
VL - 8
IS - 3
SP - 1
EP - 9
PB - Membrane Processes Research Laboratory (MPRL)
CY - Tehran
AN - OPUS4-54303
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schönhals, Andreas
T1 - Inelastic neutron scattering as a tool to investigate polymers of intrinsic microporosity for green membrane processes and electronic applications
N2 - Polymers with intrinsic microporosity are promising candidates for the active separation layer in green gas separation membranes and as active materials for electronic applicatons. Here, by means of inelastic neutron scattering, the vibrational density of states (VDOS) and the molecular mobility were investigated for PIM-1, the prototypical polymer with intrinsic microporosity. The results are compared to data measured for a more conventional high-performance polyimide used in gas separation membranes (Matrimid).
The measured data show the characteristic low frequency excess contribution to the VDOS above the Debye sound wave level, generally known as the Boson peak in glass-forming materials. In comparison to the Boson peak of Matrimid, that of PIM-1 is shifted to lower frequencies. This shift is discussed considering the microporous, sponge-like structure of PIM-1 as providing a higher compressibility at the molecular scale than for conventional polymers.
Elastic fixed window scans were measured on a neutron backscattering spectrometer to have an overview about the molecular dynamics at a time scale of ca. 1 ns. The temperature dependence of the estimated mean squared displacement shows a step-like increase in the temperature range from 100 K to 250 K indicating the onset of some molecular mobility. The nature of this motional process was analysed in detail by quasielastic neutron scattering combining Time-of-Flight and backscattering where the data are discussed with regard to both the q- and the temperature dependence.
T2 - Symposium on Large Scale Facilities
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 09.03.2020
KW - Polymer membranen
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-50546
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Package safety evaluation in a rapidly changing world
N2 - The presentation addressed the evolving challenges and developments in the safety evaluation of transport packages for radioactive materials, especially in light of changing technologies, regulations, and environmental conditions.
A key focus was the current situation in Germany: following the final shutdown of commercial nuclear power plants in 2023, efforts are now concentrated on decommissioning, interim storage in dual-purpose casks (DPCs), and the ongoing site selection process for a repository for high-level waste. The expected duration of interim storage exceeds 100 years, demanding robust and sustainable safety strategies.
One major topic was ageing management, which goes beyond technical measures to ensure transportability over long periods. It also includes preserving knowledge and expertise for future generations. The regulatory framework includes international standards such as IAEA SSR-6 and SSG-26, as well as national guidance like BAM-GGR 023.
It was emphasized the growing role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in safety evaluations. AI can enhance efficiency through automated document analysis and digital data structuring. However, final safety decisions remain the responsibility of human experts, especially given the complexity of documentation and the shortage of skilled personnel.
The presentation also addressed changing transport technologies, such as the use of electric and hydrogen-powered vehicles. These vehicles behave differently in accidents, particularly in battery fires, which can reach temperatures above 1000 °C and last significantly longer than conventional fires. This raises the need to reassess existing fire test criteria.
Environmental changes were another key point. With global temperatures rising by 0.26 °C per decade, local safety margin evaluations are becoming increasingly important. Existing regulatory assumptions, such as ambient temperatures of 38 °C, may no longer be sufficient.
Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is increasing. AI can support model generation, but there is concern about potential skill fading among engineers. Physical testing, such as BAM’s drop towers (up to 200 tons), remains essential for public package safety acceptance.
Key takeaways from the talk include:
Ageing Management is also about preserving skills and knowledge.
Changing technologies and environmental conditions impact package safety.
AI can improve efficiency but must be used carefully to avoid skill loss.
Physical testing continues to play a vital role in gaining public trust.
T2 - PATRAM 2025
CY - San Antonio, Texas, USA
DA - 27.07.2025
KW - Artificial Intelligence
KW - Package
KW - Ageing Management
KW - Electric Vehicles
KW - Testing
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63879
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Becker, D.
A1 - Konnertz, Nora
A1 - Böhning, Martin
A1 - Schmidt, J.
A1 - Thomas, A.
T1 - Light-switchable polymers of intrinsic microporosity
N2 - The interest in (micro)porous systems is greater than ever before with microporous polymers finding application in areas such as gas storage/separation and catalysis. In contrast to the vast majority of publications on microporous polymers seeking ever higher values for surface area or uptake capacity for a particular gas, this work presents a means to render a microporous system responsive to electromagnetic stimuli. The incorporation of a diarylethene (DAE) derivative in the backbone of a polymer of intrinsic microporosity (PIM) produces a microporous system that exhibits photochromism as proven by UV–vis absorption and NMR studies. In the resulting DAE-PIM, surface area is not a fixed unalterable property but can be influenced by the external and nondestructive stimulus light in a reversible manner. Furthermore, in combination with Matrimid, free-standing membranes can be produced that display light-switchable diffusivity and permeability for carbon dioxide and oxygen. In this way, material scientists are offered the potential to employ only one system that can assume several states with different properties for each.
KW - Gaspermeation
KW - Diffusion
KW - Polymer intrinsischer Mikroporosität
KW - UV-VIS
PY - 2016
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b02619
SN - 0897-4756
VL - 28
IS - 23
SP - 8523
EP - 8529
PB - ACS
CY - Whashington,DC
AN - OPUS4-38735
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Popiela, Bartosz
A1 - Schukar, Marcus
A1 - Breithaupt, Mathias
A1 - Günzel, Stephan
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Krebber, Katerina
A1 - Seidlitz, Holger
T1 - Embedding of Fiber Optic Sensors Under Industrial Conditions and Distributed Strain Sensing in Type 4 Composite Pressure Vessels
N2 - The number of in-operation composite pressure vessels is increasing, partly due to their attractiveness for on-board compressed gas storage and transport applications. A possible way to maintain the highest safety levels is through the structural health monitoring of the composite cylinders. Here, the use of fiber optic sensors appears to be a promising approach. However, the integration of the optical fibers into the composite structure of a pressure vessel has been shown to be challenging. In this study, insights on the embedding of optical fibers in the composite structure under industrial conditions are provided. A protection concept for the ingress and egress of the optical fibers is presented. Finally, the results from destructive slow burst tests are evaluated, showing no clear trend in the impact of the embedded optical fibers on the performance of composite pressure vessels.
T2 - 24th International Conference on Composite Materials
CY - Baltimore, Maryland, USA
DA - 04.08.2025
KW - Composite
KW - Pressure vessel
KW - Filament winding
KW - Fiber optic sensors
PY - 2025
SP - 3710
EP - 3717
AN - OPUS4-63886
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Popiela, Bartosz
T1 - Embedding of Fiber Optic Sensors Under Industrial Conditions and Distributed Strain Sensing in Type 4 Composite Pressure Vessels
N2 - A presentation on the embedding of fiber optic sensors into the composite structure of type 4 composite pressure vessels. Also, the impact of the embedded fiber optic sensors on the burst pressures of type 4 composite pressure vessels was discussed. The presentation was held at ICCM24 in Baltimore, Maryland.
T2 - 24th International Conference on Composite Materials
CY - Baltimore, Maryland, USA
DA - 04.08.2025
KW - Composite
KW - Pressure vessel
KW - Filament winding
KW - Fiber optic sensors
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63885
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kemmler, Samuel
A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo
A1 - Rettinger, C.
A1 - Köstler, H.
T1 - A Fluid-Solid Coupled Micromechanical Simulation for the Analysis of Piping Erosion During the Seabed Installation of a Suction Bucket Foundation
N2 - Suction buckets are a promising concept for the foundations of offshore wind turbines. During the installation process of a suction bucket, localized fluidization of the granular soil, so-called piping erosion, may lead to installation failure. A 3D fluid-solid coupled micromechanical simulation is presented to study the occurrence of piping. An Euler-Lagrangian coupling employs momentum exchange between the fluid phase and the geometrically resolved particles. We investigate the behavior of the soil for three cases with varying prescribed suction velocities. We observe piping in the case with the highest suction velocity by analyzing the deformation of the granular fabric and monitoring the differential pressure. The grains under the bucket wall-tip show the highest hydraulic gradients and forces at the onset of piping. This approach permits a detailed analysis of piping phenomena and brings novel insights on the triggering conditions for piping failure of suction-aided foundations.
T2 - TC 105 International Symposium
CY - Grenoble, France
DA - 23.09.2024
KW - Micromechanical simulation
KW - Piping erosion
KW - Suction bucket foundation
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-629461
DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1480/1/012024
SN - 1755-1307
VL - 1480
IS - 1
SP - 1
EP - 4
PB - IOP Publishing
AN - OPUS4-62946
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Gleim, Tobias
T1 - AI-Based Documentation Analysis for Safety Assessment of Packages for Radioactive Material
N2 - The transportation of radioactive material requires, dependent on type and quantity of the radioactive material, a regulatory approval based on the package type. Safety assessments shall be conducted in compliance with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) regulations and documented in a comprehensive package design safety report to obtain approval from authority. This comprehensive safety report evaluates a broad range of requirements from the regulations, including mechanical, thermal, shielding, criticality and transport requirements and controls, and testing assessments. Additionally, it encompasses supporting documents such as specifications, inspections, certifications, drawings, and guidelines in a variety of complex documents.
Safety and manufacturing reports contain multiple interconnected sub-reports covering various topics. Changes, such as component modifications, material property updates, or regulatory revisions, often impact multiple sections of the safety analysis reports, making even minor adjustments complex and time-consuming. Each transport package has unique requirements to be fulfilled, making every safety report distinct, despite following the same regulatory framework.
Most documentation exists in standard digital formats but is often not machine interpretable, preventing automated analysis of the critical dependencies between them. This paper argues that moving beyond simple digitization towards structured knowledge representation is essential for addressing these challenges. We propose a multi-stage approach, beginning with foundational AI technologies such as Large Language Models (LLMs) and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG), and progressing toward the construction of Knowledge Graphs (KGs). KGs convert unstructured and semi-structured information into a connected, queryable network, enabling precise tracing and visualization of complex interdependencies within the documentation landscape.
By linking interpretable content directly to datasheets, tables, simulations, experimental results, standards, and regulations, such a system would automatically identify changes and interdependencies. Related conditions could be validated using AI-based tools, reducing the need for manual intervention, improving both efficiency and safety.
Human error plays a significant role in drafting, reviewing, and revising safety reports, often requiring iterative review cycles and multiple reviewers before approval. A digital quality infrastructure could reduce iterations and further improve efficiency. Integrating AI into this process could optimize safety assessments and enhance their robustness by leveraging interpretability to enhance safety.
This preliminary study explores the readiness and requirements for using intelligent documentation analysis system in the context of regulatory compliance for package safety for the transport of radioactive material. By analysing current documentation workflows, we identify how LLM-based tools can interpret complex safety reports and highlight critical interdependencies and then demonstrate why a KG-based architecture is necessary to robustly manage and query critical interdependencies. This lays the groundwork for future agentic AI systems capable of proactively supporting the safety assessment lifecycle, while stressing the importance of robust data governance and AI reliability in this highly regulated context.
T2 - PATRAM 2025
CY - San Antonio, TX, USA
DA - 27.07.2025
KW - Knowledge Graph
KW - AI
KW - RAG
KW - LLM
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63862
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Erxleben, Kjell
A1 - Kaiser, Sebastian
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Kannengiesser, Thomas
A1 - Kromm, Arne
T1 - In-service and repair welding of pressurized hydrogen pipelines–a review on current challenges and strategies
N2 - Hydrogen is the energy carrier for a sustainable future without fossil fuels. As this requires a reliable transportation infrastructure, the conversion of existing natural gas (NG) grids is an essential part of the worldwide individual national hydrogen strategies, in addition to newly erected pipelines. In view of the known effect of hydrogen embrittlement, the compatibility of the materials already in use (typically low-alloy steels in a wide range of strengths and thicknesses) must be investigated. Initial comprehensive studies on the hydrogen compatibility of pipeline materials indicate that these materials can be used to a certain extent. Nevertheless, the material compatibility for hydrogen service is currently of great importance. However, pipelines require frequent maintenance and repair work. In some cases, it is necessary to carry out welding work on pipelines while they are under pressure, e.g., the well-known tapping of NG grids. This in-service welding brings additional challenges for hydrogen operations in terms of additional hydrogen absorption during welding and material compatibility. The challenge can be roughly divided into two parts: (1) the possible austenitization of the inner piping material exposed to hydrogen, which can lead to additional hydrogen absorption, and (2) the welding itself causes an increased temperature range. Both lead to a significantly increased hydrogen solubility in the respective materials compared to room temperature. In that connection, the knowledge on hot tapping on hydrogen pipelines is rare so far due to the missing service experiences. Fundamental experimental investigations are required to investigate the possible transferability of the state-of-the-art concepts from NG to hydrogen pipeline grids. This is necessary to ensure that no critical material degradation occurs due to the potentially increased hydrogen uptake. For this reason, the paper introduces the state of the art in pipeline hot tapping, encompassing current research projects and their individual solution strategies for the problems that may arise for future hydrogen service. Methods of material testing, their limitations, and possible solutions will be presented and discussed.
KW - In-service
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Repair welding
KW - Pipeline
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-638944
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-025-02127-x
SN - 0043-2288
SP - 1
EP - 24
PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC
AN - OPUS4-63894
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Feldkamp, Martin
A1 - Gleim, Tobias
A1 - Quercetti, Thomas
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Evaluation of Convective Heat Transfer Coefficients with CFD for Heat Flux Calculation in Combustion Chamber
N2 - Packages for the transport of high-level radioactive waste are designed to withstand severe accidents. To obtain approval for transport, these packages must adhere to the specification-based criteria of regulations established by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). To ensure compliance with the regulations, mechanical and thermal tests need to be conducted regarding the package type. The requirements define mechanical tests followed by a thermal test, including criteria ensuring the package design’s ability to withstand severe accidents. Heavy-weight packages for the safe transport of radioactive materials are equipped with impact limiters, which are often built with porous materials such as densely packed wood reinforced by steel sheet structures. These components absorb the kinetic energy during the impact of the package in drop tests and thus dampen the acceleration of other package components which supports the package to meet the requirements of the IAEA regulations.
Following the mechanical tests, the package must, with its predamaged impact limiters, endure a thermal test defined precisely in the IAEA regulations. The thermal test is defined as a 30-min, fully engulfing 800 °C fire and a following time under ambient conditions for a sufficient period to ensure that temperatures in the specimen decrease in all parts of the specimen. During and following the thermal test, the specimen shall not be artificially cooled, and any combustion of materials of the specimen shall be permitted to proceed naturally. A wood-filled impact limiter can continue to release thermal energy during an ongoing combustion process, thus defining relevant package temperatures. Heat flux from a potentially burning impact limiter to the package is important for the safety evaluation of transport packages.
A test setup was developed to approach the energy flow investigation and examine the combustion behaviour of porous materials encapsulated in predamaged cylindrical metal enclosures under various conditions. The setup consists of a combustion chamber for thermal tests under adjustable and defined boundary conditions. The temperature development of the test specimens can be observed from outside using a thermographic imager with high-definition cameras, and the mass loss of the test specimen can be measured in the combustion chamber. Convective heat transfer coefficients for various boundary conditions must be defined for use with experimentally gathered test specimen surface temperature data for heat flux evaluations. The airflow conditions in the combustion chamber were analysed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculations in OpenFOAM with respect to the convective heat transfer coefficients at the surface of a hot test specimen. A convergence study was performed, and sensitivity analyses for different test specimen surface temperatures and exhaust gas volume flows were conducted.
T2 - ASME PVP2025, Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference
CY - Montreal, Quebec, Canada
DA - 20.07.2025
KW - Heat Transfer
KW - Convection
KW - OpenFOAM
KW - Combustion
PY - 2025
SP - 1
EP - 7
PB - American society of mechanical engineers (ASME)
AN - OPUS4-63901
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Quercetti, Thomas
A1 - Feldkamp, Martin
A1 - Gleim, Tobias
A1 - Musolff, Andre
A1 - Werner, Jan
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - A fire test stand for thermal testing of extra-large packages
N2 - Packages for the transport of high-level radioactive materials are designed to withstand severe accidents. These packages must adhere to the specification-based criteria of the International Transport Regulations of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). To ensure compliance with these requirements, specific mechanical and thermal tests need to be addressed with respect to the package type. Typically, the Regulations prescribe mechanical tests followed by a thermal test as part of a cumulative test scenario. The thermal test is specified by the exposure of a test specimen for a period of 30 minutes to a thermal invironment that provides a heat flux equivalent to that of a hydrocarbon fuel-air fire with an average fire temperature of at least 800 °C fully flame engulfing the test specimen. The Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) operates various test facilities for this purpose at their test site (TTS) near Berlin in Germany.
Thermal tests for large packages are carried out in an established fire test stand that can be adapted by the test-setup to the geometric boundary conditions of a test specimen. This fire test stand is built for test specimens with masses up to 200,000 kg and geometric dimensions relating to large transport packages including their impact limiters. The test specimen is usually placed on a water-cooled support frame in the middle of the test-stand. The fire is realized by burning propane gas which is released in liquid state from an array of gas nozzles arranged in the form of a burner ring surrounding the test specimen. For particularly extra-large test specimens, two burner rings are used on top of each other and at different heights in order to firstly achieve full fire engulfment with a significantly larger volume of fire and secondly to achieve the required heat output. In advance of a regular thermal test BAM usually performs so-called fire reference tests to determine the test conditions for compliance with the IAEA requirements. These tests are performed using a generic package which corresponds to the external geometric dimensions of the test specimen used later in the approval test. Then, this reference package is exposed to a fire under defined test parameters whereas the corresponding heat input determined from the temperature changes measured is regarded as main criterion for proofing compliance with the IAEA criteria.The paper shows the experimental proof of the suitability of BAM’s fire test stand for thermal testing of extra-large packages. The heat input and fire temperatures fully meet the IAEA criteria but can also be set significantly higher for e.g. extra-regulatory testing.
T2 - ASME PVP 2025
CY - Montreal, Quebec, Kanada
DA - 20.07.2025
KW - Test stand
KW - Thermal testing
KW - Package
KW - Fire
PY - 2025
SP - 1
EP - 6
AN - OPUS4-63892
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Gleim, Tobias
T1 - Potential Effects of Battery and Hydrogen Fires regarding Regulatory Requirements
N2 - Die internationalen Sicherheitsanforderungen für den Transport radioaktiver Stoffe sind in den IAEO-Vorschriften SSR-6 festgelegt. Diese wurden in den 1960er Jahren entwickelt und seitdem nur in begrenztem Umfang angepasst. Sie bilden die Basis für die Regelwerke der verschiedenen Verkehrsträger – darunter auch das ADR (Europäisches Übereinkommen über die internationale Beförderung gefährlicher Güter auf der Straße). Die SSR-6 wird regelmäßig vom TRANSSC-Gremium der IAEO überprüft und aktualisiert. In diesen Prozess fließen aktuelle wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse sowie praktische Erfahrungen ein, um die Sicherheit beim Transport radioaktiver Materialien kontinuierlich zu verbessern.
Im Rahmen der 47. TRANSSC-Sitzung stellte die BAM (Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung) aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse zu Unfallszenarien mit Batterien und Wasserstoff vor und adressierte zentrale sicherheitsrelevante Fragestellungen. Aufgrund des großen internationalen Interesses, insbesondere da vergleichbare Erkenntnisse aus anderen UN-Mitgliedstaaten bislang nicht vorlagen, wurden diese Fragestellungen ab der 48. Sitzung offiziell in das Arbeitsprogramm aufgenommen. Vor der 48. TRANSSC-Sitzung führten BAM und BASE eine gemeinsame Befragung aller UN-Mitgliedstaaten mittels eines Fragebogens durch. Die Ergebnisse wurden im Rahmen der 48. TRANSSC-Sitzung vorgestellt. Dabei zeigte sich, dass in den befragten Ländern bislang keine spezifischen nationalen Regelungen oder Einschränkungen im Hinblick auf Fahrzeuge mit alternativen Antrieben bestehen. Gleichzeitig wurde jedoch auf ein potenzielles Risiko mit derzeit nicht abschätzbarem Ausmaß hingewiesen.
N2 - Hier:
The IAEA regulations for the safe transport of radioactive material (IAEA SSR-6) define the safety requirements for different package types and consider different transport conditions. The accident conditions of transport specify different mechanical and thermal tests based on investigations of real accident scenarios.
Considering the rapid development of new boundary conditions of transport such as electric mobility and the use of hydrogen as energy source for trucks and other kind of vehicles, potential effects of battery and hydrogen fires in transport accidents should be investigated. The aim is to evaluate the existing test requirements developed and derived decades ago, whether they are covering the current transport situation. This presentation will briefly present the reasons for detailed investigations as bases for a coordinated research project under the roof of the IAEA.
T2 - WP.15 IWG-EV 22nd session
CY - Online-Meeting
DA - 23.07.2025
KW - Requirements
KW - Battery Fire
KW - Experiment
KW - IAEA
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63900
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Feldkamp, Martin
T1 - Evaluation of Convective Heat Transfer Coefficients with CFD for Heat Flux Calculation in Combustion Chamber
N2 - Packages for the transport of high-level radioactive waste are designed to withstand severe accidents. To obtain approval for transport, these packages must adhere to the specification-based criteria of regulations established by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). To ensure compliance with the regulations, mechanical and thermal tests need to be conducted regarding the package type. The requirements define mechanical tests followed by a thermal test, including criteria ensuring the package design’s ability to withstand severe accidents. Heavy-weight packages for the safe transport of radioactive materials are equipped with impact limiters, which are often built with porous materials such as densely packed wood reinforced by steel sheet structures. These components absorb the kinetic energy during the impact of the package in drop tests and thus dampen the acceleration of other package components which supports the package to meet the requirements of the IAEA regulations.
Following the mechanical tests, the package must, with its predamaged impact limiters, endure a thermal test defined precisely in the IAEA regulations. The thermal test is defined as a 30-min, fully engulfing 800 °C fire and a following time under ambient conditions for a sufficient period to ensure that temperatures in the specimen decrease in all parts of the specimen. During and following the thermal test, the specimen shall not be artificially cooled, and any combustion of materials of the specimen shall be permitted to proceed naturally. A wood-filled impact limiter can continue to release thermal energy during an ongoing combustion process, thus defining relevant package temperatures. Heat flux from a potentially burning impact limiter to the package is important for the safety evaluation of transport packages.
A test setup was developed to approach the energy flow investigation and examine the combustion behaviour of porous materials encapsulated in predamaged cylindrical metal enclosures under various conditions. The setup consists of a combustion chamber for thermal tests under adjustable and defined boundary conditions. The temperature development of the test specimens can be observed from outside using a thermographic imager with high-definition cameras, and the mass loss of the test specimen can be measured in the combustion chamber. Convective heat transfer coefficients for various boundary conditions must be defined for use with experimentally gathered test specimen surface temperature data for heat flux evaluations. The airflow conditions in the combustion chamber were analysed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculations in OpenFOAM with respect to the convective heat transfer coefficients at the surface of a hot test specimen. A convergence study was performed, and sensitivity analyses for different test specimen surface temperatures and exhaust gas volume flows were conducted.
T2 - ASME PVP2025, Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference
CY - Montréal, Quebec, Canada
DA - 20.07.2025
KW - Heat Transfer
KW - Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
KW - Combustion
KW - OpenFOAM
KW - Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63902
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Popiela, Bartosz
T1 - Project summary: Impact of manufacturing process related residual stresses in wound composite material on the operational safety of hydrogen pressure vessels
N2 - This presentation is a summary of a doctoral project within the BTU-BAM Graduate School 'Trustworthy Hydrogen'. The results of both theoretical and experimental investigations are presented and discussed.
T2 - Summer School 2025 - BTU-BAM Graduate School "Trustworthy Hydrogen"
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 05.07.2025
KW - Composite
KW - Pressure vessel
KW - Residual stresses
KW - Burst test
KW - Filament winding
KW - Carbon fiber
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63067
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Schutzziel-Orientierter Ansatz zum Nachweis der Sicherheit - Handlungsempfehlungen für pränormative Forschung & Handlungsbedarfe für Regulatorik
N2 - Der Vortrag beginnt der Erläuterung der zunehmenden Geschwindigkeiten in der eher kontinuierlichen Produktentwicklung rund um Wasserstoff und den unvermeidbar in Stufen arbeitenden Entwicklung von Normen und Vorschriften.
Das führt zu Defiziten in der (sicherheitsorientierten) Verfügbarkeit von Zulassungsgrundlagen. Um das auszugleichen wird vorgeschlagen, auf die Schutzzielfestlegung zu fokussieren, was die genaue Beschreibung des Anwendungsbereiches und evtl. sicherheitstechnischen Hintergrund (Unfälle etc.) mit umfasst. Auf dieser Basis sollten Wirkungsweise entwickelt und diskutiert werden können. Für ein solches System muss es ein klares Rollenverständnis geben.
Als universellsten Ansatz wird die probabilistische Sicherheitsbewertung diskutiert. Dies erfordert klare Vorgaben zu Risikokennzahlen. Als Beispiel werden Wasserstofftransportfahrzeuge mit Größtflaschen über einem Druck-Volumen-Produkt von 1.5 Mio bar Liter vorgestellt.
Um diese Einheiten im Transport zu beherrschen, spielen neue Sicherheitsansätze eine große Rolle. Diese können aber nur dann effizient aufgebaut werden, wenn das einzuhaltende Schutzziel konkret und überprüfbar ist.
T2 - Normungsroadmap Wasserstofftechnologien; 5. Sitzung AK 2 Infrastruktur
CY - Online meeting
DA - 14.04.2025
KW - Zulassungsvorschriften
KW - Druck-Volumen-Produkt
KW - Sicherheitskennzahlen
KW - Wasserstoffspeicher
KW - Probabilistik
KW - Markthochlauf
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63805
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Die Schallemissionsprüfung in der Überwachung von Gasspeichern aus Composite - Handlungsempfehlungen für pränormative Forschung & Handlungsbedarfe für Regulatorik
N2 - Die Transporteinheiten für Wasserstoff auf der Straße nehmen stark zu. Der Aufwand für die wiederkehrende Prüfung nimmt schneller zu als die dafür verfügbaren Kapazitäten. Gleichzeitig wird immer mehr in Groß0serien hergestellt. Vor diesem Hintergrund spielt die Effizienz in der Prüfung eine zunehmende Rolle. Verlässt man den Transportbereich kommt auch der Aspekt der Machbarkeit hinzu. Große stationäre Speichersysteme mit vielen Einzelelementen lassen sich organisatorisch und bzgl. Verfügbarkeit mit 100%-Wasserdruckprüfungen nicht mehr wirtschaftlich darstellen.
Das Ziel ist es, für nicht einzeln gehandhabten, sondern fest eingebauten Speicher, den Aufwand in der Prüfung erheblich zu reduzieren, indem Stichproben gezogen werden und die Prüfergebnisse für die Gruppe gleicher und gleich eingesetzter Speicher herangezogen werden. Dies hat zwei Grenzen: Zum einen muss das Prüfverfahren aussagekräftig genug sein, um eine statistische verwendbare Aussage zu liefern, die eindeutige Schlüsse auf die Sicherheit zulässt. Zum anderen muss das Urteil über die Gruppe eine hinreichende Zuverlässigkeit im Betrieb belegen. Ist diese Bedingung nicht mehr erfüllt, wird die Gruppe wieder der 100%-Prüfung zugeführt, um mit dem gleichen Prüfverfahren wie bei der Stichprobenprüfung, schlechte von guten Individuen zu trennen.
Hierzu bedarf es der Weiterentwicklung der Schallemissionsanalyse als zerstörungsfreies Prüfverfahren und eines passenden Stichprobenansatzes mit probabilistischer Bewertung. Beides erfordert pränormativer Forschung und nachfolgende Rechtsänderungen.
T2 - Normungsroadmap Wasserstofftechnologien; 5. Sitzung AK 2 Infrastruktur
CY - Online meeting
DA - 14.04.2025
KW - Wasserstoffspeicher
KW - Probabilistik
KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung
KW - Stichprobenprüfung
KW - DPP
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62962
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Tanks und GasspeicherÄnderungen an der BAM im FB 3.5 Sicherheit von Gasspeichern
N2 - Der Vortrag erläutert die organisatorischen Änderungen, die für DIN und die IGV/DVFG-Mitglieder von Bedeutung sind, und wie die Struktur der handelnden Personen von Änderungen betroffen ist.
Es werden die Erfolge des letzten Jahres dargestellt und die gemeinsamen Herausforderungen in Norm und Recht gemeinsam mit den zugehörigen Lösungsansätzen der BAM erläutert.
T2 - 32. SITZUNG BAM/DIN/DVFG/IGV
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 12.02.2025
KW - Wasserstoffspeicher
KW - Deregulierung
KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung
KW - Stichprobenprüfung
KW - Lebensdauerüberwachung
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62908
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Popiela, Bartosz
T1 - Better with age? Discussion of creep phenomena during initial loading of type 4 composite pressure vessels
N2 - A presentation on the impact of creep phenomena during initial loading on the safety of type 4 composite pressure vessels. A statistical evaluation of slow burst tests shows an increase of the survival rate of initially loaded composite pressure vessels (sustained load and increased pressure) compared to the ones tested in a brand-new state.
T2 - ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference (ASME PVP 2025)
CY - Quebec, Canada
DA - 20.07.2025
KW - Composite
KW - Pressure vessel
KW - Safety
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63760
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Konnertz, Nora
A1 - Ding, Yi
A1 - Harrison, W.J.
A1 - Budd, P.M.
A1 - Schönhals, Andreas
A1 - Böhning, Martin
T1 - Molecular mobility of the high performance membrane polymer PIM-1 as investigated by dielectric spectroscopy
N2 - The increasing demand for energy efficient separation processes fosters the development of new high performance polymers as selective separation layers for membranes. PIM-1 is the archetypal representative of the class of polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIM) which are considered most promising in this sector, especially for gas separations. Since their introduction, PIMs stimulated a vast amount of research in this field and meanwhile evolved to the state of the art in membrane technology for gas separation. The major obstacle for extending the practical membrane application is their strong tendency to physical aging. For the first time, investigations by broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) addressing molecular dynamics and conductivity in PIM 1 are presented. As chain packing during film formation from the casting solution and physical aging are key factors determining the separation performance of PIMs as membrane materials, characterization of the molecular mobility in such materials as revealed by BDS will provide valuable information for further development and optimization.
KW - PIM-1
KW - BDS broadband dielectric spectroscopy
KW - Relaxation
KW - Membrane
PY - 2016
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00209
SN - 2161-1653
VL - 5
IS - 4
SP - 528
EP - 532
PB - ACS American Chemical Society
CY - Washington, DC, USA
AN - OPUS4-35798
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Konnertz, Nora
A1 - Böhning, Martin
A1 - Schönhals, Andreas
A1 - Ding, Yi
T1 - Molecular mobility and gas transport properties of PIM-1 and nano composites based on PIM-1 and phenethylPOSS
N2 - Polymers with intrinsic microporosity are of highly interest in the field of gas separation membranes. Especially the first synthesized PIM-1 shows extraordinary permeabilities and selectivities. Unfortunately, PIM-1 tends to physical aging and loses its good properties. Physical aging is related to the molecular mobility of PIM-1 which was here investigated by broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS). Besides the studies on pure PIM-1 a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane with phenethyl substituents (PhenethylPOSS) was used as nanofiller (0 - 40 wt-%) in the PIM-1 matrix to improve the gas transport properties and prevent physical aging. The molecular mobility of the solution casted nano composite films was analyzed by BDS as well. Furthermore, gas transport properties were determined with the time lag method (0 - 20 bar) in a temperature range of 35°C to 65°C with N2, O2, CH4 and CO2.
T2 - 80. Jahrestagung der DPG und DPG-Frühjahrstagung
CY - Regensburg, Germany
DA - 06.03.2016
KW - PIM-1
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-35541
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Niebergall, Ute
A1 - Zanotto, M.
A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker
A1 - Böhning, Martin
T1 - Impact of biodiesel sorption on tensile properties of PE-HD for container applications
N2 - In previous papers, we investigated the influence of biodiesel or diesel on mechanical properties of a high-density polyethylene (PE-HD) for tank applications using Charpy impact tests and dynamicmechanical analysis (DMA). In this work, covering two more PE-HD materials, we extend our study to addressing the tensile properties, especially changes of Young's modulus, after immersion in biodiesel or diesel at 60 °C. As we cover sorption and desorption behavior, during desorption, i.e. storage at 60 °C in a circulating air oven, ageing or degradation phenomena were also observed and characterized in some detail using spectral reflectance measurements and FT-IR spectroscopy. The results obtained here support the concept of co-oxidation, i.e. the faster oxidation of the PE-HD matrix if the samples were previously saturated with biodiesel, itself easily oxidizable.
KW - polyethylene
KW - biodiesel
KW - biofuels
KW - sorption
KW - plasticization
KW - degradation
PY - 2016
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2016.01.025
SN - 0142-9418
VL - 50
SP - 315
EP - 324
PB - Elsevier
AN - OPUS4-35369
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Zorn, R.
A1 - Yin, Huajie
A1 - Lohstroh, W.
A1 - Harrison, W.
A1 - Budd, P.M.
A1 - Pauw, Brian Richard
A1 - Böhning, Martin
A1 - Schönhals, Andreas
T1 - Anomalies in the low frequency vibrational density of states for a polymer with intrinsic microporosity - the Boson peak of PIM-1
N2 - Polymers with intrinsic microporosity are promising candidates for the active separation layer in gas separation membranes. Here, the vibrational density of states (VDOS) for PIM-1, the prototypical polymer with intrinsic microporosity, is investigated by means of inelastic neutron scattering. The results are compared to data measured for a more conventional high-performance polyimide used in gas separation membranes (Matrimid). The measured data show the characteristic low frequency excess contribution to VDOS above the Debye sound wave level, generally known as the Boson peak in glass-forming materials. In comparison to the Boson peak of Matrimid, that of PIM-1 is shifted to lower frequencies. This shift is discussed considering the microporous, sponge-like structure of PIM-1 as providing a higher compressibility at the molecular scale than for conventional polymers. For an annealed PIM-1 sample, the Boson peak shifts to higher frequencies in comparison to the un-annealed sample. These changes in the VDOS of the annealed PIM-1 sample are related to changes in the microporous structure as confirmed by X-ray scattering.
KW - Polymers
KW - Boson peak
KW - Neutron scattering
KW - Physical aging
KW - Polymer of intrinsic microporosity
PY - 2018
DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CP07141H
SN - 1463-9076
SN - 1463-9084
VL - 20
IS - 3
SP - 1355
EP - 1363
PB - The Royal Society of Chemistry
AN - OPUS4-43808
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schönhals, Andreas
T1 - Molecular mobility and physical aging of polymers with intrinsic microporosity as revealed by dielectric spectroscopy
N2 - The dielectric properties of different polymers with intrinsic microporosity are investigated by braodband dielectric spectroscopy. The results are discussed with regard to the structure
T2 - Spring Meeting of German Physical Society
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 12.03.2018
KW - Polymers with intrinsic microporosity
KW - Gas separation membranes
KW - Dielectric spectroscopy
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-44490
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Werhahn, Olav
T1 - Gas metrology in Gemany - contributions to climate and air quality monitoring
N2 - Climate and air quality are of fundamental interest worldwide.
Gas metrology provides profound solutions to measurement tasks on climate and air quality, e.g., when greenhouse gases or pollutants are to be quantified.
Metrological capabilities are demonstrated through participation in the framework of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
In Germany, this is covered by three institutes: Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), and Umweltbundesamt (UBA).
Together, the three laboratories realize the unit mole by means of the national gas standards and offer services to their customers that are backed-up by internationally accepted calibration and measurement capabilities (CMCs).
T2 - Gas Analysis 2024
CY - Paris, France
DA - 30.01.2024
KW - Metrology
KW - Chemical Analysis
KW - Gases
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59770
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Heuser, Lina
T1 - An overview of structural, physical and thermal properties of low melting zinc and lead borate glasses
N2 - Low melting zinc borate glasses awake interest to replace lead borate glasses in the silver metallization pastes for solar cells or microelectronics. In the current study, characteristic properties of alkali zinc borate glasses (X2O-ZnO-B2O3, X = Li, Na, K, Rb) were compared to an earth alkali zinc borate glass (CaO-ZnO-B2O3). Additionally, zinc oxide is partially substituted by lead oxide or cooper oxide in the borate glasses (Li2O-PbO-B2O3, Na2O ZnO CuO-B2O3). The alkali zinc borate glasses indicate less differences in Raman spectra, and thus in structural properties, in comparison to the Ca and Pb ions influence. LPbB (Tg = 401 °C) has a lower viscosity than LZB (Tg = 468 °C) and CaZB has the highest glass transition temperature (Tg = 580 °C). The Angell plot for the alkali zinc borate glasses shows a high fragility m = 80. Besides Tg, the density measured by means of the Archimedean principle, molar volume, and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the glasses were investigated. Trends could be found according to alkali ions or intermediate oxides. The density increases with decreasing alkali ion size from KZB (2.632 g/cm3) to LZB (2.829 g/cm3) and increases from LZB to LPbB (3.764 g/cm3). CTE ranges between 7.09 10-6 K-1 for CaZB and 11.5 10 6 K 1 for KZB and RZB. The differential thermal analysis (DTA) and X ray diffraction (XRD) indicate crystallization of various crystalline phases during heating with 5 K/min in most cases.
T2 - 94. Glastechnische Tagung
CY - Online meeting
DA - 10.05.2021
KW - Borate glasses
KW - Glass structure
KW - Viscosity
KW - Young´s Modulus
KW - Alkali ions
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52867
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Winckelmann, Alexander
T1 - High-resolution optical spectrometry for lithium isotope ratio analysis
N2 - An alternative method for lithium isotope amount ratio analysis is proposed by combining atomic absorption spectrometry with spectra data analysis by machine leaning. It is based on the well-known isotope shift of around 15 pm for the electronic transition at wavelength 670.7845 nm which can be measured by a high-resolution continuum source atomic absorption spectrometer (HR-CS-AAS). For isotope amount ratio analysis, a scalable three boosting machine learning algorithm (XGBoost) was employed and calibrated with a set of samples with a 6Li isotope amount fraction ranging from 99% to 6%. The absolute Li isotope amount fractions of these calibration samples were previously measured by multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) and used as ab-initio data for the machine learning algorithm. Validation of the machine leaning model was performed with two standard reference materials (LSVEC and IRMM-016). The procedure was employed for the isotope amount ratio determination of a set of stock chemicals (Li2CO3, LiNO3, LiCl, LiOH, and LiF) as well as a BAM candidate LiMNC cathode reference material. Achieved uncertainties are one order of magnitude higher than those obtained by MC-ICP-MS. This precision and accuracy is nonetheless sufficient to resolve natural occurring variations in Lithium isotope ratios. Also, the LiMNC material was analyzed by HR-CS-AAS with and without matrix purification. The results are comparable within statistical error.
T2 - Groupseminar - GFZ Potsdam
CY - Online Meeting
DA - 27.10.2020
KW - Lithium batteries
KW - HR-CS-AAS
KW - Machine learning
KW - Isotope analysis
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-51572
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - RPRT
A1 - Maiwald, Michael
A1 - Villajos Collado, José Antonio
T1 - Metal-organic framework compounds as hydrogen storage materials to enhance the safety, capacity, and efficiency of hydrogen refueling stations
N2 - Gas adsorption is based on physical properties between gases and solid materials, enriching the surface with packed gas molecules with a higher density than in the bulk phase. For using this mechanism as a gas storage strategy, highly porous materials are necessary since large surfaces in small volumes can provide the storage system with a higher density than the gas phase. In the case of hydrogen gas, the interaction forces with solid surfaces are generally low at room temperature but can increase considerably at low operating temperatures. As a counterpart, the storage pressure is considerably lower than that necessary by traditional gas compression.
Amongst ultra-porous adsorbent materials for hydrogen cryoadsorption, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a group of remarkable solids made from metallic nodes linked by organic molecules exhibiting a wide variety of composition, geometry, porous properties, and chemical functionality. The scientific community focused in the last years on enhancing both the specific area of materials and the interaction energy to extend the storage properties of cryoadsorption to ambient-temperature and use it as hydrogen storage mechanisms in vehicles. However, the found difficulty in achieving ultra-porous structures with high-enough interaction energies decreased this research interest in the last years.
However, for a stationary application like hydrogen refueling stations, where space and weight are not such limits as in vehicles, cryoadsorption can still be considered a feasible candidate for hydrogen storage. Cryoadsorption is the only fast and fully reversible approach to store hydrogen at similar density values as compressed gas. Cryogenic operation is a technological challenge, but first, liquid nitrogen is cheap, and second, it is less energy-demanding than hydrogen liquefaction, which is indeed considered as feasible for transportation and storage. Cryoadsorption involves lower pressure
than compressed gas, increasing safety in the storage facilities, but additional research on the construction materials properties is necessary to better understand their behavior in contact with hydrogen at cryogenic temperatures. However, the knowledge of all these mechanisms is important to identify the improvement opportunities based on, probably, the interphase between different solutions.
To achieve the set project goals, this internal research report describes the work packages realised within the framework of the project.
KW - Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)
KW - Hydrogen Storage
KW - Reversible Hydrogen Storage
KW - Hydrogen Fuelling Stations
KW - Croyo-starage
KW - High-pressure volumetric analyzer (HPVA)
PY - 2021
SP - 1
EP - 48
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-53582
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Winckelmann, Alexander
T1 - Why do I have to charge my phone twice a day?
N2 - Aging Mechanisms of Lithium Batteries: How can we make batteries more durable and more sustainable in the future?
Lithium batteries are particularly susceptible to ageing processes. During each charging and discharging process in an electric battery, lithium ions are deposited in the electrodes of the cell like in the pores of a sponge. Over time, however, fractures and cracks occur in the filigree structures. The result: more and more lithium ions no longer fit into the hollow spaces of the „sponge“, instead they accumulate in heaps around the electrodes and hinder the movement of other ions. The performance of the battery decreases.
We present our new project, in which we are developing a fast and cost-effective method with which companies that produce lithium batteries can already assess the ageing behaviour of their batteries in the laboratory.
T2 - Berlin Science Week 2022
CY - Online meeting
DA - 10.11.2022
KW - Lithium Ion Batteries
KW - Aging Mechanisms
PY - 2022
UR - https://berlinscienceweek.com/de/event/why-do-i-have-to-charge-my-phone-twice-a-day/
UR - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bF7bQTY49rQ
AN - OPUS4-56245
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Iqbal, S.
A1 - Mady, A. H.
A1 - Kim, Y.-I.
A1 - Javed, U.
A1 - Shafi, P. M.
A1 - Nguyen, V. Q.
A1 - Hussain, I.
A1 - Tuma, Dirk
A1 - Shim, J.-J.
T1 - Self-templated hollow nanospheres of B-site engineered non-stoichiometric perovskite for supercapacitive energy storage via anion-intercalation mechanism
N2 - The continual increase in energy demand and inconsistent supply have attracted attention towards sustainable energy storage/conversion devices, such as electrochemical capacitors with high energy densities and power densities. Perovskite oxides have received significant attention as anion-intercalation electrode materials for electrochemical capacitors. In this study, hollow nanospheres of nonstoichiometric cubic perovskite fluorides, KNi1-xCoxF3-delta (x = 0.2; delta = 0.33) (KNCF-0.2) have been synthesized using a localized Ostwald ripening. The electrochemical performance of the non-stoichiometric perovskite has been studied in an aqueous 3 M KOH electrolyte to categorically investigate the fluorine-vacancy-mediated charge storage capabilities. High capacities up to 198.55 mA h g-1 or 714.8 C g-1 (equivalent to 1435 F g-1) have been obtained through oxygen anion-intercalation mechanism (peroxide pathway, O-). The results have been validated using ICP (inductively coupled Plasma mass spectrometry) analysis and cyclic voltammetry. An asymmetric supercapacitor device has been fabricated by coupling KNCF-0.2 with activated carbon to deliver a high energy density of 40 W h kg-1 as well as excellent cycling stability of 98 % for 10,000 cycles. The special attributes of hollow-spherical, non-stoichiometric perovskite (KNCF-0.2) have exhibited immense promise for their usability as anion-intercalation type electrodes in supercapacitors.
KW - Nanospheres
KW - Perovskite
KW - Supercapacitor
PY - 2021
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2021.03.147
SN - 0021-9797
VL - 600
SP - 729
EP - 739
PB - Elsevier Inc.
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-52873
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Battistella, Beatrice
T1 - Microwave-Induced Nitrogen-Plasma Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Cathodic Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries
N2 - Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are multi-component devices ubiquitously used for powering small consumer devices as well as in the electric mobility sector and for energy storage. From the first successful test in 1986, LIBs performances have improved substantially, doubling their specific energy from 120 to 270 Wh kg−1 in about 30 years, while mass production contributed to a decline of about 98% of their price. The demand is set to grow steadily and is expected to lead to further improvements in performance and falls in prices. [1] In view of the current clean energy transition, the extensive use of this technology is accompanied by an increase of end-of-life LIBs, containing critical minerals for the production of new batteries. The recycling of exhausted batteries is a topic destined to draw increasing attention, and for this purpose, LIBs composition determination is a crucial premise.
While the first commercialized LIB contained about 60% cobalt by mass, the current trend is to lower the Co content by the use of lithium nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) oxide as cathodic material (ca. 6% Co), increasing the cell-specific energy and reducing the raw material price. [2] Besides the change in the layered transition metal oxide composition, elemental substitution, surface treatment and concentration gradient structures, used to increase battery performances, further contribute to increase the cathodic material complexity. [3]
In this work, the composition of several commercial NMC oxides was investigated by Microwave-Induced Nitrogen-Plasma Mass Spectrometry, suitable for the trace analysis on these materials due to its high matrix tolerance in presence of high concentration of transition metals and the easy-to-ionize lithium. [4] Additionally, the effects of different gas flows and ion optics on the matrix tolerance were studied. The method was validated by analyzing BAM-S014 (NMC oxide) as reference material and allowed the generation of a library for such metal oxides. Determination of their exact elemental composition helps users to predict the properties of the cathodic material (e. g. presence of particles coating, additives, or doping elements), and at the same time allows the design of safe recycling procedures, which must consider the presence of health and environment hazardous elements such as uranium, cadmium, or other heavy metals.
T2 - ANAKON 2025
CY - Leipzig, Germany
DA - 10.03.2025
KW - Nitrogen-Plasma Mass Spectrometry
KW - Lithium-Ion Battery
KW - Recycling
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62817
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Vega-Maza, D.
T1 - Accurate experimental speed of sound data of natural gas and hydrogen-enriched natural gas
N2 - The work presents speed of sound data of an 11-component synthetic natural gas as well as of a hydrogen-enriched natural gas measured at temperatures between 260 and 350 K and pressures up to 13 MPa. The results are compared with the corresponding values from two equation-of-state models, namely AGA8-DC92 and GERG-2008.
T2 - 21st Symposium on Thermophysical Properties
CY - Online meeting
DA - 20.06.2021
KW - Sspeed of sound
KW - Natural gas mixtures
KW - Equation of state
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52876
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Balderas-Xicohtencatl, R.
A1 - Villajos Collado, José Antonio
A1 - Casabán, J.
A1 - Wong, D.
A1 - Maiwald, Michael
A1 - Hirscher, M.
T1 - ZIF‑8 Pellets as a Robust Material for Hydrogen Cryo-Adsorption Tanks
N2 - Cryoadsorption on the inner surface of porous materials is a promising solution for safe, fast, and reversible hydrogen storage. Within the class of highly porous metal−organic frameworks, zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) show high thermal, chemical, and mechanical stability. In this study, we selected ZIF-8 synthesized mechanochemically by twin-screw extrusion as powder and pellets. The hydrogen storage capacity at 77 K and up to 100 bar has been analyzed in two laboratories applying three different measurement setups showing a high reproducibility. Pelletizing ZIF-8 increases the packing density close to the corresponding value for a single crystal without loss of porosity, resulting in an improved volumetric hydrogen storage capacity close to the upper limit for a single crystal. The high volumetric uptake combined with a low and constant heat of adsorption provides ca. 31 g of usable hydrogen per liter of pellet assuming a temperature−pressure swing adsorption process between 77 K − 100 bar and 117 K − 5 bar. Cycling experiments do not indicate any degradation in storage capacity. The excellent stability during preparation, handling, and operation of ZIF-8 pellets demonstrates its potential as a robust adsorbent material for technical application in pilot- and full-scale adsorption vessel prototypes.
KW - Hydrogen adsorption storage
KW - Metal−organic frameworks
KW - ZIF-8
KW - Cryoadsorption
KW - Hydrogen Storage
KW - MefHySto
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-569473
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c03719
SN - 2574-0962
SP - 1
EP - 8
PB - ACS Publications
CY - Washington DC
AN - OPUS4-56947
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - RPRT
ED - Tuma, Dirk
ED - Weide, T.
ED - Rasmusson, H.
T1 - MefHySto - Metrology for advanced hydrogen storage solutions
N2 - The “Metrology for Advanced Hydrogen Storage Solutions” (MefHySto) project is a European initiative addressing the need for large-scale energy storage solutions, that is crucial for the successful transition to renewable energy sources. The main objective of this project was to develop and provide metrological standards and validated techniques for the storage and utilization of hydrogen. Hydrogen is increasingly recognized as an important component in the future energy system due to its ability to store and supply energy during peak demand periods when renewable sources, such as solar and wind, are not generating power.
KW - Water electrolysis
KW - Thermophysical properties
KW - Fuel cell
KW - Hydrogen storage
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-625952
DO - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12684898
SP - 1
EP - 40
PB - ERIG European Research Institute for Gas and Energy Innovation a.i.s.b.l.
CY - Bruxelles
AN - OPUS4-62595
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Winckelmann, Alexander
T1 - Advanced spectroscopic methods for fluorine microanalysis in lithium-ion batteries
N2 - To address the challenges of the climate crisis, multiple solutions for sustainable energy sources and storage systems are needed. One such solution is lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Currently, 5 to 30 % of LIBs are discarded immediately after manufacturing. The homogeneous distribution of all materials used in the coating of cathodes and anodes is critical for the quality of LIBs. Furthermore, during formation i.e., the first steps of the charge/discharge cycling, the solid-electrolyte interphase forms on the anode particles, which has a huge impact on the performance. The same happens to some extent on the cathode, forming the cathode-electrolyte interphase. Fluorinated polymers and electrolytes are used in the manufacturing of LIBs. The electrolyte in particular is prone to degradation during formation and aging of the batteries. The interface of the cathode material with the aluminum current collector is also a critical point where degraded fluorine components cause pitting corrosion and at the same time promote passivation of the metal foil. Monitoring the spatial distribution of fluorine on these surfaces and interfaces is essential for sustainable LIB production.
T2 - SALSA Kick-Off Meeting
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 11.04.2024
KW - Lithium Ion Batteries
KW - solid microanalysis
KW - depth-profiling
KW - fluorine
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60199
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - RPRT
A1 - von Preetzmann, N.
A1 - Eckmann, P.
A1 - Tuma, Dirk
A1 - Richter, M.
T1 - Thermodynamics of LNG
N2 - Densities of eight gravimetrically prepared ternary and quaternary gas mixtures consisting of methane, ethane, propane, and partially nitrogen were investigated along the four isotherms of –250, –230, –210, and –190 °F at pressures of 350, 500, 650, and 1000 psig using a cryogenic single-sinker densimeter. The experimental densities were compared to densities calculated by various models, namely the EOS-LNG fundamental Helmholtz equation of state, the COSTALD correlation, the Lee-Kessler-Plöcker equation of state, and the Peng-Robinson equation of state. The best performance was shown by the EOS-LNG equation of state which is capable of predicting the liquid densities within the specified uncertainty of the model of 0.05 %. The other models, however, showed significant differences that disqualify for calculation within the p,T-region investigated of the gas mixtures.
KW - Density measurement
KW - Liquefied natural gas-like mixtures
KW - Cryogenic state
KW - Single-sinker densimeter
KW - Equations of state
PY - 2020
SP - 1
EP - 55
AN - OPUS4-50741
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Tuma, Dirk
A1 - Shafi, P. M.
A1 - Mohapatra, D.
A1 - Reddy, V. P.
A1 - Dhakal, G.
A1 - Kumar, D. R.
A1 - Brousse, T.
A1 - Shim, J.-J.
T1 - Sr- and Fe-substituted LaMnO3 Perovskite: Fundamental insight and possible use in asymmetric hybrid supercapacitor
N2 - The symmetry or structural stability of ABO3-type perovskite oxides depends largely on the size of ‘A’ and ‘B’ cations, which determines the material properties. The partial substitution of these cations may be used to tune these properties. The ionic sizes and valence states of the cations play an important role in improving the prop- erties of perovskite. In this study, the substitution of La3+ with Sr2+ with a larger ionic radius and Mn3+ with Fe3+ with a similar ionic radius favored both the crystal symmetry and the mixed ionic–electronic conductivity of the perovskite. Electrodes based on La0.7Sr0.3Mn0.5Fe0.5O3 (LSMFO55) exhibited a faradaic behavior with a specific capacity of 330 C g−1 (92 mAh g−1 ) at 12C rate, while this electrode maintained a capacity of 259 C g−1 at 240C (charge or discharge in 15 s). Additionally, exohedral carbon nano-onions (CNO) were introduced as a negative electrode to design an asymmetric hybrid supercapacitor (AHS) with a widened cell voltage. The use of CNO as a negative electrode in the AHS improved the rate capability drastically compared to the use of rGO. This device maintained a good energy density even at an extra-high charging rate (600C) owing to its outstanding rate capability. The high-rate performance of the LSMFO55//CNO AHS can be elucidated by successful fabrication with a mixed ionic–electronic conductive positive electrode and a CNO negative electrode. Tuning the electronic and ionic conductivities by cationic substitution and adopting an appropriate carbon-derived negative electrode (such as CNO) can provide a practical high-rate hybrid device using various perovskites.
KW - Perovskite
KW - Carbon nano-onion
KW - Supercapacitor
PY - 2022
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2021.11.028
SN - 2405-8297
VL - 45
SP - 119
EP - 129
PB - Elsevier B. V.
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-54882
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Riedel, Jens
T1 - Recent Trends in Inexpensive Lithium Isotopic Analysis
N2 - Lithium exists in two stable isotopes, 6Li and 7Li. The ratio of these in every ore varies depending on the geological history of the sample, thus providing a tool for fingerprinting the distinct origin of Li containing samples. Determination of the exact isotope ratio for e.g. designation of provenance today relies on expensive and bulky instrumentation such as multi `collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry` (MC-ICP-MS). These instruments, however, are known to bear pitfalls in the characterization of particular elements including Lithium. BAM recently developed two alternative analytical devices for this task, solely relying on inexpensive optical spectroscopy in combination with state-of-the-art multivariate data analysis such as Machine learning algorithms. Both techniques have been comprehensively studied using certified reference materials and comparing the results to MC-ICP-MS results and could be shown to result in comparable figures of merit, paving the way for a more general accessibility to provenance determination instrumentation. The results also pave the way towards even further simplification of the laboratory infrastructure demands and to further include additional elements into the isotopic fingerprinting methodology.
T2 - Lithium-Days
CY - Halle, Germany
DA - 06.12.2021
KW - Lithium
KW - Isotopes
KW - Optical Spectroscopy
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53966
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
T1 - Digital tools for cemented waste package and facility monitoring and prediction
N2 - To provide better means for a safe and effective monitoring of cemented waste packages including prediction tools to assess the future integrity development during pre-disposal activities, several digital tools are evaluated and improved in the frame of the EC funded project PREDIS. Safety enhancement (e. g. less exposure of testing personnel) and cost effectiveness are part of the intended impact. The work includes but is not limited to inspection methods such as muon imaging, wireless sensors integrated into waste packages as well as external package and facility monitoring such as remote fiber optical sensors. The sensors applied will go beyond radiation monitoring and include proxy parameters important for long term integrity assessment (e. g. internal pressure). Sensors will also be made cost effective to allow the installation of much more sensors compared to current practice. The measured data will be used in digital twins of the packages for specific simulations (geochemical, integrity) providing a prediction of future behavior. Machine Learning techniques trained by the characterization of older packages will help to connect the models to the actual data. All data (measured and simulated) will be collected in a joint data base and connected to a decision framework to be used at actual facilities. The paper includes detailed information about the various tools under consideration, their connection and first results of our research.
T2 - International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management: Solutions for a Sustainable Future
CY - Vienna, Austria
DA - 01.11.2021
KW - Radioactive waste disposal
KW - Monitoring
KW - Cemented waste
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-54163
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
T1 - Ultraschallprüfung von Verschlussbauwerken im Salinar
N2 - Zu jedem Endlager gehört die Entwicklung eines Verschlusskonzept. Im Endlager Morsleben und an anderer Stelle werden in Abhängigkeit vom Wirtsgestein verschiedene Materialien und Bauweisen für Streckenverschlüsse entwickelt und in großem Maßstab erprobt. Hierzu gehören auch Maßnahmen der Qualitätssicherung, die Informationen über Ausführung und Zustand der Versuchsbauwerke liefern. Hierzu werden von der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) für verschiedene Forschungsvorhaben und Prüfaufträge Methoden und Geräte getestet, verbessert und vor Ort unter Tage eingesetzt. Die hier beschriebenen Verfahren lassen sich auch zu Untersuchungen im Wirtsgestein anwenden.
T2 - Tage der Standortauswahl
CY - Freiberg/S., Germany
DA - 11.02.2021
KW - Endlager
KW - Verschlussbauwerke
KW - Qualitätssicherung
KW - Ultraschall
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-54165
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Lay, Vera
T1 - SealWasteSafe: materials technology, monitoring techniques, and quality assurance for safe sealing structures in underground repositories
N2 - Within the project SealWasteSafe, we advance construction materials and monitoring concepts of sealing structures applied for underground disposal of nuclear or toxic waste. As these engineered barriers have high demands concerning integrity, an innovative alkali-activated material (AAM) is improved and tested on various laboratory scales. This AAM has low reaction kinetics related to a preferential slow release of the heat of reaction in comparison to alternative salt concretes based on Portland cement or magnesium oxychloride cements. Hence, crack formation due to thermally induced strain is reduced. After successful laboratory scale analysis (Sturm et al., 2021), the AAM is characterised on a larger scale by manufacturing test specimens (100–300 L).
Conventional salt concrete (DBE, 2004) and the newly developed AAM are compared using two specimen geometries, i.e. cylindrical and cuboid. A comprehensive multisensor monitoring scheme is developed to compare the setting process of AAM and salt concrete for these manufactured specimens. The analysed parameters include temperature and humidity of the material, acoustic emissions, and strain variations. Passive sensor systems based on radiofrequency identification technology (RFID) embedded in the concrete, enable wireless access to temperature and humidity measurements and are compared to conventional cabled systems. Additionally, fibre-optic sensors (FOS) are embedded to record strain, but also have potential to record temperature and moisture conditions. Part of this project aims at demonstrating the high reliability of sensors and also their resistance to highly alkaline environments and to water intrusion along cables or at sensor locations. Further technical improvements were implemented so that first results clearly show the scalability of the setting process from previous small-scale AAM experiments and particularly the high potential of the newly developed approaches.
Furthermore, ultrasonic methods are used for quality assurance to detect obstacles, potential cracks and delamination. On the one hand, both active and passive ultrasonic measurements complement the results obtained from the multisensor monitoring scheme for the produced specimens. On the other hand, the unique large aperture ultrasonic system (LAUS) provides great depth penetration (up to nearly 10 m) and can thus be applied at in situ sealing structures built as a test site in Morsleben by the Federal Company for Radioactive Waste Disposal (Bundesgesellschaft für Endlagerung, BGE) as shown by Effner et al. (2021). An optimised field lay-out identified from forward modelling studies and advanced imaging techniques applied to the measured data will further improve the obtained results. To characterise the inside of the test engineered barrier and achieve a proof-of-concept, an ultrasonic borehole probe is developed to enable phased arrays that can further improve the detection of potential cracks. Modelling results and first analysis of semispherical specimens confirmed the reliability of the directional response caused by the phased arrays of the newly constructed ultrasonic borehole probe.
Overall, the project SealWasteSafe improves the construction material, multisensor monitoring concepts and ultrasonics for quality assurance. This will help to develop safe sealing structures for nuclear waste disposal. The outcomes are particularly valuable for salt as a host rock but partly also transferrable to alternative conditions.
T2 - Safe ND Interdisciplinary research symposium on the safety of nuclear disposal practices
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 10.11.2021
KW - Borehole probe
KW - SealWasteSafe
KW - Engineered barrier
KW - Materials technology
KW - AAM
KW - Monitoring
KW - Ultrasound
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53919
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Lay, Vera
T1 - New materials and innovative monitoring for safe sealing structures in underground repositories
N2 - Within the project SealWasteSafe, we advance construction materials and monitoring concepts of sealing structures applied for underground disposal of nuclear waste. As these engineered barriers have high demands concerning integrity, an innovative alkali-activated material (AAM) is improved and tested on various laboratory scales that is highly suitable for the application in salt as a host rock. This AAM has a low reaction kinetics related to a preferential slow release of the heat of reaction in comparison to alternative salt concretes based on Portland cement or magnesium oxychloride cements. Hence, crack formation due to thermally induced strain is reduced. A comprehensive multi-sensory monitoring scheme is developed and investigated to compare the setting process of AAM and salt concrete for manufactured specimens (100-300 l). The analysed parameters include temperature and humidity of the material, acoustic emissions, and strain variations recorded by fiber optic cables. Passive sensor systems based on radiofrequency identification technology (RFID) embedded in the concrete allow for wireless access and are compared to conventional cabled systems for temperature and humidity measurements. Furthermore, ultrasonic methods are used for quality assurance to detect obstacles, potential cracks and delamination. Field layout and applied imaging techniques are optimised to enhance the image quality. To characterise the inside of the test engineered barrier and achieve a proof-of-concept, an ultrasonic borehole probe is developed to allow for phased arrays that can further improve the detection of potential cracks. Modelling results and first analysis of half-spherical specimen prove the reliability of the directional response caused by the phased arrays of the newly constructed ultrasonic borehole probe. Overall, the project SealWasteSafe improves the construction material, multi-sensory monitoring concepts and ultrasonics for quality assurance. Particularly for salt as a host rock, this will help to develop safe sealing structures for nuclear waste disposal.
T2 - 9th IGD-TP Symposium
CY - Zurich, Switzerland
DA - 20.09.2022
KW - SealWasteSafe
KW - Monitoring
KW - Engineered barrier systems
KW - Alkali-activated material
KW - Ultrasonic inspection
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55826
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Lay, Vera
T1 - Material research and multi-sensory monitoring for concrete sealing structure in rock salt underground repositories
N2 - Within the project SealWasteSafe, we advance construction materials and non-destructive monitoring concepts of sealing structures applied for underground disposal of nuclear waste. As these engineered barriers have high demands regarding structural integrity, an innovative alkali-activated material (AAM) that is highly suitable for the application in salt as a host rock is improved and tested on two laboratory scales. This AAM has a low heat evolution due to the reaction mechanism in comparison to common salt concretes based on Portland cement or magnesium oxychloride binders. Hence, crack formation due to thermally induced stress during the hardening process is reduced.
After successful laboratory tests with small specimens (height ~5 cm), comparably manufactured large cubic (edge length 70 cm) and cylindrical specimens (height 120 cm, diameter 40 cm) are equipped with sensing technologies to demonstrate the sensors´ technical capabilities. A comprehensive multi-sensory monitoring scheme is developed and investigated to characterize and compare the different material behaviour during the setting and hardening process of two materials: (1) the newly developed AAM-based mortars with salt aggregate, and (2) a blended Portland cement-based salt concrete as reference. The analysed parameters include temperature and humidity of the material, acoustic emissions, and strain variations recorded by fiber optic cables. Passive sensor systems based on radiofrequency identification technology (RFID) embedded in the concrete provide an interface for the wireless readout of various sensors. In parallel to the embedded RFID sensors, conventional cabled systems to read out the temperature and humidity measurements are installed for comparison. Additionally, a detailed inspection of the two large cubic specimens after a monitoring period of more than six months has been undertaken. Active thermography and ultrasonic echo measurements are used to reveal potentially occurring inner cracks from the surface. To verify the non-invasive results, a core sample (diameter 2 cm) was extracted from each of the investigated cubic specimens and analysed in detail with X-ray computed tomography.
Furthermore, ultrasonic methods are used for quality assurance to detect obstacles, cracks, and delamination at in-situ scale sealing structures. Experimental layout and applied imaging techniques are optimised to enhance the image quality for measurements from the front side of the engineered barrier. To characterize the inside of the test sealing structure and to improve the detection of potentially existing cracks, an ultrasonic borehole probe using the phased array technique is developed. First analyses at a half-spherical specimen coincide with modelling results and prove the reliability of the directional response caused by the phased array technique of the newly constructed ultrasonic borehole probe. Overall, the project SealWasteSafe helps to characterize construction materials and improves multi-sensory monitoring concepts and ultrasonic equipment for the sake of quality assurance. Particularly for salt as a host rock, this will help to design safe sealing structures for nuclear waste disposal.
T2 - EGU General Assembly 2023
CY - Vienna, Austria
DA - 23.04.2023
KW - SealWasteSafe
KW - Engineered barriers
KW - Salt concrete
KW - Quality assurance
KW - Ultrasound
KW - CT
KW - Thermography
PY - 2023
DO - https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-11582
AN - OPUS4-57500
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Lay, Vera
T1 - Untersuchung eines Spritzbeton-Probekörpers unter Tage mit Ultraschall
N2 - Für die sichere Endlagerung nuklearer Abfälle sind im Salzgestein Verschlussbauwerke aus Salzbeton als geotechnischen Barrieren vorgesehen. Um die Integrität der Bauwerke im Rahmen einer Qualitätssicherung nachzuweisen, eignet sich eine zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (ZfP) mit Ultraschall-Verfahren. Potenziell auftretende Risse oder Ablösungen sowie Einbauteile können detektiert werden. Um die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Ultraschall-Echo-Messungen sowie der Auswertemethoden zu untersuchen, wurden in einem aus Spritzbeton hergestellten Testbauwerk in der Grube Teutschenthal (bei Halle, Deutschland) verschiedene Störkörper während der Betonage eingebettet. Die Störkörper (Breite 3 cm bis ~8 cm) liegen in Tiefen von etwa 30 cm bis 80 cm und repräsentieren Hohlräume, Risse oder Inhomogenitäten des Betons. Von der Oberfläche führten wir Ultraschall-Echo-Messungen auf einer Fläche von etwa 100x150 cm² in einem 3D Modus durch. Die Auswertung erfolgte zunächst mithilfe der in der ZfP etablierten Synthetic-Aperture-Focusing Technique (SAFT), die der Kirchhoff Migration ähnelt. Insgesamt wird eine Vielzahl von Reflektoren im Bauwerk abgebildet, die jedoch nur in wenigen Fällen den eingebauten Störkörpern zugeordnet werden konnten, so dass auch die Grenzen des Verfahrens bei dieser Bauweise deutlich werden. Allerdings konnte eine ungeplante großflächige (>30 cm) Ablösung nachgewiesen und durch anschließende Bohrungen verifiziert werden. Um das strukturelle Abbild des Bauwerksinneren trotz des stark streuenden Spritzbetons zu verbessern, wenden wir fokussierende Migrationsverfahren an. Erste Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine klarere Abbildung einzelner Reflektoren erreicht werden kann. Dies erleichtert die Detektion einzelner Objekte. Das hier präsentierte Experiment mit bekannten Reflektoren unter realen Bedingungen mit Spritzbeton unter Tage bietet hervorragende Möglichkeiten zur Überprüfung von methodischen Weiterentwicklungen im Bereich der Ultraschallanalyse. Durch die Verbesserung der Auswertemethodik und der darauf basierenden ultraschallbasierten Qualitätssicherungskonzepte werden insgesamt sicherere Verschlussbauwerke für nukleare Endlager ermöglicht.
T2 - 83. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Geophysikalischen Gesellschaft (DGG)
CY - Bremen, Germany
DA - 06.03.2023
KW - Ultraschall
KW - Spritzbeton
KW - Qualitätssicherung
KW - Abbildungsverfahren
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57136
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Richter, Tim
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Manzoni, Anna Maria
A1 - Schneider, M.
A1 - Laplanche, G.
T1 - Welding of high-entropy alloys and compositionally complex alloys - an overview
N2 - High-entropy alloys (HEAs) and compositionally complex alloys (CCAs) represent new classes of materials containing five or more alloying elements (concentration of each element ranging from 5 to 35 at. %). In the present study, HEAs are defined as single-phase solid solutions; CCAs contain at least two phases. The alloy concept of HEAs/CCAs is fundamentally different from most conventional alloys and promises interesting properties for industrial applications (e.g., to overcome the strength-ductility trade-off). To date, little attention has been paid to the weldability of HEAs/CCAs encompassing effects on the welding metallurgy. It remains open whether welding of HEAs/CCAs may lead to the formation of brittle intermetallics and promote elemental segregation at crystalline defects. The effect on the weld joint properties (strength, corrosion resistance) must be investigated. The weld metal and heat-affected zone in conventional alloys are characterized by non-equilibrium microstructural evolutions that most probably occur in HEAs/CCAs. The corresponding weldability has not yet been studied in detail in the literature, and the existing information is not documented in a comprehensive way. Therefore, this study summarizes the most important results on the welding of HEAs/CCAs and their weld joint properties, classified by HEA/CCA type (focused on CoCrFeMnNi and AlxCoCrCuyFeNi system) and welding process.
KW - High-entropy alloy
KW - Compositionally complex alloy
KW - Welding
KW - Properties
KW - Review
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-527068
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-021-01110-6
SP - 1
EP - 15
PB - Springer Nature
AN - OPUS4-52706
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Pu, Y.
A1 - Lawrence, M. J.
A1 - Celorrio, V.
A1 - Wang, Q.
A1 - Gu, M.
A1 - Sun, Z.
A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo
A1 - Russell, A. E.
A1 - Huang, L.
A1 - Rodriguez, P.
T1 - Nickel confined in 2D earth-abundant oxide layers for highly efficient and durable oxygen evolution catalysts
N2 - Low cost, high-efficiency catalysts towards water splitting are urgently required to fulfil the increasing demand for energy. In this work, low-loading (<20 wt%) Ni-confined in layered metal oxide anode catalysts (birnessite and lepidocrocite titanate) have been synthesized by facile ion exchange methodology and subjected to systematic electrochemical studies. It was found that Ni-intercalated on K-rich birnessite (Ni-KMO) presents an onset overpotential (ηonset) as low as 100 mV and overpotential at 10 mA cm−2 (η10) of 206 mV in pH = 14 electrolyte. By combining electrochemical methods and X-ray absorption and emission spectroscopies (XAS and XES), we demonstrate Ni sites are the active sites for OER catalysis and that the Mn3+ sites facilitate Ni intercalation during the ion-exchange process, but display no observable contribution towards OER activity. The effect of the pH and the nature of the supporting electrolyte on the electrochemical performance was also evaluated.
KW - Confined catalyst
KW - Low-loading
KW - Layered manganese oxide
KW - Oxygen evolution reaction
KW - Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-515027
DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TA04031B
SN - 2050-7496
SN - 2050-7488
VL - 8
IS - 26
SP - 13340
EP - 13350
PB - Royal Society of Chemistry
CY - London
AN - OPUS4-51502
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Lay, Vera
T1 - Multi-sensory monitoring and ultrasound for quality assurance at underground sealing structures
N2 - Within the safety concepts of underground disposal sites of nuclear waste, engineered barriers play an important role. As these sealing structures have high demands concerning integrity, we aim at advancing the available construction materials, monitoring and inspection techniques within the project SealWasteSafe.
After successful laboratory analysis on the cm-scale, cylindrical and cuboid specimens on the m-scale are produced from classical salt concrete and a specifically developed alkali-activated material. A comprehensive multi-sensory monitoring scheme is applied to compare the setting process of both materials and to demonstrate the sensors’ resistance to highly alkaline environments. Besides temperature and humidity of the materials, strain variations using fibre optic sensors and acoustic emissions are recorded over periods of at least 28 days, partly for more than 8 months. Passive sensor systems based on radiofrequency identification technology (RFID) embedded in the concrete allow for wireless access to temperature and humidity measurements and are compared to conventional cabled systems. After hardening and removal of the outer casings of the specimens, further non-destructive evaluations using ultrasonic echo and thermographic measurements are conducted. Preliminary results clearly highlight differences between the tested materials, particularly showing lower acoustic emission activity for the newly developed alkali-activated material potentially indicating less phase changes or cracks.
Complementary, ultrasonic methods are improved to be used for quality assurance to detect obstacles, potential cracks and delamination at in-situ sealing structure scale. A unique large aperture ultrasonic system (LAUS) with depth penetration as large as 9 m has already successfully been applied at the test site in Morsleben, Germany, of the federal company for radioactive waste disposal (BGE). Modelling studies help to further optimize the measurement layout. Advanced imaging techniques applied to the modelled and measured data will further improve the obtained images of internal structures. Additionally, an ultrasonic borehole probe is developed and constructed using phased arrays to further enhance the detection of potential cracks. Modelling and preliminary results from laboratory specimens prove the feasibility and potential of the directional response even in heterogeneous material such as concrete. Final investigations under in-situ conditions at the test site of the sealing structure are planned.
Overall, the project SealWasteSafe improves the construction material, multi-sensory monitoring, and ultrasound for quality assurance to allow for the development of safe nuclear sealing structures. Although the techniques are tailored for sealing structures within salt as a host rock, they are transferrable to a wider field of applications and alternative disposal conditions.
T2 - NDE NucCon
CY - Espoo, Finland
DA - 25.01.2023
KW - SealWasteSafe
KW - Engineered barriers
KW - Monitoring
KW - Embedded sensors
KW - Ultrasonic imaging
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-56927
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
T1 - Nuclear concrete, and how to live with it more easy using NDE
N2 - This keynote presentation compiles the specialities of civil engineering compared to other disciplines, of NDT in civil engineering compared to other filds of NDT and the specific challenges of applications in the nuclear energy and disposal sector.
T2 - NucCon 2023
CY - Espoo, Finland
DA - 25.01.2023
KW - NDT
KW - Concrete
KW - Nuclear
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-56912
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Soba, L.
A1 - Tuma, Dirk
T1 - Messung der Schallgeschwindigkeit in Neopentan bei Temperaturen von (263 bis 373) K und Drücken bis 20 MPa
N2 - Alkan-Isomere haben signifikanten Einfluss als Spurenstoffe auf
thermodynamische Eigenschaften von Erdgasgemischen. In Erdgas sind bis zu 0.35 mol-% Neopentan enthalten. Gemischmodelle basieren auf Reinstoffzustandsgleichungen der beteiligten Komponenten. Die hier untersuchte Schallgeschwindigkeit ist von besonderer Bedeutung für die Entwicklung hochgenauer Gleichungen.
T2 - Thermodynamik-Kolloquium 2025
CY - Hamburg, Germany
DA - 22.09.2025
KW - Neopentan
KW - Schallgeschwindigkeit
KW - Zustandsgleichung
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64226
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zekhnini, Khalid
T1 - Constructive corrosion protection - Stainless steel in offshore plant construction
N2 - Maritime exposure poses particular challenges for corrosion
protection in plant construction. In addition to the right choice
of materials, special design features that can have an impact
on corrosion resistance must also be taken into account to
ensure long-lasting corrosion protection. In practice, structural
crevice arrangements are unavoidable, and therefore the
crevice corrosion resistances of stainless steels are of
particular importance. These and other influences are being
investigated in this joint project.
T2 - H2Mare PtX-Verbundtreffen
CY - Hamburg, Germany
DA - 16.04.2024
KW - Atmospheric Corrosion
KW - Offshore
KW - Corrosion Testing
KW - Marine Corrosion
KW - Stainless steel
KW - Crevice corrosion
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59918
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Böttcher, Nils
T1 - Lithium-Ionen-Batterien: Aktuelles aus der Forschung Optimierungsmöglichkeiten beim Transport kritisch-defekter Batterien
N2 - Durch den gekühlte Transport von kritisch defekten Lithium-Batterien können Zellen unterhalb ihrer initialen Reaktionstemperatur inert und ohne thermisches Durchgehen sicher transportiert werden. Allerdings kann das Auftauen von kritischen Zellen je nach Beständigkeit der Kurzschlusses dennoch zum thermischen Durchgehen führen. Zusätzlich sollte ein direkter Kontakt mit dem Kühlmedium sollte unterbunden werden, da dieses sonst in die Zellen eindringen kann. Anhand der vorgestellten Ergebnisse zeigt sich zudem keine allgemeingültige sichere Transporttemperatur.
T2 - IAA Transportation
CY - Hannover, Germany
DA - 19.09.2024
KW - Thermal runaway
KW - Low temperature
KW - Lithium-ion batteries
KW - Abuse testing
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62320
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Averin, Anton
T1 - Detection of internal corrosion in drums for radioactive waste using thermographic methods
N2 - In Deutschland lagern über 130.000 Kubikmeter schwach- und mittelradioaktiver Abfälle, davon etwa 90 % des gesamten radioaktiven Abfalls in 200-Liter-Fässern. Diese Fässer werden aktuell in Zwischenlagern aufbewahrt und dort, um die Sicherheit zu gewährleisten, manuell auf äußere Korrosion überprüft, während das vorgesehene Endlager, das Bergwerk Konrad, voraussichtlich erst bis 2030 fertiggestellt wird. Manuelle Inspektionen bergen jedoch das Risiko menschlicher Fehler, was die Zuverlässigkeit und Sicherheit des Prozesses beeinträchtigt und sind auf die Erkennung äußerlich sichtbarer Unregelmäßigkeiten beschränkt.
Ziel des FORKA-geförderten Projektes „ZIKA“ ist es, diese Inspektionen durch eine vollautomatisierte zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (NDT) zu automatisieren. Ein Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf der Anwendung von aktiver Infrarotthermografie zur Erkennung innerer Defekte in Metallfässern, die mit visuellen Inspektionen nicht entdeckt werden können. Die Genauigkeit thermografischer Prüfung wird dabei durch Oberflächenkontaminationen (Kratzer, Schmutz, Aufkleber), Farbschichten mit geringer Wärmeleitfähigkeit und die Krümmung der Fässer, welche die Wärmeverteilung beeinflussen, beeinträchtigt.
Die hier präsentierte Studie analysiert die Eignung von aktiver thermografischer Prüfung zur Detektion innenliegender Korrosion unter Zuhilfenahme verschiedener Wärmequellen – Blitzlampen, Induktionsgenerator, Laser –, sowie verschiedener Anregetechniken, wie Impulsthermografie, Lock-in-Thermografie und Puls-Kompression. Zudem werden auch Methoden zur Datenverarbeitung, darunter Hauptkomponententhermografie (PCT), Puls-Phasen-Thermografie (PPT) und thermische Signalrekonstruktion (TSR) evaluiert. Um Messrauschen und Artefakte in den thermografischen Bildern zu filtern, wurden maschinelle Lernmodelle entwickelt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Kombination fortschrittlicher Thermografietechniken mit maschinellem Lernen die Defekterkennung verbessert und automatisierte, zuverlässigere Inspektionsprozesse für die Lagerung radioaktiver Abfälle ermöglicht.
T2 - DGZFP Jahrestagung 2025
CY - Berlin, Deutschland
DA - 26.05.2025
KW - Automatisierte Inspektion
KW - Fehlererkennung
KW - Infrarot-Thermografie
KW - Laser-Thermografie
KW - Maschinelles Lernen
KW - Thermografie mit Hauptkomponentenanalyse
KW - Pulsphasen-Thermografie
KW - Thermische Datenverarbeitung
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63286
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - RPRT
A1 - Völzke, Holger
A1 - Cherkouk, Andrea
A1 - Zajec, Bojan
A1 - Debelle, Aurélien
A1 - Alonso, Ursula
A1 - Ganster, Patrick
A1 - Generelo-Casajus, Lidia
A1 - Merroun, Mohamed L.
A1 - Morales-Hidalgo, Mar
A1 - Pakarinen, Janne
A1 - Rossignol, Fabrice
A1 - Trentin, Andressa
T1 - Durability of traditional and innovative disposal container materials and coatings: State-of-the-art and further research within InCoManD
N2 - This document provides a consolidated state-of-the-art overview of current knowledge on containers designed to safely isolate heat-generating high-level radioactive waste in deep geological repositories (DGRs). These containers form a vital part of the multi-barrier safety system that ensures long-term protection of people and the environment. Their durability — especially their resistance to corrosion and mechanical stress — is essential, as they are expected to perform over time scales ranging from hundreds to hundreds of thousands of years.
The findings presented here are taken from recent research studies out of the EURAD programme and also from the EURAD-1 ConCorD project (Work Package 15, 2021–2024), which reviewed the performance of various container materials, including copper, carbon steel and silicon carbide. The report covers experimental results under relevant disposal conditions, the impact of manufacturing and sealing processes, and the current capabilities of modelling tools to simulate the complex underground environment in which these containers will operate.
In addition to summarising knowledge on traditional materials, the document highlights recent progress and remaining challenges related to innovative ceramic-based containers. Key issues include ensuring effective sealing and mechanical integrity, particularly under harsh and evolving conditions over long periods.
The report also emphasizes the importance of understanding how different environmental and mechanical factors interact to influence container degradation. Neither corrosion nor stress alone can fully explain long-term behaviour, and both must be studied together.
Finally, this state-of-the-art sets the stage for future work, especially the EURAD-2 InCoManD project (Work Package 9), which will build on these findings to improve testing methods, refine models, and explore promising new materials and design solutions for safer and more reliable waste containment. Research activities within InCoManD are hence briefly described throughout this document.
KW - Disposal container
KW - Radioactive waste
KW - Deep geological repository
KW - Corrosion resistance
KW - Durability
PY - 2025
UR - https://www.ejp-eurad.eu/sites/default/files/2025-06/EURAD2_WP09_INCO_T02_01_D09.1_SOTA_0.pdf
N1 - This document is a deliverable of the European Partnership on Radioactive Waste Management 2 (EURAD-2); EURAD-2 is co-funded by the European Union under Grant Agreement N°101166718.
VL - Deliverable 9.1
SP - 1
EP - 60
PB - Agence Nationale pour la Gestion des Déchets Radioactifs (ANDRA)
CY - Châtenay-Malabry
AN - OPUS4-63303
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Böttcher, Nils
T1 - Kalte Kiste - Tieftemperatur Transport eine sichere Option für kritische Batterien?
N2 - Obwohl Batterien und im Besonderen Lithiumbatterien bei normaler Benutzung sicher sind, kann ein Fehlerfall zu einem katastrophalen Event führen. Dabei können giftige Gase frei werden und es kann bis zum Brand der gesamten Batterie kommen. Daher muss der Transport beschädigter Batterien unter sicheren Bedingungen erfolgen. Die Zuständigkeit für den sicheren Transport kritisch defekter Batterien in Deutschland hat die BAM inne. In diesem Zusammenhang erforscht die BAM an sicheren Transportbedingungen, welche im Rahmen dieser Präsentation vorgestellt werden. Dabei zeigen Lithiumbatterien unterhalb einer individuellen Temperatur keinerlei Reaktionen bei kritischer Beschädigung. Diese Temperatur wird als initiale Reaktionstemperatur (IRT) definiert. Ferner kann diese IRT mit einem einfachen elektrischen Test bestimmt werden. Ein Auftauen nach der kritischen Beschädigung kann dennoch zum thermischen Durchgehen (TR) führen. Dieser kann jedoch zusätzlich auch lokal begrenzt auftreten. Das Schockfrosten während des laufenden TR führt nicht immer dazu, dass der TR gestoppt wird.
T2 - VDA AK Gefahrgutbeauftragte
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 11.02.2025
KW - Lithiumbatterien
KW - Batteriesicherheit
KW - Gekühlter Transport
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63347
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Thermal desorption spectroscopy for identification of diffusion and trapping in CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy at 1,000 bar high-pressure hydrogen
N2 - First studies on the mechanical behavior of high-entropy alloys (HEAs) in high-pressure hydrogen environment are available. In contrast, the underlying hydrogen absorption, diffusion and trapping in these HEAs like the Cantor-alloy was less in the scientific scope so far. For that reason, the CoCrFeMnNi-HEA was compared to a conventional AISI 316L austenitic steel, by exposing to high-pressure hydrogen charging at 200 bar and very-high pressure at 1,000 bar. Thermal desorption analysis (TDA) was applied with different heating rates (0.125 K/s to 0.500 K/s). The underlying TDA spectra were analyzed in terms of a reasonable peak deconvolution to into a defined number of peaks and the calculation of the activation energies for the respective and predominant hydrogen trap sites. Both materials show a comparable hydrogen diffusivity. The obtained activation energies suggest that in case of the CoCrFeMnNi-HEAs an interaction of the austenitic phase as well as the direct atomic bonding of hydrogen to the metal atoms are the dominant traps, since “impurities” such as carbides or inclusions are only present in trace amounts. Available literature suggests that the Cr and Mn-content is here of special interest for the direct hydrogen bonding at solute atoms. Despite the activation energy, the trap occupancy rate must be considered in terms of a pressure-related hydrogen absorption. The derived apparent hydrogen solubility was in the order: 316L < CoCrFeMnNi-HEA for both charging pressures. Especially, the 1,000 bar values lead to noteworthy results with > 70 wt.ppm for the AISI 316L and >130 wt.ppm for the CoCrFeMnNi. In fact, both the hydrogen diffusion and trapping data on gaseous high-pressure hydrogen charged HEAs are rare so far. The results of the present study allow a deeper understanding of hydrogen trapping in the regarded CoCrFeMnNi-system.
T2 - 1st Conference on Hydrogen in Materials Science and Engineering (H2-MSE)
CY - Freiburg, Germany
DA - 11.02.2025
KW - High-entropy alloy
KW - Hydrogen diffusion
KW - High-pressure charging
KW - Thermal desorption analysis
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62543
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Fügetechnik in Wasserstofftechnologien: Erzeugung, Transport, Speicherung, Nutzung
N2 - Der Vortrag gibt einen kurzen Überblick über die Bedeutung der Fügetechnik in Wasserstofftechnologien und über zukünftige FuE-Bereiche. Fügetechnologien haben dabei wesentliche Bedeutung für die Umsetzung von technischen Komponenten der Wasserstofftechnologien. Forschungsschwerpunkte ergeben sich insbesondere für die Erzeugung und den Transport des Wasserstoffs.
T2 - Vortragsreihe des DVS Bezirksverbandes Berlin
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 22.02.2023
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Fügetechnik
KW - Forschung
KW - Review
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57040
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - RPRT
A1 - Babutzka, Martin
A1 - Zekhnini, Khalid
A1 - Seifert, Lando
A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa
A1 - Grabowski, Sven
T1 - Schlussbericht zum Forschungsvorhaben „Verbundvorhaben: "KKS-Gründung" - Korrosionsmonitoring und aktiver kathodischer Korrosionsschutz von Offshore-Gründungsstrukturen - Teilvorhaben: Korrosionsprüfungen im Laborcontainer“ in der Fördermaßnahme „Anwendungsorientierte nichtnukleare FuE im 6. Energieforschungsprogramm“ im Förderbereich „Windenergie“
N2 - Das Ziel des Verbundforschungsvorhabens KKS-Gründung war die Entwicklung eines Monitoringsystems zur Erfassung von Korrosion an Gründungsstrukturen im Labormaßstab. Dafür war eine umfassende Bewertung und Beschreibung korrosionsbeeinflussender Faktoren und der Korrosionssysteme notwendig. Im Vorhaben KKS-Gründung wurde die Gründungsstruktur unterhalb der Wasserlinie betrachtet bis hin zum anaeroben Bereich im Sediment. Insbesondere der Sedimentbereich wurde bisher nur unzureichend betrachtet. Da die komplexen Mechanismen in der Sedimentzone noch nicht ausreichend wissenschaftlich untersucht wurden, mussten Möglichkeiten entwickelt werden, um diese zu bewerten.
Im Verbundforschungsvorhaben KKS-Gründung agierte die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) als Forschungsstelle. Die Hauptziele des Teilvorhabens der BAM waren die Bereitstellung einer Messumgebung für das von den Partnern entwickelte Monitoringsystem, die umfassende wissenschaftliche Beschreibung der Korrosionssysteme im Unterwasserbereich und Sediment sowie die Gewinnung von Messdaten zur Verifizierung und Überführung in die Simulation. Als Forschungsstelle war die BAM der Ansprechpartner für die Verbundpartner bei wissenschaftlichen Fragestellungen.
Die Hauptziele des Vorhabens wurden erreicht und es wurden grundlegende Erkenntnisse zum Korrosionsverhalten von Offshore-Stahl im Unterwasser und Sedimentbereich gewonnen. Darüber hinaus wurden wichtige Erkenntnisse zum Betrieb eines Laborcontainers und zur Nachstellung von Korrosionssystemen in Meerwasserbecken bei Verwendung von künstlichem Meerwasser und Sand als Sediment gewonnen. Eine Beschreibung und Bewertung der Korrosivität und ablaufender Reaktionen in den einzelnen Belastungszonen wurde mittels elektrochemischer und gravimetrischer Verfahren vorgenommen.
KW - Korrosionsschutz
KW - KKS
KW - Korrosionsmonitoring
KW - Offshore-Windenergieanlagen
KW - Meerwasser
KW - Sediment
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-569252
SP - 1
EP - 74
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-56925
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bernardy, Christopher
T1 - Real scale safety investigations of hydrogen jet flames at high pressure
N2 - In order to reduce the human footprint of CO2 emissions and limit global warming effects hydrogen combustion is becoming increasingly important. To enable fuel cells and gas turbines to operates this carbon free fuel, unprecedently large amounts of hydrogen need to be produced and safely transported and stored. The investigation of the effects of accidents involving hydrogen is therefore becoming of outmost importance. Since hydrogen is usually stored and transported under pressure, one scenario to be considered is the release of hydrogen from a leakage with subsequent ignition. The resulting jet flame must be characterized with respect to the thermal radiation emitted into the environment to define safety regulations. Various models that characterize the resulting flame shape and radiation already exist in the literature, but these are mainly based on empirical data from hydrocarbon jet flames.[1-4] To verify these models, a H2 Jet Flame project conducted at BAM, is investigating the safety of momentum driven hydrogen jet flames. For this purpose, large-scale tests are carried out at the Test Site Technical Safety (BAM-TTS). The object of the investigations is to assess the effects of real scale release scenarios regarding flame geometry and the thermal radiation emitted. Parameters such as release angle, leakage diameter (currently 1 mm to 10 mm), pressure (currently up to max. 250 bar) and mass flow (up to max. 0.5 kg/s) are varied. In addition, influences such as the type of ignition, ignition location as well as delayed ignition can also be investigated. The gained knowledge will be compared with existing jet flame models, to validate these and identify a possible need for further development. In particular, the focus will be laid on the thermal radiation of hydrogen flames. The challenge here is the visualization and characterization of the flame geometry in an open environment. Visualization is performed using infrared (IR) camera systems from at least two viewing angles. Measurements of the heat radiation of jet flames, which can be found in the literature, are mostly based on unsteady outflow conditions.The experimental setup used here allows for the generation of a steady-state outflow for several minutes and thus a direct comparability with existing (steady-state) models. Furthermore, the tests can be carried out for comparative measurements with hydrocarbons (methane, etc.) as well as mixtures of hydrogen and hydrocarbons.
T2 - European PhD Hydrogen Conference 2024 (EPHyC2024)
CY - Gent, Belgium
DA - 20.03.2024
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Release
KW - Jet flame
KW - Thermal radiation
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59908
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bernardy, Christopher
T1 - Investigation of the thermal radiation from hydrogen jet flames
N2 - For industrial applications dealing with hydrogen, the definition of safety distances and the assessment of possible hazards emanating from releases is mandatory. Since hydrogen is usually stored and transported under pressure, one scenario to be considered is the momentum driven release of hydrogen from a leakage with subsequent ignition. In this scenario, the emitted heat radiation from the resulting jet flame to the surroundings has to be determined to define adequate safety distances. For hydrocarbon flames, different jet flame models are available to assess the hazards resulting from an ignited jet release. Since hydrogen flames differ from hydrocarbon flames in their combustion behavior, it has to be checked if these models are also applicable for hydrogen. To evaluate the accuracy of these models for hydrogen jet flames, tests at real-scale are carried out at the BAM Test Site for Technical Safety (BAM-TTS). Herein, the flame geometry and the heat radiation at defined locations in the surroundings are recorded for varying release parameters such as leakage diameter (currently up to 30 mm), release pressure (currently up to max. 250 bar) and mass flow (up to max. 0.5 kg/s). The challenge here is the characterization of the flame geometry in an open environment and its impact on the thermal radiation. Existing heat radiation data from the literature are mostly based on unsteady outflow conditions. For a better comparability with the steady state jet flame models, the experiments presented here are focused on ensuring a constant mass flow over the release duration to obtain a (quasi) stationary jet flame. In addition, stationary outflow tests with hydrocarbons (methane) were also carried out, which are intended to serve as reference tests for checking flame models based on hydrocarbon data.
T2 - 15th International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions (ISHPMIE)
CY - Naples, Italy
DA - 10.06.2024
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Release
KW - Jet flame
KW - Thermal radiation
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60512
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kluge, Martin
A1 - Habib, Abdel Karim
A1 - van Wingerden, Kees
ED - Beyer, Michael
ED - Lucassen, Arnas
T1 - Large-scale tests to investigate the consequences of exposing cryogenic storage vessels containing liquid hydrogen to a fire load
N2 - Large Scale Experiments have been performed to determine whether a storage vessel containing liquid hydrogen (LH2) and caught in a fire engulfing the vessel can result in a BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion) and if so its consequences. The tests were performed at the Test Site Technical Safety of the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) in Germany at the Hydrogen Test Area (H2TA) within a research cooperation between BAM and Gexcon as part of the SH2IFT program. Three tests were performed using double-walled vacuum insulated vessels of 1 m3 volume. The cylindrical Vessels differed in orientation (horizontal or vertical) and the insulation material used (perlite or multi-layer insulation (MLI)). The degree of filling of the vessels was approximately 35-40 % in each of the tests performed. The fire load was provided by a propane fed burner-system positioned under the storage vessel and designed to give a homogeneous fire load. The conditions in the vessel (temperatures and pressure) as well as external effects (heat radiation, blast waves, flame ball development and fragmentation) were measured. All vessels were equipped with K-type thermocouples at several locations at the inner and outer vessel shell. The pressure inside the inner vessel and in the space between the inner and outer vessels (vacuum pressure) was measured. Bolometers were used to measure the heat radiation generated by both the propane fire and that generated by a possible fireball/BLEVE. To measure blast generated by the vessel burst/BLEVEs blast pencils were positioned at up to three locations. Further several cameras were used to monitor the events: normal cameras, infrared (IR)-cameras, high-speed cameras also on board of an UAV. Two of these vessels, a horizontal and a vertical vessel both insulated with perlite withstood the fire loading for 1 hour 20 minutes and 4 hours respectively without catastrophic failure. A horizontal vessel insulated with MLI failed by bursting after 1 hour and 6 minutes resulting in a fireball, fragments, and blast wave.
T2 - 14th International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions
CY - Braunschweig, Germany
DA - 11.07.2022
KW - Prevention
KW - Industrial explosions
KW - BLEVE
KW - LH2
KW - Fire ball
KW - Fragments
PY - 2022
DO - https://doi.org/10.7795/810.20221124
SP - 168
EP - 181
AN - OPUS4-59440
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Neumann, Patrick P.
T1 - Bringing Mobile Robot Olfaction to the Next Dimension – UAV-based Remote Sensing of Gas Clouds and Source Localization
N2 - This presentation introduces a novel robotic platform for aerial remote gas sensing. Spectroscopic measurement methods for remote sensing of selected gases lend themselves for use on mini-copters, which offer a number of advantages for inspection and surveillance. No direct contact with the target gas is needed and thus the influence of the aerial platform on the measured gas plume can be kept to a minimum. This allows to overcome one of the major issues with gas-sensitive mini-copters. On the other hand, remote gas sensors, most prominently Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS) sensors have been too bulky given the payload and energy restrictions of mini-copters. Here, we introduce and present the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for Remote Gas Sensing (UAV-REGAS), which combines a novel lightweight TDLAS sensor with a 3-axis aerial stabilization gimbal for aiming on a versatile hexacopter. The proposed system can be deployed in scenarios that cannot be addressed by currently available robots and thus constitutes a significant step forward for the field of Mobile Robot Olfaction (MRO). It enables tomographic reconstruction of gas plumes and a localization of gas sources. We also present first results showing the gas sensing and aiming capabilities under realistic conditions.
T2 - IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)
CY - Singapore
DA - 29.05.2017
KW - Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS)
KW - 3-axis gimbal
KW - Mobile Robot Olfaction
KW - Tomographic reconstruction of gas plumes
KW - Localization of gas sources
KW - Aerial platform
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-40546
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wandtke, Karsten
T1 - Residual stress formation in DED-arc manufactured high strength steel components
N2 - Additive manufacturing (AM) processes enable the efficient production of advanced constructions. New developments in topology optimization are leading to weight-optimized designs of increasing complexity. Direct energy deposition processes (DED) such as wire and arc-based additive manufacturing are an important method of additive manufacturing. The wire filler metals enable a wide range of materials, while the arc process provides a high deposition rate compared to laser and powder-based processes. Combined with the use of high-strength steels, the thickness of walls or components can be significantly reduced in the context of lightweight construction, which results in significant savings in energy, costs, time and resources. Suitable high-strength steel filler metals are commercially available for DED-arc AM processes. However, guidelines and quantitative knowledge about welding stresses and cold cracking issues during component production and service are lacking. This limits the industrial application considerably. In a joint project of BAM and Chemnitz University of Technology, the main influences and complex interactions of material, production process, design and processing steps on the residual stress level are investigated. The aim is to develop processing recommendations and a cold cracking test for economical processing and stress-related design of high-strength steels with DED-arc. This study focuses on residual stress analysis by neutron diffraction (ND) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) on defined test specimens. The ND analysis were performed at the Paul Scherrer Institute- Villigen, Switzerland (PSI) and the XRD analysis at BAM. The study shows a quantitative and qualitative comparison of the residual stress magnitudes and distribution between the component bulk (ND) and surface (XRD) analyses. The ND analysis reveals that in DED-arc AM walls the residual stresses dominate in the direction of welding and are negligibly small in each case transverse to the direction of welding. The topology of the analyzed residual stresses shows almost identical residual stress maps compared to XRD. In addition, the residual stresses are significantly influenced by the solid phase transformation of the material due to low cooling times and less post heat treatment cycles of following AM layers in the area of the top layer.
T2 - IIW Intermediate Meeting C-XIII
CY - Online meeting
DA - 20.04.2023
KW - Additive Manufacturing
KW - High strength steel
KW - Residual Stress
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-59308
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Golub, Tino
T1 - Combined Quantification of Hydrogen in Natural Gas: A Comparative Study of Raman and NMR Spectroscopy
N2 - Accurate hydrogen quantification in natural gas mixtures is essential for various industrial applications, necessitating fast, reliable, and cost-efficient measurement techniques. In this study, we explore the combined use of Raman spectroscopy and benchtop NMR spectroscopy to assess their effectiveness in determining hydrogen concentrations. A specialized system was developed to integrate both methods, allowing simultaneous analysis of identical gas samples. Measurements were performed using a series of gravimetrically prepared gas mixtures with hydrogen concentrations ranging from 1.20 cmol/mol to 85.83 cmol/mol. Raman spectroscopy demonstrated superior accuracy, achieving a low root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.22 cmol/mol with excellent linearity. By contrast, benchtop NMR spectroscopy faced technical limitations, such as signal overlap and slower processing times, resulting in a higher RMSE of 0.71 cmol/mol. Raman spectroscopy's precision and quick response make it an excellent choice for practical applications, while ongoing developments in NMR technology, particularly improvements in magnetic field strength, could enhance its performance in the future. This study highlights Raman spectroscopy as a robust tool for hydrogen quantification, while benchtop NMR shows potential for future innovation in this field.
T2 - Anakon 2025
CY - Leipzig, Germany
DA - 10.03.2025
KW - NMR Spectroscopy
KW - Raman Spectroscopy
KW - Hydrogen quantification
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62722
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
T1 - Introduction to the Workshop Life Time Extension
N2 - The article introduces the topic of life time extension for offshore wind turbines. On the one hand, analogies are drawn with the topic of old steel bridges. On the other hand, potential regulatory issues and minimum requirements are discussed.
T2 - Workshop Offshore Wind
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 26.02.2025
KW - Life Time Extension
KW - Offshore Wind
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62640
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kemmler, Samuel
T1 - A Fluid Solid Coupled Micromechanical Simulation of Piping Erosion During the Installation of a Suction Bucket for the Foundation of an Offshore Wind Turbine
N2 - We present our approach and methodology for simulating piping erosion, which occurs during the installation process of suction bucket foundations for offshore wind turbines. We show several simulations and analyze the hydrodynamic and contact forces acting on the granular fabric and the differential pressure of the fluid phase. We demonstrate weak scaling performance on the LUMI supercomputer with a parallel efficiency of up to 90% for 4096 Graphics Compute Dies.
T2 - 9th European Congress on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences and Engineering (ECCOMAS)
CY - Lisbon, Potugal
DA - 03.06.2024
KW - Offshore wind turbine
KW - Suction bucket
KW - Coupled fluid-particle simulation
KW - High-performance computing
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60207
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zekhnini, Khalid
A1 - Seifert, Lando
T1 - Aspects of corrosion protection in the maritime sector– Focus of Current research of BAM for H2Mare
N2 - Germany has set itself the task of becoming a world leader in the field of green hydrogen technologies and is promoting the transition to a hydrogen economy. The H2Mare flagship project is exploring the offshore production of green hydrogen and other power-to-X products. One of the most important goals is the safe and cost-efficient operation of offshore infrastructures, where a service life of at least 25 years is aimed at. However, the corrosive environment towards metallic materials presents challenges in marine areas. The atmosphere at one location could be affected by the distance to the sea level and does not have the same corrosivity for all exposed kinds of materials. The research of the durabilitty of different materials and corrosion protection systems by weathering campaigns and laboratory experiments aims to close this gap of knowledge. BAM‘s mandate is to make the data available to the responsible operators through standardisation to ensure safety and cost efficiency.
T2 - H2Mare Conference 2024
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 06.06.2024
KW - Atmospheric Corrosion
KW - Offshore
KW - Wind energy
KW - Marine Corrosion
KW - Laboratory Container
KW - Corrosion protecting system
KW - Sediment
KW - Green Hydrogen
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60225
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Seifert, Lando
T1 - Weathering campaigns for a marine corrosion atlas
N2 - Germany has set itself the task to become a world leader in the field of green hydrogen technologies and is promoting the transition to a hydrogen economy. The H2Mare flagship project is exploring the offshore production of green hydrogen and other power-to-X products. One of the most important goals is the safe and cost-efficient operation of offshore infrastructures, where a service life of at least 25 years is aimed. However, the corrosive environment towards metallic materials presents challenges in marine areas. The atmosphere at one location could be affected by the distance to the sea level and does not have the same corrosivity for all exposed kinds of materials. The creation of an atmosphere corrosion atlas for marine environments by weathering campaigns aims to close this gap. Operators of offshore structures can use the data to estimate the corrosivity of the atmosphere on the construction site. This allows planning to be optimized in terms of platform safety as well as maintenance costs.
T2 - Conference EUROCORR 2024
CY - Paris, France
DA - 01.09.2024
KW - Offshore Corrosion
KW - Marine Corrosion
KW - Corrosivity
KW - Green Hydrogen
KW - Power-to-X
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60989
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kemmler, Samuel
A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo
A1 - Artinov, Antoni
A1 - Luu, Li-Hua
A1 - Farhat, Abbas
A1 - Philippe, Pierre
A1 - Rettinger, Christoph
A1 - Köstler, Harald
T1 - A fully-resolved micromechanical simulation of piping erosion during a suction bucket installation
N2 - Granular fluidization phenomena such as piping erosion represent a challenge to the delicate installation process of offshore suction bucket foundations. A detailed analysis of the complex conditions in terms of soil composition, soil state, and foundation installation parameters that may lead to piping can be very demanding, if at all possible, solely by experimental means or using macroscopic continuum-based seabed models. The present paper presents a fully-resolved fluid-coupled micromechanical approach for a three-dimensional numerical simulation of the installation process of a suction bucket using the lattice Boltzmann method and discrete element method. The developed model is validated using well-established benchmarks and calibrated by means of experimental data from physical model tests on relevant scenarios focusing on the local fluidization of fixed embedded suction buckets as well as on the suction-driven installation of unrestrained buckets. The qualitative and quantitative agreement with the experimental data both endorse the proposed methodology and highlight the physical soundness of the obtained results. Thereby, the paper shows that three-dimensional analyses of relevant local scenarios at a real scale with little macromechanical model assumptions are feasible.
KW - Micromechanical simulation
KW - Fluid–solid coupling
KW - Piping erosion
KW - Suction bucket foundation
KW - Offshore wind support structure
KW - High-performance computing
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-633790
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2025.107375
SN - 0266-352X
VL - 186
SP - 1
EP - 17
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-63379
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Rappsilber, Tim
A1 - Krüger, Simone
A1 - Raspe, Tina
A1 - Wagner, Patrick
A1 - Liebner, Christian
A1 - Strzyz, Thaddeus
A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico
T1 - Hazard classification of different lithium-ion battery types after triggering thermal runaway
N2 - For a better understanding of relevant parameters influencing the thermal runaway, this work classifies the behavior of six different types of lithium-ion batteries. Based on 145 repeatable tests, this research has created a unique and detailed database of battery behavior during thermal runaway. It contains information about changes in cell temperature, voltage, mass loss, smoke gas release and gas pressure. When it comes to characterizing the thermal runaway behavior across different cell types, this work eliminates the need for complex meta-analyses, which can only provide limited information due to the different test conditions in different test benches. In a pressure-resistant 100 dm³ autoclave and an 8-m³ room with connected multi gas analysis, 24 setups were examined under identical conditions. The investigations were carried out as a function of the variation parameters cell geometry, cathode active material, state of charge and initiation method of thermal runaway. The analysis of the measurement data reveals clear differences in the thermal runaway behavior of the tested cell types and can be used as a reference for determining the hazard potential in individual assessment categories of different cells.
All measured values from both test benches as well as the visual evaluation of the cell behavior during the test runs in the 8 m³ room are made available in a comprehensive data table in the supplementary material.
KW - Lithium Ion
KW - Thermal Runaway
KW - State of charge
KW - Hazard classification
KW - gas emission
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-634429
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105691
SN - 0950-4230
VL - 97
SP - 1
EP - 15
PB - Elsevier B.V.
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-63442
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Konert, Florian
T1 - Evaluation of the tensile properties of X65 pipeline steel in compressed gaseous hydrogen using hollow specimens
N2 - Hydrogen has great potential into the decarbonization process of the energy and transport sectors, thus helping to mitigate the urgent issue of global warming. It can be sustainably produced through water electrolysis with potentially zero emissions, and efficiently used in fuel cell systems. Despite its environmental advantages, hydrogen is an extremely flammable substance and its interaction with most metallic materials could result in their mechanical properties degradation to an extent that could make them inherently unsafe.
Extensive material testing under realistic operating conditions is required to determine the criteria under which hydrogen-induced damage is to be expected. In-situ slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) test is an option that allow the quantification of the behavior of metals in hydrogenated environments. The standardized procedure for testing in-situ the pressurized gaseous hydrogen
effect on metals consists of the utilization of an autoclave as a containment volume. Testing inside an autoclave is difficult, expensive, and time-consuming, and requires specialized equipment and trained personnel. A relatively recent method to circumvent these issues and provide affordable and reliable test results consists in using hollow specimens as the gas containment volume, thus applying the hydrogen pressure inside rather than outside the
specimen. This experimental setup allows us to minimize the volume of hydrogen and perform the tests safely and effectively. This study focuses on the evaluation of tensile properties of X65 pipeline steel, which was in vervice for natural gas transport, tested in a high-pressure hydrogen environment using hollow specimens. A constant nominal strain rate of 1ꞏ10-6 s-1 is applied. Tests are performed with different manufacturing techniques for the drilling process, which results in difeerent surface conditions. The effect of the roughness on the HE was investigated. For the evaluation the effect on the reduced area at fracture (RA) and the elongation loss were determined. Further fractographic analysis were performed. In this way, this study provides insights on the applicability of novel, reliable, and safer testing method which can be used to assess HE, particularly in relation with hydrogen-induced loss of ductility in metallic material.
T2 - ICSI 2023 | 5th International Conference on Structural Integrity
CY - Funchal, Portugal
DA - 29.8.2023
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Hollow-specimen
KW - SSRT
KW - Ferritic steel
KW - Hydrogen embrittlement
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58141
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Balscheit, Hagen
T1 - Experimental Investigation on Buckling Behavior of soil-embedded Piles
N2 - Monopile-Gründungen sind die mit Abstand am häufigsten verwendete Gründungskonstruktion für Offshore-Windenergieanlagen. Ein wesentliches Problem bei der Bemessung ist das lokale Beulen des Gründungspfahls, welches typischerweise im Bereich der Bettung auftritt. Aufgrund der Nichtlinearität der Bettungsrandbedingung sind klassische Bemessungsansätze nicht anwendbar, so dass der Bemessungsingenieur auf eine vollständig numerische Berechnung zurückgreifen muss. In diesem Vortrag wird eine experimentelle Versuchskampagne zur Erzeugung von Kalibrierungsdaten für solche numerischen Modelle vorgestellt. Eine ausführlichere Darstellung findet sich im gleichnamigen Artikel.
T2 - EUROSTEEL 2023
CY - Amsterdam, Netherlands
DA - 11.09.2023
KW - Wind
KW - Wind Energy
KW - Offshore
KW - Shell Buckling
KW - Soil-Structure-Interaction
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58365
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
T1 - Failure Analysis on Spent Fuel Claddings Subjected to Long-Term Dry Interim Storage
N2 - Long-term dry interim storage may adversely affect the mechanical properties of spent fuel claddings, possibly resulting in a reduced resilience during handling or transport after storage. Pre-storage drying and the early stage of interim storage can subject the cladding to higher temperatures and higher tensile hoop stresses than those associated with in-reactor operation and pool storage. Under these conditions, radial hydrides may precipitate in zirconium-based alloys (Zircaloy) during slow cooling, which result in embrittlement of the cladding material and eventually a possible sudden failure of cladding integrity under additional mechanical loads. Especially long, continuous radial hydride structures and low temperature can cause severe embrittlement of claddings and finally failure by fracture even at small deformations. Therefore, the study of hydride morphology plays an important role in describing the brittle failure behaviour of the claddings. The focus of the presented research is on the development of appropriate numerical methods for predicting the mechanical behaviour and identification of limiting conditions to prevent brittle fracture of Zircaloy claddings.
An established experimental method for characterising cladding materials is the Ring Compression Test (RCT). Some test results on irradiated cladding tubes after operation in pressure water reactors are publicly available. However, it is helpful to carry out studies on unirradiated surrogate claddings with similar material properties to reduce the effort associated with irradiated samples in hot cells and to perform material tests with a wider range of parameters. On the basis of such experimental data, load-displacement curves have been numerically analysed for a selection of cladding materials.
Radial hydrides can cause a sample to break suddenly. Noticeable load drops in the RCT are caused by unstable crack propagation through the radial hydride network. The failure mechanism is quasi-cleavage in the hydrides and micro-void nucleation, growth, and coalescence in the zirconium matrix, with ductile tearing patches connecting adjacent hydrides. The cohesive zone approach was used to simulate the failure process taking into account the radial hydride morphology.
Experimental investigations, numerical analyses and evaluation methods for both the deformation and failure behaviour of irradiated as well as unirradiated claddings of zirconium-based alloys with radial hydrides are discussed. Limiting conditions can be expressed in terms of fracture energy and cohesive strength.
T2 - IAEA Technical Meeting on the Behaviour of Spent Fuel and Cladding During Storage and the Performance of Spent Fuel Storage Systems
CY - Seoul, South Korea
DA - 23.06.2025
KW - Extended Interim Storage
KW - Nuclear Fuel Cladding
KW - Numerical Failure Analysis
KW - Ring Compression Test
KW - Spent Fuel Characterization
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63597
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kaiser, Sebastian
T1 - Herausforderungen beim Schweißen an in Betrieb befindlichen Wasserstoff-Ferngasleitungen
N2 - Als Energieträger der Zukunft kommt grünem Wasserstoff große Bedeutung bei der Energiewende und der zukünftigen, nachhaltigen Energieversorgung zu Teil. Zum effizienten und sicheren Transport des Wasser-stoffs ist die Bereitstellung einer Pipeline-Infrastruktur geplant. Die meisten Länder verfolgen hierbei die Stra-tegie der Umwidmung bestehender Erdgastransportleitungen, ergänzt durch Errichtung neuer Pipelines. Die bestehenden Erdgasnetze sind dabei aus unterschiedlichsten Rohrgeometrien und Materialien zusammenge-setzt. Bei der Umwidmung von Erdgaspipelines zum Transport von Wasserstoff müssen daher Fragen der Materialverträglichkeit hinsichtlich des als Wasserstoffversprödung bekannten Phänomens der Beeinträchti-gung der mechanischen Eigenschaften metallischer Werkstoffe durch Wasserstoff betrachtet werden. Bishe-rige Forschungsergebnisse und Feldversuche deuten darauf hin, dass die niedriglegierten, ferritischen Stähle, aus denen die Ferngasleitungen des Erdgasnetzes überwiegend bestehen, für den Transport von Wasserstoff unter normalen Betriebsbedingungen geeignet sind. Eine Frage, die bislang weniger Aufmerksamkeit erhielt, ist die, wie sich das Schweißen im Betrieb an Wasserstoffpipelines auf die Materialkompatibilität auswirkt. Im Erdgasnetz sind etablierte Verfahren wie beispielsweise das „Hot-Tapping“ unumgänglich für die Instandhal-tung und Erweiterung des Netzes. Hierbei werden an eine im Betrieb befindliche Pipeline geteilte T-Stücke aufgeschweißt, über die die Pipeline dann mit geeigneten Bohrvorrichtungen während eines ununterbroche-nen Betriebs angebohrt werden kann. Um zu beurteilen, ob diese Verfahren gefahrlos auf Wasserstoffpipe-lines übertragen werden können, müssen Problemstellungen betrachtet werden, die sich durch den Wärme-eintrag ins Material beim Schweißen ergeben. Wasserstofflöslichkeit und Diffusionsgeschwindigkeit sind tem-peraturabhängig. Erhöhte Temperaturen könnten eine Wasserstoffaufnahme ins Material bewirken, die zu ei-ner kritischen Degradation der mechanischen Eigenschaften des Materials führen könnte. Die Temperaturen, die beim Schweißen erreicht werden, führen lokal zur Überschreitung der Austenitisierungstemperatur. Aus-tenit weist eine deutlich höhere Löslichkeit von Wasserstoff auf, während die Diffusionsgeschwindigkeit des Wasserstoffs in dieser Phase deutlich herabgesetzt ist. Es wird vermutet, dass dies zu einer lokal erhöhten Wasserstoffkonzentration führt. Damit geht ein erhöhtes Risiko einer kritischen Materialdegradation einher. Durch die lange Zeitdauer beim Schweißen von mehrlagigen Rundkehlnähten an großen Pipelines, einschließ-lich einer möglichen Vorwärmprozedur, ist weiterhin zu klären, ob der aus Anwendungsfällen in der Petroche-mie bekannte Hochtemperaturwasserstoffangriff auftritt. Der vorliegende Beitrag liefert einen Überblick über das Schweißen im Betrieb an Gaspipelines, hierbei auftretenden Herausforderungen bei der möglichen An-wendung auf Wasserstoffleitungen. Dabei werden auch aktuelle Forschungsprojekte zum Thema Schweißen an Wasserstoffpipelines im Betrieb eingehend diskutiert. In diesem Zusammenhang werden erste Ergebnisse des gemeinschaftlichen Forschungsprojektes „H2-SuD: Einfluss des Schweißens auf die Wasserstoffauf-nahme und Degradation im Betrieb befindlicher H2-Ferngasleitungen“ des Deutschen Vereins des Gas- und Wasserfaches (DVGW), der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) und deutscher Gasnetz-betreiber (Open Grid Europe, ONTRAS Gastransport, u.v.m.) präsentiert.
T2 - 53. Sondertagung - Schweißen im Anlagen-und Behälterbau
CY - Munich, Germany
DA - 18.03.2025
KW - Pipeline
KW - Schweißen
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Materialdegradation
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62910
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wandtke, Karsten
T1 - WAAM process influences on local microstructure and residual stresses in high-strength steels
N2 - High-strength fine-grain structural steels have great potential for weight optimization of many modern engineering structures. Efficient manufacturing can be achieved here above all by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM). First commercial high-strength welding consumables for WAAM are already available. Due to a lack of knowledge and guidelines for the industry regarding welding residual stresses and component safety in manufacturing and operation, their application is still severely limited. Residual stresses play a crucial role here, as the special microstructure of high-strength steels is sensitive to cold cracking.
For this reason, process- and material-related influences, as well as the design effects on residual stress formation, are being investigated in a project funded by the AiF (FOSTA P1380/IGF 21162 BG). This study focuses on determining the interactions between heat control during WAAM process, resulting hardness, microstructure, and residual stresses, analyzed by X-ray diffraction. Welding experiments using geometrically similar AM specimens show that, with regard to the heat input, the energy per unit length in particular leads to significantly affected cooling times and microstructures and causes pronounced localized effects in terms of residual stresses in the upper weld beads.
T2 - 46th MPA-Seminar
CY - Stuttgart, Germany
DA - 12.10.2021
KW - Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing
KW - High-strength structural steels
KW - Vickers hardness
KW - Residual stresses
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53567
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wandtke, Karsten
T1 - Residual stress analysis on a DED-Arc additive manufactured high-strength steel component using the contour method
N2 - Direct Energy Deposition with arc (DED-arc) or wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) has significantly transformed the manufacturing paradigm in recent years by the virtue of its capability to fabricate intricate, large scale metallic parts owing to high deposition rates, high efficiency, and cost effectiveness. Subsequent enhancement in efficiency can be achieved through the utilization of the high-strength structural steels. The fabrication of the intricate geometries possesses challenges in regulating the residual stresses (RS), representing a significant concern in the realm of additive manufacturing (AM). High residual stresses contribute to an increased risk of cold cracking particularly in the welding of the high strength steels arising from complex interactions among the material, process conditions and component design. Reliable residual stress evaluation is vital in the structural integrity assessment of the welded components. Therefore, in the present study, the contour method was used to analyse the full field longitudinal residual stresses in an open hollow cuboid specimen fabricated by DED-arc. In this method, the specimen is cut along a desired plane of interest and the deformation caused by the cut surface is measured using the coordinate measuring machine and an industrial non-contact 3D scanner. A different cutting and restraint methodology was adopted and its influence on the residual stresses was analysed. The results indicate that the maximum tensile residual stresses around 600 MPa occurred in the left wall of the DED-arc structure exactly two layers below from the top. Additionally, the stresses at the bottom layer of the base plate demonstrate tensile in longitudinal direction and the corresponding balancing compressive residual stresses occurred at the top layer of the base plate. The contour approach is efficient and precise way for generating a two-dimensional residual stress map. The results obtained from the contour method was further validated using the X-ray Diffraction and both sets of findings demonstrated similarity.
T2 - European Conference on Residual Stresses - ECRS11
CY - Prague, Czech Republic
DA - 03.06.2024
KW - High strength steels
KW - Additive Manufacturing
KW - Residual stress
KW - Contour methode
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61948
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Scharf-Wildenhain, R.
T1 - Einfluss der Wärmeführung auf die Eigenschaften und fertigungsbedingten Beanspruchungen additiv geschweißter hochfester Feinkornbaustähle
N2 - Hochfeste Feinkornbaustähle verfügen über ein großes Potenzial für gewichtsoptimierte, effiziente Strukturen in vielen modernen Stahlkonstruktion. Weitere Effizienzsteigerungen können durch additives Fertigen sowie bionische Bauweisen erreicht werden. Kommerzielle hochfeste Zusatzwerkstoffe für additives MSG-Schweißen (engl.: Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing, WAAM) sind bereits von den Schweißzusatzherstellern lieferbar. Derzeit ist jedoch eine breite industrielle Anwendung insbesondere für KMU aufgrund fehlender quantitativer Erkenntnisse und Richtlinien bezüglich schweißbedingter Beanspruchungen und Bauteilsicherheit während der Herstellung und des Betriebs stark limitiert. In einem gemeinsamen Forschungsprojekt (FOSTA-P1380/IGF21162BG) der BAM und der TU Chemnitz werden die mit Eigenspannungsausbildung und der Gefahr einer Kaltrissbildung verbundenen prozess- und werkstoffbedingten sowie konstruktiven Einflüsse untersucht. Im Fokus dieser Analysen steht die Bestimmung der Wechselwirkungen zwischen WAAM-Prozessparametern bzw. der Wärmeführung auf das Gefüge und die Eigenspannungen. Hierfür werden Referenzproben als offene Hohlquader mit definierten Abmessungen vollautomatisiert mit einem speziellen, hochfesten WAAM-Massivdraht (Streckgrenze >790 MPa) geschweißt. Die gezielte Einstellung der geometrischen Eigenschaften erfolgt durch Schweißparameter und Nahtaufbau bei ca. 4 kg/h mittlerer Abschmelzleistung. Die Wärmeführung wird innerhalb eines statistischen Versuchsplanes mittels Streckenenergie (200 kJ/m bis 650 kJ/m) und Zwischenlagentemperatur (100 °C bis 300 °C) so variiert, dass die t8/5-Abkühlzeiten dem empfohlenen Verarbeitungsbereich entsprechen (ca. 5 s bis 20 s). Ziel ist es bei konstanten geometrisch-konstruktiven Randbedingungen, den Einfluss der Wärmeführung auf Gefüge und resultierende Eigenspannungen zu analysieren. Für die Streckenenergie können neben den Gefügeeinflüssen aufgrund der resultierenden Abkühlzeit deutliche Effekte insbesondere auf die lokalen Eigenspannungen im Bauteil belegt werden. Das Schweißen mit zu hoher Wärmeeinbringung bzw. Abschmelzleistung kann zu ungünstigen Gefüge- und Bauteileigenschaften führen, gleichzeitig jedoch niedrigere Zugeigenspannungsniveaus bewirken. Solche komplexen Wechselwirkungen gilt es letztlich mit diesen Untersuchungen zu klären, um leicht anwendbare Verarbeitungsempfehlungen und Normvorgaben für ein wirtschaftliches, anforderungsgerechtes und risssicheres WAAM von hochfesten Stählen den Anwendern zur Verfügung zu stellen.
T2 - DVS Congress 2021
CY - Online meeting
DA - 14.09.2021
KW - MAG-Schweißen
KW - Additive Fertigung
KW - Eigenspannungen
KW - Kaltrisssicherheit
KW - Hochfester Stahl
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-56668
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - RPRT
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Becker, Amadeus
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Beanspruchungsgerechte Reparatur von Schweißverbindungen bei der Fertigung von Bauteilen aus hochfesten Feinkornbaustählen
N2 - Bei der Montage von Stahlkonstruktionen kommt es trotz anforderungsgerechter schweißtechnischer Fertigung vereinzelt zur Detektion von unzulässigen Unregelmäßigkeiten im Schweißbereich. Die Verarbeitungsregelwerke empfehlen das lokale thermische Ausfugen betroffener Bereiche und erneutes Schweißen, geben aber aufgrund fehlender wissenschaftlich fundierter Untersuchungen kaum Informationen zu adäquaten Reparaturkonzepten. Dies betrifft insbesondere die Berücksichtigung und Optimierung resultierender schweißbedingter Beanspruchungen durch hohe Schrumpfbehinderungen der Ausfugenuten sowie der Gefügedegradation angrenzender Bereiche durch das Ausfugen und erneute Schweißen. Gerade bei hochfesten Stahlgüten ergeben sich dadurch häufig reduzierte mechanische Eigenschaften und zusätzliche schweißbedingte Beanspruchungen sowie erneut auftretende Nahtdefekte.
Deshalb wurden für das Forschungsvorhaben systematische bauteilrelevante Untersuchungen der schweißbedingten Beanspruchungen und Gefügeveränderungen reparierter Schweißnähte in Abhängigkeit von der Schrumpfbehinderung und Wärmeführung beim Schweißen und Ausfugen sowie von der Reparaturzyklenanzahl durchgeführt. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse zeigen auf, welche Faktoren sich für eine Beanspruchungsreduzierung auch bei hohen Einspannbedingungen eignen und wie eine Degradation des Gefüges und der Eigenschaften der Schweißnaht sowie wiederholte Schweißnahtdefekte in der Reparaturnaht vermieden werden können. Insbesondere können mittels adaptiver Wärmeführung geringere schweißbedingte Beanspruchungen in den Reparaturschweißnähten bewirkt werden. Bauteilversuche sichern zudem die Übertragbarkeit der Schweißexperimente in die Praxis ab.
Aufgrund der Erkenntnisse konnten Empfehlungen für beanspruchungs- und werkstoffgerechte Reparaturkonzepte abgeleitet und ausgesprochen werden. Die Analysen wurden an den hochfesten Stahlgüten S500MLO für den Offshore-Bereich und S960QL für den Mobilkranbau realisiert. Damit wird insbesondere der wirtschaftlichen Fertigung hocheffizienter Konstruktionen für Windenergieanlagen und hochfester Strukturen, die für deren Errichtung notwendig sind, Rechnung getragen.
So bieten die Forschungsergebnisse eine wesentliche Grundlage für die Weiterentwicklung entsprechender Normen und Regelwerke. Damit können letztlich Schäden und zumeist teure Nacharbeiten verhindert und eine verbesserte Ausnutzung des hohen Festigkeitspotentials hochfester Stähle erreicht werden. Gerade auch KMU können mit Blick auf die Kosten für Fertigung, Schweißarbeit und Material von den Erkenntnissen beim Einsatz hochfester Stähle, die für eine effiziente Realisierung der Energiewende in Deutschland notwendig sind, profitieren.
KW - MAG-Schweißen
KW - Hochfester Stahl
KW - Reparatur
KW - Kaltrisssicherheit
KW - Reparaturschweißen
KW - Wärmeführung
KW - Windenergie
PY - 2023
UR - https://matplus.shop/produkt/p-1311-beanspruchungsgerechte-reparatur-von-schweissverbindungen-bei-der-fertigung-von-bauteilen-aus-hochfesten-feinkornbaustaehlen
SN - 978-3-96780-146-0
N1 - Schlussbericht vom 18.07.2022 zu dem über die Arbeitsgemeinschaft industrieller Forschungsvereinigungen "Otto von Guericke" (AiF) im Rahmen des Programms zur Förderung der Industriellen Gemeinschaftsforschung und -entwicklung (IGF) vom Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie (BMWi) aufgrund eines Beschlusses des Deutschen Bundestages geförderten Vorhaben Nr. 20162 N (Berichtszeitraum 01.07.2019 - 28.02.2022)
VL - P 1311
SP - 1
EP - 156
PB - Verlag und Vertriebsgesellschaft
CY - Düsseldorf
AN - OPUS4-59260
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Engelking, Lorenz
A1 - Eissel, A.
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Treutler, K.
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
A1 - Wesling, V.
T1 - Effect of alloy modification for additive manufactured Ni alloy components on microstructure and subsequent machining properties
N2 - Ni alloys are generally classified as difficult-to-cut materials and cost intensive. Additive manufacturing (AM) offers economic advantages. However, machining of these AM components is mandatory to create the final contour or surface. The inhomogeneous and anisotropic microstructure and properties of AM components causes an unstable cutting process. Moreover, undesirable tensile residual stresses are generated due to subsequent machining. In this investigation, the initial alloy 36 is modified with Ti and Nb up to 1.6 wt.-% and build-up welded via gas metal arc welding (GMAW) and plasma-transferred-arc (PTA). Then, finish-milling tests are carried out to investigate the influence of the modification as well as the cutting parameters on the resulting cutting force and the surface integrity. In addition, the conventional milling process (CM) is compared with the ultrasonic-assisted milling process (US), which has a significant influence on the machinability as well as on the surface integrity.
T2 - Additive Fertigung – Werkstoffe – Prozesse – Wärmebehandlung 2022
CY - Bremen, Germany
DA - 29.06.2022
KW - Additive manufacturing
KW - Alloy 36
KW - Alloy modification
KW - Ultrasonic-assisted milling
KW - Surface integrity
PY - 2022
SP - 57
EP - 67
AN - OPUS4-55430
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wandtke, Karsten
T1 - Eigenspannungsanalyse mittels Konturmethode an einem additiv gefertigten Bauteil aus hochfestem Stahl
N2 - Hochfeste Feinkornbaustähle verfügen über ein großes Potenzial für gewichtsoptimierte, effiziente Strukturen in vielen modernen Stahlkonstruktion. Weitere Effizienzsteigerungen können durch additives Fertigen sowie bionische Bauweisen erreicht werden. Diese ermöglichen erhebliche Einsparungen an Kosten, Zeit und Ressourcen. Kommerzielle hochfeste Zusatzwerkstoffe für additives MSG-Schweißen (engl.: Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing, WAAM) sind bereits von den Schweißzusatzherstellern lieferbar, allerdings ist der industrielle Einsatz aufgrund fehlender Richtlinien und quantitativer Kenntnisse über die Schweißbeanspruchungen während der Fertigung und des Betriebs eingeschränkt. Daher sind umfassende Kenntnisse über die Eigenspannungen im Bauteil von entscheidender Bedeutung. In dieser Untersuchung wurde die Konturmethode verwendet, um die longitudinalen Eigenspannungen im Volumen eines additiv gefertigten offenen Hohlquaders zu bestimmen. Dabei wurde die Probe entlang einer definierten Ebene getrennt, wodurch di
T2 - Fachausschuss 13 Eigenspannungen
CY - Siegen, Germany
DA - 16.10.2024
KW - Hochfester Stahl
KW - Additive Fertigung
KW - Eigenspannungen
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61954
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wandtke, Karsten
T1 - Generative Fertigung und Kaltrisssicherheit
N2 - Hochfeste Feinkornbaustähle verfügen über ein großes Potenzial für gewichtsoptimierte, effiziente Strukturen in vielen modernen Stahlkonstruktion. Weitere Effizienzsteigerungen können durch additives Fertigen sowie bionische Bauweisen erreicht werden. In dieser Präsentation werden erste Ergebnisse der Eigenspannungsanalysen von additiv gefertigten Bauteilen aus hochfestem Stahl vorgestellt.
T2 - Bachelor-, Master-, Doktoranden-Kolloquium
CY - Online meeting
DA - 10.06.2021
KW - Additive Fertigung
KW - Wärmeführung
KW - Hochfester Stahl
KW - Eigenspannungen
KW - Härteprüfung nach Vickers
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53326
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kaiser, Sebastian
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Repair welding of pressurized in-service hydrogen pipelines: A review on current challenges and strategies
N2 - As energy carrier of the future, green hydrogen can make a decisive contribution to a sustainable energy supply. Particularly important is the decarbonization of heavy industry. Therefore, a reliable supply of hydrogen must be guaranteed. A hydrogen pipeline grid can achieve this purpose. In Europe concrete plans for a hydrogen pipeline grid already exist, as the so called “European Hydrogen backbone”. As building a completely new pipeline grid is economically not justifiable, a dual-way strategy of repurposing natural gas (NG) pipelines and newly built pipelines is intended.
Long distance pipeline grids require regular maintenance and repairs. For NG pipelines in-service welding is state of the art. Concepts such as hot-tapping (drilling into pressurized pipelines) and “stoppling” (sealing off pipeline sections after installing bypasses or pressure relieves) allow the repair of damaged pipeline sections or the installation of new branches without shutting the pipeline down, which in most cases isn’t possible from an economic standpoint.
The EIGA 121/14 guideline already pointed out in 2014 that “A hydrogen hot-tap shall not be considered a rou-tine procedure, […]”. This shows that the determination of the transferability of these repair concepts to hydrogen pipelines is of utmost importance. Due to the degrading effects of hydrogen on mechanical properties, commonly referred to as “hydrogen embrittlement” it is necessary to understand and investigate the occurring effects. In the special case of repair welding on in-service hydrogen pipelines an increased hydrogen uptake due to a large heat input and microstructural changes in the material needs to be considered. Therefore, material degradation must be investigated to determine whether modifications of repair procedures are necessary to ensure a reliable and safe hydrogen transportation via pipelines.
For this reason, this paper gives an overview on existing weld repair concepts and its risks and limitations in terms of hydrogen absorption and possible embrittlement effects when transferred to hydrogen pipelines. The complexity lies in a large variety of materials (low alloyed steels), pipeline diameters and corresponding weld-ed joints. The material compatibility of materials in used (repurposed NG-pipelines) and new condition must be investigated. Particularly for repurposed/used pipelines the effect of a pre-matured/corroded inner surface and sometimes insufficient documentation of the material “history” needs to be considered.
An overview on ongoing and completed R&D-projects with respect to repair concepts for hydrogen pipelines and hydrogen effects on pipeline materials is given.
T2 - 77th IIW Annual Assembly and International Conference, Meeting of Commission II-A "Metallurgy of Weld Metals"
CY - Ixia, Rhodes Island, Greece
DA - 07.07.2024
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Pipeline
KW - In-Service Welding
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60757
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Erxleben, Kjell
A1 - Kaiser, Sebastian
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
A1 - Hadick, C.
A1 - Schu, K.
T1 - Quantification of hydrogen uptake during in-service hydrogen pipeline welding
N2 - Hydrogen must be transported on a large scale from producers to consumers to ensure the energy transition. The necessary pipeline grid is achieved by conversion of the natural gas (NG) grid and building new pipelines. Welding during service as part e.g. of “hot-tapping” is unavoidable for maintenance/repair/expansion. Based on existing studies, the basic material compatibility of (low-alloyed) pipeline steels with hydrogen is postulated. However, this cannot be assumed for the case of in-service welding on pipelines in pressurized condition. The reason is the increased temperature e.g. by preheating and (in particular) during welding of the single passes. As a result, the inner pipeline surface undergoes multiple short-term heating but to high temperatures. In particular, the first passes can result in a temperature close to the austenitic transformation of the material for small wall thicknesses. Both increase the hydrogen uptake into the welded joint. If hydrogen embrittlement is likely to occur, depends on the hydrogen uptake, which must be quantified. For this purpose, welding experiments on pressurized demonstrators were conducted. The hydrogen uptake at 100 bar was compared to reference experiments with nitrogen. A new sample extraction routine for the quantification of the weld-zone specific hydrogen uptake was established. Comprehensive experiments with different steels (P235, L360, L485), wall thicknesses (4.1 mm to 7.8 mm) and diameters (DN50 and DN200) were conducted. In addition, the influence of the welding layer sequence on the hydrogen uptake between single- and multi-layer welds was investigated. Analytical approaches were used to approximate the hydrogen uptake in the respective weld zones. The main findings were that the layer sequence and especially the wall thickness have a large influence on the hydrogen uptake.
T2 - 20th Pipeline Technology Conference ptc2025
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 06.05.2025
KW - In-service
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Pipeline
KW - Repair welding
KW - component test
PY - 2025
SP - 1
EP - 12
AN - OPUS4-63166
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kromm, Arne
T1 - Large scale hydrogen assisted cracking test for thick walled SAW joints for offshore applications
N2 - Offshore wind turbines continuously increase in size and weight and demand adequate offshore foundations concepts like monopiles, tripods or jackets. These components are typically submerged arc welded (SAW) high-strength thick steel plates like the S420ML. During welding, the occurrence of delayed hydrogen assisted cracking (HAC) must be anticipated. HAC is a critical combination of the local hydrogen concentration within a susceptible microstructure under certain mechanical load, i.e., the occurring (welding) residual stresses. The welding sequence of the thick-walled plates complicate the residual stress distribution due to the necessary repeated thermal cycling, i.e., welding seam / layer deposition to fill the joint. For that purpose, SAW with two-wire-technique was used to weld a specially designed and prototype-like mock-up of a real component with a thickness of 50 mm, filled more than 20 passes and a seam length of 1,000 mm. Additional welded stiffeners simulated the effect of a high restraint, to stimulate critical HAC conditions. The necessity of a minimum waiting time (MWT) before the NDT can be conducted (to exclude HAC) was critically verified by the application of ultrasonic testing of the welded joint at different time-steps of the NDT of 48 h after welding. The residual stresses were determined by a robot XRD goniometer. Tensile residual stresses up to the yield limit are found both in the weld metal and in the heat-affected zone. Numerical modelling allowed the qualitative estimation of the hydrogen diffusion in the weld. A remarkable HAC occurrence was not identified and proves both, a certain resistance of the weld joint to HAC and the (questionable) duration of the MWT.
T2 - IIW Intermediate Meeting of Commission II-A
CY - Garching, Germany
DA - 06.03.2023
KW - Hydrogen assisted cracking
KW - Submerged arc welding
KW - Offshore wind turbine
KW - High-strength steel
KW - Component test
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57100
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Richter, Tim
A1 - Schröder, Nina
T1 - Mikrolegierungseinfluss auf Ausscheidungsverhalten und Kerbschlagzähigkeit geschweißter hochfester Konstruktionsstähle
N2 - Mikrolegierungselemente, wie Nb und Ti, sind für die signifikante Festigkeitssteigerung von vergüteten, hochfesten Feinkornbaustählen mit einer Nominalstreckgrenze ≥ 690 MPa unerlässlich. Normvorgaben zur chemischen Zusammensetzung geben dabei nur obere Grenzwerte für die Hersteller vor. Weiterhin wirken sich bereits kleine Abweichungen in der Legierungsroute teilweise drastisch auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften aus. Mechanisch-technologische Untersuchungen zur Kerbschlagzähigkeit mittels Kerbschlagbiegeversuchen durchgeführt wurden, bestätigen dabei die Ergebnisse der thermodynamischen Simulation bezüglich des Ausscheidungsverhaltens während der Temperatur-Zeit Schweißzyklen. Daraus lässt sich der Einfluss der Wärmeeinwirkung beim Schweißen auf die Gefügeausbildung in der WEZ und der korrespondierenden mechanischen Eigenschaften qualitativ beschreiben.
T2 - 23. Werkstofftechnisches Kolloquium
CY - Chemnitz, Germany
DA - 29.03.2023
KW - Divergente Ausbildung der Wärmeeinflusszone
KW - Hochfester Feinkornbaustahl
KW - Kerbschlagzähigkeit
KW - Mikrolegierungseinfluss
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58008
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Kromm, Arne
A1 - Lausch, Thomas
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Wimpory, R. C.
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Influence of welding stresses on relief cracking during heat treatment of a creep-resistant 13CrMoV steel: Part III - Assessment of residual stresses from small-scale to real component welds
N2 - For higher operational temperatures and pressures required in petrochemical plants, the modified 13CrMoV9-10 steel was developed providing high resistance against creep and compressed hydrogen. Extreme care during the welding procedure is necessary for this steel, attributed to low toughness, high strength in as-welded state, and increased susceptibility to stress relief cracking (SRC) during post-weld heat treatment (PWHT). Previous research of SRC in creep-resistant steels discussed mainly thermal and metallurgical factors. Few previous findings addressed the influences of welding procedure on crack formation during PWHT considering real-life manufacturing conditions. These investigations focus on effects of welding heat control on stresses during welding and subsequent PWHT operations close to realistic restraint and heat dissipation conditions using a special 3D testing facility, which was presented in parts I and II of this contribution. Part III addresses investigations on residual stress evolution affecting crack formation and discusses the transferability of results from large-scale testing to laboratory-scale. Experiments with test set-ups at different scales under diverse rigidity conditions and an assessment of the residual stresses of the weld-specimens using X-ray (surface near) and neutron diffraction analysis (bulk) were performed. This study aims to provide a way of investigating the SRC behaviour considering component-specific residual stresses via small-scale testing concepts instead of expensive weld mock-ups.
KW - Welding
KW - Creep-resistant steel
KW - Residual stresses
KW - Post-weld heat treatment
KW - Stress relief cracking
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-524403
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-021-01101-7
SN - 1878-6669
VL - 65
SP - 1671
EP - 1685
PB - Springer
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-52440
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Treutler, K.
A1 - Börner, Andreas
A1 - Gustus, R.
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
A1 - Wesling, V.
A1 - Maus-Friedrichs, W.
T1 - Surface finishing of hard-to-machine cladding alloys for highly stressed components
N2 - The supply and processing of materials for highly stressed components are usually cost-intensive. Efforts to achieve cost and resource efficiency lead to more complex structures and contours. Additive manufacturing steps for component repair and production offer significant economic advantages. Machining needs to be coordinated with additive manufacturing steps in a complementary way to produce functional surfaces suitable for the demands. Regarding inhomogeneity and anisotropy of the microstructure and properties as well as production-related stresses, a great deal of knowledge is still required for efficient use by small- and medium-size enterprises, especially for the interactions of subsequent machining of these difficult-to-machine materials. Therefore, investigations on these influences and interactions were carried out using a highly innovative cost-intensive NiCrMo alloy (IN725). These alloys are applied for claddings as well as for additive component manufacturing and repair welding using gas metal arc welding processes. For the welded specimens, the adequate solidification morphology, microstructure and property profile were investigated. The machinability in terms of finishing milling of the welded surfaces and comparative analyses for ultrasonic-assisted milling processes was examined focussing on surface integrity. It was shown that appropriate cutting parameters and superimposed oscillating of the milling tool in the direction of the tool rotation significantly reduce the mechanical loads for tool and workpiece surface. This contributes to ensure a high surface integrity, especially when cutting has to be carried out without cooling lubricants.
KW - WAAM
KW - IN725
KW - Machining
KW - Ultrasonic-assisted milling
KW - Residual stresses
KW - Cutting forces
KW - Surface integrity
KW - Microstructure
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-524872
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-06815-y
VL - 114
IS - 5-6
SP - 1427
EP - 1442
PB - Springer
AN - OPUS4-52487
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Scharf-Wildenhain, R.
A1 - Hälsig, A.
A1 - Wandtke, Karsten
A1 - Kromm, Arne
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Process-related influences and correlations in wire arc additive manufacturing of high-strength steels
N2 - High-strength fine-grained structural steels have great potential for weight-optimized, efficient structures in many modern steel applications. Further advances in efficiency can be achieved through additive manufacturing and bionic design. Commercial high-strength filler materials for wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) are already provided by the consumable producers. Today, application would be strictly limited due to absence of quantitative findings or any guidelines for the industry regarding welding-related stresses and component safety during manufacturing and service. Hence, process- and material-related influences and design-related restraint conditions associated with formation of residual stresses and cold cracking risk are investigated. The aim is the accessibility of special WAAM self-restraining cold cracking tests and easy applicable processing recommendations, enabling an economical, fit-for-purpose and crack-safe WAAM of high-strength steels. This first study focuses on determination of interactions between WAAM process parameters, resulting layer geometry, microstructure and residual stresses, analyzed via X-ray diffraction. Defined reference specimens are automated welded using a special WAAM solid wire (yield strength >820 MPa). Geometric properties can be specifically adjusted by wire feed and welding speed, but cannot be varied arbitrarily, since a high heat input causes local overheating, inadmissible changes of microstructure and mechanical properties, defects and comparable high tensile residual stresses.
T2 - 22. Werkstofftechnischen Kolloquium der TU Chemnitz
CY - Online meeting
DA - 24.03.2021
KW - Residual stresses
KW - Additive Manufacturing
KW - High-strength steel
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-533300
DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1147/1/012002
VL - 1147
SP - 012002
PB - IOP Publishing Ltd
AN - OPUS4-53330
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Nietzke, Jonathan
A1 - Mente, Tobias
A1 - Richter, Tim
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Characterization of Hydrogen Diffusion in Offshore Steel S420G2+M Multi-layer Submerged Arc Welded Joint
N2 - As onshore installation capacity is limited, the increase in the number of offshore wind turbines (OWT) is a major goal. In that connection, the OWTs continuously increase in size and weight and demand adequate foundations concepts like monopiles or tripods. These components are typically manufactured from welded mild steel plates with thickness up to 200 mm. The predominant welding technique is submerged arc welding (SAW). In accordance with the standards, the occurrence of hydrogen-assisted cracking is anticipated by either a minimum waiting time (MWT, before non-destructive testing of the welded joint is allowed) at ambient or a hydrogen removal heat treatment (HRHT) at elevated temperatures. The effectiveness of both can be estimated by calculation of the diffusion time, i.e., diffusion coefficients. In this study, these coefficients are obtained for the first time for a thick-walled S420G2+M offshore steel grade and its multi-layer SAW joint. The electrochemical permeation technique at ambient temperature is used for the determination of diffusion coefficients for both the base material and the weld metal. The coefficients are within a range of 1025 to 1024 mm2/s (whereas the weld metal had the lowest) and are used for an analytical and numerical calculation of the hydrogen diffusion and the related MWT. The results showed that long MWT can occur, which would be necessary to significantly decrease the hydrogen concentration. Weld metal diffusion coefficients at elevated temperatures were calculated from hydrogen desorption experiments by carrier gas hot extraction. They are within a range of 1023 mm2/s and used for the characterization of a HRHT dwell-time. The analytical calculation shows the same tendency of long necessary times also at elevated temperatures. That means the necessary time is strongly influenced by the considered plate thickness and the estimation of any MWT/HRHT via diffusion coefficients should be critically discussed.
T2 - European Congress and Exhibition on Advanced Materials and Process - Euromat 2021
CY - Online meeting
DA - 13.09.2021
KW - Thick-walled
KW - Hydrogen diffusion
KW - Offshore
KW - Steel
KW - Submerged arc welding
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-544127
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-022-06679-7
SN - 1059-9495
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - Springer Nature
AN - OPUS4-54412
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kromm, Arne
A1 - Thomas, Maximilian
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
A1 - Gibmeier, J.
A1 - Vollert, F.
T1 - Assessment of the Solidification Cracking Susceptibility of Welding Consumables in the Varestraint Test by Means of an Extended Evaluation Methodology
N2 - Various test methods are available for assessing the susceptibility of materials to solidification cracking during welding. In the widely used Varestraint test, the crack length is selected as a criterion as a function of the applied bending strain.
Unfortunately, the crack length does not characterize the material behavior alone but depends to varying degrees on the individual test parameters used, which makes the interpretation of the results difficult. In addition, the crack length is not comparable under different test conditions. To overcome these disadvantages, we have developed a novel evaluation methodology that decouples the machine influence from the material behavior. The measured crack length is related to the maximum possible value specified by welding speed and deformation time. This relative crack length is calculated numerically, considering the orientation of the cracks. Experiments on two high-alloy martensitic welding consumables show that, in contrast to the conventional evaluation, a comparison of different welding parameters becomes possible. Furthermore, the strain rate proved to be a suitable crack criterion in agreement with Prokhorov's hot cracking model.
KW - Welding
KW - Solidification cracking
KW - Varestraint test
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-545780
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202101650
SN - 1438-1656
SP - 2101650
PB - Wiley online library
AN - OPUS4-54578
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - THES
A1 - Steppan, Enrico
T1 - Zur Analyse der Eigenschaftsdegradation und des Bindungsverhaltens von Wasserstoff in höherfesten Feinkornbaustählen
N2 - Der Stahlbedarf in Deutschland wird maßgeblich neben dem Automobilsektor vom Maschinenbau und allgemeinen Bauwesen geprägt. In diesen Segmenten werden qualitativ hochwertige Stähle mit höchsten Ansprüchen an Festigkeit, Verformungsfähigkeit, schweißtechnische Verarbeitung und sicherheitsrelevante Aspekte gestellt. Wichtige Vertreter, welche diesen Ansprüchen gerecht werden, sind die heutigen modernen höherfesten FKB. Aus der Entwicklung dieser Stähle kristallisierten sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten verschiedene Legierungskonzepte und Herstellungsrouten heraus. Dem liegt neben essentiellen Eigenschaften, z.B. Streck- und Zugfestigkeit, noch weitere Anforderungen, bspw. Kaltumformbarkeit, Kerbschlagzähigkeit und Verschleißfestigkeit, zugrunde. Zunehmend werden im genormten Bereich mit Streckgrenzen bis 700 MPa neben den vergüteten Stählen (Q) auch thermomechanische Stähle (M) eingesetzt. Ein immerwährender paralleler Begleiter während der Stahlherstellung und -verarbeitung ist Wasserstoff.
Wasserstoff wird in den nächsten Jahren als Schlüsselelement für eine nachhaltige Energiewirtschaft angesehen. Aus heutiger Sicht ist Wasserstoff ein Hoffnungsträger für eine klimafreundliche Energiewirtschaft und zukunftsfähige Industrie. Forschung und Industrie arbeiten intensiv an der Erschließung und Weiterentwicklung des enormen Potentials, um eine höhere Nutzbarkeit zu erreichen. Die Gründe liegen zum einen darin, dass Wasserstoff als Brennstoff unproblematisch (Umweltverträglichkeit und Verfügbarkeit) ist und zum anderen ein hervorragender Energieträger ist.
Wasserstoff ist durch seine gebundene Form erst nach dem Lösen aus chemischen Verbindungen zugänglich. Dies geschieht für eine Nutzbarmachung in einer zukunftsfähigen Energiewirtschaft gezielt. Demgegenüber stehen Prozesse, wodurch Wasserstoff aus seiner chemischen Verbindung gelöst wird und aufgrund seiner Größe bzw. geringsten Atommasse von Werkstoffen aufgenommen wird. Damit verbunden interagiert der aufgenommene Wasserstoff mit dem Gefüge und kann zu einer negativen Beeinflussung der Eigenschaften des Werkstoffs führen.
Wasserstoff kann Degradationsprozesse in Stählen verursachen, die sich insbesondere auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften auswirken. Diese Mechanismen können wasserstoffunterstützte Risse in höherfesten Stählen während der Herstellung oder im industriellen Einsatz verursachen.
Elektrochemisch beladene Zugproben zeigen ein unterschiedliches Degradationsverhalten in ihren Eigenschaften. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Wasserstoff und Gitterdefekten in unterschiedlichen mikrolegierten Systemen und wärmebeeinflussten Zonen in den schweißbaren Feinkornbaustählen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine klare Abhängigkeit zwischen Mikrolegierung und Herstellungsprozess dieser Stahlsorten, respektive ihrer simulierten wärmebeeinflussten Bereiche.
N2 - In addition to the automotive sector, demand for steel in Germany is dominated by mechanical engineering and general construction. These segments demand high-quality steels with the highest requirements in terms of strength, formability, welding processing and safety aspects. Important representatives that meet these requirements are today's more modern high-strength FKB. In the development of these steels, various alloying concepts and production routes have crystallized in recent decades. In addition to essential properties, e.g. yield and tensile strength, this is also based on other requirements, e.g. cold formability, notched impact strength and wear resistance.
Increasingly, thermomechanical steels (M) are being used in addition to quenched and tempered steels (Q) in the standardized range with yield strengths up to 700 MPa. An ever-present parallel companion during steel production and processing is hydrogen.
Hydrogen is seen as a key element for a sustainable energy economy in the coming years. From today's perspective, hydrogen is a beacon of hope for a climate-friendly energy economy and sustainable industry. Research and industry are working intensively on tapping and further developing the enormous potential in order to achieve greater usability. The reasons are, on the one hand, that hydrogen is unproblematic as a fuel (environmental compatibility and availability) and, on the other hand, that it is an excellent energy carrier. Due to its bonded form, hydrogen is only accessible after dissolution from chemical compounds. This is done in a targeted manner for utilization in a sustainable energy economy. In contrast, there are processes by which hydrogen is released from its chemical compound and absorbed by materials due to its size or lowest atomic mass. In connection with this, the absorbed hydrogen interacts with the microstructure and can lead to a negative influence on the properties of the material.
Hydrogen can cause degradation processes in steels that affect mechanical properties in particular. These mechanisms can cause hydrogen-assisted cracking in higher strength steels during fabrication or in industrial use. Electrochemically loaded tensile specimens show different degradation behavior in their properties. The present work describes the interactions between hydrogen and lattice defects in different microalloyed systems and heat affected zones in the weldable fine grain structural steels. The results show a clear dependence between microalloying and manufacturing process of these steels, respectively their simulated heat affected zones.
T3 - BAM Dissertationsreihe - 172
KW - Höherfeste Feinkornbaustähle
KW - Wasserstoffdegradation
KW - Wasserstoffdiffusion
KW - Wasserstoffbindungsverhalten
KW - Kaltriss und Schweißen
KW - High strength fine grained structural steels
KW - Hydrogen degradation
KW - Hydrogen diffusion
KW - Hydrogen trapping
KW - Cold cracking and welding
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-579412
SN - 1613-4249
VL - 172
SP - 1
EP - 266
PB - Eigenverlag
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-57941
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Hydrogen diffusion in thick-walled S690 SAW joints: Part 1 - Experimental determination of microstructure dependent diffusion coefficients
N2 - S690 steels are widely used in heavy-duty applications, such as structural components, mobile cranes, and industrial plant construction, owing to their high strength and weldability. However, thick-plate submerged arc welding (SAW) can introduce elevated hydrogen levels and residual stresses that promote time-delayed hydro-gen-assisted cold cracking (HACC). Accurate, microstructure-specific diffusion data are scarce, limiting pre-dictive HACC assessments. This study presents an experimental determination of hydrogen diffusion coeffi-cients (DH) in two S690 variants: thermomechanically rolled (S690MC) and quenched and tempered (S690Q). Multi-layer SAW welds were produced from 30 mm-thick plate material at three heat input levels, and diffusion membranes were extracted from weld metal (WM), heat-affected zone (HAZ), and base material (BM). Hydro-gen permeation tests, conducted in accordance with DIN EN ISO 17081, yielded time-normalized flux curves from which DH was derived using the inflection-point method. At room temperature, DH values ranged from 6 × 10⁻⁵ to 9 × 10⁻⁵ mm²/s across all regions and heat inputs, with no significant difference between S690MC and S690Q. Weld metal exhibited marginally lower DH, attributed to enhanced hydrogen trapping, while base mate-rial measurements showed greater variability. These microstructure-resolved diffusion coefficients fill a critical data gap and provide essential input for the numerical simulations presented in Part 2. The results also support practical guidelines for mitigating HACC risk through the optimization of welding parameters.
T2 - 78th IIW Annual Assembly, Meeting of Commission II-C
CY - Genoa, Italy
DA - 22.06.2025
KW - Hydrogen assisted cracking
KW - Submerged arc welding
KW - High strength steels
KW - Hydrogen Diffusion
KW - Electrochemical permeation
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63540
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Weld heat input effect on microstructure and hydrogen diffusion in thick-walled S690 submerged arc welded joints
N2 - High-strength, low-alloy (HLSA) steels such as S690 are an attractive option for heavy industries such as offshore wind turbines and peripheral equipment due to their combination of excellent mechanical properties and weldability. The construction of these thick-walled structures requires highly efficient welding processes such as submerged arc welding (SAW). However, SAW faces challenges related to delayed hydrogen assisted cold cracking (HACC). Despite its importance, the effect of different diffusion coefficients on the cold cracking susceptibility of different microstructures within SAW-welded S690 steels is not fully understood. For this reason, the present study focuses on comparing the cold cracking susceptibility of thermomechanically rolled (TM) or quenched and tempered (QL) variants of S690 steel. Submerged arc welding was performed on both steel grades at different welding heat inputs. From these thick-walled welds, metallic membranes were extracted from the weld metal, the heat-affected zone (HAZ), and the two base metals. The specimens were subjected to electrochemical hydrogen permeation tests (according to ISO 17081) to determine the microstructure-specific hydrogen diffusion coefficients. In general, increased welding heat input and thickness decreased the hydrogen diffusion coefficients, i.e., the time required for hydrogen diffusion increased. In addition, the results showed that the TM grade exhibited slightly accelerated hydrogen diffusion coefficients compared to the QL grade, which is beneficial for hydrogen reduction and increases the HACC resistance. As a result, the microstructure-specific assessment of hydrogen diffusion in the BM, HAZ or WM of the SAW joint was less important for a given set of welding parameters compared to other welding processes such as gas metal arc welding (GMAW). The reason is that in multilayer SAW, the relatively large welding heat input and multiple annealing resulted in similar microstructures, resulting in very close hydrogen diffusion coefficients. From this point of view, it is sufficient to characterize the hydrogen diffusion coefficients of both the weld metal and the base material.
T2 - 78th IIW Annual Assembly and International Conference
CY - Genoa, Italy
DA - 26.06.2025
KW - Hydrogen assisted cracking
KW - Submerged arc welding
KW - Diffusion
KW - Electrochemical permeation
KW - Microstructure
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63543
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Hydrogen diffusion in thick-walled S690 SAW joints: Part 2 - Predictive modeling of welding heat input and microstructure influence
N2 - High-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels such as S690 are widely employed in thick-walled welded structures, where hydrogen-assisted cold cracking (HACC) remains a persistent concern. While microstructure-specific hydrogen diffusion coefficients (DH) for weld metal (WM), heat-affected zone (HAZ), and base material (BM) were experimentally established in Part 1 of this study, their quantitative influence on hydrogen accumulation and effusion has not yet been fully clarified. This work presents a transient, spatially resolved numerical model for simulating hydrogen transport in multi-pass submerged arc welds. The model integrates experimentally determined DH values with realistic thermal cycles and temperature-dependent boundary conditions. Developed in Python, the simulation tool is purpose-built for hydrogen diffusion in welded joints and offers a focused, transparent alternative to general-purpose finite element platforms. Parametric analyses demonstrate that, although the diffusion coefficients vary by up to 50 %, their impact on overall hydrogen retention is minor. In contrast, welding parameters such as plate thickness, bead geometry, cooling time (t₈/₅), and interpass tem-perature exert a dominant influence on hydrogen distribution. Despite clear microstructural differences between the thermomechanically rolled (S690MC) and quenched and tempered (S690Q) variants, including hardness softening versus hardening in the heat-affected zone of the (pen)ultimate weld bead, the simulations confirm that their diffusion behavior and hydrogen solubility are closely aligned. Consequently, differences in diffusivity and solubility exert only a minor influence on hydrogen retention compared to thermal exposure and joint geometry. These findings support the interchangeable use of both steel grades in terms of HACC risk due to hydrogen diffusion kinetics, under comparable welding conditions.
T2 - 78th IIW Annual Assembly, Meeting of Commission II-C
CY - Genoa, Italy
DA - 22.06.2025
KW - Hydrogen assisted cracking
KW - Numerical simulation
KW - Hydrogen diffusion
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63541
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hübner, Martin
A1 - Dittmann, Florian
A1 - Kromm, Arne
A1 - Varfolomeev, Igor
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Residual stress reduction using a low transformation temperature welding consumable with focus on the weld geometry
N2 - Low transformation temperature (LTT) welding consumables represent an innovative approach to realize compressive residual stress in the weld seam and HAZ. LTT welding consumables use the volume-expanding martensitic phase transformation near room temperature to generate compressive residual stress during cooling. This article focuses on the weld geometry and its influence on residual stress reduction using an LTT welding consumable. For this purpose, layers with an LTT welding consumable were additionally applied to the front sides of conventionally welded longitudinal stiffeners. Different weld geometries of the second weld seam could be realized by varying the welding parameters. These samples were analyzed for geometric parameters, chemical composition, and residual stress. While the chemical composition and martensite start temperature (MS) were only slightly influenced by parameter changes, a clear influence with regard to residual stress and weld geometry was observed. Depending on the shape of the second LTT weld seam, residual stress reductions of 200 to 500 MPa were achieved using the same LTT welding consumable.
T2 - IIW Annual Assembly and International Conference
CY - Rhodes Island, Dodecanisa, Greece
DA - 07.07.2024
KW - Low transformation temperature (LTT)
KW - Martensite start temperature
KW - Dilution
KW - Weld geometry
KW - Residual stress
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-633707
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-025-02094-3
SN - 1878-6669
SP - 1
EP - 11
PB - Springer Nature
CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg
AN - OPUS4-63370
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Engelking, Lorenz
A1 - Scharf-Wildenhain, R.
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Hälsig, A.
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
A1 - Hensel, J.
T1 - Influence of heat input on properties and residual stresses in hybrid addi-tive manufacturing of high strength steels using MSG processes
N2 - The application of steels with a higher yield strength allows reductions in wall thickness, component weight and production costs. Hybrid additive manufacturing based on Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) processes (DED-Arc) can be used to realise highly effi-cient component modifications and repairs on semi-finished products and additively manufactured structures. There are still a number of key issues preventing widespread implementation, particularly for SMEs. In addition to the manufacturing design, detailed information about assembly strategy and geometric adaptation of the component for modifications or repairs are missing. These include the welding-related stresses associ-ated with the microstructural influences caused by the additive manufacturing steps, particularly in the transition area of the substrate and filler material interface. The pre-sent research focuses the effect of welding heat control during DED-Arc process on the residual stresses, especially in the transition area. Defined specimens were welded fully automatically with a high-strength solid wire (yield strength > 790 MPa) especially adapted for DED-Arc on S690QL substrate. The working temperature and heat input were systematically varied for a statistical effect analysis on the residual stress state of the hybrid manufactured components. Regarding heat control, t8/5 cooling times within the recommended processing range (approx. 5 s to 20 s) were complied. The investiga-tion revealed a significant influence of the working temperature Ti on the compressive residual stresses in the transition area and the tensile residual stresses at the base of the substrate. High working temperatures result in lower compressive residual stresses, heat input E does not significantly affect the tensile stresses.
T2 - 6. Symposium Materialtechnik
CY - Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
DA - 20.02.2025
KW - DED-Arc
KW - Residual stress
KW - Heat control
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-632188
DO - https://doi.org/10.21268/20250506-3
SP - 110
EP - 122
AN - OPUS4-63218
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo
A1 - Schepers, Winfried
T1 - VERBATIM: Project Introduction and Large Scale Experiments
N2 - The presentation summarizes the scope of the joint project VERBATIM on buckling of large Monopiles. The presented work from the authors focusses on the experimental field tests of large predented piles during driving and a numerical investigation on the observed buckling behaviour.
T2 - Colloquium „Buckling of Offshore Wind Energy Structures“
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 14.02.2024
KW - Buckling
KW - Offshore
KW - Wind Energy Structures
KW - Monopiles
KW - Pile-Tip-Buckling
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59535
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Ebell, Gino
T1 - KI in der Maritimen Korrosionsforschung
N2 - Mit dem Klimawandel verändert sich nicht nur das Wetter, also Regenmengen, Temperaturen oder Starkwind- bzw. Sturmzeiten. Mit diesen Veränderungen gehen auch Veränderungen der örtlichen Korro-siviät der Atmosphäre einher. Sind die Datengrundlagen der aktuellen nationalen und internationalen Normen mit Datenerhebungen aus den 1970igern und 80iger Jahren noch repräsentativ? Hierzu werden an realen Offshorestrukturen valide Daten erfasst, die als Grundlage für KI-basierte Modellbildung verwendet werden sollen.
T2 - Innovationszirkel der WAB
CY - Online meeting
DA - 07.02.2024
KW - Korrosion
KW - Windenergie
KW - Offshore
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59488
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zinas, Orestis
A1 - Papaioannou, Iason
A1 - Schneider, Ronald
A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo
T1 - Multivariate Gaussian Process for 3D subsurface stratigraphy prediction from CPT and labelled borehole data
N2 - Quantifying uncertainties in subsurface properties and stratigraphy can lead to better understanding of the ground conditions and enhance the design and assessment of geotechnical structures. Several studies have utilized Cone Penetration Test (CPT) data and employed Bayesian and Machine Learning methods to quantify the geological uncertainty, based on the Robertson’s soil classification charts and the Soil Behaviour Type Index (Ic). The incorporation of borehole data can reduce the stratigraphic uncertainty. Significant challenges can arise, however, mainly due to the intrinsic differences between field and laboratory-based soil classification systems, which can potentially lead to inconsistent soil classification. To this end, this study proposes a multivariate Gaussian Process model that utilizes site-specific data and: i) jointly models multiple categorical (USCS labels) and continuous (Ic) variables, ii) learns a (shared) spatial correlation structure and the betweenoutputs covariance, and iii) produces two types of dependent classification outputs. The results indicate that the integration of geotechnical and geological information into a unified model can provide more reliable predictions of the subsurface stratification, by allowing simultaneous interpretation of USCS and Ic profiles. Importantly, the model demonstrates the potential to integrate multiple variables of different types, aiming to contribute to the development of a methodology for joint modeling of geotechnical, geological and geophysical data.
T2 - 7th International Conference on Geotechnical and Geophysical Site Characterization
CY - Barcelona, Spain
DA - 18.06.2024
KW - Geotechnical site-characterization
KW - Probabilistic
KW - Soil classification
KW - Gaussian Process
PY - 2024
SP - 1733
EP - 1740
AN - OPUS4-60712
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Oster, Simon
A1 - Scheuschner, Nils
A1 - Chand, Keerthana
A1 - Altenburg, Simon
A1 - Gerlach, G.
T1 - Potentials and challenges of deep-learning-assisted porosity prediction based on thermographic in-situ monitoring in laser powder bed fusion
N2 - Laser powder bed fusion is one of the most promising additive manufacturing techniques for printing complex-shaped metal components. However, the formation of subsurface porosity poses a significant risk to the service lifetime of the printed parts. In-situ monitoring offers the possibility to detect porosity already during manufacturing. Thereby, process feedback control or a manual process interruption to cut financial losses is enabled.
Short-wave infrared thermography can monitor the thermal history of manufactured parts which is closely connected to the probability of porosity formation. Artificial intelligence methods are increasingly used for porosity prediction from the obtained large amounts of complex monitoring data. In this study, we aim to identify the potential and the challenges of deep-learning-assisted porosity prediction based on thermographic in-situ monitoring.
Therefore, the porosity prediction task is studied in detail using an exemplary dataset from the manufacturing of two Haynes282 cuboid components. Our trained 1D convolutional neural network model shows high performance (R² score of 0.90) for the prediction of local porosity in discrete sub-volumes with dimensions of (700 x 700 x 40) μm³.
It could be demonstrated that the regressor correctly predicts layer-wise porosity changes but presumably has limited capability to predict differences in local porosity. Furthermore, there is a need to study the significance of the used thermogram feature inputs to streamline the model and to adjust the monitoring hardware. Moreover, we identified multiple sources of data uncertainty resulting from the in-situ monitoring setup, the registration with the ground truth X-ray-computed tomography data and the used pre-processing workflow that might influence the model’s performance detrimentally.
T2 - XXXVII. Messtechnisches Symposium 2023
CY - Freiburg, Germany
DA - 27.09.2023
KW - Porosity prediction
KW - Defect detection
KW - Laser powder bed fusion (PBF-LB/M, L-PBF)
KW - Selective laser melting
KW - Thermography
KW - Machine learning
PY - 2023
DO - https://doi.org/10.1515/teme-2023-0062
SN - 0171-8096
SN - 2196-7113
VL - 90
SP - 85
EP - 96
PB - De Gruyter
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-58366
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Erxleben, Kjell
A1 - Kaiser, Sebastian
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
A1 - Kromm, Arne
T1 - Reparaturschweißen zukünftiger, in Betrieb befindlicher Wasserstoffpipelines
N2 - Wasserstoff leistet als Energieträger der Zukunft einen entscheidenden Beitrag zur nachhaltigen Energieversorgung, wobei der Transport auf Basis des europäischen Ferngasleitungsnetzes erfolgen wird. Bisherige Untersuchungen zur Werkstoffkompatibilität zeigen, dass die hier verwendeten, niedriglegierten Rohrstähle für Wasserstofftransport unter normalen Betriebsbedingungen (≤ 60 °C, max. 100 bar) grundsätzlich geeignet sind. Die Eignung kann nicht ohne Weiteres übertragen werden, sobald Reparaturschweißungen beispielsweise aufgrund von Wartungsarbeiten an druckführenden, in Betrieb befindlichen, Hochdruckgasleitungen erfolgen. Aus technisch-ökonomischen Gründen werden Schweißarbeiten dabei im Betrieb unter fortwährendem Druck und Gasfluss durchgeführt. Dies soll auch bei Wasserstoffpipelines erfolgen. Dazu im Erdgasnetz angewandte und etablierte Konzepte sind beispielsweise das „Hot-Tapping“ und „Stoppling“. Beim „Hot-Tapping“ wird eine druckführende Pipeline durch Anflanschen eines abgeschlossenen, druckdichten Systems aus Absperrventil und Bohrvorrichtung angebohrt. Dazu müssen sogenannte Überschieber (aus vorgeformten Zylinderhalbschalen) durch Längsnaht verbunden und dann mit Rohrrundnähten am Produktrohr verbunden werden. Für das zum überwiegenden Teil durchgeführte E-Hand-Schweißen sind dabei Vorwärmtemperaturen von ca. 100 °C bzw. 250 °C für die maximale Zwischenlagentemperatur einzuhalten. Besonderer Fokus liegt auf der Betrachtung dünnwandiger Leitungen, da hier beim Schweißen der Rundnähte die Austenitisierungstemperatur an der Innenseite der Pipeline überschritten wird. Dadurch wird eine signifikant höhere Wasserstoffaufnahme in den Leitungsstahl vermutet, mit einer möglichen Degradation der mechanischen Kennwerte bzw. Rissbildung. Durch die langen Schweiß- und Abkühlzeiten wird der Rohrleitungsstahl zudem teilweise stundenlang Temperaturen von bis zu 250 °C ausgesetzt. Neben der klassischen „Versprödung“ muss daher eventuell auch ein sogenannter Hochtemperatur-Wasserstoffangriff betrachtet werden. Diese vorliegende Studie gibt Einblick zur Übertragbarkeit der bekannten Konzepte aus der Erdgastechnik zum Reparaturschweißen. Dazu werden Möglichkeiten und Grenzen momentaner Prüfkonzepte sowie deren Weiterentwicklungen aufgezeigt. Dies umfasst bspw. geeignete Methodiken zur Werkstoffprüfung als auch skalierte Bauteilversuche unter realistischen Druckgas-Betriebsbedingungen einer Pipeline. In diesem Rahmen erfolgt auch die Kurzvorstellung des Kooperationsprojektes von BAM, DVGW und Ferngasnetzbetreibern „H2-SuD“ zum Einfluss der Temperaturführung und Rohrgeometrie auf die Wasserstoffaufnahme.
T2 - DVS CONGRESS 2024
CY - Erfurt, Germany
DA - 16.09.2024
KW - Reparaturschweißen
KW - Pipeline
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Im Betrieb
PY - 2024
SN - 978-3-96144-269-0
VL - 395
SP - 341
EP - 349
AN - OPUS4-61478
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Czeskleba, Denis
T1 - Kurzvorstellung des Projektes "H2SuD / Wasserstoff und Schweißen Einfluss des Schweißens auf die Wasserstoffaufnahme und Degradation im Betrieb befindlicher H2 Gasleitungen"
N2 - Die Wasserstoffinfrastruktur ist eine zentraler Bestandteil der erfolgreichen Umsetzung der wasserstoffbasierten Energiewende. Dabei bilden Ferngasleitungen quasi das "Rückgrat" der Transportinfrastruktur großer Gasmengen. Dabei müssen unter Umständen Reparaturen an den Pipelines durchgeführt werden. Dabei ist in der Erdgasinfrastruktur das Schweißen an in Betrieb befindlichen (d.h. von Gas durchflossenen) Pipelines Stand der Technik. Es ist jedoch vollkommen offen, inwieweit diese Technik auf die reine Wasserstoffpipelines übertragbar sind. Hierzu leistet das Projekt H2SuD wichtige Beiträge zur Aufklärung des Einfluss eines Reparaturschweißprozesses auf die Wasserstoffaufnahme und Degradation im Betrieb befindlicher H2 Gasleitungen.
T2 - Sitzung des FA1 "Schweißmetallurgie" der Forschungsvereinigung Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren des DVS e.V.
CY - Aachen, Germany
DA - 22.02.2023
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Pipeline
KW - Reparatur
KW - Schweißen
KW - Ferngasleitung
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57087
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kästle, Emanuel D.
A1 - Ghaznavi, Ali
A1 - Duffner, Eric
T1 - Failure monitoring and classification from acoustic emission tests on impact-damaged hydrogen composite pressure vessels
N2 - A total of nine heavily damaged carbon-fibre overwrapped pressure vessels are tested. The burst pressure of the damaged vessels correlates with the impact energy and the internal pressure during impact. No internal pressure leads to larger deformation and lower burst pressure. The vessels are tested with acoustic emissions prior to bursting. It can be shown that major instabilities give rise to a significantly increased number of acoustic signals. The location of occurrence corresponds to the impact regions. The signals are studied in terms of their frequency content and it can be shown that high frequency signals experience strong damping so that there are only few recorded high-frequency events and even fewer that are locatable. The data is further used in a cluster analysis to assign the signals to different failure types. With the given experimental design, no clear patterns emerge so that the failure association
remains ambiguous.
KW - Acoustic Emission
KW - Carbon-Fibre Overwrapped Pressure Vessels
KW - Impact Damage
KW - Cluster Analysis
KW - Frequency Features
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-613266
DO - https://doi.org/10.58286/30256
SN - 1435-4934
VL - 29
IS - 10
SP - 1
EP - 12
PB - NDT.net GmbH & Co. KG
AN - OPUS4-61326
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kaiser, Sebastian
A1 - Erxleben, Kjell
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Herausforderungen beim Schweißen im Betrieb an Wasserstoff-Ferngasleitungen
N2 - Als Energieträger der Zukunft kommt grünem Wasserstoff große Bedeutung bei der Energiewende und der zukünftigen, nachhaltigen Energieversorgung zu Teil. Zum effizienten und sicheren Transport des Wasserstoffs ist die Bereitstellung einer Pipeline-Infrastruktur geplant. Die meisten Länder verfolgen hierbei die Strategie der Umwidmung bestehender Erdgastransportleitungen, ergänzt durch Errichtung neuer Pipelines. Die bestehenden Erdgasnetze sind dabei aus unterschiedlichsten Rohrgeometrien und Materialien zusammengesetzt. Bei der Umwidmung von Erdgaspipelines zum Transport von Wasserstoff müssen daher Fragen der Materialverträglichkeit hinsichtlich des als Wasserstoffversprödung bekannten Phänomens der Beeinträchtigung der mechanischen Eigenschaften metallischer Werkstoffe durch Wasserstoff betrachtet werden. Bisherige Forschungsergebnisse und Feldversuche deuten darauf hin, dass die niedriglegierten, ferritischen Stähle, aus denen die Ferngasleitungen des Erdgasnetzes überwiegend bestehen, für den Transport von Wasserstoff unter normalen Betriebsbedingungen geeignet sind. Eine Frage, die bislang weniger Aufmerksamkeit erhielt, ist die, wie sich das Schweißen im Betrieb an Wasserstoffpipelines auf die Materialkompatibilität auswirkt. Im Erdgasnetz sind etablierte Verfahren wie beispielsweise das „Hot-Tapping“ unumgänglich für die Instandhaltung und Erweiterung des Netzes. Hierbei werden an eine im Betrieb befindliche Pipeline geteilte T-Stücke aufgeschweißt, über die die Pipeline dann mit geeigneten Bohrvorrichtungen während eines ununterbrochenen Betriebs angebohrt werden kann. Um zu beurteilen, ob diese Verfahren gefahrlos auf Wasserstoffpipelines übertragen werden können, müssen Problemstellungen betrachtet werden, die sich durch den Wärmeeintrag ins Material beim Schweißen ergeben. Wasserstofflöslichkeit und Diffusionsgeschwindigkeit sind temperaturabhängig. Erhöhte Temperaturen könnten eine Wasserstoffaufnahme ins Material bewirken, die zu einer kritischen Degradation der mechanischen Eigenschaften des Materials führen könnte. Die Temperaturen, die beim Schweißen erreicht werden, führen lokal zur Überschreitung der Austenitisierungstemperatur. Austenit weist eine deutlich höhere Löslichkeit von Wasserstoff auf, während die Diffusionsgeschwindigkeit des Wasserstoffs in dieser Phase deutlich herabgesetzt ist. Es wird vermutet, dass dies zu einer lokal erhöhten Wasserstoffkonzentration führt. Damit geht ein erhöhtes Risiko einer kritischen Materialdegradation einher. Durch die lange Zeitdauer beim Schweißen von mehrlagigen Rundkehlnähten an großen Pipelines, einschließlich einer möglichen Vorwärmprozedur, ist weiterhin zu klären, ob der aus Anwendungsfällen in der Petrochemie bekannte Hochtemperaturwasserstoffangriff auftritt. Der vorliegende Beitrag liefert einen Überblick über das Schweißen im Betrieb an Gaspipelines, hierbei auftretenden Herausforderungen bei der möglichen Anwendung auf Wasserstoffleitungen. Dabei werden auch aktuelle Forschungsprojekte zum Thema Schweißen an Wasserstoffpipelines im Betrieb eingehend diskutiert. In diesem Zusammenhang werden erste Ergebnisse des gemeinschaftlichen Forschungsprojektes „H2-SuD: Einfluss des Schweißens auf die Wasserstoffaufnahme und Degradation im Betrieb befindlicher H2-Ferngasleitungen“ des Deutschen Vereins des Gas- und Wasserfaches (DVGW), der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) und deutscher Gasnetzbetreiber (Open Grid Europe, ONTRAS Gastransport, u.v.m.) präsentiert.
T2 - 53. Sondertagung - Schweißen im Anlagen-und Behälterbau 2025
CY - Munich, Germany
DA - 18.03.2025
KW - Materialdegradation
KW - Pipeline
KW - Schweißen
KW - Wasserstoff
PY - 2025
SN - 978-3-96144-290-4 (Print)
SN - 978-3-96144-291-1 (E-Book)
VL - 2025
SP - 106
EP - 115
PB - DVS Media GmbH
CY - Düsseldorf
AN - OPUS4-62911
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Schweißen im Wasserstoffanlagen- und Behälterbau - Eine Kurzübersicht
N2 - Wasserstoff erfüllt die zentrale Rolle für die Umwandlung der bisherigen fossil-basierten Energieerzeugung und -nutzung auf eine dekarbonisierte, nachhaltige Form. Dazu muss der Wasserstoff erzeugt, gespeichert, transportiert werden, bevor er wieder der Nutzung zugeführt wird. Hierzu sind entlang der gesamtem Prozesskette Wasserstofftechnologien notwendig, die einen sicheren Betrieb erfordern. Hierbei kommt dem schweißtechnischen Anlagen- und Behälterbau wesentliche Bedeutung zu, insbesondere (aber nicht ausschließlich) für Speicherung und Transport des Wasserstoffes. Der vorliegende Beitrag gibt einen kurzen Überblick, wo und wie die konventionelle Schweißtechnik hierzu wichtige Beiträge leistet. Die additive Fertigung, also das „Drucken“ von Bauteilen wird dabei zunehmend wichtiger, entlang der gesamtem Prozesskette der Wasserstofftechnologien. Gleichwohl darf nicht unterschätzt werden, dass auch wesentlicher Bedarf an der Erweiterung und teilweiser Neufassung von bestehenden Regel- und Normenwerken besteht.
T2 - 51. Sondertagung "Schweißen im Behälter- und Anlagenbau"
CY - Munich, Germany
DA - 01.03.2023
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Anlagenbau
KW - Schweißen
KW - Studie
KW - Pipeline
PY - 2023
SN - 978-3-96144-219-5
VL - 387
SP - 83
EP - 88
PB - DVS Media GmbH
CY - Düsseldorf
AN - OPUS4-57075
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Scharf-Wildenhain, R.
T1 - Herstellung und Charakterisierung von WAAM-Bauteilen aus hochfesten Zusatzwerkstoffe
N2 - Hochfeste Feinkornbaustähle verfügen über großes Potenzial für gewichtsoptimierte, effiziente Strukturen in vielen modernen Stahlkonstruktion. Weitere Effizienzsteigerungen können durch additives Fertigen sowie bionische Bauweisen erreicht werden. Hochfeste Zusatzwerkstoffe für additives MSG-Schweißen (engl.: Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing, WAAM) sind bereits von den Schweißzusatzherstellern lieferbar. Eine breite industrielle Anwendung insbesondere für KMU ist aufgrund fehlender quantitativer Erkenntnisse und Richtlinien bezüglich schweißbedingter Beanspruchungen und Bauteilsicherheit während der Herstellung und des Betriebs derzeit stark limitiert. In einem gemeinsamen Forschungsprojekt (FOSTA-P1380/IGF21162BG) der BAM und der TU Chemnitz werden daher die mit Eigenspannungsausbildung und der Gefahr einer Kaltrissbildung verbundenen prozess- und werkstoffbedingten sowie konstruktiven Einflüsse beim WAAM hochfester Stähle untersucht. Der vorliegende Beitrag fokussiert die Analyse der Auswirkungen von Schweißwärmeführung und Design der WAAM-Bauteile auf die Abkühlbedingungen, Gefüge, mechanisch-technologischen Eigenschaften und Eigenspannungen. Hierfür werden geometrisch definierte Probenkörper (Hohlquader) vollautomatisiert mit einem speziellen, hochfesten WAAM-Massivdraht (Streckgrenze >790 MPa) geschweißt. Die Wärmeführung und Probenabmessungen werden innerhalb eines statistischen Versuchsplans variiert. Die Schweißwärmeführung wird dabei so eingestellt, dass die t8/5-Abkühlzeiten im empfohlenen Verarbeitungsbereich (ca. 5 s bis 20 s) sichergestellt sind. Hierzu ließen sich über zusätzliche thermo-physikalische Umformsimulationen mittels Dilatometer die komplexen Wärmezyklen abbilden und die resultierende Zugfestigkeit des Schweißgutes bestimmen. Das WAAM-Schweißen komplexer Geometrien mit variierenden Schweißwärmeführungen und geometrischen Verhältnissen bzw. Wanddicken bedingt neben den Auswirkungen auf die Abkühlbedingungen, Abkühlzeiten und Gefüge deutliche Einflüsse auf die konstruktiven Steifigkeitsverhältnisse beim Schweißen. Es zeigen sich anhand der Schweißexperimente signifikante Auswirkungen durch Probenskalierung und Wärmeeinbringung auf die resultierenden lokalen Eigenspannungen. Die Folge können ungünstige Bauteileigenschaften und risskritische Zugeigenspannungen sein.
Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden einige Verarbeitungsempfehlung auf Basis der Ergebnisse für den Arbeitskreis des DVS AG V 12 (Additive Fertigung) abgeleitet.
T2 - Sitzung der DVS Arbeitsgruppe (AG) V 12 Additive Fertigung
CY - Online meeting
DA - 23.11.2022
KW - MAG-Schweißen
KW - Additive Fertigung
KW - Eigenspannungen
KW - Hochfester Stahl
KW - Kaltrisssicherheit
KW - Wärmeführung
KW - Windenergie
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56721
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Scharf-Wildenhain, R.
A1 - Hälsig, A.
T1 - Einfluss von Wärmeführung und Bauteildesign auf die Beanspruchungen additiv geschweißter hochfester Feinkornbaustähle
N2 - Der Vortrag gibt einen Überblick über den Einfluss der Prozessparameter auf die Eigenspannungen sowie die Härte in additiv gefertigten Bauteilen aus hochfestem Stahl. Des Weiteren wird dargestellt, wie sich das Bauteildesign auf die Eigenspannungen der Bauteile auswirken.
T2 - 43. Assistentenseminar Füge- und Schweißtechnik 2022
CY - Chemnitz, Germany
DA - 27.09.2022
KW - Additive Fertigung
KW - Hochfester Stahl
KW - Eigenspannungen
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-59537
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Soruco Aloisio, Ricardo
T1 - Eine Infrastruktur für den digitalen Zwilling – Use Case H2-Tankstelle
N2 - Im Rahmen von der BAM und anderen Partnern ins Leben gerufene Initiative „Digitale Qualitätsinfrastruktur“ ist der Fokus auf die Entwicklung von neuen Regelwerken und Zertifizierungsworkflows ausgerichtet. Dabei ist eine besondere Bedeutung dem Zusammenführen von Operational Technology (OT) und Informationstechnik (IT) beizumessen, wenn aktuelle Prozess- und Parameterdaten
zuverlässig zur Verfügung gestellt werden sollen. In dem Use Case Wasserstofftankstelle werden digitale Abbilder erprobt, die u.a. der Kalibrierung von Sensoren, dem Nachweis über die Wasserstoffreinheit und der vorausschauenden Wartung dienen sollen.
Großenteils der verfahrenstechnischen Bestandsanlagen, die sogenannten Brownfield-Anlagen, sind nach einem konservativen und hierarchischen Automatisierungskonzept ausgelegt. Hierbei können sämtliche Prozessdaten,
besonders aus der Feldebene, einer oberen informationstechnische Ebene
unzugänglich bleiben. Eine Brückentechnologie nach der NAMUR Open Architecture (NOA) soll möglichst viele Informationen und Daten aus der vorgegebenen Brownfield-Automatisierung sicher und rückwirkungsfrei zur
Verfügung stellen. Zusätzliche Sensorik soll ebenso zu der Datenerweiterung beitragen und letztendlich den digitalen Zwilling, bzw. das digitale Abbild des verfahrenstechnischen Prozesses, ergänzen.
Die Herausforderungen einer solchen Infrastruktur gelten vor allem einer universellen
Kommunikationsschnittstelle und der Sicherheit. Darüber hinaus werden vorgeschlagene Normen und Empfehlungen untersucht und erprobt.
T2 - Jahrestreffen der "Prozess-, Apparate- und Anlagentechnik"
CY - Frankfurt am Main, Germany
DA - 21.11.2022
KW - QI-Digital
KW - Use-Case Wasserstofftankstelle
KW - Automatisierung
KW - Operational Technology
KW - Digitaler Zwilling
KW - NAMUR Open Architecture
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56402
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Ziegler, Mathias
A1 - Altenburg, Simon
A1 - Krankenhagen, Rainer
A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane
A1 - Scheuschner, Nils
A1 - Marquardt, E
A1 - Mühlberger, W.
A1 - Nagel, F.
A1 - Neumann, E.
A1 - Rohwetter, P.
A1 - Rutz, F.
A1 - Schwake, C.
A1 - Schramm, S.
A1 - Schwaneberg, F.
A1 - Taubert, R. D.
T1 - Thermografie und Strahlungsthermometrie - Stand und Trends
N2 - In vielen Umgebungen, besonders bei hohen Temperaturen, korrosiven Umgebungen oder auf bewegten oder schlecht zugänglichen Flächen, kann die Temperatur nicht oder nur mit nicht akzeptablem Aufwand mit Berührungsthermometern gemessen werden. Diese Umgebungsbedingungen sind unter anderem in der chemischen Industrie, der Lebensmittel-, Metall-, Glas-, Kunststoff- und Papierherstellung sowie bei der Lacktrocknung anzutreffen. In diesen Bereichen kommen Strahlungsthermometer zum Einsatz. Der VDI-Statusreport zeigt typische Anwendungsfelder von nicht radiometrisch kalibrierten Wärmebildkameras und von radiometrisch kalibrierten Thermografiekameras. Um verlässlich mit spezifizierten Messunsicherheiten berührungslos Temperaturen zu messen, müssen die Strahlungsthermometer und Thermografiekameras nicht nur kalibriert, sondern radiometrisch und strahlungsthermometrisch umfassend charakterisiert werden. Auch die optische Materialeigenschaft, der spektrale Emissionsgrad und die Gesamtstrahlungsbilanz (Strahlung des Messobjekts und der Umgebung) sind bei der industriellen Temperaturmessung von großer Bedeutung. In den letzten Jahrzehnten ist dazu ein umfassendes technisches Regelwerk entstanden, das wir Ihnen mit diesem VDI-Statusreport vorstellen. Manche in den Richtlinien beschriebenen Kennwerte mögen abstrakt wirken. In diesem Statusreport zeigen wir an konkreten Beispielen, was diese Kenngrößen für die berührungslose Temperaturmessung bedeuten. Beispiele von Anwendungen zeigen, wo temperaturmessende Thermografiekameras und ausschließlich bildgebende Wärmebildkameras in der Praxis eingesetzt werden. Mit einer Analyse, welche Themen und Anwendungen derzeit besonders intensiv diskutiert werden, versuchen wir Trends für zukünftige Entwicklungen herauszuarbeiten.
KW - Thermografie
KW - Temperaturmessung
PY - 2021
UR - https://www.vdi.de/ueber-uns/presse/publikationen/details/thermografie-und-strahlungsthermometrie-stand-und-trends
SP - 1
EP - 40
PB - VDI Verein Deutscher Ingenieure e.V.
CY - Düsseldorf
AN - OPUS4-52904
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Chaudhuri, Somsubhro
T1 - EvalTherm: Evaluation of passive thermography for the inspection of operational wind turbine rotor blades
N2 - Wind turbine rotor blades (WTBs) have undergone numerous developments related to their design, manufacturing, and material selection. The drive for cost efficiency has resulted in increasingly longer WTBs over the past two decades [1]. Despite advancements in wind turbine technology, WTB inspection methods have seen little change over the years. While drones are increasingly used, inspections still rely primarily on visual assessments. However, critical structural damage - often originating from manufacturing defects - typically begins within the composite blade structure.
With the increase in wind turbine blade (WTB) sizes, now exceeding lengths of 120 meters, passive infrared thermography (IRT) has been explored as an alternative inspection method when thermal or optical excitation is impractical [2]. Despite its advantages, employing IRT in wind industry presents significant challenges due to inherent uncertainties related to material properties, environmental conditions, and calibration factors [3]. The effects of these conditions can be analysed through finite element (FE) modelling, albeit with certain limitations [4, 5]. This work is part of the multi-partner project “EvalTherm,” which aims to evaluate passive IRT as a non-destructive inspection tool for WTBs in operation (schematic of the project is shown in Figure 1:). One parameter that can be used to investigate its effectiveness is thermal contrast, which allows two distinct features to be distinguished in thermal data. Selected results from the project “EvalTherm” are discussed and shown in the presentation. They are primarily categorised into inspections done under controlled conditions: i.e. in laboratory (with active excitation in the form of irradiation) and a climate chamber (with a temperature transient introduced with airflow). Results from these trials help understand the combined effect that are observed in outside measurements, with exposure to the sun and diurnal temperature changes. The presentation will include results obtained from field inspections on operational WTBs.
T2 - Wind Energy Science Conference (WESC) 2025
CY - Nantes, France
DA - 24.06.2025
KW - Thermography
KW - Wind energy
KW - Wind turbine rotor blades
KW - Windenergie Anlage Rotorblätter
KW - Damage detection
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63558
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Characterization of hydrogen trapping in a CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy charged up to 1000 bar high-pressure hydrogen
N2 - First studies on the mechanical behavior of high-entropy alloys (HEAs) in high-pressure hydrogen environment are available. In contrast, the underlying hydrogen absorption, diffusion and trapping in these HEAs like the Cantor-alloy was less in the scientific scope so far. For that reason, the CoCrFeMnNi-HEA was compared to a conventional AISI 316L austenitic steel, by exposing to high-pressure hydrogen charging at 200 bar and very-high pressure at 1,000 bar. Thermal desorption analysis (TDA) was applied with different heating rates (0.125 K/s to 0.500 K/s), see Fig. 1a to d. The underlying TDA spectra were analyzed in terms of a reasonable peak deconvolution to into a defined number of peaks and the calculation of the activation energies for the respective and predominant hydrogen trap sites. Both materials show a comparable hydrogen diffusivity. The obtained activation energies suggest that in case of the CoCrFeMnNi-HEAs an interaction of the austenitic phase as well as the direct atomic bonding of hydrogen to the metal atoms are the dominant traps, since “impurities” such as carbides or inclusions are only present in trace amounts. Available literature suggests that the Cr and Mn-content is here of special interest for the direct hydrogen bonding at solute atoms. In addition, the trap occupancy rate must be considered in terms of a pressure-related hydrogen absorption. The derived apparent hydrogen solubility was in the order: 316L < CoCrFeMnNi-HEA for both charging pressures. Especially, the 1,000 bar values lead to noteworthy results with > 70 wt.ppm for the AISI 316L and >130 wt.ppm for the CoCrFeMnNi. In fact, both the hydrogen diffusion and trapping data on gaseous high-pressure hydrogen charged HEAs are rare so far. The results of the present study allow a deeper understanding of hydrogen trapping in the regarded CoCrFeMnNi-system.
T2 - 78th IIW Annual Assembly and International Conference
CY - Genoa, Italy
DA - 26.06.2025
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Thermal desorption analysis
KW - High-pressure charging
KW - Trapping
KW - Diffusion
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63542
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Eissel, A.
A1 - Engelking, Lorenz
A1 - Treutler, K.
A1 - Wesling, V.
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Modification of Co–Cr alloys to optimize additively welded microstructures and subsequent surface finishing
N2 - Cobalt chromium alloys are often used in turbine and plant construction. This is based on their high thermal and mechanical stress resistance as well as their high wear resistance to corrosive and abrasive loads. However, cobalt is a cost-intensive material that is difficult to machine. Moreover, increasingly complex structures and the optimisation of resource efficiency also require additive manufacturing steps for the production or repair of components in many sectors. Concerning inhomogeneity and anisotropy of the microstructure and properties as well as manufacturing-related stresses, a lot of knowledge is still necessary for the economic use of additive welding processes in SMEs. As a result of the high stresses on the components
and requirements for a high surface quality, a complementary use of additive and machining manufacturing processes is necessary. Thereby, Co–Cr alloys are extremely challenging for machining with geometrically defined cutting edges because of their low thermal conductivity combined with high strength and toughness. An approach to solve this problem is to refine and homogenise the microstructure. This is achieved by modifying the alloy with elements zirconium and hafnium, which are added up to a maximum of 1 wt.-%. A reduction of the process forces and stresses on the tool and work piece surface is also achievable via hybrid milling processes. There are already studies on the combined use of additive and machining manufacturing processes based on laser technology. However, knowledge based on powder and wire-based arc processes is important, as these processes are more widespread. Furthermore, the effects on the surface zone of additively manufactured components by hybrid finish milling have not yet been a subject of research. The results show that the structural morphology could be significantly influenced with the addition of zirconium and hafnium.
KW - Alloy modification
KW - Ultrasonic-assisted milling
KW - Plasma-transferred arc welding
KW - Co-Cr-alloy
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-554182
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-022-01334-0
SN - 0043-2288
SN - 1878-6669
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - Springer
CY - Heidelberg
AN - OPUS4-55418
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Scharf-Wildenhain, R.
A1 - Hälsig, A.
A1 - Hensel, J.
A1 - Wandtke, Karsten
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Kromm, Arne
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Influence of Heat Control on Properties and Residual Stresses of Additive-Welded High-Strength Steel Components
N2 - This contributed to the knowledge regarding the safe avoidance of cold cracking. In addition to a thermophysical simulation using a dilatometer of different high-strength steels with subsequent tensile testing, reference WAAM specimens (open hollow cuboids) were welded while utilizing a high-strength filler metal (ultimate tensile strength > 790 MPa). The heat control was varied by means of the heat input and interlayer temperature such that the Dt8/5 cooling times corresponded to the recommended processing range (approx. 5 s to 20 s). For the heat input, significant effects were exhibited, in particular on the local residual stresses in the component. Welding with an excessive heat input or deposition rate may lead to low cooling rates, and hence to unfavorable microstructure and component properties, but at the same time, is intended to result in lower tensile residual stress levels. Such complex interactions must ultimately be clarified to provide users with easily applicable processing recommendations and standard specifications for an economical WAAM of high-strength steels. These investigations demonstrated a major influence of the heat input on both the cooling conditions and the residual stresses of components manufactured withWAAM using high-strength filler materials. A higher heat input led to longer cooling times (Dt8/5) and approx. 200 MPa lower residual stresses in the surface of the top layer.
KW - WAAM
KW - Additive manufacturing
KW - Heat control
KW - High-strength filler metals
KW - Residual stress
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-553982
UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/12/6/951
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/met12060951
VL - 12
IS - 6
SP - 951
PB - MDPI
AN - OPUS4-55398
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Eissel, A.
A1 - Engelking, Lorenz
A1 - Treutler, K.
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Wesling, V.
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Investigations on influencing the microstructure of additively manufactured Co‑Cr alloys to improve subsequent machining conditions
N2 - Co-Cr alloys are frequently used for highly stressed components, especially in turbine and plant construction, due to their high resistance to thermal and mechanical stress, as well as to corrosive and abrasive loads. Furthermore, they are classified as difficult-to-cut materials because of their high strength and toughness as well as their low thermal conductivity. However, for Co, an increased cost and supply risk can be observed in recent years. Therefore, additive manufacturing (AM) offers significant economic advantages due to higher material efficiency regarding repair, modification, and manufacturing of such components. Concerning inhomogeneity and anisotropy of the microstructure and properties as well as manufacturing-related stresses, a lot of knowledge is still necessary for the economic use of additive welding processes in SMEs. In addition, subsequent machining, particularly contour milling, is essential to generate the required complex contours and surfaces. Hence, additive and machining manufacturing processes need to be coordinated in a complementary way, especially due to additional challenges arising in milling of heterogeneous hard-to-cut microstructures. Recently, it has been shown that modern, hybrid cutting processes, such as ultrasonic-assisted milling (US), can improve the cutting situation. In this investigation, the Co-Cr initial alloy is additionally modified with Ti and Zr up to 1 wt% with the aim to enhance the homogeneity of the microstructure and, thus, the machinability. Hence the investigation includes finish milling tests of the AM components and the comparison of US and conventional machining. Both the modifications and the ultrasonic assistance exhibit a significant effect on the machining situation; for example US causes a higher surface integrity of the finish milled surfaces compared to conventional milling.
T2 - International Congress on Welding, Additive Manufacturing and associated non-destructive testing
CY - Online meeting
DA - 08.06.2022
KW - Cobalt-chromium alloy
KW - Additive manufacturing
KW - Ultrasonic-assisted milling
KW - Surface integrity
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-560917
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-022-01397-z
SP - 1
EP - 9
PB - Springer
CY - Heidelberg
AN - OPUS4-56091
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Becker, Amadeus
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Kromm, Arne
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Determination of residual stress evolution during repair welding of high-strength steel components
N2 - During the assembly of steel structures, unacceptable weld defects may be found. An economical solution is local thermal gouging of the affected areas and re-welding. Due to high shrinkage restraints of repair weld and sur- rounding structure, high global and local welding stresses superimpose, and may lead to cracking and component failure, especially in connection with the degraded microstructure and mechanical properties of high-strength steels during the repair process. Component-related investigations of high-strength steels (FOSTA P1311/ IGF20162N) focus on welding residual stress evolution during local thermal gouging and rewelding. In this study, repair welding of S500MLO (EN 10225) is carried out using in-situ digital image correlation (DIC) and ex- situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) to analyse strains and stresses. Self-restrained slit specimen geometries were identified representing defined rigidity conditions of repair welds of real components, which were quantified using the restraint intensity concept. The specimens were rewelded with constant welding heat control and parameters. Weld specimens exhibited significantly increased transverse residual stresses with higher transverse restraint intensities, in the weld metal, and in the heat affected zone. Transverse stresses along the weld seam decrease at the weld seam ends leading to different stress state during gouging and welding. XRD analysis of the longitudinal and transverse local residual stresses after cooling to RT showed a good comparability with global DIC analyses.
KW - Repair-welding
KW - High-strength steels
KW - X-ray diffraction
KW - Digital image correlation
KW - Residual stresses
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-555672
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.finmec.2022.100073
SN - 2666-3597
VL - 6
SP - 1
EP - 6
PB - Elsevier
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-55567
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo
T1 - Geotechnical challenges in the field of Offshore Wind Energy. Micromechanical perspectives beyond the FEM
N2 - This talk provides a brief overview on some geomechanical phenomena and problematic issues in the field of offshore wind-energy geotechnics, with reference to their associated challenges for a numerical analysis/simulation. These may include large deformations, fluid coupling and grain-scale phenomena, all of which are generally difficult to be addressed with conventional FE techniques.
These challenges are illustrated here with a practical example for the retrofit of axially loaded piles using compaction grouting techniques. In this case, the mechanical effects of the retrofit may be analysed with standard FE techniques, but require the adoption of strong assumptions, while the injection process itself can only be analysed with special techniques such as the MPM.
Finally, an LBM-DEM framework for the micromechanical analysis of such problems is introduced and a practical application for the estimation of the soil resistance to driving (SRD) in layered profiles is discussed.
T2 - Online Symposium on Meshfree models for Engineers: Where are they really worthwhile?
CY - Online meeting
DA - 01.12.2022
KW - Offshore wind energy
KW - Offshore geotechnics
KW - Micromechanical simulation
KW - LBM-DEM
KW - Pile retrofit system
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56450
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Bulakhe, R. N.
A1 - Nguyen, V. Q.
A1 - Lee, Y. R.
A1 - Zhang, H.
A1 - Zhang, S.
A1 - Shim, J.-J.
A1 - Tuma, Dirk
T1 - Chemically grown 3D copper hydroxide electrodes with different morphologies for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors
N2 - The present study investigated decoration of Cu(OH)₂ with different morphologies by copper precursors on 3D nickel foam. The Cu(OH)₂-A (nano flower)electrode showed an excellent capacitance of 1332 Fg⁻¹ at current density of 2 Ag⁻¹ compared to the Cu(OH)₂-C (nano ribbon, 1100 Fg⁻¹) and Cu(OH)₂-S (nano Long leaf, 1013 Fg⁻¹) electrodes. An asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) was fabricated and showed a Maximum capacitance of 165 Fg⁻¹ at current density of 2 Ag⁻¹ with high energy density of 66.7 Wh kg⁻¹ and power density of 5698 W kg⁻¹ with excellent stability of 80 % after 10,000 cycles.
KW - Copper hydroxide
KW - Nickel foam
KW - Supercapacitor
PY - 2018
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2018.05.043
SN - 1226-086X
SN - 1876-794X
VL - 66
SP - 288
EP - 297
PB - Elsevier B. V.
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-45930
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kluge, Martin
A1 - Habib, Abdel Karim
A1 - van Wingerden, Kees
T1 - Unterfeuerung von Flüssigwassersttofftanks - Topologie eines kritischen Behälterversagens
N2 - In einer Versuchsreihe im Realmaßstab wurden drei Flüssigwasserstofftanks (LH2) unterfeuert. Hierbei sollte unter anderem geklärt werden, ob es, analog zu druckverflüssigten Gasen, zu einem BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Cloud Explosion) kommen kann. Die Experimente wurden auf dem Testareal Wasserstoffsicherheit des Testgeländes Technische Sicherheit der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM-TTS) im Rahmen einer Forschungskooperation zwischen der BAM und Gexcon, als Teil des SH2IFT-Programms durchgeführt. Es handelte sich um doppelwandige, vakuumisolierte Tanks von 1 m³ Volumen. Die zylindrischen Tanks unterschieden sich durch ihre Ausrichtung (horizontal oder vertikal) und das verwendete Isoliermaterial (Perlit oder Mehrschichtisolierung (MLI). Der Füllgrad der Tanks betrug bei jedem der durchgeführten Tests etwa 35-40 %. Die Brandlast wurde homogen durch ein propangasbetriebenes Brennersystem erzeugt. Gemessen wurden die Bedingungen im Behälter (Temperaturen und Druck) sowie äußere Randbedingungen und Auswirkungen beim Versagen (Wärmestrahlung, Druckwellen, Flammenballentwicklung und Fragmentierung). Mit Bolometern wurde die Wärmestrahlung gemessen, die sowohl durch das Propanfeuer als auch durch einen möglichen Feuerball/BLEVE erzeugt wurde. Zur Messung der durch das Bersten von Behältern/BLEVEs erzeugten Druckwellen wurden sog. Pencil-Probes verwendet. Des Weiteren wurden mehrere Kameras zur Überwachung der Experimente eingesetzt: Normalbildkameras, Infrarot (IR)-Kameras und Hochgeschwindigkeitskameras, sowohl bodengestützt als auch mittels einer Drohne. Zwei der untersuchten Tanks, ein horizontaler und der vertikale, die beide mit Perlit isoliert waren, hielten der Brandbelastung stand, ohne dass es zu einem Behälterversagen kam. Der mit MLI isolierte horizontale Behälter barst nach 1 Stunde und 6 Minuten und erzeugte dabei einen Feuerball, Trümmerflug und eine Druckwelle. Neben der Beschreibung der Auswirkungen eines kritischen Versagens eines LH2-Tanks sind weitere Ziele der Arbeit die Identifizierung kritischer Behälterzustände sowie die Erstellung eines umfassendes Datensatzes der Trümmer des geborstenen Tanks. Die größten Abstände für kritische Abstände ergaben sich durch Fragmentwurf. Hier sollen 3D-Scans für die Verwendung in CAD und FEM Anwendungen bereitgestellt werden. Umfassende Daten zu den Fragmentwurfweiten, -massen und -positionen wurden bereits publiziert. Damit soll die Voraussetzung geschaffen werden, um vorhandene Wurfweitenmodelle, die bisher nur für einschalige Behälter konzipiert wurden auf ihre Eignung für mehrschalige Behälter zu überprüfen oder mögliche Anpassungen anhand der realen Daten vornehmen zu können.
Zudem wurde damit begonnen die nicht geborstenen Tanks zu vermessen und zu zerlegen, um u.a. die Perlit-Schüttung auf Beeinträchtigungen durch den Transport und die Unterfeuerung zu untersuchen.
T2 - Magdeburg-Köthener Brandschutz- und Sicherheitstagung 2024
CY - Magdeburg, Germany
DA - 14.03.2024
KW - LH2
KW - Flüssigwasserstoff
KW - Bleve
KW - Tank
KW - Bersten
KW - Unterfeuerung
PY - 2024
SN - 978-3-948749-42-2
SP - 117
EP - 126
CY - Magdeburg
AN - OPUS4-59711
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - RPRT
A1 - Engelking, Lorenz
A1 - Eissel, A.
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Treutler, K.
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
A1 - Wesling, V.
T1 - Abschlussbericht Herstellung beanspruchungsgerechter Oberflächen durch Kombination innovativer additiver und abtragender Fertigungsschritte an hochbelasteten Komponenten
N2 - Die Beschaffung und Verarbeitung von Werkstoffen für hochbelastete Komponenten sind meist kostenintensiv. Bestrebungen zur Kosten- und Ressourceneffizienz führen zu komplexeren Strukturen bzw. Konturen, sodass additive Fertigungsschritte zur Bauteilreparatur und -fertigung deutliche ökonomische Vorteile bieten. Hierfür sind additive und abtragende Fertigungsschritte komplementär und gezielt aufeinander abzustimmen, um beanspruchungsgerechte Funktionsflächen herzustellen. Hinsichtlich Inhomogenität und Anisotropie der Gefüge und Eigenschaften sowie fertigungsbedingter Beanspruchungen sind für den wirtschaftlichen Einsatz bei KMU, gerade für drahtbasierte Fertigungsverfahren und Wechselwirkungen nachfolgender Zerspanung dieser schwer spanbaren Werkstoffe noch viele Kenntnisse notwendig. Deshalb sind Untersuchungen zu diesen Einflüssen und Wechselwirkungen unter Nutzung innovativer Ansätze durchgeführt worden. Mit typischen kostenintensiven Ni- und Co-Cr-Legierungen wurden additive Bauteile, Auftrag- und Reparaturschweißungen hergestellt und Schweißzusätze für das PTA-Verfahren modifiziert, um die Erstarrungsmorphologie und das Eigenschaftsprofil zu optimieren. Die Übertragung auf MSG-Verfahren sicherte einen breiten industriellen Einsatz für hohe Auftragraten ab. Dies geschah mithilfe von modifizierten Fülldrähten sowie beschichteten Massivdrähten. Die wirtschaftliche spanende Bearbeitbarkeit wurde mit Zerspanbarkeitsanalysen für Schlichtfräsen und vergleichend für ultraschallunterstütze Fräsprozesse sichergestellt. Instrumentierte Experimente und Werkstoffanalytik hinsichtlich der Einflüsse auf Schmelzbad, Gefüge und Ausscheidungen sowie auf Randzoneneigenschaften und Eigenspannungen ermöglichten umfassende Erkenntnisse zur kombinierten additiven und abtragenden Fertigung. Dabei hat sich herausgestellt, dass eine Modifikation der Schweißzusatzwerkstoffe eine Homogenisierung der Mikrostruktur bedingt, welche wiederum den Zerspanprozess stabilisiert und letztendlich zu reduzierten Zerspankräften führt. Ferner wurde festgestellt, dass der ultraschallunterstützte Fräsprozess im Vergleich zum konventionellen Fräsprozess eine signifikante Reduzierung der Zerspankraft sowie eine höhere Oberflächenintegrität bedingt. Insbesondere die Induzierung oberflächennaher Druckeigenspannungen ist dabei hervorzuheben. Durch Bauteilversuche und -prüfungen, erfolgreiche Übertragbarkeitsstudien weiterer innovativer Werkstoffe verbunden mit Handlungsempfehlungen und der Zusammenarbeit mit den jeweiligen Normungsgremien, profitieren KMU von einer hochwirtschaftlichen Herstellung und Reparatur kostenintensiver Komponenten.
KW - Legierungsmodifikation
KW - Ultraschallunterstütztes Fräsen
KW - Additive Fertigung
KW - Oberflächenintegrität
KW - Metallschutzgasschweißen
PY - 2023
SN - 978-3-96870-578-1
VL - 578
SP - 1
EP - 142
PB - DVS Media GmbH
CY - Düsseldorf
AN - OPUS4-60796
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kaiser, Sebastian
A1 - Erxleben, Kjell
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Schweißen im Betrieb an Wasserstoff-Ferngasleitungen
N2 - Wasserstoff gilt als Energieträger für die Erreichung der Klimaziele und einer nachhaltigen zukünftigen Energieversorgung. Für den notwendigen Transport des Wasserstoffs in großem Maßstab und über weite Entfernungen ist eine zuverlässige Pipeline-Infrastruktur erforderlich. Umfassende weltweite Forschungsprojekte deuten auf die allgemeine Kompatibilität der verwendeten überwiegend ferritischen Stähle für die vorgesehenen Betriebsbedingungen von bis zu 60 °C bei 100 bar Wasserstoff hin. Dies ist jedoch nicht direkt übertragbar auf schweißtechnische Reparatur- und Wartungsarbeiten an im Betrieb befindlichen Pipelines. Ein im Erdgasnetz etabliertes Verfahren stellt das „Hot-Tapping“ dar, bei dem eine unter Druck stehende Pipeline im Betrieb angebohrt wird. Hierfür kommt ein an die Rohrleitung geschweißtes Formstück zum Einsatz, das die Montage der Bohr-/Lochschneidemaschine ermöglicht. In den Richtlinien EIGA 121/14 bzw. AIGA 033/14 wird darauf hingewiesen, dass das Anbohren von Wasserstoffleitungen kein Routineverfahren darstellt: “[…] a hydrogen hot-tap shall not be considered a routine procedure […]“. Dieser Aussage liegt unter anderem zugrunde, dass das Anschweißen des Formstücks an das Rohr und alle zu erwartenden Wärmebehandlungen vor und nach dem Schweißen eine lokale Temperaturerhöhung verursachen. Insbesondere auch an der Rohrinnenfläche, die dem Wasserstoff ausgesetzt ist. Diese erhöhten Temperaturen begünstigen die Absorption und Diffusion von Wasserstoff in das Material. Besonders zu beachten ist außerdem die lokal auftretende kurzzeitige Austenitisierung des Materials, die eine lokal stark erhöhte Wasserstoffkonzentration verursachen kann. Aus den genannten Gründen gibt diese Studie einen kurzen Überblick über die derzeit weltweit verfügbaren Forschungsprojekte zum Schweißen von Wasserstoff-Pipelines im Betrieb. Vorgestellt werden unter anderem erste Ergebnisse des Kooperationsforschungsprojektes H2SuD, das derzeit an der BAM bearbeitet wird.
T2 - 6. Symposium Materialtechnik
CY - Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
DA - 20.02.2025
KW - Materialdegradation
KW - Pipeline
KW - Schweißen
KW - Wasserstoff
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-632731
SN - 978-3-8440-9961-4
SN - 978-3-8191-0041-3
DO - https://doi.org/10.21268/20250506-12
SN - 2364-0804
SN - 3052-3524
N1 - Serientitel: Fortschrittsberichte der Materialforschung und Werkstofftechnik – Series title: Bulletin of Materials Research and Engineering
VL - 15
SP - 381
EP - 390
PB - Shaker Verlag
CY - Düren
AN - OPUS4-63273
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Mente, Tobias
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Parameters and challenges for reliable hydrogen determination in welded joints by carrier gas hot extraction
N2 - For the hydrogen-based energy economy of tomorrow, the construction of the necessary infrastructure will play a central role. Most materials used to date, such as welded steels, can be prone to hydrogen embrittlement under certain conditions. This includes the classic delayed cold cracking during welding as well as degradation phenomena during service of components in hydrogen-containing environment. For the evaluation of any hydrogen effect, for example, on the mechanical properties of a welded metallic material, the hydrogen content must be precisely determined. In the case of weld seams, the carrier gas hot extraction (CGHE) according to ISO 3690 is meanwhile state-of-the-art. CGHE is based on accelerated hydrogen degassing due to the thermal activation of hydrogen at elevated temperatures. In addition to the quantification of hydrogen, thermal desorption analysis (TDA) with varying heating rates can be used to determine and evaluate the hydrogen trapping at microstructural defects in the material. For both techniques, experimental and metrological influences must be considered, which have a major effect on the result. For example, ISO 3690 suggests different sample geometries and minimum extraction times for CGHE. This study summarizes the results and experiences of numerous investigations at the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) with different sample temperatures and geometries (ISO 3690 type B and cylindrical TDA samples) regarding the influence of the sample surface (polished/welded), measurement accuracy depending on the sample volume and the insufficient monitoring of the effect of PI control on the extraction temperature. A deviating extraction temperature from the target temperature can significantly falsify the measurement results. Based on the results, methods are shown which allow the desired extraction temperature to be reached quickly without physically interfering with the measuring equipment. This serves to significantly improve the reliability of the hydrogen measurement through increased signal stability and accelerated hydrogen desorption. In general, an independent temperature measurement with dummy samples is recommended for the heating procedure of choice to exclude possible undesired temperature influences before the measurement. The methods described can be transferred directly to industrial applications
KW - Welding
KW - Hydrogen measurement
KW - ISO 3690
KW - Carrier gas hot extraction
PY - 2024
DO - https://doi.org/10.37434/tpwj2024.04.01
SN - 0957-798X
VL - 4
SP - 3
EP - 10
PB - International Association Welding
AN - OPUS4-60071
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Engelking, Lorenz
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
A1 - Eissel, A.
A1 - Treutler, K.
A1 - Wesling, V.
T1 - Alloy modification for additive manufactured Ni alloy components Part II: Effect on subsequent machining properties
N2 - Alloy 36 (1.3912) is an alloy with 36% nickel and 64% iron and is generally classified as a difficult-to-cut material. Increasingly complex structures and the optimization of resource efficiency are making additive manufacturing (AM) more and more attractive for the manufacture or repair of components. Subsequent machining of AM components is unavoidable for its final contour. By using modern, hybrid machining processes, e.g., ultrasonic-assisted milling (US), it is possible to improve the cutting situation regarding the resulting surface integrity as well as the cutting force. Part I deals with the influence of the alloying elements Ti, Zr, and Hf on the microstructure and the hardness of the initial alloy 36. Part II focusses on the effect of the alloy modifications and the ultrasonic assistance on machinability as well as on the surface integrity after finish-milling. The results show a highly significant influence of the ultrasonic assistance. The cutting force during the US is reduced by over 50% and the roughness of approx. 50% compared to conventional milling (CM) for all materials investigated. Moreover, the US causes a defect-free surface and induces near-surface compressive residual stresses. CM leads to a near-surface stress state of approx. 0 MPa.
T2 - 75th IIW Annual Assembly
CY - Tokyo, Japan
DA - 17.07.2022
KW - Alloy 36
KW - Ultrasonic-assisted milling
KW - Surface integrity
KW - Modification of structural morphology
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-566609
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-022-01438-7
SP - 1
EP - 8
PB - Springer
CY - Heidelberg
AN - OPUS4-56660
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Mente, Tobias
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
A1 - Czeskleba, Denis
T1 - Simulation of hydrogen distribution in submerged arc welded heavy plates as tool for evaluating cold cracking sensitivity for offshore structures
N2 - Foundation structures for offshore wind turbines are typically made of heavy plate struc-tural steels, such as S420ML, welded by submerged arc welding. Due to the welding process conditions, higher amounts of hydrogen can be introduced. In this context, large plate thicknesses result in long diffusion paths and a prolonged diffusion time for hydrogen at ambient temperature and possible delayed hydrogen-assisted cold cracking. As a result, hydrogen can accumulate in areas of high mechanical stress and strain. Due to the delayed diffusion, a minimum waiting time of up to 48 h must be observed before non-destructive testing can be performed. In addition, the assessment of possible cold crack locations is very complex. For this reason, a numerical model of a component-like weld test was developed to simulate the temperature field during welding and subsequent cooling. A hydrogen diffusion model based on the temporal-local temperature distribution was established. It was applied to simulate the change of hydrogen distribution as a function of temperature cycle during multi-layer welding and further for the entire waiting time interval ≤ 48 h. As a result, crack critical areas could be evaluated in terms of accu-mulated hydrogen. An advantage of the diffusion model is the simulation of a normalized concentration, i.e. between "0" (no hydrogen) and "1" (max. concentration), which can be scaled to experimentally determined hydrogen concentrations. Finally, selected results for increased real hydrogen ingress are presented, which confirm the relatively high crack resistance of the S420 submerged arc welded joint.
KW - Hydrogen assisted cracking
KW - Diffusion
KW - Numerical simulation
KW - Offshore steel
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-632416
DO - https://doi.org/10.21268/20250507-6
SP - 1
EP - 12
PB - Technische Universität Clausthal
CY - Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Deutschland
AN - OPUS4-63241
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Erxleben, Kjell
A1 - Kaiser, Sebastian
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
A1 - Hadick, C.
A1 - Schu, K.
T1 - Component test concept for evaluation of in-service welding on pressurized hydrogen pipelines
N2 - Hydrogen is set as the energy carrier of tomorrow and most countries will achieve large-scale hydrogen transport through the conversion of the natural gas (NG) grid and the construction of new pipelines. The interaction between hydrogen and the pipeline materials differs fundamentally from that of NG, as hydrogen is readily absorbed into the material. Considering the possible hydrogen embrittlement (HE), the compatibility of the pipeline materials (low-alloyed steels with a wide strength/thickness range) must be investigated. However, pipelines require intervention for maintenance, repair, or grid expansion with welding on/onto the pipelines while in service, i.e. the well-known "hot tapping" and "plugging" or “stoppling”. The challenges compared to NG can be broadly divided into the possible austenitization of the inner pipe material exposed to hydrogen and the welding itself. Both result in a significant increase in hydrogen solubility and could potentially pose challenges in terms of HE. Emphasis is placed on the word "could" because knowledge of "hot tapping" on hydrogen pipelines is scarce due a lack of service experience. To this end, this study proposes a concept for a component-like demonstrator with the objectives: (1) safe feasibility of "hot tapping" on pressurized model hydrogen pipeline sections, (2) facilitate ex-post sample extraction for the purpose of quantifying the absorbed hydrogen concentrations, and (3) ensure in-situ temperature measurement during welding to monitor the pipeline surface temperature. For safety reasons in the event of an unintentional "burn-through", a solid cylinder was inserted in the demonstrator to restrict the hydrogen gas volume to a small, pressurized layer. Reference pipeline surface temperature measurements were ensured on comparable, unpressurized geometries. The investigated range of welding conditions was investigated for representative material/thickness combinations (DN50 to DN200), suggesting the feasibility of the demonstrator for the determination of reliable in-service welding conditions for both installed and new pipelines for hydrogen service.
T2 - 20th Pipeline Technology Conference ptc2025
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 06.05.2025
KW - In-service
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Pipeline
KW - Repair welding
KW - component test
PY - 2025
SP - 1
EP - 11
AN - OPUS4-63168
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Erxleben, Kjell
T1 - Component test concept for evaluation of in-service welding on pressurized hydrogen pipelines
N2 - Hydrogen is set as the energy carrier of tomorrow and most countries will achieve large-scale hydrogen transport through the conversion of the natural gas (NG) grid and the construction of new pipelines. The interaction between hydrogen and the pipeline materials differs fundamentally from that of NG, as hydrogen is readily absorbed into the material. Considering the possible hydrogen embrittlement (HE), the compatibility of the pipeline materials (low-alloyed steels with a wide strength/thickness range) must be investigated. However, pipelines require intervention for maintenance, repair, or grid expansion with welding on/onto the pipelines while in service, i.e. the well-known "hot tapping" and "plugging" or “stoppling”. The challenges compared to NG can be broadly divided into the possible austenitization of the inner pipe material exposed to hydrogen and the welding itself. Both result in a significant increase in hydrogen solubility and could potentially pose challenges in terms of HE. Emphasis is placed on the word "could" because knowledge of "hot tapping" on hydrogen pipelines is scarce due a lack of service experience. To this end, this study proposes a concept for a component-like demonstrator with the objectives: (1) safe feasibility of "hot tapping" on pressurized model hydrogen pipeline sections, (2) facilitate ex-post sample extraction for the purpose of quantifying the absorbed hydrogen concentrations, and (3) ensure in-situ temperature measurement during welding to monitor the pipeline surface temperature. For safety reasons in the event of an unintentional "burn-through", a solid cylinder was inserted in the demonstrator to restrict the hydrogen gas volume to a small, pressurized layer. Reference pipeline surface temperature measurements were ensured on comparable, unpressurized geometries. The investigated range of welding conditions was investigated for representative material/thickness combinations (DN50 to DN200), suggesting the feasibility of the demonstrator for the determination of reliable in-service welding conditions for both installed and new pipelines for hydrogen service.
T2 - 20th Pipeline Technology Conference ptc2025
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 06.05.2025
KW - In-service
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Pipeline
KW - Repair welding
KW - Component test
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63170
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Erxleben, Kjell
T1 - Quantification of hydrogen uptake during in-service hydrogen pipeline welding
N2 - Hydrogen must be transported on a large scale from producers to consumers to ensure the energy transition. The necessary pipeline grid is achieved by conversion of the natural gas (NG) grid and building new pipelines. Welding during service as part e.g. of “hot-tapping” is unavoidable for maintenance/repair/expansion. Based on existing studies, the basic material compatibility of (low-alloyed) pipeline steels with hydrogen is postulated. However, this cannot be assumed for the case of in-service welding on pipelines in pressurized condition. The reason is the increased temperature e.g. by preheating and (in particular) during welding of the single passes. As a result, the inner pipeline surface undergoes multiple short-term heating but to high temperatures. In particular, the first passes can result in a temperature close to the austenitic transformation of the material for small wall thicknesses. Both increase the hydrogen uptake into the welded joint. If hydrogen embrittlement is likely to occur, depends on the hydrogen uptake, which must be quantified. For this purpose, welding experiments on pressurized demonstrators were conducted. The hydrogen uptake at 100 bar was compared to reference experiments with nitrogen. A new sample extraction routine for the quantification of the weld-zone specific hydrogen uptake was established. Comprehensive experiments with different steels (P235, L360, L485), wall thicknesses (4.1 mm to 7.8 mm) and diameters (DN50 and DN200) were conducted. In addition, the influence of the welding layer sequence on the hydrogen uptake between single- and multi-layer welds was investigated. Analytical approaches were used to approximate the hydrogen uptake in the respective weld zones. The main findings were that the layer sequence and especially the wall thickness have a large influence on the hydrogen uptake.
T2 - 20th Pipeline Technology Conference ptc2025
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 06.05.2025
KW - In-service
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Pipeline
KW - Repair welding
KW - Component test
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63165
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa
T1 - European policy framework regulations codes and standards for safe hydrogen technologies
N2 - This lecture describes the history of hydrogen from the first scientific discoveries in the 18th century to the current technological and political developments for the market ramp-up of hydrogen technologies. The European policy framework for safe hydrogen technologies is explained comprehending the European Green Deal, European Climate Law, European Hydrogen Strategy, Clean Hydrogen Partnership, etc. Safety in hydrogen technologies is governed by international and European regulations and standards. An overview on regulatory bodies, technical committees, regulations, directives, standards, and technical guidelines with special attention on the BAM-GGR 021 is given in this lecture.
T2 - Joint European Summer School 2022, Hydrogen Safety
CY - Athens, Greece
DA - 18.09.2022
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Safety
KW - Regulations
KW - Standards
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-59295
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa
T1 - Guest lecture: European policy framework regulations codes and standards for safe hydrogen technologies
N2 - This lecture describes the history of hydrogen from the first scientific discoveries in the 18th century to the current technological and political developments for the market ramp-up of hydrogen technologies. The European policy framework for safe hydrogen technologies is explained comprehending the European Green Deal, European Climate Law, European Hydrogen Strategy, Clean Hydrogen Partnership, etc. Safety in hydrogen technologies is governed by international and European regulations and standards. An overview on regulatory bodies, technical committees, regulations, directives, standards, and technical guidelines with special attention on the BAM-GGR 021 is given in this lecture.
T2 - MSc Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Technologies at the University of Birmingham (LM Hydrogen Safety, MSc FCHT module C7B)
CY - Birmingham, UK
DA - 21.10.2022
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Safety
KW - Regulations
KW - Standards
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-59296
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa
T1 - European policy framework for safe hydrogen technologies
N2 - This lecture describes the history of hydrogen from the first scientific discoveries in the 18th century to the current technological and political developments for the market ramp-up of hydrogen technologies. The European policy framework for safe hydrogen technologies is explained comprehending the European Green Deal, European Climate Law, European Hydrogen Strategy, Clean Hydrogen Partnership, REPowerEU Plan, Renewable Energy Directive and its Delegated Act, Net Zero Industry Act, etc.
T2 - Joint European Summer School 2023, Hydrogen Safety
CY - Athens, Greece
DA - 17.09.2023
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Safety
KW - Policies
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-59297
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa
T1 - Regulations codes and standards for safe hydrogen technologies
N2 - Safety in hydrogen technologies in Europe is governed by international and European regulations and standards. An overview on regulatory bodies, technical committees, regulations, directives, standards, and technical guidelines with special attention on the BAM-GGR 021 is given in this lecture.
T2 - Joint European Summer School 2023, Hydrogen Safety
CY - Athens, Greece
DA - 17.09.2023
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Safety
KW - Regulations
KW - Standards
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-59300
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zinas, Orestis
T1 - Potentials of probabilistic approaches in offshore foundation installation
N2 - This presentation discusses the potentials of probabilistic methods in offshore foundation installation, from the perspective of probabilistic ground models and data-driven site characterization. We discuss about methodologies for utilizing site-specific geotechnical (CPT) and geological data, aiming to construct an integrated ground model that can predict stratigraphic profiles and useful for geotechnical design parameters at any location within a 3D domain. The predicted parameters and stratigraphy are then used to predict the probability of potential pile tip damage, upon collision with a boulder.
T2 - Colloquium Buckling of Offshore Wind Energy Structures
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 14.02.2024
KW - Wind
KW - Offshore
KW - Buckling
KW - Probabilistic
KW - Ground
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59538
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
A1 - Zobel, D.
T1 - Improvement of the Bearing Capacity of Offshore Pile Foundations
N2 - The Presentation gives an overview about Background, Needs and challenges with respect to pile design and modular pile capacity increase in the Frame of Offshore-Wind Foundations. Results and ideas of the Project TOP are presented. The presentation is prepared jointly by TUHH and BAM.
T2 - Offshore Wind R&D Conference 2018
CY - Bremerhaven, Germany
DA - 14.11.2018
KW - Grout Injection
KW - Pile Capacity
KW - TOP
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-46626
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Thickness and microstructure effect on hydrogen diffusion in creep-resistant 9 % Cr P92 steel and P91 weld metal
N2 - Martensitic 9 %-Cr steels like P91 and P92 show susceptibility to delayed hydrogen assisted cracking depending on their microstructure. In that connection, effective hydrogen diffusion coefficients are used to assess the possible time-delay. The small number of available diffusion coefficients varies already at room temperature by several orders of magnitude (mostly regarded as result of present microstructure). Especially P91 weld metal diffusion coefficients are rare so far. For that reason, electrochemical permeation experiments had been conducted using P92 base metal and P91 weld metal (in as-welded and heat-treated condition) with different thicknesses. The diffusion coefficients are calculated by two methods (time-lag and inflection point method) were performed. The results show that, despite of microstructural effects, the sample thickness must be considered as it influences the calculated diffusion coefficients. Finally, the comparison of calculated and measured hydrogen concentrations (determined by carrier gas hot extraction) enables the identification of realistic diffusion coefficients.
T2 - IIW Intermediate Meeting, Comm. IX-C "Welding of creep and heat-resistant materials"
CY - Online meeting
DA - 08.03.2021
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Welding
KW - Diffusion
KW - Creep-resistant steel
KW - Electrochemical permeation
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52239
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo
T1 - Deep foundations for offshore wind turbines. Part 2: Lateral behaviour and Advanced topics
T1 - Cimentaciones profundas para aerogeneradores marinos. Parte 2: Comportamiento lateral y temas avanzados
N2 - his presentation deals with the phenomenology and design of pile foundations for offshore wind turbines, and is divided into two lectures.
The second lecture continues with the case of laterally loaded offshore piles, which bears most relevance for the case of the monopile foundations. Here again, a clear separation between physical reality and design methods is intended.
Finally, the last part of the second lecture introduces several advanced topics which lie outside the classical design approaches, namely the hydromechanical coupling effects (i.e. the excess pore-pressure generation around the monopiles), the cyclic pile fatigue and the so-called pile setup (i.e. the time effects on the axial pile capacity). The relevance of the latter two topics is illustrated with experimental results from a field testing campaign on real large-scale piles.
T2 - CEDEX-UNED 2021 Master course on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering
CY - Online meeting
DA - 24.03.2021
KW - Offshore wind energy
KW - Deep foundations
KW - Offshore geomechanics
KW - Lateral load bearing
KW - Cyclic degradation
KW - Pile ageing
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52342
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo
T1 - Deep foundations for offshore wind turbines. Part 1: Axial behaviour
T1 - Cimentaciones profundas para aerogeneradores marinos. Parte 1: Comportamiento axial
N2 - This presentation deals with the phenomenology and design of pile foundations for offshore wind turbines, and is divided into two lectures.
The first lecture presents a brief introduction to the context and peculiarities of such foundations, and then focuses on the particular case of axially loaded piles. This part is most relevant for the relatively slender piles of the multi-pile substructures (i.e. jackets and tripods). A clear distinction between physical phenomenology and practical design is drawn here.
T2 - CEDEX-UNED 2021 Master course on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering
CY - Online meeting
DA - 24.03.2021
KW - Offshore wind energy
KW - Deep foundations
KW - Offshore geomechanics
KW - Axial load bearing
KW - Design models
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52341
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CHAP
A1 - Rücker, Werner
A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo
A1 - Georgi, Steven
A1 - Karabeliov, Krassimire
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
A1 - Johnsen, Björn
ED - Durstewitz, M.
ED - Lange, B.
T1 - Please Avoid Tilting - Application-Oriented Design and Monitoring Model for Foundation Structures Subjected to Cyclic Loads
N2 - A great deal is possible, even on the seabed. Together, wind and waves shake the foundations of the offshore wind turbines. "ere is also the “normal” current and ebb and #ow of the tides that are so distinctive in the North Sea. Pore water pressure can also occur on the seabed, loosening it. Where monopiles are involved, the worst case is that the stability of the whole turbine can be altered – even if such a monopile rammed into the seabed has a diameter of up to eight metres. Over half the planned offshore wind turbines in the North and Baltic Seas are to have monopile foundations, and over 40 % are to have multi-pile foundations, designed for example as a tripod. "is is why pile foundations and their loads deserve special attention. For one thing above all is to be avoided in plant operations, and that is the risk of turbine tilt.
KW - Pile foundations
KW - Offshore wind turbines
KW - Cyclic loads
PY - 2017
SN - 978-3-662-53178-5
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53179-2
SP - 53
EP - 59
PB - Springer
AN - OPUS4-39340
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hernández-Gomez, R.
A1 - Tuma, Dirk
A1 - Segovia, J. J.
A1 - Chamorro, C. R.
T1 - Experimental determination of (p,rho,T) data for binary mixtures of methane and helium
N2 - The basis for the development and evaluation of equations of state for mixtures is experimental data for several thermodynamic properties. The quality and the availability of experimental data limit the achievable accuracy of the equation. Referring to the fundamentals of GERG-2008 wide-range equation of state, no suitable data were available for many mixtures containing secondary natural gas components. This work provides accurate experimental (p,rho,T) data for two binary mixtures of methane with Helium (0.95 (amount-of-substance fraction) CH4 + 0.05 He and 0.90 CH4 + 0.10 He). Density measurements were performed at temperatures between (250 and 400) K and pressures up to 20 MPa by using a single-sinker densimeter with magnetic suspension coupling. Experimental data were compared with the corresponding densities calculated from the GERG-2008 and the AGA8-DC92 equations of state. Deviations from GERG-2008 were found within a 2% band for the (0.95 CH4 + 0.05 He) mixture but exceeded the 3% Limit for the (0.95 CH4 + 0.05 He) mixture. The highest deviations were observed at T = 250 K and pressures between (17 and 19) MPa. Values calculated from AGA8-DC92, however, deviated from the experimental data by only 0.1% at high pressures and exceeded the 0.2% limit only at temperatures of 300 K and above, for the (0.90 CH4 + 0.10 He) mixture.
KW - Methane
KW - Helium
KW - Thermodynamic data
KW - GERG-2008 equation of state
PY - 2016
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2015.12.006
SN - 0021-9614
VL - 96
SP - 1
EP - 11
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-35765
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Haloua, F.
A1 - Foulon, E.
A1 - El-Harti, E.
A1 - Sarge, S. M.
A1 - Rauch, J.
A1 - Neagu, M.
A1 - Brown, A. S.
A1 - Tuma, Dirk
T1 - Comparison of traceable methods for determining the calorific value of non-conventional fuel gases
N2 - Energy-content measurements by direct methods (such as calorimetry) are used to validate the indirect method (from gas composition obtained by gas chromatography) which is generally adopted by grid operators for on-site gas control. A primary reference gas calorimeter and three field calorimeters were used for the first time to measure accurately the energy content of non-conventional gases (biogas and coal mine methane). The gas mixtures for this study were prepared by gravimetry and comprised three binary mixtures containing carbon dioxide and (up to 80 mol-%) methane, three ternary mixtures containing carbon dioxide, (up to 70 mol-%) methane and (up to 0.3 mol-%) hydrogen sulphide as well as a ten-component mixture with a methane content of approximately 64 mol-% which represents a typical coal mine methane. Associated uncertainty calculations were developed for each instrument and are presented here. Traceability of the measurements to the SI units is ensured in reference calorimetry, as calibration is accomplished by electrical simulation based on the Joule effect in order to obtain the heat capacity of the entire system. The results obtained with the four calorimeters are compared with each other and also with results calculated from the indirect method that is based on gas chromatography. Uncertainties (k = 2) between 0.07 and 0.49% for the reference gases were obtained with the reference calorimeter, while uncertainties for the field calorimeters range between 0.18 and 2.48% for the same mixtures. Compared to the usual standard deviation observed by gas chromatography for a multicomponent gas mixture of about 1%, it is demonstrated that the calorimetric method, although rarely used for non-conventional gases before, is appropriate for energy-content measurements of gases originating from renewable energy sources.
KW - Non-conventional fuel gases
KW - Gas calorimetry
KW - Biogas
KW - Calorific value
PY - 2016
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2015.10.020
SN - 1290-0729
VL - 100
SP - 438
EP - 447
PB - Elsevier Masson SAS
CY - Issy-les-Moulineaux
AN - OPUS4-35766
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Oudwater, R. J.
A1 - van Wijk, J. I. T.
A1 - Persijn, S.
A1 - Wessel, R. M.
A1 - van der Veen, A. M. H.
A1 - Mace, T.
A1 - Sutour, C.
A1 - Couette, J.
A1 - Milton, M.
A1 - Harling, A.
A1 - Vargha, G.
A1 - Uprichard, I.
A1 - Haerri, H.-P.
A1 - Niederhauser, B.
A1 - Tuma, Dirk
A1 - Maiwald, Michael
A1 - Boissière, Claudia
T1 - Final report on EURAMET QM-S8: Analysis of impurities in pure and balance gases used to prepare primary standard gas mixtures by the gravimetric method
N2 - This project concerns the purity analysis of nitrogen as used in reference gas mixture preparation. This project was carried out without adding impurities to the gas used for this comparison, and is therefore more representative to evaluate the analysis of CO, CO2, CH4, O2, Ar and H2O impurities in high purity nitrogen. The analysis of the amount–of–substance fraction water was optional.
Two 50 litre high purity nitrogen cylinders were purchased from a well-qualified supplier of specialty gases. The listed components were expected to be present in the pure nitrogen at the target levels as a result of the purification of the nitrogen. From the start of this comparison it was clear that the comparison may not lead to reference values for the constituents analysed.
The results indicate that analyses of high purity gases are often limited by the limits of detection of analytical equipment used. The reports of the participating laboratories also indicate that there is no agreed method of determination of the uncertainty on a detection Limit value. The results provide useful information on the Performance of participants. For all analysed components there is reasonable agreement in results for LNE, VSL, Metas and NPL.
For BAM only the Argon result is in agreement.
KW - Gas analysis
KW - Nitrogen
KW - Purity analysis
PY - 2013
DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/50/1A/08023
SN - 0026-1394
SN - 1681-7575
VL - 50
IS - 08023
SP - 1
EP - 58
PB - Institute of Physics Publishing
CY - Bristol
AN - OPUS4-35896
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kullolli, Borana
T1 - On contact problem application for the local behavior of soil-pile interaction
N2 - In this paper a shear test, which helps to study local behavior of the soil-pile interaction, is modelled numerically with the Finite Element Method as a 2D plane strain problem. A normal pressure on top and shear displacement on side were applied. So far, the material behavior was considered elastic for the sake of simplicity.
The effect of thickness on contact elements and the presence of in plane stress has been highlighted. The purpose of the paper is to find a suitable contact element which represents more close to reality a soil-pile interaction problem under cyclic axial loading. Moreover, an insight on the presence of in-plane stress shows that it needs to be considered cautiously.
T2 - ICCE 2017
CY - Tirana, Albania
DA - 12.10.2017
KW - Contact problem
KW - Numerical problem
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-42963
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tuma, Dirk
T1 - Preparation and Analysis of Trace Compounds in Hydrogen in the ppm and Sub-ppm Region Relevant for Applications
N2 - ISO 14687 defines threshold limits for expectable impurities in hydrogen that is assigned for use in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells. This work describes the establishment of the traceability of some selected impurities by preparation and analysis of reference gases with the lowest possible uncertainty in composition. Primary reference gases were produced by the gravimetric method according to ISO 6142-1 and the analysis was carried out by operating measurement protocols according to ISO 12963 on two customized trace GC analysers.
T2 - ANAKON 2023
CY - Vienna, Austria
DA - 11.04.2023
KW - Hydrogen analysis
KW - Gravimetric preparation
KW - Gas chromatography
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57329
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
T1 - Computational Geomechanics for Offshore Wind
N2 - Simulations for the Safety and Efficiency of Foundations in the Offshore Wind Energy Production.
T2 - Poster Challenge - EERA JP Wind Online Annual Event 2020
CY - Online meeting
DA - 14.09.2020
KW - Numerical simulations
KW - Marine geomechanics
KW - Offshore wind energy
PY - 2020
UR - https://www.eerajpwind.eu/events/eera-jp-wind-setwind-annual-event-2020/
AN - OPUS4-51280
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo
T1 - State of the art and development perspectives of deep foundations for offshore wind converters
T1 - Estado del arte y perspectivas de desarrollo de las cimentaciones profundas para aerogeneradores offshore
N2 - This presentation provides an overview of the main geotechnical aspects associated with deep foundations in the context of offshore wind generation. The most common deep foundation typologies (large diameter monopiles and multipile typologies) as well as new trends under development (e.g. suction buckets) and their current limits will be briefly described. The talk concludes with a brief review of advanced topics not covered in classical pile design, such as hydromechanical coupling effects (pore pressure generation), cyclic accumulation of deformations, cyclic degradation of axial capacity or pile-setup gains.
T2 - Ciclo de Conferencias: Aplicaciones de la Geotecnia en la generación de Energía. Sociedad Argentina de Ingeniería Geotécnica SAIG
CY - Online meeting
DA - 02.12.2020
KW - Offshore wind energy
KW - Deep foundations
KW - Offshore geomechanics
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-51729
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Graeber, Gustav
T1 - Batterien und Elektrolyseure der nächsten Generation
N2 - Übersichtvortrag zu Batterien und Elektrolyseuren. Ausgehend vom Funktionsprinzip von klassischen Lithium-Ionen-Zellen wurde deren Aufbau und die verwendeten Aktivmaterialien eingeführt. Im Anschluss wurde auf nachhaltigere Alternativtechnologien wie Natrium-Ionen und Natrium-Schwefel eingegangen. Immer mit dem Fokus auf den verwendeten Materialien und den umweltrelevanten Aspekten.
T2 - BAM UBA Behördenerfahrungsaustausch Anlagensicherheit 2025
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 02.06.2025
KW - Batterie
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63355
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hernández-Gómez, R.
A1 - Fernández-Vicente, T.
A1 - Chamorro, C. R.
T1 - Experimental determination of the density of different biomethane synthetic mixtures
N2 - Experimental characterization of the thermodynamic behavior of multicomponent gas mixtures of accurately known composition with traceability to National Standard is of great importance for testing the current reference equation of state (EoS) for natural gases and related mixtures, GERG-2008. Natural gas composition may change considerably due to the diversity of origins, or the possibility to incorporate hydrogen, biomethane or other non-conventional energy gases.
In this work, density measurements for three synthetic mixtures, representing two biomethane mixtures and a typical natural gas composition, are presented. Results are compared to the current reference EoS for natural gases and related mixtures, i.e., GERG-2008 and AGA8-DC92.
T2 - The 11th Asian Thermophysical Properties Conference
CY - Yokohama, Japan
DA - 02.10.2016
KW - Density measurements
KW - Gas mixtures
KW - GERG-2008 equation of state
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37963
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo
T1 - Design challenges for Offshore wind-farms. From foundation mechanics to wind-farm aerodynamics
N2 - This talk provides a brief introduction on general engineering design challenges for the offshore wind energy production. Some general features of the offshore wind-energy field from a civil engineering perspective are firstly presented, followed by a brief discussion of some of the main geomechanical issues for the foundation of the offshore turbines into the seabed.
In the following part, an overview of relevant fluid-structure interactions and some options for an efficient numerical analysis are provided, where the hydromechanical Wave–Tower interaction is firstly discussed. Then, some general aspects of the windfarm aerodynamics are introduced. On the one hand, some modelling possibilities for the wake analysis of single turbines and turbine groups are discussed. And on the other hand the relevance of such analyses for a proper windfarm layout optimization is pointed out.
In particular, this talk shows that: i) The bearing capacity of turbine multi-pile foundations can degrade under cyclic loading (waves, wind, …), while for monopile foundations cyclic hydromechanical coupling effects may take place, which may lead to a foundation softening; ii) Numerical analysis of a turbine’s interaction with wind/waves is useful and affordable, while simplified models can already provide a useful insight into the windfarm aerodynamics. iii) Turbulent wake analysis is very relevant for the windfarm layout.
T2 - Colloquium "Energy systems compared", Winter semester 20/21, Faculty of Physics
CY - Online meeting
DA - 21.01.2021
KW - Offshore wind energy
KW - Marine geotechnics
KW - Fluid-structure interaction
KW - Numerical modelling
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52038
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hernández-Gómez, R.
A1 - Chamorro, C. R.
T1 - Experimental determination of the density of two synthetic natural gas-type mixtures
N2 - Experimental characterization of the thermodynamic behavior of multicomponent gas mixtures of accurately known composition is of great importance for testing the current reference equation of state for natural gases and related mixtures, GERG-2008. Natural gas composition may change considerably due to the diversity of origins, or the possibility to incorporate hydrogen, biogas or other non-conventional energy gases.
Thus, the Consultative Committee for Amount of Substance: Metrology in Chemistry and Biology (CCQM) of the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) launched a key comparison on primary standard mixtures for natural gases of this particular characteristics. One mixture is a hydrogen-enriched natural gas mixture (13 components, x(H2) = 0.03) with low calorific value to facilitate support to power-to-gas applications, which often involve blending hydrogen with natural gas. The other mixture resembles a typical liquefied natural gas (“LNG”, 9 components) with high calorific value.
T2 - 19th Symposium on Thermophysical Properties
CY - Boulder, CO, USA
DA - 21.06.2015
KW - GERG-2008 equation of state
KW - Density
KW - Natural gas-type mixtures
KW - Hydrogen-enriched natural gas
KW - Liquefied natural gas
PY - 2015
AN - OPUS4-35942
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Tuma, Dirk
A1 - Hernández-Gómez, R.
A1 - Gómez-Hernández, A.
A1 - Chamorro, C. R.
T1 - Accurate experimental (p, rho, T) data for the introduction of hydrogen into the natural gas grid: Thermodynamic characterization of the nitrogen−hydrogen binary system from 240 to 350 K and pressures up to 20 MPa
N2 - The experimental density data of the binary System nitrogen−hydrogen available at the time of the development of the equation of state for natural gases and related mixtures, GERG-2008, were limited to hydrogen contents higher than 0.15 (amount-of-substance fraction) and temperatures above 270 K. This work provides accurate experimental (p, ρ, T) data for three binary mixtures of nitrogen and hydrogen: (0.95 N2 + 0.05 H2), (0.90 N2 + 0.10 H2), and (0.50 N2 + 0.50 H2) at temperatures of 240, 250, 260, 275, 300, 325, and 350 K, thus extending the range of available experimental data to low hydrogen contents and low temperatures. The density measurements were performed by using a single-sinker densimeter with magnetic suspension coupling at pressures up to 20 MPa. Experimental data were compared with the corresponding densities calculated from the GERG-2008 and the AGA8-DC92 equations of state. The relative deviations of the experimental data from both equations of state were within the estimated uncertainty value of the equations. Therefore, the experimental data agree very well with the values estimated from the equations. The virial coefficients B(T,x), C(T,x), and D(T,x) as well as the second interaction virial coefficient B12(T) for the nitrogen−hydrogen binary system were also calculated from the experimental data set at temperatures from 240 to 350 K. The resulting values agree with those from literature.
KW - Binary mixtures
KW - Density measurements
KW - GERG-2008 equation of state
PY - 2017
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jced.7b00694
SN - 0021-9568
VL - 62
IS - 12
SP - 4310
EP - 4326
PB - American Chemical Society
CY - Washington DC
AN - OPUS4-43832
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo
T1 - Design challenges for offshore wind-farms. From foundation mechanics to wind-farm aerodynamics
N2 - This talk provides a brief introduction on general engineering aspects of offshore wind energy production. Then some geomechanical issues for the foundation of OWTs into the seabed are introduced, while the results from experimental investigations and coupled computational analysis are discussed.
In the second part of the seminar, the hydromechanical Wave–Tower interaction is firstly discussed. Then, some general aspects of the windfarm aerodynamics are introduced. On the one hand, some modelling possibilities for the wake analysis of single turbines and turbine groups are discussed. And on the other hand the relevance of such analyses for a proper windfarm layout optimization is pointed out.
Concerning the geomechanical issues the talk shows that: i) The pile’s bearing capacity can degrade under cyclic loading (waves, wind, …). ii) The time effects can be relevant: Capacity improvement can be substantial, but also fragile. iii) There are cyclic PWP effects: Cyclic interaction with pore water may lead to soil softening and an uncoupled analysis (current design practice) is potentially unsafe.
And concerning the hydromechanical and aerodynamical design considerations, this seminar shows that: i) Numerical analysis of turbine’s interaction with wind/waves is useful and affordable. ii) Simplified models can provide insight into windfarm aerodynamics. iii) Turbulent wake analysis is very relevant for the windfarm layout.
T2 - Energy Science Kolloquium
CY - Fakultät für Physik, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany
DA - 25.01.2018
KW - Offshore wind farms
KW - Geomechanics
KW - Design
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-43958
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Panne, Ulrich
T1 - Forschen - Prüfen - Beraten - Ziele und Aufgaben der Ressortforschung
N2 - Der Vortrag gibt einen Überblick die deutsche Ressortforschung. Neben einer Einordnung in das deutsche Wissenschaftssystem werden in einem historischen Überblick die Besonderheiten der Ressortforschung diskutiert. Besonderes Augenmerk wird der Frage gewidmet „Was ist gute Ressortforschung“. Kritisch erscheint besonders die Vereinbarkeit von exzellenter Wissenschaft und seriöser und unabhängiger Politikberatung.
T2 - Auftaktveranstaltung des BMVI-Expertennetzwerks Wissen - Können - Handeln
CY - BMVI, Berlin, Germany
DA - 19.04.2016
KW - Ressortforschung
KW - Ressortforschungseinrichtung
KW - Wissenschaftliche Politikberatung
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37530
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Karabeliov, Krassimire
A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
T1 - Großmaßstäbliche zyklische Versuche zum Zugtragverhalten von gerammten Stahlrohrpfählen
N2 - Gerammte Stahlrohrpfähle sind das wesentlichste Gründungselement für Offshore-Konstruktionen. Typischerweise kommen diese als Monopiles oder als Mehrpfahlgründungen für Jacket-Konstruktionen zum Einsatz. Für die verhältnismäßig leichten Windenergieanlagen auf See wird bei Mehrpfahlgründungen regelmäßig die Zugtragfähigkeit maßgebend in der Bemessung. Zusätzlich sind Effekte aus wiederholten zyklischen Belastungen zu beachten, die sich auch auf die Zugtragfähigkeit auswirken können. Auch hier ergibt sich eine Besonderheit dadurch, dass im extremwertverteilten Lastspektrum wenige große (Wechsel-)Last-Amplituden entscheidend sind.
Die gründungstechnischen Herausforderungen bei der Planung solcher Windparks auf See wurden von einer Reihe von Untersuchungen begleitet. Eine Versuchsserie zur Zugtragfähigkeit von großmaßstäblichen Pfählen wurde auf dem Testgelände der BAM nahe Horstwalde bei Berlin durchgeführt. Hierfür wurde ein Testfeld mit 10 Pfählen angelegt. Die Pfähle wurden monoton auf Zug und zyklisch belastet. Vergleichend wurden dynamische Pfahlprobebelastungen durchgeführt. Zwei der Pfähle wurden mit Dehnungssensoren instrumentiert und es konnte die Pfahl-Boden-Interaktion abschnittsweise ermittelt werden.
T2 - 32. Christian Veder Kolloquium
CY - Technische Universität Graz, Graz, Austria
DA - 20.04.2017
KW - Offshore Windenergieanlagen
KW - Pfahlgründungen
KW - Zugtragfähigkeit
KW - Zyklisches Tragverhalten
PY - 2017
SN - 978-3-900484-75-0
IS - 58
SP - 103
EP - 120
PB - Gruppe Geotechnik Graz
AN - OPUS4-40201
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo
T1 - Deep foundations for offshore wind turbines
T1 - Cimentaciones profundas para
Aerogeneradores marinos
N2 - In this lecture, both the physical behaviour and the general design procedures for deep foundations in the context of the offshore wind energy generation are presented. The first part of the lecture deals with the phenomenology and design of the pile foundations relative to the bearing of axial loads. The second part dwelves on the particularities of the lateral loads as well as on two research topics beyond the current design procedures, namely the hydromechanical coupling and the aging and fatigue phenomena as observed in the course of large-scale field tests.
T2 - Internation Masters Course on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering
CY - Geotechnical Laboratory of CEDEX, Madrid, Spain
DA - 27.03.2017
KW - Pile foundations
KW - Offshore wind turbines
KW - Axial and lateral design
KW - Physical phenomenology
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-39585
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Geißler, Peter
T1 - Insights into compaction grouting for offshore pile foundations
N2 - The authors are currently investigating the possibility to apply compaction grouting for offshore pile foundations (Jacket piles as well as monopiles) as a possible retrofitting technique for an optimised foundation concept. In this research project, we are developing a design approach aiming to predict the ideal amount and properties of a grout for a specific soil situation and desired improvement of pile bearing capacity after Installation and during service time. Both numerical and experimental tests have been carried out to investigate the injection process during which a highly viscous grout is injected into the soil under high pressure to displace and compact the surrounding soil without fracturing it. The implicit Material Point Method (MPM) based on a mixed formulation is the numerical technique chosen to deal with the expected large deformations and the arbitrary shape of the developing grout bulb. The usage of MPM prevents both the need of remeshing and the numerical instability induced by extensive mesh distortion. For validation with experimental results, we have constructed a testing chamber with one transparent sidewall. This chamber enables us to observe the injection process directly at the transparent vertical window and to measure the in-plane soil displacements and strains by means of the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique.
The results already reveal the interrelation of soil and grout properties for a successful usage of this common ground improvement technique.
T2 - ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering (OMAE 2018)
CY - Madrid, Spain
DA - 17.06.2018
KW - Offshore Pile Foundation
KW - Compaction Grouting
KW - Material Point Method
KW - Digital Image Correlation
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-45352
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hernández-Gómez, R.
A1 - Tuma, Dirk
A1 - Villamañán, R.
A1 - Chamorro, C. R.
T1 - Accurate experimental (p, rho, T) values and virial coefficients for the (methane and helium) binary system
N2 - This work provides accurate experimental (p, rho, T) values for three binary mixtures of methane with helium: (0.95 (amount-of-substance fraction) CH₄+ 0.05 He) and (0.90 CH₄+ 0.10 He) at temperatures of (240, 250, and 260) K and (0.50 CH₄+ 0.50 He) from (240 to 400) K. This work is a continuation of a previous one which reported accurate experimental (p, rho, T) values for the (0.95 CH₄+ 0.05 He) and the (0.90 CH₄+ 0.10 He) binary mixtures over the temperature range from (250 to 400) K. All density measurements were performed by using a single-sinker densimeter with magnetic suspension coupling at pressures up to 20 MPa. Experimental values were compared with the corresponding densities calculated from the GERG-2008 and the AGA8-DC92 equations of state, respectively. Deviations from the GERG-2008 are much larger than from the AGA8-DC92 (up to -6.5%). These deviations increase with decreasing temperature, with increasing pressure, and with increasing helium fraction. In contrast, deviations from the AGA8-DC92 are within the 0.5% band. The experimental values were also used to calculate the second and the third virial coefficients, B(T,x) and C(T,x), as well as the second interaction virial coefficient B12(T) for this mixture.
KW - Binary mixture
KW - Density
KW - GERG-2008 equation of state
KW - Virial coefficient
PY - 2016
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2016.05.024
SN - 0021-9614
SN - 1096-3626
VL - 101
SP - 168
EP - 179
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
CY - London, UK
AN - OPUS4-36811
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CHAP
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo
A1 - Georgi, Steven
A1 - Karabeliov, Krassimire
A1 - Rücker, Werner
A1 - Johnsen, Björn
ED - Durstewitz, M.
ED - Lange, B.
T1 - „Neuland“ auf dem Meeresboden - Überwachungsverfahren und Bewertungsmodell für die Gründung von Offshore-Windenergieanlagen
N2 - Offshore-Windenergie betritt Neuland, gerade bei der Gründung. Denn Windenergie auf See kann die Erfahrungen der gängigen Offshore-Konstruktionen der Öl- und Gasindustrie nur bedingt nutzen. Mehr als dort, versucht man bei der Offshore-Windenergie, die Gründungsabmessungen – insbesondere die Pfahllängen – soweit wie möglich zu reduzieren. Denn dies kann bei der hohen Anzahl der Windenergieanlagen erhebliche wirtschaftliche Vorteile bringen. Andererseits wird die Standsicherheit der Gründungen durch den viel höheren Anteil an zyklischen Lasten gegenüber den gängigen Offshore- Strukturen in schwer einschätzbarer Weise zusätzlich gefährdet. Da Offshore-Windenergieanlagen in Serienfertigung produziert werden, wirkt sich hier jeder systematische Fehler bei der Gründung dann gleich als Serienfehler auf eine Vielzahl von Anlagen aus. Überwachung ist also angesagt – und das richtige Maß bei der Pfahlgründung, der am meisten verwendete Fundamenttyp bei Windenergieanlagen.
KW - Offshore Windkraftanlagen
KW - Pfahlgründungen
KW - Überwachungsverfahren
PY - 2016
SN - 978-3-658-09782-0
SN - 978-3-658-09783-7
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-09783-7
SP - 61
EP - 68
PB - Springer
AN - OPUS4-39348
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CHAP
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo
A1 - Georgi, Steven
A1 - Karabeliov, Krassimire
A1 - Rücker, Werner
A1 - Johnsen, Björn
ED - Durstewitz, M.
ED - Lange, B.
T1 - Uncharted Territory on the Seabed - Monitoring Procedures and Assessment Model for the Foundations of Offshore Wind Turbines
N2 - Offshore wind turbines enter unknown territory, especially where the foundations are concerned. This is because offshore wind power can only make use of the experience from the common offshore constructions used by the oil and gas industry to a limited extent. The offshore wind industry has tried to reduce foundation dimensions, especially the pile lengths, as much as possible compared with those of the oil and gas industry. This is because with the large number of wind turbines involved it can provide considerable economic advantages. On the other hand, the stability of the foundations is additionally at risk because due to the much larger number of cyclic loads they are subjected to it is very difficult to predict how they will behave. Since offshore wind farms are manufactured in series, every systematic fault in the foundation acts as a series fault for a large number of turbines. This calls for monitoring – and the right dimensions of pile foundation, the most common type of foundations used for wind turbines
KW - Offshore wind turbines
KW - Field tests
KW - Axial pile capacity
PY - 2017
SN - 978-3-662-53178-5
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53179-2
SP - 61
EP - 67
PB - Springer
AN - OPUS4-39341
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CHAP
A1 - Rücker, Werner
A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo
A1 - Georgi, Steven
A1 - Karabeliov, Krassimire
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
A1 - Johnsen, Björn
ED - Durstewitz, M.
ED - Lange, B.
T1 - Schieflagen bitte vermeiden
N2 - Vieles ist möglich, auch auf dem Meeresboden. Wind und Wellen rütteln gemeinsam an der Gründung, den Fundamenten der Offshore-Windenergieanlagen. Hinzu kommen die „ganz normale“ Strömung sowie die in der Nordsee besonders ausgeprägten Gezeiten von Ebbe und Flut. Zudem kann am Meeresboden Porenwasserüberdruck entstehen, der den Boden lockern und im schlimmsten Fall bei Monopiles die Stabilität der gesamten Anlage ändern kann. Selbst wenn ein solcher in den Meeresboden gerammter Pfahl bis zu 8 Meter Durchmesser hat. Über die Hälfte der geplanten Offshore-Anlagen in Nord- und Ostsee werden mit Ein-Pfahl-Gründungen geplant, über 40 % sollen als Mehrpfahl-Gründungen, zum Beispiel als Tripod, ausgeführt werden. Von daher verdienen Pfahlgründungen und ihre Belastungen besondere Aufmerksamkeit. Denn eines gilt es im Anlagenbetrieb unbedingt zu vermeiden: Eine drohende Schiefstellung der Anlage
KW - Windenergie
KW - Offshore
KW - Pfahlgründungen
PY - 2016
SN - 978-3-658-09782-0
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-09783-7
SP - 53
EP - 59
AN - OPUS4-39344
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo
T1 - Deep foundations for offshore wind turbines
T1 - Cimentaciones profundas para aerogeneradores marinos
N2 - This presentation deals with the phenomenology and design of pile foundations for offshore wind turbines, and is divided in two lectures.
The first lecture presents a brief introduction to the context and peculiarities of such foundations, and then focuses on the particular case of axially loaded piles. This part is most relevant for the relatively slender piles of the multi-pile substructures (i.e. jackets and tripods). A clear distinction between physical phenomenology and practical design is drawn here.
The second lecture continues with the case of lateraly loaded offshore piles, which bears most relevance for the case of the monopile foundations. Here again, a clear separation between physical reality and design methods is intended.
Finally, the last part of the second lecture introduces several advanced topics which lie outside the classical design approaches, namely the cyclic pile fatigue and the so-called pile setup (i.e. the time effects on the axial pile capacity). The relevance of these two topics is illustrated with experimental results from a field testing campaign on real large-scale piles.
T2 - Masters course on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2018, Geotechnical Laboratory of CEDEX
CY - Madrid, Spain
DA - 13.04.2018
KW - Pile foundations
KW - Offshore wind energy
KW - Physical phenomenology
KW - Design practice
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-44764
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Lozano-Martín, D.
A1 - Moreau, A.
A1 - Vega-Maza, D.
A1 - Chamorro, C. R.
T1 - High-pressure density data of binary (carbon dioxide + oxygen) mixtures for the development of equation-of-state models
N2 - On the way to a low carbon economy mixtures containing carbon dioxide become increasingly important. Processing of such gas mixtures requires reliable thermodynamic models that can accurately describe the state of matter over an extended range. Mixtures with oxygen for example, are frequently encountered in carbon capture and storage (CCS) processes.
This work reports new experimental (p, rho, T) data at T = (250 to 375 K) and up to a maximum pressure pmax = 20 MPa for five binary (CO2 + O2) mixtures which cover the entire composition range.
T2 - 31st European Symposium on Applied Thermodynamics
CY - Online meeting
DA - 05.07.2021
KW - Binary mixtures CO2 + O2
KW - Density measurements
KW - Equations of state
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53990
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schneider, Ronald
A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
T1 - Probabilistic approaches to the design and assessment of offshore foundations considering spatially varying site conditions
N2 - In this contribution, we consider two applications in which probabilistic approaches can potentially complement or enhance the design and assessment of offshore wind turbine foundations. First, we illustrate in a numerical example that probabilistic modelling can be helpful in dealing with chang-es in turbine locations during the planning phase of an offshore wind farm. In this case, spatial probabilistic modelling of the ground conditions enables (a) an inference of the soil properties at the modified turbine location from field data collected at different locations across an offshore wind farm site and (b) an optimisation of further site investigations. Second, we discuss the uncer-tainties and risks associated with the installation of large diameter monopiles in soils with hetero-geneities such as strong layers and/or embedded boulders. Subsequently, we present a concept for modelling, understanding, and managing these risks based on a probabilistic model of the subgrade conditions, monopile, and subgrade-pile-interaction.
T2 - 3rd International Conference on Structural Integrity for Offshore Energy Industry (SI 2021)
CY - Online meeting
DA - 15.11.2021
KW - Probabilistic modelling
KW - Spatially varying ground conditions
KW - Foundation reliability analysis
KW - Monopile installation risks
PY - 2022
SN - 978-1-8383226-3-2
SP - 9
EP - 17
AN - OPUS4-54531
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo
T1 - Design challenges for Offshore wind-farms. From foundation mechanics to wind-farm aerodynamics
N2 - This talk provides a brief introduction on general engineering design challenges for the offshore wind energy production. Some general features of the offshore wind-energy field from a civil engineering perspective are firstly presented, followed by a brief discussion of some of the main geomechanical issues for the foundation of the offshore turbines into the seabed.
In the following part, an overview of relevant fluid-structure interactions and some options for an efficient numerical analysis are provided, where the hydromechanical Wave–Tower interaction is firstly discussed. Then, some general aspects of the windfarm aerodynamics are introduced. On the one hand, some modelling possibilities for the wake analysis of single turbines and turbine groups are discussed. And on the other hand the relevance of such analyses for a proper windfarm layout optimization is pointed out.
In particular, this talk shows that: i) The performance and behavior of the turbine's foundation is often conditioned by the appearance of large deformations, fluid couplings and grain-scale phenomena, whereby specific physical testing (both in field and lab conditions) and ad-hoc simulation techniques can provide useful insights for design; ii) Numerical analysis of a turbine’s interaction with wind/waves is already affordable in engineering scales, while simplified models can already provide a useful insight into the windfarm aerodynamics. iii) Turbulent wake analysis is very relevant for the windfarm layout.
T2 - Colloquium "Energy systems compared", Winter semester 22/23, Faculty of Physics
CY - Duisburg, Germany
DA - 24.01.2023
KW - Offshore wind-turbine foundations
KW - Water-structure interaction
KW - Wind-farm aerodynamics
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-56888
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo
T1 - Deep foundations for offshore wind turbines - 1st part: axial behavior
T1 - Cimentaciones profundas para aerogeneradores marinos. 1a parte: Comportamiento axial
N2 - This presentation deals with the phenomenology and design of pile foundations for offshore wind turbines, and is divided into two lectures.
The first lecture presents a brief introduction to the context and peculiarities of such foundations, and then focuses on the particular case of axially loaded piles. This part is most relevant for the relatively slender piles of the multi-pile substructures (i.e. jackets and tripods). A clear distinction between physical phenomenology and practical design is drawn here.
T2 - Masters course on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. Geotechnical Laboratory of CEDEX
CY - Online meeting
DA - 17.03.2023
KW - Pile foundations
KW - Offshore wind turbines
KW - Physical phenomenology
KW - Design methods
KW - Numerical modelling
KW - Physical testing
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57176
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
T1 - Large Monopiles: Experimental and numerical investigation of monopile tip buckling during installation as well as of local pile buckling under operational conditions
N2 - The research project Verification of Buckling Assessment and Behaviour in Large Monopiles (VERBATIM) focuses on challenges arising due to the ongoing increase of dimensions of monopiles as foundation for offshore wind turbines. This project is focused on two main topics:
- Monopile tip buckling during pile installation
- Local buckling of embedded piles during operation
It is known from previous investigations and experiences in practice that large deformations of a monopile tip during offshore installation works can occur. These large deformations initiated at the tip of the monopile are commonly referred to as “pile tip buckling”. Own research focuses on optimising monopile dimensions to reduce the cost of monopile foundations for offshore wind turbines while preventing pile tip buckling.
Buckling of embedded cylindrical shells for offshore structures is a common engineering task. Structures can be analysed using standard software and have been done so in recent studies e.g., Gottschalk. However, the trend towards larger monopile and optimised structures has led to a fundamental need for better and verified models. A main challenge is the submodelling of the structure-soil-interaction. Developing such complex models is one main goal of the VERBATIM project.
For both main topics model tests were performed at the laboratories of BAM and TU Berlin. These experimental results were used to verify related numerical models and simulations.
T2 - WindEurope
CY - Copenhagen, Denmark
DA - 25.04.2023
KW - Monopiles
KW - Tip Buckling
KW - Pile Buckling
KW - Foundations
KW - Offshore
KW - Windenergy
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57405
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Habib, Abdel Karim
T1 - Experimental investigation of the consequences of release of liquified hydrogen onto and under water
N2 - Large-scale experiments have been performed to investigate the possible consequences of realistic amounts of liquified hydrogen (LH2) encountering water. The tests were performed at the Test Site Technical Safety of the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) in Horstwalde, Germany.
The experiments aimed at investigating that upon contact with water, the evaporation rate of LH2 can be that high that physical explosions or even rapid phase transitions (RPTs), could occur. RPTs can generate air and underwater blast pressures which could damage adjacent plant or structures (which has been demonstrated when releasing LNG).
The tests were performed in a 10 m x 10 x 1.5 m basin filled with water. LH2 releases with mass flows ranging from approximately 0.25 kg/s to approximately 0.8 kg/s were established releasing directly from a trailer carrying LH2. The LH2 was released through a 46 m long flexible double vacuum insulated transfer line (inner diameter 39 mm). The releases occurred from a height of 50 cm above the water surface pointing downwards, 30 cm under the water surface pointing downwards and 30 cm under the water surface pointing along the water surface. The release system allowed for an initial phase to release flashed LH2 into the air before redirecting the flow towards the water surface for liquid release. A thermocouple inserted near the nozzle is used to indicate the presence of LH2 at the nozzle. The nozzle could be moved up and downwards relative to the water surface and also moved into the water. The release system was purged with helium before starting a release. A mouthpiece at the end of the release line as well as a manually operated valve at the trailer were used to vary the release rate.
The temperature of the water and the air was measured at multiple locations. The temperature of the air was also measured at H2 concentration probe locations. In addition, the temperature in the filling line was measured (1 at the outlet and 1 further down into the filling line). The pressure in the filling line was also measured at 3 locations, one located directly at the outlet. The release rate was determined based on the weight loss rate of the road tanker. To this end the trailer was placed onto load cells. Special blast pressure sensors were used to measure the shock waves generated by the rapid evaporation or other phenomena both in the water and in the air. At several locations the gas concentration development in time was measured. Heat radiation was measured at 3 distances from the point of release. High speed, Infra-Red (IR) cameras and normal cameras were used to record events and to follow the gas cloud behaviour in time. This includes cameras mounted on a drone and an underwater camera. Two weather stations were used to measure wind speed, wind direction, temperature and humidity during all tests performed.
All investigated release configurations resulted in a very chaotic LH2-water mixing zone, causing considerable evaporation and resulting in minor over pressures. The main phenomenon observed was an ignition of the released gas cloud, resulting in significant blast wave overpressures and heat radiation to the surroundings. The ignition occurred in all under-water releases and in about 90 % of the releases above the water surface. The location of the ignition occurred in free air at some distance from the instrumentation and release location.
T2 - 14th International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention, and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions (ISHPMIE)
CY - Braunschweig, Germany
DA - 11.07.2022
KW - Liquid Hydrogen
KW - LH2
KW - RPT
KW - Rapid Phase Transition
KW - Release
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55356
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - van Wingerden, K.
T1 - Medium scale tests to investigate the possibility and effects of BLEVEs of storage vessels containing liquified hydrogen
N2 - Experiments have been performed to determine the consequences of a storage vessel containing liquified hydrogen (LH2) is engulfed by a fire. The tests were performed at the Test Site Technical Safety of the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) in Germany within a research cooperation between BAM and Gexcon as part of the SH2IFT program. Three tests were performed using double-walled vacuum insulated vessels of 1 m3 volume varying the orientation of the vessel and the effect of the insulation material used (perlite or multi-layer insulation (MLI)). The degree of filling of the vessel was approximately 35 % in each of the tests performed. The fire load was provided by a propane fed burner positioned under the storage vessel and designed to give a homogeneous fire load. In one of the tests a rupture of the storage vessel occurred causing a blast, a fireball and fragments. Apart from measuring these consequences, the conditions in the vessel (e.g. temperatures and pressure) during the heating process were monitored in all three tests. The work described was undertaken as part of the project Safe Hydrogen fuel handling and Use for Efficient Implementation (SH2IFT).
T2 - 17th EFCE International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in Process Industries
CY - Prague, Czech Republic
DA - 05.06.2022
KW - Liquid hydrogen
KW - LH2
KW - BLEVE
KW - Cryogenic tank
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55321
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kluge, Martin
T1 - Consequences of exposing cryogenic storage vessels containing liquid hydrogen to a fire load
N2 - Experiments have been performed to determine whether a storage vessel containing LH2 and caught in a fire engulfing the vessel can result in a BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion) and if so its effects. The tests were performed at the Test Site Technical Safety of the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) in Horstwalde, Germany.
Three tests were performed using double-walled vacuum insulated vessels of 1 m3 volume. The cylindrical Vessels differed in orientation (horizontal or vertical) and the insulation material used (perlite or multi-layer insulation (MLI)). The degree of filling of the vessels was approximately 35-40 % in each of the tests performed. The fire load was provided by a propane fed burner positioned under the storage vessel and designed to give a homogeneous fire load.
The conditions in the vessel (temperatures and pressure) as well as external effects (heat radiation, blast waves, flame ball development and fragmentation) were measured.
All vessels were equipped with K-type thermocouples at several locations: inside the inner vessel in the gas phase and the liquid phase, on the inner and outer side of the inner vessel and on the inner and outer side of the outer vessel. The pressure inside the inner vessel (both in liquid, as a level indicator, and gaseous phase), and in the space between the inner and outer vessels (vacuum pressure) was measured.
Bolometers were used to measure the heat radiation generated by both the propane fire and that generated by a possible fireball/BLEVE. To measure blast generated by the vessel burst/BLEVEs blast pencils were positioned at three locations in two directions. Weather conditions were monitored at two weather stations. Further several cameras were used to monitor the events: normal cameras, infrared (IR)-cameras, high-speed cameras also on board of a drone.
Two of these vessels, a horizontal and a vertical vessel both insulated with perlite withstood the fire loading for 1 hour 20 minutes and 4 hours respectively without catastrophic failure. A horizontal vessel insulated with MLI failed by bursting after 1 hour and 6 minutes resulting in a fireball, fragments, and blast waves.
T2 - 14th International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention, and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions (ISHPMIE)
CY - Braunschweig, Germany
DA - 11.07.2022
KW - Liquid Hydrogen
KW - LH2
KW - BLEVE
KW - Cryogenic Tank
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55355
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - van Wingerden, K.
T1 - Experimental investigation into the consequences of release of liquified hydrogen onto and under water
N2 - Large-scale experiments have been performed to investigate the possible consequences of realistic amounts of liquified hydrogen (LH2) encountering water. The experiments aimed at simulating an accidental release of LH2 onto water, for instance during the fuelling of a ship. For liquified natural gas (LNG), it has been demonstrated that physical explosions may occur when it is spilled onto water. These phenomena are referred as rapid phase transitions (RPTs). It cannot be excluded that RPTs are also possible in the case of LH2. The tests were performed at the Test Site Technical Safety of the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) in Horstwalde, Germany. The tests were performed in a 10 m x 10 x 1.5 m basin filled with water. LH2 releases of up to about 1 kg/s were established releasing directly from a trailer carrying LH2. The releases occurred from a height of 50 cm above the water surface pointing downwards, 30 cm under the water surface pointing downwards and 30 cm under the water surface pointed along the water surface. All release configurations resulted in a very chaotic LH2-water mixing zone, causing considerable evaporation and resulting in minor over pressures. No RPTs were observed. The main phenomenon to be observed is, however, an ignition of the released gas cloud resulting in significant blast wave overpressures and heat radiation to the surroundings. The ignition occurred in all under-water releases and in about 90 % of the releases above the water surface.
T2 - 17th EFCE International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in Process Industries
CY - Prague, Czech Republic
DA - 05.06.2022
KW - Liquid Hydrogen
KW - LH2
KW - RPT
KW - Rapid phase transition
KW - Release
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55322
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kipphardt, Heinrich
A1 - Tuma, Dirk
A1 - Khanipour, Peyman
A1 - Maiwald, Michael
T1 - Voll normal - Normen in der Gasanalytik
N2 - In dieser Arbeit werden die Grundlagen der Normung, die Entstehung einer Norm und die für die Gasanalytik relevanten Normungsgremien kurz dargestellt. Dazu werden die wichtigsten Normen zur Gasanalytik entlang des analytischen Prozesses gruppiert und aufgeführt. Schließlich wird als Anwendungsbeispiel aus der eigenen Praxis der Prozess von der Herstellung bis zur Zertifizierung eines Kalibriergases beschrieben.
KW - Zertifikat
KW - Regel- und Messtechnik
KW - Normung
KW - Gasanalytik
KW - Gasgualität
KW - Gasreinheit
PY - 2022
SN - 2366-9594
VL - 10
SP - 73
EP - 80
PB - Vulkan Verlag
CY - Essen
AN - OPUS4-56083
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eissel, A.
T1 - Modifikation von CoCr Legierungen für die additive lichtbogenbasierte Fertigung
N2 - Für Komponenten im Turbinen- oder Anlagenbau werden aufgrund ihrer Eigenschaften häufig Kobalt-Chrom-Legierungen verwendet. Diese weisen eine hohe Korrosionsbeständigkeit und hohen Verschleißwiederstand auf. Aufgrund der komplexen Strukturen und dem Bestreben nach Ressourceneffizienz wird zur Herstellung der Komponenten die additive Fertigung verwendet. Hierbei sind hinsichtlich der Inhomogenität und Anisotropie der Gefüge und deren Eigenschaften weitere Kenntnisse notwendig. Bei den vorliegenden Belastungen liegt ein erhöhter Anspruch an die Oberflächenintegrität vor, welcher durch komplementären Einsatz von additiven und abtragenden Fertigungsschritten sichergestellt wird. Dabei sind gerade Co-Cr-Legierungen wegen der niedrigen Wärmeleitfähigkeit verbunden mit hoher Festigkeit und Zähigkeit äußerst herausfordernd mit Blick auf eine wirtschaftliche Zerspanung mit geometrisch bestimmter Schneide. Ausgehend von dieser Problemstellung erfolgt im Zuge eines Gemeinschaftsvorhabens des ISAF in Kooperation mit der BAM eine gezielte Beeinflussung des Gefüges. Ziel des Projektes ist die Zusammenhänge zwischen verschiedenen Legierungsmodifikationen, der entstehenden Gefügemorphologie und den Zerspanungseigenschaften von Co- Cr-Legierungen für die additive Fertigung mittels PTA darzustellen. Der Fokus liegt auf dem Beheben der bestehenden Nachteile bei gleichzeitigem Aufrechthalten der besonderen Eigenschaften der Legierung. Durch das Hinzulegieren von variierenden Gehalten von Zirkonium und Hafnium wird die Gefügeveränderung eingestellt. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass Hafnium als zusätzliches Legierungselement einen deutlichen Einfluss auf die Gefügemorphologie hat. Darüber hinaus wird die Auswirkung der Legierungsmodifikation auf die Härte und die Zerspanbarkeit dargestellt.
T2 - 42. Assistentenseminar der Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft Fügetechnik e.V.
CY - Blankenau, Germany
DA - 06.10.2021
KW - Legierungsmodifikation
KW - Ultraschallunterstütztes Fräsen
KW - Additive Fertigung
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-56659
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo
T1 - Deep foundations for offshore wind turbines - 2nd part: lateral behavior & advanced topics
T1 - Cimentaciones profundas para aerogeneradores marinos. 2a parte: Comportamiento Lateral + Temática avanzada
N2 - This presentation deals with the phenomenology and design of pile foundations for offshore wind turbines, and is divided into two lectures.
The second lecture continues with the case of laterally loaded offshore piles, which bears most relevance for the case of the monopile foundations. Here again, a clear separation between physical reality and design methods is intended.
Finally, the last part of the second lecture introduces several advanced topics which lie outside the classical design approaches, namely the hydromechanical coupling effects (i.e. the excess pore-pressure generation around the monopiles), the cyclic pile fatigue and the so-called pile setup (i.e. the time effects on the axial pile capacity). The relevance of the latter two topics is illustrated with experimental results from a field testing campaign on real large-scale piles.
T2 - Masters course on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. Geotechnical Laboratory of CEDEX
CY - Online meeting
DA - 17.03.2023
KW - Pile foundations
KW - Offshore wind turbines
KW - Physical phenomenology
KW - Design methods
KW - Numerical modelling
KW - Physical testing
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57178
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Trappe, Volker
T1 - Dauerfestigkeitsgrenze in Faser-Kunststoff-Verbunden – Einfluss der Halbzeuge
N2 - Mit Hilfe der an der BAM entwickelten Röntgenrefraktionstopographie lassen sich zerstörungsfrei innere Oberflächen insbesondere in CFK messen. Somit gelingt es quantitativ und ortsaufgelöst Mikrorisse im μm-Maßstab (Faser-Matrix-Ablösungen, Matrix-Matrix-Brüche) auch im komplexen Laminat zu bestimmen. Ziel ist es, die Mikrorissbildung an Geweben und Gelegen in-situ zur Schwingbeanspruchung zu ermitteln, um Materialkonstanten und Modelle zu bestimmen, mit Hilfe derer die Zwischenfaserbruchanstrengungen angeben werden kann, bei der die Grenze zum „unendlichen“ Leben liegt, also der Werkstoff als „dauerfest“ bezeichnet werden kann. Die Schädigungsmechanismen konnten aber auch an Schalenstrukturen aus GFK mit optischen Verfahren und mit In-Situ-Messungen mittels Thermographie nachgewiesen werden. Zudem spielt die Faser-Matrix-Grenzfläche, also die Oberflächenchemie auf der Faser sowie der Vernetzungsgrad der Epoxidharzmatrix eine entscheidende Rolle.
T2 - 8. Tagung Rotorblätter von Windkraftanlagen
CY - Haus der Technik, Essen, Germany
DA - 16.06.2016
KW - Faser-Kunststoff-Verbunde
KW - Betriebsfestigkeit
KW - Dauerfestigkeitsgrenze
KW - Schädigungsmechanismen
KW - Rotorblätter
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37569
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bernardy, Christopher
A1 - Habib, Abdel Karim
A1 - Kluge, Martin
A1 - Schalau, Bernd
A1 - Kant, Hanjo
A1 - Schulze, Marcel
A1 - Orchini, Alessandro
T1 - Sicherheitstechnische Untersuchungen von Wasserstoff Freistrahlflammen bei Hochdruck im Realmaßstab
N2 - Wasserstoff als Energieträger gewinnt zunehmend an Bedeutung. Die Untersuchung von Störfallauswirkungen mit Wasserstoff rückt somit stärker in den Fokus. Da Wasserstoff meist unter Druck gelagert und transportiert wird, ist ein zu betrachtendes Szenario die Freisetzung aus einer Leckage mit anschließender Zündung. Die daraus resultierende Freistrahlflamme (Jet Flame) muss hinsichtlich der in die Umgebung emittierten Wärmestrahlung charakterisiert werden. In der Literatur existieren bereits verschiedene Modelle, welche jedoch vermehrt auf Daten aus Kohlenwasserstoffflammen mit geringem Impuls basieren. Zur Überprüfung dieser Modelle wird im Zuge des BAM internen H2 Jet Flame Projektes die sicherheitstechnische Untersuchung von impulsbehafteten Wasserstoff Freistrahlflammen vorgenommen. Hierfür finden Versuche im Realmaßstab auf dem Testgelände Technische Sicherheit der BAM (BAM-TTS) statt. Gegenstand der Untersuchungen ist die Beurteilung der Auswirkungen von realistischen Freisetzungsszenarien hinsichtlich der Flammengeometrie und der freigesetzten Wärmestrahlung. Dabei werden Parameter wie Freisetzungswinkel, Leckagedurchmesser (z.Zt. 1 mm bis 10 mm), Druck (z.Zt. bis max. 250 bar) und Massenstrom (bis max. 0,5 kg/s) variiert. Zusätzlich können auch Einflüsse wie Art der Zündung, Zündort sowie Zündung mit zeitlichem Verzug untersucht werden. Gewonnene Erkenntnisse werden mit den Ergebnissen bereits vorhandener Modelle verglichen und diese im Bedarfsfall weiterentwickelt. Insbesondere wird der Fokus auf die Modellierung der freigesetzten Wärmestrahlung von Wasserstoffflammen gelegt. Herausforderung dabei stellt die IR-Vermessung und Modellierung von Sichtmodellen der Flammen dar. Die Visualisierung der Flammengeometrie wird mit Hilfe mehrerer Infrarot Kamerasystemen (aus mindestens zwei Blickwinkeln) vorgenommen.
Bisherige Messungen, die in der Literatur zu finden sind, basieren meist auf instationären Auströmbedingungen. Der hier verwendete Versuchsaufbau ermöglicht ein stationäres Ausströmen für mehrere Minuten und somit eine direkte Vergleichbarkeit mit den existierenden (stationären) Modellen.
Weiterhin ist der Versuchsstand umrüstbar für Vergleichsmessungen mit Kohlenwasserstoffen (Methan etc.) sowie Mischungen aus Wasserstoff und Kohlenwasserstoffen.
T2 - Magdeburg-Köthener Brandschutz- und Sicherheitstagung 2024
CY - Magdeburg, Germany
DA - 14.03.2024
KW - Wärmestrahlung
KW - Wassersoff
KW - Freistrahlflamme
PY - 2024
SN - 978-3-948749-42-2
SP - 137
EP - 146
CY - Magdeburg
AN - OPUS4-59912
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kluge, Martin
T1 - Unterfeuerung von Flüssigwasserstofftanks
N2 - In einer Versuchsreihe im Realmaßstab wurden drei Flüssigwasserstofftanks (LH2) unterfeuert. Hierbei sollte unter anderem geklärt werden, ob es, analog zu druckverflüssigten Gasen, zu einem BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Cloud Explosion) kommen kann. Die Experimente wurden auf dem Testareal Wasserstoffsicherheit des Testgeländes Technische Sicherheit der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM-TTS) im Rahmen einer Forschungskooperation zwischen der BAM und Gexcon, als Teil des SH2IFT-Programms durchgeführt. Es handelte sich um doppelwandige, vakuumisolierte Tanks von 1 m³ Volumen. Die zylindrischen Tanks unterschieden sich durch ihre Ausrichtung (horizontal oder vertikal) und das verwendete Isoliermaterial (Perlit oder Mehrschichtisolierung (MLI). Der Füllgrad der Tanks betrug bei jedem der durchgeführten Tests etwa 35-40 %. Die Brandlast wurde homogen durch ein propangasbetriebenes Brennersystem erzeugt. Gemessen wurden die Bedingungen im Behälter (Temperaturen und Druck) sowie äußere Randbedingungen und Auswirkungen beim Versagen (Wärmestrahlung, Druckwellen, Flammenballentwicklung und Fragmentierung). Mit Bolometern wurde die Wärmestrahlung gemessen, die sowohl durch das Propanfeuer als auch durch einen möglichen Feuerball/BLEVE erzeugt wurde. Zur Messung der durch das Bersten von Behältern/BLEVEs erzeugten Druckwellen wurden sog. Pencil-Probes verwendet. Des Weiteren wurden mehrere Kameras zur Überwachung der Experimente eingesetzt: Normalbildkameras, Infrarot (IR)-Kameras und Hochgeschwindigkeitskameras, sowohl bodengestützt als auch mittels einer Drohne. Zwei der untersuchten Tanks, ein horizontaler und der vertikale, die beide mit Perlit isoliert waren, hielten der Brandbelastung stand, ohne dass es zu einem Behälterversagen kam. Der mit MLI isolierte horizontale Behälter barst nach 1 Stunde und 6 Minuten und erzeugte dabei einen Feuerball, Trümmerflug und eine Druckwelle. Neben der Beschreibung der Auswirkungen eines kritischen Versagens eines LH2-Tanks sind weitere Ziele der Arbeit die Identifizierung kritischer Behälterzustände sowie die Erstellung eines umfassendes Datensatzes der Trümmer des geborstenen Tanks. Die größten Abstände für kritische Abstände ergaben sich durch Fragmentwurf. Hier sollen 3D-Scans für die Verwendung in CAD und FEM Anwendungen bereitgestellt werden. Umfassende Daten zu den Fragmentwurfweiten, - massen und -positionen wurden bereits publiziert. Damit soll die Voraussetzung geschaffen werden, um vorhandene Wurfweitenmodelle, die bisher nur für einschalige Behälter konzipiert wurden auf ihre Eignung für mehrschalige Behälter zu überprüfen oder mögliche Anpassungen anhand der realen Daten vornehmen zu können. Zudem wurde damit begonnen die nicht geborstenen Tanks zu vermessen und zu zerlegen, um u.a. die Perlit-Schüttung auf Beeinträchtigungen durch den Transport und die Unterfeuerung zu untersuchen.
T2 - Magdeburg-Köthener Brandschutz- und Sicherheitstagung 2024
CY - Magdeburg, Germany
DA - 14.03.2024
KW - LH2
KW - BLEVE
KW - Bersten
KW - Tank
KW - Unterfeuerung
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59715
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Preuß, Bianca
A1 - Lindner, Thomas
A1 - Hanisch, Niclas
A1 - Giese, Marcel
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Richter, Tim
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Lampke, Thomas
T1 - Surface Functionalization of Novel Work‐Hardening Multi‐Principal‐Element Alloys by Ultrasonic Assisted Milling
N2 - The development of multi‐principal‐element alloys (MPEAs) with unique characteristics such as high work hardening capacity similar to well‐known alloy systems like Hadfield steel X120Mn12 (ASTM A128) is a promising approach. Hence, by exploiting the core effects of MPEAs, the application range of conventional alloy systems can be extended. In the present study, work‐hardening MPEAs based on the equimolar composition CoFeNi are developed. Mn and C are alloyed in the same ratio as for X120Mn12. The production route consists of cast manufacturing by an electric arc furnace and surface functionalization via mechanical finishing using ultrasonic‐assisted milling (USAM) to initiate work hardening. The microstructure evolution, the hardness as well as the resulting oscillating wear resistance are detected. A pronounced lattice strain and grain refinement due to the plastic deformation during the USAM is recorded for the MPEA CoFeNi‐Mn12C1.2. Consequently, hardness increases by ≈380 HV0.025 in combination with a higher oscillating wear resistance compared to the X120Mn12. This shows the promising approach for developing work‐hardening alloys based on novel alloy concepts such as MPEAs.
KW - Electric arc furnace
KW - Finish milling
KW - High manganese steels
KW - Multi-principal element alloy
KW - Ultrasonic-assisted milling
KW - Work hardening
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-608008
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202400339
SN - 1438-1656
SP - 1
EP - 12
PB - Wiley VHC-Verlag
AN - OPUS4-60800
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - RPRT
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Normungsroadmap Wasserstofftechnologien 2024
N2 - Im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz (BMWK) wurden Anfang 2023 unter Leitung der Projektpartner DIN, DKE, DVGW, NWB, VDA, VDI und VDMA die Arbeiten an der Normungsroadmap Wasserstofftechnologien (NRM H2) begonnen. Ziel des Verbundprojekts war es, einen strategischen Fahrplan für eine schnelle und gezielte Erweiterung und Anpassung des technischen Regelwerks im Bereich der Wasserstofftechnologien auszuarbeiten und die aufgezeigten Lücken effizient zu schließen. Die Erarbeitung erfolgte in 39 Arbeitsgruppen mit einer Beteiligung von mehr als 600 Expertinnen und Experten. Die Clusterung erfolgte auf Basis von fünf großen Themenfeldern, die die gesamte Wertschöpfungskette abdecken: - Erzeugung - Infrastruktur - Anwendung - Qualitätsinfrastruktur - Weiterbildung, Zertifizierung und Sicherheit. Im Rahmen der des AK Infrastruktur erfolgte die Mitarbeit in der Arbeitsgruppe „Rohrleitungen“ (AG 2.1.1). Die AG war zuständig für die Ermittlung der Normungsbedarfe auf dem Gebiet der industriellen Rohrleitungen zur Werksversorgung sowie dem Gebiet der Flansche und ihren Verbindungen wie auch Prozessleitungen. Dies umfasst unter anderem Anforderungen für oberirdische oder in Kanälen verlegte oder erdgedeckte Rohrleitungen aus metallischen und nichtmetallischen Werkstoffen für Wasserstoff und -gemische. Mit dem Ziel, sicherer Betriebsbedingungen, waren hierbei insbesondere Anforderungen für industrielle Rohrleitungssysteme von Bedeutung (z. B. Normenreihe DIN EN 13480). Dabei unterscheiden sich die industriellen Rohrleitungssysteme von Fern- bzw. Transportleitungen, außerhalb der industriellen Werke, bspw. Raffinerien. Diese waren Bestandteil der AG 2.1.2 „Transportleitungen“.
KW - Normung
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Rohrleitungen
KW - Metallische Werkstoffe
KW - Regelwerke
PY - 2024
SP - 49
EP - 54
AN - OPUS4-62442
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Diffusion in high-pressure hydrogen charged multi-principal element alloys CoCrFeMnNi and CoCrNi vs. AISI 316L
N2 - Multi-principal element alloys (MPEAs) are innovative materials that have attracted extensive research attention within the last decade. MPEAs are characterized by a solid solution of equiatomic metallic elements. Depending on the number of elements, they are also referred as high entropy alloys (HEAs with n ≥ 4 elements like CoCrFeMnNi) and medium-entropy alloys (MEA with n = 3 elements CoCrNi). Depending on the alloy concept, MPEAs show exceptional properties in terms of mechanical performance or corrosion resistance at extreme environments. In that connection, hydrogen and its challenges for the most metallic materials gets more and more important. MPEAs are candidate materials for the substitution of conventional materials like austenitic stainless steels e.g., at very high-pressure up to 1000 bar. Those pressures are typically reached in valves or compressors for refueling of tanks with operational pressure of 700 bar. So far, the susceptibility of HEA/MEAs to hydrogen assisted cracking (if any) and the especially the underlying hydrogen uptake and diffusion was not within the scientific scope and not investigated in detail yet. For that reason, we focused on the hydrogen absorption the characterization of the hydrogen diffusion and trapping at elevated temperatures in a CoCrFeMnNi-HEA (each element with 20 at.-%) and CoCrNi-MEA, each element with 33.3 at.-%). As reference grade, the commercially available austenitic stainless steel AISI 316L was investigated. High-pressure hydrogen charging was conducted at different pressures in autoclave environment with maximum value of 1,000 bar. Thermal desorption analysis (TDA) via carrier gas hot extraction with coupled mass spectrometry was used with a max. heating rate of 0.5 K/s up to 650 °C. The measured desorption spectra of the different samples were deconvoluted into a defined number of individual peaks. The individually calculated peak temperatures allowed the definition of activation energies for predominant trap sites in the respective materials as well as the percentage share of the totally absorbed hydrogen concentration. The results present for the first time the complex interaction of both MPEAs and high-pressure hydrogen charging. A deconvolution of four peaks was selected and a main desorption peak was identified the dominant hydrogen trap containing the biggest share of the absorbed hydrogen concentration. The chemical composition an austenitic phase of both MPEAs is responsible for delayed hydrogen diffusion and strong, but mostly reversible, trapping. The comparison with the 316L samples showed significantly higher activation energies in the MPEAs, whereas hydrogen was also trapped at very high extraction temperatures. The absorbed maximum hydrogen concentration at 1,000 bar was 130 ppm for the CoCrFeMnNi-HEA, 50 ppm for the CoCrNi-MEA and 80 ppm for the 316L. It is interesting that the CoCrFeMnNi-HEA has obviously a way higher trapping capability compared to the conventional austenitic 316L, which could be a major advantage in terms of resistance to hydrogen assisted cracking.
T2 - 47th MPA-Seminar
CY - Stuttgart, Germany
DA - 10.10.2023
KW - High-entropy alloy
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Diffusion
KW - Thermal desorption analysis
KW - Multiple-principal element alloy
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58675
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Richter, Tim
A1 - Mente, Tobias
A1 - Mayr, P.
A1 - Nitsche, A.
T1 - Thickness and microstructure effect on hydrogen diffusion in creep‑resistant 9% Cr P92 steel and P91 weld metal
N2 - Martensitic 9% Cr steels like P91 and P92 show susceptibility to delayed hydrogen assisted cracking depending on their microstructure. In that connection, effective hydrogen diffusion coefficients are used to assess the possible time-delay. Limited data on room temperature diffusion coefficients reported in literature vary widely by several orders of magnitude (mostly attributed to variation in microstructure). Especially P91 weld metal diffusion coefficients are rare so far. For that reason, electrochemical permeation experiments had been conducted using P92 base metal and P91 weld metal (in as-welded and heat-treated condition) with different thicknesses. From the results obtained, diffusion coefficients were calculated using to different methods, time-lag, and inflection point. Results show that, despite microstructural effects, the sample thickness must be considered as it influences the calculated diffusion coefficients. Finally, the comparison of calculated and measured hydrogen concentrations (determined by carrier gas hot extraction) enables the identification of realistic diffusion coefficients.
KW - Creep-resistant steel
KW - Diffusion
KW - Hydrogen assisted cracking
KW - Welding
KW - Electrochemical permeation
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-540645
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-021-01218-9
SN - 0043-2288
SP - 1
EP - 16
PB - Springer Nature Switzerland AG
AN - OPUS4-54064
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Falqueto, J. B.
A1 - Clark, A. H.
A1 - Štefančič, A.
A1 - Smales, Glen Jacob
A1 - Vaz, C. A. F.
A1 - Schuler, A. J.
A1 - Bocchi, N.
A1 - Kazzi, M. E.
T1 - High performance doped Li-rich Li1+xMn2–xO4 cathodes nanoparticles synthesized by facile, fast, and efficient microwave-assisted hydrothermal route
N2 - Li-rich nanoparticles of Li1+xMn2–xO4 doped with Al, Co, or Ni are successfully synthesized using a facile, fast, and efficient microwave-assisted hydrothermal route. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction confirms the formation of the crystalline cubic spinel phase type. X-ray absorption spectroscopy analysis at the Co and Ni K- and L-edges verifies that the dopants are within the Li1+xMn2–xO4 spinel structure and are inactive during cycling in the bulk and at the surface. Moreover, we demonstrate that nanocrystallinity and cationic doping play an important role in improving the electrochemical performance with respect to LiMn2O4 microparticles. They significantly reduce the charge-transfer resistance, lower the first cycle irreversible capacity loss to 6%, and achieve a capacity retention between 85 and 90% after 380 cycles, with excellent Coulombic efficiency close to 99% without compromising the specific charge at a 5C cycling rate. Furthermore, the Mn K- and L-edges attest that after long cycling, the Mn oxidation state in the bulk differs from that at the surface caused by the Mn disproportion reaction; however, the cationic doping helps mitigate the Mn dissolution with respect to the undoped Li1+xMn2–xO4 nanoparticles, as indicated by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry.
KW - XAS
KW - SAXS
KW - Li-ion battery
KW - Cathode material
KW - Spinel
KW - The MOUSE
PY - 2022
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c00902
SN - 2574-0962
VL - 5
IS - 7
SP - 8357
EP - 8370
PB - ACS Publ.
CY - Washington, DC
AN - OPUS4-55359
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Wetzel, Annica
A1 - Oczan, Ozlem
A1 - Nietzke, Jonathan
A1 - Richter, Tim
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
T1 - Hydrogen diffusion and local Volta potential in high- and medium-entropy alloys
N2 - High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are characterized by a solid solution of minimum five and medium-entropy alloys (MEAs) of minimum three principal alloying elements in equiatomic proportions. They show exceptional application properties, such as high-strength and ductility or corrosion resistance. Future HEA/MEA-components could be exposed to hydrogen containing environments like vessels for cryogenic or high-pressure storage where the hydrogen absorption and diffusion in these materials is of interest. In our study, we investigated the HEA Co20Cr20Fe20Mn20Ni20 and the MEA Co33.3Cr33.3Ni33.3. For hydrogen ingress, cathodic charging was applied and diffusion kinetic was measured by high-resolution thermal desorption spectros-copy using different heating rates up to 0.250 K/s. Peak deconvolution resulted in high-temperature desorption peaks and hydrogen trapping above 280 °C. A total hydrogen concentration > 40 ppm was identified for the MEA and > 100 ppm for HEA. This indicates two important effects: (1) delayed hydrogen diffusion and (2) considerable amount of trapped hydrogen that must be anticipated for hydrogen assisted cracking phenomenon. Local electrochemical Volta potential maps had been measured for the hydrogen free condition by means of high-resolution Scanning Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (SKPFM).
T2 - Symposium on Materials and Joining Technology
CY - Online meeting
DA - 07.09.2020
KW - Hydrogen
KW - High-entropy alloy
KW - Diffusion
KW - Scanning kelvin probe force microscopy
KW - Corrosion
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-511684
DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/882/1/012015
VL - 882
SP - 1
EP - 15
PB - IOP Publishing
CY - Bristol
AN - OPUS4-51168
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Richter, Tim
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Börner, Andreas
T1 - Influence of modern machining processes on the surface integrity of high-entropy alloys
N2 - High Entropy Alloys (HEAs) are a recent class of materials. In contrast to conventional alloys, HEAs consist of five alloying elements in equiatomic equilibrium. The high entropy effect is due, among other things, to the increased configuration entropy, which promotes solid solution formation. Many HEAs have enormous application potential due to excellent structural property combinations from very low to high temperatures. For the introduction of HEAs in real components, however, the question of the applicability of machining production technologies for component manufacture is of central importance. This has so far received Little attention in global materials research. Reliable and safe processing is essential for the demand of economical component production for potential areas of application, e.g. in power plant technology.
For metals, milling is the standard machining process. This article presents the results of machining analyses. It focuses on the surface integrity resulting from the milling process on a Co20Cr20Fe20Mn20Ni20-HEA. For this purpose, investigations were carried out using ball nose end milling tools for conventional milling process in comparison to an innovative hybrid process available at BAM Berlin, Ultrasonic-Assisted Milling (USAM). USAM promises a lower Degradation of the surface properties due to lower loads on the workpiece surface during machining.
For this purpose, basic milling parameters (cutting speed and tooth feed) were systematically varied and cutting forces were measured during the milling experiments. The subsequent Analysis of these forces allows an understanding of the mechanical loads acting on the tool and component surface. These loads cause topographical, mechanical and microstructural influences on the surface and consequently on the surface integrity. For their characterization, light and scanning electron microscopy were used, and the roughness and residual stresses via X-ray diffraction were measured. The results indicate significant advantages using USAM, especially due to reduced cutting forces compared to the conventional milling process. This causes lower mechanical loads on the tool and surface, combined with lower tensile residual stresses on and below the surface, and ultimately results in a significantly enhanced surface integrity.
T2 - Symposium on Materials and Joining Magdeburg 2020
CY - Online meeting
DA - 07.09.2020
KW - High entropy alloy
KW - Machining
KW - Ultrasonic machining
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-512958
DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/882/1/012016
VL - 882
IS - 012016
SP - 1
EP - 11
PB - Institute of Physics
CY - London
AN - OPUS4-51295
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Nietzke, Jonathan
A1 - Richter, Tim
A1 - Mente, Tobias
A1 - Mayr, P
A1 - Nitsche, A
T1 - Hydrogen effect on mechanical properties and cracking of creep‑resistant 9% Cr P92 steel and P91 weld metal
N2 - Martensitic 9% Cr steels like P91 and P92 can show an increased susceptibility to delayed hydrogen-assisted cracking. The focus of this study was the microstructure and heat treatment efect on the mechanical properties of P92 base material and P91 multi-layer weld metal in both as-welded and post weld heat treated (PWHT) condition. Tensile tests with hydrogen free reference samples and electrochemically hydrogen charged samples were carried out; the mechanical properties were assessed and supported by detailed fractographic analysis. Finally, a hydrogen and microstructure-dependent fracture criterion is established. All investigated microstructures showed a hydrogen-infuenced degradation of the mechanical properties compared to the hydrogen-free reference samples. The as-welded martensitic P91 weld metal had the highest degree of degradation in the presence of hydrogen. The P91 PWHT weld metal and the P92 base material had comparable properties. From that point of view, a signifcantly increased risk for hydrogen-assisted cold cracking during welding fabrication of P91 weld joints must be considered before any heat treatment is conducted.
T2 - IIW Annual Assembly, Meeting of Commission IX-C
CY - Tokyo, Japan
DA - 16.07.2022
KW - Creep-resisting materials
KW - Welding
KW - Hydrogen assisted cracking
KW - Hydrogen embrittlement
KW - Mechanical properties
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-564070
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-022-01410-5
SN - 0043-2288
SP - 1
EP - 12
PB - Springer Nature
CY - Basel (CH)
AN - OPUS4-56407
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Richter, Tim
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Residual stresses in a high- and a medium-entropy alloy due to TIG and friction stir welding
N2 - The new alloying concept of multi-element systems with defined entropy (HEA—high-entropy alloy; MEA—medium-entropy alloy) is gaining increasing importance in materials research. Significantly improved properties or combinations of properties are shown by some HEA/MEA systems. Thus, primarily the production and resulting microstructures of HEA, as well as its properties, have been investigated so far. Furthermore, processing is a main issue in transferring HEA systems from the laboratory to real components. Since welding is the most important joining process for metals, it is crucial to investigate the influence of welding to guarantee component integrity. Welding leads to residual stresses, which significantly affect the component integrity. Hence, the focus of this study is the residual stress formation and distribution in a CoCrFeMnNi HEA and ternary CoCrNi MEA using two different welding processes: tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding and solid-state friction stir welding (FSW). As a pathway for the application of HEA in this investigation, for the first time, residual stress analyses in realistic near-component specimens were performed. The residual stresses were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) on the surfaces of top and root weld side. The results were correlated with the local welding microstructures. The results show that both FSW and TIG generate significant tensile residual stresses on the weld surfaces in, and transverse to, the welding direction. In the case of FSW of the CoCrFeMnNi HEA, the longitudinal residual stresses are in the range of the yield strength of approx. 260 MPa in the weld zone.
KW - High entropy alloy
KW - Welding
KW - Residual stresses
KW - Microstructure
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-567039
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp6060147
SN - 2504-4494
VL - 6
IS - 6
SP - 1
EP - 11
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel
AN - OPUS4-56703
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kemmler, Samuel
T1 - Large-scale simulations of piping erosion during suction bucket installations
N2 - Piping erosion and related fluidization phenomena present major challenges for the installation of offshore suction bucket foundations. We present a fully-resolved, 3D fluid-coupled micromechanical model using the lattice Boltzmann and discrete element methods to simulate suction installation. Validated against benchmark tests and experimental data, the model captures key fluidization behaviors. This presentation goes beyond prior work by showcasing the first large-scale simulations at real bucket dimensions, offering new insights into local soil-fluid interactions during installation and demonstrating the model's scalability and practical relevance.
T2 - Gesinus-Treffen 2025
CY - Munich, Germany
DA - 12.06.2025
KW - Micromechanical simulation
KW - Suction bucket foundation
KW - Piping erosion
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63381
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Ebell, Gino
A1 - Tannert, S.
A1 - Lehmann, Jens
A1 - Müller, H.
T1 - Offshore Weathering Campaign on a North Sea Wind Farm Part One: Corrosivity Categories
N2 - The aim of this study is to investigate the corrosion behavior of materials and coatings in offshore environments, with a focus on determining the corrosivity categories at different locations on wind turbines. The collaboration between the authors enabled a 3‐year weathering campaign at the Hohe See and Albatros offshore wind farms in the North Sea. Metal panels were installed on two wind turbines to assess the corrosivity of different atmospheric conditions. Preliminary results indicate significant variations in corrosivity depending on location and material used, suggesting that current standards may not fully reflect real‐world conditions. The results of the study will help to optimize material selection and corrosion protection strategies for offshore wind farms, potentially extending their lifetime and reducing operating costs.
KW - Corrosion
KW - Offshore
KW - Wind
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-628995
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202414711
SN - 1521-4176
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - Wiley
CY - Weinheim
AN - OPUS4-62899
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Nietzke, Jonathan
A1 - Richter, Tim
T1 - Hydrogen diffusion and desorption characteristics of a CoCrFeMnNi high entropy and a CoCrNi medium entropy alloy
N2 - High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are innovative high-performance materials that have attracted more and more research attention. HEAs are characterized by a solid solution of typically five equiatomic metallic elements. In addition, medium-entropy alloys (MEA, with three elements) are of interest and become more and more important. Depending on the alloy concept, HEAs and MEAs show exceptional mechanical properties, especially high-strength and ductility combinations at both cryogenic and elevated temperatures combined with excellent corrosion resistance. Future structural HEA/MEA components can be exposed to potential applications with hydrogen containing environments like high-temperature water in pressurized nuclear reactors or aerospace structures. Other potential applications could be in materials for vessel walls in the field of cryogenic and high-pressure hydrogen storage. So far, the susceptibility of HEAs/MEAs to hydrogen assisted cracking (if any) and the hydrogen diffusion is not investigated in detail yet and can limit or extend possible applications of HEA/MEA as structural materials. In our work, we focused on the hydrogen absorption, diffusion, and distribution in a HEA (CoCrFeMnNi the original Cantor-alloy) and a MEA (CoCrNi). Cathodic hydrogen charging was carried out for the hydrogen ingress, and thermal desorption analysis (TDA) revealed complex hydrogen trapping in both alloy types up to 300 °C. The absorbed total hydrogen concentrations were > 100 ppm for the HEA and > 40 ppm for MEA. In addition, the assessment of the peak deconvolution is not trivial and must consider both experimental and microstructure influences.
T2 - 4th International Conference on Metals and Hydrogen - Steely & Hydrogen 2022
CY - Ghent, Belgium
DA - 11.10.2022
KW - Hydrogen
KW - High-entropy alloy
KW - Multiple principal element alloy
KW - Thermal desorption analysis
KW - Diffusion
PY - 2022
SP - 1
EP - 11
CY - Ghent, Belgium
AN - OPUS4-56076
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Neumann, Patrick P.
T1 - Bringing Mobile Robot Olfaction to the Next Dimension – UAV-based Remote Sensing of Gas Clouds and Source Localization
N2 - This presentation introduces a novel robotic platform for aerial remote gas sensing. Spectroscopic measurement methods for remote sensing of selected gases lend themselves for use on mini-copters, which offer a number of advantages for inspection and surveillance. No direct contact with the target gas is needed and thus the influence of the aerial platform on the measured gas plume can be kept to a minimum. This allows to overcome one of the major issues with gas-sensitive mini-copters. On the other hand, remote gas sensors, most prominently Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS) sensors have been too bulky given the payload and energy restrictions of mini-copters. Here, we introduce and present the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for Remote Gas Sensing (UAV-REGAS), which combines a novel lightweight TDLAS sensor with a 3-axis aerial stabilization gimbal for aiming on a versatile hexacopter. The proposed system can be deployed in scenarios that cannot be addressed by currently available robots and thus constitutes a significant step forward for the field of Mobile Robot Olfaction (MRO). It enables tomographic reconstruction of gas plumes and a localization of gas sources. We also present first results showing the gas sensing and aiming capabilities under realistic conditions.
T2 - IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)
CY - Singapore
DA - 29.05.2017
KW - Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS)
KW - 3-axis gimbal
KW - Mobile Robot Olfaction
KW - Tomographic reconstruction of gas plumes
KW - Localization of gas sources
KW - Aerial platform
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-40547
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bernardy, Christopher
T1 - Sicherheitstechnische Untersuchungen von Wasserstoff Freistrahlflammen im Realmaßstab
N2 - - Bestimmung von sicherheitstechnischen Parametern von Freistrahlflammen hinsichtlich der Flammengeometrie mittels Thermografie sowie der emittierten Wärmestrahlung
- Gegenüberstellung mit Referenzunteruntersuchungen zu Kohlenflammenstofffreistrahlflammen (Methan)
- Einordnung und Vergleich der Ergebnisse mit existierende Freistrahlflammenmodellen und Literaturdaten
T2 - VDI - Fachkonferenz - Wasserstoff 2024 - Technische Sicherheit
CY - Cologne, Germany
DA - 24.09.2024
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Freistrahlflammen
KW - Wärmestrahlung
KW - Strahlungsanteil
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61496
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Nietzke, Jonathan
T1 - Hydrogen diffusion and desorption characteristics of a CoCrFeMnNi high entropy and a CoCrNi medium entropy alloy
N2 - Future structural components made of the novel high-entropy (HEA) or medium-entropy alloys (MEA) components can be potentially exposed to hydrogen containing environments like high-temperature water in pressurized nuclear reactors or aerospace structures. Further applications are vessels wall materials for cryogenic or high-pressure hydrogen storage. So far, the susceptibility of HEA/MEAs to hydrogen assisted cracking (if any) and the hydrogen diffusion is not investigated in detail yet and can limit or extend possible applications of HEA/MEA as structural materials. In our work, we focused on the hydrogen absorption, diffusion, and distribution in a HEA (Co20Cr20Fe20Mn20Ni20, the original Cantor-alloy) and a MEA (Co33.3Cr33.3Ni33.3). Conventional cathodic hydrogen charging was carried out for the hydrogen ingress in the materials. Thermal desorption analysis (TDA) via carrier gas hot extraction with coupled mass spectrometry revealed complex hydrogen trapping in both alloy types up to 300 °C. The absorbed total hydrogen concentrations were ≥ 70 ppm for the HEA and approximately 40 ppm for the MEA-type. Although both materials have different chemical composition, the TDA spectra were comparable. In addition, it was shown that the consideration of the sample geometry is an important influence on the sample temperature. It decreases the effective applied heating rate, which must be anticipated for each hydrogen peak after deconvolution of the spectra. This increases the activation energy and shifts the peak to lower temperatures. As a result, microstructure effects can be separated from experimental boundary conditions like the concentration gradient due to the charging process and later thermal activation.
T2 - 4th International Conference on Metals and Hydrogen - Steely & Hydrogen 2022
CY - Ghent, Belgium
DA - 11.10.2022
KW - High-entropy alloy
KW - Diffusion
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Thermal desorption analysis
KW - Trapping
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56007
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Scharf-Wildenhain, R.
T1 - Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) mit hochfesten Feinkornbaustählen
N2 - Die additive Verarbeitung hochfester Feinkornbaustähle mittels Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) ist ein komplexes, aber zugleich auch effizientes Verfahren, bei dem Werkstoff, Bauteilgeometrie und Schweißprozess gezielt aufeinander abgestimmt sein müssen. Ziel dieser Studie war es, einen Zusammenhang zwischen den Prozessparametern und der generierten Schichtgeometrie zu ermitteln. Dazu wurden definierte Referenzkörper mit einem robotergestützten Schweißsystem additiv gefertigt und hinsichtlich Schichthöhe, Wandstärke und Mikrostruktur analysiert. Fokus der Untersuchung waren sowohl konventionelle als auch für die WAAM-Fertigung speziell entwickelte hochfeste Schweißzusatzwerkstoffe. Die geometrischen Eigenschaften additiv gefertigter Bauteile lassen sich insbesondere durch die Faktoren Drahtvorschubgeschwindigkeit und Schweißgeschwindigkeit gezielt einstellen. Jedoch können diese Parameter nicht beliebig variiert werden, auch aufgrund der rheologischen Eigenschaften der Zusatzwerkstoffe. Zu hohe Streckenenergien führen zu lokalen Überhitzungen und Fehlstellen in der generierten Schicht. Undefinierte Fließ- und Erstarrungsvorgänge im überhitzten Bereich erschweren die maßhaltige Fertigung. Deshalb wird bei speziellen WAAM-Schweißdrähten das Fließverhalten gezielt modifiziert, sodass es über einen größeren Temperaturbereich hinweg konstant ist. Erst die Kenntnis über die komplexen Zusammenhänge zwischen den Prozessparametern und der Bauteilgeometrie ermöglicht die Erzeugung exakter Schichtmodelle für die additive Fertigung. Dies bildet die Grundlage für die Bearbeitung weiterer Fragestellungen auf dem Gebiet der additiven Fertigung mit hochfesten Zusatzwerkstoffen und insbesondere deren Anwendung in modernen hochfesten Bauteilen.
T2 - 41. Assistentenseminar Fügetechnik
CY - Magdeburg, Germany
DA - 03.09.2020
KW - Additiver Fertigung
KW - MSG-Schweißen
KW - Eigenspannungen
KW - Hochfester Stahl
KW - Kaltrisssicherheit
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-56690
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Habib, Abdel Karim
T1 - Untersuchung der Freistzung von Flüssigwasserstoff auf und unter Wasser
N2 - In einer Reihe von Experimenten wurden die möglichen Folgen der Freisetzung von verflüssigtem Wasserstoff (LH2) auf, bzw. unter Wasser untersucht. Die Experimente zielten darauf ab, eine unbeabsichtigte Freisetzung von LH2 (z.B. durch Schlauchabriss) insbesondere bei der Betankung eines Schiffes zu simulieren. Für verflüssigtes Erdgas (LNG) wurden dabei sog. RPT’s (rapid phase transition) nachgewiesen, bei denen die spontane Verdampfung relevante Druckwellen erzeugt. Es kann nicht ausgeschlossen werden, dass RPTs auch im Falle von LH2 möglich sind. Die Versuche wurden auf dem Testareal Wasserstoffsicherheit auf dem Testgelände Technische Sicherheit der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM-TTS) in Horstwalde, im Rahmen einer Forschungskooperation zwischen der BAM und Gexcon im Rahmen des SH2IFT-Programms durchgeführt. Die LH2-Freisetzungen erfolgten direkt aus einem LH2-Tanklastwagen über eine lange, flexible, vakuumisolierte Transferleitung. Während die Freisetzung oberhalb und unterhalb der Wasseroberfläche jeweils vertikal orientiert war, wurde bei der Unterwasserfreisetzung zusätzlich eine horizontale Ausströmung, parallel zur Wasseroberfläche realisiert. Zur Bestimmung des Massenstromes, wurde ein Wägesystem unter dem Tankwagen eingesetzt. Spezielle Drucksensoren wurden verwendet, um die durch die Freisetzungsvorgänge erzeugten Stoßwellen sowohl im Wasser als auch in der Luft zu messen. Die Gaskonzentrationen über dem Wasserbecken wurden an verschiedenen Positionen gemessen. Hochgeschwindigkeits-, Infrarot- (IR) und normale Kameras wurden eingesetzt, um die Phänomenologie der Freisetzung aufzuzeichnen und das Verhalten der Gaswolke im Zeitverlauf zu verfolgen. Neben den fest installierten Systemen an Land, kamen auch Unterwasserkameras sowie eine Drohne mit Normal- und IR-Kameras zum Einsatz. Zwei Wetterstationen wurden zur Messung von Windgeschwindigkeit, Windrichtung, Temperatur und Luftfeuchtigkeit während aller durchgeführten Tests eingesetzt. Des Weiteren kamen Bolometer zur Wärmestrahlungsmessung zum Einsatz. Zwar führten die Freisetzung zu einer hochturbulenten LH2/Wasser Mischzone, jedoch zu keinen nennenswerten Überdrücken durch RPT. Im Gegensatz dazu wurde unerwartet, aber reproduzierbar, eine Zündung der Gaswolke in freier Luft in einiger Entfernung von den Instrumenten und dem Ort der Freisetzung beobachtet. Die daraus resultierenden Gaswolkenexplosionen führten zu relevanten Überdrücken und zur Wärmeabstrahlung in die Umgebung.
T2 - Magdeburg-Köthener Brandschutz- und Sicherheitstagung 2024
CY - Magdeburg, Germany
DA - 14.03.2024
KW - LH2
KW - Flüssigwasserstoff
KW - Gaswolkenexplosion
KW - Freisetzung
KW - RPT
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59716
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bernardy, Christopher
T1 - Sicherheitstechnische Untersuchungen von Wasserstoff Freistrahlflammen bei Hochdruck im Realmaßstab
N2 - Wasserstoff als Energieträger gewinnt zunehmend an Bedeutung. Die Untersuchung von Störfallauswirkungen mit Wasserstoff rückt somit stärker in den Fokus. Da Wasserstoff meist unter Druck gelagert und transportiert wird, ist ein zu betrachtendes Szenario die Freisetzung aus einer Leckage mit anschließender Zündung. Die daraus resultierende Freistrahlflamme (Jet Flame) muss hinsichtlich der in die Umgebung emittierten Wärmestrahlung charakterisiert werden. In der Literatur existieren bereits verschiedene Modelle, welche jedoch vermehrt auf Daten aus Kohlenwasserstoffflammen mit geringem Impuls basieren. Zur Überprüfung dieser Modelle wird im Zuge des BAM internen H2 Jet Flame Projektes die sicherheitstechnische Untersuchung von impulsbehafteten Wasserstoff Freistrahlflammen vorgenommen. Hierfür finden Versuche im Realmaßstab auf dem Testgelände Technische Sicherheit der BAM (BAM-TTS) statt. Gegenstand der Untersuchungen ist die Beurteilung der Auswirkungen von realistischen Freisetzungsszenarien hinsichtlich der Flammengeometrie und der freigesetzten Wärmestrahlung. Dabei werden Parameter wie Freisetzungswinkel, Leckagedurchmesser (z.Zt. 1 mm bis 30 mm), Druck (z.Zt. bis max. 250 bar) und Massenstrom (bis max. 0,5 kg/s) variiert. Zusätzlich können auch Einflüsse wie Art der Zündung, Zündort sowie Zündung mit zeitlichem Verzug untersucht werden. Gewonnene Erkenntnisse werden mit den Ergebnissen bereits vorhandener Modelle verglichen und diese im Bedarfsfall weiterentwickelt. Insbesondere wird der Fokus auf die Modellierung der freigesetzten Wärmestrahlung von Wasserstoffflammen gelegt. Herausforderung dabei stellt die IR-Vermessung und Modellierung von Sichtmodellen der Flammen dar. Die Visualisierung der Flammengeometrie wird mit Hilfe mehrerer Infrarot Kamerasystemen (aus mindestens zwei Blickwinkeln) vorgenommen.
Bisherige Messungen, die in der Literatur zu finden sind, basieren meist auf instationären Auströmbedingungen. Der hier verwendete Versuchsaufbau ermöglicht ein stationäres Ausströmen für mehrere Minuten und somit eine direkte Vergleichbarkeit mit den existierenden (stationären) Modellen.
Weiterhin ist der Versuchsstand umrüstbar für Vergleichsmessungen mit Kohlenwasserstoffen (Methan etc.) sowie Mischungen aus Wasserstoff und Kohlenwasserstoffen.
T2 - Magdeburg-Köthener Brandschutz- und Sicherheitstagung 2024
CY - Magdeburg, Germany
DA - 14.03.2024
KW - Wassersoff
KW - Freistrahlflamme
KW - Wärmestrahlung
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59911
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Grimault de Freitas, Tomás
T1 - Repair Welding on Future Pressurized Hydrogen Pipelines
N2 - Hydrogen is the energy carrier for a sustainable future without fossil fuels. This requires a reliable transport infrastructure. In this context, the conversion of existing natural gas (NG) grids is an essential part of the worldwide hydrogen strategies, in addition to the construction of new pipelines. Given the known effects of hydrogen embrittlement, the compatibility of the materials already in use (typically low alloy steels in a wide range of strengths and thicknesses) must be investigated. Initial comprehensive studies of the hydrogen compatibility of pipeline materials indicate that these materials can be used to a certain extent. However, pipelines require frequent maintenance and repair. In some cases, it is necessary to perform welding on pipelines while they are under pressure,
such as the well-known tapping of natural gas grids. This in-service welding presents additional challenges for hydrogen operations in terms of additional hydrogen absorption during welding and material compatibility. The challenge can be roughly divided into the possible austenitization of the inner pipe material exposed to hydrogen, which can lead to sufficient hydro- gen absorption, and the welding itself, which causes an increased temperature range. Both lead to a significant increase in hydrogen solubility and diffusivity of the respective materials compared to room temperature. In this context, knowledge about hot tapping on hydrogen pipelines is scarce due to the lack of operating experience. Fundamental experimental investigations are required to investigate the possibility of transferring the state-of-the-art concepts from natural gas to hydrogen pipeline grids to ensure that no critical material degradation occurs due to the potentially increased hydrogen uptake. For this reason, the presentation will present the state of the art in hydrogen pipeline hot tapping, including current research projects and their solution strategies in terms of pressurized mock-ups and basic testing scenarios.
T2 - ASTM Conference on Hydrogen Materials
CY - La Rochelle, France
DA - 03.06.2025
KW - Component Test
KW - Hydrogen
KW - In-service welding
KW - Pipeline
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63332
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kluge, Martin
A1 - Habib, Abdel Karim
T1 - Consequences of exposing cryogenic storage vessels containing liquid hydrogen to a fire load
N2 - Within a research cooperation between BAM and Gexcon as part of the SH2IFT program, large scale experiments have been performed at the Test Site Technical Safety of the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) to determine the hazards emerging from a vacuum insulated cryogenic storage vessel containing liquified hydrogen (LH2) is caught in a fire engulfing it.
T2 - ELVHYS, 2nd Safety Workshop
CY - Online meeting
DA - 29.11.2023
KW - BLEVE
KW - Cryoegenic storage vessel
KW - Liquified hydrogen
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-59021
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Habib, Abdel Karim
A1 - Kluge, Martin
A1 - van Wingerden, Kees
ED - Beyer, Michael
ED - Lucassen, Arnas
T1 - Experimental investigation into the consequences of release of liquified hydrogen onto and under water
N2 - Large-scale experiments have been performed to investigate the possible consequences of realistic amounts of liquified hydrogen (LH2) encountering water. The experiments aimed at simulating an accidental release of LH2 during especially the fuelling of a ship. For liquified natural gas (LNG) it has been demonstrated that when spilled onto water the evaporation rate can be that high that physical explosions occur which are referred as rapid phase transitions (RPTs). It cannot be excluded that RPTs are also possible in the case of LH2. The tests were performed in a 10 m x 10 m x 1.5 m basin filled with water, at the Test Site Technical Safety of the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) in Horstwalde, Germany within a research cooperation between BAM and Gexcon as part of
the SH2IFT program. LH2 releases were established releasing directly from a trailer carrying LH2 through a long flexible double vacuum insulated transfer line. The releases occurred from a height of 50 cm above and 30 cm under the water surface both pointing downwards and 30 cm under the water surface pointing along the water surface too. The release rate was determined based on the weight loss rate of the road tanker which was placed onto load cells. Special blast pressure sensors were used to measure the shock waves generated by the release processes both in the water and in the air. At several locations the gas concentration was measured. Heat radiation was measured at 3 distances from the point of release. High speed,
Infrared (IR) and normal cameras were used to record events and to follow the gas cloud behaviour in time. This includes cameras mounted on a UAV and underwater cameras. Two weather stations were used to measure wind speed, wind direction, temperature and humidity during all tests performed. All investigated release configurations resulted in a very chaotic LH2-water mixing zone, causing considerable evaporation but only minor over pressures.
The main phenomenon observed was an ignition of the released gas cloud, resulting in significant blast wave overpressures and heat radiation to the surroundings. The location of the ignition occurred in free air at some distance from the instrumentation and release location.
T2 - 14th International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions (ISHPMIE 2022)
CY - Braunschweig, Germany
DA - 11.07.2022
KW - LH2
KW - RPT
KW - Release
KW - Gas cloud explosion
KW - Heat radiation
PY - 2022
SP - 182
EP - 196
AN - OPUS4-59441
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröder, Nina
T1 - Titan oder Niob? Mikrolegierungseinfluss auf die Ausbildung der WEZ in hochfesten Baustählen und dessen Wirkung auf mechanische Eigenschaften der Schweißverbindung
N2 - Mikrolegierungselemente, wie Nb und Ti, sind für die signifikante Festigkeitssteigerung von vergüteten, hochfesten Feinkornbaustählen mit einer Nominalstreckgrenze ≥ 690 MPa unerlässlich. Normvorgaben zur chemischen Zu-sammensetzung geben dabei nur obere Grenzwerte für die Hersteller vor. Weiterhin wirken sich bereits kleine Abweichungen in der Legierungsroute teilweise drastisch auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften aus. Somit wird eine adäquate Vorhersage der Schweißeignung und der Integrität der Schweißverbindung aufgrund der variierenden Mikrogefüge erschwert bis unmöglich.
Die Nb-mikrolegierte Güte weist im Vergleich zur Ti-mikrolegierten Güte eine bessere Anlassbeständigkeit auf. Eine divergente Phasenverteilung in den äußeren Zonen der WEZ der Fülllagen erklärt die unterschiedliche Härteverteilung in der WEZ der drei untersuchten Legierungen und die markanten Unterschiede der Kerbschlagzähigkeit. Die quasistatischen Querzugversuche mittels DIC zeigten ein divergentes lokales Dehnungsverhalten auf. Die Ti-mikrolegierte Stahlsorte zeigt ein signifikanten lokales Dehnungsverhalten in der WEZ, wobei hier sich aufgrund der hohen metallurgischen Kerbwirkung Makrostützeffekte während des plastischen Fließens in der WEZ auftreten.
T2 - 13. Rostocker Schweißtage
CY - Rostock, Germany
DA - 21.11.2023
KW - WEZ-Erweichung
KW - Hochfester Feinkornbaustahl
KW - Stützeffekte
KW - Digital Image Correlation
KW - Kerbschlagzähigkeit
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58943
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Czeskleba, Denis
T1 - Investigation of the Stress Relief Cracking mechanism through the simulation of uniaxial stress conditions in the coarse grain HAZ of CrMoV-steel SAW joints
N2 - Creep-resistant steels such as the 13CrMoV9-10 used in pressure vessel construction, with wall thicknesses of 250 mm and above, are most commonly submerged arc welded (SAW). The characteristic high heat input during the SAW-process introduces very high, localized residual stresses, which can lead to stress relief cracking (SRC) if the mandatory post weld heat treatment (PWHT) of the welding joint is performed improperly. Current PWHT parameters, such as heating rate and holding time at a specific holding temperature are mostly based on both empirically experience and conventional free shrinking welding experiments to characterize the SRC-susceptibility of the weld. These cannot adequately depict the higher residual stresses caused by the structurally induced stiffness of the surrounding construction and its constraint on the thermal shrinkage of the weld. Nor do they consider the resulting metallurgic effects such as the growth of precipitates during the PWHT and the resulting differences in hardness of the grain boundaries or the premature aging via a dissimilar precipitation behavior. The effect of the heating rate of the PWHT on the SRC susceptibility has to date not been adequately studied either.
This study discusses the development of a repeatable, precise and time efficient methodology to study the effects of different stress levels and heating rates on the SRC susceptibility of the coarse grain heat affected zone (CGHAZ). For that purpose, samples were thermically treated to simulate a CGHAZ and subsequently exposed to representative levels of stress during PWHTs with defined parameters. The recorded stress and heating rate dependent strains were mathematically analyzed via curve tracing/ calculus to identify interdependent effects. This procedure facilitates the measurement of material characteristics such as carbide growth on grain boundaries at the µm-scale via an integrated value over the entire sample volume. The first and second derivate show a slight, precipitate dependent, increase in hardness of the sample, depending on the heating rate and applied stress. Additionally, the formation and growth of special carbides is well known to have a volumetric effect, which together with the material characterization and this new methodology is believed to generate an improved assessment of the SRC susceptibility of SAW microstructures of creep-resistant CrMoV steels. The main advantage of the suggested methodology is the material independence. It thus provides, a comparative value between welds under ideal conditions in the lab and real-world scenarios by including an idealized, simulated component rigidity.
T2 - IIW 2022
CY - Tokyo, Japan
DA - 16.07.2022
KW - Repair-welding
KW - High-strength steels
KW - Transient stresses
KW - Residual stresses
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55441
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Neumann, Martin
T1 - Design assessment, approval of management systems and ageing aspects of transport packages for radioactive material not requiring competent authority approval of design
N2 - Most transports of radioactive materials are carried out with packages not requiring competent authority approval of design. These encompass – in accordance with the IAEA SSR-6 [1] regulations – packages of the classification excepted, Industrial packages Type 1, 2 and 3 and Type A packages. Currently an upsurge in number and variation of these package designs can be seen in Germany, resulting from the phase out of nuclear energy in Germany as well as e. g. increased use of radioactive material for medical purposes.
A design assessment regarding the package safety is required in the international IAEA SSR-6 [1] regulations. BAM operates facilities for the performance of all regulatory tests required such as drop towers for a wide range of package masses and dimensions, fire test, leak tightness measurements and pressure test facilities. Experiences with several package types are shown.
Additionally, IAEA SSR-6 [1] requires the establishment of a management system for design, manufacture, maintenance, and repair of the packaging as well as for the preparation, consigning, loading, carriage, unloading and receipt of the package. Relevant for Germany, BAM has published guidance material on the process of management system acceptance in the technical guide BAM-GGR 016 [2]. The requirements encompass quality management plans for the manufacturing of packages including independent manufacturing surveillance and specific instructions for operation, maintenance, and repair of packagings. Examples for management system specifics and requirements are given.
Since the latest edition of the IAEA SSR-6 [1] regulations an ageing evaluation including systematic ageing management measures are required for all kind of package types. BAM is going to update the guidance material BAM-GGR 016 [2] to support the stakeholders with relevant information to fulfil the ageing aspect for packages not requiring competent authority approval. The paper explains how the ageing aspect may be included in the safety evaluation process and the management system measures and will give an outlook for the future guidance material.
T2 - 20th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials (PATRAM 22)
CY - Juan-les-Pins, France
DA - 11.06.2023
KW - Radioactive material
KW - Type A package
KW - Management system
KW - Tests
KW - Non-approved
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57704
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schubert, Sven
A1 - Komann, Steffen
A1 - Neumann, Martin
A1 - Reichardt, Adrian
A1 - Müller, Lars
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Ageing management measures of transport packages for radioactive materials
N2 - The consideration of ageing mechanisms is with integration into the IAEA-requirements now obligatory for the design of transport packages. For packages intended to be used for shipment after storage the consideration of the effects of ageing mechanisms during storage in safety analyses and the implementation of corresponding instructions for operation and maintenance are required. Therefore, these packages have been maintained during storage in a manner that all requirements specified in the IAEA-requirements and in the applicable certificates of approval have been fulfilled.
BAM is the competent authority in Germany for evaluating the thermal and mechanical design of packages for the transport of radioactive materials. In this context, BAM also evaluates the aging mechanisms and aging effects occurring during the long-term storage period of such transport packages. BAM has developed a guideline for the implementation of ageing assessment and of the measures for ageing management into the approval procedure based on IAEA-requirements.
The goal of the presented paper is to introduce this guideline and the general approach for ageing management requirements and to describe the application to a specific package design. The type and amount of the ageing management not only depend on the use of the packaging, but also on the accessibility of the components that are considered in the ageing assessment. The different operating phases of a packaging are considered for the ageing assessment, such as loading, interim storage or transport.
The implementation of measures for ageing management is divided into three levels – systemic measures, package design related measures and documentation. The systemic measures are attributed to the general management system and define the whole activities for organization of ageing management like structure, responsibilities, documentation, reports and evaluation. The package design related measures are defined in an ageing management plan. These measures shall ensure that the anticipated changes of the package design under consideration of ageing effects still complies with the design approval specification. Therefore, an ageing surveillance program and, if necessary, a gap analysis program shall be developed. The ageing management documentation ensures the continuous documentation of the compliance of a specific package to the approved package design, comprising mainly records resulting from operation and surveillance.
T2 - RAMTRANS 2024
CY - London, United Kingdom
DA - 15.05.2024
KW - Radioactive Materials
KW - Ageing Management
KW - Transport Packages
KW - Dual Purpose Casks
PY - 2024
VL - 2024
SP - 1
EP - 8
PB - Nuclear Institute
CY - London
AN - OPUS4-60186
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Reichel, Levin
A1 - Kromm, Arne
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Moderne Schweißverfahren zur Optimierung der Reparatur von hochfesten Offshore-Stählen
N2 - Der Ausbau der Offshore-Windenergie mit Anlagenleistungen von über 10 MW er-fordert zunehmend den Einsatz hochfester Stähle mit Streckgrenzen ab 460 MPa bei Wanddicken von bis zu 150 mm. Inakzeptable Defekte, die während bzw. nach der schweißtechnischen Montage solcher dickwandigen Verbindungen im Nahtbereich detektiert werden, können wirtschaftlich durch lokales Ausfugen und anschließendes Schweißen noch in der Fertigung repariert werden. Insbesondere bei hochfesten Baustählen stellt dies hohe Anforderungen an die schweißtechnische Fertigung, da bislang keine standardisierten Reparaturkonzepte oder normativen Vorgaben existie-ren. Praxisnahe Empfehlungen sind hier vor allem für kleine und mittlere Unterneh-men (KMU) notwendig, damit diese Reparaturschweißungen sicher und wirtschaft-lich durchführen können.
Die laufende Untersuchung (FOSTA P1629/IGF 01IF22746N) legt daher den Schwerpunkt auf die Optimierung der Reparaturverfahren mit dem Ziel, schweißbe-dingte Beanspruchungen zu reduzieren, weil diese häufig zu erneuten Bildung Fehl-stellen führen. Hierfür werden hochfeste, dickwandige Verbindungen aus Offshore-Stahlgüten im Streckgrenzenbereich von 355 MPa bis 460 MPa untersucht. Die ex-perimentellen Analysen berücksichtigen dabei die komplexen Wechselwirkungen zwischen werkstoff- und prozess- sowie konstruktionsbedingten Einflüssen auf den Beanspruchungszustand nach dem Schweißzyklus (Verbindungsschweißen, Ausfu-gen, Reparaturschweißen). Diese Faktoren, wie z. B. die Steifigkeitsverhältnisse der Schweißnaht, sind von entscheidender Bedeutung für die resultierenden Eigenspan-nungen, die sich infolge der schweißtechnischen Reparatur ausbildet. Um die Bau-teilsicherheit und Leistungsfähigkeit zu gewährleisten, sind insbesondere risskriti-sche, mehrachsige Eigenspannungszustände zu vermeiden. So lassen sich moderne Hochleistungs-MAG-Schweißprozesse mit hierfür optimierten, schmaleren Fugen-geometrien in bauteilbezogenen Schweißversuchen auf Großprüfanlagen untersu-chen, um hierfür angepasste Prozess- und Wärmeführungsparameter zu identifizie-ren und angepasste Reparaturkonzepte abzuleiten. Ziel ist es, Handlungsempfehlun-gen für Richtlinien und Normen zu erarbeiten, die das Potenzial hochfester Stähle voll ausschöpfen und die Anwendbarkeit im Offshore-Stahlbau, insbesondere für KMU, substanziell stärken. Auf diese Weise leistet das Projekt einen entscheiden-den Beitrag zur erfolgreichen Umsetzung der Energiewende in Deutschland.
T2 - NA 092-00-05 GA "Gemeinschaftsarbeitsausschuss NAS/NMP, Zerstörende Prüfung von Schweißverbindungen (DVS AG Q 4/Q 4.1)"
CY - Online meeting
DA - 20.03.2025
KW - Reparaturschweißen
KW - Thermisches Ausfugen
KW - Offshore
KW - Moderne Schweißprozesse
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62749
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Liepold, Philipp
T1 - Einfluss des Einspanngrades auf die Bildung von Erstarrungsrissen in stark beanspruchten Überlappverbindungen hochfester Stähle
N2 - Erstarrungsrisse bilden sich beim Schweißen hinter dem Schmelzbad. Im verwendeten MAG-Schweißverfahren wurden stark eingespannte Schweißungen mit verschiedenen hochfesten Schweißzusätzen durchgeführt. Alle verwendeten Zusätze weisen unter gewöhnlicher Einspannung keine Tendenz zur Erstarrungsrissbildung auf. In Abhängigkeit der verwendeten Schweißparameter und des Einspanngrades konnten Erstarrungsrisse in den Nähten festgestellt werden. Die Versuche zeigen, dass beim Schweißen hochfester und stark eingespannter Kehlnähte eine Kombination von hohen Wärmeeinträgen und Schweißgeschwindigkeiten zu erhöhter Bildung von Erstarrungsrissen führen kann.
T2 - BMDK, Universität Magdeburg
CY - Magdeburg, Germany
DA - 10.04.2024
KW - CTS
KW - Erstarrungsrisse
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59845
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Duffner, Eric
A1 - Kästle, Emanuel D.
T1 - Acoustic Emission Testing of COPV’s Current Work in DAVID Project
N2 - Acoustic Emission Testing is a promising approach to better understand and monitor damage progression in composite pressure vessels and to predict failure. The presentation shows some of the ongoing work at the BAM within the DAVID project.
T2 - DGZfP Tagung Fachausschuss Schallemission Herbst 2024
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 08.10.2024
KW - Acoustic Emission
KW - Carbon-Fibre Overwrapped Pressure Vessels
KW - Impact Damage
KW - Cluster Analysis
KW - Frequency Features
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61678
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Komann, Steffen
T1 - Transportbehälter für Klasse 7 - Ein Überblick
N2 - Die Präsentation gibt einen Überblick über die Tranportbehälter der Klasse 7. Behandelt werden neben der Versandstückklassifikation auch die Anforderungen an diese Verpackungen gemäß der gefahrgutrechtlichen Vorschriften.
T2 - 30. Münchner Gefahrguttage
CY - Online meeting
DA - 20.07.2020
KW - Gefahrgutrecht
KW - Transportbehälter
KW - Radioaktives Material
KW - Zulassungspflichtige Versandstücke
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-51104
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kromm, Arne
T1 - Residual stress formation in DED-arc manufactured high strength steel components
N2 - Additive manufacturing (AM) processes enable the efficient production of advanced constructions. Direct energy deposition processes such as wire and arc-based additive manufacturing (DED-arc) are important methods. The wire filler metals enable a wide range of materials. In addition, the arc process provides a high deposition rate compared to laser and powder-based processes. Furthermore, components can be manufactured near-net-shape, offering significant savings in cost, time, and resources. Combined with the use of high-strength steels to reduce wall or component thicknesses in the context of lightweight design, great opportunities for saving energy and resources can be achieved. In a joint project of BAM and Chemnitz University of Technology, the main influences and complex interactions of material, production process, design and processing steps on the residual stress level are investigated. The aim is to develop processing recommendations and a cold cracking test for economical processing and stress-related design of high-strength steels with DED-arc. This study focuses on residual stress analysis by neutron diffraction (ND) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) on defined test specimens. The ND analysis were performed at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) and the XRD analysis at BAM. The study shows a quantitative and qualitative comparison of the residual stress magnitudes and distribution between the component bulk (ND) and surface (XRD) analyses. The ND analysis reveals that in DED-arc AM walls the residual stresses dominate in the direction of welding and are negligibly small in each case transverse to the direction of welding. The topology of the analyzed residual stresses shows almost identical residual stress maps. In addition, the residual stresses are significantly influenced by the solid phase transformation of the material due to low cooling times in the area of the top layer.
T2 - AJP 2023 3rd International Conference on Advanced Joining Processes
CY - Braga, Portugal
DA - 19.10.2023
KW - DED-arc
KW - Residual stress
KW - Neutron diffraction
KW - High-strength steel
KW - Additive manufacturing
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58647
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Oster, Simon
A1 - Scheuschner, Nils
A1 - Chand, Keerthana
A1 - Altenburg, Simon
A1 - Gerlach, G.
T1 - Erratum to: Potentials and challenges of deep-learning-assisted porosity prediction based on thermographic in-situ monitoring in laser powder bed fusion
N2 - In this erratum to our previously published study section, we correct an error related to the first paragragh of section 5 "Prediction framework".
PY - 2024
DO - https://doi.org/10.1515/teme-2023-0166
SN - 0171-8096
SN - 2196-7113
VL - 91
IS - 2
SP - 139
EP - 141
PB - De Gruyter
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-59471
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wandtke, Karsten
T1 - Additive manufacturing of high-strength steel components using gas metal arc welding based direct energy deposition
N2 - Additive manufacturing processes such as direct energy deposition-arc (DED-Arc) or Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) enable the efficient production of weight-optimized near-net-shape components in modern steel constructions [1,2]. Further increased efficiency can be achieved by using high-strength steels, which leads to significant cost, time, and resource savings. While commercial filler metals for arc welding processes are available, their industrial application is hindered by a lack of guidelines and quantitative knowledge of the welding stresses during production and operation limit their industrial application. In a joint project of BAM and Chemnitz University of Technology, the main influences and complex interactions of material, production process, design and processing steps on the residual stress level are investigated. The aim is to develop processing recommendations and a cold cracking test for economical processing and stress-related design of high-strength steels with DED-arc.
The project focused on hardness and microstructure analysis as well as residual stress analysis using X-ray diffraction on the surface and neutron diffraction in the bulk. Reference specimens (open hollow cuboids) were fully automatic manufactured using a robot welding system. Systematic variation of the heat control and design was used to analyze the influences on heat input and interpass temperature, as well as geometric influences such as component length, height, and wall thickness. Figure 1 shows that the residual stresses in the WAAM specimens within the project are predominantly one-dimensional in welding direction (cf. [3]). Furthermore, the results reveal that the residual stresses are significantly influenced by the heat input. Low heat input and high cooling rates lead to high average residual stresses. The analysis of the variation of the component design indicates that the component height, in contrast to component length and wall thickness, significantly influences the level of residual stresses.
T2 - Additive 2024
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 12.06.2024
KW - High strength steels
KW - Additive manufacturing
KW - Residual stress
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61949
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Liepold, Philipp
T1 - Enhanced crack detection method using Convolutional Neural Networks for Varestraint type tests
N2 - Varstraint type tests are globally established in the measurement of hot cracking susceptibility of welds. Evaluation of such tests is done under a light microscope and can be heavily influenced by human subjectivity. To reduce the human error source in evaluation, a concept based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) is proposed. An AI was constructed and trained on self-produced data to detect and segment cracks in microscope images. The advantages, besides a faster evaluation, include higher precision and the availability of data that was not available before.
T2 - IIW Annual Conforenz
CY - Singapore
DA - 17.07.2023
KW - CNN
KW - MVT
KW - AI
KW - Neuronales Netzwerk
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58699
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Liepold, Philipp
T1 - Enhanced crack detection method using convolutional neural networks for Varestraint type tests
N2 - A method to extract characteristics of cracks employing semantic segmentation on the basis of pictures taken via microscope, possible through advances in deep learning using a U-Net type model.
T2 - IIW Intermediate Meeting
CY - Garching, Germany
DA - 05.12.2022
KW - CNN
KW - MVT
KW - AI
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57135
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Fey, Gero
T1 - Dilatometry Based Determination of Continuous Cooling Transformation (CCT) Diagrams in Low Alloy Pipeline Steels for Hydrogen transportation
N2 - This study investigates the suitability of low-alloy pipeline steels for hydrogen transportation, focusing on the development of weld microstructures. Previous research has been limited by a deficiency in the understanding of how different microstructural components respond to trapped hydrogen. By developing Continuous Cooling Transformation (CCT) diagrams through dilatometry analysis, this study explores the impact of t8/5-cooling times (the time between 800 °C and 500 °C) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the HAZ compared to the base material. The findings provide valuable insights into how cooling times influence transformation temperatures and microstructure development, which, in turn, affect hydrogen diffusion and absorption. These findings establish a foundation for future investigations into hydrogen's impact on weld microstructures, including experimental studies, with the aim of optimizing welding practices and enhancing resistance to hydrogen-assisted cracking. Ultimately, this research contributes to improving the safety and reliability of hydrogen transportation systems in commonly used industrial pipeline steels.
T2 - 20th Pipeline Technology Conference
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 05.05.2025
KW - Pipelinestahl
KW - CCT
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63098
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröder, Nina
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Ausscheidungsverhalten und Eigenschaften der schweißbedingten Wärmeeinflusszonen hochfester Stähle in Abhängigkeit der Mikrolegierungsroute
N2 - Für eine signifikante Festigkeitssteigerung von vergüteten, hochfesten Feinkornbaustählen mit einer Nominalstreckgrenze ≥ 690 MPa, ist die Zugabe von Mikrolegierungselementen, wie Nb und Ti, unerlässlich. Die Normvorgaben zur chemischen Zusammensetzung dieser Stähle (bspw. in DIN EN 10025-6) geben zur Erzielung der vorgeschriebenen Eigenschaften dabei oft nur Grenzgehalte für die Hersteller vor. Die Wirkung der Legierungselemente in der WEZ ist teilweise komplett konträr. Somit wird eine adäquate Vorhersage der Chargenabhängigkeit hinsichtlich der Schweißeignung und des Tragverhaltens der Schweißverbindung erschwert. Neben metallographischen Untersuchungen einzelner WEZ-Bereiche wurden unter Variation der chemischen Zusammensetzung, thermodynamische Phasenberechnungen mittels ThermoCalc durchgeführt. Hierdurch wird ein Verständnis zur Phasentransformation, Ausscheidungswachstum und -auflösung während des Schweißens in Abhängigkeit von Temperatur und Abkühlbedingungen geschaffen.
T2 - 40. Vortrags- und Diskussionstagung Werkstoffprüfung 2022
CY - Dresden, Germany
DA - 27.10.2022
KW - WEZ-Erweichung
KW - Mikrolegierungseinflüsse
KW - Thermodynamische Modellierung
PY - 2022
SP - 1
EP - 6
AN - OPUS4-56168
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eissel, A.
T1 - Investigations on influencing the microstructure of additively manufactured Co-Cr alloys to improve subsequent machining conditions
N2 - Co-Cr alloys are frequently used for highly stressed components, especially in turbine and plant construction, due to their high resistance to thermal and mechanical stress, as well as to corrosive and abrasive loads. Furthermore, they are classified as difficult-to-cut materials because of their high strength and toughness as well as their low thermal conductivity. However, for Co, an increased cost and supply risk can be observed in recent years. Therefore, additive manufacturing (AM) offers significant economic advantages due to higher material efficiency regarding repair, modification, and manufacturing of such components. Concerning inhomogeneity and anisotropy of the microstructure and properties as well as manufacturing-related stresses, a lot of knowledge is still necessary for the economic use of additive welding processes in SMEs. In addition, subsequent machining, particularly contour milling, is essential to generate the required complex contours and surfaces. Hence, additive and machining manufacturing processes need to be coordinated in a complementary way, especially due to additional challenges arising in milling of heterogeneous hard-to-cut microstructures. Recently, it has been shown that modern, hybrid cutting processes, such as ultrasonic-assisted milling (US), can improve the cutting situation. In this investigation, the Co-Cr initial alloy is additionally modified with Ti and Zr up to 1 wt.-% with the aim to enhance the homogeneity of the microstructure and, thus, the machinability. Hence the investigation includes finish milling tests of the AM components and the comparison of US and conventional machining. Both the modifications and the ultrasonic assistance exhibit a significant effect on the machining situation, e.g., US causes a higher surface integrity of the finish milled surfaces compared to conventional milling.
T2 - International Congress on Welding, Additive Manufacturing and associated non destructive testing
CY - Online meeting
DA - 08.06.2022
KW - Co-Cr-alloy
KW - Additive manufacturing
KW - Ultrasonic-assisted milling
KW - Surface integrity
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55431
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schubert, Sven
T1 - BAM-GGR 023 - Ageing Management for CA Approved RAM Transport Packages
N2 - The consideration of ageing mechanisms is with integration into the IAEA-requirements now obligatory for the design of transport packages. For packages intended to be used for shipment after storage the consideration of the effects of ageing mechanisms during storage in safety analyses and the implementation of corresponding instructions for operation and maintenance are required. Therefore, these packages have been maintained during storage in a manner that all requirements specified in the IAEA-requirements and in the applicable certificates of approval have been fulfilled.
BAM is the competent authority in Germany for evaluating the thermal and mechanical design of packages for the transport of radioactive materials. In this context, BAM also evaluates the aging mechanisms and aging effects occurring during the long-term storage period of such transport packages. BAM has developed a guideline for the implementation of ageing assessment and of the measures for ageing management into the approval procedure based on IAEA-requirements.
The goal of the presented paper is to introduce this guideline and the general approach for ageing management requirements and to describe the application to a specific package design. The type and amount of the ageing management not only depend on the use of the packaging, but also on the accessibility of the components that are considered in the ageing assessment. The different operating phases of a packaging are considered for the ageing assessment, such as loading, interim storage or transport.
The implementation of measures for ageing management is divided into three levels – systemic measures, package design related measures and documentation. The systemic measures are attributed to the general management system and define the whole activities for organization of ageing management like structure, responsibilities, documentation, reports and evaluation. The package design related measures are defined in an ageing management plan. These measures shall ensure that the anticipated changes of the package design under consideration of ageing effects still complies with the design approval specification. Therefore, an ageing surveillance program and, if necessary, a gap analysis program shall be developed. The ageing management documentation ensures the continuous documentation of the compliance of a specific package to the approved package design, comprising mainly records resulting from operation and surveillance.
T2 - RAMTRANS 2024
CY - London, United Kingdom
DA - 15.05.2024
KW - Radioactive Materials
KW - Ageing Management
KW - Transport Packages
KW - Dual Purpose Casks
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60177
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Fey, Gero
T1 - Thermophysically Simulated Weld HAZ and CCT Diagram of High Strength Low Alloy Pipeline Steel
N2 - Green produced Hydrogen is considered as a key energy carrier for the transition to a more sustainable energy supply. Large-scale infrastructure projects, such as the European Hydrogen Backbone, aim to establish a hydrogen pipeline network connecting production and consumption regions. To enable this distribution, existing and newly build pipeline networks play a crucial role. High-strength low-alloy (HSLA) pipeline steels such as L485ME (X70) are therefore faced to challenges associated with hydrogen transportation.
One critical challenge in hydrogen transportation is hydrogen-assisted cracking (HAC), which is influenced by mechanical loading, hydrogen content, and the material itself. The microstructure of the steel has a significant impact on its resistance to HAC. Since pipeline tube sections are commonly joined by welding, the weld metal and heat-affected zone (HAZ) reveal different microstructures compared to the base material. In particular, the coarse grain heat affected zone (CGHAZ) is considered to be a critical zone for HAC. Therefore, the understanding of the resulting microstructure in the HAZ is essential to assess the material’s performance under hydrogen exposure.
A quenching dilatometer was used to simulate the weld HAZ of an HSLA L485ME pipeline steel. The influence of cooling on the CGHAZ was investigated at a peak temperature of 1250°C using varying t8/5-cooling times (from 2 s up to 500 s), focusing on microstructural evolution and hardness. Based on these experiments, a continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagram was constructed.
Additionally, other regions of the weld HAZ were thermophysically simulated using two different t8/5-cooling times, namely 6 s and 15 s, while varying the peak temperature between 1250°C and 800°C. The resulting microstructures and hardness values were analyzed and compared.
T2 - IIW Intermediate Meeting
CY - Trollhättan, Sweden
DA - 10.03.2025
KW - L485ME
KW - Pipeline steel
KW - CCT
KW - Heat-affected zone
KW - Dilatometry
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63102
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Gerards-Wünsche, Paul
A1 - Hille, Falk
T1 - Zuverlässigkeitsbasierter Technologietransfer am Beispiel Risslumineszenz Von der ZfP im Labor zum KI-basierten SHM-System für die Industrie – Statusbericht
N2 - Der Übergang neuer zerstörungsfreien Prüfmethoden (ZfP) aus dem Labor in die industrielle Anwendung stellt erhebliche Herausforderungen dar. Für visuelle ZfP-Techniken, wie die in dieser Studie verwendete Risslumineszenz-Methode, ist die Automatisierung der Fehlererkennung durch KI-gestützte Computer-Vision-Systeme ein logischer nächster Schritt. Findet dies als kontinuierliche Überwachung statt, entwickeln sich solche Systeme zu einer KI-gestützten SHM-Methode. Die Implementierung dieser Technologien in sicherheitskritischen Anwendungen erfordert jedoch einen robusten Nachweis ihrer Zuverlässigkeit, der durch diese Weiterentwicklung an Komplexität gewinnt. Während etablierte Standards für Probability of Detection (POD)-Studien in ZfP-Systemen existieren, fehlen entsprechende Normen für SHM-Systeme, insbesondere solche, die KI einsetzen. Obwohl statistische Methoden für SHM-Systeme verfügbar sind, um Datenabhängigkeiten zu berücksichtigen, ist ein ganzheitlicher POD-Ansatz notwendig, um beeinflussende und variable Störfaktoren umfassend zu adressieren und die Alterung des SHM-Systems zu berücksichtigen.
Diese Arbeit demonstriert Fortschritte bei der Entwicklung einer maßgeschneiderten Methodik, die auf die spezifischen Anforderungen zugeschnitten ist, um die Zuverlässigkeit eines KI-gestützten SHM-Systems auf Basis der Risslumineszenz nachzuweisen. Dieser Ansatz integriert die Prinzipien von POD-Studien mit statistischen Methoden für SHM-Systeme, um eine robuste Zuverlässigkeitsbewertung zu gewährleisten. Er verdeutlicht die erheblichen Herausforderungen, die bereits bei der kontinuierlichen Überwachung einer relativ einfachen visuellen Methode wie der Risslumineszenz auftreten.
T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2025
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 25.05.2025
KW - Risslumineszenz
KW - SHM
KW - PoD
KW - Zuverlässigkeit
KW - ZfP
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-636142
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - NDT.net
AN - OPUS4-63614
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rappsilber, Tim
A1 - Krüger, Simone
A1 - Raspe, Tina
ED - Grayson, Stephen
T1 - Engineering Safety in EV's: Analysis of occupant safety using a multifunctional real-scale model car
N2 - For vehicle occupant safety, it is important to investigate the effects on people of the pollutants and temperatures emitted by electric vehicle traction batteries in the event of a fire. Fire tests on complete vehicles are the most realistic way of investigating the effects on vehicle occupants. However, these types of real fire tests are very complex and only represent one specific fire scenario with the corresponding specific boundary conditions. We would like to present an engineering method that makes it possible to investigate the effects on the occupants' ability to escape in various damage scenarios with different vehicle geometries without wasting expensive resources.
T2 - Interflam 2025
CY - London, United Kingdom
DA - 30.06.2025
KW - Lithium ion battery
KW - Occuoant safety
KW - Gas
KW - Flames
PY - 2025
SP - 422
EP - 425
AN - OPUS4-63617
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rappsilber, Tim
T1 - Safety in EV's: Analysis of occupant safety using a multifunctional real-scale model car
N2 - For vehicle occupant safety, it is important to investigate the effects on people of the pollutants and temperatures emitted by electric vehicle traction batteries in the event of a fire. Fire tests on complete vehicles are the most realistic way of investigating the effects on vehicle occupants. However, these types of real fire tests are very complex and only represent one specific fire scenario with the corresponding specific boundary conditions. We would like to present an engineering method that makes it possible to investigate the effects on the occupants' ability to escape in various damage scenarios with different vehicle geometries without wasting expensive resources.
T2 - Interflam 2025
CY - London, United Kingdom
DA - 30.06.2025
KW - Lithium ion battery
KW - Thermal Runaway
KW - Analysis
KW - Gas
KW - Occupant safety
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63621
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Engelking, Lorenz
T1 - Alloy modification for additive manufactured Ni alloy components Part II: Effect on subsequent machining properties
N2 - Alloy 36 (1.3912), also known as “Invar”, is an alloy with 36% nickel. It was developed in 1897 by Guillaume and stands out for its very low thermal expansion coefficient. It is classified as a difficult-to-cut material and is commonly used for the production of fiber-reinforced composites in the field of mold construction. Additive manufacturing (AM) offers many economic advantages regarding the repair, modification and manufacture of entire components. Subsequent machining of the AM components is necessary to account for complex structures, final contours or defined surfaces. In part I of this investigation, the initial alloy 36 is modified with the elements Ti, Zr and Hf up to a maximum of 0.33 wt.-%. The influence of the modification elements on the microstructure as well as on the hardness of the AM components is examined. Part II focusses on the effect of the alloy modifications on machinability as well as on the surface integrity of plasma-transferred-arc-welded (PTA) and finish milled invar components. Machining tests were carried out, to investigate the influence of ultrasonic assistance and the effects of modification elements Ti, Zr and Hf on the occurring cutting forces, temperatures and resulting surface integrity of the AM components made of alloy 36 and their modifications. The results show a significant positive influence of ultrasonic assistance on the resulting cutting force as well as on the roughness of all materials investigated.
T2 - 75th IIW Annual Assembly
CY - Tokyo, Japan
DA - 17.07.2022
KW - Alloy modification
KW - Alloy 36
KW - Additive manufacturing
KW - Ultrasonic-assisted milling
KW - Surface integrity
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55432
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Assessment of in-service welding conditions for pressurized hydrogen pipelines via component test
N2 - Hydrogen is the energy carrier of tomorrow. This requires a reliable transport infrastructure with the ability to carry large amounts of hydrogen e.g. for steel industry or chemical industry. The conversion of existing natural gas (NG) grids is an essential part of the worldwide hydrogen strategies, in addition to the construction of new pipelines. In this context, the transportation of hydrogen is fundamental different from NG as hydrogen can be absorbed into the pipeline material. Given the well-known effects of hydrogen embrittlement, the compatibility of the materials for the intended pipelines must be investigated (typically low alloy steels in a wide range of strengths and thicknesses). However, pipelines require frequent maintenance, repair or the need for installation for further outlets. In some cases, it is necessary to perform welding on or onto the pipelines while they are still in service, i.e. with active gas flow under high pressure, e.g. such as the well-known “hot tapping”, see Fig. 1a. This in-service welding causes challenges for hydrogen operations in terms of additional hydrogen absorption during welding and the material compatibility. The challenge can be roughly divided into the possible austenitization of the inner pipe material exposed to hydrogen, which can lead to sufficient hydrogen absorption, and the welding itself, which causes an increased temperature range. Both lead to a significant increase in hydrogen solubility and diffusivity of the respective materials compared to room temperature. In this context, knowledge about hot tapping on hydrogen pipelines is scarce due to the lack of operating experience. Fundamental experimental investigations are required to investigate the transferability from NG to hydrogen pipeline grids. For this reason, the present study introduces a specially designed mock-up / demonstrator concept for the realistic assessment of the welding processing conditions, see Fig. 1b. The mock-up was designed to enable in-situ temperature measurement during welding as well as ex-post extraction of samples for the quantification of the absorbed hydrogen concentration, see Fig. 1c. For safety measures, the necessary pressurized hydrogen volume was limited by the insertion of a solid cylinder ensuring a 1 cm hydrogen gas layer. Welding experiments on the pressurized mock-ups with the diameters DN50 and DN200 have shown that the austenitization temperature can be reached on the inner surface of the pipeline, especially on thinner-walled pipelines, using current welding practices. This corresponds to an increased hydrogen uptake in the welded area of several ppm
T2 - 1st Conference on Hydrogen in Materials Science and Engineering (H2-MSE)
CY - Siegburg, Germany
DA - 11.02.2025
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Pipeline
KW - In-service welding
KW - Component test
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62544
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Mente, Tobias
A1 - Steppan, E.
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
A1 - Steger, J.
T1 - Hydrogen trapping in T24 Cr-Mo-V steel weld joints - microstructure effect vs. experimental influence on activation energy for diffusion
N2 - Hydrogen-assisted cracking is a critical combination of local microstructure, mechanical load and hydrogen concentration. Welded microstructures of low-alloyed creep-resistant Cr-Mo-V steels show different hydrogen trapping kinetics. This influences the adsorbed hydrogen concentration as well as the diffusion by moderate or strong trapping. A common approach to describe hydrogen traps is by their activation energy that is necessary to release hydrogen from the trap. In the present study, Cr-Mo-V steel T24 (7CrMoVTiB10-10) base material and TIG weld metal were investigated. Electrochemically hydrogen charged specimens
were analyzed by thermal desorption analysis (TDA) with different linear heating rates. The results show two different effects. At first, the microstructure effect on trapping is evident in terms of higher hydrogen concentrations in the weld metal and increased activation energy for hydrogen release. Secondly, it is necessary to monitor the real specimen temperature. A comparison between the adjusted heating rate and the real specimen temperature shows that the calculated activation energy varies by factor two. Thus, the trap character in case of the base material changes to irreversible at decreased temperature. Hence, the effect of the experimental procedure must be considered as well if evaluating TDA results. Finally, realistic temperature assessment is mandatory for calculation of activation energy via TDA.
KW - Creep-resistant steel
KW - Hydrogen assisted cracking
KW - Thermal desorption analysis
KW - Welding
KW - Microstructure
KW - Diffusion
PY - 2018
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-017-0546-6
SN - 0043-2288
SN - 1878-6669
VL - 62
IS - 2
SP - 277
EP - 287
PB - Springer
CY - Berlin, Heidelberg
AN - OPUS4-44505
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Neumann, Martin
A1 - Eisenacher, Germar
A1 - Schönfelder, Thorsten
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Finite element simulation of the crush of package components made of encapsulated wood
N2 - Typical transport packages used in Germany are equipped with encapsulated wooden impact limiting devices. We would like to present the current status regarding the development of a Finite Element (FE) material model for the crush of wood for the FE-code LS-DYNA. The crush of is a phenomenon governed by macroscopic fracture. Here, we would like to reproduce fracture and failure mechanisms over the continuous volume. In a first step we altered an existing LS-DYNA material model for foams, which considers an ellipse shaped yield surface. For the use for longitudinal compression of wood, we modified the existing material model to consider the deviatoric strain for the evolution of the yield surface as well. This is in accordance with the results of crush tests with spruce wood specimens, where the crushing deformation was rather deviatoric for uniaxial stress states and rather volumetric for multiaxial stress states We rate the basic idea of this approach to be reasonable, though other problems exist regarding the shape of the yield surface and the assumption of isotropic material properties. Therefore we developed a new transversal isotropic material model with two main directions, which considers different yield curves according to the multiaxiality of the stress state via a multi-surface yield criterion and a non-associated flow rule. The results show the ability to reproduce the basic strength characteristics of spruce wood. Nevertheless, problems with regularization etc. show that additional investigations are necessary.
T2 - 11th International Conference on the Transport, Storage and Disposal of Radioactive Materials
CY - London, UK
DA - 15.05.2018
KW - Wood
KW - FEM
PY - 2018
SP - Paper 18517, 1
EP - 12
AN - OPUS4-45091
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Neumann, Martin
T1 - Finite element simulation of the crush of package components made of encapsulated wood
N2 - Typical transport packages used in Germany are equipped with encapsulated wooden impact limiting devices. We would like to present the current status regarding the development of a Finite Element (FE) material model for the crush of wood for the FE-code LS-DYNA. The crush of is a phenomenon governed by macroscopic fracture. Here, we would like to reproduce fracture and failure mechanisms over the continuous volume. In a first step we altered an existing LS-DYNA material model for foams, which considers an ellipse shaped yield surface. For the use for longitudinal compression of wood, we modified the existing material model to consider the deviatoric strain for the evolution of the yield surface as well. This is in accordance with the results of crush tests with spruce wood specimens, where the crushing deformation was rather deviatoric for uniaxial stress states and rather volumetric for multiaxial stress states We rate the basic idea of this approach to be reasonable, though other problems exist regarding the shape of the yield surface and the assumption of isotropic material properties. Therefore we developed a new transversal isotropic material model with two main directions, which considers different yield curves according to the multiaxiality of the stress state via a multi-surface yield criterion and a non-associated flow rule. The results show the ability to reproduce the basic strength characteristics of spruce wood. Nevertheless, problems with regularization etc. show that additional investigations are necessary.
T2 - 11th International Conference on the Transport, Storage and Disposal of Radioactive Materials
CY - London, UK
DA - 15.05.2018
KW - Wood
KW - FEM
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-45093
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Neumann, Martin
T1 - Assessment of Quality Management for Transport Packages not requiring Authority Design Approval
N2 - The poster presents the german approach for the assessment of quality management systems for transport packages for radioactive material not requiring authority design approval. As legal basis the IAEA regulations, the ADR as well as the GGVSEB are highlighted and examples for these transport packages are given. The GGR 016 is mentioned, main duties and responsibilities as well as the manufacturing and quality surveillance system are described.
T2 - 11th International Conference on the Transport, Storage and Disposal of Radioactive Materials
CY - London, UK
DA - 15.05.2018
KW - Quality
KW - Type A
KW - Competent authority
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-45095
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Maiwald, Michael
T1 - Already producing or still assembling? – Perspectives towards modular production and quality control in a digitized process industry
N2 - The CLEAN ENERGY Flagship is an initiative designed to utilize recent game changing developments in digital, materials and manufacturing technologies to catalyze a radical paradigm shift towards clean, reliable, efficient and cost-optimal energy.
Unifying and drastically accelerating radically new energy material design, processing and integration across the entire value chain addressing energy production, conversion, storage and systems.
CLEAN ENERGY participants are all distinguished research organisations that each benefit from their own industry networks and contacts with regions and state-level activities and have a long history of collaborating with each other (for 10 years now under the umbrella of EERA) within a European collaborative framework.
Through EERA, CLEAN ENERGY aims to become a crucial partner in the SET-Plan, supporting long-lasting approaches through its established networks and internal collaborations.
T2 - Clean Energy Workshop on Autonomous Materials Development Platforms
CY - Brussels, Belgium
DA - 02.10.2018
KW - Digitization
KW - Energy production
KW - Energy storage
KW - Energy systems
KW - Clean energy technology
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-46135
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GOVDOC
A1 - Neumann, Martin
T1 - Measures for quality and ageing management for non-competent authority approved package designs for the transport of radioactive material
N2 - The BAM-GGR 016 explains the requirements of ADR, RID, ADN and IMDG for management systems for design, manufacturing, testing, documentation, use, maintenance, and inspection of packagings for package designs for the transport of radioactive material not requiring competent authority approval for all designs of exempted packages, packages type IP-1, IP-2, IP-3 and type A.
KW - Not requiring competent authority approval
KW - Radioactive material
KW - Transport
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-636506
VL - BAM-GGR 016
SP - 1
EP - 25
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
ET - Revision 1
AN - OPUS4-63650
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eissel, A.
A1 - Engelking, Lorenz
A1 - Treutler, K.
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Wesling, V.
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Herstellung beanspruchungsgerechter Oberflächen durch Kombination innovativer additiver und abtragender Fertigungsschritte an hochbelasteten Komponenten
N2 - In vielen Anwendungen werden aufgrund zunehmender Anforderungen an den Widerstand gegenüber hohen, kombinierten mechanischen, tribologischen, thermischen und korrosiven Beanspruchungen Hochleistungslegierungen eingesetzt. Den vielfach komplexen Bauteilstrukturen, herausfordernden Fertigungseigenschaften und der Erhöhung der Ressourceneffizienz lässt sich heute mit der additiven Fertigung (AM) begegnen, dem oftmals noch unzureichende Kenntnisse über die resultierende Homogenität und Anisotropie der speziellen Gefüge und den damit verbundenen Eigenschaften entgegensteht. Viele Anwendungen benötigen zudem definierte Oberflächen mit hohen Anforderungen an die Oberflächenintegrität, dem durch komplementären Einsatz von additiven und abtragenden Fertigungsschritten Rechnung getragen wird. Hochleistungslegierungen auf der Basis von Nickel oder Kobalt sind infolge der niedrigen Wärmeleitfähigkeit verbunden mit hoher Festigkeit und Zähigkeit äußerst herausfordernd mit Blick auf eine wirtschaftliche Zerspanung mit geometrisch bestimmter Schneide. Ein Vorhaben (IGF-Nr. 20.979 N/DVS-Nr. 1.3211) der BAM und TU Clausthal/ISAF befasst sich mit der Lösung dieser Problemstellung durch gezielte Beeinflussung des Gefüges mittels Modifikation der Schweißzusatzwerkstoffe und den Einsatz des ultraschallunterstützten Fräsens (US), bei gleichzeitiger Sicherstellung der geforderten Eigenschaften der untersuchten Werkstoffe. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden für die beiden untersuchten FeNi- und CoCr-Legierungen wesentliche Zusammenhänge zwischen verschiedenen Legierungsmodifikationen, der entstehenden Gefügemorphologie und den Zerspanungseigenschaften von mittels PTA additiv gefertigter Proben dargestellt. Hierbei ließen sich Ti, Zr und Hf pulvermetallurgisch zu den jeweiligen Ausgangsschweißzusätzen hinzulegieren.
T2 - #additivefertigung: Metall in bestForm
CY - Essen, Germany
DA - 26.10.2022
KW - Legierungsmodifikation
KW - Ultraschallunterstütztes Fräsen
KW - Additive Fertigung
PY - 2022
SN - 978-3-96144-202-7
VL - 383
SP - 93
EP - 99
PB - DVS-Media GmbH
AN - OPUS4-56615
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kaiser, Sebastian
T1 - Component-like demonstrator for determination of temperature field and inner surface temperatures during in-service welding of hydrogen pipelines
N2 - Hydrogen is considered as one of the most important energy carriers in the future. The necessary large-scale transport over long distances requires a suitable pipeline infrastructure. Current plannings encompass a dual-way strategy of repurposing existing natural gas (NG) pipelines, supplemented by the construction of new hydrogen pipelines. In some cases, such as necessary grid extensions or installation of bypasses in case of repair work, techniques like “hot tapping” are applied. These techniques include so-called in-service welding on pressurized pipelines and are state-of-the-art for NG grids and oil pipelines. The existing NG pipeline grid consists of a wide range of materials with different strengths, diameters, and wall thicknesses. In this context, the material compatibility is crucial. The main difference between hydrogen and NG is that hydrogen can both penetrate the material and cause hydrogen embrittlement. In that connection, in-service welding encompasses elevated temperatures for a certain time during the typically multi-layer welding process. Locally even austenitization temperature can be reached or surpassed. Austenite has a higher hydrogen solubility at a significantly lower diffusion rate, which could lead to a critical hydrogen accumulation. Especially the inner pipe surface temperature is from utmost interest, as this interface is exposed to the pressurized hydrogen (up to 100 bar). However, direct measurement of the locally occurring temperatures is very challenging. For this reason, a component-like geometry was developed. The geometry consists of a pipeline segment with a metal sheet joined to the pipe segment, representing similar heat dissipation conditions as in the field. In addition, typical welding parameters were applied that are currently used in the NG grid. This allows the welding of realistic multi-layer fillet welds on the outer pipe wall with simultaneous temperature measurement using manifold thermocouples at defined positions: (1) adjacent to the weld seam on the outer pipe surface, (2) on the inner pipe surface and (3) on the welded metal sheet. To ensure realistic conditions, manual shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) and gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) was investigated. The effects of different wall thicknesses and welding heat inputs on the temperature distribution and peak temperatures achieved on the inner pipe surface during welding vary depending on the chosen method. Peak temperatures above austenitization temperature up to 1078 °C have been measured on L245 pipes with wall thickness of 3.6 mm. For pipes made from higher strength materials, such as L485, with a wall thickness of 8 mm, peak temperatures between 607 °C and 755 °C were recorded. Temperature and austenitization directly affects hydrogen diffusivity and solubility, showing the importance of the findings. The temperature profile and cooling conditions influence the mechanical properties of the material as well. For this reason, metallurgical investigations are carried out to assess the hardness and microstructure of the welds. Hardening up to 248 HV10 was detected in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the top layer, which could lead to a locally increased susceptibility to hydrogen assisted cracking. Meanwhile, the minimum hardness found in the HAZ of the root layer was as low as 144 HV10, indicating a softening. The results of this study provide valuable insights into the suitability of existing materials and geometries for hydrogen transport. Secondly, the data collected will serve as a basis for planned numerical simulations to further improve knowledge and optimize welding processes to ensure the integrity and safety of hydrogen pipelines.
T2 - 78th IIW Annual Assembly and International Conference, Meeting of Commission II-C: "Testing and Measurement of Welds"
CY - Genoa, Italy
DA - 22.06.2025
KW - Pipeline
KW - Welding
KW - Inner-surface temperature
KW - Temperature measurement
KW - Hydrogen
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63637
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kaiser, Sebastian
T1 - Assessment of in service welding conditions for pressurized hydrogen pipelines via component test
N2 - Hydrogen is the energy carrier of tomorrow for a fossil-free future. This requires a reliable transport infrastructure with the ability to carry large amounts of hydrogen e.g. for steel industry or chemical industry. The conversion of existing natural gas (NG) grids is an essential part of the worldwide hydrogen strategies, in addition to the construction of new pipelines. In this context, the transportation of hydrogen is fundamental different from NG as hydrogen can be absorbed into the pipeline material. Given the well-known effects of hydrogen embrittlement, the compatibility of the materials for the intended pipelines must be investigated (typically low alloy steels in a wide range of strengths and thicknesses). However, pipelines require frequent maintenance, repair or the need for installation for further outlets. In some cases, it is necessary to perform welding on or onto the pipelines while they are still in service, i.e. with active gas flow under high pressure, e.g. such as the well-known “hot tapping”. This in-service welding causes challenges for hydrogen operations in terms of additional hydrogen absorption during welding and the material compatibility. The challenge can be roughly divided into the possible austenitization of the inner pipe material exposed to hydrogen, which can lead to sufficient hydrogen absorption, and the welding itself, which causes an increased temperature range. Both lead to a significant increase in hydrogen solubility and diffusivity of the respective materials compared to room temperature. In this context, knowledge about hot tapping on hydrogen pipelines is scarce due to the lack of operating experience. Fundamental experimental investigations are required to investigate the transferability from NG to hydrogen pipeline grids. For this reason, the present study introduces a specially designed mock-up / demonstrator concept for the realistic assessment of the welding processing conditions. The mock-up was designed to enable in-situ temperature measurement during welding as well as ex-post extraction of samples for the quantification of the absorbed hydrogen concentration. For safety measures, the necessary pressurized hydrogen volume was limited by the insertion of a solid cylinder ensuring a 1 cm hydrogen gas layer. Welding experiments on the pressurized mock-ups with the diameters DN60 and DN200 have shown that the austenitization temperature can be reached on the inner surface of the pipeline, especially on thinner walled pipelines, using current welding practices. This corresponds to an increased hydrogen uptake in the welded area of several ppm.
T2 - 78th IIW Annual Assembly and International Conference, IC-Session "Hydrogen Applications and Energy Transition"
CY - Genoa, Italy
DA - 22.06.2025
KW - Pipeline
KW - Welding
KW - Hydrogen
KW - In-Service
KW - Component-testing
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63638
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Engelking, Lorenz
T1 - Effect of alloy modification for additive manufactured Ni alloy components on microstructure and subsequent machining properties
N2 - Ni alloys are generally classified as difficult-to-cut materials and cost intensive. Additive manufacturing (AM) offers economic advantages. However, machining of these AM components is mandatory to create the final contour or surface. The inhomogeneous and anisotropic microstructure and properties of AM components causes an unstable cutting process. Moreover, undesirable tensile residual stresses are generated due to subsequent machining. In this investigation, the initial alloy 36 is modified with Ti and Nb up to 1.6 wt.-% and build-up welded via gas metal arc welding (GMAW) and plasma-transferred-arc (PTA). Then, finish-milling tests are carried out to investigate the influence of the modification as well as the cutting parameters on the resulting cutting force and the surface integrity. In addition, the conventional milling process (CM) is compared with the ultrasonic-assisted milling process (US), which has a significant influence on the machinability as well as on the surface integrity.
T2 - Additive Fertigung – Werkstoffe – Prozesse – Wärmebehandlung 2022
CY - Bremen, Germany
DA - 29.06.2022
KW - Additive manufacturing
KW - Alloy 36
KW - Alloy modification
KW - Ultrasonic-assisted milling
KW - Surface integrity
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55429
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Gleim, Tobias
A1 - Komann, Steffen
T1 - Fracture Mechanical Analyses of a Welding Seam of a Thick-Walled Transport Package
N2 - Transport packages shall satisfy various safety criteria regarding mechanical, thermal and radiation phenomena. Typical requirements focusing mechanical aspects are usually drop tests in accordance with IAEA regulations [1]. The drop tests are usually carried out experimentally and, as an additional measure, finite element analyses (FEA) are performed. A specific part of the investigations presented is the evaluation of the welding seam connecting cask shell and cask bottom. Experimental results and FEA are presented and compared. The evaluation of the welding seam performed includes a variety of aspects. In addition to the experimental and analytical stresses determined, different standards are used to investigate a possible crack initiation. Several destructive and non-destructive tests are performed for quality assurance in the manufacturing process as well as for different input parameters. The necessary monitoring and non-destructive measurement methods to define the boundary conditions of the standards are introduced. Taking into account all required parameters, the welding seam is examined and evaluated using the failure assessment diagrams (FAD) of the respective standards. It can be shown under the given boundary conditions that considering the experimental data, the welding seam is in the context of crack initiation below the enveloping curve in the acceptable region. More critical drop tests to be conducted are proposed and need to be investigated in future work.
T2 - Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference® 2022
CY - Las Vegas, NV, USA
DA - 17.07.2022
KW - Drop test
KW - Fracture initiation
KW - Transport package
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55374
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Neumann, Martin
T1 - Friction coefficients for wood-wood and wood-steel contacts
N2 - The friction at the interfaces between pieces of wood and steel is of crucial importance for the impact and energy absorption in impact limiters of transport casks for radioactive material. Here, the friction coefficient for the combinations wood-wood and wood-steel was measured in the temperature range between -40°C and 90°C. Results show decreasing friction with increasing temperature, ranging from 0.43 at -40°C to 0.22 for 90°C for wood-steel combinations and from 0.3 at -40°C to 0.24 at 90°C for a wood-wood combination.
T2 - Sandia-BAM Workshop
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 21.11.2022
KW - Wood
KW - Friction
KW - Transport cask
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56342
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kromm, Arne
T1 - Kurzvorstellung des Projektes H2SuD / Wasserstoff und Schweißen Einfluss des Schweißens auf die Wasserstoffaufnahme und Degradation im Betrieb befindlicher H2 Gasleitungen
N2 - Die Wasserstoffinfrastruktur ist eine zentraler Bestandteil der erfolgreichen Umsetzung der wasserstoffbasierten Energiewende. Dabei bilden Ferngasleitungen quasi das "Rückgrat" der Transportinfrastruktur großer Gasmengen. Dabei müssen unter Umständen Reparaturen an den Pipelines durchgeführt werden. Dabei ist in der Erdgasinfrastruktur das Schweißen an in Betrieb befindlichen (d.h. von Gas durchflossenen) Pipelines Stand der Technik. Es ist jedoch vollkommen offen, inwieweit diese Technik auf die reine Wasserstoffpipelines übertragbar sind. Hierzu leistet das Projekt H2SuD wichtige Beiträge zur Aufklärung des Einfluss eines Reparaturschweißprozesses auf die Wasserstoffaufnahme und Degradation im Betrieb befindlicher H2 Gasleitungen.
T2 - Sitzung des DIN-Gemeinschaftsarbeitsausschusses NA 092 00 05 GA, NAS/NMP: Zerstörende Prüfung von Schweißverbindungen
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 15.03.2023
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Pipeline
KW - Reparatur
KW - Schweißen
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57169
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Determination of inner pipe surface temperatures during in-service welding on hydrogen pipelines by means of component-like mock up experiments
N2 - Hydrogen is considered as one of the most important energy carriers in the future. The necessary large-scale transport over long distances requires a suitable pipeline infrastructure. Current plannings encompass a dual-way strategy of repurposing existing natural gas (NG) pipelines, supplemented by the construction of new hydrogen pipelines. In some cases, such as necessary grid extensions or installation of bypasses in case of repair work, techniques like “hot tapping” are applied. These techniques include so-called in-service welding on pressurized pipelines and are state-of-the-art for NG grids and oil pipelines. The existing NG pipeline grid consists of a wide range of materials with different strengths, diameters, and wall thicknesses. In this context, the material compatibility is crucial. The main difference between hydrogen and NG is that hydrogen can both penetrate the material and cause hydrogen embrittlement. In that connection, in-service welding encompasses elevated temperatures for a certain time during the typically multi-layer welding process. Locally even austenitization temperature can be reached or surpassed. Austenite has a higher hydrogen solubility at a significantly lower diffusion rate, which could lead to a critical hydrogen accumulation. Especially the inner pipe surface temperature is from utmost interest, as this interface is exposed to the pressurized hydrogen (up to 100 bar). However, direct measurement of the locally occurring temperatures is very challenging. For this reason, a component-like geometry was developed. The geometry consists of a pipeline segment with a metal sheet joined to the pipe segment, representing similar heat dissipation conditions as in the field. In addition, typical welding parameters were applied that are currently used in the NG grid. This allows the welding of realistic multi-layer fillet welds on the outer pipe wall with simultaneous temperature measurement using manifold thermocouples at defined positions: (1) adjacent to the weld seam on the outer pipe surface, (2) on the inner pipe surface and (3) on the welded metal sheet. To ensure realistic conditions, manual shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) and gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) was investigated. The effects of different wall thicknesses and welding heat inputs on the temperature distribution and peak temperatures achieved on the inner pipe surface during welding vary depending on the chosen method. Peak temperatures above austenitization temperature up to 1078 °C have been measured on L245 pipes with wall thickness of 3.6 mm. For pipes made from higher strength materials, such as L485, with a wall thickness of 8 mm, peak temperatures between 607 °C and 755 °C were recorded. Temperature and austenitization directly affects hydrogen diffusivity and solubility, showing the importance of the findings. The temperature profile and cooling conditions influence the mechanical properties of the material as well. For this reason, metallurgical investigations are carried out to assess the hardness and microstructure of the welds. Hardening up to 248 HV10 was detected in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the top layer, which could lead to a locally increased susceptibility to hydrogen assisted cracking. Meanwhile, the minimum hardness found in the HAZ of the root layer was as low as 144 HV10, indicating a softening. The results of this study provide valuable insights into the suitability of existing materials and geometries for hydrogen transport. Secondly, the data collected will serve as a basis for planned numerical simulations to further improve knowledge and optimize welding processes to ensure the integrity and safety of hydrogen pipelines.
T2 - IIW Intermediate Meeting, Com. II-A
CY - Trollhättan, Sweden
DA - 10.03.2025
KW - Testing
KW - In-service welding
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Pipelines
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62690
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröder, Nina
T1 - Precipitation influence and thermodynamic prediction of HAZ properties of a GMAW S690QL with varying Ti and Nb contents
N2 - In many industrial steel construction branches, like mobile cranes and the offshore sector, high-strength fine-grained structural steels with a yield strength of over 690 MPa have long been used. To guarantee the necessary load-bearing capacity, the welding processing of these steels requires reliable knowledge of the complex interaction between the welding process, its underlying heat input and corresponding cooling conditions, chemical composition of base and filler materials, and resulting metallurgical phenomena in the weld seam and HAZ. Microalloying elements such as Ti and Nb make an indispensable contribution to increasing the strength by precipitation hardening. Previous investigation has shown that significant influence of the microalloying elements on the phase transformation can be assumed regarding the hardening and/or softening of the heat-affected zone. The standard specs for the chemical composition according to DIN EN 10025-6 often just specify chemical limitations for the manufacturer to achieve the desired mechanical properties. The effect of the alloying elements and the corresponding precipitates (carbides and/or nitrides) is sometimes entirely contrary, especially in case of dissolution and re-precipitation in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) with identical filler metal. This makes an adequate prediction of the batch dependency with regard to weldability and the load-bearing capacity of the welded joint difficult. The joining of these steels is mainly carried out by gas metal arc welding (GMAW). Modern inverter welding sources and micro-electronics control technology enabled the use of controlled arc variants, such as the modified spray arc (Mod. SA). Several characteristics from this arc variant e.g. reduced weld seam opening angles and increased deposition rates. Whereby this high heat exposure can have a negative effect on the phase transformation in the HAZ. An undesirable property is the softening of the HAZ, as well as the opposite effect of hardening.
T2 - IIW Intermediate meeting, Commission II-A
CY - Online meeting
DA - 14.03.2022
KW - HAZ-Softening
KW - GMAW
KW - Precipitation influence
KW - Microalloying elements Ti and Nb
KW - Thermo-Calc
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-54516
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Quackatz, Lukas
T1 - Measurement of hydrogen concentration in steels by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS)
N2 - Current efforts to achieve lightweight construction and the required reduction in CO2 emissions and an increase in energy and resource efficiency call for the increasing use of high-strength fine-grain structural steels. However, as the strength of higher-strength fine-grain structural steels increases, so do the associated joining challenges. Particular attention must be paid to hydrogen-assisted cold cracking. The influence of hydrogen reveals itself less in the strength but has a significant effect on the deformability [1, 2]. The degradation of the material properties can lead to zero ductility, where the values of the yield strengths coincide with the tensile strengths.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a spectroscopic technique that can be used to determine elemental compositions without pre-treatment of the samples. Short, high-energy laser pulses ablate a small volume (< 0.1 mm3) of the examined material and ionize it to form a plasma. The decaying plasma emits element-specific light. This light is spectroscopically analysed and allows to detect qualitatively the present elements and to quantify them with help of a standardization routine. The simple experimental set-up and the fast, nearly non-destructive analysis procedure characterize the LIBS analysis. The LIBS method allows a time and spatially resolved in situ measurement of steel components in use.
Even low hydrogen concentrations (~ 1 wt.-ppm) in steel can be measured with the LIBS method and can be quantified with help of certified reference materials. The results are compared with results gained with the well-established carrier gas hot extraction method.
T2 - MaterialsWeek 2021
CY - Online Meeting
DA - 07.09.2021
KW - LIBS
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Stainless steel
KW - Diffusion
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53234
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Graebner, Maraike
A1 - Giese, Marcel
A1 - Treutler, Kai
A1 - Lorenz, Swenja
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Wesling, Volker
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Processing of crack-free Nickel- and Cobalt-based wear protection coatings and defined surfaces by subsequent milling processes
N2 - In the area of plant engineering, steel components are provided with a wear protection coating for efficient use to protect them against corrosive, tribological, thermal and mechanical stresses. The use of innovative ultrasound-assisted milling processes and plasma-welded nickel- and cobalt-based wear protection coatings are being investigated to determine how more favourable machinability can be achieved while retaining the same wear protection potential. The focus is on the NiCrSiFeB alloy, which is intended to replace CoCr alloys in the area of screw machines. The utilization of ultrasonic-assisted milling for the machining of coating materials is a novel approach. The modification of hard facing layers in terms of microstructure and precipitation morphology as well as suitability for machining is investigated and compared with the CoCr alloy. The alloy modifications are generated by a PTA process by systematically adjusting the preheating and interpass temperatures, a crack-free wear-resistant layer can be generated, which is subsequently machined by a milling process. In addition to the crack-free properties, the microstructure, the bonding as well as the mixing between the NiCrSiFeB alloy and a 1.8550 as well as between the CoCr alloy and a 1.4828 are analysed and compared in the joining areas. In addition, heating and cooling rates are determined and a chemical analysis of the weld metals is performed. Furthermore, it was found that the build-up layers of NiCrSiFeB alloy are more difficult to machine using the milling process than the CoCr alloy, as higher milling forces are required.
KW - PTA welding
KW - Wear-resistant alloys
KW - Ultrasonic assisted milling
KW - Wear
KW - Cadding
KW - Milling
KW - Ni-based alloy
KW - Co-based alloy
PY - 2024
DO - https://doi.org/10.1177/14644207241265778
SN - 1464-4207
SP - 1
EP - 17
PB - SAGE Publications
AN - OPUS4-60799
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hübner, Martin
T1 - Effect of weld design on fatigue strength of welded components using LTT filler materials
N2 - The fatigue strength of weld seams was increased by using residual stress-reducing Low Transformation Temperature (LTT) filler metals. Conventional single-layer welded longitudinal stiffeners were welded at the end faces with an additional layer (LTT and conventional welding consumable). The weld geometry was varied by changing the welding parameters. The residual stress reduction determined using XRD depended significantly on the weld geometry. The increase in fatigue strength, on the other hand, was significantly improved in all LTT seam variants compared to conventional single-layer and double-layer layers.
T2 - The 78th IIW annual assembly and international conference on welding and joining
CY - Genua, Italy
DA - 22.07.2025
KW - Low transformation temperature (LTT)
KW - Residual stress reduction
KW - Fatigue strength
KW - Weld geometry
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63708
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hübner, Martin
T1 - Verbesserung der Ermüdungsfestigkeit von Längssteifen durch Low Transformation Temperature (LTT) Schweißzusätze
N2 - In diesem Beitrag wird die gezielte Applikation zusätzlicher LTT-Schweißraupen zur Erhöhung der Ermüdungsfestigkeit in Schweißverbindungen erläutert. Der Einfluss der Eigenspannungen auf die Ermüdungsfestigkeit kann besonders durch Längssteifen verdeutlicht werden, da diese durch Verzugsbehinderungen oftmals hohe Eigenspannungen in der ermüdungskritischen Wärmeeinflusszone (WEZ) aufweisen. Daher wurden konventionell einlagig geschweißte Längssteifen aus hochfestem Baustahl mit LTT-Zusatzlagen an den Stirnseiten versehen, um lokal Druckeigenspannungen zu erzeugen, welche durch Schweißparametervariationen geometrisch variierten. Zusätzlich wurde als Kontrolle auch der Fall der zweilagig konventionell geschweißten Längssteife betrachtet. Die mittels XRD bestimmten Schweißeigenspannungen konnten in der WEZ durch die zusätzliche LTT-Naht reduziert werden. Je weiter weg die Nahtspitze der Zusatzlage ist, umso geringer sind die Schweißeigenspannungen in der WEZ. Bei konstanter Amplitudenlast und einem R-Verhältnis von 0,1 konnte die Ermüdungsfestigkeit der LTT-Proben deutlich verbessert werden. Die Ermüdungsfestigkeit bei 2 Millionen Lastwechsel beträgt für konventionelle Proben 87 MPa und für die LTT-Proben 156 bis 196 MPa. Auch eine Steigung der Zeitfestigkeitsgeraden konnte an den LTT-Proben beobachtet werden. Der Umfang dieser Steigerung war ähnlich bzw. höher als bei höherfrequenten gehämmerten Proben. Ein Zusammenhang zwischen der bestimmten Eigenspannung und der Ermüdungsfestigkeit konnte beobachtet werden, wenn auch nur im geringeren Umfang. LTT-Schweißzusätze können verwendet werden, um die Ermüdungsfestigkeit in Längssteifen zu erhöhen.
T2 - 15. Vollversammlung des SFB 1120: Summer School 2025
CY - Kall, Germany
DA - 08.07.2025
KW - Low transformation temperature (LTT)
KW - Eigenspannungen
KW - Ermüdungsfestigkeit
KW - Längssteife
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63710
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Karapanagiotis, Christos
A1 - Heimann, Jan
A1 - Duffner, Eric
A1 - Charmi, Amir
A1 - Schukar, Marcus
A1 - Hashemi, Seyedreza
A1 - Prager, Jens
T1 - Towards predictive maintenance of hydrogen pressure vessels based on multi-sensor data
N2 - In this paper, we report on a sensor network for structural health monitoring (SHM) of Type IV composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPVs) designed for hydrogen storage. The sensor network consists of three different SHM sensing technologies: ultrasonic guided waves (GW), acoustic emission (AE) testing, and distributed fiber optic sensors (DFOS). We present an experimental setup for a lifetime test, where a COPV is subjected to cyclic loading. Data from all sensors are collected and centrally evaluated. The COPV failed after approximately 60,000 load cycles, and the sensor network proved capable of detecting and localizing the damage even before the failure of the COPV. This multi-sensor approach offers significantly more channels of information and could therefore enable a transition from costly and time-consuming periodic inspections to more efficient and modern predictive maintenance strategies, including artificial intelligence (AI)-based evaluation. This not only has a positive effect on operational c
KW - Ffiber optic sensors
KW - Acoustic emission
KW - Guided waves
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Digital twin
KW - Structural health monitoring
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-618948
DO - https://doi.org/10.58286/30513
SP - 1
EP - 8
PB - NDT.net
AN - OPUS4-61894
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wosniok, Aleksander
A1 - Schukar, Marcus
A1 - Woody, Paul
A1 - Wang, Bin
A1 - Breithaupt, Mathias
A1 - Kriegsmann, Andreas
T1 - Distributed fiber optic strain sensing for structural health monitoring of 70 MPa hydrogen vessels
N2 - We report on the development and testing of 70 MPa hydrogen pressure vessels with integrated fiber optic sensing fibers for automotive use. The paper deals with the condition monitoring of such composite pressure vessels (CPVs) using the optical backscatter reflectometry (OBR) applied for a distributed fiber optic strain sensing along fully integrated polyimide-coated single-mode glass optical fiber (SM-GOF). The sensing fibers were embedded into the vessel structure by wrapping them over the polymer liner during the manufacturing process of the carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP). Detecting local strain events by the integrated fiber optic sensors can be an opportunity for monitoring the material degradation of CPVs under static and cyclic loading.
T2 - 11th European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring
CY - Potsdam, Germany
DA - 10.06.2024
KW - Fiber optic sensor
KW - Distributed strain sensing
KW - Composite pressure vessel
KW - Structural health monitoring
KW - Fiber-reinforced plastics
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-603105
SP - 1
EP - 8
PB - NDT.net
AN - OPUS4-60310
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Karapanagiotis, Christos
A1 - Schukar, Marcus
A1 - Breithaupt, Mathias
A1 - Hicke, Konstantin
T1 - Toward a Digital Twin of Hydrogen Pressure Vessels Enabled by Distributed Fiber Optic Sensors
N2 - We present a digital replica of a hydrogen pressure vessel enabled by distributed fiber optic sensors (DFOS). This digital replica dynamically displays and updates the vessel’s structural condition by calculating strain residuals defined as the difference between the measured DFOS strain and the expected strain based on pressure data. As an example, we show the ability of the DFOS to detect and localize damage caused by drilling six holes into the vessel’s body. This digital replica represents a foundational step toward a fully integrated digital twin for predictive maintenance and remaining lifetime prognosis.
T2 - Sensor and Measurement Science International (SMSI) 2025
CY - Nuremberg, Germany
DA - 06.05.2025
KW - fiber optic sensors
KW - digital twin
KW - structural health monitoring
KW - hydrogen
KW - machine learning
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-633885
UR - https://www.ama-science.org/proceedings/details/5962
SN - 978-3-910600-06-5
DO - https://doi.org/10.5162/SMSI2025/C6.1
SP - 165
EP - 166
PB - AMA Service GmbH
CY - Wunstorf
AN - OPUS4-63388
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hübner, Martin
T1 - Einfluss der Low Transformation Temperature-Schweißzusätze auf die Ermüdungsfestigkeit von Längssteifen
N2 - In dem vorliegenden Beitrag wird die gezielte Applikation zusätzlicher LTT-Schweißlagen zur Einbringung von Druckeigenspannungen in ermüdungskritischen Bereichen an Schweißverbindungen untersucht. Ziel ist die Entwicklung eines wirtschaftlichen Verfahrens zur Erhöhung der Ermüdungslebensdauer, ohne die strukturelle Integrität einer Schweißnaht zu beeinträchtigen. Zu diesem Zweck wurden zunächst Längssteifen aus hochfestem Stahl in der ersten Lage mittels Metall-Lichtbogenschweißen unter Verwendung eines konventionellen Schweißzusatzwerkstoffs geschweißt. Anschließend erfolgte die Auftragung eines Chrom-Nickel-legierten LTT-Schweißzusatzwerkstoffs an die Stirnseiten der Längssteifen.
T2 - OVGU BMDK Seminar
CY - Magdeburg, Germany
DA - 17.06.2025
KW - Low transformation temperature (LTT) Schweißzusätze
KW - Schweißeigenspannungen
KW - Ermüdungsfestigkeit
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63702
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hübner, Martin
T1 - Bericht zum Fortschritt des laufenden Projekts: "Hybrider Einsatz von LTT-Schweißzusätzen zur Schwingfestigkeitsverbesserung hochfester Stahlbauteile"
N2 - Dieses Dokument fasst den Projektfortschritt des BAM-Projektes "Hybrider Einsatz von LTT-Schweißzusätzen zur Schwingfestigkeitsverbesserung hochfester Stahlbauteile" im Rahmen des Sitzung des DVS Fachausschuss FA09 - Konstruktion und Festigkeit für die Projektquartale Q4 2024 und Q1 2025 zusammen und stellt die wichtigsten Ergebnisse in Kurzform vor.
T2 - Sitzung des DVS Fachausschuss FA09 - Konstruktion und Festigkeit
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 21.05.2025
KW - Low transformation temperature (LTT)
KW - Eigenspannungen
KW - Ermüdungsfestigkeit
KW - Makroproben
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63699
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hübner, Martin
T1 - Enhancement of the Fatigue Strength by Application of a Low Transformation Temperature Welding Consumable
N2 - To improve the fatigue strength of weld seams, a project is being carried out at BAM using Low Transformation Temperature (LTT) welding consumables to reduce residual stress at weld seams. Longitudinal stiffeners, which were welded conventionally in the first layer and additionally with an LTT or conventional layer on the end faces, were tested for fatigue strength. The mean fatigue strength at 2 million load cycles was increased from 87 MPa to at least 156 MPa. A comparison of HFMI-treated samples with conventional filler metal showed an increase in fatigue strength of 146 MPa. This means that LTT filler metals achieve a similar increase in fatigue strength as conventional post-treatment methods.
T2 - The 78th IIW annual assembly and international conference on welding and joining
CY - Genua, Italy
DA - 22.07.2025
KW - Low transformation temperature (LTT)
KW - Fatigue strength
KW - Weld geometry
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63704
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Marzok, Ulrich
T1 - Messung der H2-Permeabilität von Gläsern mit der VHE-Pulvermethode
N2 - Die Entwicklung von Wasserstoffbarrieren aus Glas erfordert die Bestimmung geringer H2-Permeabililtäten. Bisherige Untersuchungen und numerische Simulationen haben gezeigt, dass die VHE-Pulvermethode (Vakuum-Heißextraktion mit massenspektrometrischem Gasnachweis) für die Bestimmung sehr geringer Diffusivitäten geeignet ist und nur geringe Glaspulvermengen benötigt werden. Die gemessene isotherme Gasabgabe wird dabei im Rahmen klassischer Diffusionsmodelle für sphärische Partikel gefittet und hieraus der H2-Diffusionskoeffizient berechnet. Über die aus den gleichen Messdaten bestimmte H2-Löslichkeit wird dann die H2-Permeabilität bestimmt. Bislang unklar ist jedoch der Einfluss von Abweichungen der Partikelform von der Kugelgestalt und der Partikelgrößenverteilung. Ausgehend von FE-Modellierungen mit COMSOL Multiphysics® wurde die Empfindlichkeit verschiedener Parameter (Partikelgröße, Partikelform, Partikelgrößenverteilung) auf die experimentelle Bestimmung des Diffusionskoeffizienten untersucht. Der Vortrag berichtet über daraus resultierende Optimierungen der Methode hinsichtlich der Probenvorbereitung und der Messdatenauswertung. Am Beispiel von Quarzglas wird gezeigt, dass mit der VHE-Pulvermethode annähernd die Genauigkeit klassischer Messverfahren erreicht wird. Weiter werden Messbeispiele an wesentlich gasdichteren Gläsern angegeben.
T2 - 91. Glastechnische Tagung
CY - Weimar, Germany
DA - 29.05.2017
KW - Wasserstoffpermeation
KW - Glas
KW - Vakuumheißextraktion
KW - Pulvermethode
KW - Diffusionskoeffizient
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-40443
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Agea Blanco, Boris
A1 - Reinsch, Stefan
A1 - Müller, Ralf
T1 - Sintering and foaming of barium silicate glass powder compacts
N2 - The manufacture of sintered glasses and glass-ceramics, glass matrix composites, and glass-bounded ceramics or pastes is often affected by gas bubble formation. Against this background, we studied sintering and foaming of barium silicate glass powders used as SOFC sealants using different powder milling procedures. Sintering was measured by means of heating microscopy backed up by XPD, differential thermal analysis, vacuum hot extraction (VHE), and optical and electron microscopy. Foaming increased significantly as milling progressed. For moderately milled glass powders, subsequent storage in air could also promote foaming. Although the powder compacts were uniaxially pressed and sintered in air, the milling atmosphere significantly affected foaming. The strength of this effect increased in the order Ar ≈ N2 < air < CO2. Conformingly, VHE studies revealed that the pores of foamed samples predominantly encapsulated CO2, even for powders milled in Ar and N2. Results of this study thus indicate that foaming is caused by carbonaceous species trapped on the glass powder surface. Foaming could be substantially reduced by milling in water and 10 wt% HCl.
KW - Glass powder
KW - Sintering
KW - Foaming
KW - SOFC
PY - 2016
UR - http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmats.2016.00045/full?&utm_source=Email_to_authors_&utm_medium=Email&utm_content=T1_11.5e1_author&utm_campaign=Email_publication&field=&journalName=Frontiers_in_Materials&id=214488
DO - https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2016.00045
SN - 2296-8016
VL - 3
SP - Article 45, 1
EP - 10
AN - OPUS4-38303
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Müller, Ralf
T1 - Hydrogen permeability of glass measured by VHE-MS powder methods
N2 - Glasses are can serve as exceptionally tight hydrogen barriers e.g. used for hydrogen storage in micro glass containers or cover glasses in micro electronic systems. Respective glass development, however, requires precise measurements of minimal hydrogen permeability, PH2. Recent studies showed that PH2 can be measured down to 2 10-21 mol s-1 Pa-1m-1 by means of Vacuum Hot Extraction (VHE) powder methods [1]. In this respect the isothermal gas release from glass powder particles is fitted in terms of classical diffusion models assuming spherical particles of uniform size thus obtaining the hydrogen diffusion coefficient, DH2. PH2 is then given by D H2 × S H2, where hydrogen solubility, SH2, is obtained from VHE studies of glass powders exposed to hydrogen atmosphere for different exposure time and hydrogen pressure. Measurements of minimal values of hydrogen permeability, however, require a careful evaluation and error discussion of this method. Against that background, we modeled hydrogen degassing during heating and subsequent isothermal annealing of glass powder particles of different shape and particle size distribution by means of COMSOL Multiphysics® [2] and verified related effects on DH2 obtained by the VHE powder method.
T2 - SGT Centenary Conference, & ESG 2016
CY - Sheffield, UK
DA - 4.9.2016
KW - Glass
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Permeability
KW - Storage
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-38307
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Welter, T.
A1 - Müller, Ralf
A1 - Deubener, J.
A1 - Marzok, Ulrich
A1 - Reinsch, Stefan
T1 - Hydrogen Permeation Through Glass
N2 - Physical storage of gaseous hydrogen under high-pressure in glassy micro-containers such as spheres and capillaries is a promising concept for enhancing safety and the volumetric capacity of mobile hydrogen storage systems. As very low permeation through the container wall is required for storage of compressed hydrogen, development of glasses of minimal hydrogen permeability is needed. For this purpose, one has to understand better the dependence of hydrogen permeability on glass structure. The paper points out that minimizing the accessible free volume is as one strategy to minimize hydrogen permeability. Based on previously measured and comprehensive literature data, it is shown that permeation is independently controlled by ionic porosity and network modifier content. Thus, ionic porosity in modified and fully polymerized networks can be decreased equally to the lowest hydrogen permeability among the glasses under study. Applying this concept, a drop of up to 30,000 with respect to the permeation of hydrogen molecules through silica glass is attainable.
KW - Ionic porosity
KW - hydrogen storage
KW - Glass
KW - Permeability
KW - Solubility
KW - Diffusivity
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-513927
DO - https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2019.00342
VL - 6
SP - Article 342
AN - OPUS4-51392
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Reinsch, Stefan
A1 - Welter, T.
A1 - Müller, Ralf
A1 - Deubener, J.
T1 - Hydrogen Permeability of Tectosilicate Glasses for Tank Barrier Liners
N2 - The permeation of hydrogen gas was studied in meta-aluminous (tectosilicate) glass powders of Li2O×Al2O3×SiO2 (LAS), Na2O×Al2O3×SiO2 (NAS) and MgO×Al2O3×SiO2 (MAS) systems by pressure loading and vacuum extraction in the temperatures range 210–310 °C. With this method, both the solubility S and the diffusivity D were determined, while the permeability was given by the product SD. For all glasses, S was found to decrease with temperature, while D increased. Since the activation energy of diffusion of H2 molecules exceeded that of dissolution, permeation increased slightly with temperature. When extrapolated to standard conditions (25 °C), the permeability of tectosilicate glasses was found to be only 10-22–10-24 mol H2 (m s Pa)-1, which is 8–10 magnitudes lower than most polymers. Thin glass liners of these compositions are expected to be the most effective barrier for tanks of pressurised hydrogen.
KW - Hydrogen permeation
KW - Aluminosilicate glasses
KW - Hydrogen storage tank
KW - Glass liner
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-587284
DO - https://doi.org/10.52825/glass-europe.v1i.425
VL - 1
SP - 1
EP - 11
AN - OPUS4-58728
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Heuser, Lina
A1 - Nofz, Marianne
A1 - Müller, Ralf
A1 - Deubener, J.
T1 - Silver dissolution and precipitation in an Na2O–ZnO–B2O3 metallization paste glass
N2 - Thermally stimulated interactions between silver and glass, that is, silver dissolution as Ag+ and precipitation as Ag0 were studied in two glass series of molar target composition xAg2O–(19 − x)Na2O–28ZnO–53B2O3 with x = 0, 0.1, 0.5, 5 and (19Na2O–28ZnO–53B2O3)+yAg2O with y = 0.01, 0.05. These act as model for low-melting borate glasses being part of metallization pastes. The occurrence of metallic silver precipitates in melt-quenched glass ingots demonstrated that silver dissolved only in traces (< 0.01 mol%) in the glasses. The dissolved silver was detected by means of Raman spectroscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Increasing x in the batch could not lead to a significant increase of the silver ion fraction in the glass as possible in binary silver borate glasses. In situ observation of heated AgNO3 mixed with the base glass frit in a hot stage microscope showed that Ag0 precipitation occurs already at the solid state. At higher temperatures, small droplets of liquid silver were found to move freely within the melt, whereas coalescence caused a stepwise increase of their size.
These results contribute to the understanding of formation of silver precipitates in metallization pastes described in the literature.
KW - Silver metallization paste
KW - Batch reactions
KW - Borate
KW - Glass forming melts
KW - Glass manufacturing
KW - Raman spectroscopy
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-559433
DO - https://doi.org/10.1111/ijag.16613
SN - 2041-1286
SP - 1
EP - 11
PB - Wiley Online Library
AN - OPUS4-55943
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Heuser, Lina
T1 - Silver - alkali borate glass pastes
N2 - Network modifier ions can decisively influence properties and structure of low melting alkali-zinc-borate glasses and thus cause complex effects on the liquid phase sintering of silver-glass metallization pastes. This effect was studied for X2O-ZnO-B2O3 (X = Li, Na, Rb) glasses for silver-glass metallization pastes. Viscosity and the glass transition temperature, Tg, were measured with rotational viscometry and dilatometry. Dried model pastes with 30 vol% LZB, NZB or RZB glass were prepared for sintering studies by means of heating microscopy measuring the silhouette area shrinkage of uniaxially pressed powder compacts during heating at 5 K/min. For comparison, the silhouette area shrinkage of pure glass and silver powder compacts were determined. Glass-silver wetting was investigated during heating of bulk glass cylinders placed on silver substrates. Glass RZB turned out to have the lowest viscosity among the glasses under study. Its glass transformation temperature, Tg, was found at 444 °C and it caused the lowest sintering onset for its glass and paste powder compacts. Slightly increased values of Tg were found for NZB and LZB (468 °C and 466 °C, respectively) and a slightly retarded sintering was found for both paste powder compacts. These results indicate that liquid phase sintering of silver-glass pastes under air atmosphere is mainly influenced by glass viscosity.
T2 - GLASS MEETING 2020
CY - Online meeting
DA - 07.12.2020
KW - Silver-glass metallization paste
KW - Sintering
KW - Alkali ions
KW - Viscosity
KW - Silver precipitates
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-52871
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Liepold, Philipp
A1 - Kromm, Arne
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Einfluss des Einspanngrades auf die Bildung von Erstarrungsrissen in Überlappverbindungen hochfester Stähle
N2 - Im Beitrag werden Ergebnisse aus Versuchen mit dem Controlled Thermal Severity (CTS)-Test vorgestellt, der für sehr stark eingespannte Kehlnähte bekannt ist. Niedriglegierte Schweißungen an hochfesten Stählen sind nicht anfällig für Erstarrungsrissbildung. Unter dem besonderen Einfluss eines hohen Einspanngrades wurde die Erstarrungsrissneigung durch Abmessen der Rissflächen als Funktion der Schweißparameter und des Einspanngrades für vier hochfeste Schweißzusätze im MAG-Schweißen untersucht. Die Tests zeigen, dass sowohl eine Erhöhung des Einspanngrades als auch eine Änderung der Schweißparameter (hinsichtlich Streckenenergie und Geschwindigkeit) zu mehr Erstarrungsrissfläche führen. Besonders die Kombination aus sehr hohem Einspanngrad und hoher Streckenenergie plus hoher Schweißgeschwindigkeit sollte im Sinne der Erstarrungsrissminimierung vermieden werden.
T2 - DVS-Congress
CY - Erfurt, Germany
DA - 16.09.2024
KW - CTS
KW - Erstarrungsrisse
KW - Kehlnähte
PY - 2024
VL - 2024
SP - 193
EP - 200
AN - OPUS4-61069
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Update on "Call for interested people to contribute to series of comprehensive papers on welding and joining of components for sustainable energy systems"
N2 - Based on the initial call in March 2024, an update time-frame is introduced on the working plan for a comprehensive review paper series on joining and welding technologies for the manufacturing of components and parts used in sustainable energy generation, conversion, and transport with focus on hydrogen and wind energy.
T2 - 77th IIW Annual Assembly and International Conference, Meeting of Commission II-A
CY - Ixia, Rhodes, Greece
DA - 07.07.2024
KW - Review paper
KW - Research study
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Joining
KW - Welding
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60674
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröder, Nina
T1 - Auswirkungen von Ti und Nb auf die physikalisch simulierten WEZ- Bereiche von hochfestem Feinkornbaustahl S690QL
N2 - Mikrolegierungselemente, wie Nb und Ti, sind für die signifikante Festigkeitssteigerung von vergüteten, hochfesten Feinkornbaustählen mit einer Nominalstreckgrenze ≥ 690 MPa unerlässlich. Nominalvorgaben zur chemischen Zusammensetzung geben den Herstellern dieser Stähle dabei nur obere Grenzwerte für die Legierungsanteile in der chemischen Zusammensetzung vor. Weiterhin wirken sich bereits kleine Abweichungen in der Legierungsroute teilweise drastisch auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften aus. Somit wird eine adäquate Vorhersage der Schweißeignung und der Integrität der Schweißverbindung aufgrund der variierenden Mikrostruktur erschwert oder ist gar nicht möglich. Unerwünschte Nebeneffekte sind die mögliche Erweichung der Wärmeeinflusszone (WEZ) als auch der gegenteilige Effekt der Aufhärtung. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden erstmals systematisch die unterschiedlichen Mikrolegierungsrouten mit variierenden Ti- und Nb-Gehalten an Versuchsschmelzen untersucht. Die Stahlgüte S690QL bildet dabei die Grundlage der chemischen Zusammensetzung sowie der entsprechenden Wärmebehandlung. Zur Untersuchung des Einflusses von unter-schiedlichen Mikrolegierungsrouten auf die Ausbildung der WEZ wurden physikalische Simulationen an Abschreckproben an einem Dilatometer durchgeführt. Der Fokus der analytischen Betrachtungen lag hier auf der Identifikation der Phasenumwandlungen beim Abkühlen und der finalen WEZ-Gefüge. Ein besonderes Untersuchungsmerkmal bestand in der vorliegenden Arbeit bei der Untersuchung des doppelten Anlassvorganges bzw. der Simulation der interkritischen WEZ (IKWEZ), die sich beim Mehrlagenschweißen ausbildet. Ergeb-nisse haben gezeigt, dass der Effekt unterschiedlicher Mikrolegierungsrouten einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Ausbildung der einzelnen WEZ-Bereiche aufweist. Insbesondere haben Einflüsse, wie die thermische Stabilität der Ausscheidungen wie Ti- oder Nb-Karbonitride und Synergieeffekte zwischen anderen Elementen wie Mo eine Wirkung auf die Phasenumwandlung in der WEZ. Die Ergebnisse lassen sich gut mit den realen Schweißungen kongruieren und stellen hier eine systematische Validierung und einen umsetzbaren Wissenstransfer in die Entwicklung der Stahlherstellung und ihrer fügetechnischen Verarbeitung dar.
T2 - DVS CONGRESS 2024
CY - Erfurt, Germany
DA - 16.09.2024
KW - WEZ-Erweichung
KW - Mikrolegierungseinflüsse
KW - Dilatometrie
PY - 2024
SP - 1
EP - 9
AN - OPUS4-61379
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Liepold, Philipp
T1 - Crack Segmentation via Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for Varestraint Type Tests
N2 - The Modified Varestraint-Transvarestraint (MVT) hot cracking test is the local variant of the world wide used Varestraint type tests. In this work, a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) was trained to segment cracks in light microscope images of welded MVT samples. The network was trained on a dataset created by the presenter of considerable size. With the help of CNNs, the evaluation of MVT test samples can be automated, reducing the influence of human error on the evaluation.
T2 - MPA Stuttgart
CY - Stuttgart, Germany
DA - 8.10.2024
KW - CNN
KW - MVT
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61332
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Reichel, Levin
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Beanspruchungsgerechte Reparatur von Schweißverbindungen bei der Fertigung von Bauteilen aus hochfesten Feinkornbaustählen
N2 - Zunehmende Anlagengrößen im Bereich Windenergie erfordern hochfeste Stähle, um vorhandene Leichtbaupotenziale auszuschöpfen. An die schweißtechnische Verarbeitung dieser Stahlgüten werden hohe Anforderungen gestellt. Bei mittels zerstörungsfreier Prüfung festgestellten Fehlstellen empfehlen geltende Verarbeitungsrichtlinien lokales Ausfugen und Reparaturschweißen. Degradationen der speziellen hochfesten Gefüge und Werkstoffeigenschaften sowie hohe Schrumpfbehinderungen der umliegenden Struktur ausgefugter Bereiche erhöhen das Risiko erneuter Schweißdefekte, insbesondere durch Überlagerung von globalen und lokalen schweißbedingten Eigenspannungen nach dem Reparaturschweißen. Fehlende Informationen über geeignete Reparaturkonzepte in den Regelwerken können dazu führen, dass reparaturbedingte Beanspruchungen unzureichend berücksichtigt werden. Das FOSTA-Vorhaben P1311 (IGF20162N) fokussiert das Reparaturschweißen zweier hochfester Stähle: S500MLO für Offshore-Anwendungen und S960QL für Errichterstrukturen, z. B. Mobilkräne. Simulationen von Einspannbedingungen und Bauteilanalysen sowie Versuche mit anwendungs- bzw. realitätsnahen Bauteilstrukturen ließen sich auftretende schweißbedingte Beanspruchungen mittels Röntgendiffraktometrie (XRD), Härtemessungen und metallografischer Untersuchungen ermitteln. In diesem Beitrag steht die Interaktion aus Wärmeführung und konstruktiver Steifigkeit als Einfluss auf die entstehenden Beanspruchungen bei einfacher und mehrfacher Reparatur im Vordergrund. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich risskritische Eigenspannungen durch adaptierte Wärmeführungskonzepte vermeiden lassen, und dass dies eine Grundlage für Verarbeitungsempfehlungen und für normative Vorgaben ist. Dies kann insbesondere kleine und mittelständischen Unternehmen bei einer wirtschaftlichen, beanspruchungsgerechten Reparatur hochfester geschweißter Bauteilen unterstützen.
T2 - DVS Innovationstage 2024
CY - Düsseldorf, Germany
DA - 10.04.2024
KW - Mod. Sprühlichtbogen
KW - Reparaturschweißen
KW - Thermisches Ausfugen
KW - Offshore
KW - P1311
PY - 2024
SP - 120
EP - 126
AN - OPUS4-61931
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Reichel, Levin
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Beanspruchungsgerechte Reparatur von Schweiß-Verbindungen bei der Fertigung von Bauteilen aus hochfesten Feinkornbaustählen (FOSTA P1311, IGF 20162 N)
N2 - Zunehmende Anlagengrößen im Bereich Windenergie erfordern hochfeste Stähle, um vorhandene Leichtbaupotenziale auszuschöpfen. An die schweißtechnische Verarbeitung dieser Stahlgüten werden hohe Anforderungen gestellt. Bei mittels zerstörungsfreier Prüfung festgestellten Fehlstellen empfehlen geltende Verarbeitungsrichtlinien lokales Ausfugen und Reparaturschweißen. Degradationen der speziellen hochfesten Gefüge und Werkstoffeigenschaften sowie hohe Schrumpfbehinderungen der umliegenden Struktur ausgefugter Bereiche erhöhen das Risiko erneuter Schweißdefekte, insbesondere durch Überlagerung von globalen und lokalen schweißbedingten Eigenspannungen nach dem Reparaturschweißen. Fehlende Informationen über geeignete Reparaturkonzepte in den Regelwerken können dazu führen, dass reparaturbedingte Beanspruchungen unzureichend berücksichtigt werden. Das FOSTA-Vorhaben P1311 (IGF20162N) fokussiert das Reparaturschweißen zweier hochfester Stähle: S500MLO für Offshore- Anwendungen und S960QL für Errichterstrukturen, z. B. Mobilkräne. Simulationen von Einspannbedingungen und Bauteilanalysen sowie Versuche mit anwendungs- bzw. realitätsnahen Bauteilstrukturen ließen sich auftretende schweißbedingte Beanspruchungen mittels Röntgendiffraktometrie (XRD), Härtemessungen und metallografischer Untersuchungen ermitteln. In diesem Beitrag steht die Interaktion aus Wärmeführung und konstruktiver Steifigkeit als Einfluss auf die entstehenden Beanspruchungen bei einfacher und mehrfacher Reparatur im Vordergrund. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich risskritische Eigenspannungen durch adaptierte Wärmeführungskonzepte vermeiden lassen, und dass dies eine Grundlage für Verarbeitungsempfehlungen und für normative Vorgaben ist. Dies kann insbesondere kleine und mittelständischen Unternehmen bei einer wirtschaftlichen, beanspruchungsgerechten Reparatur hochfester geschweißter Bauteilen unterstützen.
T2 - DVS Innovationstage 2024
CY - Düsseldorf, Germany
DA - 10.04.2024
KW - Reparaturschweißen
KW - Thermisches Ausfugen
KW - Sprühlichtbogen
KW - Offshore
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61933
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Giese, Marcel
T1 - Defined surfaces via ultrasonic assisted machining of modified wear protection coating alloys
N2 - The development of technologies for climate-neutral energy generation is an important contribution to reducing CO2 emissions, whereby the efficient use of material systems is a key factor. Wear-resistant coatings are required for highly efficient and economical steel components in energy, process and power plant engineering in order to withstand the high corrosive, tribological, thermal and mechanical loads. Considering price and supply risks as well as the increasing demands on corrosive resistance at high temperatures, conventional cobalt alloys are to be replaced by nickel alloys. In addition, there is a growing demand for defined surfaces of high quality or functional surfaces of these protective coatings. The milling required for this is often not economically feasible, especially for SMEs, due to high tool wear.
A joint project of BAM and ISAF of TU Clausthal (Fosta P1550/IGF 21959 N) investigates the optimization of these challenging machining conditions by means of alloy modifications of the welding powder for plasma transferred arc cladding, without reducing the wear protection potential and using innovative ultrasonic assisted milling process for better machinability without reducing wear resistance.
This article presents the results of investigations into the relationships between different alloy modifications (Ti, Al, Nb Mo and Hf with wX ≤ 0.01), the resulting microstructure and precipitation morphology, the machinability and the wear protection properties using a NiCrMoSiFeB alloy (trade name: Colmonoy 56 PTA). Tests using cast samples have already shown that the addition of Nb leads to a finer distribution of the hard phases and that this results in a reduction in cutting forces and tool wear during ultrasonic-assisted milling. The change in the microstructure morphology through the addition of Al, on the other hand, causes a significant increase in the cutting forces that occur.
T2 - IIW Annual Assembly
CY - Rhodos, Griechenland
DA - 07.07.2024
KW - Ultrasonic assisted milling
KW - Surface integrity
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61926
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Evaluation of the wear protection of modified NiMoCrSi alloy and machinability using ultrasonic-assisted milling
N2 - The development of technologies for climate-neutral energy generation is an important contribution to reducing CO2 emissions, whereby the efficient use of material systems is a key factor. Wear-resistant coatings are required for highly efficient and economical steel components in energy, process and power plant engineering in order to withstand the high corrosive, tribological, thermal and mechanical loads. Considering price and supply risks as well as the increasing demands on corrosive resistance at high temperatures, conventional cobalt alloys are to be replaced by nickel alloys. In addition, there is a growing demand for defined surfaces of high quality or functional surfaces of these protective coatings. The milling required for this is often not economically feasible, especially for SMEs, due to high tool wear.
A joint project of BAM and ISAF of TU Clausthal (Fosta P1550/IGF 21959 N) investigates the optimization of these challenging machining conditions by means of alloy modifications of the welding powder for plasma transferred arc cladding, without reducing the wear protection potential and using innovative ultrasonic assisted milling process for better machinability without reducing wear resistance.
This article presents the results of investigations into the relationships between different alloy modifications (Ti, Al, Nb Mo and Hf with wX ≤ 0.01), the resulting microstructure and precipitation morphology, the machinability and the wear protection properties using a NiCrMoSiFeB alloy (trade name: Colmonoy 56 PTA). Tests using cast samples have already shown that the addition of Nb leads to a finer distribution of the hard phases and that this results in a reduction in cutting forces and tool wear during ultrasonic-assisted milling. The change in the microstructure morphology through the addition of Al, on the other hand, causes a significant increase in the cutting forces that occur.
T2 - IIW Intermediate meeting of Commission II-A
CY - Online meeting
DA - 12.03.2024
KW - Ultrasonic assisted milling
KW - Surface integrity
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61924
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hübner, Martin
T1 - Effects of weld seam design on the fatigue strength of welded components with LTT welding filler
N2 - Low Transformation Temperature (LTT) welding fillers offer an innovative approach to increase the compressive residual stresses in weld seams which have a positive impact on the fatigue strength of welded structures. LTT welding fillers exhibit a martensitic phase transformation close to ambient temperature which generates compressive residual stresses through a volume expansion in the weld seam and the heat affected zone (HAZ). This article focuses on the punctually placement of additional LTT layers to generate compressive residual stresses in fatigue-critical areas of conventional weld joints. This enables an economical solution without effecting the integrity of welded joints. For this, longitudinal stiffeners made of high-strength steel were gas metal arc welded using conventional welding consumable in the first layer. Afterwards, a chromium-nickel alloyed LTT welding consumable was applied on front sides of the stiffeners. By varying the welding parameters, three different weld geometries of the LTT weld bead could be realized. The effects of additional LTT layers were investigated with regards to dilution, residual stresses, and fatigue strength. The dilution does not exhibit much difference regards to the chemical composition. Therefore, it can be assumed that all three variants have a similar martensite start temperature. X-ray residual stresses measurements show that the residual stresses at the critical weld toe are significantly reduced by using LTT welding filler. While the conventional weld is characterized by tensile residual stresses, compressive residual stresses can be detected at the LTT weld. The level of residual stresses is influenced by the geometry of the LTT layer. LTT layers with a high offset to the conventional weld generate more compressive residual stresses in the HAZ than with a low offset. Therefore, the weld geometry has a considerable impact on the residual stress profile. The fatigue testing results shows that the LTT layers in all three variants has a positive impact to the fatigue strength.
T2 - MPA Seminar Stuttgart 2024
CY - Stuttgart, Germany
DA - 08.10.2024
KW - LTT (Low Transformation Temperature)
KW - Fatigue strength
KW - Weld geometry
KW - Residual stress
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61615
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
T1 - Evaluation of the wear protection of modified Nimocrsi alloy and machinability using ultrasonic-assisted milling
N2 - The targets for reducing CO2 emissions are closely linked to the development of highly efficient and economical steel components in plant, process and power plant technology, which require wear protection coatings tailored to the application and steel material for high combined corrosive, tribological, thermal and mechanical stresses. There is a growing demand in industry for defined functional surfaces of high quality for these coatings. Milling is a standard process for finish machining. The desired properties of wear resistant alloys imply significant challenges for the milling process due to high tool wear and surface defects. Besides the hardness of the coating materials, especially due to the precipitations, inhomogeneous, anisotropic weld structures of the claddings lead to further deteriorations of milling processes due to unstable milling conditions and process forces.
A joint project of BAM and ISAF of TU Clausthal (Fosta P1550/IGF 21959 N) investigates the optimization of these challenging machining conditions by means of alloy modifications of the welding powder for plasma transferred arc cladding, without reducing the wear protection potential and using ultrasonic assisted milling process.
T2 - 6th European Symposium on Friction, Wear and Wear Protection
CY - Oberhof, Germany
DA - 26.02.2024
KW - Ultrasonic assisted milling
KW - Surface integrity
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61927
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wandtke, Karsten
T1 - Einfluss Spanender Bearbeitungsschritte auf die Eigenspannungen in additiv gefertigten Bauteilen aus hochfestem Stahl
N2 - Der Vortrag gibt einen Überblick über den Einfluss der Prozessparameter auf die Eigenspannungen sowie die Härte in additiv gefertigten Bauteilen aus hochfestem stahl. Des Weiteren wird dargestellt, wie sich das Bauteildesign und trennende Fertigungsschritte auf die Eigenspannungen der Bauteile auswirken.
T2 - Fachausschuss für Eigenspannungen AWT
CY - Wolfsburg, Germany
DA - 20.03.2024
KW - Hochfester Stahl
KW - Additive Fertigung
KW - Eigenspannungen
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61624
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Becker, Amadeus
T1 - Adequate repair concepts for high-strength steel weld joints considering design influences
N2 - The sustainable and resource-efficient production of wind energy plants requires the use of modern high-strength fine-grain structural steels. This applies to both foundation and erection structures. During the assembly of steel structures, unacceptable defects can occasionally be found in the weld area. In most cases, the economical solution would be local thermal gouging of the affected areas and re-welding. Due to the high shrinkage restraint of the joint groove in the overall structure, the superposition of design and welding-induced residual stress can lead to crack formation and ultimately to component failure, particularly in interaction with the degradation of the microstructure and mechanical properties high-strength steels during the repair process.
In this context, component-related investigations (FOSTA-P1311/IGF-Nr. 20162 N) focusing on welding residual stress evolution during local thermal gouging and rewelding of S500MLO and S960QL are carried out using in-situ digital image correlation (DIC) and ex-situ X-ray diffraction methods (XRD). Therefore, self-restrained specimens were systematically gouged and rewelded with defined welding heat control (heat input, working temperature) and parameters. By means of structural mechanics calculations, geometries of self-restrained specimens were identified, that represent defined rigidity conditions of repair welds of real components. It could be shown that with increasing restraint intensity significantly higher residual stresses occur in the weld metal and heat affected zone. Furthermore, it revealed that the transverse stresses along the weld seam decrease at the weld seam ends leading to different stress state during gouging and welding. XRD analysis of the local residual stresses after cooling to RT longitudinal and transverse to the weld direction showed a good comparability with global DIC analyses.
T2 - Bachelor-, Master-, Doktoranden-Kolloquium der Otto-von-Guericke Universität Magdeburg
CY - Magdeburg, Germany
DA - 20.10.2021
KW - High-strength steels
KW - Repair welding
KW - X-ray diffraction
KW - Digital image correlation
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53640
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Engelking, Lorenz
T1 - Regelwerke aus Forschungsvorhaben der Forschungsvereinigung des DVS: „Herstellung beanspruchungsgerechter Oberflächen durch Kombination innovativer additiver und abtragender Fertigungsschritte an hochbelasteten Komponenten“
N2 - In vielen Anwendungen werden aufgrund zunehmender Anforderungen an den Widerstand gegenüber hohen, kombinierten mechanischen, tribologischen, thermischen und korrosiven Beanspruchungen Hochleistungsle¬gierungen eingesetzt. Den vielfach komplexen Bauteilstrukturen, herausfordernden Fertigungseigenschaften und der Erhöhung der Ressourceneffizienz lässt sich heute mit der additiven Fertigung (AM) begegnen, dem oftmals noch unzureichende Kenntnisse über die resultierende Homogenität und Anisotropie der speziellen Gefüge und den damit verbundenen Eigenschaften entgegensteht. Viele Anwendungen benötigen zudem definierte Oberflächen mit hohen Anforderungen an die Oberflächenintegrität, dem durch komplementären Einsatz von additiven und abtragenden Fertigungsschritten Rechnung getragen wird. Hochleistungslegierungen auf der Basis von Nickel oder Kobalt sind infolge der niedrigen Wärmeleitfähigkeit verbunden mit hoher Festigkeit und Zähigkeit äußerst herausfordernd mit Blick auf eine wirtschaftliche Zerspanung mit geometrisch bestimmter Schneide. Ein Vorhaben (IGF-Nr. 20.979 N/DVS-Nr. 1.3211) der BAM und TU Clausthal/ISAF befasst sich mit der Lösung dieser Problemstellung durch gezielte Beeinflussung des Gefüges mittels Modifikation der Schweißzusatzwerkstoffe und den Einsatz des ultraschallunterstützten Fräsens (US), bei gleichzeitiger Sicherstellung der geforderten Eigenschaften der untersuchten Werkstoffe. Es werden die Ergebnisse der Mikrostruktur und der Zerspanbarkeit der Modifikationen der FeNi36-Referenzlegierung mit 0,33 Gew.-% Ti, Zr sowie Hf und der Modifikationen der CoCr-Referenzlegierung mit 1 Gew.-% Ti, Zr sowie Hf vorgestellt. Abschließend werden aus den Ergebnissen Handlungsempfehlungen abgeleitet.
T2 - Sitzung der Arbeitsgruppe (AG) V 12 „Additive Fertigung“
CY - Online meeting
DA - 23.11.2022
KW - Legierungsmodifikation
KW - Ultraschallunterstütztes Fräsen
KW - Additive Fertigung
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56610
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Engelking, Lorenz
T1 - Bericht zum Fortschritt des laufenden Projekts: „Herstellung beanspruchungsgerechter Oberflächen durch Kombination innovativer additiver und abtragender Fertigungsschritte an hochbelasteten Komponenten“
N2 - Das DVS-Vorhaben 01.3211 „Herstellung beanspruchungsgerechter Oberflächen durch Kombination innovativer additiver und abtragender Fertigungsschritte an hochbelasteten Komponenten“ ist ein Kooperationsprojekt der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) und dem Institut für Schweißtechnik und Trennende Fertigungsverfahren (ISAF) der Technischen Universität Clausthal. Das Übergeordnete Projektziel ist das Erlangen von Erkenntnissen für eine sichere und wirtschaftliche, kombinierte additive und abtragende Fertigung aus kostenintensiven Werkstoffen hochbelasteter Komponenten insbesondere für KMU. Dabei stehe die beiden Werkstoffe CoCr26Ni9Mo5W (2.4681) und FeNi36 (1.3912) im Fokus. Mittels Modifikation der Schweißzusätze sind homogen und isotrop ausgeprägte Werkstoffeigenschaften und eine Erhöhung der Prozessstabilität und Fertigungsfreiheitsgrade bei der additiven Fertigung erzielbar. Darüber hinaus wird der Einfluss nachfolgender abtragender Bearbeitungsschritte des ultraschallunterstützen und des konventionellen Fräsprozesses untersucht. Die mit dem Forschungsvorhaben verbundenen Nutzen für KMU sind die Stärkung der Innovationsfähigkeit und der Wirtschaftlichkeit sowie die Erhöhung der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit. In AP-2 wurden die Legierungsmodifikationen des CoCr-Ausgangswerkstoffes sowie des FeNi36-Ausgangswerkstoffes abgeschlossen. In AP-4 wurden Zerspanversuche an den Modifikationen des FeNi36-Ausgangswerkstoffes sowie des CoCr-Ausgangswerkstoffes gefahren. Ferner wurden die zur Übertragung auf den MSG-Prozess ausgewählten Modifikationen beider Ausgangswerkstoffe vorgestellt.
T2 - Sitzung des Fachausschusses 01 „Schweißmetallurgie und Werkstoffverhalten“ des DVS
CY - Magdeburg, Germany
DA - 09.11.2022
KW - Legierungsmodifikation
KW - Ultraschallunterstütztes Fräsen
KW - Additive Fertigung
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56609
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eissel, A.
T1 - Bericht zum Fortschritt des laufenden Projekts:„Herstellung beanspruchungsgerechter Oberflächen durch Kombination innovativer additiver und abtragender Fertigungsschritte an hochbelasteten Komponenten“
N2 - In vielen Anwendungen werden aufgrund zunehmender Anforderungen an den Widerstand gegenüber hohen, kombinierten mechanischen, tribologischen, thermischen und korrosiven Beanspruchungen Hochleistungsle¬gierungen eingesetzt. Den vielfach komplexen Bauteilstrukturen, herausfordernden Fertigungseigenschaften und der Erhöhung der Ressourceneffizienz lässt sich heute mit der additiven Fertigung (AM) begegnen, dem oftmals noch unzureichende Kenntnisse über die resultierende Homogenität und Anisotropie der speziellen Gefüge und den damit verbundenen Eigenschaften entgegensteht. Viele Anwendungen benötigen zudem definierte Oberflächen mit hohen Anforderungen an die Oberflächenintegrität, dem durch komplementären Einsatz von additiven und abtragenden Fertigungsschritten Rechnung getragen wird. Hochleistungslegierungen auf der Basis von Nickel oder Kobalt sind infolge der niedrigen Wärmeleitfähigkeit verbunden mit hoher Festigkeit und Zähigkeit äußerst herausfordernd mit Blick auf eine wirtschaftliche Zerspanung mit geometrisch bestimmter Schneide. Ein Vorhaben (IGF-Nr. 20.979 N/DVS-Nr. 1.3211) der BAM und TU Clausthal/ISAF befasst sich mit der Lösung dieser Problemstellung durch gezielte Beeinflussung des Gefüges mittels Modifikation der Schweißzusatzwerkstoffe und den Einsatz des ultraschallunterstützten Fräsens (US), bei gleichzeitiger Sicherstellung der geforderten Eigenschaften der untersuchten Werkstoffe. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden für die beiden untersuchten FeNi und CoCr-Legierungen wesentliche Zusammenhänge zwischen ver¬schiedenen Legierungsmodifikationen, der entstehenden Gefüge¬morphologie und den Zerspanungseigenschaften von mittels PTA additiv gefertigter Proben dargestellt. Hierbei ließen sich Ti, Zr und Hf pulvermetallurgisch zu den jeweiligen Ausgangsschweißzusätzen hinzulegieren.
T2 - #additivefertigung: Metall in bestForm
CY - Essen, Germany
DA - 26.10.2022
KW - Legierungsmodifikation
KW - Ultraschallunterstütztes Fräsen
KW - Additive Fertigung
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56613
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Engelking, Lorenz
T1 - Untersuchungen zum Einfluss der Amplitude beim ultraschallunterstützten Schlichtfräsen schwer spanbarer FeNi Legierungen
N2 - Es werden erzielte Ergebnisse des ultraschallunterstützen Schlichtfräsens einer schwer spanbaren FeNi-Legierung vorgestellt. Dabei wird der Einfluss der Amplitude der Ultraschallunterstützung auf die Zerspankraft sowie die Oberflächenintegrität untersucht, wobei ein besonderer Fokus auf die Passivkraft gelegt wird. Die Ultraschallunterstützung bedingt beim Schlichtfräsen der Alloy 36 im Vergleich zum konventionellen Fräsprozess eine signifikante Reduzierung der resultierenden Zerspankraft sowie der Rauheit. Außerdem werden oberflächennahen Druckeigenspannungen induziert. Eine Angehobene Osziallations-Amplitude beim ultraschallunterstützten Fräsen bewirkt eine Erhöhung des Anteils der Passivkraft an der resultierenden Zerspankraft sowie eine Erhöhung der oberflächennahen Druckeigenspannungen und eine Verringerung von Oberflächendefekten und Rauheitskennwerten.
T2 - Bachelor-, Master-, Doktoranden-Kolloquium
CY - Magdeburg, Germany
DA - 30.11.2022
KW - Ultraschallunterstütztes Fräsen
KW - Alloy 36
KW - Oberflächenintegrität
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56612
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - RPRT
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Fügetechnik für die neue Wasserstoffökonomie – Werkstoffe, Schweißtechnologien, Perspektiven –
N2 - Die Studie gibt einen Überblick über die Aspekte der Fügetechnik und ihrer Bedeutung in Wasserstofftechnologien. Dazu werden die Grundlagen der Technologiefelder Wasserstofferzeugung, -speicherung, -transport und -nutzung vorgestellt und der Stand der Technik der fügetechnischen Fertigung von Komponenten in Wasserstofftechnologien zusammengefasst. Dabei werden nicht nur exklusiv Metalle betrachtet. Anhand repräsentativer Beispiele aus der Praxis, Forschung und Entwicklung wird die Bedeutung der Fügetechnik in Wasserstofftechnologien klar herausgestellt und mögliche Perspektiven für die Zukunft abgeleitet. Hier ist ersichtlich, dass Fügetechnologien wesentliche Bedeutung für die erfolgreiche Umsetzung von technischen Komponenten der Wasserstofftechnologien haben, von der Erzeugung bis zur Anwendung. Aus gesamtwirtschaftlicher Sicht umfassen die Schwerpunkte bzw. Trends der Fügetechnik dabei: die Erstellung neuer Infrastruktur für Wasserstoffspeicherung und -transport sowie die sichere Umnutzung der bestehenden Erdgasinfrastruktur. Bei der Wasserstoffanwendung wird die effiziente massentaugliche Produktion von Brennstoffzellen immer wichtiger. Es ist zudem klar ersichtlich, dass die additive Fertigung bereits jetzt ein hohes Potential für Komponenten von Wasserstofftechnologien besitzen und dieses wachsen wird. Aus den perspektivischen Anwendungen ergeben sich zudem Herausforderungen und Forschungsbedarfe für die notwendigen nationalen und internationalen Regelwerke und technischen Normen. Schwerpunktmäßig sind hierbei die bereits bestehenden Empfehlungen und kodifizierten Regeln vollständig zu adaptieren und in die Aus- und Weiterbildung von fügetechnischem Fachpersonal einzubetten.
KW - Fügetechnik
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Werkstoffe
KW - Prozesse
KW - Perspektiven
PY - 2021
UR - https://www.dvs-media.eu/de/neuerscheinungen/4425/dvs-studie-zur-fuegetechnik-fuer-die-neue-wasserstoffoekonomie-werkstoffe-schweisstechnologien-perspektiven
SN - 978-3-96144-157-0
SN - 978-3-96144-158-7
VL - 373
SP - 1
EP - 59
PB - DVS Media GmbH
CY - Düsseldorf
AN - OPUS4-53498
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Becker, Amadeus
T1 - Beanspruchungsgerechte Reparatur beim Bauteilschweißen hochfester Feinkornbaustähle
N2 - Eine nachhaltige und ressourceneffiziente Fertigung und Errichtung von Windenergieanlagen, sowohl auf See als auch an Land, erfordert zunehmend den Einsatz moderner hochfester Feinkornbaustähle. Werden nach dem Schweißen dieser hochfesten Konstruktionen unzulässige Defekte detektiert, sind nach geltenden Verarbeitungsrichtlinien die defekten Bereiche durch lokales Ausfugen und anschließendes Schweißen zu reparieren. Fehlende Informationen zu adäquaten Reparaturkonzepten in den Regelwerken bedingen oftmals eine unzureichende Berücksichtigung dabei auftretender zusätzlicher Beanspruchungen durch die erhöhte Schrumpfbehinderung der Ausfugenuten. Zusätzlich haben die ausführenden Betriebe vielfach kaum Kenntnis über die Degradation angrenzender Gefüge durch thermische Ausfugeprozesse und erneutes Schweißen, die in diesem Zusammenhang besonders bei den hochfesten Stählen als kritisch anzusehen sind. Das aktuelle Forschungsvorhaben der BAM (FOSTA P1311/IGF-Nr.20162N) fokussiert hierfür systematisch bauteilrelevante Untersuchungen zu den schweißbedingten Beanspruchungen und Gefügeveränderungen bei der Reparatur von hochfesten Schweißverbindungen. Wesentlich sind hierbei der Einfluss der Schrumpfbehinderung, der Wärmeführung beim Schweißen und Ausfugen sowie der Reparaturzyklenanzahl und die metallurgischen Aspekte bei den hochfesten Güten S500MLO für zukünftige Offshore-Anwendungen und S960QL für aktuelle Mobilkrananwendungen. Aufbauend auf einigen Studien zur schweißbedingten Beanspruchung hochfester Stähle zeigt der vorliegende Beitrag die Identifikation geeigneter Probengeometrien und Schweißdetails mittels numerischer und experimenteller Analysen. Dadurch wird die Übertragbarkeit der vorgestellten Schweißexperimente und Ergebnisse hinsichtlich der resultierenden Schweißeigenspannungen auf reale Reparaturfälle im Bereich des hochfesten Stahlbaus sichergestellt. Es zeigt sich in Übereinstimmung mit früheren Ergebnissen eine signifikante Erhöhung der Beanspruchungen an den variierten schlitzförmigen Prüfnähten. Das Eigenspannungsniveau sowohl im Schweißgut als auch in der WEZ korreliert mit dem Einspanngrad. Mit dem Ziel beanspruchungs- und werkstoffgerechte Reparaturkonzepte zu erarbeiten, sind zum einen geringere Wärmeinbringungen, besonders durch niedrige Zwischenlagentemperaturen und Einspannbedingungen anzustreben, um hohe Beanspruchungen und kritische Gefügedegradationen im Reparaturbereich zu vermeiden. Dies wird durch systematische Untersuchungen zum Ausfugen und Schweißen sowie letztlich dem Transfer von Verarbeitungsempfehlungen für die Anwender und Richtlinien erreicht.
T2 - DVS Congress 2021
CY - Essen, Germany
DA - 14.09.2021
KW - Eigenspannungen
KW - Hochfest
KW - Feinkornbaustahl
KW - Reparatur
KW - Schweißen
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53317
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Becker, Amadeus
T1 - Consideration of design influences to provide adequate repair concepts for high-strength steel weld joints in offshore support structures
N2 - The sustainable and resource-efficient production of offshore wind turbines requires the use of modern high-strength fine-grained structural steels (Martin and Schroeter, 2005). This applies to wind turbines in terms of increasing turbine sizes as well as to maintenance and installation vessels and equipment (Ummenhofer et al., 2013). Without the demanded high load-bearing capacities and boom lengths, the economic realization of these goals would be inconceivable. During the assembly of high-strength steel structures, unacceptable defects can occasionally be found in the weld area, although the welding process was executed in accordance with the specifications. In most cases, the economical solution would be local thermal gouging of the affected areas and re-welding. Corresponding standards hardly provide any information on adequate repair concepts, and there is no uniform scientific data on which to base such concepts. This applies particularly to the consideration and optimization of welding-induced stresses due to the high shrinkage hindrance of the gouging grooves and degradation of the adjacent microstructures by gouging and re-welding. The result, especially in the case of high-strength steel grades, are frequently recurring imperfections as well as a missing consideration of the additionally induced welding stresses in the design of the structure. In this context, at BAM component-relevant investigations focused on welding residual stress evolution and microstructural degradation during repair of weld joints due to local thermal gouging and re-welding are carried out within the scope of a FOSTA project (P1311, IGF 20162N).
In this study, several relevant findings are discussed based on examples of structural engineering focusing on mechanical-technological properties and residual stresses, for instance found by (Schasse, 2017). Also experimental and numerical work as conducted by (Wongpanya, 2008) and weld tests under defined shrinkage restraint in special weld test-setups for research projects, e. g. FOSTA-P922 (Kannengiesser and Schroepfer, 2015) and P1011 (Kannengiesser and Schroepfer, 2017) have shown that an optimization of the welding-induced stresses of high-strength structural steels is specifically achievable by means of adapted heat control concepts (Schroepfer, 2017). The present research involves systematic investigations of influences of shrinkage restraint, the number of repair cycles and heat control during repair welding of the relatively new developed offshore-relevant high-strength steel S500MLO (EN 10225-1). For the quantification of the shrinkage restraint of weld joints, the concept of restraint intensity established by (Satho et al., 1973) was applied analogous to recent research, e. g. (Schwenk et al., 2008). By means of structural mechanics calculations, geometries of self-strained specimens were identified, that represent different defined rigidity conditions of repair welds of real components, cf. Fig. 1. It could be shown that with increasing weld joint restraint intensity significantly higher residual stresses in the weld metal and heat affected zone up to 80 % of the nominal yield strength occur, cf. Fig. 2. In relation to existing results, it has been shown that a safe repair of such welds can only be achieved by means of appropriate repair concepts and heat control taking the high welding stresses and special microstructures of high-strength steels into account.
Finally, the aim of this research is to derive recommendations for repair concepts appropriate to the stresses and materials involved providing a basis for standards and guidelines, especially for SMEs, in order to avoid damage and, in most cases, expensive reworking and to improve the full utilization of the potential of high-strength steels.
T2 - Wind Energy Science Conference 2021
CY - Online meeting
DA - 25.05.2021
KW - High-strength structural steels
KW - Welding
KW - Repair
KW - Residual stresses
KW - Restraint
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53319
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Nietzke, Jonathan
T1 - Diffusionsmessungen in UP-Mehrlagenschweißgut als effektives Tool gegen verzögerte Kaltrissbildung in Dickblechschweißungen
N2 - Offshore-Windenergieanlagen bilden einen zentralen Bestandteil der zukünftigen Energieerzeugung. Hierzu notwendige Gründungs- und Turmstrukturen werden vorrangig aus UP-geschweißten Blechen aus hochfesten niedriglegierten Stählen mit Dicken bis zu 200 mm hergestellt. Die großen Blechdicken begünstigen hohe Schweißeigenspannungen und lange Diffusionswege für z.B. über den Schweißprozess eingebrachten Wasserstoff. Damit steigt das Risiko für eine wasserstoffunterstützte Kaltrissbildung (WKB) an. Zum sichereren Ausschluss von WKB in den geschweißten Komponenten wird in Abhängigkeit der Nahtgröße, Wärmeeinbringung und Stahlsorte eine Mindestwartezeit (MWZ) von bis zu 48 h empfohlen, bevor die zerstörungsfreie Prüfung durchgeführt wird. Es ist allerdings offen, ob die empfohlene MWZ zu konservativ ist. Einflüsse sind hier bspw. die schwierige Bewertung des Wasserstoffdiffusionsverhaltens im heterogenen UP-Mehrlagen-Schweißgut (SG) im Vergleich zum Grundwerkstoff (GW). Zudem sind nur sehr begrenzt H-Diffusions-koeffizienten für UP-Mehrlagen-SG als Grundlage zur Abschätzung des Zeitintervalls einer möglichen verzögerten Kaltrissbildung (somit MWZ) oder auch für Nachwärmprozeduren zur Wasserstoffreduktion (keine MWZ) verfügbar. Verlässliche H-Diffusionskoeffizienten sind daher ein adäquates Tool zur Bewertung des Risikos einer verzögerten WKB. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt Untersuchungen zur Charakterisierung der Wasserstoffdiffusionsverhalten in UP-Mehrlagen-SG eines 60 mm dicken Bleches einer Offshore-Stahlgüte. Dazu wurden Proben unterschiedlicher Dicke aus dem reinen Schweißgut extrahiert und über elektrochemische Permeation und Trägergasheißextraktion im Temperaturbereich bis 400 °C sehr interessante Ergebnisse zu den korrespon-dierenden Diffusionskoeffizienten erarbeitet. Es zeigte sich, dass:
1. Diffusionskoeffizienten bei Umgebungstemperatur als Tool zur Bewertung einer MWZ geeignet sind. Jedoch veränderte sich der Diffusionskoeffizient mit der untersuchten Probendicke um bis zu einer Größenordnung, d. h. daraus abgeleitete Wartezeiten differieren dementsprechend.
2. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass MWZs von bis zu 48 h einerseits möglicherweise zu konservativ gewählt sind, da der Wasserstoff schneller aus der Naht diffundiert. Andererseits muss aber auch die schnellere Diffusion in weitere potenziell risskritische Nahtbereiche, wie die WEZ, berücksichtigt werden. Daher ist noch keine direkte Aussage auf eine verallgemeinerte WKB-Anfälligkeit (ja/nein) innerhalb der MWZ möglich.
3. Im Fall einer konservativen Prävention der WKB durch Wasserstoffarmglühen (Vermeidung der MWZ) sind die Diffusionskoeffizienten bei erhöhten Temperaturen bis 400 °C zur Abschätzung der notwendigen Haltezeiten geeignet, z. B. über die numerische Simulation der Wasserstoffdiffusion.
T2 - DVS Congress 2021
CY - Essen, Germany
DA - 14.09.2021
KW - UP-Schweißen
KW - Offshore
KW - Windturbine
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Diffusion
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53322
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Richter, Tim
T1 - Characterization of Hydrogen Diffusion in a Thick-walled Submerged Arc Multi-Layer Weld Joint
N2 - The energy production of the future will be dominated by CO2-emission free techniques like wind turbines and become essential in scope of the planned hydrogen economy. As onshore installation capacity is limited, the in-crease of the number of offshore wind turbines (OWT) is a major goal. In that connection, the OWTs continuously increase in size and weight and demand adequate foundations concepts like monopiles or tripods. These compo-nents are typically manufactured from welded mild steel plates with thickness up to 200 mm. The predominant welding technique is submerged arc welding (SAW) with up to five wires. In accordance with the standards, the occurrence of delayed hydrogen assisted cracking is anticipated by either a hydrogen removal heat treatment (HRHT) or a so-called minimum waiting time (MWT) before non-destructive testing (NDT) of the respective weld joint is allowed. The reason for the MWT is the necessary time for the hydrogen diffusion at ambient temperature due the high plate thickness. Both the effectiveness of a HRHT at elevated temperatures or the MWT at ambient temperature can be estimated by calculation of the diffusion time. This time depends on reliable hydrogen diffu-sion coefficients and these are rare in literature. For that reason, this study presents the hydrogen diffusion coef-ficients obtained from a multi-layer SAW joint of an offshore steel grade. Two different experimental techniques were used to identify the respective diffusion behavior: (1) hydrogen desorption experiments with a carrier gas hot extraction analyzer at elevated temperatures for the characterization of a HRHT and (2) the electrochemical permeation technique at ambient temperature for the characterization of an MWT. From both experiments, the respective diffusion coefficients were calculated. The obtained DCs are different from those reported in literature, i.e., the duration or applicability of a HRHT or MWT must be critically discussed.
T2 - European Congress and Exhibition on Advanced Materials and Process - Euromat 2021
CY - Online meeting
DA - 13.09.2021
KW - Welding
KW - Offshore
KW - Wind turbine
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Cracking
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53296
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
T1 - Process-related influences and correlations in wire arc additive manufacturing of high-strength steels
N2 - High-strength fine-grained structural steels have great potential for weight-optimized, efficient structures in many modern steel applications. Further advances in efficiency can be achieved through additive manufacturing and bionic design. Commercial high-strength filler materials for wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) are already provided by the consumable producers. Today, application would be strictly limited due to absence of quantitative findings or any guidelines for the industry regarding welding-related stresses and component safety during manufacturing and service. Hence, process- and material-related influences and design-related restraint conditions associated with formation of residual stresses and cold cracking risk are investigated. The aim is the accessibility of special WAAM self-restraining cold cracking tests and easy applicable processing recommendations, enabling an economical, fit-for-purpose and crack-safe WAAM of high-strength steels. This first study focuses on determination of interactions between WAAM process parameters, resulting layer geometry, microstructure and residual stresses, analyzed via X-ray diffraction. Defined reference specimens are automated welded using a special WAAM solid wire (yield strength >820 MPa). Geometric properties can be specifically adjusted by wire feed and welding speed, but cannot be varied arbitrarily, since a high heat input causes local overheating, inadmissible changes of microstructure and mechanical properties, defects and comparable high tensile residual stresses.
T2 - 22. Werkstofftechnischen Kolloquium der TU Chemnitz
CY - Online meeting
DA - 24.03.2021
KW - Additive Manufacturing
KW - High-strength steel
KW - Residual stresses
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53328
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Becker, Amadeus
T1 - Konstruktive Einflüsse bei der beanspruchungsgerechten Reparatur geschweißter Bauteile aus hochfesten Feinkornbaustählen
N2 - Bei der Montage von Stahlkonstruktionen kommt es trotz anforderungsgerechter schweißtechnischer Fertigung vereinzelt zur Detektion von unzulässigen Unregelmäßigkeiten im Schweißbereich. Die Verarbeitungsregelwerke empfehlen das lokale thermische Ausfugen betroffener Bereiche und erneutes Schweißen, geben aber aufgrund fehlender wissenschaftlich fundierter Untersuchungen kaum Informationen zu adäquaten Reparaturkonzepten. Dies betrifft insbesondere die Berücksichtigung und Optimierung resultierender schweißbedingter Beanspruchungen durch hohe Schrumpfbehinderungen der Ausfugenuten sowie der Gefügedegradation angrenzender Bereiche durch das Ausfugen und erneute Schweißen. Gerade bei hochfesten Stahlgüten ergeben sich dadurch häufig reduzierte mechanische Eigenschaften und zusätzliche schweißbedingte Beanspruchungen sowie erneut auftretende Nahtdefekte.
Deshalb sind für das Forschungsvorhaben systematische bauteilrelevante Untersuchungen der schweißbedingten Beanspruchungen und Gefügeveränderungen reparierter Schweißnähte in Abhängigkeit von der Schrumpfbehinderung und Wärmeführung beim Schweißen und Ausfugen sowie von der Reparaturzyklenanzahl geplant, mit dem Ziel Empfehlungen für beanspruchungs- und werkstoffgerechte Reparaturkonzepte abzuleiten. Hierfür sind gerade Analysen an hochfesten Stahlgüten S500 für den Offshore-Bereich und S960QL für den Mobilkranbau interessant, die zur Errichtung und Fertigung hocheffizienter Konstruktionen wie Windenergieanlagen notwendig sind. Die Erkenntnisse bieten eine Grundlage für entsprechende Normen und Regelwerke. Damit können letztlich Schäden und zumeist teure Nacharbeiten verhindert und eine verbesserte Ausnutzung des hohen Festigkeitspotentials hochfester Stähle erreicht werden. Gerade auch KMU können mit Blick auf die Kosten für Fertigung, Schweißarbeit und Material von den Erkenntnissen beim Einsatz hochfester Stähle, die für eine effiziente Realisierung der Energiewende in Deutschland notwendig sind, profitieren.
T2 - Bachelor-, Master-, Doktoranden-Kolloquium der Otto-von-Guericke Universität Magdeburg
CY - Online meeting
DA - 17.06.2021
KW - Eigenspannungen
KW - Hochfest
KW - Feinkornbaustahl
KW - Reparatur
KW - Schweißen
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53318
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Aktivitäten in Forschung und Zulassung im Bereich Windenergie
N2 - Die vielfältigen Tätigkeiten der BAM im Bereich technischer Sicherheit von Windenergieanlagen werden vorgestellt und im Bereich aktueller Entwicklungen in der Fügetechnik detailliert.
T2 - Arbeitskreis Gründungsstrukturen und Stahlbau der WAB
CY - Online meeting
DA - 13.04.2021
KW - BAM Windenergie Fügetechnik
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53026
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wandtke, Karsten
T1 - Erste Untersuchungen auf dem Weg zum WAAM-Kaltrisstest für hochfeste Stähle
N2 - Hochfeste Feinkornbaustähle verfügen über ein großes Potenzial für gewichtsoptimierte, effiziente Strukturen in vielen modernen Stahlkonstruktion. Weitere Effizienzsteigerungen können durch additives Fertigen sowie bionische Bauweisen erreicht werden. In dieser Präsentation werden erste Analysen des Einflusses der Fertigungsstrategie auf die Härte in additiv gefertigten Bauteilen aus hochfestem Stahl vorgestellt.
T2 - NA 092-00-05 GA (DVS AG Q 4/Q 4.1)
CY - Online meeting
DA - 10.03.2021
KW - Additive Fertigung
KW - Hochfester Stahl
KW - Härteprüfung nach Vickers
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53327
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Engelking, Lorenz
T1 - Bericht zum Fortschritt des laufenden Projekts: „Herstellung beanspruchungsgerechter Oberflächen durch Kombination innovativer additiver und abtragender Fertigungsschritte an hochbelasteten Komponenten“
N2 - Das DVS-Vorhaben 01.3211 „Herstellung beanspruchungsgerechter Oberflächen durch Kombination innovativer additiver und abtragender Fertigungsschritte an hochbelasteten Komponenten“ ist ein Kooperationsprojekt der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) und dem Institut für Schweißtechnik und Trennende Fertigungsverfahren (ISAF) der Technischen Universität Clausthal. Das Übergeordnete Projektziel ist das Erlangen von Erkenntnissen für eine sichere und wirtschaftliche, kombinierte additive und abtragende Fertigung aus kostenintensiven Werkstoffen hochbelasteter Komponenten insbesondere für KMU. Dabei stehe die beiden Werkstoffe CoCr26Ni9Mo5W (2.4681) und FeNi36 (1.3912) im Fokus. Mittels Modifikation der Schweißzusätze sind homogen und isotrop ausgeprägte Werkstoffeigenschaften und eine Erhöhung der Prozessstabilität und Fertigungsfreiheitsgrade bei der additiven Fertigung erzielbar. Darüber hinaus wird der Einfluss nachfolgender abtragender Bearbeitungsschritte des ultraschallunterstützen und des konventionellen Fräsprozesses untersucht. Die mit dem Forschungsvorhaben verbundenen Nutzen für KMU sind die Stärkung der Innovationsfähigkeit und der Wirtschaftlichkeit sowie die Erhöhung der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit. In AP-3 wurden die Mikrostruktur der MSG-Schweißung der CoCr-Referenzlegierung untersucht. In AP-4 wurden Zerspanversuche an der MSG-Schweißung der CoCr-Referenzlegierung durchgeführt.
T2 - Sitzung des Fachausschusses 01 „Schweißmetallurgie und Werkstoffverhalten“ des DVS
CY - Aachen, Germany
DA - 22.02.2023
KW - Legierungsmodifikation
KW - Ultraschallunterstütztes Fräsen
KW - Additive Fertigung
KW - Oberflächenintegrität
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57175
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schroeder, Nina
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Ausscheidungsverhalten und Eigenschaften der schweißbedingten Wärmeeinflusszonen hochfester Stähle in Abhängigkeit der Mikrolegierungsroute
N2 - Für eine signifikante Festigkeitssteigerung von vergüteten, hochfesten Feinkornbaustäh-len mit einer Nominalstreckgrenze ≥ 690 MPa, ist die Zugabe von Mikrolegierungselementen, wie Nb und Ti, unerlässlich. Die Normvorgaben zur chemischen Zusammensetzung dieser Stähle (bspw. in DIN EN 10025-6) geben zur Erzielung der vorgeschriebenen Eigenschaften dabei oft nur Grenzgehalte für die Hersteller vor. Die Wirkung der Legierungselemente in der WEZ ist teilweise komplett konträr. Somit wird eine adäquate Vorhersage der Chargenabhängigkeit hinsichtlich der Schweißeignung und des Tragver-haltens der Schweißverbindung erschwert. Neben metallographischen Untersuchungen einzelner WEZ-Bereiche wurden unter Variation der chemischen Zusammensetzung, thermodynamische Phasenberech-nungen mittels ThermoCalc durchgeführt. Hierdurch wird ein Verständnis zur Phasentransformation, Aus-scheidungswachstum und -auflösung während des Schweißens in Abhängigkeit von Temperatur und Ab-kühlbedingungen geschaffen.
T2 - Forschungsseminar BAM, BMDK
CY - Magdeburg, Germany
DA - 05.12.2022
KW - WEZ-Erweichung
KW - Thermodynamische Simulation
KW - Mikrolegierungseinfluss
KW - Hochfester Feinkornbaustahl
KW - Modifizierter Sprühlichtbogen
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-56837
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schroeder, Nina
T1 - Influence of microalloying on precipitation behavior and notched impact strength of welded high-strength structural steels
N2 - This presentation summarizes the latest results on the microalloying influence on the preciptitation behavior on the mechanical properties of welded high-strength steel with a design yield strength of 690 MPa and above. For that reason, Charpy tests were performed for the pure weld metal and different heat-affected zones. Thermodynamic phase field modeling showed the usefulness of calculations in Thermocalc to predict the preciptiation behavior and (finally) to conclude the mechanistic behavior of the welded joint.
T2 - IIW Intermediate meeting of Commission II-A
CY - Garching, Germany
DA - 06.03.2023
KW - Welding
KW - High-strength steel
KW - Phase field modeling
KW - Preciptiates
KW - Microstructure characterization
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57107
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wandtke, Karsten
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Scharf-Wildenhain, R.
A1 - Hälsig, A.
A1 - Kromm, Arne
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - WAAM process influences on local microstructure and residual stresses in high-strength steels
N2 - High-strength fine-grain structural steels have great potential for weight optimization of many modern engineering structures. Efficient manufacturing can be achieved here above all by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM). First commercial high-strength welding consumables for WAAM are already available. Due to a lack of knowledge and guidelines for the industry regarding welding residual stresses and component safety in manufacturing and operation, their application is still severely limited. Residual stresses play a crucial role here, as the special microstructure of high-strength steels is sensitive to cold cracking.
For this reason, process- and material-related influences, as well as the design effects on residual stress formation, are being investigated in a project funded by the AiF (FOSTA P1380/IGF 21162 BG). This study focuses on determining the interactions between heat control during WAAM process, resulting hardness, microstructure, and residual stresses, analyzed by X-ray diffraction. Welding experiments using geometrically similar AM specimens show that, with regard to the heat input, the energy per unit length in particular leads to significantly affected cooling times and microstructures and causes pronounced localized effects in terms of residual stresses in the upper weld beads.
T2 - 46th MPA-Seminar
CY - Stuttgart, Germany
DA - 12.10.2021
KW - Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing
KW - High-strength structural steels
KW - Vickers hardness
KW - Residual stresses
PY - 2021
VL - 46
SP - 296
EP - 306
PB - MPA-Stuttgart
AN - OPUS4-53571
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Fügetechnik in Wasserstofftechnologien - Forschungsbedarf für die Branche
N2 - Die Studie gibt einen kurzen Überblick über die jetzige Bedeutung der Fügetechnik in Wasserstofftechnologien und über zukünftige Forschungsbedarfe für die Branche in den einzelnen Technologiefeldern Wasserstofferzeu-gung, -speicherung, -transport und -nutzung. Fügetechnologien haben dabei wesentliche Bedeutung für die er-folgreiche Umsetzung von technischen Komponenten der Wasserstofftechnologien. Die Schwerpunkte bzw. For-schungsbedarfe ergeben sich bspw. durch die Erstellung neuer Infrastruktur für Wasserstoffspeicherung und -transport sowie durch Umnutzung der bestehenden Erdgasinfrastruktur. Bei der Wasserstofferzeugung und -anwendung wird z.B. die Entwicklung effiziente Massenproduktionsmethoden von Elektrolyseuren und Brennstoff-zellen einen wichtigen Meilenstein bilden und laserbasierte Fügetechnologien sind hier zum Teil schon etabliert. Die additive Fertigung nimmt dabei eine Querschnittsposition ein und besitzt hohes Anwendungspotential für die Zukunft z.B. für die Fertigung von Komponenten in Gasturbinen. Aus den technischen Fragestellungen und For-schungsbedarfen ergeben sich zudem Herausforderungen für die notwendige Neu- und Weiterentwicklung von technischen Regelwerken und Normen und den Eingang in die Aus- und Weiterbildung von fügetechnischem Fachpersonal.
T2 - DVS Congress 2021
CY - Essen, Germany
DA - 14.09.2021
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Fügetechnik
KW - Forschung
KW - Technologie
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53321
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Joining Processes in Hydrogen Technologies - Current need and future R&D activites, a review
N2 - This study gives an overview on the important field of joining processes for component fabrication in hydrogen technologies. For that reason, the current need and future research and developement activites are highlighted for the different technological field of hydrogen generation, storage, transport and use. In addition, the emerging field of additive manufacturing is included. Finally, some remarks are given for necessary changes in the standardization and its challenges.
T2 - 46th Seminar - Additive Manufacturing, Hydrogen, Energy, Integrity
CY - Online meeting
DA - 12.10.2021
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Joining process
KW - Welding
KW - Review
KW - Research and Development
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53554
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Scharf-Wildenhain, R.
A1 - Hälsig, A.
A1 - Wandtke, Karsten
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Kromm, Arne
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Einfluss der Wärmeführung auf die Eigenschaften und fertigungsbedingten Beanspruchungen additiv geschweißter hochfester Feinkornbaustähle
N2 - Hochfeste Feinkornbaustähle verfügen über ein großes Potenzial für gewichtsoptimierte, effiziente Strukturen in vielen modernen Stahlkonstruktion. Weitere Effizienzsteigerungen können durch additives Fertigen sowie bionische Bauweisen erreicht werden. Kommerzielle hochfeste Zusatzwerkstoffe für additives MSG-Schweißen (engl.: Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing, WAAM) sind bereits von den Schweißzusatzherstellern lieferbar. Derzeit ist jedoch eine breite industrielle Anwendung insbesondere für KMU aufgrund fehlender quantitativer Erkenntnisse und Richtlinien bezüglich schweißbedingter Beanspruchungen und Bauteilsicherheit während der Herstellung und des Betriebs stark limitiert. In einem gemeinsamen Forschungsprojekt (FOSTA-P1380/IGF21162BG) der BAM und der TU Chemnitz werden die mit Eigenspannungsausbildung und der Gefahr einer Kaltrissbildung verbundenen prozess- und werkstoffbedingten sowie konstruktiven Einflüsse untersucht. Im Fokus dieser Analysen steht die Bestimmung der Wechselwirkungen zwischen WAAM-Prozessparametern bzw. der Wärmeführung auf das Gefüge und die Eigenspannungen. Hierfür werden Referenzproben als offene Hohlquader mit definierten Abmessungen vollautomatisiert mit einem speziellen, hochfesten WAAM-Massivdraht (Streckgrenze >790 MPa) geschweißt. Die gezielte Einstellung der geometrischen Eigenschaften erfolgt durch Schweißparameter und Nahtaufbau bei ca. 4 kg/h mittlerer Abschmelzleistung. Die Wärmeführung wird innerhalb eines statistischen Versuchsplanes mittels Streckenenergie (200 kJ/m bis 650 kJ/m) und Zwischenlagentemperatur (100 °C bis 300 °C) so variiert, dass die t8/5-Abkühlzeiten dem empfohlenen Verarbeitungsbereich entsprechen (ca. 5 s bis 20 s). Ziel ist es bei konstanten geometrisch-konstruktiven Randbedingungen, den Einfluss der Wärmeführung auf Gefüge und resultierende Eigenspannungen zu analysieren. Für die Streckenenergie können neben den Gefügeeinflüssen aufgrund der resultierenden Abkühlzeit deutliche Effekte insbesondere auf die lokalen Eigenspannungen im Bauteil belegt werden. Das Schweißen mit zu hoher Wärmeeinbringung bzw. Abschmelzleistung kann zu ungünstigen Gefüge- und Bauteileigenschaften führen, gleichzeitig jedoch niedrigere Zugeigenspannungsniveaus bewirken. Solche komplexen Wechselwirkungen gilt es letztlich mit diesen Untersuchungen zu klären, um leicht anwendbare Verarbeitungsempfehlungen und Normvorgaben für ein wirtschaftliches, anforderungsgerechtes und risssicheres WAAM von hochfesten Stählen den Anwendern zur Verfügung zu stellen.
T2 - DVS Congress 2021
CY - Online meeting
DA - 14.09.2021
KW - MAG-Schweißen
KW - Hochfester Stahl
KW - Eigenspannungen
KW - Additive Fertigung
KW - Kaltrisssicherheit
PY - 2021
SN - 978-3-96144-146-4
VL - 371
SP - 16
EP - 22
PB - DVS Media GmbH
CY - Düsseldorf
AN - OPUS4-56669
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Becker, Amadeus
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Beanspruchungsgerechte Reparatur beim Bauteilschweißen hochfester Feinkornbaustähle
N2 - Eine nachhaltige und ressourceneffiziente Fertigung und Errichtung von Windenergieanlagen, sowohl auf See als auch an Land, erfordert zunehmend den Einsatz moderner hochfester Feinkornbaustähle. Werden nach dem Schweißen dieser hochfesten Konstruktionen unzulässige Defekte detektiert, sind nach geltenden Verarbeitungsrichtlinien die defekten Bereiche durch lokales Ausfugen und anschließendes Schweißen zu reparieren. Fehlende Informationen zu adäquaten Reparaturkonzepten in den Regelwerken bedingen oftmals eine unzureichende Berücksichtigung dabei auftretender zusätzlicher Beanspruchungen durch die erhöhte Schrumpfbehinderung der Ausfugenuten. Zusätzlich haben die ausführenden Betriebe vielfach kaum Kenntnis über die Degradation angrenzender Gefüge durch thermische Ausfugeprozesse und erneutes Schweißen, die in diesem Zusammenhang besonders bei den hochfesten Stählen als kritisch anzusehen sind. Das aktuelle Forschungsvorhaben der BAM (FOSTA P1311/IGF-Nr.20162N) fokussiert hierfür systematisch bauteilrelevante Untersuchungen zu den schweißbedingten Beanspruchungen und Gefügeveränderungen bei der Reparatur von hochfesten Schweißverbindungen. Wesentlich sind hierbei der Einfluss der Schrumpfbehinderung, der Wärmeführung beim Schweißen und Ausfugen sowie der Reparaturzyklenanzahl und die metallurgischen Aspekte bei den hochfesten Güten S500MLO für zukünftige Offshore-Anwendungen und S960QL für aktuelle Mobilkrananwendungen. Aufbauend auf einigen Studien zur schweißbedingten Beanspruchung hochfester Stähle zeigt der vorliegende Beitrag die Identifikation geeigneter Probengeometrien und Schweißdetails mittels numerischer und experimenteller Analysen. Dadurch wird die Übertragbarkeit der vorgestellten Schweißexperimente und Ergebnisse hinsichtlich der resultierenden Schweißeigenspannungen auf reale Reparaturfälle im Bereich des hochfesten Stahlbaus sichergestellt. Es zeigt sich in Übereinstimmung mit früheren Ergebnissen eine signifikante Erhöhung der Beanspruchungen an den variierten schlitzförmigen Prüfnähten. Das Eigenspannungsniveau sowohl im Schweißgut als auch in der WEZ korreliert mit dem Einspanngrad. Mit dem Ziel beanspruchungs- und werkstoffgerechte Reparaturkonzepte zu erarbeiten, sind zum einen geringere Wärmeinbringungen, besonders durch niedrige Zwischenlagentemperaturen und Einspannbedingungen anzustreben, um hohe Beanspruchungen und kritische Gefügedegradationen im Reparaturbereich zu vermeiden. Dies wird durch systematische Untersuchungen zum Ausfugen und Schweißen sowie letztlich dem Transfer von Verarbeitungsempfehlungen für die Anwender und Richtlinien erreicht.
T2 - DVS Congress 2021
CY - Online meeting
DA - 14.09.2021
KW - MAG-Schweißen
KW - Reparatur
KW - Eigenspannungen
KW - Hochfester Stahl
KW - Thermisches Ausfugen
KW - Windenergie
KW - Gefügedegradation
PY - 2021
SN - 978-3-96144-146-4
VL - 371
SP - 285
EP - 292
PB - DVS Media GmbH
CY - Düsseldorf
AN - OPUS4-56666
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Scharf-Wildenhain, R.
A1 - Hälsig, A.
A1 - Härtel, S.
A1 - Wandtke, Karsten
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Kromm, Arne
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Einfluss der Wärmeführung auf die Eigenschaften und fertigungsbedingten Beanspruchungen additiv geschweißter hochfester Feinkornbaustähle
N2 - Hochfeste Feinkornbaustähle verfügen über ein großes Potenzial für gewichtsoptimierte, effiziente Strukturen in vielen modernen Stahlkonstruktion. Weitere Effizienzsteigerungen können durch additives Fertigen sowie bionische Bauweisen erreicht werden. Kommerzielle hochfeste Zusatzwerkstoffe für additives MSG-Schweißen (engl.: Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing, WAAM) sind bereits von den Schweißzusatzherstellern lieferbar. Derzeit ist jedoch eine breite industrielle Anwendung insbesondere für KMU aufgrund fehlender quantitativer Erkenntnisse und Richtlinien bezüglich schweißbedingter Beanspruchungen und Bauteilsicherheit während der Herstellung und des Betriebs stark limitiert. In einem gemeinsamen Forschungsprojekt (FOSTA-P1380/IGF21162BG) der BAM und der TU Chemnitz werden die mit Eigenspannungsausbildung und der Gefahr einer Kaltrissbildung verbundenen prozess- und werkstoffbedingten sowie konstruktiven Einflüsse untersucht. Im Fokus dieser Analysen steht die Bestimmung der Wechselwirkungen zwischen WAAM-Prozessparametern bzw. der Wärmeführung auf das Gefüge und die Eigenspannungen. Hierfür werden Referenzproben als offene Hohlquader mit definierten Abmessungen vollautomatisiert mit einem speziellen, hochfesten WAAM-Massivdraht (Streckgrenze >790 MPa) geschweißt. Die gezielte Einstellung der geometrischen Eigenschaften erfolgt durch Schweißparameter und Nahtaufbau bei ca. 4 kg/h mittlerer Abschmelzleistung. Die Wärmeführung wird innerhalb eines statistischen Versuchsplanes mittels Streckenenergie (200 kJ/m bis 650 kJ/m) und Zwischenlagentemperatur (100 °C bis 300 °C) so variiert, dass die t8/5-Abkühlzeiten dem empfohlenen Verarbeitungsbereich entsprechen (ca. 5 s bis 20 s). Ziel ist es bei konstanten geometrisch-konstruktiven Randbedingungen, den Einfluss der Wärmeführung auf Gefüge und resultierende Eigenspannungen zu analysieren. Darüber hinaus erfolgt die Bestimmung des Einflusses der t8/5-Abkühlzeit auf die mechanisch-technologischen Eigenschaften des speziellen, hochfesten WAAM-Massivdrahts mithilfe von Dilatometeranalysen. Für die Streckenenergie können neben den Gefügeeinflüssen aufgrund der resultierenden Abkühlzeit deutliche Effekte insbesondere auf die lokalen Eigenspannungen im Bauteil belegt werden. Das Schweißen mit zu hoher Wärmeeinbringung bzw. Abschmelzleistung kann zu ungünstigen Gefüge- und Bauteileigenschaften führen, gleichzeitig jedoch niedrigere Zugeigenspannungsniveaus bewirken. Die Dilatometeranalysen zeigen für den untersuchten WAAM-Schweißzusatzwerkstoff eine großes t8/5-Zeitfenster mit einer vergleichsweise geringen Abnahme der Zugfestigkeit mit zunehmender t8/5-Abkühlzeit. Solche komplexen Wechselwirkungen gilt es letztlich mit diesen Untersuchungen zu klären, um leicht anwendbare Verarbeitungsempfehlungen und Normvorgaben für ein wirtschaftliches, anforderungsgerechtes und risssicheres WAAM von hochfesten Stählen den Anwendern zur Verfügung zu stellen.
T2 - 42. Assistentenseminar Fügetechnik
CY - Brunswick, Germany
DA - 06.10.2021
KW - MAG-Schweißen
KW - Hochfester Stahl
KW - Eigenspannungen
KW - Additive Fertigung
KW - Kaltrisssicherheit
PY - 2022
SN - 978-3-96144-210-2
VL - 385
IS - 42
SP - 94
EP - 101
PB - DVS Media GmbH
CY - Düsseldorf
AN - OPUS4-56642
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Scharf-Wildenhain, R.
T1 - Einfluss von Wärmeführung und Bauteildesign auf die Beanspruchungen additiv geschweißter hochfester Feinkornbaustähle
N2 - Hochfeste Feinkornbaustähle verfügen über großes Potenzial für gewichtsoptimierte, effiziente Strukturen in vielen modernen Stahlkonstruktion. Weitere Effizienzsteigerungen können durch additives Fertigen sowie bionische Bauweisen erreicht werden. Hochfeste Zusatzwerkstoffe für additives MSG-Schweißen (engl.: Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing, WAAM) sind bereits von den Schweißzusatzherstellern lieferbar. Eine breite industrielle Anwendung insbesondere für KMU ist aufgrund fehlender quantitativer Erkenntnisse und Richtlinien bezüglich schweißbedingter Beanspruchungen und Bauteilsicherheit während der Herstellung und des Betriebs derzeit stark limitiert. In einem gemeinsamen Forschungsprojekt (FOSTA-P1380/IGF21162BG) der BAM und der TU Chemnitz werden daher die mit Eigenspannungsausbildung und der Gefahr einer Kaltrissbildung verbundenen prozess- und werkstoffbedingten sowie konstruktiven Einflüsse beim WAAM hochfester Stähle untersucht. Der vorliegende Beitrag fokussiert die Analyse der Auswirkungen von Schweißwärmeführung und Design der WAAM-Bauteile auf die Abkühlbedingungen, Gefüge, mechanisch-technologischen Eigenschaften und Eigenspannungen. Hierfür werden geometrisch definierte Probenkörper (Hohlquader) vollautomatisiert mit einem speziellen, hochfesten WAAM-Massivdraht (Streckgrenze >790 MPa) geschweißt. Die Wärmeführung und Probenabmessungen werden innerhalb eines statistischen Versuchsplans variiert. Die Schweißwärmeführung wird dabei so eingestellt, dass die t8/5-Abkühlzeiten im empfohlenen Verarbeitungsbereich (ca. 5 s bis 20 s) sichergestellt sind. Hierzu ließen sich über zusätzliche thermo-physikalische Umformsimulationen mittels Dilatometer die komplexen Wärmezyklen abbilden und die resultierende Zugfestigkeit des Schweißgutes bestimmen. Das WAAM-Schweißen komplexer Geometrien mit variierenden Schweißwärmeführungen und geometrischen Verhältnissen bzw. Wanddicken bedingt neben den Auswirkungen auf die Abkühlbedingungen, Abkühlzeiten und Gefüge deutliche Einflüsse auf die konstruktiven Steifigkeitsverhältnisse beim Schweißen. Es zeigen sich anhand der Schweißexperimente signifikante Auswirkungen durch Probenskalierung und Wärmeeinbringung auf die resultierenden lokalen Eigenspannungen. Die Folge können ungünstige Bauteileigenschaften und risskritische Zugeigenspannungen sein.
T2 - DVS Congress 2022
CY - Koblenz, Germany
DA - 19.09.2022
KW - WAAM
KW - Eigenspannungen
KW - Additive Fertigung
KW - Hochfester Stahl
KW - Kaltrisssicherheit
KW - Windenergie
KW - Wärmeführung
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56718
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wandtke, Karsten
T1 - Influence of the WAAM process and design aspects on residual stresses in high-strength structural steels
N2 - High-strength fine-grain structural steels have great potential for weight optimization of many modern engineering structures. Efficient manufacturing can be achieved here above all by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM). First commercial high-strength welding consumables for WAAM are already available. However, due to a lack of knowledge and guidelines for the industry regarding welding residual stresses and component safety in manufacturing and operation, their application is still severely limited. Residual stresses play a crucial role here, as the sensitive microstructure of high-strength steels carries a high risk of cold cracking. For this reason, process- and material-related influences, as well as the design aspects on residual stress formation and the risk of cold cracking, are being investigated in a recent project (FOSTA-P1380/IGF21162BG). This high strength of the WAAM welding consumables is adjusted via a martensitic phase transformation. The volume expansion associated with martensite formation has a significant influence on residual stress evolution. However, this has not yet been investigated in relation to the processing of high-strength steels by WAAM. The aim of this work is to establish a WAAM cold crack test and easy-to-apply processing recommendations that will allow economical, expedient, and crack-resistant fabrication of high-strength steels, especially for SME. This paper focuses on the analysis of the effects of welding heat control and design of WAAM components on cooling conditions, microstructure, mechanical-technological properties and residual stresses. For this purpose, geometrically defined specimens (hollow cuboids) are welded fully automatically with a special, high-strength WAAM solid wire (yield strength >790 MPa). The heat control and specimen dimensions are varied within a statistical experimental design. The weld heat control is adjusted in such a way that the t8/5 cooling times are ensured within the recommended processing range (approx. 5–20 s). For this purpose, additional thermo-physical forming simulations using a dilatometer allowed the complex heat cycles to be reproduced and the resulting ultimate tensile strength of the weld metal to be determined. The WAAM welding of complex geometries with varying welding heat control and geometric factors or wall thicknesses not only has an effect on the cooling conditions, cooling times and microstructure, but also has a significant influence on the structural restraint conditions during welding. Hence, the welding experiments show significant effects of specimen scaling and heat input on the welding residual stresses, which may be detrimental regarding component properties and crack-critical tensile residual stresses. These complex interactions are analyzed within this investigation
T2 - 75th IIW Annual Assembly (Subcomission IIA)
CY - Online meeting
DA - 17.07.2022
KW - WAAM
KW - Residual Stresses
KW - High-strength Steels
KW - Cold cracking safety
KW - Wind energy
KW - Heat control
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56715
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Engelking, Lorenz
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
A1 - Eissel, A.
A1 - Treutler, K.
A1 - Wesling, V.
T1 - Herstellung beanspruchungsgerechter Oberflächen durch Kombination innovativer additiver und abtragender Fertigungsschritte an hochbelasteten Komponenten
N2 - Die additive Fertigung mittels Schweißverfahren bietet große ökonomische Vorteile für eine ressourceneffiziente Bauteilherstellung. Offene Fragen bezüglich Homogenität, Anisotropie der Schweißgefüge und den damit verbundenen Bauteileigenschaften stehen einer wirtschaftlichen Verarbeitung oftmals im Wege. Finale Bauteilgeometrie und Oberflächengüte erfordern meist komplementäre subtraktive Fertigungsschritte. Werkstoffe für hochbelastbare Komponenten sind oftmals schwer spanbar. In einem Vorhaben der BAM und des ISAF wurde untersucht, wie die Modifikation der AM-Schweißzusätze und das ultraschallunterstützte Fräsen (US) die Zerspanungssituation verbessern. Der vorliegende Artikel stellt wesentliche Zusammenhänge zwischen Legierung, Gefüge und Zerspanung zweier schwer spanbarer Hochleistungslegierungen (FeNi und CoCr) dar. Großes Potenzial zeigte neben dem US die Modifikation mit Zr und Hf bei Zulegierung in das Schweißgut mittels Beschichtung von Massivdrähten bzw. Herstellung von Fülldrähten.
KW - Legierungsmodifikation
KW - Ultraschallunterstütztes Fräsen
KW - Additive Fertigung
KW - Oberflächenintegrität
KW - Metallschutzgasschweißen
PY - 2024
VL - 76
IS - 1-2
SP - 8
EP - 13
PB - DVS-Media GmbH
CY - Düsseldorf
AN - OPUS4-59463
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Liepold, Philipp
ED - Kromm, Arne
ED - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Anwendung von Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) bei der Erkennung von Rissen im Modifizierten Varestraint-Transvarestraint-Heißrisstest (MVT-Test)
N2 - Der Modifizierte Varestraint-Transvarestraint-Test wird an der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung als Variante des Varestraint-Tests verwendet. Die Auswertung dieser Tests findet klassisch durch Abmessungen der entstandenen Risse unter dem Lichtmikroskop statt. Eine solche Auswertung ist aufwendig und fehleranfällig. Convolutional Neural Networks können trainiert werden, um die Risse auf digitalen Bildern zu segmentieren, wodurch der menschliche Fehler in der Auswertung eliminiert werden kann. Die Ergebnisse können durch Overlay mit den Originalbildern verglichen werden.
T2 - DVS-Congress, Große Schweißtechnische Tagung
CY - Essen, Germany
DA - 11.09.2023
KW - CNN
KW - MVT
KW - KI
PY - 2023
SN - 978-3-96144-231-7
SN - 978-3-96144-230-0
VL - 2023
SP - 153
PB - Print Media Group GmbH & Co. KG
CY - Hamm
AN - OPUS4-59336
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
T1 - Residual stress formation in DED-arc manufactured high strength steel components
N2 - Additive manufacturing (AM) processes enable the efficient production of advanced constructions. New developments in topology optimization are leading to weight-optimized designs of increasing complexity. Direct energy deposition processes (DED) such as wire and arc-based additive manufacturing are an important method of additive manufacturing. The wire filler metals enable a wide range of materials, while the arc process provides a high deposition rate compared to laser and powder-based processes. Combined with the use of high-strength steels, the thickness of walls or components can be significantly reduced in the context of lightweight construction, which results in significant savings in energy, costs, time and resources. Suitable high-strength steel filler metals are commercially available for DED-arc AM processes. However, guidelines and quantitative knowledge about welding stresses and cold cracking issues during component production and service are lacking. This limits the industrial application considerably. In a joint project of BAM and Chemnitz University of Technology, the main influences and complex interactions of material, production process, design and processing steps on the residual stress level are investigated. The aim is to develop processing recommendations and a cold cracking test for economical processing and stress-related design of high-strength steels with DED-arc. This study focuses on residual stress analysis by neutron diffraction (ND) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) on defined test specimens. The ND analysis were performed at the Paul Scherrer Institute- Villigen, Switzerland (PSI) and the XRD analysis at BAM. The study shows a quantitative and qualitative comparison of the residual stress magnitudes and distribution between the component bulk (ND) and surface (XRD) analyses. The ND analysis reveals that in DED-arc AM walls the residual stresses dominate in the direction of welding and are negligibly small in each case transverse to the direction of welding. The topology of the analyzed residual stresses shows almost identical residual stress maps compared to XRD. In addition, the residual stresses are significantly influenced by the solid phase transformation of the material due to low cooling times and less post heat treatment cycles of following AM layers in the area of the top layer.
T2 - IIW Intermediate Meeting 2023 CII and CIX
CY - Munich, Germany
DA - 06.03.2023
KW - WAAM
KW - Residual Stresses
KW - High-strength Steels
KW - Microstructure
KW - Cold cracking safety
KW - Wind energy
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-59261
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wandtke, Karsten
T1 - Einfluss trennender Fertigungsschritte auf die Eigenspannungen in Bauteilen aus hochfestem Stahl
N2 - Der Vortrag gibt einen Überblick über den Einfluss
Trennender Fertigungsschritte auf die Eigenspannungen in einer Schweißverbindung und an additiv gefertigten Bauteilen aus hochfestem Stahl. Es wird dargestellt, wie die Spanende Bearbeitung in Wechselwirkung mit der lokalen Mikrostruktur die Eigenspannungen beeinflusst.
T2 - Bachelor-, Master-, Doktoranden-Kolloquium OvGU Magdeburg
CY - Magdeburg, Germany
DA - 17.01.2024
KW - Hochfester Stahl
KW - Additive Fertigung
KW - Reparaturschweißen
KW - Eigenspannungen
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59413
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Kurzdarstellung der Projektergebnisse - Einfluss der Wärmeführung auf die Eigenspannungsausbildung und Kaltrisssicherheit in geschweißten Konstruktionen aus hochfesten Feinkornbaustählen - IGF-Vorhaben IGF-Nr. 17267 N (P 922)
N2 - Aus wirtschaftlichen, konstruktiven sowie ästhetischen Aspekten werden moderne Stahlbaukonstruktionen immer schlanker und leichter ausgeführt. Dazu werden zunehmend hochfeste Feinkornbaustähle mit Dehngrenzen ≥ 690 MPa eingesetzt, wodurch eine Gewichtsreduzierung von 30 % bis 50 % und eine Kostenersparnis von 5 % bis 15 % erreicht werden kann.
Das Potential hochfester Feinkornbaustähle ist unter Beachtung der heutigen Richtlinien und Regelwerke jedoch nicht ohne weiteres nutzbar. Durch das Forschungsvorhaben wurde der Einfluss der Wärmeführung auf die Eigenspannungsausbildung und Kaltrissbildung unter Berücksichtigung realitätsnaher Steifigkeitsbedingungen untersucht. Auf der Grundlage dieser Erkenntnisse wurde ein Beitrag zur Verbesserung der Verarbeitungsrichtlinien erarbeitet, welche dem Verarbeiter eine sichere schweißtechnische Verarbeitung bei verbesserter Ausnutzung der Materialeigenschaften ermöglicht. Vor allem die Tragfähigkeit und die Sicherheit der Schweißverbindung bestimmen die Bemessung der Konstruktion und somit den nachhaltigen und ökonomischen Einsatz dieser Güten. Der Zusammenhang zwischen der Höhe der entstehenden Eigenspannungen und der Wärmeführung in realen Konstruktionen ist zurzeit nur qualitativ überschaubar und führt zu einer eher konservativen Auslegung heutiger Schweißkonstruktionen. Die wirtschaftliche Verarbeitung hochfester Stähle wird neben dem Erreichen anforderungsgerechter mechanischer Eigenschaften im Schweißnahtbereich vor allem durch die Vermeidung von Kaltrissen bestimmt. Die diesbezüglichen Empfehlungen in den geltenden Regelwerken beruhen jedoch vornehmlich auf Erkenntnissen aus Laborschweißungen an Kleinproben unter freier äußerer Schrumpfung. Die Hauptursachen für die Entstehung von Eigenspannungen wie inhomogene, lokale Erwärmung und Abkühlung der schweißnahtnahen Bereiche und insbesondere die konstruktive Schrumpfbehinderung infolge umgebender Montagegruppen werden damit jedoch nicht abgebildet. Der Einfluss der Wärmeführung, insbesondere der lokalen Vorwärmung, auf die Eigenbeanspruchung einer Konstruktion ist derzeit weitgehend unbekannt.
Ziel des Forschungsvorhabens war es, den Einfluss der Wärmeführung auf die Eigenspannungsausbildung in geschweißten Konstruktionen zu quantifizieren sowie Aussagen zur Beeinflussung und Absenkung der Eigenspannungen und somit der Gesamteigenbeanspruchung von Schweißkonstruktionen zu erarbeiten. Dazu wurden durch die sukzessive Steigerung des Einspanngrades der Zusammenhang zwischen Wärmeführung und resultierender Eigenspannung unter zusätzlicher Schrumpfbehinderung geklärt. Ferner wurde die Übertragbarkeit der den Regelwerken zugrundeliegenden Kleinprobenergebnisse auf reale Konstruktionen untersucht. Mithilfe systematischer Klein- und Großlastschweißversuche an definiert schrumpfbehinderten Proben konnte der Einfluss der Wärmeführung sowohl auf die lokalen nahtnahen Eigenspannungen als auch globale Eigenbeanspruchungen durch Reaktionsspannungen analysiert werden. Es zeigte sich, dass eine Reduktion der lokalen Eigenspannungen und der Eigenbeanspruchung von geschweißten Konstruktionen durch eine geringere Wärmeeinbringung möglich ist. Eine Absenkung der Zwischenlagentemperatur erwies sich dabei unter anderem als besonders günstig. Damit ist es möglich vorhandene Wärmeführungskonzepte für hochfeste Stähle zu optimieren und dadurch die Kaltrissbildung zu vermeiden.
KW - MAG-Schweißen
KW - Eigenspannungen
KW - Hochfester Stahl
KW - Kaltrisssicherheit
PY - 2014
SP - 1
EP - 2
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-59256
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Nietzke, Jonathan
A1 - Mente, Tobias
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Diffusionsmessungen in UP-Mehrlagenschweißgut als effektives Tool gegen verzögerte Kaltrissbildung in Dickblechschweißungen
N2 - Offshore-Windenergieanlagen bilden einen zentralen Bestandteil der zukünftigen Energieerzeugung. Hierzu notwendige Gründungs- und Turmstrukturen werden vorrangig aus UP-geschweißten Blechen aus hochfesten niedriglegierten Stählen mit Dicken bis zu 200 mm hergestellt. Die großen Blechdicken begünstigen hohe Schweißeigenspannungen und lange Diffusionswege für z. B. über den Schweißprozess eingebrachten Wasserstoff. Damit steigt das Risiko für eine wasserstoffunterstützte Kaltrissbildung (WKB) an. Zum sichereren Ausschluss von WKB in den geschweißten Komponenten wird in Abhängigkeit der Nahtgröße, Wärmeeinbringung und Stahlsorte eine Mindestwartezeit (MWZ) von bis zu 48 h empfohlen, bevor die zerstörungsfreie Prüfung durchgeführt wird. Es ist allerdings offen, ob die empfohlene MWZ zu konservativ ist. Einflüsse sind hier bspw. die schwierige Bewertung des Wasserstoffdiffusionsverhaltens im heterogenen UP-Mehrlagen-Schweißgut (SG) im Vergleich zum Grundwerkstoff (GW).
Zudem sind nur sehr begrenzt H-Diffusionskoeffizienten für UP-Mehrlagen-SG als Grundlage zur Abschätzung des Zeitintervalls einer möglichen verzögerten Kaltrissbildung (somit MWZ) oder auch für Nachwärmprozeduren zur Wasserstoffreduktion (keine MWZ) verfügbar. Verlässliche H-Diffusionskoeffizienten sind daher ein adäquates Tool zur Bewertung des Risikos einer verzögerten WKB. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt Untersuchungen zur Charakterisierung der Wasserstoffdiffusionsverhalten in UP-Mehrlagen-SG eines 60 mm dicken Bleches einer Offshore-Stahlgüte.
Dazu wurden Proben unterschiedlicher Dicke aus dem reinen Schweißgut extrahiert und über elektrochemische Permeation und Trägergasheißextraktion im Temperaturbereich bis 400 °C sehr interessante Ergebnisse zu den korrespondierenden Diffusionskoeffizienten erarbeitet.
T2 - DVS Congress 2021
CY - Online meeting
DA - 14.09.2021
KW - UP-Schweißen
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Kaltriss
KW - Permeation
KW - Diffusion
PY - 2021
SN - 978-3-96144-146-4
VL - 371
SP - 448
EP - 459
PB - DVS Media GmbH
CY - Düsseldorf
AN - OPUS4-53369
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Joining processes for components in hydrogen technologies: Current need and future importance
N2 - This presentation gives an overview on the importance of joining processes for component fabrication in hydrogen technologies. For that reason, the current need and future research and developement activites are highlighted for the three technological fields: hydrogen storage, transport and use (in terms of the emerging field of additive manufacturing). Finally, some remarks are given for necessary changes in the standardization.
T2 - IIW Intermediate Meeting, Comm. II-A "Welding Metallurgy"
CY - Online meeting
DA - 17.03.2022
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Welding
KW - Research
KW - Review
KW - Additive manufacturing
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-54488
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kromm, Arne
T1 - Residual stresses and hydrogen assisted cracking in thick walled submerged arc weld joints for offshore applications
N2 - Offshore wind turbines continuously increase in size and weight and demand adequate offshore foundations concepts like monopiles, tripods or jackets. These components are typically submerged arc welded (SAW) high-strength thick steel plates like the S420ML. During welding, the occurrence of delayed hydrogen assisted cracking (HAC) must be anticipated. HAC is a critical combination of the local hydrogen concentration within a susceptible microstructure under certain mechanical load, i.e., the occurring (welding) residual stresses. The welding sequence of the thick-walled plates complicate the residual stress distribution due to the necessary repeated thermal cycling, i.e., welding seam / layer deposition to fill the joint. For that purpose, SAW with two-wire-technique was used to weld a specially designed and prototype-like mock-up of a real component with a thickness of 50 mm, filled with 22 passes and a seam length of 1,000 mm. Additional welded stiffeners simulated the effect of a high restraint, to stimulate critical HAC conditions. The residual stresses were determined by a robot XRD goniometer. A least square regression analysis of the sin²ψ-law by using multiple ψ- and φ-tilts was applied. Tensile residual stresses up to the yield limit are found both in the weld metal and in the heat-affected zone. Numerical modelling allowed the qualitative estimation of the hydrogen diffusion in the weld, enabling the determination of critical conditions for the formation of HAC. In a future step, a structural simulation will allow the assessment of the welding residual stresses and the comparison to the XRD-values.
T2 - International Conference on Residual Stresses ICRS-11
CY - Nancy, France
DA - 27.03.2022
KW - Welding
KW - X-ray diffraction
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Cracking
KW - Offshore steel
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-54576
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Gleim, Tobias
A1 - Neumann, Martin
A1 - Linnemann, Konrad
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Fracture Mechanical Analyses of a Welding Seam of a Thick-Walled Transport Package
N2 - The safety demonstration of heavy weight type B transport packages used for storing spent nuclear fuel (SNF) or radioactive waste is ensured by a combination of physical testing and numerical calculations. While experiments are performed in accordance with the IAEA regulations for selected drop scenarios, Finite-Element-Method (FEM) simulations are used to predict the most damaging case and to investigate additional drop positions.
BAM as competent authority in Germany has performed different investigations of a welding seam for a typical large transport package made of A508 forged steel, where the bottom plate is welded to the cylindrical shell. The package has a mass of approx. 120 t. Results of physical drop tests with a full-scale model and accompanying preliminary FEM simulations are presented to determine the decisive stresses in the welding seam. A drop test only represents one set of a package and test parameters. A further parameter analysis is considered to account for allowable variations of packaging properties (e.g. resulting from the manufacturing process) and, based on IAEA requirements, the temperature dependence of the material behaviour. The results of the stress analyses from the drop test and the simulation form the basis and provide the input parameters for a fracture mechanics analysis. In addition to the IAEA specifications, further standards are taken into account for an in-depth investigation, see R6, BS 7910 and API 579-1/ASME FFS1.
All the above-mentioned standards require a manufacturer-specific defect analysis with respect to size and position. Both result from the welding process and the following heat treatment regime. The maximum defect sizes are ensured with non-destructive test methods (such as ultrasonic or particle methods) as integral part of the manufacturing process of the welding seam. Another important parameter in the welding process is the residual stress (secondary stress). The combination of the primary and secondary stress determines the total stress in the welding seam. The most damaging case of the welding seam is determined and evaluated with help of the above-mentioned standards and taking into account the IAEA requirements with respect to defect sizes, material properties, primary and residual stress, yield strength etc.
T2 - PATRAM 22 - The International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials
CY - Juan-Les-Pins, Antibes, France
DA - 11.06.2023
KW - Transport Package
KW - Welding
KW - Fracture Mechanics
PY - 2023
SP - 1
EP - 10
AN - OPUS4-57696
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wandtke, Karsten
T1 - Consideration of manufacturing-related stresses and cold crack avoidance in high-strength steels WAAM components
N2 - High-strength steels offer great potential in weight-optimised modern steel structures. Additive manufacturing processes, such as Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM), enable near-net-shape manufacturing of complex structures and more efficient manufacturing, offering significant savings in costs, time, and resources. Suitable filler materials for WAAM are already commercially available. However, the lack of knowledge or technical guidelines regarding welding residual stresses during manufacturing and operation in connection with cold cracking risk limit their industrial application significantly. In a project of BAM and TU Chemnitz, the influences and complex interactions of material, manufacturing process, design and processing steps on residual stress evolution are investigated. By developing process recommendations and a special cold cracking test, economic manufacturing, and stress-appropriate design of high-strength steel WAAM components are main objectives.
The present study focuses on determining the influence of heat control (interpass temperature, heat input, cooling time) and the design aspects of the components on the hardness and residual stresses, which are analysed by X-ray diffraction. Defined reference specimens, i.e., hollow cuboids, are automatically welded with a special WAAM solid wire. The influences of wall length, wall thickness and wall height on the residual stresses are analysed. Geometric properties can be selectively adjusted by wire feed and welding speed but cannot be varied arbitrarily. This was addressed by adapted build-up strategies. The results indicate a significant influence of the heat control and the wall height on the residual stresses. The interpass temperature, wall thickness and wall length are not significant. These analyses allow recommendations for standards and manufacturing guidelines, enabling a safe and economic manufacturing of high-strength steel components.
T2 - European Steel Technology and Application Days
CY - Düsseldorf, Germany
DA - 14.06.2023
KW - DED-arc
KW - Additive manufacturing
KW - Heat control
KW - High-strength filler metals
KW - Residual stress
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57691
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wandtke, Karsten
T1 - Einfluss trennender Fertigungsschritte auf die Eigenspannungen in additiv gefertigten Bauteilen aus hochfestem Stahl
N2 - Additive Fertigungsverfahren wie das Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) ermöglichen die effiziente Fertigung von gewichtsoptimierten endkonturnahen Strukturen in modernen Stahlkonstruktionen. Ihre Effizienz kann weiter durch die Verwendung von hochfesten Stählen gesteigert werden. Dies erlaubt eine signifikante Einsparung von Kosten, Zeit und Ressourcen. Entsprechende Schweißzusatzwerkstoffe für Lichtbogenschweißverfahren sind kommerziell verfügbar. Fehlende Richtlinien und fehlende quantitative Kenntnisse über die schweißtechnische Beanspruchung während der Fertigung und im Betrieb limitieren den industriellen Einsatz stark. Daher werden in einem aktuellen Vorhaben (IGF-Nr. 21162 BG) der BAM und TU Chemnitz die wesentlichen Einflüsse und komplexen Interaktionen durch Werkstoff, Fertigungsprozess, Konstruktion und trennende Fertigungsschritte auf den Beanspruchungszustand untersucht. Der vorliegende Beitrag fokussiert hierfür die Auswirkungen trennender Fertigungsschritte auf Verzug und Eigenspannungen definierter WAAM-Prüfkörper. Die Eigenspannungsanalyse erfolgt mittels Röntgenbeugung. Die große Anzahl an Ergebnissen von zuvor untersuchten Referenzproben, die mit einem speziellen WAAM-Massivdraht (Streckgrenze >820 MPa) bei unterschiedlicher Wärmeführung und Geometrie vollautomatisiert geschweißt wurden, lässt eine Korrelation der Messdaten zu. Hierzu erfolgt die Analyse des Ausgangszustandes und abschließend des Zustandes nach trennender Bearbeitung, welche begleitend mittels digitaler Bildkorrelation hinsichtlich des Verzuges untersucht wurden. So ist zu beobachten, dass die Geometrie deutlichen Einfluss auf Relaxation und Umlagerung der Eigenspannungen hat und damit die Risssicherheit positiv beeinflussen kann.
T2 - Bachelor-, Master-, Doktoranden-Kolloquium OvGU Magdeburg
CY - Magdeburg, Germany
DA - 31.05.2023
KW - Additive Fertigung
KW - Hochfester Stahl
KW - Eigenspannungen
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57689
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wandtke, Karsten
T1 - Neutronen- und Röntgendiffraktion zur Einflussanalyse des Bauteil-Designs auf die Eigenspannungen bei der additiven Fertigung mit hochfestem Stahl
N2 - Vorstellung und Gegenüberstellung von Eigenspannungsanalysen mittels Röntgen- und Neutronenbeugung an einer additiven Prüfgeometrie aus hochfestem Stahl.
Einflussanalyse des Designs (Länge, Höhe, Wandstärke) von additiv gefertigten Bauteilen aus hochfestem Stahl auf die Eigenspannungen.
T2 - Bachelor-, Master-, Doktoranden-Kolloquium OvGU Magdeburg
CY - Magdeburg, Germany
DA - 25.01.2023
KW - Additive Fertigung
KW - Hochfester Stahl
KW - Eigenspannungen
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57688
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Gleim, Tobias
T1 - Welding Seam Safety Evaluation in a Thick-Walled Type B Transport Package
N2 - The safety demonstration of heavy weight type B transport packages used for storing spent nuclear fuel (SNF) or radioactive waste is ensured by a combination of physical testing and numerical calculations. While experiments are performed in accordance with the IAEA regulations for selected drop scenarios, Finite-Element-Method (FEM) simulations are used to predict the most damaging case and to investigate additional drop positions.
BAM as competent authority in Germany has performed different investigations of a welding seam for a typical large transport package made of A508 forged steel, where the bottom plate is welded to the cylindrical shell. The package has a mass of approx. 120 t. Results of physical drop tests with a full-scale model and accompanying preliminary FEM simulations are presented to determine the decisive stresses in the welding seam. A drop test only represents one set of a package and test parameters. A further parameter analysis is considered to account for allowable variations of packaging properties (e.g. resulting from the manufacturing process) and, based on IAEA requirements, the temperature dependence of the material behaviour. The results of the stress analyses from the drop test and the simulation form the basis and provide the input parameters for a fracture mechanics analysis. In addition to the IAEA specifications, further standards are taken into account for an in-depth investigation, see R6 [1], BS 7910 [2] and API 579-1/ASME FFS1 [3].
All the above-mentioned standards require a manufacturer-specific defect analysis with respect to size and position. Both result from the welding process and the following heat treatment regime. The maximum defect sizes are ensured with non-destructive test methods (such as ultrasonic or particle methods) as integral part of the manufacturing process of the welding seam. Another important parameter in the welding process is the residual stress (secondary stress). The combination of the primary and secondary stress determines the total stress in the welding seam. The most damaging case of the welding seam is determined and evaluated with help of the above-mentioned standards and taking into account the IAEA requirements with respect to defect sizes, material properties, primary and residual stress, yield strength etc.
T2 - PATRAM 22 - The International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials
CY - Juan-Les-Pins, France
DA - 11.06.2023
KW - Welding
KW - Fracture Mechanics
KW - Transport Package
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57695
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Neumann, Martin
T1 - Friction coefficients for wood-wood and wood-steel interfaces in impact limiters for transport casks
N2 - Wood is widely used in impact limiters of transport casks for radioactive material. Encapsulated by an outer and inner steel structure, spruce wood is often applied in layers of alternating direction. The friction at the interfaces between these layers is of crucial importance for the impact and energy absorption e.g., at an accidental impact of a cask against a hard target. In order to get detailed information for corresponding numerical calculations, in this study the friction coefficient for the combinations wood-wood and wood-steel was measured in the temperature range between -40°C and 90°C according to the relevant stress conditions for such casks. Results show decreasing friction with increasing temperature, ranging from 0.43 at -40°C to 0.22 for 90°C for wood-steel combinations and from 0.3 at -40°C to 0.24 at 90°C to for a wood-wood combination.
T2 - 20th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials (PATRAM 22)
CY - Juan-les-Pins, France
DA - 11.06.2023
KW - Wood
KW - Friction
KW - Transport cask
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57702
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Scharf-Wildenhain, R.
A1 - Hälsig, A.
A1 - Hensel, J.
A1 - Wandtke, Karsten
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Korrelation von Wärmeführung, Nahtgeometrie, Bauteildesign und Eigenspannungen bei DED-Arc mit hochfesten Zusatzwerkstoffen
N2 - Hochfeste Feinkornbaustähle verfügen über großes Potenzial für gewichtsoptimierte, effiziente Strukturen in vielen modernen Stahlkonstruktion. Weitere Effizienzsteigerungen können durch additives Fertigen sowie bionische Bauweisen erreicht werden. Hochfeste Zusatzwerkstoffe für formgebendes MSG-Schweißen (engl.: Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing, WAAM) sind bereits von den Schweißzusatzherstellern lieferbar. Eine breite industrielle Anwendung insbesondere für KMU ist aufgrund fehlender quantitativer Erkenntnisse und Richtlinien bezüglich schweißbedingter Beanspruchungen und Bauteilsicherheit während der Herstellung und des Betriebs derzeit stark limitiert. In einem gemeinsamen Forschungsprojekt (FOSTA-P1380/IGF21162BG) der BAM und der TU Chemnitz werden daher die mit Eigenspannungsausbildung und der Gefahr einer Kaltrissbildung verbundenen prozess- und werkstoffbedingten sowie konstruktiven Einflüsse beim WAAM hochfester Stähle untersucht. Der vorliegende Beitrag fokussiert die Analyse der Auswirkungen von Schweißwärmeführung und Design der WAAM-Bauteile auf Nahtgeometrie, Materialausnutzung und Eigenspannungen. Hierfür werden geometrisch definierte Probenkörper (Hohlquader) vollautomatisiert mit einem speziellen, hochfesten WAAM-Massivdraht (Streckgrenze >790 MPa) geschweißt. Die Wärmeführung wird innerhalb eines statistischen Versuchsplans so variiert, dass die Dt8/5-Abkühlzeiten im empfohlenen Verarbeitungsbereich (ca. 5 s bis 20 s) liegen. Das WAAM-Schweißen komplexer Geometrien mit variierenden Schweißwärmeführungen und geometrischen Verhältnissen bzw. Wanddicken bedingt neben den Auswirkungen auf die Abkühlbedingungen, Abkühlzeiten und Gefüge deutliche Einflüsse auf die konstruktiven Steifigkeitsverhältnisse beim Schweißen. Es zeigen sich anhand der Schweißexperimente signifikante Auswirkungen durch Probenskalierung und Wärmeeinbringung auf die resultierenden lokalen Eigenspannungen. Die Folge können ungünstige Bauteileigenschaften und risskritische Zugeigenspannungen sein.
T2 - 43. Assistentenseminar Füge- und Schweißtechnik 2022
CY - Chemnitz, Germany
DA - 27.09.2022
KW - Additive Fertigung
KW - Hochfester Stahl
KW - Eigenspannungen
PY - 2023
VL - 386
SP - 1
EP - 7
PB - DVS Media
CY - Düsseldorf
AN - OPUS4-59232
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wandtke, Karsten
T1 - Einfluss trennender Fertigungsschritte auf die Eigenspannungen in additiv gefertigten Bauteilen aus hochfestem Stahl
N2 - Additive Fertigungsverfahren wie das Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) ermöglichen die effiziente Fertigung von gewichtsoptimierten endkonturnahen Strukturen in modernen Stahlkonstruktionen. Ihre Effizienz kann weiter durch die Verwendung von hochfesten Stählen gesteigert werden. Dies erlaubt eine signifikante Einsparung von Kosten, Zeit und Ressourcen. Entsprechende Schweißzusatzwerkstoffe für Lichtbogenschweißverfahren sind kommerziell verfügbar. Fehlende Richtlinien und fehlende quantitative Kenntnisse über die schweißtechnische Beanspruchung während der Fertigung und im Betrieb limitieren den industriellen Einsatz stark. Daher werden in einem aktuellen Vorhaben (IGF-Nr. 21162 BG) der BAM und TU Chemnitz die wesentlichen Einflüsse und komplexen Interaktionen durch Werkstoff, Fertigungsprozess, Konstruktion und trennende Fertigungsschritte auf den Beanspruchungszustand untersucht. Der vorliegende Beitrag fokussiert hierfür die Auswirkungen trennender Fertigungsschritte auf Verzug und Eigenspannungen definierter WAAM-Prüfkörper. Die Eigenspannungsanalyse erfolgt mittels Röntgenbeugung. Die große Anzahl an Ergebnissen von zuvor untersuchten Referenzproben, die mit einem speziellen WAAM-Massivdraht (Streckgrenze >820 MPa) bei unterschiedlicher Wärmeführung und Geometrie vollautomatisiert geschweißt wurden, lässt eine Korrelation der Messdaten zu. Hierzu erfolgt die Analyse des Ausgangszustandes und abschließend des Zustandes nach trennender Bearbeitung, welche begleitend mittels digitaler Bildkorrelation hinsichtlich des Verzuges untersucht wurden. So ist zu beobachten, dass die Geometrie deutlichen Einfluss auf Relaxation und Umlagerung der Eigenspannungen hat und damit die Risssicherheit positiv beeinflussen kann.
T2 - 23. Werkstofftechnisches Kolloquium
CY - Chemnitz, Germany
DA - 29.03.2023
KW - Additive Fertigung
KW - Hochfester Stahl
KW - Eigenspannungen
KW - Residual stress
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-59231
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wandtke, Karsten
T1 - Influence of machining on residual stresses in additive manufactured high-strength steel components
N2 - Additive manufacturing processes such as direct energy deposition-arc (DED-Arc) welding or Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) enable the efficient production of weight-optimized near-net-shape components in modern steel constructions. Further increased efficiency can be achieved by using high-strength steels. This enables considerable savings in terms of costs, time and resources. Commercial filler metals are available for these arc welding processes, but a lack of guidelines and quantitative knowledge of the welding stresses during production and operation limit their industrial application. This study focuses on the effect of machining steps on the residual stresses and distortion of WAAM specimens. These specimens were welded fully automatically with a special WAAM solid wire (yield strength >820 MPa) with different geometric designs. The initial state and the state after cutting of the residual stresses were analyzed by means of X-ray diffraction on the surface and compared with data from three-dimens
T2 - IIW Annual Assembly 2024
CY - Rhodos, Greece
DA - 07.07.2024
KW - High strength steels
KW - Additive manufacturing
KW - Residual stress
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61951
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kromm, Arne
A1 - Thomas, Maximilian
A1 - Liepold, Philipp
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
T1 - Einfluss der Schweiß- und Prüfparameter bei der Heißrissbewertung hochfester Schweißzusatzwerkstoffe
N2 - Die Heißrissneigung beim Schweißen kann mittels einer ganzen Reihe von Prüfverfahren ermittelt werden. Eine etablierte Methode ist die sogenannte Varestraint-Prüfung, welche auch an der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) als modifizierter Varestraint/Transvarestraint-Test (MVT) zum Einsatz kommt. Die Ergebnisse von Varestraint-Prüfungen hängen jedoch stets in unter-schiedlichem Maße von der individuellen Prüfmaschinenauslegung und den verwendeten Prüfparametern ab. Dies kann zu einer uneinheitlichen Bewertung des Rissverhaltens führen, wenn die Risslänge konventionell als Kriterium für die Rissneigung herangezogen wird. Scheinbare Abhängigkeiten von Prozessparametern erschweren dann die Interpretation der Ergebnisse. Eine neuartige Bewertungsmethodik entkoppelt den Maschineneinfluss vom Materialverhalten und verwendet die Dehnrate als Risskriterium.
T2 - 5. Symposium Materialtechnik
CY - Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
DA - 23.02.2023
KW - Heißrisse
KW - Varestraint-Test
PY - 2023
SN - 978-3-8440-9105-2
SN - 2364-0804
VL - 12
SP - 357
EP - 365
PB - Shaker
CY - Düren
AN - OPUS4-57993
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Komann, Steffen
T1 - Ageing management measures for transport packages for radioactive materials
N2 - The consideration of ageing mechanisms is with integration into the IAEA-requirements now obligatory for the design of transport packages. For packages intended to be used for shipment after storage the consideration of the effects of ageing mechanisms during storage in safety analyses and the implementation of corresponding instructions for operation and maintenance are required. Therefore, these packages have been maintained during storage in a manner that all requirements specified in the IAEA-requirements and in the applicable certificates of approval have been fulfilled.
BAM is the competent authority in Germany for evaluating the thermal and mechanical design of packages for the transport of radioactive materials. In this context, BAM also evaluates the aging mechanisms and aging effects occurring during the long-term storage period of such transport packages. BAM has developed a guideline for the implementation of ageing assessment and of the measures for ageing management into the approval procedure based on IAEA-requirements.
The goal of the presented paper is to introduce this guideline and the general approach for ageing management requirements and to describe the application to a specific package design. The type and amount of the ageing management not only depend on the use of the packaging, but also on the accessibility of the components that are considered in the ageing assessment. The different operating phases of a packaging are considered for the ageing assessment, such as loading, interim storage or transport.
The implementation of measures for ageing management is divided into three levels – systemic measures, package design related measures and documentation. The systemic measures are attributed to the general management system and define the whole activities for organization of ageing management like structure, responsibilities, documentation, reports and evaluation. The package design related measures are defined in an ageing management plan (AMP). Therefore, an ageing surveillance program (ASP) and, if necessary, a gap analysis program has to be developed. The ageing management documentation (AMD) ensures the continuous documentation of the compliance of a specific package to the approved package design, comprising mainly records resulting from operation and surveillance.
T2 - PVP2023-Pressure, Vessels & Piping Conference
CY - Atlanta, GA, USA
DA - 16.07.2023
KW - Radioaktive Stoffe
KW - Transport
KW - Gefahrgut
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58003
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Neumann, Martin
A1 - Feldkamp, Martin
A1 - Linnemann, Konrad
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Transport of HLW canisters on sea vessels
N2 - Germany had been transporting spent fuel to the reprocessing plant in Sellafield and La Hague for decades until around 2005. Resulting from the obligation to take back the vitrified high-level waste from reprocessing six CASTOR® HAW28M filled with 168 canisters with radioactive waste in vitrified form were transported from Sellafield to the interim storage facility Biblis in 2020. Rail wagons were used for the transport to the port in Barrow-in-Furness, where they were loaded into a dedicated seagoing vessel, certified as INF Class 3 according to the INF Code. This was the first time that vitrified high level waste with considerable heat load was transported under a German design approval certificate.
BAM was involved in the authority assessment of the conditions for the sea transport. For the first transport BAM required among others, assessment of temperature distribution during transport, logging of temperatures of cargo bays and graphical imaging of temperatures of the bay with the cask in order to ensure compliance with temperature specifications, e.g. maximal neutron absorber and gasket temperatures. Special interest was taken in the identification of possible events exceeding the specified temperatures considering the different philosophies of IMDG code and its supplement INF code regarding temperature control of hatches. Results show compliance with assumed conditions.
T2 - RAMTrans 2024
CY - London, United Kingdom
DA - 14.05.2024
KW - Transport
KW - Spent nuclear fuel
KW - Ship
KW - Sea
KW - High level waste
PY - 2024
SP - 1
EP - 8
AN - OPUS4-60092
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Kaiser, Sebastian
T1 - Repair welding of pressurized in-service hydrogen pipelines: A review on current challenges and strategies
N2 - As energy carrier of the future, green hydrogen can make a decisive contribution to a sustainable energy supply. In Europe concrete plans for a hydrogen pipeline grid already exist, as the so called “European Hydrogen backbone”. As building a completely new pipeline grid is economically not justifiable, a dual-way strategy of repurposing natural gas (NG) pipelines and newly built pipelines is intended. Long distance pipeline grids require regular maintenance and repairs. In that conection, for natural gas (NG) pipelines in-service welding is state of the art. Concepts such as hot-tapping (drilling into pressurized pipelines) and “stoppling” (sealing off pipeline sections after installing bypasses or pressure relieves) allow the repair of damaged pipeline sections or the installation of new branches without shutting the pipeline down. The EIGA 121/14 guideline already pointed out in 2014 that “a hydrogen hot-tap shall not be considered a routine procedure”. This shows that the determination of the transferability of these repair concepts to hydrogen pipelines is of utmost importance. Due to the degrading effects of hydrogen on mechanical proper-ties, commonly referred to as “hydrogen embrittlement” it is necessary to understand and investigate the occurring effects. In the special case of repair welding on in-service hydrogen pipelines an increased hydro-gen uptake due to a large heat input and microstructural changes in the material needs to be considered. For this reason, this paper gives an overview on existing weld repair concepts and its risks and limitations in terms of hydrogen absorption and possible embrittlement effects when transferred to hydrogen pipelines. The complexity lies in a large variety of materials (low alloyed steels), pipeline diameters and corresponding welded joints. The material compatibility of materials in used (repurposed NG-pipelines) and new condition must be investigated. Particularly for repurposed/used pipelines the effect of a pre-matured/corroded inner surface and sometimes insufficient documentation of the material “history” needs to be considered. An overview on ongoing and completed R&D-projects with respect to repair concepts for hydrogen pipelines and hydrogen effects on pipeline materials is given.
T2 - 77th IIW Annual Assembly and International Conference, Meeting of Commission XI "Pressure Vessels and Piping"
CY - Ixia, Rhodes, Greece
DA - 07.07.2024
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Repair welding
KW - Pipelines
KW - Study
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60673
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Reichel, Levin
T1 - Effiziente Reparaturkonzepte mittels geregelter MSG Hochleistungsprozesse bei der Fertigung hochfester Dickblechverbindungen für Offshore Windenergieanlagen P1629
N2 - Der Bau von Gründungs- und Turmstrukturen für Windkraftanlagen erfordert den Einsatz moderner, nachhaltiger und ressourcenschonender hochfester Feinkornbaustähle. Durch den Schweißprozess verursachte Schweißnahtfehler sind nicht akzeptabel. Um diese zu beheben, ist das lokale thermische Fugenhobeln mit anschließendem Reparaturschweißen ein gängiges und wirtschaftliches Verfahren. Die hohe Schrumpfbehinderung um die ausgefugte Nut durch das umgebende Gefüge kann zu Rissbildung führen, wenn sich konstruktiv bedingte Spannungen und Eigenspannungen aus der Reparaturschweißung überlagern. Diese Gefahr wird durch die Verschlechterung der Mikrostruktur und der mechanischen Eigenschaften hochfester Stähle während des Schweißreparaturprozesses noch verstärkt.
T2 - Bachelor-, Master-, Doktoranden-Kolloquium
CY - Magdeburg, Germany
DA - 16.05.2024
KW - Reparaturschweißen
KW - Thermisches Ausfugen
KW - Offshore
KW - Sprühlichtbogen
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60050
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Neumann, Martin
A1 - Gröke, Carsten
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - BAM-GGR 016 - Auf dem aktuelle Stand
N2 - Die BAM-GGR 016 zur Anerkennung und Überwachung von Managementsystemen für nicht zulassungspflichtige Verssandstücke für radioaktive Stoffe wurde kürzliche erstmals revidiert.
KW - BAM-GGR 016
KW - Überwachung
KW - Anerkennung
KW - Radioaktive Stoffe
PY - 2024
SN - 0944-6117
IS - 5
SP - 11
EP - 13
PB - Verlag Heinrich Vogel
CY - München
AN - OPUS4-59998
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Neumann, Martin
T1 - Transport of HLW canisters on sea vessels
N2 - Germany had been transporting spent fuel to the reprocessing plant in Sellafield and La Hague for decades until around 2005. Resulting from the obligation to take back the vitrified high-level waste from reprocessing six CASTOR® HAW28M filled with 168 canisters with radioactive waste in vitrified form were transported from Sellafield to the interim storage facility Biblis in 2020. Rail wagons were used for the transport to the port in Barrow-in-Furness, where they were loaded into a dedicated seagoing vessel, certified as INF Class 3 according to the INF Code. This was the first time that vitrified high level waste with considerable heat load was transported under a German design approval certificate.
BAM was involved in the authority assessment of the conditions for the sea transport. For the first transport BAM required among others, assessment of temperature distribution during transport, logging of temperatures of cargo bays and graphical imaging of temperatures of the bay with the cask in order to ensure compliance with temperature specifications, e.g. maximal neutron absorber and gasket temperatures. Special interest was taken in the identification of possible events exceeding the specified temperatures considering the different philosophies of IMDG code and its supplement INF code regarding temperature control of hatches. Results show compliance with assumed conditions.
T2 - RAMTrans 2024
CY - London, GB
DA - 14.05.2024
KW - Transport
KW - Spent nuclear fuel
KW - Ship
KW - Sea
KW - High level waste
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60091
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - VIDEO
T1 - Wasserstoffenergie - Sauber und sicher
N2 - Die fossilen Brennstoffe Kohle, Erdöl und Erdgas werden in absehbarer Zeit erschöpft sein. Auch wegen der hohen CO2-Belastung, die bei der Verbrennung kohlenstoffhaltiger Substanzen entstehen, wird eine Umstellung unserer Energiewirtschaft erforderlich. Als Ersatz kommt Wasserstoff in Frage. Wasserstoff kann in beliebigen Mengen gewonnen werden. Er gilt als sauberer Energieträger. Aber ist dessen Anwendung auch sicher?
KW - Wasserstoffenergie
PY - 1996
N1 - Es gibt eine parallele Sprachausgabe (englisch), ein Link befindet sich im Feld zugehöriger Identifikator - There is a parallel language edition (English), a link is in the field related identifier
VL - 30
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-45523
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - VIDEO
T1 - Hydrogen energy - Clean and safe
N2 - The fossil fuels coal, oil and natural gas will be exhausted in foreseeable future. Also because of the high CO2 contamination which develops through the combustion of carbon-containing substances, conversion of our energy industry will be necessary. As a replacement, hydrogen is being considered. It can be obtained in large quantities and is a clean source of energy, but is its application safe?
KW - Hydrogen energy
PY - 1996
N1 - Es gibt eine parallele Sprachausgabe (deutsch), ein Link befindet sich im Feld zugehöriger Identifikator - There is a parallel language edition (German), a link is in the field related identifier
VL - 31
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-45524
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Heimann, Jan
T1 - Innovative Real-Time Monitoring of H2 Pressure Vessels for Enhanced Safety and Reliability
N2 - The significantly increased number of pressure vessels for storage and transport of H2 makes periodic manual inspections virtually impossible. Structural health monitoring enables proactive maintenance, extends the vessel’s lifespan, and ensures compliance with regulations, all while minimizing operational risks and downtime.
T2 - QI-Digital Forum 2024
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 09.10.2024
KW - Structural Health Monitoring
KW - Pressure Vessel
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Reliability
KW - Quality Infrastructure
KW - Demonstrator
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61485
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Gleim, Tobias
T1 - AI-Based Documentation Analysis for Safety Assessment of Packages for Radioactive Material
N2 - The transportation of radioactive material requires, dependent on type und quantity of the radioactive material, a regulatory approval based on the type of the package. Safety assessments shall be conducted in compliance with the IAEA regulations and documented in a comprehensive package design safety report to obtain approval from authority. This comprehensive safety report evaluates a broad range of requirements from the regulations, including mechanical, thermal, shielding, criticality and transport requirements and controls, and testing assessments. Additionally, it encompasses supporting documents such as specifications, inspections, certifications, drawings, and guidelines in a variety of complex documents.
Safety and manufacturing reports contain multiple interconnected sub-reports covering various topics. Changes, such as component modifications, material property updates, or regulatory revisions, often impact multiple sections of the safety analysis reports, making even minor adjustments complex and time-consuming. Each transport package has unique requirements, making every safety report distinct, despite following the same regulatory framework.
Most documentation exists in standard digital formats but is often not machine interpretable. This lack of interpretability means individuals must manually identify and address dependencies within the reports. An AI-based documentation system that visualizes these dependencies would significantly enhance the efficiency of safety assessments. By linking interpretable content directly to datasheets, tables, simulations, experimental results, standards, and regulations, such a system would automatically identify changes and interdependencies. Related conditions could be validated using AI-based tools, reducing the need for manual intervention, improving both efficiency and safety.
Human error plays a significant role in drafting, reviewing, and revising safety reports, often requiring iterative review cycles and multiple reviewers before approval. A digital quality infrastructure could reduce iterations and further improve efficiency. Integrating AI into this process could optimize safety assessments and enhance their robustness by leveraging interpretability to enhance safety.
This preliminary study explores the readiness and requirements for using LLMs and RAG in the context of regulatory compliance for transport of radioactive material. By analyzing current documentation workflows, we identify how LLM-based tools can interpret complex safety reports and highlight critical interdependencies. We stress the importance of robust data governance, confidentiality measures, and AI reliability in this highly regulated context.
T2 - BAM – Fraunhofer Materials LLM Days
CY - Würzburg, Germany
DA - 03.07.2025
KW - KI
KW - RAG
KW - LLM
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63727
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Karapanagiotis, Christos
A1 - Heimann, Jan
A1 - Duffner, Eric
A1 - Charmi, Amir
A1 - Schukar, Marcus
A1 - Hashemi, Seyedreza
A1 - Prager, Jens
T1 - Towards predictive maintenance of hydrogen pressure vessels based on multi-sensor data fusion and digital twin modeling
N2 - Hydrogen pressure vessels are among the most essential components for reliable hydrogen technology. Under current regulations, a mostly conservative strategy is employed, restricting the usage time of hydrogen pressure vessels without providing information on the real remaining lifetime. During the service life, pressure vessels are inspected periodically. However, no established method that can provide continuous monitoring or information on the remaining safe service life of the vessel. In this paper, we propose a sensor network for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) of hydrogen pressure vessels where data from all sensors are collected and centrally evaluated. Specifically, we integrate three different SHM sensing technologies namely Guided Wave ultrasonics (GW), Acoustic Emission testing (AT), and distributed Fiber Optic Sensing (FOS). This integrated approach offers significantly more information and could therefore enable a transition from costly and time-consuming periodic inspections to more efficient and modern predictive maintenance strategies, including Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based evaluation. This does not only have a positive effect on the operational costs but enhances safety through early identification of critical conditions in the overall system in real-time. We demonstrate an experimental set-up of a lifetime test where a Type IV Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessel (COPV) is investigated under cyclic loading instrumented with AT, FOS, and GW methods. We acquired data from the sensor network until the pressure vessel failed due to material degradation. The data collected using the three different SHM sensor technologies is planned to be evaluated individually, using data fusion, and AI. In the future, we aim to integrate the measurement setup into a hydrogen refueling station with the data stream implemented into a digital signal processing chain and a digital twin.
T2 - 11th European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring
CY - Potsdam, Germany
DA - 10.06.2024
KW - Acoustic emission
KW - Ultrasonic guided waves
KW - Fiber optic sensors
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Pressure vessels
KW - Structural health monitoring
KW - Machine learning
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-602764
UR - https://www.ndt.net/search/docs.php3?id=29702
SP - 1
EP - 8
PB - NDT.net
AN - OPUS4-60276
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Karapanagiotis, Christos
A1 - Breithaupt, Mathias
A1 - Duffner, Eric
A1 - Schukar, Marcus
T1 - Real-time monitoring of hydrogen composite pressure vessels using surface-applied distributed fiber optic sensors
N2 - In this paper, we report to the best of our knowledge for the first time on continuous real-time monitoring of composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPVs) designed for hydrogen storage using surface-applied distributed fiber optic sensors (DFOS). We conducted continuous and real-time DFOS measurements during pressure cycling tests consisting of periodic pressure fluctuations between 20 bar and 875 bar, with a rate of 5 cycles min−1. During pressure cycling, the DFOS system measured strain changes, that under normal operating conditions were linearly correlated to changes in pressure. To detect and quantify damage-related anomalies, we trained a simple regression model to predict strain from pressure data and used the difference between predicted and measured values as a damage indicator. With our approach, the DFOS system not only detected and localized the damage but also continuously tracked its evolution in real time under dynamic pressure conditions. Furthermore, unlike previous studies where optical fibers were embedded within the composite structure, we applied them on the COPV surface, reducing both implementation cost and time while eliminating the need to modify the COPV manufacturing process. Based on our results, we are confident that DFOS can enhance safety and facilitate the transition from time-consuming periodic inspections to more efficient, machine learning-based predictive maintenance.
KW - Fiber optic sensors
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Structural health monitoring
KW - Pressure vessels
KW - Predictive maintenance
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-627644
DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7647/adb9ac
SN - 2515-7647
VL - 7
IS - 2
SP - 2
EP - 10
PB - IOP Publishing Ltd
CY - Bristol, UK
AN - OPUS4-62764
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Reichardt, Adrian
T1 - Introduction of An Ageing Management Approach for Dual Purpose Casks
N2 - With integration of the new para 613A into SSR-6 [1] the consideration of ageing mechanisms is now obligatory for the design of packages and their approval. In addition, para 809(f) of SSR-6 [1] requires consideration of the effects of storage on ageing mechanisms, safety analyses and operation and maintenance instructions.
German competent authorities Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) and Bundesamt für die Sicherheit der nuklearen Entsorgung (BASE) are considering the aspect of ageing in approval procedures. Ageing assessment is mainly focused on dual purpose casks (DPC) package designs which are long-term stored in interim storage facilities.
T2 - BAM-IRSN Symposium 2021
CY - Online meeting
DA - 08.09.2021
KW - Ageing
KW - DPC
KW - Interim storage
KW - Ageing management
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53287
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Fügetechnik in Wasserstofftechnologien Ein aktueller Überblick
N2 - Der Vortrag gibt einen kurzen Überblick über die Bedeutung der Fügetechnik in Wasserstofftechnologien und über zukünftige Herausforderungen. Fügetechnologien, insbesondere die Schweißtechnik, haben dabei wesentliche Bedeutung für die Umsetzung von technischen Komponenten der Wasserstofftechnologien. Forschungsschwerpunkte ergeben sich insbesondere für die Erzeugung und den Transport des Wasserstoffs.
T2 - Vortragsreihe des DVS Bezirksverbandes Mannheim-Ludwigshafen
CY - Online meeting
DA - 27.04.2023
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Schweißen
KW - Studie
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57411
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Welding (and joining) technologies for the hydrogen economy - a short overview
N2 - This study gives an overview on the important field of joining processes for component fabrication in hydrogen technologies. The current main issues and future perspectives are highlighted for the different technological field of hydrogen generation, storage, transport and use. In addition, the emerging field of additive manufacturing is included. Some remarks are given for standardization and regulations.
T2 - Meeting of the European Welding Association (EWA), Executive Committee (EC) 1
CY - Frankfurt am Main, Germany
DA - 22.03.2023
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Welding
KW - Research
KW - Study
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57222
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Neumann, Martin
A1 - Gleim, Tobias
A1 - Gradt, Thomas
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Friction coefficients for wood-wood and wood-steel interfaces in impact limiters for transport casks
N2 - Wood is widely used in impact limiters of transport casks for radioactive material. Encapsulated by an outer and inner steel structure, spruce wood is often applied in layers of alternating direction. The friction at the interfaces between these layers is of crucial importance for the impact and energy absorption e.g., at an accidental impact of a cask against a hard target. In order to get detailed information for corresponding numerical calculations, in this study the friction coefficient for the combinations wood-wood and wood-steel was measured in the temperature range between -40°C and 90°C according to the relevant stress conditions for such casks. Results show decreasing friction with increasing temperature, ranging from 0.43 at -40°C to 0.22 for 90°C for wood-steel combinations and from 0.3 at -40°C to 0.24 at 90°C to for a wood-wood combination.
T2 - 20th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials
CY - Juan-les-Pins, France
DA - 11.06.2023
KW - Wood
KW - Friction
KW - Transport cask
PY - 2023
SP - 1
EP - 11
AN - OPUS4-57334
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Bewertung und Vermeidung von schweißverarbeitungsbedingten Rissen in hochfesten Baustählen
N2 - Die vorliegende Präsentation fasst die Ergebnisse von drei laufenden bzw. beendeten AiF/IGF-Projekten zusammen, die über die Forschungsvereinigung Stahlanwendung FOSTA e.V. an der BAM bearbeitet wurden zum Thema: Bewertung und Vermeidung von schweißverarbeitungsbedingten Rissen in hochfesten Baustählen.
T2 - FOSTA Tagung: Hochfester Stahl im Stahl und Anlagenbau
CY - Essen, Germany
DA - 16.05.2023
KW - Studie
KW - Schweißen
KW - Hochfester Stahl
KW - Riss
KW - Forschung
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57517
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kromm, Arne
T1 - Eigenspannungen in mittels DED-Arc gefertigten Bauteilen aus hochfestem Stahl
N2 - Der Vortrag gibt einen Überblick über die mittels XRD und Neutronenbeugung ermittelten Eigenspannungen in additiv gefertigten Bauteilen. Zusätzlich wird der Einfluss der Prozessparameter auf die Härte betrachtet.
T2 - Frühjahrssitzung des Fachausschusses 13 Eigenspannungen der AWT
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 28.03.2023
KW - Eigenspannungen
KW - DED-arc
KW - Hochfester Stahl
KW - Neutronenbeugung
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57289
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kromm, Arne
T1 - Hot Cracking Behavior of LTT Alloys under Variable Conditions in the Varestraint Test
N2 - The use of Low Transformation Temperature (LTT) filler materials is an innovative way to reduce welding residual stresses. The generation of compressive residual stresses in the weld and heat-affected zone can lead to an improvement of the fatigue life of high-strength welds. However, high-alloy filler metals can be prone to solidification cracking. Two important LTT alloys were evaluated under variable welding and loading parameters using the Modified Varestraint/Transvarestraint (MVT) test. Initially conflicting results were interpreted using a newly developed image-based crack detection routine [1]. Based on the melt pool dimensions, the shape of the isotherms is reconstructed, and the theoretical crack growth along numerically determined crystallization paths is considered in relation to the cracks observed. Decreasing welding speeds with simultaneously higher heat input promote crack formation with increasing strain rate.
T2 - International Joint Conference EMPOrIA 2023
CY - Aachen, Germany
DA - 16.05.2023
KW - LTT
KW - Solidification cracking
KW - Varestraint test
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57546
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Czeskleba, Denis
T1 - Experimental determination of hydrogen diffusion in high-strength submerged arc welded joints by electrochemical permeation
N2 - High-strength structural steels are increasingly used in modern steel construction for economic and design reasons, e.g., in building, plant or mobile crane construction. By using steels with higher yield strengths (≥690 MPa), significant weight reductions and lower processing costs can be achieved by reducing the wall thickness. For example, substituting S235J2 with S960QL can reduce weight by up to 78%. Current efforts in lightweight design result from the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by up to 65% by 2030 compared to 1990. These demands mean a significant reduction in process emissions in industry by increasing the efficiency of energy and raw materials. Submerged arc welding (SAW) offers high deposition rates and the welding of sheet thicknesses of up to 200 mm. Due to their special microstructure to achieve strength, high strength steels have reduced ductility and are susceptible to hydrogen-assisted cold cracking (HACC), which can also form with delay. In addition, large plate thicknesses lead to high residual welding stresses and long diffusion paths for hydrogen introduced via the welding process, for example. Furthermore, H-diffusion coefficients for submerged arc multi-layer weld metal are very limited as a basis for estimating the time interval of a possible delayed cold cracking (thus HACC) or for post-heating procedures for hydrogen reduction (no HACC). Reliable H-diffusion coefficients are therefore an adequate tool for assessing the risk of delayed HACC. This study characterizes the hydrogen diffusion behavior in submerged arc multi-pass weld metal, heat-affected zone and base metal of a two different S690 steels (TM and QT condition). Samples were extracted from the weld metal, heat-affected zone and base material to investigate the microstructure-specific influence on the diffusion of hydrogen. Using electrochemical permeation at room temperature and carrier gas hot extraction in the temperature range up to 400 °C, the corresponding diffusion coefficients were determined. From the experimental data, hydrogen diffusion coefficients and absorbed hydrogen concentrations had been calculated. In contrast e.g. to GMA welds, the hydrogen diffusion coefficients did not exhibit significant differences in the two base materials (TM and QT) or the heat-affected zone or weld metal, although quite different welding heat inputs were investigated. From the practical viewpoint, thick-walled SAW joints can be assessed for delayed hydrogen diffusion only by the base material coefficients. The calculated diffusion coefficients will be further used for numerical modelling of the hydrogen diffusion in welded joints.
T2 - IIW Intermediate Meeting 2025
CY - Trollhätten, Sweden
DA - 10.03.2025
KW - Hydrogen Cracking
KW - Submerged Arc Welding
KW - Hydrogen Diffusion
KW - Cold Cracking
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63124
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Erxleben, Kjell
T1 - Assessment of in-service welding conditions for pressurized hydrogen pipelines via component test
N2 - Hydrogen is the energy carrier of tomorrow for a fossil-free future. This requires a reliable transport infrastructure capable of transporting large quantities of hydrogen. In addition to the construction of new pipelines, the conversion of existing natural gas (NG) networks is an essential part of global hydrogen strategies. The transport of hydrogen is fundamentally different from that of NG, as hydrogen can be absorbed into the pipeline material. Given the known effects of hydrogen embrittlement, the compatibility of the materials for the proposed pipelines (typically low alloy steels in a wide range of strengths and thicknesses) must be investigated. However, pipelines require frequent maintenance, repair, or the need to install additional outlets. In some cases, it is necessary to perform welding on or to the pipelines while they are in-service, i.e. with active gas flow under high pressure. This in-service welding poses challenges for hydrogen operations in terms of additional hydrogen absorption during welding and material compatibility. The challenge can be roughly divided into the possible austenitization of the inner pipe material exposed to hydrogen, which can lead to sufficient hydrogen absorption, and the welding itself, which causes an increased temperature range. Both lead to a significant increase in hydrogen solubility of the respective materials compared to room temperature. In this context, knowledge about welding on hydrogen pipelines is scarce due to the lack of operational experience. Fundamental experimental investigations are required to investigate the transferability from natural gas to hydrogen pipeline networks. For this reason, the present study presents a specially designed demonstrator concept for the realistic assessment of the welding process conditions. The demonstrator was designed ex-post sample extraction for quantification of the absorbed hydrogen concentration. For safety reasons, the required volume of pressurized hydrogen was limited by inserting a solid cylinder. Welding experiments on the DN50 and DN200 pressurized demonstrators showed an increased hydrogen uptake in the welded area of several ppm.
T2 - Materials Week/Steel Innovation
CY - Frankfurt am Main, Germany
DA - 02.04.2025
KW - In-service
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Pipeline
KW - Repair welding
KW - Component test
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62941
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Heimann, Jan
A1 - Mustapha, Samir
A1 - Yilmaz, Bengisu
A1 - Prager, Jens
T1 - Guided Waves in Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessels and Considerations for Sensor Placement Toward Structural Health Monitoring—An Experimental Study
N2 - The utilization of composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPVs) to store hydrogen, especially at high pressures, is gaining more popularity due to their lightweight design and high storage density, offering significant economic advantages. However, the presence of material defects or fatigue can lead to critical failures, requiring an innovative and robust approach to ensure safe operation and system integrity. Developing a continuous structural health monitoring (SHM) system for COPVs can provide comprehensive realtime information about their condition, facilitating a shift away from periodic inspections.
This study scrutinizes the behavior of guided waves (GWs) within COPVs to design a sensor ,network for damage detection and localization. First, the dispersive and multimodal propagation behavior of GWs is experimentally investigated. Subsequently, important parameters for the network design are derived and finally a sensor network consisting of 15 piezoelectric transducers is designed to cover the entire cylindrical area. The effectiveness is then evaluated experimentally by placing artificial defects on the surface of the COPV. The multi-layered dataset of GW signals was analyzed using both commonly used ultrasonic features (e.g., amplitude, frequency, time of flight) as well as statistical features (kurtosis, skewness, variance, etc.). These features were utilized to compute a damage index, and the effectiveness of the detection performance was assessed using receiver operating characteristic curves. It can be seen that some features are more sensitive and robust under varying experimental conditions. The results show that ultrasonic GW SHM system is a promising solution for damage detection and localization in COPVs.
KW - Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessels
KW - Guided Waves
KW - Structural Health Monitoring
KW - Sensors Placement
KW - Damage Detection
KW - Damage Localization
KW - Elastic Wave
KW - Testing Methodologies
KW - Ultrasonics
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-625239
DO - https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4067667
SN - 2572-3898
VL - 8
IS - 3
SP - 031007-1
EP - 031007-13
PB - The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
CY - New York, USA
AN - OPUS4-62523
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Lay, Vera
T1 - Sichere Verschlussbauwerke mittels innovativer Materialien, multisensorischem Monitoring und Ultraschall-Prüfung zur Qualitätssicherung
N2 - Verschlussbauwerke sind für die untertägige Endlagerung im Salzgestein als eine wichtige technische Barriere vorgesehen. Diese Bauwerke müssen hohen Anforderungen an Sicherheit und Integrität genügen, weshalb im Projekt SealWasteSafe Werkstofftechnik, Prüfverfahren und Überwachungsmethoden für sichere Verschlussbauwerke verbessert werden. Dabei zeigen die untersuchten alkaliaktivierten Materialien (AAM) langsamere Reaktionskinetik bei der Erhärtung im Vergleich zu Salzbeton, was potenziell geringere Rissbildung erwarten lässt. Die Erhärtung wird an Probekörpern (100-300 l) multisensorisch über einen Zeitraum von mindestens 28 Tagen überwacht. Die Parameter Temperatur und Feuchtigkeit werden einerseits kabelgebunden, andererseits mittels drahtloser Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)-Technik aufgezeichnet. Zusätzlich kommen Schallemissionsmessungen sowie Dehnungsmessungen mittels verteilter faseroptischer Sensorik (FOS) zum Einsatz. Die Überwachung zeigt verschiedene Charakteristika beim Erhärten der Materialien mit geringerer Temperaturentwicklung des AAM. Zusätzlich werden Ultraschallmessungen genutzt, um Einbauteile und Störstellen wie Risse und Delaminationen im Rahmen der Qualitätssicherung am Probekörper und am Verschlussbauwerk zu detektieren. Dafür werden sowohl ein Ultraschallmesssystem mit großer Apertur (LAUS) als auch eine Ultraschall-Bohrlochsonde eingesetzt. Durch Erhöhung des Schalldrucks und Schallfeldbündelung im Beton wird die Aussagekraft der von der Bohrlochsonde aufgezeichneten Messsignale verbessert, was in Modellierungen und ersten Labortests gezeigt werden kann. Die Auswertung der Ultraschallmessungen zeigt das große Potenzial der Methode mit Eindringtiefen bis zu 9 m, wobei anspruchsvolle Abbildungsverfahren zu einer verbesserten Abbildung der internen Strukturen führen. Insgesamt verbessern die im Projekt SealWasteSafe entwickelten Materialien und Methoden die Möglichkeiten für sichere Verschlussbauwerke nuklearer Endlager. Obwohl die Konzepte speziell für Bauwerke im Salzgestein entwickelt werden, sind sie partiell gut auf andere Wirtsgesteine übertragbar.
T2 - 3. Tage der Standortauswahl
CY - Aachen, Germany
DA - 08.06.2022
KW - SealWasteSafe
KW - Salzbeton
KW - Verschlussbauwerke
KW - Monitoring
KW - Ultraschall
KW - Inspektion
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55093
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Lay, Vera
T1 - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden für Verschlussbauwerke nuklearer Endlager im Projekt SealWasteSafe
N2 - Für die sichere Einlagerung von radioaktiven oder toxischen Abfällen kommen im Salzgestein technische Barrieren in Form von untertägigen Verschlussbauwerken zum Einsatz. Aufgrund der hohen Anforderungen an Sicherheit und Integrität dieser Verschlussbauwerke werden umfangreiche zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden zur Überwachung und Qualitätssicherung verwendet. Im BAM-Projekt SealWasteSafe werden Werkstofftechnik, Prüfverfahren und Überwachungsmethoden für sichere Verschlussbauwerke in Endlagern verbessert. Dabei wird der bisherige Salzbeton mit dem innovativen alkaliaktivierten Material (AAM) mit langsamerer Reaktionskinetik bei der Erhärtung und somit potenziell geringerer Rissbildung verglichen. Im Labormaßstab werden Probekörper mit Volumina von 100-300 l multisensorisch ausgestattet und somit die Zuverlässigkeit und Widerstandsfähigkeit der Sensoren gegenüber der hochalkalischen Umgebung nachgewiesen. Durch das Monitoring wird der Abbindevorgang des Betons überwacht und die Materialien über einen Zeitraum von mehreren Wochen charakterisiert. Dabei werden die Parameter Temperatur und Feuchtigkeit einerseits verkabelt als auch mittels drahtloser Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)-Technik aufgezeichnet. Zusätzlich kommen Schallemissionsmessungen sowie Dehnungsmessung mittels verteilter faseroptischer Sensorik (FOS) zum Einsatz. Das multisensorische Überwachungssystem wird durch aktive Ultraschallmessungen ergänzt, die durch die Detektion von Rissen, Delaminationen oder anderen Störstellen eine Qualitätssicherung der Verschlussbauwerke ermöglichen. Dafür werden sowohl ein Ultraschallsystem mit großer Apertur (LAUS) als auch eine Ultraschall-Bohrlochsonde eingesetzt. Durch Erhöhung des Schalldrucks und Bündelung der Schallsignale im Beton wird die Aussagekraft der von der Bohrlochsonde aufgezeichneten Messsignale verbessert, was in Modellierungen und ersten Labortests gezeigt werden kann. Die Auswertung der Ultraschallmessungen erfolgt mit auf Diffraktionssummation beruhenden Migrationsverfahren wie Kirchhoff-Tiefenmigration und Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique (SAFT), die Abbildungen vom Inneren der Probekörper erzeugen. Insgesamt verbessert das Projekt SealWasteSafe mithilfe innovativer Multisensorik und Ultraschallmethodik die Überwachungs- und Qualitätssicherungskonzepte für sichere Verschlussbauwerke nuklearer Endlager.
T2 - 82. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Geophysikalischen Gesellschaft
CY - Online meeting
DA - 07.03.2022
KW - SealWasteSafe
KW - Ultraschall
KW - Verschlussbauwerke
KW - Abbildungsverfahren
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-54533
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey
T1 - Hybrid laser-arc welding of laser and plasma-cut 20 mm thick structural steels with AC magnetic support
N2 - It is already known that the laser beam welding (LBW) or hybrid laser-arc welding (HLAW) processes are sensitive to manufacturing tolerances such as gaps and misalignment of the edges, especially at welding of thick-walled steels due to its narrow beam diameter. Therefore, the joining parts preferably have to be milled. The study deals with the influence of the edge quality, the gap and the misalignment of edges on the weld seam quality of hybrid laser-arc welded 20-mm-thick structural steel plates which were prepared by laser and plasma cutting. Single-pass welds were conducted in butt joint configuration. An AC magnet was used as a contactless backing. It was positioned under the workpiece during the welding process to prevent sagging. The profile of the edges and the gap between the workpieces were measured before welding by a profile scanner or a digital camera, respectively. With a laser beam power of just 13.7 kW, the single-pass welds could be performed. A gap bridgeability up to 1 mm at laser-cut and 2 mm at plasma-cut samples could be reached respectively. Furthermore, a misalignment of the edges up to 2 mm could be welded in a single pass. The new findings may eliminate the need for cost and time-consuming preparation of the edges.
T2 - WAITRO-Workshop “Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Technologies for Africa and Middle East Development”
CY - Cairo, Egypt
DA - 01.06.2022
KW - Hybrid laser arc welding
KW - Laser beam welding
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-54950
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Prabhakara, Prathik
T1 - Construction and Simulation of a Novel Phased Array Borehole Probe for Ultrasonic Investigations at Sealing Structures in Radioactive Repositories
N2 - A novel ultrasonic borehole probe is developed for the quality assurance of sealing structures in radioactive waste repositories using existing research boreholes. The goal is to examine the sealing structures made of salt concrete for possible cracks, delamination, and embedded objects. A prototype probe uses 12 individual horizontal dry point contact (DPC) shear wave transducers separated by equidistant transmitter/receiver arrays of six individual transducers each. It is operated with a commercially available portable ultrasonic flaw detector used in the civil engineering industry. To increase the generated acoustic pressure of the borehole probe, the number of transducers in the novel probe is increased to 32. In addition, a timed excitation of each probe directs a focused beam of sound to a specific angle and distance based on calculated time delays. This limits the sensitive test volume and improves the signal-to-noise ratio of the received signals. This paper presents the validation of the newly developed phased array borehole probe by investigating the directivity through beam computation in the CIVA software and experimental investigations on a semi-cylindrical test specimen. It is expected that an optimised radiation pattern of the probe in combination with geophysical reconstruction methods will improve the signal quality and thus increase the reliability of the imaging results. This is of great importance for the construction of safe sealing structures needed for the disposal of radioactive or toxic waste.
T2 - ISNT NDE 21
CY - Online meeting
DA - 09.12.2021
KW - Borehole probe
KW - Engineered barrier
KW - Phased array technique
KW - SealWasteSafe
KW - Monitoring
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-54498
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey
T1 - Schweisstechnische Anwendungen von Hochleistungslasern für dickwandige Konstruktionen
N2 - Der Beitrag befasst sich mit dem Potential der schweißtechnischen Anwendung von Hochleistungslasern für die moderne industrielle Fertigung. Die Ergebnisse eines abgeschlossenen IGF-Projektes werden präsentiert und im Hinblick auf die Vorteile des vorgeschlagenen EM-unterstützten Laser-MSG-Hybridschweißverfahrens ggü. konventionellen Schweißverfahren diskutiert. Vor allem die Eigenschaften des Verfahrens, wie eine bessere Spaltüberbrückbarkeit, eine bessere Durchmischung des Zusatzmaterials und gute mechanisch-technologische Eigenschaften der Schweißverbindungen werden hervorgehoben.
T2 - Anwendertreffen des Laserverbundes Berlin-Brandenburg
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 25.11.2022
KW - Laserstrahlschweißen
KW - Hybridschweißen
KW - Elektromagnetische Schmelzbadkontrolle
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56571
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Lay, Vera
T1 - Advanced analysis of ultrasonic investigations at sealing structures
N2 - Engineering barrier systems are a crucial part of the safe underground disposal of radioactive waste, particularly in salt as a host rock. Sealing structures made of tailored concrete are under test at various sites in Germany. To characterise the material properties of the concrete and potentially also the bonding to the host rock as part of the necessary subsurface structures, we apply non-destructive testing making use of advanced geophysical imaging methods.
Ultrasonic investigations have been carried out at underground concrete structures in the Teutschenthal mine in Germany. Here, we show results from two distinct constructions produced in a shotcrete procedure. Our goal is to analyse the performance of ultrasonics to be used as quality assurance for sealing structures made from shotcrete. First, a ~10 m long shotcrete structure is investigated with the help of a unique Large Aperture Ultrasonic System (LAUS) allowing for depth penetration of > 9 m. We perform measurements at the front and from the side of the construction. Second, we obtain results from a 1 m thick shotcrete body containing several artificial defects (width up to 8 cm). Ultrasonic testing data were acquired using a commercial multi-static device. Additionally, a new device measuring with 3D mode instead of line mode is applied and preliminary results will be shown.
Generally, the acquired ultrasonic data are analysed by the Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique that is commonly applied in non-destructive testing. As a result, reflectors in the analysed shotcrete structures are imaged. Individual reflections from internal features and particularly the opposite wall are identified. An unexpected delamination wider than 30 cm is clearly imaged and later verified by boreholes. Thus, the method is – in general – suitable to serve as a quality measure. However, particularly the small and deep artificial defects can hardly be identified in the resulting images. Thus, we use advanced geophysical imaging methods to further enhance the quality of the obtained images. The recorded ultrasonic energy is focused to the physically reflective origin in the analysed volume. First results clearly show that we successfully improve the image quality regarding noise level and artifacts and hence facilitate the detection of objects.
In total, we present a valuable experiment under realistic conditions for underground sealing structures made from shotcrete, where the locations of artificial reflectors are partly known. This experiment serves as a unique basis to analyse the performance of advanced analysis methods to obtain high-quality images of the structure’s interior. Hence, the developed ultrasonic testing and analysis schemes can serve as a part of quality assurance that will help to enable safe sealing structures for nuclear waste disposal.
T2 - SafeND2023: Interdisciplinary research symposium on the safety of nuclear disposal practices
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 13.09.2023
KW - Ultrasound
KW - Imaging
KW - Engineered barrier systems
KW - Shotcrete
PY - 2023
DO - https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-67-2023
AN - OPUS4-58497
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rethmeier, Michael
T1 - Single pass laser vacuum welding of thick steel plates using electromagnetic support
N2 - The increasing demand for renewable energy produced by offshore wind turbines goes along with an increased demand in the production of offshore wind turbine foundations, so called “monopiles”, which are made by joining thick metal sheets. The industrial standard of multi-layer submerged arc welding (SAW) for joining of thick metal sheets is the current bottleneck in the production of monopiles. A possible increase in productivity by the implementation of high-power laser welding in a newly developed mobile vacuum chamber (MoVac) and an electromagnetic root support is the subject of this study. Single run butt welds are performed in flat position on S355 mild steel of thicknesses up to 80 mm using a disc laser system with 1030 nm wavelength and a maximum output of 60 kW. The laser optic is fixed on the MoVac-System which is held and manipulated by an articulated robot.
T2 - 13th CIRP Conference on Photonic Technologies [LANE 2024]
CY - Fürth, Germany
DA - 16.09.2024
KW - Laser beam welding
KW - Laser welding with mobile vacuum
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62416
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - KI-Einsatz im gefahrgutrechtlichen Kontext
N2 - Der Vortrag behandelt den Einsatz von Künstlicher Intelligenz im gefahrgutrechtlichen Kontext und beleuchtet deren Potenzial zur Effizienzsteigerung in ressourcenlimitierten Umgebungen. Anwendungsfelder an der BAM umfassen die Datenanalyse zur Verpackungssicherheit, die Automatisierung von Zulassungs- und Genehmigungsprozessen, die Unterstützung bei der Mitarbeit an Normen und Regelwerken sowie die Bearbeitung komplexer Forschungsfragen.
Herausgestellt wird die wachsende Datenmenge und Komplexität in der Gremienarbeit (z. B. UN-Regelwerke), die manuelle Auswertung ineffizient macht. KI-gestützte Methoden wie LLM, RAG und Knowledge Graphs sollen digitale Qualitätsinfrastrukturen unterstützen, die Dokumenten- und Datenanalyse beschleunigen, ohne die menschliche Verantwortung für Sicherheitsbewertungen zu ersetzen.
Zentrale Herausforderungen sind die Black-Box-Natur von KI, mögliche Halluzinationen, sowie die Sicherstellung von Reliabilität und Compliance. Ein innovativer Ansatz wird für die wiederkehrende Prüfung von Gasdruckspeichern vorgestellt: Durch die Kombination zerstörungsfreier Prüfungen mit ML-gestützter Datenanalyse können Sicherheitsreserven ausgewiesen und Kosten deutlich reduziert werden.
T2 - 20. Gefahrgut-Technik-Tage
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 13.11.2025
KW - Artificial Intelligence
KW - RAG
KW - LLM
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64864
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Würth, Christian
T1 - Setup for the power-dependent absolute quantum yield measurements of luminescent reporters in the VIS and IR spectral region: example of upconversion nanoparticles
N2 - The design of bright of upconversion nanoparticles requires an improved understanding of the radiationless deactivation pathways in UCNP, that are affected by their size1,2, surface chemistry,2 and microenvironment 3,4. In this respect, we discuss experimental requirements of an integrating sphere setup for absolute measurements of the excitation power density dependent quantum yield5,6 (UC(P)) in the VIS to IR spectral region. We report systematic studies of the influence of the UCNP size, surface ligands, and solvent on the UC(P), the up- and downconversion luminescence decay behavior, the power dependent intensities of the individual emission bands, and their slope factors.
T2 - SPIE Photonics West
CY - San Francisco, USA
DA - 11.02.2016
KW - Upconversion
KW - Quantum Yield
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-38406
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Stroyuk, O.
A1 - Raievska, O.
A1 - Barabash, A.
A1 - Batentschuk, M.
A1 - Osvet, A.
A1 - Fiedler, Saskia
A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute
A1 - Hauch, J.
A1 - Brabec, C. J.
T1 - "Green" synthesis of highly luminescent lead-free Cs2AgxNa1-xBiyIn1-yCl6 perovskites
N2 - A new “green” and mild synthesis of highly stable microcrystalline Cs2AgxNa1-xBiyIn1-yCl6 (CANBIC) perovskites under ambient conditions was developed that is scalable to the multi-gram production. Under UV illumination, the CANBIC perovskites emit intense broadband photoluminescence (PL) with a quantum yield (QY) of 92% observed for x = 0.35 and y = 0.01-0.02. The combination of strong UV absorbance and broadband visible emission, high PL QY, and long PL lifetimes of up to 1.4 μs, along with an outstanding stability makes these CANBICs a promising material class for many optical applications.
KW - Fluorescence
KW - Perovskites
KW - Solar cell
KW - Automated synthesis
KW - Green synthesis
KW - Quantum yield
KW - Integrating sphere spectroscopy
KW - Absolute fluorescence
KW - Quality assurance
KW - Nano
KW - Particle
KW - Application
KW - Semiconductor
KW - Quantum dot
KW - Renewable energy
PY - 2022
DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d2tc02055f
SN - 2050-7526
VL - 10
IS - 27
SP - 9938
EP - 9944
PB - Royal Society of Chemistry
AN - OPUS4-55453
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Winckelmann, Alexander
A1 - Nowak, S.
A1 - Richter, Silke
A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian
A1 - Riedel, Jens
A1 - Vogl, Jochen
A1 - Panne, Ulrich
A1 - Abad Andrade, Carlos Enrique
T1 - High-Resolution Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Combined With Machine Learning Data Processing for Isotope Amount Ratio Analysis of Lithium
N2 - An alternative method for lithium isotope amount ratio analysis based on a combination of high-resolution atomic absorption spectrometry and spectral data analysis by machine learning (ML) is proposed herein. It is based on the well-known isotope shift of approximately 15 pm for the electronic transition 22P←22S at around the wavelength of 670.8 nm, which can be measured by the state-of-the-art high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. For isotope amount ratio analysis, a scalable tree boosting ML algorithm (XGBoost) was employed and calibrated using a set of samples with 6Li isotope amount fractions, ranging from 0.06 to 0.99 mol mol–1, previously determined by a multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (MC-ICP-MS). The calibration ML model was validated with two certified reference materials (LSVEC and IRMM-016). The procedure was applied toward the isotope amount ratio determination of a set of stock chemicals (Li2CO3, LiNO3, LiCl, and LiOH) and a BAM candidate reference material NMC111 (LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2), a Li-battery cathode material. The results of these determinations were compared with those obtained by MC-ICP-MS and found to be metrologically comparable and compatible. The residual bias was −1.8‰, and the precision obtained ranged from 1.9 to 6.2‰. This precision was sufficient to resolve naturally occurring variations, as demonstrated for samples ranging from approximately −3 to +15‰. To assess its suitability to technical applications, the NMC111 cathode candidate reference material was analyzed using high-resolution continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry with and without matrix purification. The results obtained were metrologically compatible with each other.
KW - Lithium
KW - Isotope
KW - Machine learning
KW - Algorithms
KW - Reference material
KW - AAS
KW - Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
PY - 2021
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00206
SN - 1520-6882
VL - 93
IS - 29
SP - 10022
EP - 10030
PB - American Chemical Society
CY - Washington, DC, USA
AN - OPUS4-53028
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Verhassel, Alejandra
A1 - Kimani, Martha Wamaitha
A1 - Gidwani, Kamlesh
A1 - Sandholm, Jouko
A1 - Gawlitza, Kornelia
A1 - Rurack, Knut
A1 - Härkönen, Pirkko
T1 - Detection of Tn-antigen in breast and prostate cancer models by VVL-labeled red dye-doped nanoparticles
N2 - Aim: Fluorescence detection of breast and prostate cancer cells expressing Tn-antigen, a tumor marker, with Vicia villosa lectin (VVL)-labeled nanoparticles.
Materials & methods: Breast and prostate cancer cells engineered to express high levels of Tn-antigen and non-engineered controls were incubated with VVL-labeled or unlabeled red dye-doped silica-coated polystyrene nanoparticles. The binding to cells was studied with flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, and electron microscopy.
Results: Flow cytometry showed that the binding of VVL-labeled nanoparticles was significantly higher to Tn-antigen-expressing cancer cells than controls. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that particles bound to the cell surface. According to the correlative light and electron microscopy the particles bound mostly as aggregates.
Conclusion: VVL-labeled nanoparticles could provide a new tool for the detection of Tn-antigen-expressing breast and prostate cancer cells.
KW - Breast cancer cells
KW - Fluorescence detection
KW - Lectin labeling
KW - Prostate cancer cells
KW - Silica-coated polystyrene nanoparticles
KW - Tn-antigen
KW - VVL
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-613451
DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/17435889.2024.2405454
SN - 1743-5889
VL - 19
SP - 2463
EP - 2478
PB - Taylor & Francis
CY - London
AN - OPUS4-61345
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Morcillo, Dalia
T1 - Atomic absorption spectrometry with machine learning as a tool for lithium isotope analysis
N2 - The general interest in the implementation of renewable energies, particularly in the development of lithium-ion batteries, makes lithium a key element to be analyzed. We are working to develop this tool to determine if the isotopic effect of lithium has an impact on battery aging.
T2 - SALSA Konferenz
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 16.09.2021
KW - Atomic absorption spectrometry
KW - Battery
KW - Machine learning
KW - Lithium
KW - Isotope
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53693
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Morcillo, Dalia
T1 - What we need to know about lithium isotopes in batteries
N2 - Flash talk presentation about the relevance of lithium in our lives and its influence on the battery aging process.
T2 - Make and Measure Conference SALSA
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 15.09.2022
KW - Lithium isotope
KW - Battery
KW - Spectroscopy
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56360
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Abilio, André
T1 - Expert System for Screening Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) as Internal Failure Cause in Oil and Gas Upstream Pipelines
N2 - The analysis of pipeline failures due to Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) is challenging due to the complex interaction of many influencing parameters including pipeline operation conditions, fluid chemistry and microbiology, as well as the analysis of corrosion features and products. To help address this challenge, an expert system was developed to assist non-specialists in screening internal pipeline corrosion failures due to MIC related threats. To accomplish this, 15 MIC subject matter experts (with a total of 355 man-years of accumulated MIC based experience) were recruited to evaluate a total of 65 MIC failure cases based on real-life scenarios. These case study parameters and the expert elicited results were input into an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model to create a model system which can screen whether a given failure scenario is one of three outcomes: a) failure is likely due to MIC, b) failure is likely not due to MIC, or c) the conclusion is inconclusive (analysis needs more data/information). The model system had an overall accuracy of 74.8% and it showcases that knowledge from subject matter experts can be captured in a reasonably effective way to screen for possible MIC failures. Based on that, this presentation will provide details of the model development process and key results to date. Important considerations regarding the level of confidence of the diagnoses and variation between expert opinion will also be discussed alongside with ideas on how to improve the model for field applicability.
T2 - ISMOS 9
CY - Edinburgh, United Kingdom
DA - 27.06.2023
KW - Expert System
KW - Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC)
KW - Oil and Gas Upstream
KW - Failure Investigation
KW - Artificial neural networks (ANN)
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-64603
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Nagelschmidt, Sven
A1 - Herbrich, Uwe
A1 - Keller, Christian
A1 - Qiao, Linan
T1 - Re-evaluation of tensile and creep rupture data of metals using a modified Larson–Miller approach
N2 - More than 70 years ago, in 1952 Larson and Miller adapted an existing relationship whichevaluates the relative effects of time and temperature on creep rupture behavior of various alloys by using existing data and by constructing so-called master curves. Since that time, the formulated Larson–Miller relation, commonly known as Larson–Miller parameter, is a widely used time–temperature parameter for various applications, e.g. for rupture life, creep and relaxation analyses of metals and some other materials such as polymers, concrete and ceramics.Nevertheless, the physical meaning of this parameter as well as the determination of master curves are still the subject of major criticism.
In this work, both aspects are reviewed and analyzed with data originally considered in thepaper of Larson and Miller based on the following approach: (a) the parameter was modifiedregarding a reference time and a reference temperature according to the time–temperature superposition principle; (b) master curves were generated for five materials investigated originally by Larson and Miller, based on a stretched exponential function type.
It has been shown, that: (1) With normalized time and temperature, the Larson–Miller parameter corresponds to real logarithmic rupture time. (2) For the relationship between Creep rupture stress and the modified Larson–Miller parameter, the stretched exponential function is a good choice as a master function. (3) Corresponding model parameters have physical meaning and can be easily determined based on data from creep test data. The investigations provide a better understanding and applicability of Larson–Miller approach.
KW - Larson–Miller parameter
KW - Creep rupture time
KW - Time–temperature equivalence
KW - Stretched exponential function
KW - Extrapolation of short-term data
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-644486
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2025.111582
SN - 0013-7944
VL - 329
SP - 1
EP - 16
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-64448
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Popiela, Bartosz
T1 - Better with age? Discussion of creep phenomena during initial loading of type 4 composite pressure vessels
N2 - To maintain the highest safety standards for compressed gas storage in composite pressure vessels, a deeper understanding of their ageing mechanism is required. In the present study, the impact of an initial loading under increased temperature and sustained pressure on the safety of type 4 composite pressure vessels is investigated.
Two designs of type 4 cylinders were manufactured, the only difference being the internal pressure function used during the filament winding process. Hence, their residual stress state and the quality of the composite layers varied. Ten pressure vessels were initially loaded under sustained pressure and increased temperature, and later subjected to slow burst tests. Comparing the results with cylinders tested in a pristine state underlines a significant improvement in the performance of initially loaded cylinders of one of the designs. This phenomenon was caused by a significant decrease of the scattering of burst pressures within a sample. At the same time, a slight decrease of the burst pressures could be observed. An explanation of this behavior could be supported by strain measurements with fiber optic sensors, which were embedded in the composite material. The strains measured during the initial loading indicate a stress redistribution, which has an impact on the strength of the pressure vessel. Moreover, an increased stiffness during the slow burst tests after initial loading was observed that indicates a better exploitation of the individual layers of the composite structure. The study supports previous observations on the increased performance after initial loading and provides new insights into the strain development in creep effects in type 4 pressure vessels.
T2 - AZL Aachen Composite Pipes & Vessels Workgroup Meeting
CY - Aachen, Germany
DA - 11.11.2025
KW - Composite
KW - Pressure vessel
KW - Filament winding
KW - Creep
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64667
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Lozano-Martín, Daniel
A1 - Tuma, Dirk
A1 - Chamorro, César R.
T1 - Evaluation of Reference Equations of State for Density Prediction in Regasified LNG Mixtures Using High-Precision Experimental Data
N2 - This study evaluates the performance of three reference equations of state (EoS), AGA8-DC92, GERG-2008, and SGERG-88, in predicting the density of regasified liquefied natural gas (RLNG) mixtures. A synthetic nine-component RLNG mixture was gravimetrically prepared. High-precision density measurements were obtained using a single-sinker magnetic suspension densimeter over a temperature range of (250 to 350) K and pressures up to 20 MPa. The experimental data were compared with EoS predictions to evaluate their accuracy. AGA8-DC92 and GERG-2008 showed excellent agreement with the experimental data, with deviations within their stated uncertainty. In contrast, SGERG-88 exhibited significantly larger deviations for this RLNG mixture, particularly at low temperatures of (250 to 260) K, where discrepancies reached up to 3 %. Even at 300 K, deviations larger than 0.4 % were observed at high pressures, within the model’s uncertainty, but notably higher than those of the other two EoSs. The analysis was extended to three conventional 11-component natural gas mixtures (labeled G420 NG, G431 NG, and G432 NG), previously studied by our group using the same methodology. While SGERG-88 showed reduced accuracy for the RLNG mixture, it performed reasonably well for these three mixtures, despite two of them have a very similar composition to the RLNG. This discrepancy is attributed to the lower CO2 and N2 content typical in RLNG mixtures, demonstrating the sensitivity of EoS performance to minor differences in composition. These findings highlight the importance of selecting appropriate EoS models for accurate density prediction in RLNG applications.
KW - Regasified LNG
KW - Equation of state
KW - Density
KW - Gravimetric preparation
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-646506
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-025-03669-4
SN - 0195-928X
VL - 46
SP - 1
EP - 25
PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC
CY - Heidelberg
AN - OPUS4-64650
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Stamm, Michael
T1 - The KI-VISIR Reference Dataset: A Compilation of Thermal and Visual Inspection Data for Quantifying Leading Edge Rain Erosion
N2 - This presentation introduces thermography (thermal imaging) as a key method for non-destructive testing (NDT) of wind turbine rotor blades. By leveraging solar heating and aerodynamic effects, passive thermography detects internal defects, delaminations, and surface issues like leading edge erosion. We discuss field measurements, the role of AI/Machine Learning (LATODA) for automated defect classification, and its importance for improving O&M efficiency and lifetime extension in the wind energy sector.
T2 - WindEurope Annual Event 2025
CY - Copenhagen, Denmark
DA - 08.04.2025
KW - Thermography
KW - Wind Turbine Blades
KW - AI
KW - NDT
KW - KI-VISIR
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64721
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Krenek, S.
A1 - Eisermann, R.
A1 - Failleau, G.
A1 - Lu, Xin
A1 - Thomas, P.
A1 - Kjeldsen, H.
A1 - Anhalt, K.
T1 - Fibre-optic thermometry to support the clean energy transition
N2 - The measurement and control of temperature plays a key role in achieving the European Green Deal targets for a low carbon energy system. Fibre-optic thermometry is an emerging technology that can improve temperature measurement in extreme environments for energy providers and industry due to its distributed sensing and immunity to electromagnetic fields. Various applications for optimisation and monitoring in the energy sector are described, covering the whole range from energy generation to transmission and consumption. However, fibre-optic thermometers have cross sensitivities to other quantities (e.g., strain and humidity) and ageing effects that need to be investigated, quantified and minimised to obtain traceable and reliable measurements. This is particularly important so that applications in critical infrastructure can benefit from future measurements that are not possible with conventional sensors. The European INFOTherm project aims to overcome the limitations that currently prevent the widespread use of fibre-optic thermometry by creating a dedicated European metrology infrastructure for research, development and calibration. First results on measurement uncertainty, improvement of measurement techniques and practical field tests are presented.
KW - Industrial processes optimisation
KW - Fibre-optic thermometry
KW - Distributed temperature sensing
KW - Traceability
KW - Thermal energy storage
KW - Electrical grid resilience
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-640075
DO - https://doi.org/10.1515/teme-2025-0044
SN - 2196-7113
VL - 92
IS - 9-10
SP - 392
EP - 405
PB - De Gruyter Brill
AN - OPUS4-64007
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Scharf-Wildenhain, R.
A1 - Engelking, Lorenz
A1 - Hälsig, A.
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
A1 - Hensel, J.
T1 - Effect of heat control on mechanical properties and residual stresses at the transition zone of component and substrate in hybrid DED‑arc manufacturing
N2 - In hybrid additive manufacturing, components or semi-finished products manufactured by conventional primary forming are enhanced or modified by additive manufactured structures. However, systematic investigations focusing on the critical transition area between the specific properties of the substrate (like high-strength) and the additively manufactured component, made of specific filler material, are still lacking. The focus of the present study was to determine the influence of heat control on the Δt8/5 cooling time, the distortion, the mechanical properties, and the residual stresses in the transition area of hybrid-additive components. This contributed to the knowledge regarding the safe avoidance of cold cracking, excessive distortion, a reduction in yield stress, and the implementation of hybrid DED-arc manufacturing. The heat control was varied by means of heat input and working temperature such that the Δt8/5 cooling times corresponded to the recommended processing range. The heat input has a greater influence on the cooling time in the transition area than the working temperature. Working temperature and the total energy applied per layer have a significant effect on component distortion. The lowest working temperature of 100 °C in combination with the highest total energy per layer leads to significantly greater distortion compared to manufacturing with a high working temperature of 300 °C and low total energy per layer. In addition, the longitudinal residual compressive stresses in the sensitive transition area are reduced from − 500 MPa to approx. − 200 MPa by adjusting the working temperature from 100 to 300 °C. Such complex interactions must be clarified comprehensively to provide users with easily applicable processing recommendations and standard specifications for an economical hybrid additive manufacturing of components made, for example, of high-strength steels in the transition area.
T2 - IIW Annual Assembly and International Conference
CY - Rhodes Island, Greece
DA - 07.07.2024
KW - Hybrid additive manufacturing
KW - DED-arc
KW - Heat control
KW - High-strength metals
KW - Residual stress
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-630415
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-025-02036-z
SN - 1878-6669
SP - 1
EP - 15
PB - Springer
AN - OPUS4-63041
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Pittner, Andreas
T1 - Automated arc welding and quality assessment of large scale support structures for offshore wind turbines
N2 - Offshore wind energy is a key driver in achieving a carbon dioxide-free industrial sector over the coming decades. However, the foundation systems for offshore wind plants significantly influence the overall installation process, alongside regulatory challenges.
The adoption of lightweight design principles in steel construction, such as the use of dissolved load-bearing structures known as jacket foundations, holds substantial promise for reducing resource use, particularly the required volume of steel.
This presentation focuses on the complete digitalization of the welding manufacturing and testing processes, enabling fully automated production and quality assessment of tubular nodes, which are critical components of jacket foundation structures. Additionally, the study examines the correlation between seam geometry and fatigue strength through numerical simulations inspired by bionic design principles. It demonstrates that tubular nodes can be welded entirely automatically while accommodating geometric tolerances. Moreover, seam geometries can be precisely manufactured according to the numerical models, significantly enhancing the service life of the structures.
Finally, the resource efficiency and reduction in carbon dioxide emissions resulting from these advancements are analyzed through a life-cycle assessment, highlighting the environmental benefits of this approach.
T2 - 77th IIW Annual Assembly and International Conference, C-XII: Arc Welding Processes and Production Systems
CY - Rhodos, Greece
DA - 07.07.2024
KW - Offshore wind
KW - Support structures
KW - Light-weight construction
KW - Automated arc welding
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62016
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Pittner, Andreas
A1 - Brauser, Stephan
T1 - Herausforderungen und Lösungen für das robotergestützte Schweissen von Stahlrohrknoten für Offshore Wind Jackets
N2 - Die Offshore-Windenergie spielt eine wichtige Rolle beim angestrebten Übergang zu einer emissionsfreien Industrie während der nächsten Jahrzehnte. Allerdings beeinflusst die Gründung der Offshore-Windanlagen den gesamten Installationsprozess. Die Anwendung von Leichtbauprinzipien im Stahlbau, wie beispielsweise die Verwendung von aufgelösten Tragstrukturen, sogenannten Jacket-Fundamenten, bietet ein großes Potenzial zur Reduzierung des Ressourcenverbrauchs, insbesondere im Hinblick auf die benötigte Stahlmenge. Der Vortrag befasst sich daher mit der vollständigen Digitalisierung der schweißtechnischen Fertigungs- und Prüfkette. Ziel ist es, eine vollautomatische Fertigung sowie Qualitätsprüfung von Rohrknoten zu ermöglichen. Diese stellen ein Schlüsselelement von Jacket-Fundamenten dar. Des Weiteren wird der Zusammenhang zwischen der Geometrie der Schweißnaht und der resultierenden Ermüdungsfestigkeit durch numerische Methoden unter Einbeziehung bionischer Prinzipien bewertet. Es wird gezeigt, dass rohrförmige Knoten unter Berücksichtigung von Geometrietoleranzen vollautomatisch geschweißt werden können. Die Schweißnahtform konnte gemäß den numerischen Modellen hergestellt werden, was ein großes Potenzial für eine verlängerte Lebensdauer bietet. Anschließend erfolgt eine Bewertung der Verbesserungen bei der Ressourceneffizienz und der Verringerung des CO2-Fußabdrucks durch ein Life Cycle Assessment.
T2 - Schweissen in der maritimen Technik und im Ingenieurbau
CY - Hamburg, Germany
DA - 24.05.2023
KW - Offshore Windenergie
KW - Fertigung
KW - Leichtbau
KW - Aufgelöste Tragstrukturen
KW - Schweißen
KW - Ermüdungsfestigkeit
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-59498
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Gook, Sergej
A1 - El-Sari, Bassel
A1 - Üstündag, Ömer
A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey
A1 - Rethmeier, Michael
A1 - Biegler, Max
T1 - Kombination des Laserhybridschweißens und UP-Engspaltschweißens für dickwandige Bauteile zur Erhöhung der Wirtschaftlichkeit
N2 - Dieser Beitrag befasst sich mit der Entwicklung eines wirtschaftlichen und robusten Verfahrens zum Schweißen dicker Stahlbleche. Es werden Ergebnisse für das Fügen von Blechen im Dickenbereich von 25 mm bis 80 mm vorgestellt. Die 30 mm dicken Schweißnähte konnten im Stumpfstoß in zwei Durchgängen unter Verwendung des Laserhybridschweißens und des Unterpulverschweißens (UP) geschweißt werden. Das Laserhybridschweißen wird als Einschweißung mit einer Tiefe von ca. 25 mm ausgeführt. Die UP-Lagen werden auf der gegenüberliegenden Seite des Blechs aufgebracht. Bei richtiger Wahl der Schweißparameter wird der
Nahtquerschnitt durch eine sichere Überlappung beider Lagen geschlossen. Bei Blechdicken über 30 mm ist eine Kantenvorbereitung erforderlich, die eine Ausführung der UP-Fülllagen in Engspalttechnik ermöglicht. Die Vorteile der vorgeschlagenen Prozesskombination liegen darin, dass die Nahtwurzel der Laserhybridnaht nicht geformt werden muss. Defekte in der Wurzel der Laserhybrideinschweißung können durch die UP-Lagen effektiv beseitigt werden. Das Verfahren bietet eine hohe Stabilität des Schweißprozesses in Bezug auf die
Qualität der Blechkanten. Plasmageschnittene Kanten konnten ohne Bindefehler geschweißt werden. Die erreichte Nahtqualität wurde durch zerstörende und zerstörungsfreie Prüfungen bestätigt.
T2 - Innovationstag 2024
CY - Düsseldorf, Germany
DA - 10.04.2024
KW - Laserhybridschweißen
KW - Windturm
KW - Dickblech
KW - Unterpulverschweißen
PY - 2024
SN - 978-3-96144-253-9
VL - 391
SP - 186
EP - 194
PB - DVS Media GmbH
CY - Düsseldorf
AN - OPUS4-60031
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Lay, Vera
T1 - Potential of 3D matrix ultrasonic measurements to image complex concrete structures
N2 - Ultrasonic echo testing is a well-established non-destructive testing technique used to investigate the interior of concrete structures in civil engineering. For the reconstruction of internal features, methods similar to seismic imaging are applied. To improve the ultrasonic imaging capabilities, we investigate the potential of a newly available 3D matrix mode measurement device in combination with advanced imaging techniques.
Commonly used ultrasonic array measurement devices rely on several ultrasonic transducers coupled to act as one transducer that transmits or receives transversal ultrasound waves. Although this approach is well suited to detect elongated structures such as pipes and rebars, it has limitations if 3D embedded objects are present. Hence, the ultrasonic device MiraA1040Pro used here is designed to measure the ultrasonic wavefield on a 4 by 16 matrix of individual transducers. For testing, we used laboratory specimens with linear and spheric embedded structures first. Both linear and matrix mode measurements were conducted and analysed using the Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique
(SAFT) which is similar to Kirchhoff migration. Second, we used a data set from Teutschenthal mine at a shotcrete specimen constructed to simulate engineered barriers tailored for nuclear waste repositories. Ultrasonic measurements were investigated as a tool for quality assurance of these structures. The specimen contains both artificial 3D artifacts as well as naturally occurring defects such as a delamination. To make use of the advanced data acquisition, focusing 3D imaging techniques are applied to further improve the imaging quality.
Generally, the reconstructed images from the 3D matrix mode data have a lower level of Signal-to-Noise-Ratio than the 2D linear mode because the source signal is weaker compared to the linear mode. Moreover, complex wave conversions of the SH-transversal wave occur that are reduced in the 2D linear scenario. However, clearer images can be achieved at non-linear features, particularly with focusing imaging methods. Thus, combining 3D data acquisition techniques with advanced imaging methods improves the success in imaging complex concrete structures. This is of particular interest for thick concrete structures in nuclear barrier systems or foundations. Additionally, we demonstrate opportunities to use well-constrained test laboratory scenarios from non-destructive testing as a practical test case for geophysical methods.
T2 - Jahrestagung der Deutschen Geophysikalischen Gesellschaft (DGG)
CY - Jena, Germany
DA - 11.03.2024
KW - Ultrasound
KW - Imaging
KW - Quality assurance
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59729
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Pittner, Andreas
A1 - Fabry, Çağtay
T1 - Automated welding of support structures for offshore wind turbines
N2 - Offshore wind energy plays an important role for the desired transition towards a carbon dioxide free industry within the next decades. However, the grounding of the offshore wind plants governs the overall installation process besides bureaucratic bottlenecks.
The application of lightweight principles in steel construction, e.g. the usage dissolved load-bearing structures, so called Jackets foundations, offer great potential in reducing the resource consumption, especially with respect to the needed amount of steel.
In this context this paper focuses on a fully digitalization of the welding manufacturing and as well as testing chain to enable a fully automated manufacturing as well as quality assessment of tubular nodes as key element of Jackets foundation structures. Furthermore, the relationship between the seam shape geometry and resulting fatigue strength is evaluated by numerical methods incorporating bionic principles. It is shown that tubular nodes can be welded fully automatically taking geometry tolerances into account. Moreover, the seam shape could be manufactured as requested by the numerical models which offers great potential for an extended lifetime. Subsequently, the improvements in resource efficiency and reduction of carbon dioxide emissions are evaluated by a life-cycle-assessment.
T2 - THERMEC'2023 International Conference on PROCESSING & MANUFACTURING OF ADVANCED MATERIALS: Processing, Fabrication, Properties, Applications
CY - Vienna, Austria
DA - 02.07.2023
KW - Offshore Wind energy
KW - Automated welding
KW - Life cycle assessment
KW - Jacket foundations
KW - Fatigue life
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-59501
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Chierici, Andrea
A1 - Cancemi, Salvatore Angelo
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
A1 - Lo Frano, Rosa
T1 - Enhanced radioactive waste drum monitoring: A sensorized LoRa-based network for identification and integrity assessment
N2 - A reliable monitoring and oversight system is essential to guarantee the safe operation and eventual closure of radioactive waste disposal facilities. With recent technological advancements, there is now the capability to deploy distributed wireless sensor networks that are cost-effective and low in power consumption. Such networks are versatile, finding applications in several civil, environmental, and industrial sectors. This work presents a novel system and method for identifying and continuously monitoring the integrity of stored radioactive waste packages. The proposed approach, developed by the University of Pisa in the context of the H2020 European Project PREDIS, employs a network of wireless node devices, provided with solid-state micro-power radiation detectors tasked with the measurement of gamma-rays and thermal neutrons coming from within cemented waste drums. Collected data are automatically transmitted across the storage site via Long Range radio technology and forwarded to cloud-based or offline platforms, allowing for further visualization, data processing, and safe storage. The system highlights the feasibility of autonomously and passively gathering data from radioactive waste drums over extended distances (more than 250 m in non-line-of-sight conditions), decreasing the reliance
on portable or automated scanning mechanisms. In line with its capability for autonomous, long-range data collection, the system satisfies the requirement for structural integrity, containment, and confinement of packaging throughout both interim and long-term disposal of radioactive wastes, thereby playing a key role in reinforcing the safe management of radioactive waste.
KW - Radioactive waste
KW - Integrity monitoring
KW - Radiation sensors
KW - Cloud storage
KW - LoRaWAN
PY - 2024
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2024.113231
SN - 0029-5493
VL - 424
SP - 1
EP - 12
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-60217
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Skłodowska, Anna
A1 - Lay, Vera
A1 - Baensch, Franziska
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
A1 - Kühne, Hans-Carsten
T1 - Acoustic emission monitoring for engineered barriers in nuclear waste disposal
N2 - To safely dispose of nuclear waste in underground facilities, engineered barrier systems are needed to seal shafts and galleries. The material used in these barriers must be adapted to the host rock parameters. Shrinking and cracking must be avoided to provide a barrier with almost zero permeability. For repositories in salt rock environments, several types of salt concrete (SC) are possible construction materials.
Within the project SealWasteSafe, we compared the behavior of an innovative alkali-activated material (AAM) with standard SC in their hydration and hardening phase. To monitor the microstructural changes within the two materials SC and AAM, acoustic emission (AE) signals have been recorded for up to ~250 days on 340-liter-cubic specimens.
The phenomenon of AE is defined as the emission of elastic waves in materials due to the release of localized internal energy. Such energy release can be caused by the nucleation of micro-fracture, e.g., in concrete while curing or when exposed to load. The occurrence of AE events gives first rough indications of microstructural changes and potentially occurring cracking and thus, provides insights for structural health monitoring (SHM).
The results show, that for the first 28 days after casting, less AE activity was detected in the AAM compared to SC. After 61 days, in the AAM material, the number of AE events exceeded those observed in the SC. However, the majority of the AE detected and located in AAM was related to surface effects, and not to microstructural changes or occurring cracks within the bulk volume. Additionally, the source location analysis indicated, that despite lower activity in SC, we observed some clustering of the events. In contrast, in AAM, the activity inside the specimen is randomly distributed over the whole volume. The monitoring results help to estimate the material’s sealing properties which are crucial to assess their applicability as sealing material for engineered barriers.
T2 - 11th European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring (EWSHM 2024)
CY - Potsdam, Germany
DA - 10.06.2024
KW - Acoustic emission monitoring
KW - Nuclear waste repositories
KW - Event localization
KW - SealWasteSafe project
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60552
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Skłodowska, Anna
T1 - Long-term acoustic emission monitoring of a new alkali-activated material for sealing structures in nuclear waste repositories
N2 - The crucial part of nuclear waste storage is the construction of sealing structures made of reliable, well-understood, and safe materials. Within the SealWasteSafe project, we compared the performance of an innovative alkali-activated material (AAM) and standard salt concrete (SC), as potential materials for sealing structures for nuclear waste repositories. Two 340-liter-cubic specimens were studied for up to ~250 days by a multisensory monitoring setup. Specifically, the long-term acoustic emission monitoring aimed to analyze the development of microstructural changes within materials.
The monitoring analysis showed fewer acoustic emission events in AAM compared to SC in the first 61 days. After approximately two months of monitoring, the number of AE events in AAM significantly exceeded the number of events in SC. The analysis showed, however, that the increased AE activity was mainly caused by surface effects of the AAM material and not by the formation of cracks within the material.
This contribution presents the use of acoustic emission analysis, both in the time and frequency domains, for monitoring and characterization of materials with potential use as engineering barriers for nuclear waste repositories.
T2 - 186th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America
CY - Ottawa, Canada
DA - 13.05.2024
KW - Acoustic emission monitoring
KW - Alkali-activated material
KW - SealWasteSafe
KW - Nuclear waste repositories
KW - Salt concrete
KW - Sealing structures
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60551
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Skłodowska, Anna
A1 - Lay, Vera
A1 - Baensch, Franziska
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
A1 - Kühne, Hans-Carsten
T1 - Microseismicity monitoring in materials for nuclear waste storage repositories
N2 - One of the major tasks in nuclear waste management is to design safe and reliable sealing structures for radioactive waste repositories. Particularly for salt as a host rock, engineered barrier systems for underground waste disposal must be constructed of well-understood (cementitious) materials that will sustain environmental conditions and ensure high durability.
Within the SealWasteSafe project, we studied two materials with a potential for sealing structures for nuclear waste repositories: an innovative alkali-activated material (AAM) and standard salt concrete (SC). To analyze the development of microstructural changes within the materials, we monitored microseismicity (aka acoustic emission monitoring) occurring during the hardening and setting period in two 340-liter-cubic specimens for up to ~250 days.
The monitoring results showed, that in the first 61 days, fewer events occurred in AAM compared to SC. After this time the number of events in AAM sharply increased and significantly exceeded those observed in SC. However, the source localization analysis revealed that the increase of microseismicity in AAM material was not related to the formation of macro-cracks within the material but was mainly caused by the surface effects. Accompanying analysis of the test specimens with additional methods (such as e.g., X-ray CT) proved that no macro-cracks were observed inside the AAM specimen. Further analysis in the time and frequency domains helped to characterize the tested materials and to estimate their potential to be used for engineered barriers in nuclear waste repositories.
Overall, our study shows the potential of microseismicity monitoring for feasibility studies and quality assurance in a broad range of applications, also in structural health monitoring.
T2 - 84. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Geophysikalischen Gesellschaft
CY - Jena, Germany
DA - 10.03.2024
KW - Microseismicity
KW - Nuclear waste repositories
KW - Acoustic emission
KW - SealWasteSafe project
KW - Salt rock
KW - Alkali-activated materia
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60549
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Masoud Nia, Niloufar
A1 - Nietzke, Jonathen
A1 - Kannengiesser, Thomas
T1 - Ti and Nb microalloying of HSLA steels and its effect on hydrogen diffusion and trapping
N2 - Fine-grain, high-strength, low-alloy (HSLA) structural steels with yield strengths > 600 MPa are now the state of the art in construction applications such as mobile cranes and civil engineering. HSLA grades derive their strength from a combination of specific heat treatment and the underlying chemical composition. In this context, Ti or Nb are essential to obtain a fine-grained microstructure as well as the necessary carbides or nitrides for precipitation strengthening. In this context, the specific effect of Ti or Nb-rich compounds on hydrogen trapping and diffusion is well known for special laboratory cast alloys, but unknown for realistic steel compositions. For this reason, a series of S690Q-based alloys were synthesized, close to a real steel composition, but with well controlled Ti or Nb additions in different amounts. Specimens were obtained from these alloys by electrochemical discharge machining (EDM). The specimens were tested using the well-established electrochemical permeation technique. From the experimental results, the hydrogen diffusion coefficients and the analytical subsurface hydrogen concentration were calculated. In addition, the hydrogen trapping behavior at elevated temperatures was interpreted by thermal desorption analysis (TDA) using different heating rates of hydrogen charged samples. The results showed that in contrast to metallurgically "pure" laboratory cast alloys, realistic chemical compositions were similar in their hydrogen trapping behavior, despite some small differences. All investigated steel grades exhibited shallow and reversible hydrogen trapping, regardless of their chemical composition. Of course, the experiments only allowed the calculation of effective diffusion coefficients and trapping energies, which represent an average of the entire microstructure. Nevertheless, HSLA steels are typically joined by arc welding, which includes the risk of delayed hydrogen assisted cracking. From the point of view of welding practice, however, a more or less identical hydrogen diffusion behavior means that no special "metallurgically specific", justifiable measures need to be considered, despite the well-established processes such as "soaking" or dehydrogenation heat treatment.
T2 - MPAC 2025
CY - Stuttgart, Germany
DA - 06.10.2025
KW - HACC
KW - Hydrogen
KW - HSLA
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64337
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Reichel, Levin
A1 - Schroepfer, Dirk
A1 - Kromm, Arne
A1 - Kannengiesser, Thomas
T1 - Stress-Optimised Welding Repair for High-Strength Offshore Steel Joints
N2 - The successful energy transition in Germany will require offshore wind turbines with outputs >10 MW in the future. To achieve these high outputs, turbines far from the coast are required, featuring large subsea jacket structures (30 m up to 50 m) and tall towers (up to 200 m). High-strength steels with a yield strengths up to 500 MPa and wall thicknesses of up to 120 mm are increasingly being used for these structures. During manufacture, weld defects detected by non-destructive testing (NDT) require localized repair (gouging and rewelding). To date, there is a lack of repair concepts and information in standards and guidelines. Therefore, BAM initiated the FOSTA project P1629 (IGF 01IF22746N) to investigate the stress-optimized repair (local gouging and welding) of high-strength thick plate joints made of offshore grades in the yield strength range off 355 to 460 MPa and similar weld metal. This research aims to develop a stress-optimized repair concept for thick plate joints, using controlled high-performance GMAW processes and optimized, narrow gouging grooves. Thermal and mechanical gouging are performed, allowing the groove configuration to be modified. Modern welding processes provide deep root penetration and focused energy input capable of welding narrow seams. The aimed residual stress reduction can be attributed to the lower input of weld metal due to the changes in groove configuration and to the reduction in heat input per layer due to the controlled arc process. The experimental analyses take into account the interaction of process, material, and design-related influences on the formation of weld induced stresses. Concluding with recommendations for guidelines elaborated for steel-processing SMEs.
T2 - MPA Stuttgart 2025
CY - Stuttgart, Germany
DA - 06.10.2025
KW - Repair welding
KW - Residual stress
KW - High-strength steels
KW - Gouging
KW - Modern welding processes
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64347
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico
T1 - Stromspeicher in der Hausanwendung - Auswirkungen im Versagensfall
N2 - Im Vortrag wird zunächst eine kurze Einleitung zum Aufbau der Batteriespeicher, Ursachen des thermischen Durchgehens sowie den Auswirkungen anhand bisheriger Versuchsdaten gegeben. Schwerpunkt im Folgenden sind Versuche zu den Auswirkungen beim Versagen von einzelnen Modulen. Darüber hinaus werden weitere Versuche zur Propagation mit mehreren Modulen sowie PoC hinsichtlich der brandschutztechnischen Abtrennung zwischen den einzelnen Modulen vorgestellt.
T2 - Forum Schadenverhütung 2025
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 14.10.2025
KW - Auswirkungsbetrachtungen
KW - Thermisches Durchgehen
KW - Stationäre Energiespeicher
KW - Lithium-Ionen-Batterie
KW - Elektrische Energiespeicher
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64363
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Brunk, Gerd
A1 - Herbrich, Uwe
A1 - Weckner, Olaf
A1 - Smith, Jay
A1 - Rossi, John
T1 - Geometrically non-linear large planar deformations of shear deformable beams: Derivation, approximation, and numerical validation using Finite Element analysis
N2 - In this paper, we present derivations for the dynamic equations of motion of a shear deformable beam undergoing geometrically non-linear large deformations in a single plane. In the static case, these governing equations are given by six coupled, non-linear ordinary differential equations of first order which we present in the Lagrangian frame of reference and henceforth refer to as the Brunk–Herbrich–Weckner (BHW) beam theory. We confirm analytically that under pure bending an initially straight beam deforms into a circle, a known bench-mark solution. Next, we confirm numerically that our results agree well with the commercial Finite-Element code Abaqus for several example problems with increasing complexity, including the effect of axial preload as well as varying property domains along the beam. Abaqus is regarded as the state-of-the-art for non-linear structural analysis within the aerospace industry. Next, we show that the well-known Timoshenko–Ehrenfest and Euler–Bernoulli beam theory can be obtained from the general Brunk-Herbrich-Weckner beam theory in the limit of small deformations. Finally, we introduce the Iterative Projection Method which improves the results of the linearized Timoshenko–Ehrenfest beam theory without the computational cost associated with the fully non-linear analysis for all numerical test cases considered.
KW - Linear and non-linear beam theory
KW - Deformation problem
KW - Euler–Bernoulli, Timoshenko–Ehrenfest and Brunk–Herbrich–Weckner beam
KW - Iterative projection method
KW - Finite Element analysis
PY - 2025
DO - https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/10812865251342777
SN - 1081-2865
SP - 1
EP - 26
PB - Sage
CY - Thousand Oaks, Calif.
AN - OPUS4-64383
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schröder, Nina
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
A1 - Kromm, Arne
A1 - Kadoke, Daniel
A1 - Kruse, Julius
T1 - Effect of Ti microalloying on the local strain behavior of cross-weld tensile samples determined by digital image correlation
N2 - High-strength low-alloyed (HSLA) steels with yield strength / proof stress ≥ 600 MPa are the basis of modern light-weight steel constructions. Indeed, the economic and ecological benefits strongly depend on their processability in terms of welding. In this context, the use of highly productive welding processes and suitable welding consumables is of vital interest and requires a fundamental understanding of the microstructural changes in the HSLA steel and especially the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the welded joint. Microalloying elements, such as Ti or Nb, are essential to achieve the desired mechanical properties. To analyse the weldability, three-layer welds were performed using gas metal arc welding (GMAW) and critical microstructures, such as areas of the HAZ that exhibit significant softening or hardening, were identified. The effect of the softened HAZ region on failure was evaluated using cross-weld tensile specimens. Digital image correlation (DIC) was used for in-situ monitoring of the development and accumulation of the local strains in different HAZ regions during tensile testing. Using a specially designed mirror system, the local strains of the microstructure zones on the top and bottom of the weld were recorded simultaneously. In addition, the analysis of the local deformation helps to understand the effects of the softened HAZ on the global strain, the reduction in area, the fracture position, and the overall fracture behavior.
KW - High-strength structural steel
KW - Microalloying influences
KW - HAZ-softening
KW - Digital Image Correlation
KW - Constraint effect
KW - Thermodynamic simulation
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-643558
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-025-02185-1
SP - 1
EP - 17
PB - Springer Nature
AN - OPUS4-64355
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Dell’Avvocato, G.
A1 - Amiel, S.
A1 - Maillard, S.
A1 - Mayr, G.
A1 - Oswald-Tranta, B.
A1 - Colinas, E.
A1 - Svantner, M.
A1 - Bouteille, P.
A1 - Huillery, R.
A1 - Galietti, U.
A1 - Deganova, L.
A1 - Caulier, Y.
A1 - Ziegler, Mathias
ED - Sakagami, T.
ED - Inoue, H.
T1 - Advancing Active Thermography for NDT: The Role of Standardization
N2 - Infrared thermography, particularly its active form, is increasingly used in various industries in non-destructive testing (NDT). To support its broader adoption, structured standardization efforts have been developed within CEN/TC 138/WG11 and coordinated with ISO. Key standards—such as EN 16714, EN 17119, and EN 17501—define principles, procedures, and equipment requirements. Current activities include finalizing the draft on induction thermography, revising EN 17119, and developing new projects on optical lock-in, laser weld inspection, and thermal diffusivity. Standardization enhances comparability, reliability, and certification, making thermography a robust and scalable solution within the global NDT framework.
T2 - AITA 2025
CY - Kobe, Japan
DA - 15.09.2025
KW - Active thermography
KW - Non-destructive testing (NDT)
KW - Standardization
KW - CEN/TC 138/WG11
KW - Infrared inspection
KW - Industrial qualification
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-643972
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2025129030
VL - 129
IS - 1
SP - 1
EP - 4
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel Switzerland
AN - OPUS4-64397
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Component test for simulation of in-service welding on hydrogen pipelines
N2 - Hydrogen is set as the energy carrier of tomorrow and most countries will achieve large-scale hydrogen transport through the conversion of the natural gas (NG) grid and the construction of new pipelines. The interaction between hydrogen and the pipeline materials differs fundamentally from that of NG, as hydrogen is readily absorbed into the material. Considering the possible hydrogen embrittlement (HE), the compatibility of the pipeline materials (low-alloyed steels with a wide strength/thickness range) must be investigated. However, pipelines require intervention for maintenance, repair, or grid expansion with welding on/onto the pipelines while in service, i.e. the well-known "hot tapping" and "stoppling". The challenges compared to NG can be broadly divided into the possible austenitization of the inner pipe material exposed to hydrogen and the welding itself. Both result in a significant increase in hydrogen solubility and could potentially pose challenges in terms of HE. Emphasis is placed on the word "could" because knowledge of "hot tapping" on hydrogen pipelines is scarce due a lack of service experience. To this end, this study proposes a concept for a component-like demonstrator with the objectives: (1) safe feasibility of "hot tapping" on pressurized model hydrogen pipeline sections, (2) facilitate ex-post sample extraction for the purpose of quantifying the absorbed hydrogen concentrations, and (3) ensure in-situ temperature measurement during welding to monitor the pipeline surface temperature. For safety reasons in the event of an unintentional "burn-through", a solid cylinder was inserted in the demonstrator to restrict the hydrogen gas volume to a small, pressurized layer. Reference pipeline surface temperature measurements were ensured on comparable, unpressurized geometries. The investigated range of welding conditions was investigated for representative material/thickness combinations (DN60 to DN300), suggesting the feasibility of the demonstrator for the determination of reliable in-service welding conditions for both installed and new pipelines for hydrogen service.
T2 - 49th MPA Conference
CY - Stuttgart, Germany
DA - 06.10.2025
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Pipeline
KW - In-service welding
KW - Component test
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64317
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Morcillo, Dalia
T1 - Lithium isotope analysis combining atomic absorption spectroscopy and machine learning
N2 - In this poster for the SCIX Conference, we apply an analytical procedure based on the monitoring of the lithium isotope through the partially resolved isotope shift in the electronic transition 22P<-22S around wavelength 670.80 nm using high-resolution continuum source atomic absorption spectrometer (HR-CS-AAS) in combination with machine learning (ML) for the determination of Li Isotope ratio analysis.
T2 - SCIX Conference
CY - Providence, RI, USA
DA - 26.09.2021
KW - Lithium isotope
KW - High-resolution continuum source atomic absorption spectrometer
KW - Machine learning
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53686
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Brunner-Schwer, Christian
T1 - Hochleistungs-Lichtbogenschweißen von dicken Stahlblechen mit elektromagnetischer Schweißbadunterstützung
N2 - Das Unterpulverschweißen (UP) ist das Lichtbogenschweißverfahren mit der höchsten Abschmelzrate. Beim Schweißen von dicken Blechen ist dieses Verfahren jedoch besonders für die Wurzellage von Nachteil. Voll-ständiges Umschmelzen ohne extremen Wurzeldurchhang oder ein Austropfen der Schmelze ist ohne weitere Hilfsmittel schwer zu erreichen. Aus diesem Grund werden Pulver-, Kupfer-, keramische Badstützen oder Ble-che zur Vermeidung des Wurzeldurchhangs verwendet. Bei der Verwendung von Kupfer- oder Keramikstützen beeinflusst beispielsweise die Diffusion chemischer Elemente in die Schweiß- oder Schmelzlinie die mecha-nischen Eigenschaften der Schweißnaht. All diese Badstützen erfordern zusätzliche Schritte zur Vorbereitung und Entfernung sowie zur Reinigung der Schweißwurzel. Die Verwendung einer elektromagnetischen Bad-stütze hat dagegen viele Vorteile. Der Magnet kommt nicht mit dem Werkstück in Kontakt, sodass ein zusätz-licher Schritt des Entfernens nicht erforderlich ist. Versuche mit Laserstrahlschweißen oder Laserhybrid-schweißen haben bereits erstmalig gezeigt, dass Blechdicken bis 30 mm einlagig einseitig geschweißt werden können und zusätzlich ein Spalt oder Kanterversatz von bis zu 2 mm überbrückt werden können. In dieser Arbeit wird die elektromagnetische Badstütze für den UP-Prozess eingesetzt. Die Wurzellage wird an 15 mm dicken Blechen mit einer Spaltgröße von 2 mm geschweißt. Die Verwendung eines elektromagnetischen Sys-tems stellt hier sicher, dass die Schmelze nach oben gedrückt und in Position gehalten wird. Ferner kann die Schweißtiefe entsprechend den magnetischen Parametern angepasst werden. Dieses Verfahren kann die Produktivität im Schweißbereich von vielen Betrieben deutlich steigern und Kosten gleichzeitig senken und kann dazu beitragen, diese Arbeitsplätze in Deutschland zu sichern.
T2 - DVS CONGRESS 2024 Große Schweißtechnische Tagung
CY - Erfurt, Germany
DA - 16.09.2024
KW - Hochleistungs-Lichtbogenschweißen
KW - Unterpulverschweißen
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62037
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Battistella, Beatrice
T1 - A Dual Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectroscopic and Mass Spectrometric Study of Manufacturing and Aging in Lithium-Ion Batteries
N2 - Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are extensively employed to power small electric and stationary devices as well as electric vehicles (EVs), due to their high energy density, long cycle life, and relatively low self discharge. The rapid expansion of the EV market is expected to increase significantly the global demand for LIBs, with sales projected to reach 245 million units by 2030, according to the International Energy Agency. In order to meet this demand, it is essential to reduce manufacturing scrap rates and extend battery life. [1,2] Production efficiency can be increased by limiting production failures and detecting process deflections at early stages of manufacturing chain, for example through rigorous control of the electrode homogeneity. On the other hand, the prolongation of a battery life assumes deep knowledge of the degradation processes, such as dendrite formation and electrolytes degradation, directly correlated with a change in the elemental distribution inside the battery. [3]
As techniques capable of in-depth elemental analysis at scales from a few nm to 100 μm, Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectroscopy (GD-OES) and Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GD-MS) are suited for investigating both the homogeneity of the cathodic material in the manufacturing phase, as well as changes in its elemental distribution caused by aging. Focus has been given to lithium and fluorine distribution, whose migration inside the battery is correlated to the cycling and the electrolyte and binder degradation, respectively.
A few previous reports described depth profiling of positive and negative electrodes in LIBs using GD OES. [4 6] In this work, GD-OES spectroscopic analysis has been performed on self-made cathodes for LIBs to gain insight into the quality of the manufacturing process, targeting a standardized electrodes production. With the same cathode material, coin cells have been built and artificially aged. Post mortem analysis conducted by GD-OES with the use of an argon/neon mixture as discharge gas, helped correlating the variation of fluorine distribution with the battery state of health (SOH). GD MS analysis was employed to gain insight into battery degradation phenomena upon aging, such as transition metal dissolution from the positive electrode and lithium isotopic fractionation [3,7]. This work marks GD-techniques as versatile and efficient tools to study LIBs, unveiling significant application in both academical research and industrial manufacture.
T2 - 20th European Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 02.03.2025
KW - Lithium-Ion Battery
KW - GD-OES
KW - GD-MS
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62820
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
T1 - NDT-CE Qualification and Certification
N2 - Due to the increased demand for NDT investigations and assessment of energy and traffic infrastructure, a qualification and certification system for NDT personel is urgently needed. Up to now, only Italy, Malaysia and Germany have set up such systems. The talk gives an overview of the demand and current activities, including those of IAEA.
T2 - IAEA ICARST 2025
CY - Vienna, Austria
DA - 07.04.2025
KW - NDT-CE
KW - Qualification
KW - Certification
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63002
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
T1 - Condition monitoring for lifetime extension of interim storage facilities
N2 - The German interim nuclear storage facilities are designed for a 50 year service life and 40-year operating period. They will be needed much longer, as a final repository will not be available until 2050 at the earliest.
The objective of ZuMoBau-ZL is to develop a suitable condition assessment and monitoring concept suitable for the structures in interim storage facilities, including life prediction models, with which the remaining service life can be predicted, verified, and monitored as realistically as possible.
T2 - IAEA ICARST 2025
CY - Vienna, Austria
DA - 07.04.2025
KW - Nuclear waste
KW - Interim storage
KW - Liefetime extension
KW - Reinforced concrete
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62984
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - López-Puertollano, Daniel
T1 - Superparamagnetic core-shell particles application: from cytometry assay to simplified fluidic system
N2 - Superparamagnetic hybrid polystyrene-core silica-shell beads have emerged as promising alternatives to traditional in flow cytometry-based competitive antibody assays [1]. These materials consist of a polystyrene core and a silica shell, in which magnetic nanoparticles are embedded, facilitating the handling and retention in tests. The outer silica surface allows for easy modification through silane chemistry, allowing the attachment of antibodies, or other molecules of interest. Ochratoxin A (OTA), a mycotoxin that can be found in grain products, coffee, cacao, or grapes, was chosen as the main target analyte to detect [2]. In this study, previously in house produced anti-OTA antibodies [3] were attached to the surface of the particles and the whole system was used as detection entity. In a first approach, the system was used for the development of a competitive cytometry assay using an OTA-fluorescein (OTA-F) adduct as competitor and marker. In this assay the fluorescence emitted by the OTA-F competitor on the surface of the particle was detected at a wavelength of 518 nm using a 533/30.H filter and was correlated to the forward scatter (FSC) to distinguish it from the excess of competitor still in solution. Under optimised conditions, the final assay showed a limit of detection of 0.03 nM. In a second approach, a simplified ready-to-inject fluidic system was built based on a laser (488 nm) and a photomultiplier detector to measure the signal of competitor still in solution. The competition step was carried out in a vial and the whole mixture was injected into the fluidic system. To avoid signal scattering, the particles were separated in-line using a magnet and only the OTA-F competitor still in solution was detected, reaching a limit of detection of 1.2 nM. With the aim to reduce user manipulation, the final assay is still under development for in-line incubation during the competitive step.
T2 - 15th Rapid Methods Europe Conference
CY - Amsterdam, Netherlands
DA - 06.11.2023
KW - Microfluidics
KW - Flow cytometry
KW - Bead-based assays
KW - Magnetic beads
KW - Core-shell particles
KW - Immunoassays
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58817
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Abad Andrade, Carlos Enrique
T1 - What does GD-OES reveal about the aging and manufacturing processes of lithium-ion batteries?
N2 - Glow-Discharge Optical Emission Spectroscopy (GD-OES), a powerful analytical technique, sheds light on the two critical aspects of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs): manufacturing and aging 1, 2. We optimized cell production in manufacturing by adjusting parameters, including cathode doping, electrolyte concentration, and pressing force. GD-OES provided in-depth elemental composition and homogeneity analysis, which is crucial for identifying optimal manufacturing conditions. These findings were validated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, confirming the quality of the manufactured batteries.
Shifting the focus to aging, we use GD-OES for fluorine depth profiling, a key element in understanding polymer and electrolyte degradation. However, fluorine presents analytical challenges. We addressed this by substituting argon with a neon:argon mixture, which significantly enhanced fluorine detection sensitivity. This advancement not only improves accuracy but also holds the potential to guide sustainable and cost-efficient manufacturing strategies.
Through its versatility, GD-OES has proven to be a powerful tool for not only optimizing LIB manufacturing processes but also gaining deeper insights into their aging mechanisms. This research extends beyond academic interest, offering tangible benefits for the industry by translating into improved battery quality, extended lifespan, and overall performance.
T2 - The 6th International Glow Discharge Spectroscopy Symposium
CY - Liverpool, United Kingdom
DA - 21.04.2024
KW - GD-OES
KW - Depth profiles
KW - Lithium
KW - Battery
KW - Fluorine
KW - Aging
KW - Manufacturing
KW - Glow-discharge
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59945
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Winckelmann, Alexander
T1 - Fluorine Depth Profiling in Lithium-Ion Battery Materials by GD-OES
N2 - Lithium-ion batteries are a key technology for tackling challenges in energy and climate crisis, but up to 30 % are discarded right after production. Quality is closely related to the homogeneity of the used materials and coatings. Fluorine compounds, both in the polymer and from degradation of the electrolyte, are of special interest for the formation and aging of LIBs. Glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GD-OES) emerged as a fast and convenient method for depth-profiling of battery materials. However, fluorine remains a spectroscopic challenge due to a high excitation energy and only few strong emission lines in the UV/Vis spectral range.
We investigated the partial substitution of argon with neon in the plasma gas. The main emission line at 685.603 nm was monitored by both photo multiplier tube (PMT) with Czerny-Turner monochromator at 20 µm slit-size, and charge-coupled device (CCD) with 1200 lines/mm grating. For calibration, we used a set of hot-pressed copper cylinders with varying calcium fluoride amount fraction, ranging from 1.6 % to 4.4 %. Plasma gas mixtures with a mole fraction of 5 %, 10 % and 20 % neon in argon were used. Sensitivity in comparison to pure argon was increased by factor 4, 7 and 14, respectively. In general, PMT detection was more sensitive than CCD. As expected, sputter rates decreased with higher neon content in the plasma gas. Depth-profiling of the cathodes was performed in pulsed mode at constant voltage and pressure, which resulted in stable plasma conditions. We achieve matrix-independent quantitative information on fluorine distribution by correction based on sputter rates.
This advancement in GD-OES provides a more accurate analytical approach for evaluating the homogeneity of lithium-ion battery materials, potentially leading to more sustainable and cost-effective manufacturing processes.
T2 - 6th International Glow Discharge Spectroscopy Symposium
CY - Liverpool, United Kingdom
DA - 21.04.2024
KW - Lithium Ion Batteries
KW - GD-OES
KW - depth-profiling
KW - fluorine
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60200
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Mujica Roncery, L.
A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo
A1 - Aghajani, A.
A1 - Theisen, W.
A1 - Weber, S.
T1 - Subsurface characterization of high-strength high-interstitial austenitic steels after impact wear
N2 - The microstructure of the subsurface after impact wear of three high-strength high interstitial austenitic steels has been analysed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in alloys with C and N as interstitial elements. In all cases, a nanocrystalline region followed by a transition zone and a cold-worked area are present. Additionally, microhardness and nano-scratching tests were conducted to study the wear-related properties of the impact subsurface and the base material. The results of the microstructural analysis reveal that the following mechanisms are involved during impact wear: abrasion (ploughing), microcrack formation associated with contact fatigue, entrapment and adhesion of SiO2 particles. The analysis of the wear-related properties indicates that the subsurface acts as a self-protective layer that prevents the deterioration of the substrate.
KW - Impact wear
KW - TEM
KW - Nano-scratch test
KW - High interstitial austenitic steel
PY - 2018
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2018.02.016
SN - 0043-1648
VL - 402-403
SP - 137
EP - 147
PB - Elsevier B.V.
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-44290
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Payton, E. J.
A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo
A1 - Nolze, Gert
T1 - Phase Identification by Image Processing of EBSD Patterns
N2 - Automated electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is generally unable to distinguish between multiple cubic phases in a specimen without additional information, such as that obtained by simultaneous energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Small particles of phases with relatively similar compositions push the limits of phase identification using simultaneous EBSD and EDS, and a mismatch exists between the spatial resolutions of these two techniques due to them having different electron interaction volumes. In a recent paper, the present authors explored using backscatter detectors mounted on top of the EBSD detector to obtain atomic number (Z) contrast images that could be used for phase segmentation in cases where the results from the EBSD and EDS signals remain ambiguous. In the present work, we show that similar information can be obtained from the raw EBSD patterns themselves at higher spatial resolution than was obtained from the backscatter detectors, with the additional advantage of having no spatial mismatch between the data collection grids.
KW - Phase identification
KW - Backscattered electrons
KW - EBSD
KW - SEM
PY - 2013
DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/S143192761300620X
VL - 19
IS - Suppl. 2
SP - 842
EP - 843
AN - OPUS4-37985
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Heuser, Lina
T1 - Silver in low-melting alkali zinc borate glasses
N2 - Ein aktuelles Forschungsziel ist die Substitution von Bleioxid in niedrig schmelzenden Gläsern z.B. zur Anwendung in Silber-Metallisationspasten. Im Fokus steht hier die Untersuchung der Silberdiffusion in Alkali-Zink-Boratgläsern (X2O-ZnO-B2O3, X = Li, Na, K, Rb). Zudem wird der Redoxzustand des Silbers (Ag) und somit die Art der diffundierenden Silberspezies bestimmt. Hierzu wurde eine metallische Silberschicht mittels Sputterns auf Glaswürfel aufgebracht. Die Wärmebehandlung erfolgte nahe der Glasübergangstemperatur bei 470 °C über 2 h unter Luft und Stickstoffatmosphäre. Die Schichtdicke der Silberbeschichtung betrug 1.8 µm nach der Wärmebehandlung, gemessen mittels Weißlicht-Interferometer.
Die Silberdiffusionsprofile wurden mittels Sekundär-Neutral-Teilchen-Massenspektrometrie gemessen. Die Diffusionskoeffizienten des Silbers liegen in der Größenordnung von ~10-14 cm2/s und unterscheiden sich nur gering in Abhängigkeit des Alkali-Ions im Glas.
Mittels Fluoreszenz-Spektroskopie ließen sich gelöste Ag+-Ionen und [Agm]n+-Cluster nach der Wärmebehandlung unterscheiden.
Zusätzlich konnten ausgeschiedene metallische Silber-Partikel im Natrium-enthaltenden Glas mittels Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie beobachtet werden. Diese haben einen mittleren Durchmesser von ~6 nm.
N2 - Substitution of lead oxide in low-melting glasses, e.g., for application in silver metallization pastes, is a current research goal. This work is focused on the investigation of silver diffusion in alkali zinc borate glasses (X2O-ZnO-B2O3, X = Li, Na, K, Rb). In addition, the redox state of silver (Ag) and thus the type of diffusing silver species were studied. For this purpose, a metallic silver coating was applied on glass cubes by means of sputtering. Heat treatment of the samples was performed close to the glass transition temperatures at 470 °C for 2 h under air and nitrogen atmosphere. Coating thickness was 1.8 µm after heat treatment, measured by a white light interferometer.
Silver diffusion profiles were measured by means of secondary neutral mass spectrometry. The silver diffusion coefficients are in the range of ~10-14 cm2/s and indicate no significant differences depending on the type of alkali ions in the glass. Dissolved Ag+-ions and [Agm]n+-clusters in the glasses were differentiated using fluorescence spectroscopy.
Precipitated metallic silver particles in the sodium containing glass were observed by means of transmission electron microcopy. Their mean particle diameter was ~6 nm.
T2 - Living Glass Surfaces XI - Year of Glass
CY - Ilmenau, Germany
DA - 14.09.2022
KW - Alkali zinc borate glasses
KW - Silver diffusion
KW - Transmission electron microscopy
KW - Fluorescence spectroscopy
KW - Silver cluster
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55736
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rethmeier, Michael
T1 - Kombination des Laserhybridschweißens und UP-Engspaltschweißens für dickwandige Bauteile zur Erhöhung der Wirtschaftlichkeit
N2 - Dieser Beitrag befasst sich mit der Entwicklung eines wirtschaftlichen und robusten Verfahrens zum Schweißen dicker Stahlbleche. Es werden Ergebnisse für das Fügen von Blechen im Dickenbereich von 25 mm bis 80 mm vorgestellt. Die 30 mm dicken Schweißnähte konnten im Stumpfstoß in zwei Durchgängen unter Verwendung des Laserhybridschweißens und des Unterpulverschweißens (UP) geschweißt werden. Das Laserhybridschweißen wird als Einschweißung mit einer Tiefe von ca. 25 mm ausgeführt. Die UP-Lagen werden auf der gegenüberliegenden Seite des Blechs aufgebracht. Bei richtiger Wahl der Schweißparameter wird der
Nahtquerschnitt durch eine sichere Überlappung beider Lagen geschlossen. Bei Blechdicken über 30 mm ist eine Kantenvorbereitung erforderlich, die eine Ausführung der UP-Fülllagen in Engspalttechnik ermöglicht. Die Vorteile der vorgeschlagenen Prozesskombination liegen darin, dass die Nahtwurzel der Laserhybridnaht nicht geformt werden muss. Defekte in der Wurzel der Laserhybrideinschweißung können durch die UP-Lagen effektiv beseitigt werden. Das Verfahren bietet eine hohe Stabilität des Schweißprozesses in Bezug auf die Qualität der Blechkanten. Plasmageschnittene Kanten konnten ohne Bindefehler geschweißt werden. Die erreichte Nahtqualität wurde durch zerstörende und zerstörungsfreie Prüfungen bestätigt.
T2 - Innovationstag 2024 - Transfertage der Fügetechnik
CY - Düsseldorf, Germany
DA - 10.04.2024
KW - Laserhybridschweißen
KW - Wirtschaftlichkeit
KW - UP-Engspaltschweißen
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62222
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rethmeier, Michael
T1 - AI-based welding process monitoring for quality control in the manufacture of large-diameter pipes
N2 - The paper presents the experimental results into the development of a multi-channel system for monitoring and quality assurance of the multi-wire submerged arc welding (SAW) process for the manufacture of large diameter pipes. Process signals such as welding current, arc voltage and the acoustic signal emitted from the weld zone are recorded and processed to provide information on the stability of the welding process. It was shown by the experiments that the acoustic pattern of the SAW process in a frequency range between 30 Hz and 2.5 kHz contains the most diagnostic information. In the spectrogram of the acoustic signal, which represents the time course of the frequency spectrum of the welding process, the formation of weld irregularities such as undercuts could be reliably identified. The on-line quality assessment of the weld seam produced is carried out in combination with methods of artificial intelligence (AI). From the results obtained, it can be concluded that the use of the latest concepts in welding and automation technology, combined with the high potential of AI, can achieve a new level of quality assurance in pipe manufacturing.
T2 - Pipeline Technology Conference 2024
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 08.04.2024
KW - Process monitoring
KW - Submerged arc welding
KW - Acoustic signal
KW - Artificial intelligence
KW - Quality control
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62225
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Innovative Disposal Container Materials: Improved Durability and Manufacturing Feasibility
N2 - Deep geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLW) is the internationally preferred final waste management option to prevent the biosphere from radiologically relevant release of radioactive nuclides for at least 100,000 to 1 million years. Current repository concepts are based on a multi-barrier system consisting of geological, geo-technical and technical barriers as an engineered barrier system (EBS). Considered host rocks are e.g. crystalline rocks, claystone, or rock salt. In all cases disposal containers are a crucial technical barrier to safely enclose the HLW, either spent nuclear fuel (SNF) or vitrified high-level waste (VHLW) from reprocessing. Depending on the repository concept and the respective safety case disposal containers guarantee the safe confinement of their radioactive inventory not just during handling, emplacement, and potential retrieval but also during the post-closure phase of the repository for a certain period. Required container lifetimes usually vary between 1,000 and 100,000 years depending on the selected host rock and repository concept.
During container operation and their long-term disposal, they are subject to various mechanical, thermal, radiological, and geo-chemical/biological loads. Thus, mechanical stability and corrosion resistance in the long-term are among the most crucial challenges. Disposal container components lifetimes are typically calculated based on their time-dependent corrosion behaviour, with the implicit assumption that the design remains structurally stable for the required period.
Even though, the durability of several component materials subjected to corrosion processes have been previously studied in detail, the interaction of mechanical processes and corrosion calls for further study, and assessment of the impact of joint degradation modes on component lifetimes will result in a more robust and defensible safety case. Besides, as corrosion occurs in a thin interfacial surface layer between the component outermost surface and the environment, specific R&D work is required to understand the long-term performance controlled by the entire engineered barrier system (EBS) and to feed simulation and extrapolations tools by representative experimental data for validation.
Another approach to tackle the corrosion issue is to prevent and/or minimize it, thereby ensuring an even safer disposal. In this approach, materials much less prone to corrosion (e.g., copper, ceramic materials) can be used to fabricate the containers. Alternatively, protective coatings (e.g. copper coating) can be applied to current selected reference materials like steels. Both ways require validation of the materials durability under realistic, accelerated field conditions.
The InCoManD work package 9 (Innovative and new Container/canister materials under disposal field conditions), part of the EURAD-2 European Partnership on Radioactive Waste Management (2024 – 2029), will address these issues through a collaborative project involving many countries across Europe (and beyond) with a shared goal. Building on the results of the ConCorD work package 15 (Container Corrosion under Disposal Conditions), part of the EURAD-1 programme (2019 - 2024), the InCoManD work package specifically aims to: (i) provide a better understanding of material degradation mechanisms, (ii) define optimised and innovative material solutions, (iii) develop comprehensive predictive models and common methodologies to enhance confidence in the results produced by each partner, and (iv) train new scientists in this field.
T2 - safeND 2025
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 17.09.2025
KW - Radioactive Waste Disposal
KW - Disposal Container
KW - Deep Geological Repository
KW - Engineered Barrier System
PY - 2025
DO - https://doi.org/10.5194/safend2025-40
AN - OPUS4-64254
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kröll, Mirco
T1 - Noch ein Normungsausschuss? Was hinter dem neuen Tribologie-Ausschuss beim DIN steckt
N2 - Am 10. März fand die Gründungssitzung des neuen DIN-Ausschusses NA 062-10-21 AA "Tribologie" statt. Er fokussiert den praxisnahen Wissenstransfer zur Lösung aktueller Herausforderungen und beschäftigt sich mit Querschnittsthemen sowie übergreifenden Aspekten. Der Vortrag informiert über den Kontext der Gründung und stellt die ersten Normungsprojekte vor.
T2 - 66. GfT Tribologie-Fachtagung 2025
CY - Wernigerode, Germany
DA - 01.10.2025
KW - Tribologie
KW - DIN
KW - Normung
KW - Standardisierung
KW - Harmonisierung
KW - FAIR
KW - Verschleißermittlung
KW - Oberflächencharakterisierung
KW - Terminologie
KW - Ontologie
KW - Semantik
KW - Datenbank
KW - Dataspace
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64252
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hajhariri, Aliasghar
T1 - Steps towards a safe integration of LH2 into energy systems
N2 - Liquid hydrogen (LH₂) is a promising energy carrier for decarbonizing heavy-duty transport and future energy systems. However, its cryogenic storage poses significant challenges, particularly regarding safety and insu-lation efficiency. In mobile applications, multilayer insulation (MLI) under vacuum conditions is widely used due to its lightweight and high thermal resistance. Yet, under accidental scenarios such as fire exposure, MLI can degrade rapidly—leading to increased heat ingress and potential hazards like BLEVE or jet fires.
To enable the safe integration of LH₂ into transport infrastructure and, eventually, broader energy supply chains, critical safety concerns must be addressed to gain public and industrial acceptance. This study inves-tigates the thermal degradation behavior of MLI under extreme conditions and introduces a model to quan-tify its impact on heat transfer. The results demonstrate that insulation integrity plays a pivotal role in sys-tem safety, and tailored mitigation strategies can be developed accordingly. These findings contribute essen-tial knowledge toward safer LH₂ storage and support the broader adoption of hydrogen as a sustainable energy vector.
T2 - DKV-Tagung 2025
CY - Magdeburg, Germany
DA - 19.11.2025
KW - Hydrogen Storages
KW - Liquid Hydrogen
KW - Safety
KW - Energy efficiency
KW - Process development
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64853
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rethmeier, Michael
A1 - El-Sari, Bassel
A1 - Biegler, Max
A1 - Gook, Sergej
T1 - AI-based welding process monitoring for quality control in the manufacture of large-diameter pipes
N2 - The paper presents the experimental results into the development of a multi-channel system for monitoring and quality assurance of the multi-wire submerged arc welding (SAW) process for the manufacture of large diameter pipes. Process signals such as welding current, arc voltage and the acoustic signal emitted from the weld zone are recorded and processed to provide information on the stability of the welding process. It was shown by the experiments that the acoustic pattern of the SAW process in a frequency range between 30 Hz and 2.5 kHz contains the most diagnostic information. In the spectrogram of the acoustic signal, which represents the time course of the frequency spectrum of the welding process, the formation of weld irregularities such as undercuts could be reliably identified. The on-line quality assessment of the weld seam produced is carried out in combination with methods of artificial intelligence (AI). From the results obtained, it can be concluded that the use of the latest concepts in welding and automation technology, combined with the high potential of AI, can achieve a new level of quality assurance in pipe manufacturing.
T2 - Pipeline Technology Conference 2024
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 08.04.2024
KW - Process monitoring
KW - Submerged arc welding
KW - Acoustic signal
KW - Artificial intelligence
PY - 2024
UR - https://www.pipeline-conference.com/abstracts/ai-based-welding-process-monitoring-quality-control-large-diameter-pipe-manufacturing
SP - 1
EP - 9
AN - OPUS4-62226
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Morcillo, Dalia
T1 - High-resolution optical isotopic spectrometry as a tool for aging studies of Li-ion batteries
N2 - Current activities on Department Analytical Chemistry, Reference Materials about optical isotopic spectrometry as a tool for aging studies of Li-ion batteries.
T2 - Adlershofer Kolloquium - FB 1.6
CY - Online meeting
DA - 18.05.2021
KW - High-resolution
KW - Battery aging
KW - Storage Technologies
KW - Optical isotopic spectrometry
KW - Lithium-ion batteries
KW - Inorganic Reference Materials
KW - Pouch cell
KW - Anode
KW - Cathode
KW - Electrochemistry
KW - Isotope
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53712
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Akyel, Fatma
A1 - Gook, Sergej
A1 - Üstündag, Ömer
A1 - Bakir, Nasim
A1 - Brunner-Schwer, Christian
A1 - Rethmeier, Michael
T1 - Hochleistungs-Lichtbogenschweißen von dicken Stahlblechen mit elekt-romagnetischer Schweißbadunterstützung
N2 - Das Unterpulverschweißen (UP) ist das Lichtbogenschweißverfahren mit der höchsten Abschmelzrate. Beim Schweißen von dicken Blechen ist dieses Verfahren jedoch besonders für die Wurzellage von Nachteil. Voll-ständiges Umschmelzen ohne extremen Wurzeldurchhang oder ein Austropfen der Schmelze ist ohne weitere Hilfsmittel schwer zu erreichen. Aus diesem Grund werden Pulver-, Kupfer-, keramische Badstützen oder Ble-che zur Vermeidung des Wurzeldurchhangs verwendet. Bei der Verwendung von Kupfer- oder Keramikstützen beeinflusst beispielsweise die Diffusion chemischer Elemente in die Schweiß- oder Schmelzlinie die mecha-nischen Eigenschaften der Schweißnaht. All diese Badstützen erfordern zusätzliche Schritte zur Vorbereitung und Entfernung sowie zur Reinigung der Schweißwurzel. Die Verwendung einer elektromagnetischen Bad-stütze hat dagegen viele Vorteile. Der Magnet kommt nicht mit dem Werkstück in Kontakt, sodass ein zusätz-licher Schritt des Entfernens nicht erforderlich ist. Versuche mit Laserstrahlschweißen oder Laserhybrid-schweißen haben bereits erstmalig gezeigt, dass Blechdicken bis 30 mm einlagig einseitig geschweißt werden können und zusätzlich ein Spalt oder Kanterversatz von bis zu 2 mm überbrückt werden können. In dieser Arbeit wird die elektromagnetische Badstütze für den UP-Prozess eingesetzt. Die Wurzellage wird an 15 mm dicken Blechen mit einer Spaltgröße von 2 mm geschweißt. Die Verwendung eines elektromagnetischen Sys-tems stellt hier sicher, dass die Schmelze nach oben gedrückt und in Position gehalten wird. Ferner kann die Schweißtiefe entsprechend den magnetischen Parametern angepasst werden. Dieses Verfahren kann die Produktivität im Schweißbereich von vielen Betrieben deutlich steigern und Kosten gleichzeitig senken und kann dazu beitragen, diese Arbeitsplätze in Deutschland zu sichern.
T2 - DVS CONGRESS 2024 Große Schweißtechnische Tagung
CY - Erfurt, Germany
DA - 16.09.2024
KW - Unterpulverschweißen
KW - Hochleistungs-Lichtbogenschweißen
PY - 2024
SN - 978-3-96144-269-0
VL - 395
SP - 134
PB - DVS Media
CY - Düsseldorf
AN - OPUS4-61613
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
T1 - Emerging technologies for non destructive testing and monitoring of concrete structures in nuclear facilities
N2 - For a long time, practical application of non-destructive testing in civil engineering has been limited on simple (but useful) methods such as rebound hammers, ultrasonic pulse velocity measurements, rebar detectors or potential mapping. Since the late 1990ies new methods and devices have been developed for geometry and damage detection, including radar and ultrasonic echo array techniques which brought progress in condition assessment of buildings and infrastructure assets.
However, there are still gaps, especially for massive concrete structures used in nuclear facilities, including lack of penetration depth, resolution, or translation of NDT parameters to engineering properties. Recent research tries to fill these gaps. Currently, new ultrasonic devices with greater penetration depth and better resolution depth are developed, including imaging methods revealing greater details of the interior of concrete constructions. Ultrasonic technologies are also extended to nonlinear methods providing baseline free damage assessment and monitoring capabilities. Another example of a technique with a huge potential for concrete constructions is muon tomography, where first field experiments are underway. A review of the potential and limitations of these methods will be given in the presentation.
T2 - IAEA ICARST 2025
CY - Vienna, Austria
DA - 07.04.2025
KW - NDT-CE
KW - Ultrasound
KW - Muography
KW - Concrete
KW - Emerging
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63003
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Winckelmann, Alexander
T1 - Next level lithium isotope analysis by atomic absorption spectrometry in combination with machine learning
N2 - An alternative method for lithium isotope amount ratio analysis is proposed by combining atomic absorption spectrometry with spectra data analysis by machine leaning. It is based on the well-known isotope shift of around 15 pm for the electronic transition at wavelength 670.7845 nm which can be measured by a high-resolution continuum source atomic absorption spectrometer (HR-CS-AAS). For isotope amount ratio analysis, a scalable three boosting machine learning algorithm (XGBoost) was employed and calibrated with a set of samples with a 6Li isotope amount fraction ranging from 99% to 6%. The absolute Li isotope amount fractions of these calibration samples were previously measured by multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) and used as ab-initio data for the machine learning algorithm. Validation of the machine leaning model was performed with two standard reference materials (LSVEC and IRMM-016). The procedure was employed for the isotope amount ratio determination of a set of stock chemicals (Li2CO3, LiNO3, LiCl, LiOH, and LiF) as well as a BAM candidate LiMNC cathode reference material. Achieved uncertainties are one order of magnitude higher than those obtained by MC-ICP-MS. This precision and accuracy is nonetheless sufficient to resolve natural occurring variations in Lithium isotope ratios. Also, the LiMNC material was analyzed by HR-CS-AAS with and without matrix purification. The results are comparable within statistical error.
T2 - Make and Measure 2020
CY - Online Meeting
DA - 15.10.2020
KW - Lithium batteries
KW - HR-CS-AAS
KW - Machine learning
KW - Isotope analysis
KW - Spectrometry
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-51541
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Abilio, André
T1 - Expert System for Screening Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion asInternal Failure Cause in Oil and Gas Upstream Pipelines
N2 - The analysis of pipeline failures due to Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) is challenging due to the complex interaction of many influencing parameters including pipeline operation conditions, fluid chemistry and microbiology, as well as the analysis of corrosion features and products. To help address this challenge, an expert system was developed to assist non-specialists in screening internal pipeline corrosion failures due to MIC related threats. To accomplish this, 15 MIC subject matter experts (with a total of 355 man-years of accumulated MIC based experience) were recruited to evaluate a total of 65 MIC failure cases based on real-life scenarios. These case study parameters and the expert elicited results were input into an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model to create a model system which can screen whether a given failure scenario is one of three outcomes: a) failure is likely due to MIC, b) failure is likely not due to MIC, or c) the conclusion is inconclusive (analysis needs more data/information). The model system had an overall accuracy of 74.8%and it showcases that knowledge from subject matter experts can be captured in a reasonably effective way to screen for possible MIC failures. Based on that, this presentation will provide details of the model development process and key results to date. Important considerations regarding the level of confidence of the diagnoses and variation between expert opinion will also be discussed alongside with ideas on how to improve the model for field applicability.
T2 - ISMOS 9
CY - Edinburgh, United Kingdom
DA - 27.06.2023
KW - Expert System
KW - Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC)
KW - Oil and Gas Upstream
KW - Artificial neural networks (ANNs)
KW - Failure analysis
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-64602
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Popiela, Bartosz
T1 - Better with age? Discussion of creep phenomena during initial loading of type 4 composite pressure vessels
N2 - A presentation on the impact of creep phenomena during initial loading on the safety of type 4 composite pressure vessels. A statistical evaluation of slow burst tests shows an increase of the survival rate of initially loaded composite pressure vessels (sustained load and increased pressure) compared to the ones tested in a brand-new state.
T2 - H2 Safety - Kolloquium (TestCert)
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 12.11.2025
KW - Composite
KW - Pressure vessel
KW - Filament winding
KW - Burst test
KW - Creep
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64690
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Stamm, Michael
T1 - Einführung thermografischer Methoden in die Ermüdungsprüfung unter Laborbedingungen sowie bei Ganzblatt-Rotorblattprüfungen
N2 - Der Vortrag der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) stellt die Einführung und Anwendung thermografischer Methoden zur Ermüdungsprüfung und Ganzblatt-Rotorblattprüfung vor. Die BAM, tätig in Forschung, Prüfung und Beratung, trägt zur technischen Sicherheit bei und unterstützt die Energiewende.
Die Abteilung 8.3 "Thermographic Methods" arbeitet an der Forschung, Entwicklung und Anwendung thermografischer Prüf- und Überwachungstechniken. Passive Thermografie ist eine bildgebende Messung der Oberflächentemperatur, die Informationen über das Innere von Bauteilen liefert. Durch Nutzung von Sonneneinstrahlung und Temperaturschwankungen können auch große Strukturen wie Rotorblätter geprüft werden.
Thermische Inspektionen visualisieren Temperaturunterschiede, die durch Material-, Struktur-, Aerodynamik- und Oberflächeneigenschaften sowie Reibungswärme entstehen. Bei rotierenden Rotorblättern wird die Thermografie eingesetzt, um Strömungsphänomene (laminar/turbulent), Oberflächendefekte (z.B. Regen-Erosion) und innere Defekte zu erkennen.
Ein Schlüsselprojekt ist die AI-gestützte Bildklassifizierung (LATODA) von über 1200 Roh-Infrarotbildern für die Mangeldetektion. Ziel ist die Entwicklung von zuverlässigen, automatisierten, robotergestützten Verfahren, um Schäden schnell zu erkennen und so Effizienzverluste (AEP-loss) zu vermeiden und die Lebensdauer von Windenergieanlagen zu verlängern.
T2 - Mitgliederversammlung des BWE- Sachverständigenbeirates
CY - Hannover, Germany
DA - 5.9.2025
KW - Thermografie
KW - Wind
KW - Rotorblätter
KW - Inspektion
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64719
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Stamm, Michael
T1 - Thermografische Ferninspektion von Windenergieanlagen im Betrieb –� Potenziale und Herausforderungen
N2 - Rotorblätter zählen zu den kostenintensivsten Komponenten von Windenergieanlagen in Bezug auf Wartung und Ausfallzeiten. Mit der zunehmenden Blattlänge – aktuell bis zu 115 m – steigen auch die Anforderungen an effektive Inspektionsmethoden. Die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) entwickelt hierfür eine passive thermografische Ferninspektion vom Boden aus, die die klassische visuelle Prüfung durch Industriekletterer ergänzen oder perspektivisch ersetzen soll. Feldmessungen und Laborexperimente belegen das Potenzial dieser Technik, sowohl strömungsbedingte thermische Signaturen als auch strukturelle Anomalien innerhalb der Rotorblätter zu erfassen. Eine besondere Herausforderung liegt in der Trennung dieser überlagerten Effekte sowie in der eingeschränkten Kenntnis der inneren Blattstruktur aufgrund fehlender Designdaten. Um die Methode zur Marktreife zu führen, sind Fortschritte in der Bildverarbeitung, etwa durch eine patentierte Differenzbildung, erforderlich. Der Beitrag stellt die zugrunde liegende Messtechnik, Ergebnisse einer groß angelegten Feldstudie mit 30 Anlagen sowie die identifizierten physikalischen Einflussgrößen (Strömung, Struktur, Emissivität) vor und gibt einen Ausblick auf die nächsten Entwicklungsschritte.
T2 - Thermo25
CY - Munich, Germany
DA - 12.11.2025
KW - Thermography
KW - Wind Turbine Blades
KW - Wind
KW - Rotorblätter
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64718
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Trappe, Volker
A1 - Nielow, D.
A1 - Hickmann, Stefan
A1 - Kupsch, Andreas
A1 - Gaal, Mate
A1 - Redmer, Bernhard
A1 - Krankenhagen, Rainer
T1 - Sandwich-Schalenstrukturen in situ charakterisiert mit Thermographie und Felddehnungsmessungen
N2 - An der BAM wurde ein Schalenprüfstand entwickelt, mit dem typische Sandwichschalenstrukturen unter simulierter Betriebsbeanspruchung belastet werden können. Im mechanischen Ermüdungsversuch wurden in situ die Entstehung von Schäden in Schalenprüfkörpern mit Test-Imperfektionen mittels der passiven Thermographie und Felddehnungsmessungen verfolgt. Damit konnten der Zeitpunkt, der Schadensursprung und der Schadensfortschritt zerstörungsfrei bestimmt werden. Zudem wurden vergleichend Schalenprüfkörper mit Luftultraschall und der Röntgen-Laminographie untersucht. Im Rahmen eines BMWi-Forschungsvorhabens wurden die Schädigungsmechanismen evaluiert und Empfehlungen für die Praxis der Fertigung von Rotorblättern abgeleitet. In diesem Beitrag wird sich auf die Darstellung der ZfP-Verfahren und der ZfP-Ergebnisse konzentriert.
T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2018
CY - Leipzig, Germany
DA - 07.05.2018
KW - Windkraft
KW - Rotorblatt
KW - Schalenprüfstand
KW - Thermographie
KW - Laminographie
KW - Luftultraschall
PY - 2018
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-469395
VL - 166
SP - 1
EP - 11
AN - OPUS4-46939
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wosniok, Aleksander
T1 - Zustandsüberwachung mittels verteilter faseroptischer Sensorik: Technologien, Anwendungen und Potenziale
N2 - Der Vortrag beleuchtete den aktuellen Stand und die Zukunftsperspektiven verteilter faseroptischer Sensorsysteme (Distributed Fiber Optic Sensing, DFOS) zur Zustandsüberwachung von Bauwerken, Anlagen und Infrastrukturen. Vorgestellt wurden die zugrunde liegenden Messprinzipien – insbesondere die Nutzung von Streuprozessen (Rayleigh-, Brillouin- und Raman-Streuung) – zur kontinuierlichen Erfassung von Temperatur-, Dehnungs- und Vibrationsprofilen entlang einer Glasfaser. Anhand ausgewählter Anwendungsbeispiele aus den Bereichen Energie- und zivile Infrastruktur wurde gezeigt, wie DFOS-Systeme strukturelle Veränderungen frühzeitig detektieren können. Abschließend wurden die technologischen Entwicklungen, Herausforderungen sowie die Potenziale für zukünftige Monitoring-Lösungen diskutiert.
T2 - Fachausschuss Zustandsüberwachung 39. Sitzung
CY - Online-Meeting
DA - 28.10.2025
KW - DFOS
KW - SHM
KW - Verteilte faseroptische Sensorik
KW - Verteilte akustische Sensorik
KW - Brückenmonitoring
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64510
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hajhariri, Aliasghar
T1 - Safer Insulation For LH2 (How to do a Business Development)
N2 - To expand the hydrogen supply value chain, the transportation of this highly energy-dense material in its liquid phase presents significant challenges. However, developing an efficient and cost-effective insulation solution can substantially improve the economic feasibility of large-scale hydrogen transport. Such improvements not only enhance the profitability of storing and delivering high energy content within a limited volume, but also strengthen the overall value of the supply chain. Ultimately, this will support more efficient integration of hydrogen into the energy system and improve its economic viability.
T2 - Workshop of Entrepreneurship HWR University
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 18.10.2025
KW - Super-Insulation
KW - Liquid Hydrogen
KW - Safety
KW - Supply Chain
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64498
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Prager, Jens
T1 - Technological and Regulatory Constraints on the Use of Structural Health Monitoring - Our Experience with SHM for Hydrogen Pressure Vessels
N2 - Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is seen as a key component of NDT 4.0. The aim is to replace labour- and cost-intensive periodic inspections with integrated sensor technology and automated data evaluation, and to increase the operational safety and reliability of critical components. Although SHM is already being used to monitor infrastructure components, approaches for technical structures and components have not yet left the laboratory scale, despite intensive efforts. This is particularly the case for aircraft components, pipelines and components in the chemical and process industries.
As part of a publicly funded joint project, BAM has attempted to supplement or replace the legally required periodic inspection of high-pressure hydrogen storage tanks with SHM. With regard to a real laboratory "hydrogen refuelling station", different sensor concepts were applied to type IV pressure vessels and the vessels were subjected to accelerated ageing by pressure cycling. The applied monitoring methods were validated against different failure mechanisms.
The contribution presents the results of the project and discusses the specific challenges of using SHM approaches in practice. In addition to describing the technological challenges of replacing periodic inspections with SHM, the talk addresses the legal aspects for the operation of pilot plants and real laboratories. As artificial intelligence and machine learning methods are favoured for signal processing, evaluation and assessment of SHM measurement data, the impact of the European AI Act as the first legal framework for AI is also discussed.
T2 - SYSINT 2025
CY - Bremen, Germany
DA - 04.06.2025
KW - Pressure vessels
KW - Structural health monitoring
KW - Ultrasound
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64526
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Koch, Claudia
T1 - SMART Standards und digitale Qualitätsinfrastruktur
N2 - Die digitale Transformation der Qualitätsinfrastruktur (QI) bietet vielfältige Potentiale für mehr Effizienz, Transparenz und Vertrauen bei der Sicherung und dem Nachweis der Qualität von Produkten und Anwendungen. SMART Standards sind dabei ein wesentlicher Baustein im komplexen digitalen Ökosystem einer solchen modernen QI. Ihre wirksame Integration erfordert klare Anwendungsszenarien und Anforderungen.
Der Vortrag bietet einen Überblick über eine moderne QI und ihr digitales Ökosystem. Insbesondere die Rolle von SMART Standards wird herausgearbeitet. Mithilfe von zwei Use Cases aus der BAM - Additive Fertigung und Zulassung von Transportbehältern für radioaktive Stoffe - werden User Stories vorgestellt. Dieser einführende Vortrag soll im Workshop des IDiS Plenums als Grundlage für die Entwicklung weiterer User Stories und Ableitung von Anforderungen an SMART Standards dienen.
T2 - 14. IDiS Plenum
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 07.10.2025
KW - Qualitätsinfrastruktur
KW - SMART Standards
KW - Digitalisierung
KW - QI-Digital
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64528
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Ziegler, Mathias
T1 - Advancing Active Thermography for NDT: The Role of Standardization
N2 - Infrared thermography, particularly its active form, is increasingly used in various industries in non-destructive testing (NDT). To support its broader adoption, structured standardization efforts have been developed within CEN/TC 138/WG11 and coordinated with ISO. Key standards—such as EN 16714, EN 17119, and EN 17501—define principles, procedures, and equipment requirements. Current activities include finalizing the draft on induction thermography, revising EN 17119, and developing new projects on optical lock-in, laser weld inspection, and thermal diffusivity. Standardization enhances comparability, reliability, and certification, making thermography a robust and scalable solution within the global NDT framework.
T2 - AITA 2025
CY - Kobe, Japan
DA - 15.09.2025
KW - Active thermography
KW - Non-destructive testing (NDT)
KW - Standardization
KW - CEN/TC 138/WG11
KW - Infrared inspection
KW - Industrial qualification
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64572
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zinas, Orestis
T1 - A Modular Gaussian Process Regression Toolbox for Uncertainty Aware Geotechnical Site Characterization
N2 - A modular Gaussian Process Regression toolbox for efficient large-scale geotechnical site characterization from sparse 1D data was presented at the Third Future of Machine Learning in Geotechnics (3FOMLIG), Florence, Italy, October 16, 2025. The PyTorch/GPyTorch-based framework enables multivariate modeling of correlated soil properties and joint regression-classification of continuous CPT parameters with categorical soil units through Dirichlet transformations. Stochastic Variational Inference reduces computational complexity from O(N³) to O(M³), enabling GPU-accelerated processing of 100,000+ measurements. Validated on a 33 km² North Sea offshore wind farm site with 100+ sparse investigation points, the toolbox generates uncertainty-aware 3D predictions, supporting univariate, multivariate (LMC), and sequential multi-group modeling strategies.
T2 - Third Future of Machine Learning in Geotechnics (3FOMLIG)
CY - Florence, Italy
DA - 15.10.2025
KW - Probabilistic site-characterization
KW - Gaussian process regression
KW - Bayesian inference
KW - Offshore Wind Farms
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64423
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kemmler, Samuel
T1 - Investigating Piping Erosion during Suction Bucket Installations using Fully-Resolved LBM-DEM Simulations
N2 - Suction bucket foundations are an innovative, cost-effective, and environmentally sustainable solution for offshore wind turbine installations. Their deployment relies on generating suction pressure inside the bucket to achieve full embedment into the seabed. However, a critical challenge during installation is piping erosion, a process where particle fluidization beneath the bucket wall tip leads to a sudden drop in suction pressure, potentially causing installation failure. Despite its practical significance, the underlying physics governing piping erosion remain insufficiently understood due to the complex interplay between hydrodynamic forces and sediment transport. To bridge this knowledge gap, we employ a three-dimensional, fully-resolved coupled lattice Boltzmann method - discrete element method simulation to investigate the fundamental mechanisms driving piping erosion. The approach allows the capture of grain-scale interactions with high fidelity, enabling the identification of key parameters influencing erosion onset and progression. However, achieving physically representative problem sizes—comprising hundreds of thousands of grains—requires immense computational resources due to the high-resolution nature of the simulations. To address this computational challenge, simulations are performed on the LUMI supercomputer, leveraging hundreds of GPUs to execute large-scale, high-fidelity calculations. We present simulation results that showcase the method’s capability to resolve the intricate physics of piping erosion, offering new insights into the conditions that trigger erosion and its impact on suction bucket performance. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of suction bucket installation dynamics and support the development of optimized, failure-resistant foundation designs for offshore wind applications.
T2 - PARTICLES 2025
CY - Barcelona, Spain
DA - 20.10.2025
KW - Micromechanical simulation
KW - Suction bucket foundation
KW - Piping erosion
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64460
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Griesche, Axel
T1 - In situ Measurement of Hydrogen in Steel using Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)
N2 - Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is an analysis technique that allows contactless and fast in situ measurements of hydrogen in welded steels. The surface does not need necessarily be prepared as the laser can ablate material before the measurement. Depth profiling, point measurements as well as scanning of areas (mapping) can be utilized and automated. The method can be used for quantitative measurements, which requires a calibration with standards of similar material containing known hydrogen concentrations. LIBS is a candidate for ISO 3690, determination of diffusible hydrogen in martensitic, bainitic, and ferritic steel weld metal using arc welding processes with filler material. The capability of the method is shown in a hydrogen diffusion experiment.
T2 - Tagung Steel & Hydrogen 2025
CY - Genth, Belgium
DA - 14.10.2025
KW - LIBS
KW - Hydrogen measurement
KW - Laser spectroscopy
KW - Steel
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64451
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Graeber, Gustav
T1 - Using X -ray computed tomography to learn more about alkali -metal batteries: Trajectory towards operando analysis
N2 - Here we discuss how X-ray computed tomography can be used to learn more about alkali-metal batteries. We show wetting phenomena in alkali-metal batteries, discuss various techniques to study them, and show our recent results obtained at DESY in Hamburg.
T2 - Operando battery workshop at CSMB
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 17.09.2025
KW - Battery
KW - X-ray computed tomography
KW - Operando
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64468
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Graeber, Gustav
T1 - Wetting and phase change phenomena in alkali -metal batteries
N2 - Presentation about the importance of wetting and phase change phenomena in batteries. Hihglighting our work on Du Noüy ring tensiometry of alkali metals and wetting studies of alkali metals in contact with porous carbon hosts in alkali metal batteries with solid electrolytes.
T2 - International Battery Workshop (ASPIRE, TwinBat)
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 15.9.2025
KW - Battery
KW - Sodium
KW - Wetting
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64467
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Baller, Johannes
A1 - Hilger, André
A1 - Qi, Naiyu
A1 - Morini, Chiara
A1 - Cornelio, Andrea
A1 - Remhof, Arndt
A1 - Osenberg, Markus
A1 - Manke, Ingo
A1 - Moosmann, Julian
A1 - Beckmann, Felix
A1 - Graeber, Gustav
T1 - Wetting Interactions Between Porous Carbon Hosts and Liquid Sodium‐Potassium Alloys Toward Their Use in Negative Electrodes of Alkali‐Metal Batteries
N2 - Batteries with liquid alkali‐metal negative electrodes offer a route to compact, high‐performance energy storage. Innovation in alkali‐metal management, i.e., controlled storage, release and transport of liquid alkali metal, can enable simpler and cheaper cell designs. Porous carbons have emerged as potential host materials for liquid alkali metals. Here, X‐ray computed tomography is used to study the wetting interactions between porous carbon hosts and liquid sodium‐potassium alloy (NaK) as a function of carbon host morphology and surface functionalization. While as‐received carbon samples show no affinity toward NaK, heat‐treated carbon is spontaneously infiltrated with NaK filling almost the entire pore volume. It is explored how forced wetting partially fills pores of NaK‐repellant hosts, showing large differences in pore filling based on the average pore size of the host material. In electrochemical discharge experiments, it is shown that both as‐received and heat‐treated carbon felt enable high areal capacities beyond 40 mAh cm−2. However, the heat‐treated carbon shows ten times lower overpotential. Finally, it is demonstrated how heat‐treated carbon felt can enable capillary transport of NaK. In summary, this study elucidates important aspects of the interactions between liquid alkali metals and porous carbon hosts, generating insights into possible applications in liquid alkali‐metal batteries.
KW - Battery
KW - Solid electrolyte
KW - Sodium
KW - Wetting
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-644663
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202523169
SN - 1616-301X
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - Wiley VHC-Verlag
AN - OPUS4-64466
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Koerdt, Andrea
T1 - Wasserstofflagerung in unterirdischen geologischen Formationen und potenzielle Risiken durch Mikroorganismen
N2 - Bei dem Vortrag werden die potentiellen mikrobiologischen Einflüsse im Falle der Lagerung von Wasserstofflagerung in unterirdischen geologischen Formationen vorgestellt, die Zusammenarbeit mit internen und auch externen Partnern. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf UGF; anaerobe Umgebungen, Sulfate reduzierenden Bakterien, methanogenen Archaea, weiterleitenden Systeme und die Kombination der Untersuchung abiotisch/biotische
T2 - VDI-Schadensanalyse (49)
CY - Würzburg, Germany
DA - 17.10.2023
KW - MIC
KW - Wasserstofflagerung
KW - Unterirdische Speicher
KW - Kontamination von H2
KW - H2-Abbau
KW - Mikroorganismen
KW - Biotische/abiotische Faktoren
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58645
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Dopffel, N.
A1 - An Stepec, Biwen Annie
A1 - de Rezende, J.
A1 - Machado de Sousa, D.
A1 - Koerdt, Andrea
T1 - Microbiology of Underground Hydrogen Storage
N2 - Climate change is becoming one of the greatest challenges facing our society, particularly due to the continued use of fossil fuels. The steadily increasing demand for energy and the continuously growing world population will further intensify these challenges. The development of renewable energies is therefore of central importance. The 2020 EU Energy Roadmap aims to increase the share of renewable energies (gross energy consumption) to 55% by 2050.
Hydrogen (H2) has the highest potential to become the primary renewable energy source. It is envisioned that by 2050 up to 24% of the total energy demand of Europe is to be ensured by H2. However, a decisive disadvantage of the climate friendly alternatives is the massive containment demand, which needs to be highly secure, cost efficient and easily extractable.
Underground geological formations (UGF) represent a seemingly optimal alternative to meet the rapidly increasing storage demand. In this context, many studies are currently underway to determine the feasibility and risks of UGF. However, little or no consideration is being given to microbiology. Therefore, in this Research Topic we will focus on achieving a greater understanding of the impact microorganisms exert on UGF, with a particular emphasis on interdisciplinary studies.
As many subsurface microbial communities can use H2 as an electron donor, production of seemingly undesirable metabolic byproducts, such as hydrogen sulfide, methane, and acids, are also to be expected. However, the rate of the H2 conversion by the microorganisms, how their metabolic activities impact the UGF on a short-term and long-term scale, the extent of damages microorganisms exert on the infrastructure, or potential use of microorganisms to enhance UGF are just a few questions that require urgent research to assess the role of microorganisms in this new anthropogenic use of the subsurface environment. These and many questions can be addressed in this article collection. In particular, understanding microbial community changes and activity rates will help assess operational and environmental risks, develop mitigation strategies and provide new insights on life under extreme conditions (i.e., pressure, salinity).
In this Research Topic, the editorial team particularly welcomes Original Research, Hypothesis and Theory, Method, and Review manuscripts that deal with the latest advances in microbiology in formations that are planned or currently prepared for hydrogen storage, from both fundamental and practical points of view. The ultimate objective is to promote a deeper understanding into the sustainability of UGF and generate interdisciplinary research involving microbiologists, reservoir engineers, geologists, chemists, physicists.
The topics of interest include, but are not limited to:
• Microbial diversity in different underground hydrogen storage sites or formations currently being considered for hydrogen storage
• Mechanism and impact of microbial growth under high H2 pressure
• Potential role of microorganisms in the short-term and long-term storage of hydrogen
• Potential influences of microorganisms on the hydrogen storage infrastructure systems, e.g., microbiologically influenced corrosion, biofilm growth
• Hydrogen-solid-microorganism interactions, including the influence of microbial growth on UGF geological parameters
• Mechanism and modelling of microbial impact on hydrogen storage
UGF relevant for this Research Topic include porous media, salt caverns, deep aquifers, hard rock caverns and depleted oil/gas reservoirs.
KW - Biodeterioration and biodegradation
KW - Geology
KW - Anaerobic pathways
KW - Microbial simulation,
KW - Hydrogen storage
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-579042
DO - https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2023.1242619
SN - 2296-598X
VL - 11
SP - 1
EP - 3
PB - Frontiers
CY - Frontiers in Energy Research
AN - OPUS4-57904
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Würth, Christian
T1 - Absolute quantum yield measurements of spectral conversion materials - Instrumentation and applications
N2 - The direct measure for the conversion efficiency of absorbed photons into emitted light by an emissive species or chromophore is the photoluminescence quantum yield (pl).1 pl is the fluorometric key quantity that controls the suitability of a molecule or material e.g. for application as a label, probe or sensor molecule or as a converter material. A straightforward approach to pl values presents their absolute determination using an integrating sphere set up. This procedure circumvents the use of standards thereby avoiding additional measurements and uncertainties related to their often debated pl values. In this respect, we discuss the experimental requirements on absolute measurements of down and upconversion quantum yields (UC), the later presents currently one of the most challenging spectroscopic measurements due to its multiphotonic character. We explore the challenges for determination of excitation power density (P) dependent pl(P), present the design and characterization of a unique integrating sphere setup for such measurements in the vis to IR spectral region including its calibration, and the influence of the excitation beam profile to perform pl measurements of liquid and solid materials.
As an example for downshifting materials we present doped core-shell CdSe/ZnS semiconductor quantum dots (d-dots) which show a nearly host material and crystal size independent emission with large Stokes shifts and minimum reabsorption.2 Systematic variation of the reaction components, parameters and thickness of the ZnS shell yielded doped nanocrystals with a very high pl, high reproducibility and large quantities. Application of these NCs in the light conversion layers of commercial monocrystalline silicon (mono-Si) solar cells led to a significant enhancement of the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of this devices in the ultraviolet spectral region between 300 and 400 nm. On the other hand, lanthanide-doped up-converting nanoparticles (UCNPs), are promising light converters from the near infrared to the visible region. These NPs show multiple narrow emission bands in the visible (vis) and NIR, excellent photostability, and long luminescence lifetimes. The rational design of brighter UCNP requires an improved understanding of the radiationless deactivation pathways, that are affected by size, surface chemistry, and microenvironment.3 We give an insight into the influences of these parameters on the photophysical key characteristics of the upconversion process such as UC(P), the luminescence decay behavior, the power dependent red-to-green intensity ratio, and intensities of the individual emission bands.
T2 - MCare-Materials Challenges in Alternative and Renewable Energy
CY - Jeju, Korea
DA - 20.02.2017
KW - Energy conversion
KW - Quantum yield
KW - Doped quantum dots
KW - Upconversion
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-40009
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Reichel, Levin
A1 - Schroepfer, Dirk
A1 - Kromm, Arne
A1 - Kannengiesser, Thomas
T1 - Reduction of residual stress by narrowing the repair groove: Optimising repair welding with modern welding processes for high strength offshore steels
N2 - The ongoing German energy transition will require offshore wind turbines with outputs of >10 MW in the future. Turbines with these high outputs must be located far from the coast, with up to 50 m large subsea jacket structures and tall towers. These structures are increasingly fabricated of high-strength steels with a yield strength up to 500 MPa and wall thicknesses of up to 120 mm. During production, weld defects identified through non-destructive testing (NDT) must be locally repaired by gouging and rewelding. Standards and guidelines lack sufficient concepts and information regarding such repair procedures. To address this gap, BAM launched the FOSTA project P1629 (IGF 01IF22746N) to explore stress-optimised repair concepts, specifically local gouging and welding, for high-strength thick plate joints made from offshore-grade steels with yield strengths between 355 MPa and 460 MPa, including matching weld metals. This research aims to develop a stress-optimised repair concept for thick plate joints, utilising controlled high-performance GMAW techniques and narrow gouging grooves. Both thermal and mechanical gouging methods are applied, enabling adjustments to the groove geometry. Modern welding processes offer deep root penetration and concentrated energy input, making them suitable for narrow seams. The intended reduction in residual stress results from the decreased weld metal volume, due to modified groove shapes and the lower heat input per layer achieved through controlled arc processes. Experimental investigations examine how process parameters, material properties, and design factors interact to influence the development of welding-induced stresses. The project concludes with practical recommendations for guidelines tailored to steel-processing SMEs.
T2 - 4th International Conference on Advanced Joining Processes (AJP 2025)
CY - Coimbra, Portugal
DA - 16.10.2025
KW - Repair welding
KW - Residual stress
KW - Modern welding processes
KW - High-strength offshore steel
KW - Narrow groove
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64887
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Memmolo, Vittorio
T1 - Intelligent damage detection in composite pressure vessels under varying environmental and operational conditions
N2 - Despite proven approaches available in the literature, structural health monitoring by ultrasonic guided waves under varying environmental and operational conditions is still challenging. The use of machine learning approaches is discussed in this work, considering the complex problem of experimental damage detection under varying load conditions in a composite overwrapped pressure vessel for hydrogen storage. Specifically, unsupervised methods originally developed for image and time series classification are combined with ensemble voting to conceive reliable damage detection technique. This enables the effective combination of the predictions of multiple transducer pairs, even with a limited number of strong individual classifiers. A performance demonstration of the technique is presented using a real damage scenario dataset.
T2 - 2025 IEEE 12th International Workshop on Metrology for AeroSpace (MetroAeroSpace)
CY - Napoli, Italy
DA - 18.06.2025
KW - Structural Health Monitoring
KW - Guided Ultrasonic Waves
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64893
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kömmling, Anja
T1 - Experiences and perspectives for the design evaluation of Konrad containers
N2 - The former iron ore mine Konrad near Salzgitter is the approved final repository for radioactive waste with negligible heat production in Germany and should go into operation in the 2030s. The waste comes from operation and decommissioning of nuclear power plants, as well as from medicine, research and industry using radiation sources or radioactive materials. These types of waste are comparable to international low- and certain types of intermediate-level waste. The waste includes a large variety of products, materials and properties. The containers for such waste have the primary purpose of enabling handling and storing of the waste by safely enclosing the radioactive inventory and shielding of radiation. Due to the large variety of waste forms to be disposed of in the Konrad repository, different container types are specified to account for the different requirements related to each waste type.
Each container design for waste disposal in Konrad has to be approved by BGE on the basis of the “final disposal conditions” (Endlagerungsbedingungen) and the respective “product control” (Produktkontrolle). For demonstrating the container’s compliance with the regulatory framework, the waste producers or container manufacturers have to apply for design approval on the basis of a comprehensive safety assessment including all relevant reports about analytical, numerical and experimental safety demonstrations and quality assurance measures for container manufacturing and operation. Usually, BGE commissions independent experts like BAM to evaluate these documents and the design testing (e.g. drop or fire tests).
While the basic assessment principle is to verify the container design and quality to be in line with all regulatory requirements, there are often challenges associated with the container’s safety evaluation. As containers of different types have already been produced in large numbers and partially loaded with waste before the regulatory framework became effective (so-called “old” containers), they are considered in the regulations as well and safety assessments have to be provided in an equivalent way. As the requirements for the documentation of manufacturing quality were not yet known at the time these containers were manufactured, this is often challenging in practice. On the other hand, containers requiring the highest safety level (ABK II, sf) due to their nuclear content sometimes cause significant challenges and very long approval processes concerning safety demonstrations for severe accidental conditions like a 5 m drop without impact limiter onto a nearly unyielding target or a one hour 800 °C fire scenario. Furthermore, as the regulatory framework has not been updated for several decades, some requirements and the respective safety assessment methods have to be interpreted under consideration of the current state of knowledge in science and technology.
T2 - safeND conference 2025
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 17.09.2025
KW - Radioactive waste
KW - Final disposal
KW - Waste container
KW - Design evaluation
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64989
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Batatia, Ilyes
A1 - Benner, Philipp
A1 - Chiang, Yuan
A1 - Elena, Alin M.
A1 - Kovács, Dávid P.
A1 - Riebesell, Janosh
A1 - Advincula, Xavier R.
A1 - Asta, Mark
A1 - Avaylon, Matthew
A1 - Baldwin, William J.
A1 - Berger, Fabian
A1 - Bernstein, Noam
A1 - Bhowmik, Arghya
A1 - Bigi, Filippo
A1 - Blau, Samuel M.
A1 - Cărare, Vlad
A1 - Ceriotti, Michele
A1 - Chong, Sanggyu
A1 - Darby, James P.
A1 - De, Sandip
A1 - Della Pia, Flaviano
A1 - Deringer, Volker L.
A1 - Elijošius, Rokas
A1 - El-Machachi, Zakariya
A1 - Fako, Edvin
A1 - Falcioni, Fabio
A1 - Ferrari, Andrea C.
A1 - Gardner, John L. A.
A1 - Gawkowski, Mikołaj J.
A1 - Genreith-Schriever, Annalena
A1 - George, Janine
A1 - Goodall, Rhys E. A.
A1 - Grandel, Jonas
A1 - Grey, Clare P.
A1 - Grigorev, Petr
A1 - Han, Shuang
A1 - Handley, Will
A1 - Heenen, Hendrik H.
A1 - Hermansson, Kersti
A1 - Ho, Cheuk Hin
A1 - Hofmann, Stephan
A1 - Holm, Christian
A1 - Jaafar, Jad
A1 - Jakob, Konstantin S.
A1 - Jung, Hyunwook
A1 - Kapil, Venkat
A1 - Kaplan, Aaron D.
A1 - Karimitari, Nima
A1 - Naik, Aakash A.
A1 - Csányi, Gábor
T1 - A foundation model for atomistic materials chemistry
N2 - Atomistic simulations of matter, especially those that leverage first-principles (ab initio) electronic structure theory, provide a microscopic view of the world, underpinning much of our understanding of chemistry and materials science. Over the last decade or so, machine-learned force fields have transformed atomistic modeling by enabling simulations of ab initio quality over unprecedented time and length scales. However, early machine-learning (ML) force fields have largely been limited by (i) the substantial computational and human effort required to develop and validate potentials for each particular system of interest and (ii) a general lack of transferability from one chemical system to the next. Here, we show that it is possible to create a general-purpose atomistic ML model, trained on a public dataset of moderate size, that is capable of running stable molecular dynamics for a wide range of molecules and materials. We demonstrate the power of the MACE-MP-0 model—and its qualitative and at times quantitative accuracy—on a diverse set of problems in the physical sciences, including properties of solids, liquids, gases, chemical reactions, interfaces, and even the dynamics of a small protein. The model can be applied out of the box as a starting or “foundation” model for any atomistic system of interest and, when desired, can be fine-tuned on just a handful of application-specific data points to reach ab initio accuracy. Establishing that a stable force-field model can cover almost all materials changes atomistic modeling in a fundamental way: experienced users obtain reliable results much faster, and beginners face a lower barrier to entry. Foundation models thus represent a step toward democratizing the revolution in atomic-scale modeling that has been brought about by ML force fields.
KW - Materials Design
KW - Thermal Conducitivity
KW - Nanoparticles
KW - Batteries
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-647829
DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0297006
SN - 0021-9606
VL - 163
IS - 18
SP - 1
EP - 89
PB - AIP Publishing
AN - OPUS4-64782
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schackmann, Oliver
A1 - Márquez Reyes, Octavio
A1 - Memmolo, Vittorio
A1 - Lozano, Daniel
A1 - Prager, Jens
A1 - Moll, Jochen
A1 - Kraemer, Peter
T1 - Intelligent damage detection in composite pressure vessels under varying environmental and operational conditions
N2 - Despite proven approaches available in the literature, structural health monitoring by ultrasonic guided waves under varying environmental and operational conditions is still challenging. The use of machine learning approaches is discussed in this work, considering the complex problem of experimental damage detection under varying load conditions in a composite overwrapped pressure vessel for hydrogen storage. Specifically, unsupervised methods originally developed for image and time series classification are combined with ensemble voting to conceive reliable damage detection technique. This enables the effective combination of the predictions of multiple transducer pairs, even with a limited number of strong individual classifiers. A performance demonstration of the technique is presented using a real damage scenario dataset.
T2 - IEEE 12th International Workshop on Metrology for AeroSpace (MetroAeroSpace)
CY - Napoli, Italy
DA - 18.06.2025
KW - Guided ultrasonic waves
KW - Structural health monitoring
KW - Artificial intelligence
KW - Hydrogen storage
PY - 2025
SN - 979-8-3315-0152-5
DO - https://doi.org/10.1109/MetroAeroSpace64938.2025.11114628
SN - 2575-7490
SP - 608
EP - 613
AN - OPUS4-64894
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Klaus, Christian
A1 - Soruco Aloisio, Ricardo
A1 - Koch, Claudia
A1 - Prellwitz, Matthias
T1 - Towards Safety and Accuracy of Hydrogen Refuelling Stations through Digital Twins
N2 - This paper presents digital quality infrastructure methods for hydrogen refueling stations using the Asset Administration Shell as a standardized digital twin. Implemented at BAM’s test platform, it integrates real-time sensor data, calibration certificates, and compliance documents to support traceable, interoperable asset management. In combination with AI and semantic tools, the system will enable predictive maintenance, remote audits, and improved safety. This approach reduces downtime, enhances transparency, and offers a scalable model demonstrating the potential of digital twins in advancing metrological traceability and operational efficiency in hydrogen technologies.
T2 - IMEKO TC-6 International Conference on Metrology and Digital Transformation - M4DConf 2025
CY - Benevento, Italy
DA - 03.09.2025
KW - Datenintregration
KW - IT
KW - Verwaltungsschale
KW - Infrastruktur
KW - OT
KW - Open Source
KW - Software
PY - 2025
UR - https://www.m4dconf.org/
UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/measurement-digitalization
SP - 1
EP - 6
AN - OPUS4-64951
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Banerjee, Ayantika
T1 - Enhancing Requirements for HLW Disposal Containers and Developing Transparent Safety Evaluation Concepts in Collaboration between BAM and BASE (Research Project KAnnE)
N2 - The research project KAnnE aims to identify, concretize, and quantify requirements for high-level radioactive waste (HLW) disposal containers in Germany, considering potential types of host rock and repository concepts. The primary goal is to establish a transparent and comprehensible regulatory framework that accounts for different host rocks and operational phases, ensuring the safe long-term containment of radioactive waste. Given the current general legal formulation of these requirements, this study provides a systematic approach to defining them more precisely by integrating scientific and regulatory perspectives. An extensive review is conducted to gather relevant information about safety and design requirements for disposal containers in the respective types of host rock. The analysis considers host rock properties and conditions, operational repository conditions, and their impact on the container design, including key factors such as structural integrity, corrosion resistance, and shielding. Additionally, design specifications, boundary conditions, and expected loads (thermal, mechanical, radiological, chemical, and biological) are systematically reviewed, with quantified values provided where available.
The findings support a comprehensive evaluation of both quantitative and qualitative container requirements concerning potential German host rock types, waste forms, and repository concepts. By establishing a clearer basis for defining these requirements, this project serves as a foundation for further refinement, with a more detailed structuring of requirements currently in progress. Such regulatory basis allows a more targeted approach to container development and ensures a transparent evaluation within the repository licensing procedure. Additionally, it supports decision making on the most favorable container design by considering repository conditions that provide the highest level of safety over one million years.
This contribution explains the goals and concept of the research project KAnnE, presents its preliminary findings and conclusions, and provides an outlook on the final project phase.
T2 - safeND conference 2025
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 17.09.2025
KW - Radioactive waste
KW - Final disposal
KW - Waste container
KW - Requirements
KW - Regulation
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64990
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kupsch, Andreas
T1 - X-ray laminographic inspection of sandwich shell segments for wind turbine rotor blades
N2 - 3D structural investigations are described by X-ray laminography studies of sandwich shell segments, made of a PVC foam core, covered by non-crimp fabric glass fibre composite lay-ups processed by vacuum assisted resin infusion of epoxy. The specific scope of this study is to image transversal flaws within the foam core (joints) and of single ply overlaps. Test flaws were purposely implemented in order to simulate typical failure under cyclic load. In a dedicated test rig for shell structures, the flaw evolution/propagation is monitored by thermography and optical 3D inspection of deformation. Due to the unfavourable preconditions for classical computed tomography as of large aspect ratio, the samples were investigated by coplanar translational laminography. Its limited range of observation angles of ± 45°, results in anisotropic artefacts about the normal to the sample surface, but the typical flaws are well visualized in the as-prepared state, in a state of early damage, and in the repaired state.
T2 - 12th European Conference on Non-Destructive Testing
CY - Gothenburg, Sweden
DA - 11.06.2018
KW - X-ray laminography
KW - Wind turbine
KW - Rotor blade
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-45438
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bresch, Sophie
T1 - Niedrigsinterndes CaMnO3 für thermoelektrische Anwendungen
N2 - Thermoelectric materials can convert waste heat directly into electrical power by utilizing the Seebeck effect. Calcium cobaltite (p-type) and calcium manganate (n-type) are two of the most promising oxide thermoelectric materials. The development of cost-effective multilayer thermoelectric generators requires the co-firing of these materials and therefore the adjustment of sintering temperatures. Calcium manganate is conventionally sintered between 1200 °C and 1350 °C. Calcium cobaltite exhibits an undesired phase transition at 926 °C but can be sintered to high relative density of 95 % at 900 °C under axial pressure of 7.5 MPa. Hence, co-firing at 900 °C would be favourable. Therefore, strategies for lowering the sintering temperature of calcium manganate have been investigated. Basically, two approaches are common: i) addition of low melting additives like Bi2O3-ZnO-B2O3-SiO2 (BBSZ) glass or Bi2O3, and ii) addition of additives that form low-melting eutectics with the base material, for example CuO. In this study, several low melting additives including BBSZ glass and Bi2O3, as well as CuO were tested regarding their effect on calcium manganate densification. Bi2O3 did not improve the densification, whereas BBSZ glass led to 10 % higher relative density at 1200 °C. An addition of 4 wt% CuO decreases the temperature of maximum sinter rate from above 1200 °C to 1040 °C. By reducing the particle size of the raw materials from 2 μm to 0.7 μm the maximum sinter rate could be further shifted 20 K towards lower temperatures and the sinter begin decreased from 920 °C to 740 °C. It is shown that eutectic phase formation is more effective in lowering sintering temperature and accelerating densification than low-melting additives.
N2 - Thermoelektrische Materialien können durch die Nutzung des Seebeckeffektes einen Temperaturunterschied direkt in eine Spannung umwandeln. Calciumcobaltit (p-typ) und Calciummanagant (n-typ) sind 2 der vielversprechendsten oxidischen thermoelektrischen Materialien. Für die Entwicklung von kostengünstigen Multilayergeneratoren ist das Co-sintern dieser beiden Materialien notwendig und deshalb eine Anpassung der Sintertemperatur nötig. Calciummangant wird herkömmlicherweise zwischen 1200°C und 1350°C gesintert. Calciumcobaltit erfährt einen ungewünschte Phasenumwandlung bei 926°C, es kann allerding bei 900°C unter 7.5MPa zu 95% dicht gesintert werden. Demzufolge, ist eine Co-sintertemperatur von 900°C anzustreben. Aus diesem Grund wurden mehrere Strategien zur Absenkung der Sintertemperatur von Calciummanaganat untersucht. Zum einen die Zugabe niedrigschmelzender Additive, zum anderen die Zugabe von Additiven, die eine eutektische Schmelze bilden. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass für Calciummanganat die Verwendung von eutektischen Schmelzen besser geeignet ist als die Verwendung von niedrigschmelzenden Additiven um die Sintertemperatur zu senken.“
T2 - Seminar des Lehrstuhls für Funktionsmaterialien
CY - Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
DA - 22.06.2018
KW - Thermoelectrics
KW - Sinter additive
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-45281
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Widjaja, Martinus Putra
T1 - The Application of a Reduced Volume Method for the Simulation of the Characterisation of a Carbon Fibre Pressure Vessel
N2 - The developed fibre-break model from Mines-ParisTech requires an improvement in terms of calculation time for analysing real-scale model. By implementing the proposed method, the number of representative volume element and monte-carlo run can be optimised to obtain certain confidence level of the results. By reducing this level, faster computation can be done. This approach has given us a positive insight that it can be used for studying real-scale model of composite pressure vessels.
T2 - European Conference on Composite Materials 2018
CY - Athens, Greece
DA - 25.06.2018
KW - Composite pressure vessel
KW - Fibre break
KW - Integral range
KW - Representative volume element
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-45563
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Bresch, Sophie
A1 - Mieller, Björn
A1 - Delorme, F.
A1 - Chen, C.
A1 - Bektas, M.
A1 - Moos, R.
A1 - Rabe, Torsten
T1 - Influence of Reaction-Sintering and Calcination Conditions on Thermoelectric Properties of Sm-doped Calcium Manganate CaMnO3
N2 - A wide range of solid-state synthesis routes for calcium manganate is reported in the literature, but there is no systematic study about the influence of the solid-state synthesis conditions on thermoelectric properties. Therefore, this study examined the influence of calcination temperature and calcination cycles on the Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity. Higher calcination temperatures and repeated calcination cycles minimized the driving force for sintering of the synthesized powder, leading to smaller shrinkage and lower densities of the sintered specimens. As the electrical conductivity increased monotonously with increasing density, a higher energy input during calcination caused deterioration of electrical conductivity. Phase composition and Seebeck coefficient of sintered calcium manganate were not influenced by the calcination procedure. The highest thermoelectric properties with the highest power factors and figures of merit were obtained by means of reaction-sintering of uncalcined powder.
KW - Thermoelectric oxides
KW - Calcination
KW - Solid-state-synthesis
KW - Power factor
KW - Reaction-sintering
PY - 2018
DO - https://doi.org/10.4416/JCST2018-00017
SN - 2190-9385
VL - 9
IS - 3
SP - 289
EP - 300
PB - Göller Verlag
AN - OPUS4-46224
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Dayani, Shahabeddin
T1 - 4D imaging of abuse mechanisms in Li-ion batteries
N2 - Higher energy density materials are being pushed by the research community to make lithium ion batteries a better competitor of chemical fossil fuels for transport applications. This increases potential risk of lithium ion batteries and therefore safety investigations are highly important for application purposes. Operando Computer Tomography provides a non-destructive investigation method of different abuse mechanisms.
Application of X-ray computed tomography (XCT) for studying lithium-ion batteries has gained interest among the research community especially in the past decade [1]. This technique is widely used for ex-situ samples to measure porosity and tortuosity [2], particle size and volume distribution [3] in the graphite anode as well as different cathode materials such as LiCoOx and NiMnCoOx. [4]. In situ measurements of commercial batteries are also often carried out to detect defects induced in a cell by a safety abuse test or manufacturing process [5]. Operando CT of large cells (for example 18650 form factor) is conducted at synchrotron facilities with high flux of high energy photons, however at a cost of details due to the large field of view [6].
Methodik
Thanks to their high brilliance, synchrotron beam facilitates us to do a full Computed Tomography in a short time. This enables us to measure batteries while being cycled with a reasonable time resolution to record morphological changes. In this poster we illustrate how one can utilize this ability to investigate abuse mechanisms on an actual commercially available lithium ion battery as well as a home made micro cell.
Ergebnisse
In this work, lab-based and synchrotron X-ray computed tomography is applied to commercial Li-ion batteries. It is shown how to find most suitable imaging settings to study available lithium-ion batteries on different size scales, from cell level to particle level. We also demonstrate how to optimize contrast as well as both temporal and spatial resolutions to study in-situ and operando processes in a commercial battery using attenuation and phase contrast SXCT. Manufacturing defects and inconsistencies on cell level as well as the electrode and microstructure on material level are shown in our study. Moreover, some abuse conditions are imaged in operando in a commercially available li-ion battery.
Diskussion
This work has demonstrated various imaging settings using lab and synchrotron based X-ray computed tomography to study in-situ as well as under operando condition, some abuse mechanisms in commercial lithium-ion batteries from cell level to electrode and particle level.
T2 - Batterie Forum Deutschland
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 18.01.2023
KW - X-ray Computed tomography
KW - Li ion Battery
KW - Imaging
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57156
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Widjaja, Martinus Putra
T1 - Fibre Misalignment Distribution of the Hoop Layer from a Type IV Pressure Vessels
N2 - A high resolution micro-CT scan of a hoop layer from type IV cylinder has been carried out. The directional Gradient function had been used to analyse the in-plane and out-of-plane fibre misalignment from the Micro-CT Images. A correlation Analysis of the directional Gradient has also been performed and compared with the existing results from the cited paper.
T2 - Secondment at Siemens Industry Software
CY - Leuven, Belgium
DA - 22.05.2019
KW - Micro-CT
KW - Composite pressure vessels
KW - Fibre misalignment
KW - Fibre waviness
KW - Correlation length
KW - Correlation width
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48572
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Lu, J.
A1 - Zhang, S.
A1 - Yao, J.
A1 - Guo, Z.
A1 - Osenberg, M.
A1 - Hilger, A.
A1 - Markötter, Henning
A1 - Wilde, F.
A1 - Manke, I.
A1 - Zhang, X.
A1 - Sun, F.
A1 - Cui, G.
T1 - Synergistic Effect of CO2 in Accelerating the Galvanic Corrosion of Lithium/Sodium Anodes in Alkali Metal−Carbon Dioxide Batteries
N2 - Rechargeable alkali metal−CO2 batteries, which combine high theoretical energy density and environmentally friendly CO2 fixation ability, have attracted worldwide attention. Unfortunately, their electrochemical performances are usually inferior for practical applications. Aiming to reveal the underlying causes, a combinatorial usage of advanced nondestructive and postmortem characterization tools is used to intensively study the failure mechanisms of Li/Na−CO2 batteries. It is found that a porous interphase layer is formed between the separator and the Li/Na anode during the overvoltage rising and battery performance decaying process. A series of control experiments are designed to identify the underlying mechanisms dictating the observed morphological evolution of Li/Na anodes, and it is found that the CO2 synergist facilitates Li/Na chemical corrosion, the process of which is further promoted by the unwanted galvanic corrosion and the electrochemical cycling conditions. A detailed compositional analysis reveals that the as-formed interphase layers under different conditions are similar in species, with the main differences being their inconsistent quantity. Theoretical calculation results not only suggest an inherent intermolecular affinity between the CO2 and the electrolyte solvent but also provide the most thermodynamically favored CO2 reaction pathways. Based on these results, important implications for the further development of rechargeable alkali metal−CO2 batteries are discussed. The current discoveries not only fundamentally enrich our knowledge of the failure mechanisms of rechargeable alkali metal−CO2 batteries but also provide mechanistic directions for protecting metal anodes to build high-reversible alkali metal−CO2 batteries.
KW - Alkali metal batteries
KW - Synchrotron X-ray computed tomography
KW - Lithium/sodium−carbon dioxide batteries
KW - Battery failure mechanisms
KW - Alkali metal anodes
PY - 2024
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.4c02329
SP - 1
EP - 16
AN - OPUS4-59922
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Popiela, Bartosz
A1 - Günzel, Stephan
A1 - Oktaviany, Jennifer
A1 - Widjaja, Martinus Putra
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Seidlitz, Holger
T1 - Influence of Internal Pressure Regulation During Filament Winding on Failure Mechnism in Type 4 Pressure Vessels: A Case Study
N2 - Hydrogen storage is a crucial part of the hydrogen value chain, particularly in terms of safety and social acceptance of hydrogen technologies. For on-board and transportation applications, hydrogen is commonly stored as a compressed gas in pressure vessels. Full composite wrapped Type 4 pressure vessels are especially beneficial due to their high weight-saving potential and their capability to withstand high working pressures. To maintain an appropriate safety level, the mechanical behavior of the composite structure has been the subject of investigation in numerous studies. In this study, the failure mechanisms of two designs of Type 4 cylinders are investigated. The two designs differ solely in the manufacturing process parameters, particularly the internal pressure applied during the filament winding process. Variations in internal pressure result in different residual stress states and changes in the quality of the composite structure. The stacking sequence, materials used, and other manufacturing parameters remain unchanged. The cylinders show different failure mechanisms in slow burst tests: one design fails in hoop windings, while the other one fails in helical windings, despite no stress exaggeration in the fiber direction being observed with embedded optical fibers or in numerical simulations. To explain the failure mechanisms, the quality of the cylinders is investigated. The results of X-ray computed tomography and pulse-echo investigation, highlight the complexity of the interactions between manufacturing process parameters, residual stresses, manufacturing quality, and the mechanical behavior of composite pressure vessels. Resin-rich areas in the composite material are identified as a possible cause of the differing failure mechanisms.
T2 - 11th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety ICHS 2025
CY - Seoul, South Korea
DA - 22.09.2025
KW - Composite
KW - Pressure vessel
KW - Filament winding
KW - Burst test
PY - 2025
SP - 1
EP - 12
AN - OPUS4-64452
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Widjaja, Martinus Putra
T1 - Accumulation of Fibre Breaks in Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastic Composite Pressure Vessels
N2 - A general explanation of reduced volume method was introduced. This has allowed the simulation runs much faster without compromising the failure prediction of the multiscale fibre break model. The validation results with a material samples were shown. A certain mesh configuration to evaluate the cylinder has also been found to be the most effective in terms of computation time and prediction accuracy.
T2 - FiBreMoD Consortium Meeting
CY - Mines ParisTech, Paris, France
DA - 05.09.2019
KW - Multiscale model
KW - Fibre break
KW - Reduced volume method
KW - Composite pressure vessels
KW - Integral range
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48931
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Widjaja, Martinus Putra
T1 - Modelling an Improved NOL Ring Test using a Reduced Volume Method for the Characterisation of Composite Cylinders
N2 - A reduced volume method has been used to evaluate the fibre break model to characterise the strength of unidirectional composite materials. This evaluation has led to an increase of computational speed. This study validated the prediction with the experimental result of NOL ring test.
T2 - The 22nd International Conference on Composite Materials
CY - Melbourne, Australia
DA - 11.08.2019
KW - NOL ring test
KW - Reduced volume method
KW - Multiscale model
KW - Fibre break
KW - Composite pressure vessels
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48930
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bresch, Sophie
T1 - Pressure-assisted sintering of tape cast calcium cobaltite Ca3Co4O9 with varied powder compositions
N2 - Calcium cobaltite Ca3Co4O9 is a promising p-type oxide thermoelectric material for applications between 600 °C and 900 °C in air. The properties and the morphology of Ca3Co4O9 are strongly anisotropic because of its layered crystal structure. By aligning the plate-like grains, the anisotropic properties can be assigned to the component. Hot-pressing of tablets is a well-known technology for grain alignment of Ca3Co4O9 and increases the thermoelectric properties in a/b-direction remarkably. However, hot-pressing of tablets is limited by the tablet size. An interesting alternative for larger components is the pressure assisted sintering of panels from tape casted layers. Tape casting already leads to grain orientation during green body forming. By combining tape casting and pressure assisted sintering (50 kN maximum force) of Ca3Co4O9, high densities and high thermoelectric properties can be reached for large components up to 200 mm edge length.
The morphology of Ca3Co4O9-grains can be designed by doping as well as by varying the powder synthesis conditions. For example Bi-doping increases the anisotropy of the grains, and reaction sintering of uncalcined powder leads to a fine grained microstructure and increases the electrical conductivity for pressure-less sintered specimens.
Doped and undoped Ca3Co4O9 powders were successfully tape cast with the doctor blade technique. Several layers of tape were stacked and laminated to 7 cm x 7 cm panels. These panels were sintered in a LTCC sintering press with combined in-situ shrinkage measurement. Pressure-less sintered panels from undoped powder have a 2.5 times higher electrical conductivity at room temperature than dry-pressed test bars with randomly orientated particles. By applying a uniaxial pressure of 10 MPa during sintering, the electrical conductivity (σ25°C = 15000 S/m) increases by the factor of 6 compared to the pressure-less sintered panels, which is in good accordance to the values reported in literature for conventional hot pressing [1, 3]. It is not possible to assign the increased anisotropy of Ca2.7Bi0.3Co4O9 to the pressure-assisted sintered panels, as Bi leads to an abnormal grain growth (up to 500 µm) with randomly oriented grains. This decreases the electrical conductivity (σ25°C = 5000 S/m). Such an abnormal grain-growth is reported for Bi over-doped Ca3Co4O9 but not because of hot-pressing.
T2 - European Conference on Thermoelectrics (ECT) 2017
CY - Padua, Italy
DA - 25.09.2017
KW - Thermoelectrics
KW - Pressure assisted sintering
KW - Grain growth
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-42283
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mieller, Björn
T1 - Pressure-assisted sintering of Ca3Co4O9 multilayers for thermoelectric applications
N2 - The development of competitive thermoelectric generators using oxide ceramics and multilayer technology requires the investigation of suitable sintering procedures. The sintering of Ca3Co4O9, which is the most promising p-type oxide regarding its figure of merit, is a special challenge, as the material starts to decompose at 926 °C. Pressure-assisted sintering (PAS), as known from large-scale production of low temperature co-fired ceramics, was used to sinter multilayers of Ca3Co4O9 green tape at 900 °C with different pressures and dwell times. In-situ shrinkage measurements, microstructural investigations and electric measurements were performed. Relative density increases from 57.4 % after free sintering for 24 h to 93.7 % after 2 h of PAS with 10 MPa axial load. The combination of tape casting and PAS induces a pronounced alignment of the anisotropic grains. In comparison to freely sintered multilayers, the electrical conductivity in the casting direction is thereby strongly increased by a factor of 5. With respect to dry-pressed bars, the improvement amounts to a factor of 15. This study shows that PAS is a proper technique to produce dense Ca3Co4O9 panels with good thermoelectric properties similar to hot-pressed tablets, even in large-scale production.
T2 - International Conference on Sintering 2017
CY - San Diego, USA
DA - 12.11.2017
KW - Thermoelectric oxide
KW - Multilayer
KW - Sintering
KW - Calcium cobaltite
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-42975
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Zhang, X.
A1 - Zhang, S.
A1 - Lu, J.
A1 - Tang, F.
A1 - Dong, K.
A1 - Yu, Z.
A1 - Hilger, A.
A1 - Osenberg, M.
A1 - Markötter, Henning
A1 - Wilde, F.
A1 - Zhang, S.
A1 - Zhao, J.
A1 - Xu, G.
A1 - Manke, I.
A1 - Sun, F.
A1 - Cui, G.
T1 - Unveiling the Electro-Chemo-Mechanical Failure Mechanism of Sodium Metal Anodes in Sodium–Oxygen Batteries by Synchrotron X-Ray Computed Tomography
N2 - Rechargeable sodium–oxygen batteries (NaOBs) are receiving extensive research interests because of their advantages such as ultrahigh energy density and cost efficiency. However, the severe failure of Na metal anodes has impeded the commercial development of NaOBs. Herein, combining in situ synchrotron X-ray computed tomography (SXCT) and other complementary characterizations, a novel electro-chemo-mechanical failure mechanism of sodium metal anode in NaOBs is elucidated. It is visually showcased that the Na metal anodes involve a three-stage decay evolution of a porous Na reactive interphase layer (NRIL): from the initially dot-shaped voids evolved into the spindle-shaped voids and the eventually-developed ruptured cracks. The initiation of this three-stage evolution begins with chemical-resting and is exacerbated by further electrochemical cycling. From corrosion science and fracture mechanics, theoretical simulations suggest that the evolution of porous NRIL is driven by the concentrated stress at crack tips. The findings illustrate the importance of preventing electro-chemo-mechanical degradation of Na anodes in practically
rechargeable NaOBs.
KW - Synchrotron radiation
KW - X-ray imaging
KW - NaO-battery
PY - 2024
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202402253
SN - 1616-301X
SP - 1
EP - 12
PB - Wiley VHC-Verlag
AN - OPUS4-59820
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Widjaja, Martinus Putra
T1 - Accumulation of fibre breaks under time-dependent loads in CFRP materials of pressure vessels
N2 - For the moment, there is no existing method to quantify the time-dependent effect on carbon fibre pressure vessels or composite pressure vessels (CPV) in general. Hence, BAM started to investigate how to proof this phenomenon. Several researches has been done and discovered that it is possible for aged pressure vessels to have higher burst pressure value than a new vessels. However, the scientific explanation behind is still an on-going research. Whether the existing model can be used or using another measurement method to gain more data is still in question. Therefore, it is required to find a suitable method to explain such phenomenon and even develop furthermore to give a strength criterion for certain types of pressure vessels
T2 - Fibremod 1st Consortium Meeting
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 04.10.2017
KW - Carbon fibre pressure vessels
KW - Damage accumulation
KW - Acoustic emission
KW - Fibre-break model
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-42499
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Müller, R.
A1 - Boenke, T.
A1 - Dörfler, S.
A1 - Abendroth, T.
A1 - Härtel, P.
A1 - Althues, H.
A1 - Kaskel, S.
A1 - Kardjilov, N.
A1 - Markötter, Henning
A1 - Sintschuk, Michael
A1 - Hilger, A.
A1 - Manke, I.
A1 - Risse, S.
T1 - Multimodal Operando Analysis of Lithium Sulfur Multilayer Pouch Cells: An In-Depth Investigation on Cell Component Design and Performance
N2 - This study presents an innovative operando analysis of lithium-sulfur (Li/S) multilayer pouch cells, employing a combination of lab-source and synchrotron x-ray imaging to investigate sulfur crystallite dissolution and lithium dendrite formation. By integrating advanced X-ray imaging, impedance spectroscopy, and simultaneous monitoring of temperature and pressure, the research uncovers critical insights into the behavior of active and inactive cell components. The analysis reveals significant degradation increments, primarily driven by side product accumulation and the deterioration of lithium microstructures, which contribute to performance loss over cycling. Additionally, temperature distribution analysis shows a strong correlation between joule heating, polarization resistance, and the observed endothermic processes during crystallization. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanistic processes within industrially relevant pouch cells, highlighting opportunities for optimizing Li/S cell designs and advancing high-energy-density battery systems for commercial applications.
KW - Current collector perforation
KW - Impedance spectroscopy
KW - Lthium sulfur batteries
KW - Multilayer pouch cells
KW - X-ray imaging
PY - 2025
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202404256
SP - 1
EP - 12
PB - Wiley VHC-Verlag
AN - OPUS4-62436
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bresch, Sophie
T1 - Influence of solid-state-synthesis conditions on properties of oxide thermoelectric materials
N2 - Calcium cobaltite and calcium manganate are promising oxide thermoelectric materials for applications between 600 °C and 900 °C in air to convert waste heat directly into electrical power. The solid state reaction, well known for large scale powder synthesis of functional materials, is used for the production of thermoelectric oxides. As a high temperature process, the powder synthesis consumes a lot of energy. In different studies, different synthesis conditions were used for the preparation of calcium cobaltite and calcium manganate powder. To the author’s knowledge, a systematic study of the synthesis conditions of calcium cobaltite and calcium manganate has not yet been published.
Therefore, the synthesis conditions for calcium cobaltite (temperature, dwell time, and particle size of raw materials) were studied with a statistical design of experiments (2³) and investigated regarding phase composition (XRD), densification and thermoelectric properties. The gained knowledge was used to optimize the solid state reaction of calcium manganate.
This study showed that a higher energy input (elevated temperatures, longer dwell times, or repeated calcinations) during powder synthesis does not improve but deteriorate the thermoelectric properties of calcium cobaltite. The same correlation was determined for the densification. As a higher energy input during powder synthesis leads to a larger grain size and therefore to a reduced sinter activity the densification at a given sinter profile is minimize as well as the thermoelectric properties. These results can be used to minimize the energy demand for the powder synthesis of oxide thermoelectric materials.
T2 - 92. DKG Jahrestagung & Symposium Hochleistungskeramik 2017
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 19.03.2017
KW - Thermoelectrics
KW - Solid-state-reaction
KW - Calcium cobaltite
KW - Calcium maganate
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-39520
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Widjaja, Martinus Putra
A1 - Islam, F.
A1 - Joannes, S.
A1 - Bunsell, A.
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Thionnet, A.
T1 - Effect of input properties on the predicted failure of a composite pressure vessel using a multiscale model
N2 - It is pertinent to have a correct description of fibre strength described by the twp parameter Weibull distribution when evaluating a type Iv pressure vessel using the fibre break multiscale model developed at Mines ParisTech. Earlier studies have shown a positive comparison result when T600S fibre strength were used. This study has discovered what would be the effect on the predicted strength when T700S strength is used.
T2 - FiBreMoD Conference
CY - Leuven, Belgium
DA - 11.12.2019
KW - Composite Pressure Vessel
KW - Fibre break
KW - Multiscale model
KW - Weibull parameter
PY - 2019
SP - 55
EP - 56
AN - OPUS4-50109
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Widjaja, Martinus Putra
A1 - Joannes, S.
A1 - Bunsell, A.
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Thionnet, A.
T1 - Modelling an Improved NOL Ring Test Using a Reduced Volume Method for the Characterisation of composite Cylinders
N2 - The reduced volume method has found a particular zone to be used for evaluating the strength of unidirectional composite materials. To validate the method, modelling an experimental test where it has the same basic assumption of the model had been carried out. The result was favourable as the model can predict the average value from the experiment and also the time dependent effect.
T2 - The 22nd International Conference on Composite Materials
CY - Melbourne, Australia
DA - 11.08.2019
KW - NOL Ring test
KW - Multiscale model
KW - Reduced Volume Method
KW - Composite pressure vessels
KW - Fibre break
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48929
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Widjaja, Martinus Putra
T1 - The Application of a Reduced Volume Method for the Simulation of the Characterisation of a Carbon Fibre Pressure Vessel
N2 - The fibre-break model developed at Mines ParisTech has been able to show the effect of pressurisation rate on pressure vessels. This simulation however had to use a smaller model, as the computation time becomes enormous for simulating a real-scale pressure vessel. Reduced volume method then has been studied on different model configuration. The study showed that the method can be used only on certain configurations. It also gives a positive insight to reduce the computation time.
T2 - FiBreMoD Consortium Meeting
CY - Leuven, Belgium
DA - 18.04.2018
KW - Reduced volume method
KW - Integral range
KW - Fibre break model
KW - Representative volume element
KW - Computation time
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-45638
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Widjaja, Martinus Putra
T1 - Defining a reduced volume zone for the simulation of burst test on composite pressure vessels
N2 - The developed model uses a Monte-Carlo simulation to evaluate the accumulation of fibre breaks on composite structures. As the micromechanical aspects affecting the accumulation process is evaluated within a particular finite element size (0.1 mm x 0.1 mm x 8 mm), the industries would not be able to use the model on a real-size structure. Therefore, the reduced volume method is used to provide the statistical information between the required number of elements and simulations.
T2 - The 8th International Conference on Structural Analysis of Advanced Materials
CY - Tarbes, France
DA - 28.08.2018
KW - Reduced volume method
KW - Composite structures
KW - Pressure vessels
KW - Finite element method
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-48569
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sachse, René
T1 - Operando electrochemical spectroscopic ellipsometry: Material properties of highly active mesoporous IrO IrOxfilms revealed under realistic OER conditions
N2 - Rising energy demand and the impending climate change require the development of a sustainable, fossil-free fuel and chemical production on a global scale. Hydrogen production via water electrolysis will be a fundamental cornerstone in this endeavor. The activity and stability of respective electrode coatings strongly depends on the coating's properties, i.e. phase composition, crystallinity, electrical conductivity, accessible surface, wettability and many other factors. The key to the development of improved catalysts is a better understanding of the relations between their performance, stability and physicochemical properties. However, those relations can be complex, and are strongly influenced also by the reaction environment. Hence, operando analysis of the catalyst material during catalysis at realistic potentials and current densities is highly desirable. Yet, many analytical techniques cannot be applied in liquid environments at realistic potentials and current densities.
We propose environmental ellipsometric analysis in a dedicated electrochemical flow cell as a new method to evaluate gas evolution reactions operando under realistic working conditions. Figure 1 illustrates schematically the developed technique. Key factors to success are highly active model-type catalysts with template-controlled porosity, a suitable sample environment, a deep understanding of the spectroscopic method and respective model development, as well as concise cross validation with numerous other analytical techniques.
The method was developed and validated by analyzing a calcination series (300 - 600°C) of mesoporous templated IrOx films ex-situ and operando under oxygen evolution reaction (OER) conditions. The employed environmental electrochemical spectroscopic ellipsometric analysis (ECSE) revealed during OER the change of optical and electronic properties, i.e. the dielectric functions (real ε1 and imaginary part ε2), electrical and electronic properties such as resistivity (ρ) and band-to-band transitions (p-d band transitions). Film thickness and porosity were validated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray reflectometry (XRR) or ellipsometric porosimetry (EP), electrical and electronic properties by means of conductivity measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) or UV-Vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy. The electronic structures of the catalysts from valence electron energy loss spectra (VEELS) derived from the real (ε1) and imaginary part (ε2) of the dielectric function from SE measurements reveal a direct correlation with electrochemical activities in OER.
In the presentation reversible and irreversible potential-dependent changes of the catalyst properties during operation will be discussed along with the dynamics of gas formation, transport and dissolution at different potentials.
T2 - 54. Jahrestreffen deutscher Katalytiker
CY - Online meeting
DA - 16.03.2021
KW - Spectroscopic ellipsometry
KW - Electrocatalysis
KW - Oxygen evolution reaction
KW - Mesoporous iridium oxide films
KW - Non-destructive operando analysis
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52928
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan
T1 - Chemical Nanoscale Analysis of Mesoporous Mixed IrOx-TiOx Thin Films
N2 - Porous films play an important role particularly in energy applications like photovoltaics, electrolysis or batteries. Thin film properties such as thickness, chemical composition, crystallinity of the framework, and porosity define the activity of the porous films. The accurate morpho-chemical characterisation of mesoporous thin films is a challenging analytical task which requires the consideration of new analytical approaches based on the combination of data of different methods able to address the structure and chemical composition at the nanoscale. In this contribution we characterise thin mesoporous iridium-titanium mixed oxide film properties by Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA) with Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) at an SEM applied in a dedicated “thin film analysis” approach. Thus, the film mass deposition, film thickness and the film density can be determined. Further, by dividing the measured film density to an assumed (theoretical) metal oxide framework (skeletal) density, the thin film porosity can be extracted, too.
In order to assess the homogeneity of the thin film properties like the chemical composition, Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and Auger Electron Spectrometry are applied in the depth profiling mode, so that possible in-depth gradients are detected. Lateral inhomogeneities in the chemical composition and structure of the thin mesoporous films are also identified by applying the same methods in the line-scan or mapping mode, which can be further combined with in-depth sputtering for 3D information. The role of the spatial resolution of the analytical methods considered, which can go down well below 100 nm, will be highlighted.
T2 - MaterialsWeek 2024
CY - Limassol, Cyprus
DA - 17.06.2024
KW - Thin films
KW - Mesoporous
KW - IR oxide
KW - Ti oxide
KW - Porosity
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60452
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Salzmann, Christoph
A1 - Heilmann, Maria
A1 - Pellegrino, Francesco
A1 - Durand, Bénédicte
A1 - Taché, Olivier
A1 - Zurutuza, Amaia
A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan
T1 - Ongoing International Interlaboratory Comparisons on Size, Shape and (Relative) Concentration of Complex Nanoparticles under the Pre-Standardization Platform of VAMAS
N2 - An overview with the basics of size and shape measurement of particles and 2D structures according to established methodologies (and popular imaging processing software packages) with imaging techniques is given. Main descriptors are explained based on case studies with ongoing interlaboratory comparisons under the pre-standardisation platform of VAMAS.
KW - VAMAS
KW - Interlaboratory comparison
KW - Imaging
KW - Size distribution
KW - Particle concentration
KW - 2D materials
PY - 2024
DO - https://doi.org/10.1093/mam/ozae044.319
VL - 30
IS - Supplement 1
SP - 669
EP - 670
PB - Oxford University Press (OUP)
AN - OPUS4-61183
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - RPRT
A1 - Knigge, Xenia
A1 - Radnik, Jörg
T1 - Advanced materials for the energy transition
N2 - The climate crisis is the burning issue of our time. In order to avert the impending consequences, global efforts are being made in a wide variety of social and scientific fields. This report looks at a small part of these efforts, a technical aspect, namely the question of which AdMa are currently considered in techniques to support the energy transition. AdMa, i.e. materials that are rationally designed to have new or enhanced properties, and/or targeted or enhanced structural features, are used in all sectors of the energy transition. Questions of energy generation, storage and saving are considered here. This report is based on literature research and contains a general compilation of various AdMa that are used in the energy transition or are being researched for this purpose. From this compilation, ten materials that are considered particularly relevant for various reasons were selected and examined in more detail in relation to their use. The specific question here lies in the conflicting objective that the development of technologies for the energy transition is welcomed, but the use of AdMa may entail possible challenges in view of chemical safety as well as sustainability and circular economy.
KW - Energy generation
KW - Energy saving
KW - Eneergy storage
KW - Energy transportation
PY - 2025
DO - https://doi.org/10.60810/openumwelt-7853
SN - 1862-4804
VL - 83
SP - 1
EP - 64
PB - Umweltbundesamt
CY - Dessau-Roßlau
AN - OPUS4-63529
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Radnik, Jörg
T1 - Investigation of Fe-Ni-O nanoparticles for water splitting
N2 - This study investigates the effect of varying iron-to-nickel ratios on the catalytic performance of Fe-Ni oxide nanoparticles (NPs) for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Addressing the issue of high energy wastage due to large overpotentials in OER, we synthesized and characterized different NP catalysts with different Fe: Ni oxide ratios. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) were employed to determine the morphology, elemental and phase composition of the NPs. Furthermore, in-depth profiling with X-rayPhotoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Hard X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (HAXPES) revealedthat iron predominantly exists as oxide, while nickel exhibits both metallic and oxidic forms depending on the Fe content. XPS indicated an enrichment of iron at the NP surface, whereas HAXPES and EDSdata agreed on the bulk stoichiometry.
T2 - PhI European User Meeting 2025
CY - Eibelstadt, Germany
DA - 29.04.2025
KW - Oxygen evolution reaction
KW - In depth analysis
KW - (Hard) X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63334
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Radnik, Jörg
T1 - Methodological Challenges and Gaps: Physico-Chemical Characterisation
N2 - The methodological challenges and gaps in the physico-chemical characterisation of graphene related 2D Materials (GR2M) are discussed. Solutions for filling the gaps are presented.
T2 - OECD Graphene Expert Workshop
CY - Paris, France
DA - 26.11.2024
KW - Graphene related 2D materials
KW - Structure activity relationsships
KW - Classification
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61920
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eshwaran, S.B.
T1 - Influence of ageing on the structure-property relationship of FKM, VMQ and EPDM rubber seals
N2 - Elastomer seals are widely used as barrier seals in containers for low and intermediate level radioactive waste. In addition, they are also used in waste fuel storage and transportation as auxiliary seals. Depending on the area of use, the rubber materials have to demonstrate proper sealing performance with regard to mechanical, thermal and environmental conditions as well as irradiation during the entire operation period. A fundamental understanding of the structure property relationship can help to understand the performance of rubber seals in aged conditions. The present study focuses on the investigation of specific materials to study the structure-property and seal performance-correlation. Fluoro-elastomer (FKM), silicone rubber (VMQ) and ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) were chosen as the prime candidates. Mechanical properties for these seals were achieved by careful control of base rubber formulation, i.e., by opting for the right filler and its concentration, amount of crosslinking chemicals, and with the assistance of process oils. Moreover, with the same rubber, similar mechanical properties were achieved by varying the filler concentration and crosslinking degree, which enables us to understand the structure property dependency of the seals in detail. The materials are investigated in the pristine and under aged conditions to evaluate the influence of ageing on e.g. the stress relaxation or recovery behavior. These values appear to be suitable parameters to judge the expected seal performance. Due to the electrically conducting nature of fillers used to reinforce rubbers (such as carbon blacks, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), Graphene, etc.) it is possible to obtain current information about mechanical and visco-elastic properties by monitoring the electrical conductivity or resistivity. A simple relation that bridges electrical resistance and the mechanical stress was derived and the stress values were theoretically predicted from the electrical resistance values, which showed good correlation with experimental results.
T2 - PPS Europe Afrika Conference 2017
CY - Dresden, Germany
DA - 27.06.2017
KW - Structure property relation
KW - Ageing
KW - Rubber
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-42650
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Langzeitverhalten von sicherheitsrelevanten Komponenten von Transport- und Lagerbehältern für radioaktive Stoffe
N2 - der Vortrag stellt den aktuellen Bearbeitungsstand und Ergebnisse des laufenden Drittmittelvorhabens LaMEP vor. Hierbei geht es um Alterungsprozesse an sicherheitsrelevanten Behälterkomponenten während der langfristigen trockenen Zwischenlagerung bestrahlter Brennlemente und hochradioaktiver Abfälle. Die Untersuchungen umfassen Metall- und Elstomerdichtungen sowie Polymerkomponenten zur Neutronenabschirmung.
T2 - 13. BMWi Projektstatusgespräch Entsorgung radioaktiver Abfälle
CY - Karlsruhe, Germany
DA - 20.06.2018
KW - Radioaktive Abfälle
KW - Zwischenlagerung
KW - Behälter
KW - Alterung
KW - Dichtungen
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-45330
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
T1 - Dichtungsverhalten bei niedrigen Temperaturen - Untersuchung der unteren Temperatureinsatzgrenze
N2 - Elastomere werden vielfach in Produkten eingesetzt, die bei verschiedenen Temperaturen verwendet werden. Dabei sind O-Ringe kostengünstige Dichtelemente, die allerdings für die Funktionsfähigkeit und Sicherheit eines Produkts entscheidend sind. Die untere Temperatureinsatzgrenze ist dabei durchaus relevant und aus wissenschaftlicher Sicht nicht allgemeingültig zu definieren, da diese einerseits durch die Änderungen der Materialeigenschaften im Zuge des Gummi-Glas-Übergangs definiert werden, die Temperaturlage dieses Übergangs jedoch sehr stark von den jeweiligen Einsatzbedingungen (z.B. Frequenz) abhängt. Dadurch ergeben sich große Unterschiede zwischen statischen und dynamischen Anwendungen. Verschiedene Untersuchungen sollen vorgestellt und interpretiert werden, um das Auditorium auf verschiedene Herausforderungen aufmerksam zu machen und Lösungsansätze vorzustellen...
T2 - ISGATEC O-Ring Forum
CY - Mannheim, Germany
DA - 20.06.2018
KW - Dichtung
KW - Glasübergang
KW - O-Ring
KW - Druckverformungsrest
KW - Leckagerate
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-45299
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kömmling, Anja
T1 - Influence of Ageing on Sealability of HNBR, EPDM and FKM O-rings
N2 - At BAM, which is a federal institute for materials research and testing in Germany, it is one of our tasks to evaluate the safety of casks designed for transport and/or storage of radioactive material. This includes assessment of elastomeric seals applied in the containers. Besides examining the low-temperature behaviour and irradiation effects of elastomeric seals, it is our goal to evaluate the service lifetime of the seals with regard to the requirements for long-term safety (40 years and more) of the containers. Therefore, we started an accelerated ageing programme with selected rubbers often used in seals (HNBR, EPDM and FKM) which are aged at four different temperatures (75 °C, 100 °C, 125 °C and 150 °C) up to 1.5 years. In order to assess sealability, O-rings are aged in compression by 25 % (corresponding to the compression during service) between plates as well as in flanges that allow leakage rate measurements. For comparison, uncompressed O-rings are aged as well. Further methods characterising seal performance are compression stress relaxation (CSR) reflecting the loss of sealing force of a compressed seal over time, and compression set (CS) which represents the recovery behaviour of a seal after release from compression. In order to understand the underlying ageing mechanisms in each material, the change in material properties is examined using thermal and mechanical analysis. The experimental results indicate that while material properties, CSR and CS show considerable degradation effects, the leakage rate stays constant or even decreases until shrinkage and the loss of resilience of the aged seal leads to the formation of a leakage path. This indicates that static leakage rate, which is the most relevant criterion for seal performance, has only limited sensitivity for the degradation of the seal material.
T2 - International Sealing Conference
CY - Stuttgart, Germany
DA - 12.10.2016
KW - Rubber
KW - Degradation
KW - Lifetime prediction
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-38013
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Olbricht, Jürgen
T1 - Untersuchungen zur Beständigkeit hochwarmfester 9-12% Cr-Stähle in zyklisch betriebenen Dampferzeugern lastflexibler Kraftwerke
N2 - Konventionelle Kraftwerke sind durch die Energiewende erheblichen Anforderungen ausgesetzt. Mangels ausreichender Stromspeicherkapazitäten müssen sie zur Netzstabilisierung flexibel auf die wetter- und tageszeitbedingte Fluktuation der Wind- und Sonnenergie reagieren, was gegenüber dem Grundlastbetrieb eine hohe Anzahl von Lasteingriffen oder Anfahrvorgängen bedeutet. Schnelle Lastwechsel und Anfahrvorgänge führen jedoch zu einer erheblichen Beanspruchung aller Bauteile des Dampfkreislaufs, die zu einer beschleunigten Bauteilschädigung und bis hin zu Anlagenausfällen führen können.
Vor diesem Hintergrund werden an der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) Untersuchungen zur Beständigkeit ferritisch-martensitischer Dampferzeuger-werkstoffe mit 9 12 Gew. % Cr (P91, P92, VM12 SHC) bei zyklischem Anlagenbetrieb durchgeführt. Ziel der Arbeiten ist, durch grundlegende Korrosions- und Mechanikversuche unter zyklischen Bedingungen und ergänzende Simulationen die Reaktion dieser Werkstoffgruppe auf lastflexible Betriebsprofile umfassend zu beschreiben. Aufbauend auf einer detaillierten Charakterisierung der auftretenden Schädigungsmechanismen werden in einem Folgeschritt Standardzyklen zur effizienten Prüfung einzelner Werkstoffe abgeleitet.
Der Beitrag gibt einen kurzen Überblick über die Konzeption und stellt nachfolgend die aktuellen Projektergebnisse vor. Im Bereich der Oxidations-/Korrosionsuntersuchungen steht dabei zunächst die Integrität der schützenden Oxidschichten, vor allem auf der Dampfseite der Komponenten, im Vordergrund. Hierzu werden zyklische Oxidationstests an Standardproben und bauteilnahen Probengeometrien durchgeführt und die Oxidationskinetik sowie die Entwicklung der Haftfestigkeit untersucht. Die mechanischen Untersuchungen bauen auf den bekannten Kriech- und Ermüdungseigenschaften auf. Der Schwerpunkt liegt deshalb auf der Untersuchung von Schädigung und Lebensdauer bei Kombination von stationären Zuständen (mit überwiegender Kriechschädigung) und transienten Zuständen inklusive Temperaturwechseln, die Kriechermüdungs- bzw. thermo-mechanische Ermüdungsprozesse auslösen und so eine frühzeitige Rissbildung bewirken können. Im Hinblick auf die Flexibilisierung von Bestandsanlagen werden betriebsbeanspruchte Chargen in die Untersuchungen einbezogen, um eventuelle zusätzliche Effekte durch Werkstoffalterung zu berücksichtigen.
T2 - 48. Kraftwerkstechnisches Kolloquium
CY - Dresden, Germany
DA - 18.10.2016
KW - Dampfkraftwerk
KW - Lastflexibilität
KW - Zyklische Dampfoxidation
KW - Thermo-mechanische Ermüdung
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-38353
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Subramani Bhagavatheswaran, E.
T1 - Einfluss der Alterung auf dichtungsrelevante Eigenschaften von FKM-, VMQ- und EPDM-Elastomeren
N2 - Da Elastomere in vielfältigen Dichtungsanwendungen eingesetzt werden und dabei teilweise großen Einfluss auf die Funktionsfähigkeit und Sicherheit haben, ist der Einfluss der Alterung auf dichtungsrelevante Eigenschaften relevant. Eine strukturierte Untersuchung des Einflusses von verschiedenen Mischungsrezepturen auf die Bauteileigenschaften, das Alterungsverhalten und die Funktion wird vorgestellt.
T2 - Technomer 2017
CY - Chemnitz, Germany
DA - 09.11.2017
KW - Elastomer
KW - Struktur-Eigenschaftsbeziehung
KW - Alterung
KW - Dichtung
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-42840
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Weber, Mike
T1 - Testing and Numerical Simulation of Elastomers - From Specimen Tests to Simulation of Seal Behavior under Assembly Conditions
N2 - Due to delays in the siting procedure to establish a deep geological repository for spent nuclear fuel and high level radioactive waste as well as in construction of the already licensed Konrad repository for low and intermediate level radioactive waste, extended periods of interim storage become more relevant in Germany. BAM is involved in most of the cask licensing procedures and especially responsible for the evaluation of cask-related long-term safety issues.
The long-term performance of elastomer seals for lid systems of transport and storage casks, whether used as auxiliary seals in spent fuel casks or as primary seals for low and intermediate level waste packages, is an important issue in this context. The polymeric structure of these seals causes a complex mechanical behavior with time-dependent sealing force reduction.
The results of a comprehensive purpose-designed test program consisting of basic compression and tension tests as well as relaxation tests on unaged specimens of representative types of elastomers (fluorocarbon rubber (FKM) and ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM)) at different temperatures and strain rates are presented. They were used to identify the constitutive behavior and to obtain parameters for finite element material models provided by the computer code ABAQUS®. After estimating the influence of uncertainties such as Poisson’s ratio and friction coefficient by sensitivity analyses, the chosen parameters had to prove their suitability for the finite element simulation of the specimen tests themselves.
Based on this preliminary work the simulation of a specific laboratory test configuration containing a typical elastomer seal with circular cross section is presented. The chosen finite element material model and the implemented parameters had to show that they are able to represent not only the specimen behavior under predominantly uniaxial load but also the more complex stress states in real components. Deviations between the measured and calculated results are pointed out and discussed.
For the consideration of long-term effects in the simulation of elastomer behavior, test results of aged specimens are needed. First information about a new test program, started recently and planned to provide these data, are given.
T2 - ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference (PVP2017)
CY - Waikoloa, Hawaii, USA
DA - 16.07.2017
KW - Time dependent effects
KW - Aging
KW - Elastomeric seals
KW - Low temperature behavior
KW - Simulation
KW - Testing
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-41840
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hertwig, Andreas
T1 - Measurement of porous TiO2 layers with spectroscopic ellipsometry - a multi-method study
N2 - By means of an effective medium (EMA) based approach, it is possible to use spectroscopic ellipsometry to determine the mixing ratios between air and material in porous dielectrics and calculate a quantitative value of the porosity for these materials. As this method is model-based, it is very difficult to provide a quantitative measure for the accuracy of porosity values determined by this method. Valuable additional information can often be obtained by combining ellipsometry with other complementary methods. In the present study, the ellipsometry results were validated by Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA) with the option of layer analysis (by the socalled “STRATAGem” approach), gravimetry, and electron microscopy. We analysed porous TiO2 thin layers synthesised by means of a template synthesis Approach (evaporation induced self assembly).
Ellipsometry measurements on porous samples are difficult to analyse due to the complexity of the models necessary. Often it is difficult to decide if the measured data contains enough information to successfully determine the target quantities (mixing ratio, dielectric function of the matrix material). One method to decrease the complexity of the fit and therefore use the measurement data most efficiently is a multi-sample analysis. In the present case, multi-sample analysis was used for determining the porosity factors of the individual layers while using one common set of dielectric function values for the matrix in all cases.
While the results of the fit analysis in this case can be used to show the feasibility and also the limitations of the multi-method approach, the porosity values themselves show a promising agreement between the Independent methods. It can therefore be concluded that determining porosity values with ellipsometry is in accordance to other methods to the level of accuracy provided by the complementary methodologies.
T2 - ICSE-7, 7th International Conference on Spectroscopic Ellipsometry
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 5.6.2016
KW - Spectroscopic ellipsometry
KW - Electrolysis
KW - Catalysis
KW - Thin film metrology
KW - Porous materials
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-39940
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Grelle, Tobias
T1 - Component and material investigations on metal seals for high level radioactive waste containers
N2 - In Germany casks for interim storage of spent nuclear fuel and high level radioactive waste are equipped with Helicoflex® metal seals as main sealing barrier of the double lid system. The long-term behaviour of those seals is investigated at Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) in order to evaluate the safety function of the containment at different temperatures over storage periods of 40 years or more in case extended interim storage becomes necessary.
Long-term investigations have been done for ageing times of up to 8.5 years at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 150 °C. It was found that the seal force and useable resilience decrease over time, which is mainly caused by creep deformation of the aluminium (or silver) outer jacket of the seals. This effect becomes stronger with increasing temperature.
The ageing processes of the seal material and the overall seal behaviour is under investigation in order to derive analytical descriptions for the long-term seal performance. Thus, standardized tests on the basic seal materials, with focus on aluminium, and additional investigations on the seals as a component are conducted. The current investigations include compression and tension creep measurements as well as tensile testing. Furthermore, ageing of seal segments provides information on the development of the contact area width, jacket thickness and microstructural changes in dependence of time and temperature. The obtained data are used for the development of material models and an analytical approach to describe and predict the time and temperature dependent sealing behaviour in the long-term.
T2 - 11th International Conference on the Transport, Storage and Disposal of Radioactive Materials
CY - London, UK
DA - 15.05.2018
KW - Metal seal
KW - Creep
KW - Long-term behavior
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-45113
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Weber, Mike
T1 - Development and application of a finite element model representing the rapid partial release of elastomeric O-ring seals
N2 - Due to their high versatility and recovery potential under several load conditions, seals made from elastomers are widely used as barrier seals in containers for low and intermediate level radioactive waste and as auxiliary seals in spent fuel storage and transportation casks (dual purpose casks (DPC)). In DPC, elastomer seals allow leakage rate measurements of metal barrier seals for demonstration of their proper assembly conditions and performance.
For spent fuel and high level waste as well as for low and intermediate level waste, long time periods will be required before final disposal will be available. Therefore, the long-term behavior of elastomer seals can be an important issue when the cask’s suitability for an extended interim storage period has to be assessed.
During the licensed interim storage duration, the requested leakage rate has to be maintained under any static and dynamic load conditions. A sufficient resilience, the capability of seals to compensate a (rapid) partial release was identified as an important end-of-lifetime criterion.
In the framework of extensive aging and testing programs at BAM, specimen made from representative types of elastomer (EPDM, FKM) were aged for several years at different temperatures ranging from 23 °C to 150 °C. One aim of the experiments was to determine an end-of-lifetime criterion correlated to leakage as the point of seal failure. As the seals remained leak-tight under static conditions even after advanced material degradation, a more demanding leakage test set-up was constructed that allowed a rapid partial release of the seal. This device enables a release of the O-ring by approx. 0.2 mm from 25 % to 23 % compression in less than one second during the pressure rise measurement. If the resilience of the seal has decreased past a certain point, the seal cannot follow the decompression fast enough and a leak path can open. Using a finite element (FE) material model derived earlier from different material tests, this process was simulated with a 3D FE model, reproducing the essential characteristics of the test device.
The FE-model enables the analyzation of the occurring global mechanisms if a leak path opens. The capability of the seals to follow the lifted flange and the subsequent run of compression force depending on the current state of aging are illustrated. The findings of the simulation are correlated and discussed with respect to the pressure rise measurements.
T2 - ASME PVP 2019
CY - San Antonio, TX, USA
DA - 14.07.2019
KW - Storage and transportation casks
KW - Elastomeric seals
KW - Rapid partial release
KW - Leakage
KW - Numerical simulation
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49017
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo
T1 - Cyclic operation performance of 9 -12% cr ferritic martensitic steels part 1: cyclic mechanical behavior under fatigue and creep fatigue loading
N2 - 9-12% Cr ferritic-martensitic stainless steels are widely used as high temperature construction materials in fossil fueled power plants due to their excellent creep and oxidation resistance, but changes in electricity markets during the last two decades have considerably changed the typical working conditions of these facilities. The growing share of renewable energy sources in power generation forces most of these plants into flexible operation with frequent load shifts or shutdowns. These cyclic operation profiles constitute a major lifetime issue, raising the question which fundamental processes govern the reaction of ferritic-martensitic steels to cyclic load and temperature variations.
The present contribution reports on current findings obtained in a multidisciplinary project funded by German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) which combines cyclic mechanical and cyclic oxidation testing of different 9-12% Cr grades with detailed microstructural analyses and related micromechanical modeling.
In the present first part of our contribution, an overview will be given on the results obtained in the mechanical testing programme of the project. Mechanical analyses were carried out on P91 and (mainly) P92 steel grades, particularly looking at softening phenomena and lifetimes obtained in isothermal cyclic loading (low cycle fatigue, LCF), non-isothermal cyclic loading (thermo-mechanical fatigue, TMF), and service-like combinations of creep and fatigue periods. For this purpose, cylindrical specimens were extracted from thick-walled steam pipes, orthogonal to the pipe axis, and subjected to strain controlled cyclic loading (± 0.2 to ±0.5 % mechanical strain) to different degrees of softening at temperatures up to 620 °C.
The test results will be presented and discussed with a focus on the impact of hold periods (i.e. combined creep-fatigue conditions) on mechanical softening, lifetime and crack formation. Details on the microstructural evolution and their representation in a micromechanical model will be given in a second, complementary contribution to this conference.
T2 - 45. MPA-Seminar
CY - Stuttgart, Germany
DA - 01.10.2019
KW - Tempered Martensite Ferritic Steels
KW - Low Cycle Fatigue
KW - Creep-Fatigue
KW - Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue
KW - P92
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-50050
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - THES
A1 - Popiela, Bartosz
T1 - Einfluss fertigungsbedingter Eigenspannungen auf die Betriebssicherheit von nassgewickelten Composite-Druckbehältern mit einem nichttragenden Liner
N2 - Im Hinblick auf die globale Herausforderung der Energietransformation steigt der Bedarf an Möglichkeiten zur Energiespeicherung. Eine Technologie, die zunehmend in den Fokus rückt, ist die Energiespeicherung mittels komprimiertem Wasserstoffgas. Insbesondere für mobile und Transport-Anwendungen ist eine geringe Masse des Speichers vorteilhaft, weshalb vollumwickelte Composite-Druckbehälter des Typs 4 zum Einsatz kommen. Diese werden überwiegend im Nasswickelverfahren gefertigt, das durch zahlreiche Prozessparameter und physikalische Effekte charakterisiert wird. Die Wahl der Wickelprozessparameter sowie Schwankungen der Materialkennwerte beeinflussen den Eigenspannungszustand in der Composite-Struktur eines Druckbehälters. Somit wirken sie sich auch auf den Spannungszustand im Betrieb aus.
Die vorliegende Dissertation beinhaltet Untersuchungen des Einflusses von fertigungsbedingten Eigenspannungen auf die Sicherheit von Composite-Druckbehältern mit nichttragendem Kunststoff-Liner. Ziel ist es, das mechanische Verhalten von Composite-Druckbehältern besser zu verstehen und deren Sicherheitsniveau sowie Konkurrenzfähigkeit weiter zu steigern.
Schwerpunkte der Arbeit sind experimentelle Untersuchungen der Eigenspannungsentstehung und -entwicklung sowie deren Einfluss auf die Behälter-Sicherheit. Im Fokus befindet sich die Exploration von Möglichkeiten zur Verbesserung der Zuverlässigkeit der Behälter durch Variation der Fertigungsparameter und eine Konditionierung nach der Fertigung. Der Eigenspannungszustand wird in numerischen Simulationen sowie mit dem zerstörenden Bohrlochverfahren charakterisiert. Die Überwachung der Spannungsumlagerung während einer Konditionierung unter Zeitstandbelastung erfolgt mit eingebetteten faseroptischen Sensoren, die später zur Dehnungsmessung in zerstörenden, langsamen Berstprüfungen eingesetzt werden. Zur Vertiefung des Verständnisses des Versagensverhaltens der verwendeten 6,8 l-Druckbehälter wird die Finite-Elemente-Methode eingesetzt. Darüber hinaus werden Qualitätsuntersuchungen der Composite-Struktur mittels Mikro-Computertomographie und Impuls-Echo-Verfahren beschrieben.
Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen zeigen, dass eine Steigerung der Zuverlässigkeit durch eine gezielte Innendruckbeanspruchung der gewickelten Behälter nahezu kostenneutral möglich ist. Dies wird im Rahmen der Arbeit anhand eines Baumusters demonstriert. Darüber hinaus wird die Verbesserung der Zuverlässigkeit der Behälter im Rahmen einer Konditionierung unter Zeitstandbelastung vertieft diskutiert. Diese stellt eine weiterführende Möglichkeit dar, das Behälterverhalten positiv zu beeinflussen und das Sicherheitsniveau zu steigern.
N2 - Considering the global challenge of energy transformation, the demand for energy storage solutions is increasing. One of the technologies, which is gaining attention, is the storage of hydrogen gas under high operating pressures. Particularly for on-board and transport applications, lightweight storage systems are advantageous. Therefore, fully wrapped composite pressure vessels of Type 4 are increasingly used. These are mostly manufactured using the wet filament winding process, which is characterized by numerous process parameters and physical effects. The choice of winding process parameters and variations in material properties influence the residual stress state in the finished component and thus also the stress state under operational loads. This dissertation includes insights into the impact of manufacturing-induced residual stresses on the safety of Type 4 pressure vessels, which contribute to a deeper understanding of the mechanical behavior of composite pressure vessels and support the further enhancement of safety levels and competitiveness.
The work focuses on experimental investigations of the induction and development of residual stresses and their impact on the safety of the composite pressure vessels. A core of the dissertation is an exploration of the possibilities to improve pressure vessel performance through variation of manufacturing parameters and conditioning after manufacturing. The residual stress state is characterized in numerical simulations as well as with the destructive hole-drilling method. Embedded fiber optic sensors are used for the monitoring of stress redistribution during conditioning. The fiber optic sensors are later used for strain measurement in destructive, slow burst tests. Finite element analyses are performed to deepen the understanding of the failure behavior of the used 6.8-liter pressure vessels. Additionally, quality investigations of the composite structure using micro-computed tomography and impulse-echo ultrasonic propagation imaging are described.
The results of the investigations show that an increase in performance is possible through targeted internal pressure regulation during the winding process pressure vessels. This is demonstrated almost cost-neutrally, i.e., without increasing process time and material usage. Furthermore, the improvement of vessel performance through conditioning under increased pressure and temperature is discussed in depth. This represents a further possibility to favorably influence vessel behavior and enhance safety levels.
KW - Composite
KW - Druckbehälter
KW - Eigenspannung
KW - Faserverstärkter Kunststoff
KW - Nasswickelverfahren
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:co1-opus4-72383
DO - https://doi.org/10.26127/BTUOpen-7238
SP - 1
EP - 153
CY - Cottbus, Deutschland
AN - OPUS4-65348
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Stargardt, Patrick
A1 - Bresch, Sophie
A1 - Falkenberg, Rainer
A1 - Mieller, Björn
T1 - Effect of Reaction Layers on Internal Stresses in Co‐Fired Multilayers of Calcium Manganate and Calcium Cobaltite
N2 - A widespread recovery of waste heat requires a cost‐effective production of thermoelectric generators. Thermoelectric oxides are predestined for use at high temperatures. For manufacturing reasons, a multilayer generator design will be easily scalable and cost‐effective. To evaluate the potential of ceramic multilayer technology for that purpose, a multilayer of the promising thermoelectric oxides calcium cobaltite (Ca3Co4O9), calcium manganate (CMO, CaMnO3), and glass–ceramic insulation layers is fabricated. Cracks and reaction layers at the interfaces are observed in the microstructure. The compositions of these reaction layers are identified by energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction. Mechanical and thermal properties of all layers are compiled from literature or determined by purposeful sample preparation and testing. Based on this data set, the internal stresses in the multilayer after co‐firing are calculated numerically. It is shown that tensile stresses in the range of 50 MPa occur in the CMO layers. The reaction layers have only a minor influence on the level of these residual stresses. Herein, it is proven that the material system is basically suitable for multilayer generator production, but that the co‐firing process and the layer structure must be adapted to improve densification and reduce the tensile stresses in the CMO.
KW - Ceramic multilayers
KW - Co-firings
KW - Internal stresses
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-601626
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.202300956
SP - 1
EP - 9
PB - Wiley VHC-Verlag
AN - OPUS4-60162
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Widjaja, Martinus Putra
T1 - Sample Performance Chart (SPC) for displaying the results from a multiscale model
N2 - The stacking sequence of a real scale type IV pressure vessels has been found. Feasibility study of a multiscale model has been carried out by modifying the original stacking sequence. All of the results were displayed in a Sample Performance Chart (SPC), where different burst pressure in terms of mean and scatter had been found.
T2 - Consortium Meeting FiBreMoD
CY - Valence, France
DA - 17.02.2020
KW - Fibre break
KW - Multiscale model
KW - Reduced volume method
KW - Sample performance chart
KW - Type IV pressure vessels
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-50563
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Widjaja, Martinus Putra
A1 - Moosavi, Robabeh
A1 - John, Sebastian
A1 - Schumacher, David
A1 - Grunwald, Marcel
A1 - Auster, Jürgen
A1 - Szczepaniak, Marius
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Waske, Anja
T1 - Impact damage evaluation of hydrogen composite pressure vessels by analysing computed tomography images
N2 - The objective of this work is to find a method that describes the degree of damage from an impact experiment. This experiment was performed on Composite Pressure Vessels (CPV) in order to find the correlation of impact damage to the residual burst pressure. Computed Tomography (CT) approach was used to capture the before and after impact condition of the CPVs. The Wasserstein function was used to calculate how much the after impact image has differed from the original one. In the end, a good correlation was obtained to the residual burst pressure.
T2 - HyFiSyn Conference
CY - Online meeting
DA - 15.09.2021
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Composite pressure vessel
KW - Carbon fibre
KW - Burst test
KW - Image analysis
KW - Computed tomography (CT)
PY - 2021
SP - 31
EP - 32
AN - OPUS4-53494
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Widjaja, Martinus Putra
T1 - Impact damage evaluation of hydrogen composite pressure vessels by analysing computed tomography images
N2 - The objective of this work is to find a method that describes the degree of damage from an impact experiment. This experiment was performed on Composite Pressure Vessels (CPV) in order to find the correlation of impact damage to the residual burst pressure. Computed Tomography (CT) approach was used to capture the before and after impact condition of the CPVs. The Wasserstein function was used to calculate how much the after impact image has differed from the original one. In the end, a good correlation was obtained to the residual burst pressure. The smaller the Wasserstein distance is, the higher the residual burst pressure would be and vice versa.
T2 - HyFiSyn Conference
CY - Online meeting
DA - 15.09.2021
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Composite pressure vessel
KW - Carbon fibre
KW - Burst test
KW - Image analysis
KW - Computed tomography (CT)
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53496
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - John, Sebastian
T1 - Modalanalyse als Werkzeug zur Lebensdauerabschätzung bei Composite-Druckbehältern
N2 - Hochbeanspruchte Bauteile wie Druckbehälter bergen im Falle eines Versagens ein erhebliches Gefährdungspotential für Mensch und Umgebung. Trotz der Auslegung mit hohen Sicherheitsfaktoren kommt es durch die hauptsächlich bei mobilen Anwendungen eingesetzten Leichtbauwerkstoffe und Materialkombinationen zu komplexen Degradationsvorgängen, welche unter ungünstigen Umständen zu einem frühzeitigen Versagen führen können. Am Beispiel eines hybriden Typ III-Behälters, bestehend aus Metall und Faser-Verbund-Kunststoffen, wird demonstriert, wie sich Änderungen des lebensdauerbestimmenden Eigenspannungszustandes auf eine sichere Gebrauchsdauer auswirken. Zur Erfassung dieser Eigenspannungsänderungen wird ein zerstörungsfreier Ansatz auf Grundlage einer experimentellen Modalanalyse vorgestellt. Die daraus gewonnen Daten fließen unmittelbar in ein erarbeitetes Betriebsfestigkeitsmodell ein. Abschließend werden die generierten Modellergebnisse mit experimentell ermittelten Lebensdauern verglichen und bewertet.
T2 - DAGA 2021
CY - Vienna, Austria
DA - 15.08.2021
KW - Modalanalyse
KW - Delfin
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Impact
KW - Druckbehälter
KW - Gasspeicher
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53224
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - John, Sebastian
T1 - Current results of the DELFIN project
N2 - As a contribution to the national hydrogen strategy, 3.5 years ago, the Delfin research project started with the aim of developing a cost- and material-optimized hydrogen tank design for automotive application. Under the patronage of the National Organization Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology (NOW), a consortium consisting of 9 research institutes, component suppliers, engineering service providers and automobile OEMs is processing a wide range of work packages. The focus of BAM research sets on impact testing and safety-related characterization of pressure vessels of different development stages. Furthermore, the implementation of nondestructive testing methods is applied. The presentation shows an overview of the BAM work packages and an extraction of the results generated so far.
T2 - Wasserstoffkolloquium des Kompetenzzentrums H2Safety@BAM
CY - Online meeting
DA - 16.02.2022
KW - Delfin
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Druckbehälter
KW - Impact
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55348
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - John, Sebastian
T1 - Vorstellung NIP II FORSCHUNGSVORHABEN DELFIN
N2 - As a contribution to the national hydrogen strategy, 3.5 years ago, the Delfin research project started with the aim of developing a cost- and material-optimized hydrogen tank design for automotive application. Under the patronage of the National Organization Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology (NOW), a consortium consisting of 9 research institutes, component suppliers, engineering service providers and automobile OEMs is processing a wide range of work packages. The focus of BAM research sets on impact testing and safety-related characterization of pressure vessels of different development stages. Furthermore, the implementation of nondestructive testing methods is applied. The presentation shows an overview of the BAM work packages and an extraction of the results generated so far.
T2 - SAMPE Feierabendkolloqium
CY - Online meeting
DA - 15.06.2022
KW - Delfin
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Druckbehälter
KW - Impact
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55349
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
A1 - Kratzig, Andreas
A1 - Bettge, Dirk
A1 - Kranzmann, Axel
A1 - Knauer, S.
T1 - Droplet corrosion of CO2 transport pipeline steels
N2 - In this work, the focus was set on the corrosion process of condensate as drops on the surface of carbon steels (X52, X70), martensitic steel UNS S41500, and superaustenite UNS N08031 in CO2 atmosphere with impurities at 278 K (to simulate the transportation condition in a buried pipeline). Exposure tests were performed at both normal pressure and high pressure where CO2 is supercritical or in dense phase. The drop, 1 ‑ 10 μL in volume, was prepared by dropping CO2 saturated ultra-pure water onto the surface of steel coupons in a one-liter-autoclave. The CO2 gas stream, simulating the oxyfuel flue gas with varying concentration of impurities (SO2 and O2 ), was then pumped into the autoclave to observe the condensation and corrosion impacts of impurities. Comparable exposure tests were carried out with the same gas mixture and the same volume of water as vapor to observe the drop formation and the corrosion process that follows. The wettability and stability of drops on the surface of steel coupons in CO2 supercritical/dense phase environment was evaluated additionally by contact angle measurement.
T2 - NACE International Annual Corrosion Conference
CY - Phoenix, AZ, USA
DA - 15.04.2018
KW - Geothermal
KW - Coating
KW - SiO2
KW - Polyaniline
KW - Corrosion
PY - 2018
SP - 10845, 1
EP - 11
PB - Omnipress
CY - Houston
AN - OPUS4-44917
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kratzig, Andreas
T1 - Interaction of oxidizing and reductive components in CO2 fluids in transport pipelines (X70) at low temperature
N2 - Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) is a promising technology for the reduction of CO2 emissions, e.g. from fossil-fuel operated power plants or cement mills. Crucial points for a sustainable and future-proof CCUS procedure are reliability and cost efficiency of the pipeline transport network. Due to the absence of certified benchmarks for upper limits, systematic experiments with impurities in the CO2 stream were carried out. For oxidation processes SO2 and NO2 acted as corrosive components, and for reductive atmosphere H2S. Carbon steel L485MB (pipeline), martensitic steel 1.4313 (compression) and austenitic steel 1.4562 (injection) were selected as specimens. Experiments were performed at 1 bar or 100 bar and within a temperature range 278 K ≤ T ≤ 313 K. High-alloyed Cr-Ni steels revealed no corrosion (1.4562, 1.4313), while for carbon steel considerable corrosion was observed. The type and intensity of corrosion was strongly coupled with the applied corrosive species and the level of humidity in the CO2 stream, leading to different compositions of acidic condensates. Applying a reducing atmosphere results in very little corrosion rates, but provokes pitting corrosion. In contrast, oxidizing or mixed settings lead to a clearly increased growth of the corrosion layer, but exhibit shallow uniform corrosion. Exceptional nitric acid results in intergranular corrosion.
T2 - EUROCORR 2017
CY - Prague, Czech Republic
DA - 03.09.2017
KW - CCS
KW - Pipeline transport
KW - CO2 corrosion
KW - Condensation
KW - Carbon steel
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-41919
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Stoljarova, A.
A1 - Regenspurg, S.
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
A1 - Mathiesen, T.
A1 - Braüner Nielsen, J.
T1 - Effect of lead and copper containing brine on steel materials for geothermal applications – A corrosion study
N2 - Geothermal brines often contain high amounts of lead and copper ions that can precipitate as native Cu and Pb as consequence of galvanic corrosion when brines react with carbon steel materials. This contribution evaluates which materials could overcome the problem of galvanic corrosion at geothermal environment.
The behavior of these materials in water containing high chloride concentration (> 100 g/L NaCl) as well as various amounts of dissolved bCl2 and/or CuCl2 was characterized by electrochemical and exposure measurements.
Both methods reveal carbon steel suffers corrosion susceptibility, accompanied by Cu◦ and/or Pb◦ precipitation on the surface. Electrochemical measurements on stainless steels result in significant difference in corrosion and repassivation potentials (Ecorr = -189 mV, Erep = 70 mV), indicating a good corrosion resistance.
KW - Copper
KW - Lead
KW - Corrosion
KW - Steel
KW - Geothermal energy
PY - 2021
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2020.102024
SN - 0375-6505
VL - 91
SP - NIL_75
EP - NIL_85
PB - Elsevier
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-51976
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Faes, W.
A1 - Lecompte, S.
A1 - van Bael, J.
A1 - Salenbien, R.
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
A1 - Bellemans, I.
A1 - Cools, P.
A1 - de Geyter, N.
A1 - Morent, R.
A1 - Verbeken, K.
A1 - de Paepe, M.
T1 - Corrosion behaviour of different steel types in artificial geothermal fluids
N2 - Geothermal energy is an interesting alternative to polluting fossil energy sources. Therefore, in Belgium, two wells have been drilled for a deep geothermal power plant. However, the environment to which the installations are exposed is challenging. The geothermal brine has 165 g/l total dissolved solids (of which 90% are sodium and chlorine) and the production temperature can be up to 130 °C. To assess their suitability to be used in a geothermal power plant, the corrosivity of the artificial brine to three common construction materials was investigated with exposure and electrochemical tests. The metals under consideration are a low-alloyed carbon steel (S235JR), an austenitic stainless steel (UNS S31603) and a duplex stainless steel (UNS S31803). The carbon steel, that was found to corrode uniformly, could be considered as a constructional material if a sufficient wall thickness is chosen. The austenitic stainless steel and the duplex stainless steel demonstrate very low uniform
corrosion rates. They are however susceptible to pitting and crevice corrosion. To guarantee safe operation of the geothermal power plant, the susceptibility of the alloys to stress corrosion cracking should be tested and in situ experiments should be performed.
KW - Geothermal energy
KW - Corrosion
KW - Carbon dioxide
KW - Carbon steel
KW - Stainless steel
PY - 2019
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2019.05.018
SN - 0375-6505
VL - 82
IS - 11
SP - 182
EP - 189
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-48759
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Aristia, Gabriela
A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
T1 - Electrochemical deposition of polyaniline on carbon steel for corrosion study in geothermal solution
N2 - Polyaniline has been widely developed for many applications, e.g. sensor, supercapacitor components, electrochromic devices, and anticorrosion pigments. Although the addition of polyaniline pigment in organic coatings has been an alternative for corrosion protection in industrial applications, the protection mechanism is still not fully understood. Herein in this study, as a part of the development of polyaniline/silicon dioxide coating for geothermal application, polyaniline has been deposited electrochemically on carbon steel surface in oxalic acid medium and tested in geothermal solution to understand the contribution of polyaniline to the corrosion protection of a polyaniline-based composite in the geothermal system. To observe the surface/interface reaction between the electrolyte and electrode surface during the electrochemical polymerization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was applied after each cycle. For corrosion study in the geothermal application, an artificial geothermal solution was used with the composition of 1,500 mg/l Cl⁻, 20 mg/l SO₄²⁻, 15 mg/l HCO₃⁻, 200 mg/l Ca²⁺, 250 mg/l K⁺, and 600 mg/l Na⁺, and pH 4 to simulate a geothermal brine found in Sibayak, Indonesia. An electrochemical measurement was performed by monitoring the open circuit potential over seven days, with the interruption by EIS every 22 hours. The experiments were performed at room temperature and 150 °C (1 MPa) in an oxygen-free environment. Impedance spectra showed a reduction of the total impedance value of approximately 10 times for specimens measured at 150 °C compared to the specimens measured at room temperature, suggesting a less stable layer at high temperature.
KW - Corrosion
KW - Electrochemical deposition
KW - Polyaniline
PY - 2019
DO - https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.966.107
SN - 1662-9752
VL - 966
SP - 107
EP - 115
PB - Trans Tech Publications Ltd
CY - Zürich
AN - OPUS4-48776
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
A1 - Bettge, Dirk
T1 - On the corrosion mechanism of CO2 transport pipeline steel caused by condensate: Synergistic effects of NO2 and SO2
N2 - To study the effects of condensed acid liquid, hereafter referred to as condensate, on the CO2 transport pipeline steels, gas mixtures containing a varying concentration of H2O, O2, NO2, and SO2, were proposed and resulted in the condensate containing H2SO4 and HNO3 with the pH ranging from 0.5 to 2.5. By exposing the pipeline steel to the synthetic condensate with different concentration of acidic components, the corrosion kinetic is significantly changed. Reaction kinetic was studied using electrochemical methods coupled with water analysis and compared with surface analysis (scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffractometry (XRD)) of corroded coupons. The results showed that, although the condensation of NO2 in the form of HNO3 causes faster general corrosion rate, it is the condensation of SO2 in the form of H2SO4 or the combination of SO2 and NO2 that may cause much more severe problems in the form of localized and pitting corrosions. The resulting corrosion forms were depended on the chemical nature of acids and their concentration at the same investigated pH. The effects of changing CO2 flow rate and renewing condensate on pitting corrosion were further studied.
KW - Carbon capture, utilization and storage technology
KW - CCUS
KW - Corrosion
KW - Condensate
KW - Electrochemical characterisation
KW - Pitting corrosion
KW - Impurities
KW - Carbon steel
PY - 2019
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-473685
UR - https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/12/3/364
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12030364
SN - 1996-1944
VL - 12
IS - 3
SP - 364, 1
EP - 17
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel
AN - OPUS4-47368
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Aristia, Gabriela
A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa
A1 - Nofz, Marianne
A1 - Sojref, Regine
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
T1 - Study of Al2O3 Sol-Gel Coatings on X20Cr13 in Artificial North German Basin Geothermal Water at 150 °C
N2 - Al2O3 has been widely used as a coating in industrial applications due to its excellent chemical and thermal resistance. Considering high temperatures and aggressive mediums exist in geothermal systems, Al2O3 can be a potential coating candidate to protect steels in geothermal applications. In this study, γ-Al2O3 was used as a coating on martensitic steels by applying AlOOH sol followed by a heat treatment at 600 °C. To evaluate the coating application process, one-, two-, and three-layer coatings were tested in the artificial North German Basin (NGB), containing 166 g/L Cl−, at 150 °C and 1 MPa for 168 h. To reveal the stability of the Al2O3 coating in NGB solution, three-layer coatings were used in exposure tests for 24, 168, 672, and 1296 h, followed by surface and cross-section characterization. SEM images show that the Al2O3 coating was stable up to 1296 h of exposure, where the outer layer mostly transformed into boehmite AlOOH with needle-like crystals dominating the surface. Closer analysis of cross-sections showed that the interface between each layer was affected in long-term exposure tests, which caused local delamination after 168 h of exposure. In separate experiments, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was performed at 150 °C to evaluate the changes of coatings within the first 24 h. Results showed that the most significant decrease in the impedance is within 6 h, which can be associated with the electrolyte penetration through the coating, followed by the formation of AlOOH. Here, results of both short-term EIS measurements (up to 24 h) and long-term exposure tests (up to 1296 h) are discussed.
KW - Al2O3
KW - Geothermal
KW - Martensitic steels
KW - Behmite
KW - Corrosion
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-525551
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11050526
SN - 2079-6412
VL - 11
IS - 5
SP - 526
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel
AN - OPUS4-52555
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Aristia, Gabriela
A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
T1 - Corrosion of Carbon Steel in Artificial Geothermal Brine: Influence of Carbon Dioxide at 70 °C and 150 °C
N2 - This study focuses on the corrosion mechanism of carbon steel exposed to an artificial geothermal brine influenced by carbon dioxide (CO2) gas. The tested brine simulates a geothermal source in Sibayak, Indonesia, containing 1500 mg/L of Cl-, 20 mg/L of SO4 2-, and 15 mg/L of HCO3-with pH 4. To reveal the temperature effect on the corrosion behavior of carbon steel, exposure and electrochemical tests were carried out at 70 °C and 150 °C. Surface analysis of corroded specimens showed localized corrosion at both temperatures, despite the formation of corrosion products on the surface. After 7 days at 150 °C, SEM images showed the formation of an adherent, dense, and crystalline FeCO3 layer. Whereas at 70 °C, the corrosion products consisted of chukanovite (Fe2(OH)2CO3) and siderite (FeCO3), which are less dense and less protective than that at 150 °C.
Control experiments under Ar-environment were used to investigate the corrosive effect of CO2. Free corrosion potential (Ecorr) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) confirm that at both temperatures, the corrosive effect of CO2 was more significant compared to that measured in the Ar-containing solution. In terms of temperature effect, carbon steel remained active at 70 °C, while at 150 °C, it became passive due to the FeCO3 formation. These results suggest that carbon steel is more susceptible to corrosion at the near ground surface of a geothermal well, whereas at a deeper well with a higher temperature, there is a possible risk of scaling (FeCO3 layer). A longer exposure test at 150 °C with a stagnant solution for 28 days, however, showed the unstable FeCO3 layer and therefore a deeper localized corrosion compared to that of seven-day exposed specimens.
KW - Carbon steel
KW - CO2
KW - Corrosion
KW - Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
KW - Geothermal
PY - 2019
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-498168
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12223801
SN - 1996-1944
VL - 12
IS - 22
SP - 3801-1
EP - 20
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel
AN - OPUS4-49816
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
A1 - Bettge, Dirk
A1 - Buggisch, E.
A1 - Schiller, Bernadette Nicole
A1 - Beck, M.
T1 - Corrosion Study on Wellbore Materials for the CO2 Injection Process
N2 - For reliability and safety issues of injection wells, corrosion resistance of materials used needs to be determined. Herein, representative low-cost materials, including carbon steel X70/1.8977 and low alloyed steel 1.7225, were embedded in mortar to mimic the realistic casing-mortar interface. Two types of cement were investigated: (1) Dyckerhoff Variodur commercial Portland cement, representing a highly acidic resistant cement and (2) Wollastonite, which can react with CO2 and become stable under a CO2 stream due to the carbonation process. Exposure tests were performed under 10 MPa and at 333 K in artificial aquifer fluid for up to 20 weeks, revealing crevice corrosion and uniform corrosion instead of expected pitting corrosion. To clarify the role of cement, simulated pore water was made by dispersing cement powder in aquifer fluid and used as a solution to expose steels. Surface analysis, accompanied by element mapping on exposed specimens and their crosssections, was carried out to trace the chloride intrusion and corrosion process that followed.
KW - Carbon capture storage
KW - CCS
KW - Carbon dioxide
KW - Corrosion
KW - Carbon steel
KW - Aquifer fluid
KW - Cement
KW - Casing
KW - Pitting
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-519774
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9010115
SN - 2227-9717
VL - 9
IS - 1
SP - 115
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel
AN - OPUS4-51977
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa
A1 - Yevtushenko, Oleksandra
A1 - Bettge, Dirk
T1 - Corrosion Aspects for Materials to be Used in CC(U)S Applications
N2 - This contribution provides current findings regarding materials susceptibility for carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) applications. Basing on results gathered in 2 German long-term projects (COORAL and CLUSTER) suitable materials are introduced as well as dominating impurities of the CO2-stream and corrosion mechanisms. Investigations cover the whole CCUS process chain and provide material recommendations for certain parts.
T2 - 1st International Conference on Corrosion Protection and Application
CY - Chongqing, China
DA - 09.10.2019
KW - Carbon
KW - Capture
KW - Storage
KW - Utilization
KW - CCS
KW - CCU
KW - CO2
KW - Corrosion
KW - Steel
PY - 2019
SP - Paper 31
PB - Chinese Society for Corrosion and Protection
CY - Chongqing/China
AN - OPUS4-49301
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kratzig, A.
A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa
A1 - Bettge, Dirk
A1 - Menneken, M.
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
T1 - Early Stage of Corrosion Formation on Pipeline Steel X70 Under Oxyfuel Atmosphere at Low Temperature
N2 - The early stage of corrosion formation on X70 pipeline steel under oxyfuel atmosphere was investigated by applying a simulated gas mixture (CO2 containing 6700 ppmv O2, 100 ppmv NO2, 70 ppmv SO2 and 50 ppmv H2O) for 15 h at 278 K and ambient pressure. Short-term tests (6 h) revealed that the corrosion starts as local spots related to grinding marks progressing by time and moisture until a closed layer was formed. Acid droplets (pH 1.5), generated in the gas atmosphere, containing a mixture of H2SO4 and HNO3, were identified as corrosion starters. After 15 h of exposure, corrosion products were mainly X-ray amorphous and only partially crystalline. In-situ energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD) results showed that the crystalline fractions consist primarily of water-bearing iron sulfates. Applying Raman spectroscopy, water-bearing iron nitrates were detected as subordinated phases. Supplementary long-term tests exhibited a significant increase in the crystalline fraction and formation of additional water-bearing iron sulfates. All phases of the corrosion layer were intergrown in a nanocrystalline network. In addition, numerous globular structures have been detected above the corrosion layer, which were identified as hydrated iron sulphate and hematite. As a type of corrosion, shallow pit formation was identified, and the corrosion rate was about 0.1 mma−1. In addition to in-situ EDXRD, SEM/EDS, TEM, Raman spectroscopy and interferometry were used to chemically and microstructurally analyze the corrosion products.
KW - Corrosion
KW - CCUS
KW - In-situ ED-XRD
KW - CO2 pipeline transport
KW - Oxyfuel
KW - Carbon steel
KW - Impurities
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506303
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8040421
SN - 2227-9717
VL - 8
IS - 4
SP - 421-1
EP - 421-19
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel
AN - OPUS4-50630
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Aristia, Gabriela
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
T1 - A Coating System for Corrosion Protection of Carbon Steel as an Alternative for High Alloyed Materials
N2 - Corrosive geothermal brines are a major challenge to geothermal power-plants. For cost reasons, plant designers favorize low alloyed steels, e.g., carbon steel, which are susceptible to uniform and localized corrosion when exposed to geothermal brines having acidic and saline properties. To solve such problem, coatings or inhibitors would be a protective solution as an alternative to the use of high alloyed materials.
This study investigated a coating system consisting of polyaniline/silicon dioxide basing on locally available resources. Protection against corrosion of carbon steel is shown by long-term exposure and electrochemical tests of coated carbon steels, performed in an artificial acidic and saline geothermal brine, comparable to real conditions at a site in Indonesia.
Therefore, an integrated coating system is presented for corrosion protection, combining the electro-chemical functionality of polyaniline and the physical advantages of silica.
T2 - European Geothermal Congress
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 17.10.22
KW - Corrosion
KW - Geothermal
KW - Coatings
KW - Polyaniniline
KW - Silicate
PY - 2022
SP - 1
EP - 7
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-56085
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Aristia, Gabriela
T1 - Corrosion study of carbon steel in Indonesian geothermal brine
N2 - Results of corrosion studies performed on carbon steel in saline brine are presented and discussed.
T2 - PhD-Seminar at Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS)
CY - Surabaya, Indonesia
DA - 09.11.2018
KW - Corrosion
KW - Electrochemistry
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-46743
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Bender, R.
A1 - Féron, D.
A1 - Mills, D.
A1 - Ritter, S.
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
A1 - Bettge, Dirk
A1 - de Graeve, I.
A1 - Dugstad, A.
A1 - Grassini, S.
A1 - Hack, T.
A1 - Halama, M.
A1 - Han, E.-H.
A1 - Harder, T.
A1 - Hinds, G.
A1 - Kittel, J.
A1 - Krieg, R.
A1 - Leygraf, C.
A1 - Martinelli, L.
A1 - Mol, A.
A1 - Neff, D.
A1 - Nilsson, J.-O.
A1 - Odnevall, I.
A1 - Paterson, S.
A1 - Paul, S.
A1 - Prošek, T.
A1 - Raupach, M.
A1 - Revilla, R. I.
A1 - Ropital, F.
A1 - Schweigart, H.
A1 - Szala, E.
A1 - Terryn, H.
A1 - Tidblad, J.
A1 - Virtanen, S.
A1 - Volovitch, P.
A1 - Watkinson, D.
A1 - Wilms, M.
A1 - Winning, G.
A1 - Zheludkevich, M.
T1 - Corrosion challenges towards a sustainable society
N2 - A global transition towards more sustainable, affordable and reliable energy systems is being stimulated by the Paris Agreement and the United Nation's 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. This poses a challenge for the corrosion industry, as building climate‐resilient energy systems and infrastructures brings with it a long‐term direction, so as a result the long‐term behaviour of structural materials (mainly metals and alloys) becomes a major prospect. With this in mind “Corrosion Challenges Towards a Sustainable Society” presents a series of cases showing the importance of corrosion protection of metals and alloys in the development of energy production to further understand the science of corrosion, and bring the need for research and the consequences of corrosion into public and political focus. This includes emphasis on the limitation of greenhouse gas emissions, on the lifetime of infrastructures, implants, cultural heritage artefacts, and a variety of other topics.
KW - Corrosion
KW - Corrosion costs
KW - Corrosion protection
KW - Preventive strategies
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-554801
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202213140
SN - 1521-4176
VL - 73
IS - 11
SP - 1730
EP - 1751
PB - Wiley-VCH
CY - Weinheim
AN - OPUS4-55480
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Zhao, H.
A1 - Chakraborty, Poulami
A1 - Ponge, D.
A1 - Hickel, Tilmann
A1 - Sun, B.
A1 - Wu, C.-H.
A1 - Gault, B.
A1 - Raabe, D.
T1 - Hydrogen trapping and embrittlement in high-strength Al alloys
N2 - Ever more stringent regulations on greenhouse gas emissions from transportation motivate efforts to revisit materials used for vehicles. High-strength aluminium alloys often used in aircrafts could help reduce the weight of automobiles, but are susceptible to environmental degradation. Hydrogen ‘embrittlement’ is often indicated as the main culprit; however, the exact mechanisms underpinning failure are not precisely known: atomic-scale analysis of H inside an alloy remains a challenge, and this prevents deploying alloy design strategies to enhance the durability of the materials. Here we performed near-atomic-scale analysis of H trapped in second-phase particles and at grain boundaries in a high-strength 7xxx Al alloy. We used these observations to guide atomistic ab initio calculations, which show that the co-segregation of alloying elements and H favours grain boundary decohesion, and the strong partitioning of H into the second-phase particles removes solute H from the matrix, hence preventing H embrittlement. Our insights further advance the mechanistic understanding of H-assisted embrittlement in Al alloys, emphasizing the role of H traps in minimizing cracking and guiding new alloy design.
KW - Atomistic models
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Metals and alloys
KW - Mechanical properties
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-543631
DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04343-z
SN - 1476-4687
VL - 602
IS - 7897
SP - 437
EP - 441
PB - Nature Publ. Group
CY - London
AN - OPUS4-54363
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Shamsuddoha, Md
A1 - Hüsken, Götz
A1 - Schmidt, Wolfram
A1 - Kühne, Hans-Carsten
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
T1 - Ternary mix design of grout material for structural repair using statistical tools
N2 - Repair is an indispensable part of the maintenance of structures over their lifetimes. Structural grouting is a widely used remediation technique for concrete components, trenches, mine subsidence, dam joints, restoration of masonry structures, and geological stabilizations. A structural grout system should be injectable in narrow spaces and hence include ingredients with finer particles. Ultrafine cements are ideal for these type of demanding grouts due to their superior properties compared to that of the less expensive, but coarser ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) are often used to replace OPC clinker based binder in order to modify certain properties and to reduce costs. The most commonly used SCMs are fly ash (FA), and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). For various special applications microsilica (MS), and metakaolin (MK) are also used. Identifying the optimum replacement contents of OPC by SCMs are a challenge during the design of such grouts. The aim of this experimental study is to investigate the effect of the selected SCMs (FA, MS and MK) on the slump flow, time of efflux, viscosity, shrinkage, and compressive and flexural strength of ultrafine cement based grouts with constant water-binder ratio and superplasticizer content. The test program was formulated using Box-Behnken design principles. Maximum percentages of replacement with ultrafine cement was 6% by volume of cement for MS and 16% for FA, and MK. The results suggest that most investigated grouts have the potential to be used for structural applications. The appropriate quadratic models are then formulated through statistical tools and presented as response surfaces. The trends indicate that fly ash improves the rheological properties, whereas microsilica and metakaolin positively affect shrinkage and mechanical properties to some extent. Based on the influence of SCMs and priorities among the properties, Decision Matrix Analysis (DMA) is carried out to select the most suitable ones among the SCMs. The analysis suggests that microsilica and fly ash are more suitable as SCMs than metakaolin without affecting the properties.
KW - Grouting
KW - Microsilica
KW - Fly ash
KW - Metakaolin
KW - Workability
KW - Viscosity
KW - Strength
KW - Mix design
KW - Box-Behnken
KW - Decision matrix analysis
PY - 2018
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.156
SN - 0950-0618
SN - 1879-0526
VL - 189
SP - 170
EP - 180
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-45922
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tuma, Dirk
T1 - Trace-level ammonia-water interactions in hydrogen: challenges in purity analysis using Optical-Feedback Cavity-Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy (OF-CEAS)
N2 - ISO 14687 defines a threshold of 100 ppb ammonia for hydrogen to be used in fuel cells. This work presents analysis methods using OF-CEAS and discusses moisture-related surface effects on the results.
T2 - Gas Analysis 2026
CY - Paris, France
DA - 27.01.2026
KW - OF-CEAS
KW - Ammonia
KW - Moisture effects
PY - 2026
AN - OPUS4-65480
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Mendive Tapia, Eduardo
A1 - Patrick, Christopher E
A1 - Hickel, Tilmann
A1 - Neugebauer, Jörg
A1 - Staunton, Julie B
T1 - Quantification of electronic and magnetoelastic mechanisms of first-order magnetic phase transitions from first principles: application to caloric effects in La(FexSi1-x)(13)
N2 - La(FexSi1−x)13 and derived quaternary compounds are well-known for their giant, tunable, magneto- and barocaloric responses around a first-order paramagnetic-ferromagnetic transition near room temperature with low hysteresis. Remarkably, such a transition shows a large spontaneous volume change together with itinerant electron metamagnetic features. While magnetovolume effects are well-established mechanisms driving first-order transitions, purely electronic sources have a long, subtle history and remain poorly understood. Here we apply a disordered local moment picture to quantify electronic and magnetoelastic effects at finite temperature in La(FexSi1−x)13 from first-principles. We obtain results in very good agreement with experiment and demonstrate that the magnetoelastic coupling, rather than purely electronic mechanisms, drives the first-order character and causes at the same time a huge electronic entropy
contribution to the caloric response.
KW - Caloric effects
KW - Ab initio thermodynamics
KW - Magnetoeleastic couplin
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-587882
DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7655/acd027
SN - 2515-7655
VL - 5
IS - 3
SP - 1
EP - 16
PB - IOP Publishing
AN - OPUS4-58788
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Tehranchi, Ali
A1 - Chakraborty, Poulami
A1 - López Freixes, Martí
A1 - McEniry, Eunan J.
A1 - Gault, Baptiste
A1 - Hickel, Tilmann
A1 - Neugebauer, Jörg
T1 - Tailoring negative pressure by crystal defects: Microcrack induced hydride formation in Al alloys
N2 - Climate change motivates the search for non-carbon-emitting energy generation and storage solutions. Metal hydrides show promising characteristics for this purpose. They can be further stabilized by tailoring the negative pressure of microstructural and structural defects. Using systematic ab initio and atomistic simulations, we demonstrate that an enhancement in the formation of hydrides at the negatively pressurized tip region of the microcrack is feasible by increasing the mechanical tensile load on the specimen. The theoretical predictions have been used to reassess and interpret atom probe tomography experiments for a high-strength 7XXX-aluminium alloy that show a substantial enhancement of hydrogen concentration at structural defects near a stress-corrosion crack tip. These results contain important implications for enhancing the capability of metals as H-storage materials.
KW - Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous)
KW - Hydrogen storage
KW - Ab initio Simulation
KW - Microcracks
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-587878
DO - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.7.105401
SN - 2475-9953
VL - 7
IS - 10
SP - 105401-1
EP - 105401-12
PB - American Physical Society (APS)
AN - OPUS4-58787
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - THES
A1 - Aristia, Gabriela
T1 - Polyaniline/Silicon Dioxide Composite-Based Coating for Corrosion Protection in Geothermal Systems
N2 - Geothermal energy is one of the cleanest renewable alternatives to reduce the dependency on fossil fuel [1, 2]. Despite its promising future, its implementation faces various challenges, one of them being corrosion processes. To implement this energy, hot fluids are pumped from a geothermal well. These hot fluids originate from deep within the earth, so consist of different ionic species and gases in a wide range of temperatures, which lead to their corrosive nature. In terms of geothermal energy resources, Indonesia is at the forefront, with the highest preserved geothermal energy in the world of about 29 GWe and 312 potential geothermal locations [3]. Geothermal wells in Sibayak (North Sumatera), Indonesia, belong to young stratovolcanoes and have operating temperatures varying from 36 °C at the near ground surface to 310 °C at the bottom of the well, which is liquid-dominated with acidic and saline properties [4, 5]. Therefore, this geothermal fluid creates an aggressive environment that is conducive to corrosion of the powerplant infrastructure.
Parts of the geothermal powerplant infrastructure, such as pipelines and heat exchangers, are commonly made of metals, e.g. carbon steel and stainless steel. Consequently, they may undergo corrosion and scaling when exposed to the geothermal fluid, especially for carbon steel. To ensure the safety and longevity of a geothermal powerplant, the infrastructure is constructed of expensive corrosion resistant alloys [6–10], e.g., titanium and Ni-Cr based alloys, or carbon steel which needs to be protected by coatings or inhibitors.
To address the corrosion of carbon steel in the geothermal environment, artificial geothermal water was used to simulate a geothermal well in Sibayak, Indonesia, with pH 4 and a saline composition of 1,500 mg/l Cl-, 20 mg/l SO42-, 15 mg/l HCO3-, 200 mg/l Ca2+, 250 mg/l K+, and 600 mg/l Na+. Carbon steel underwent the most severe corrosion at 150°C in an oxygen-containing solution with a corrosion rate of 0.34 mm/year, which is approximately ten times higher than that in the absence of dissolved oxygen. In all conditions, pitting corrosion was observed, which necessitate a protection strategy on carbon steel. In order to promote a cost effective and locally available option, this work focused on an easily applicable coating which utilized local resources.
Toward developing such protective coating based on the locally available resources in Indonesia which can yield good corrosion resistance and thermal stability in geothermal environment, two additional components, i.e. polyaniline (PANI) and silicon dioxide, were used to modify an alkyd-based commercial coating. The selection of the alkyd-based coating as a matrix focused on the industrial convenience basis, where the coating application procedure should be simple and easy to apply within reasonable costs. The alkyd-based coating underwent severe blistering when exposed to the artificial geothermal water at 70 and 150°C due to the reaction between CaCO3 (as one of its components) and the artificial geothermal water, as well as a possible alkyd hydrolysis in the initial stage of exposure. In the oxygen-free solution, the degradation was controlled by chemical and thermal reactions, whereas in the aerated condition, oxidization at the coating surface further accelerated polymer degradation.
PANI was chosen as one of the anticorrosion pigments which was widely developed over the past decades. To investigate the interaction between PANI and the artificial geothermal water, PANI film was electrochemically deposited on the carbon steel surface and exposed to the artificial geothermal water. Electrochemically synthesized oxalate-doped PANI was protective against corrosion of carbon steel in artificial geothermal water at room temperature. The mechanism involved an exchange of electroactive species within the coating layer, as confirmed by electrochemical impedance spectra. Interaction of ionic species, such as Cl-, Na+, Ca2+ from the artificial geothermal water, with the outer layer of PANI is suggested both at 25°C and 150°C, based on the EDX spectra of the coating surface after exposure to the artificial geothermal water. Thus, the protection mechanism of PANI is not solely based on the physical barrier layer properties, but rather associated with the redox mediated properties of PANI, which selectively allow ionic species intrusion from the electrolyte into the PANI layer. Although PANI is a promising candidate as an anticorrosion coating, its morphological characterization reveals that electrochemically deposited PANI is not stable for an application at 150°C. Therefore, another approach was used to promote better protective behavior of PANI by dispersing chemically synthesized PANI in the alkyd-based coating.
To enhance the thermal stability of the coating, silicon dioxide (SiO2) was added, which was able to prolong the sustainability of coated metals until 28 days compared to the unmodified alkyd-based coating, which underwent a change in color to brown/orange only within 7 days of exposure. This improvement might be associated with the role of SiO2 to proportionate the thermal expansion coefficient of the coating system to be compatible with that of carbon steel. Although the coating is thermally enhanced, the electrolyte might still intrude through the coating resulting in the change of coating color after 28 days of exposure in the artificial geothermal water. When PANI was added, the coating system provided an active corrosion protection on the carbon steel surface. The chemical and morphological characterization of the PANI-alkyd and SiO2-alkyd coating system showed that coatings were improved, and no blisters were observed, albeit the degradation continued. Based on the results of exposure tests, the combined coating system was further investigated.
The combinational coating of PANI/SiO2-alkyd was used with 2 wt% of PANI and 15 wt% of SiO2. Electrochemical tests indicated cathodic protection at 150°C, as the Ecorr of PANI/SiO2 remained approximately 400 mV lower than the carbon steel potential. The impedance spectra of the combinational coating of PANI/SiO2 showed a continuous decrease in the absolute impedance value over time. A significant decrease was observed within one day of exposure, followed by a slow gradual decrease, which might be associated with water absorption in the coating. FTIR spectra revealed that several peaks associated with the organic portion of the coatings were reduced after the specimens were exposed for 6 months. However, the absorption peaks related to the inorganic portion of the coatings remained stable until 6 months. Morphological characterization of the combinational coating of PANI/SiO2 showed that there were no blisters or significant discoloration of coatings after long-term exposure for 6 months in artificial geothermal water at 150°C, indicating that the chemical degradation does not significantly affect the functionality of the coating. This clearly shows the durability of PANI/SiO2 coating in the geothermal condition, suggesting that this coating can be used for such geothermal application. However, further testing of this coating should be conducted in a real geothermal environment on-site to ensure safety and viability.
KW - Geothermal
KW - Corrosion
KW - Coating
KW - Polyaniline
KW - Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:188-refubium-26704-6
UR - https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/26704
DO - https://doi.org/10.17169/refubium-26461
SP - 1
EP - 175
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-51281
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
A1 - Bettge, Dirk
A1 - Bender, R.
A1 - Féron, D.
A1 - Mills, D.
A1 - Ritter, S.
A1 - de Graeve, I.
A1 - Dugstad, A.
A1 - Grassini, S.
A1 - Hack, T.
A1 - Halama, M.
A1 - Han, E.-H.
A1 - Harder, T.
A1 - Hinds, G.
A1 - Kittel, J.
A1 - Krieg, R.
A1 - Leygraf, C.
A1 - Martinelli, L.
A1 - Mol, A.
A1 - Neff, D.
A1 - Nilsson, J.-O.
A1 - Odnevall, I.
A1 - Paterson, S.
A1 - Paul, S.
A1 - Prosek, T.
A1 - Raupach, M.
A1 - Revilla, R. I.
A1 - Ropital, F.
A1 - Schweigart, H.
A1 - Szala, E.
A1 - Therryn, H.
A1 - Tidblad, J.
A1 - Virtanen, S.
A1 - Volovitch, P.
A1 - Watkinson, D.
A1 - Wilms, M.
A1 - Winning, G.
A1 - Zheludkevich, M.
T1 - La corrosion: un défi pour une société durable
N2 - Une transition mondiale vers des systèmes énergétiques plus durables, abordables et fiables a été initiée par l’accord de Paris et l’Agenda 2030 des Nations unies pour un développement durable. Il s’agit là d’un défi industriel majeur car les systèmes et infrastructures énergétiques résilients au changement climatique exigent de se positionner pour le long terme. Se pencher sur le comportement dans la durée des matériaux structurels - principalement des métaux et des alliages - s’impose alors comme une nécessité. Dans cette optique, « La corrosion : un défi pour une société durable »présente une série de cas montrant l’importance de la tenue à la corrosion et de la protection anticorrosion des métaux et des alliages pour le développement de systèmes durables, économiques et fiables de production d’énergie.
KW - Corrosion
KW - Coûts de la corrosion
KW - Protection
KW - Anticorrosion
KW - Stratégies deprévention
PY - 2023
DO - https://doi.org/10.51257/a-v1-cor2000
SN - 2555-5383
VL - 2023
IS - Avril
SP - 1
EP - 23
CY - Saint-Denis, France
AN - OPUS4-57927
LA - fra
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
T1 - Nickellegierungen für die Solarthermie
N2 - Die Solarindustrie bietet Nickellegierungen breite Anwendungsfelder.
Aufgrund ihrer hohen insbesondere Lochkorrosionsbeständigkeit sind sie für Wärmeübertrager, Rohrleitungen und Tanks für Salzschmelzen, Kamine usw. geeignete Konstruktionswerkstoffe.
Erfahrungen aus dem Kraftwerksbetrieb sind für bestimmte Bereiche (Wasserdampf, Heißluft) nutzbar. Neu entwickelte Wärmeträgersubstanzen stellen die neue Herausforderung für die Konstruktionswerkstoffe dar. Al-haltige Ni-Legierungen zeigen derzeit ein großes Potential für diese Anwendungsfelder.
T2 - Workshop: Nickellegierungen für die Industrie der Zukunft - Anforderungen und Lösungen
CY - Essen, Germany
DA - 15.06.2016
KW - Ni-Legierung
KW - Solarthermie
KW - Beständigkeit
KW - Korrosion
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-36992
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
T1 - Study of Polyaniline/Silicon Dioxide based Coating on Carbon Steel in Artificial Geothermal Brine
N2 - By using the available resources in Indonesia, such as silicon dioxide and marine coating base, the PANI/SiO2 modified alkyd coating was able to protect carbon steel in a deaerated artificial geothermal water. The screening of coatings shows that the modification by adding individual pigment was not sufficient to protect carbon steel even during a short-term exposure, indicated by the discoloration after only seven days of exposure. Electrochemical tests indicated that there was no significant change in the Ecorr between the coated and uncoated carbon steel at room temperature. At 150 °C, the coated carbon steel has a lower potential than that of carbon steel, indicating that the coating is protecting carbon steel cathodically or slowing down the corrosion reaction. Finally, a long-term exposure test confirmed that the PANI/SiO2 modified coating successfully protects the carbon steel in the Sibayak artificial geothermal water up to 150 °C for 6 months.
T2 - World Geothermal Congress
CY - Online meeting
DA - 15.06.2021
KW - Coatings
KW - Corrosion
KW - Polyaniline
KW - Sibayak
KW - SiO2
KW - Geothermal
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52831
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
A1 - Aristia, Gabriela
T1 - Geothermie aus dem Vulkan – sicher und wirtschaftlich
N2 - Indonesien gilt aufgrund seiner vielen Vulkane als einer der Hotspots für Geothermie. Doch Salz und Hitze setzen den Geothermie‐Anlagen zu und gefährden ihre Sicherheit und Wirtschaftlichkeit. Ein Team an der BAM hat günstigen, lokal verfügbaren Baustahl jetzt so beschichtet, dass ein nachhaltiger und sicherer Betrieb der Geothermie‐Kraftwerke möglich ist ‐ auch unter Extrembedingungen.
Das BAM‐Team will das Beschichtungssystem nun den Anwendern in Indonesien zur Verfügung stellen, damit es unter Realbedingungen in einem Geothermie‐Kraftwerk getestet werden kann. Der Schutz vor Korrosion ist mitentscheidend, weil sie die Lebensdauer dieser Kraftwerke bestimmt. Unsere Arbeit könnte die Effizienz der Energieproduktion mit Geothermie wesentlich verbessern.
KW - Geothermie
KW - Korrosion
PY - 2020
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202070086
SN - 1521-4176
SN - 0947-5117
VL - 71
IS - 8
SP - 1
EP - 2
PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA
CY - Weinheim
AN - OPUS4-51074
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
A1 - Yevtushenko, Oleksandra
A1 - Bettge, Dirk
T1 - On the corrosion mechanism of CO2 transport pipeline steels caused by impurities: roles of each impure components and benchmarks
N2 - Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) has been proposed as a promising technology for the mitigation of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere from fossil-fuel-operated power generation plants. As the reliability and cost effectiveness of the pipeline transport network is crucial to the overall operability and resilience of the CCUS system, it is vital to realize the possible corrosion risks of the employed pipeline steels corresponding to the impurity level of the gas source.
Recent studies have shown that even the high alloyed materials might be susceptible to general and/or localized corrosion by the condensates forming from the impurities such as SOx, NOx, CO, O2 and water [1]. Up to now, however, there is no regulation procedure which defines the maximum acceptable level of impurities and the combination of them for each employed pipeline steels. Herein, systematic experiment series were conducted by mixing pure CO2 gas with varying concentration of each impurity and with the varying combination of them. Each time, the mixture was then fed (1 L/min) into the reactor containing 12 specimens for 120-600 h at 5°C (to simulate the sub-level pipeline transport). The resulted condensate was collected and analyzed by ionic chromatography and atomic absorption spectroscopy to determine the chemical composition. In this study, the “worst-case scenario” gas mixture, containing 2.5 % H2O, 1.8 % O2, 1000 ppm NO2, and 220 ppm SO2 as impurities, resulted in the condensate containing H2SO4 0.114 M and HNO3 0.0184 M (pH 2.13). This “original” condensate was then re-produced to carry out exposure tests and electrochemical characterization including corrosion potentials and impedance spectroscopy in CO2 saturated condition for 7-14 days at the same temperature. The corrosion rate was also measured by mass loss method.
We can conclude that, at the initial stage, HNO3 plays the dominant role in Fe dissolution process, while H2SO4 is responsible for the pit initiation followed by pitting corrosion. Future studies will be focused on the combination effect from the impurities and the exposure test under the regularly changing condensate to mimic the real CO2 pipeline system.
T2 - Eurocorr 2016
CY - Montpellier, France
DA - 11.09.2016
KW - Carbon capture utilization
KW - CO2
KW - Pipeline transport
KW - Condensation
KW - Corrosion
PY - 2016
SP - paper 69810, 1
EP - 2
PB - EFC
CY - Montpellier
AN - OPUS4-37747
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Popiela, Bartosz
T1 - Einfluss ausgewählter Fertigungsparameter auf die Sicherheit von Composite-Druckbehältern
N2 - In dem Vortrag wurde der Einfluss ausgewählter Fertigungsparameter auf die Sicherheit von Composite-Druckbehältern diskutiert. Die Inhalte stammen aus einem Projekt im Rahmen des BTU-BAM Graduiertenkollegs "Trustworthy Hydrogen". Darüber hinaus umfasst der Foliensatz eine Kurzvorstellung der Aktivitäten des Fachbereichs 3.5 im Bereich der Wasserstofftechnologien.
T2 - Workshop "Wasserstoff in der Luftfahrt: Wasserstoffspeicherung und -transport für Luftfahrt und darüber hinaus"
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 11.02.2026
KW - Composite
KW - Druckbehälter
KW - Fertigung
PY - 2026
AN - OPUS4-65498
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
A1 - Bettge, Dirk
T1 - Electrochemical behaviors of casing steel/mortar interface in CO2 saturated aquifer fluid
N2 - To reveal the corrosion resistance of casing steel/mortar interface in CO2 injection condition, sandwich samples were prepared and exposed up to 20 weeks in aquifer fluid under 10 MPa and 60 °C. Cross section analysis revealed the crevice corrosion as main mechanism instead of pitting corrosion, which would be expected to happen in the extremely high Chloride concentration. Detailed analysis using EDS line scan shown the slow diffusion of Chloride, suggesting why pitting did not happen after 20 weeks. To mimic the passivated steel surface, the steel coupon was passivated in simulated pore solution having pH 13.5 for 42 days. The passivated coupon was further exposed to NGB solution for 28 days. Electrochemical characterization was performed along the exposure processes to reveal the change in impedance, indicating the corrosion resistance of steel casing/mortar interface.
T2 - EUROCORR 2022
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 28.08.2022
KW - Corrosion
KW - CO2 quality
KW - Pipeline network
KW - CCS
PY - 2022
SP - 859
EP - 865
PB - European Federation of Corrosion
AN - OPUS4-55622
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Aristia, Gabriela
T1 - Electrochemical deposition of polyaniline on carbon steel for corrosion study in geothermal solution
N2 - Polyaniline has been widely developed for many applications, e.g., sensor, supercapacitor component, electrochromic devices, and anticorrosion pigments [1]. Although the addition of polyaniline pigment in organic coatings has been an alternative for corrosion protection in industrial application, the protection mechanism is still not fully understood [2]. Herein in this study, as a part of the development of polyaniline/silicon dioxide coating for geothermal application, polyaniline has been deposited electrochemically on carbon steel surface and tested in geothermal solution to study the contribution of polyaniline in the corrosion protection of a polyaniline-based composite in the geothermal system. The electrochemical deposition was carried out by immersing carbon steel in 0.1 M oxalic acid and 0.05 M aniline, with the polarization potential of -0.6 – 1.5 V vs. Ag/AgCl, and a scan rate of 10 mV/s. To observe the surface/interface reaction between the electrolyte and electrode surface during the electrochemical polymerization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurement was applied after each cycle. For corrosion study in the geothermal application, this experiment used an artificial geothermal solution with the composition of 1,500 mg/l Cl-, 20 mg/l SO42-, 15 mg/l HCO3-, 200 mg/l Ca2+, 250 mg/l K+, and 600 mg/l Na+, and pH 4 to simulate a geothermal brine found in Sibayak, Indonesia. Electrochemical measurements were performed by monitoring the open circuit potential over seven days, with the interruption of EIS every 22 hours. The experiments were performed at room temperature and 150 °C (1 MPa) in a free oxygen environment. Polyaniline coated carbon steel is more durable in a room temperature environment compared to 150 °C, which could be caused by the iron oxalate dissolution at elevated temperature. This degradation was further proven by the impedance spectra, which showed a reduction of approximately ten times for specimens measured at 150 °C as compared to the specimens measured at room temperature.
T2 - 4th International Conference on Functional Materials Science 2018 (ICFMS 2018)
CY - Bali, Indonesia
DA - 13.11.2018
KW - Polyaniline
KW - Electrochemical deposition
KW - Corrosion
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-46742
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa
T1 - Droplet corrosion of CO2 transport pipeline steels
N2 - In this work, the focus was set on the corrosion process of condensate as drops on the surface of carbon steels (X52, X70), martensitic steel UNS S41500, and superaustenite UNS 08031 in CO2 atmosphere with impurities at 278 K (to simulate the transportation condition in a buried pipeline). Exposure tests were performed at both normal pressure and high pressure where CO2 is supercritical or in dense phase. The drop, 1 ‑ 10 µL in volume, was prepared by dropping CO2 saturated ultra-pure water onto the surface of steel coupons in a one-liter-autoclave. The CO2 gas stream, simulating the oxyfuel flue gas with varying concentration of impurities (SO2 and O2), was then pumped into the autoclave to observe the condensation and corrosion impacts of impurities. Comparable exposure tests were carried out with the same gas mixture and the same volume of water as vapor to observe the drop formation and the corrosion process that follows. The wettability and stability of drops on the surface of steel coupons in CO2 supercritical/dense phase environment was evaluated additionally by contact angle measurement.
T2 - NACE International Annual Corrosion Conference
CY - Phoenix, AZ, USA
DA - 15.04.2018
KW - CCUS
KW - Supercritical/dense phase CO 2
KW - Carbon steels
KW - Martensitic steel
KW - Superaustenite steel
KW - Droplet corrosion
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-44922
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
A1 - Bettge, Dirk
A1 - Kratzig, Andreas
A1 - Knauer, S.
T1 - Factors Influencing Droplet Corrosion in Dense Phase CO2
N2 - Recent studies have shown that even at a very low concentration of impurities (less than 100 ppmv of SO2, NO2, O2 and H2O) the droplet formation and condensation of sulfuric and nitric acids in dense phase CO2 are possible and observable. To reveal the mechanism of droplet corrosion in dense phase CO2 at high pressure and low temperature, further studies on factors that affect wettability and resulting corrosion behaviors of transport pipeline steels are needed. In this study, effects of surface morphology were investigated by varying surface roughness of carbon steel coupons exposed to CO2 stream containing impurities to measure the wettability by contact angle and to observe the condensation as well as possible droplet corrosion that followed. Other considered factors were: pH of the droplet, temperature, droplet volume, and exposure time.
T2 - NACE International Corrosion Conference 2019
CY - Nashville, TN, USA
DA - 24.03.2019
KW - CCUS
KW - Dense phase
KW - CO2
KW - Droplet
KW - Corrosion
KW - Condensation
KW - Carbon steel
PY - 2019
SP - 13017-1
EP - 13017-13
PB - NACE International
CY - Houston
AN - OPUS4-47915
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
T1 - Preliminary Study on Al2O3 Sol-Gel Coating for Corrosion Protection of Martensitic Stainless Steel in Artificial Geothermal Water
N2 - Al2O3 coatings are often used as protective layers on steels against electrochemical and high-temperature corrosion because they are chemically inert and stable at elevated temperatures. This study presents preliminary work on the possibilities of using Al2O3 sol-gel coatings for corrosion protection of martensitic stainless steels in geothermal environments. Al2O3 sol-gel coatings were applied on UNS S42000, which is known to be susceptible to uniform and localized corrosion. The coated steel specimens were then tested in two types of artificial geothermal water, which simulate the geothermal fluids found in Sibayak (SBY), Indonesia, and North German Basin (NGB), Germany, respectively. SBY has pH 4 and 1.5 g/L of chloride ions, whereas NGB has a pH of 6 and 166 g/L of chloride ions. All experiments were carried out in autoclaves at 150 °C and 1 MPa under the deaerated condition. Evaluations were performed by investigating the surface profiles of both uncoated and coated steels before and after the corrosion test using a Laser Scanning Microscope (LSM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Finally, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) was performed to compare the corrosion resistance of Al2O3 coated steels in SBY and NGB solutions. It was observed from the corrosion test that Al2O3 coatings are more suitable for use in the geothermal water with a higher pH.
T2 - AMPP Annual International Corrosion Conference 2021
CY - Online Meeting
DA - 19.04.2021
KW - Protective coating
KW - Sol-gel coating
KW - Geothermal
KW - Martensitic steel
KW - Corrosion
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52500
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zekhnini, Khalid
A1 - Babutzka, Martin
A1 - Seifert, Lando
A1 - Burkert, Andreas
A1 - Ebell, Gino
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
T1 - Investigation of corrosion behavior of S355 steel in artificial seawater and sediment
N2 - The safe operation of offshore wind turbines places high demands on corrosion protection. This is particularly the case about the planned future extension of the service life beyond 25 years. The highly corrosive environment towards metallic materials leads to a loss of material thickness of the tower structure and thus to a deterioration of mechanical properties. This can be counteracted by corrosion protection measures adapted to the respective load case, such as organic coatings and cathodic corrosion protection (CCP). Much research has already been done in this area about inhibiting the corrosion process and there are regulations and guidelines that specify requirements for corrosion protection to achieve the required service lives.
However, gaps exist regarding free corrosion. This plays a greater role especially for time intervals during the installation of the plants and their maintenance, during which often no CCP can be operated. This applies to the exposure areas in the underwater and sediment area. This problem is intensified by the difficult to estimate corrosion rates caused by the different zones, with their different amounts of dissolved oxygen and the various influencing factors.
This paper deals with experiments conducted in a laboratory container with artificial seawater and sediment in basins.
T2 - AMPP Annual Conference + Expo 2025
CY - Nashville, TN, USA
DA - 06.04.2025
KW - Seawater
KW - Sediment
KW - Corrosion
KW - Offshore
KW - Foundation
KW - Element current
PY - 2025
DO - https://doi.org/10.5006/C2025-00002
SP - 1
EP - 16
PB - AMPP
CY - Houston TX USA
AN - OPUS4-62963
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - RPRT
A1 - Duffner, Eric
A1 - el Dsoki, Chalid
A1 - John, Sebastian
A1 - Schmidt, Anita
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Loechner, Derek
A1 - Drousch, Björn
T1 - Sicherheitstechnische Bewertung thermischer Betriebsbelastung auf sicherheitskritische Ausrüstung am Beispiel von Composite-Atemluftflaschen und Lithiumbatterien
N2 - Ziel des Vorhabens war es, den Einfluss der realen Temperaturbelastung auf Atemschutzflaschen und Lithiumbatterien in Funkgeräten (FG) im Löscheinsatz von Rettungskräften zu ermitteln und deren Auswirkung auf die Alterung und Lebensdauer sowie die potenziellen Gesundheitsgefahren bei deren Nutzung besser beurteilen zu können und Handlungshilfen abzuleiten.
Im Rahmen dieses Vorhabens wurden zum einen unterschiedlich thermisch gealterte Composite-Atemluftflaschen systematisch hinsichtlich ihrer Restfestigkeiten untersucht. Zum anderen wurden Lithiumbatterien aus FG hinsichtlich der Einwirkung von kritischen Temperaturen untersucht, ab denen es zu einem thermischen Durchgehen der Batterien kommen kann. Für diese beiden wichtigen Komponenten, Lithiumbatterien und Composite-Atemluftflaschen, wurden kritische Temperatur-Zeit-Profile ermittelt, die Auswirkungen durch geeignete Methodiken untersucht und die sich ergebenden Gefährdungen für den Träger bewertet.
Als Methodische Vorgehensweise wurden durch Realversuche die tatsächlichen und zuvor durch Literatur-recherche ermittelten Temperaturprofile verifiziert und auf deren Grundlage die Laborbelastungen abgeleitet. Um den Eigenschaften der aus Faserverbundwerkstoffen hergestellten Composite-Atemluftflaschen Rechnung zu tragen, wurden an zwei repräsentativen Baumustern unterschiedlicher Hersteller Stichprobengruppen unterschiedlicher thermischer Belastung ausgesetzt und hinsichtlich ihrer verbleibenden Restfestigkeitsabnahme geprüft und mit thermisch unbelasteten Baumustern verglichen. Neben den statischen Berstversuchen wurden auch kombinierte Alterungs- und Restfestigkeitsuntersuchungen an zyklisch belasteten Behältern durchgeführt.
Die FG wurden thermisch sowohl statischen als auch zyklischen Belastungen ausgesetzt und mit Kapazitätsmessungen begleitet. Die statischen Versuche dienten dem Zweck, die maximale thermische Belastbarkeit der Akkus zu ermitteln, bei der noch kein Versagen auftritt. Bei den zyklischen Versuchen wurde der Temperaturverlauf bei Löscheinsätzen so nah wie möglich im Labor nachgestellt. Hierbei wurden die Akkus wiederholt einem Belastungsprofil mit konstanter Temperatur ausgesetzt und nach einigen Intervallen die Restkapazitäten am Akku gemessen und so die Degradation bestimmt.
Als Fazit der im Rahmen dieses Vorhabens durchgeführten Untersuchungen an zwei repräsentativen Baumustern von Atemschutzflaschen kann gefolgert werden, dass die thermischen Belastungen abhängig vom Baumuster einen z.T. deutlichen Einfluss auf die Restfestigkeiten der Atemschutzflaschen haben. Höhere thermische Exposition ist, zumindest an den untersuchten Atemschutzflaschen, deutlich zu erkennen und die Flaschen können durch die zuständigen Gerätewarte leicht ausgesondert und ersetzt werden. Die thermischen Belastungen, wie sie im Rettungseinsatz auftreten, waren für die untersuchten Atemschutzflaschen und die Rettungskräfte nicht kritisch sind. Die langjährige Erfahrung etablierter Hersteller dürfte hier aber nicht ohne Einfluss sein. Es ist somit kein Grund erkennbar, von der Verwendung der leichteren Typ 4 Atemschutzflaschen abzuraten, wenn Atemschutzflaschen, die visuell erkennbare thermische Einwirkungen (Farbänderungen, Materialschmelzungen o.ä.) aufweisen, unmittelbar ersetzt werden.
Die Ergebnisse an den FG zeigen, dass trotz hoher Temperaturen keine Selbstentzündung der Lithiumbatterien ausgelöst wird. Der Kapazitätsverlust der Batterien infolge der Belastung führt ebenfalls nicht zu einem Funktionsausfall. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Kapazitätsbestimmung als zuverlässiges und geeignetes Kriterium für die Sicherheitsbewertung der Akkus herangezogen werden kann, wenn die Kapazitätsmessung bei gleichbleibenden Bedingungen (gleiche Raumtemperaturen, gleiche Messgeräte, etc.) stattfindet. Es wird empfohlen, die Akkus ab einer Restkapazität von unter 80% zu tauschen. Als schnelle und sehr einfache Überprüfung kann eine Sichtprüfung an den FG stattfinden. Die im Projekt verwendeten FG zeigten eine Verformung der Kunststoffhülle bei zu hohen Belastungen.
N2 - The aim of the project was to determine the influence of the real temperature load on breathing apparatus cylinders and Lithium batteries in radio devices in firefighting operations by rescue services and to be able to better assess their effect on ageing and service life time as well as the potential health hazards and to derive guidelines for action.
As part of this project, composite breathing air cylinders that had undergone different thermal ageing processes were systematically analysed with regard to their residual strength. as a second use case, lithium batteries used in radio devices were analysed with regard to the effect of critical temperatures above which thermal runaway of the batteries can occur. Critical temperature-time profiles were determined for these two important components, lithium batteries and composite breathing air cylinders, the effects for the user were analysed using suitable methods and the resulting hazards for the wearer were assessed.
As a methodical approach, the actual temperature profiles previously determined by literature research were first verified in real tests and the laboratory loads were derived on this basis. In order to take into account the properties of composite breathing air cylinders made of fibre composites, sample groups were subjected to different thermal loads and examined with regard to their residual strength reduction and in comparison to thermally unloaded samples from two representative samples from different manufacturers. In addition to the static burst tests, combined ageing and residual strength tests were also carried out on cyclic loaded cylinders.
The radio devices were subjected to both static and cyclic thermal loads with accompanying capacity measurements. The purpose of the static tests was to determine the maximum thermal load capacity of the batteries at which no failure occurs. In the cyclic tests, practical conditions were simulated as closely as possible in the laboratory. For this purpose, the batteries were repeatedly subjected to a load profile at a constant temperature and the residual capacity of the battery was measured after several intervals to determine the degradation.
As a conclusion of the tests carried out on two representative types of breathing apparatus cylinders as part of this project, it can be concluded that the thermal loads have a sometimes significant influence on the residual strength of the breathing apparatus cylinders, depending on the type. Higher thermal exposure is clearly recognizable, at least on the breathing apparatus cylinders tested, and the cylinders can be easily remove and replaced by the responsible equipment maintainers. The thermal loads that occur during rescue operations were not critical for the tested breathing protection cylinders and the rescue teams. However, the many years of experience of established manufacturers should not be without influence here. There is therefore no reason to advise against the use of the lighter Type 4 breathing protection breathing apparatus cylinders if cylinders with visually recognizable thermal effects (color changes, material melting, etc.) are replaced immediately.
The results on the radio devices showed that determination of the capacity can serve as a suitable criterion for the safety assessment for the batteries. The loss of capacity of the batteries as a result of the load also does not lead to a functional failure. The capacity determination can be used as a reliable and suitable criterion for the safety assessment of the batteries if the capacity measurement is carried out under constant conditions (same room temperatures, same measuring devices, etc.). It is recommended to replace the batteries when the remaining capacity is below 80%. A visual inspection of the radio devices can be carried out as a quick and very simple check. The radio devices used in the project showed deformation of the plastic casing when subjected to excessive loads.
KW - Composite
KW - Atemluftflaschen
KW - Litiumbatterien
KW - Funkgeräte
KW - Thermische Belastung
KW - Rettungskräfte
KW - Feuerwehr
KW - PSA
KW - DGUV
PY - 2024
UR - https://www.dguv.de/ifa/forschung/projektverzeichnis/ff-fp0462.jsp
N1 - Abschlussbericht zum Vorhaben mit der Projekt-Nr. FF-FP 0462 (CoLiBri), Laufzeit 01.03.2021–29.02.2024, Bericht vom 15.04.2024
SP - 1
EP - 66
PB - Deutsche Gesetzliche Unfallversicherung (DGUV)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-59877
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Naumann, Kathrin
A1 - Tichter, Tim
A1 - Nielsen, Rasmus S.
A1 - Seger, Brian
A1 - Hansen, Ole
A1 - Chorkendorff, Ib
A1 - Vesborg, Peter C. K.
T1 - Protection Materials on III–V Semiconductors for Photoelectrochemical CO Reduction
N2 - Tantalum oxide (TaOx) and amorphous titanium dioxide (TiO2) are employed as protection materials for commercial GaInP/GaAs/Ge triple-junction solar cells to facilitate the unbiased photoelectrochemical reduction of carbon monoxide on nanostructured copper particles. It has been found that a photoelectrode protected by a 150 nm-thick layer of TiO2, capped with 8 nm TaOx, and decorated with copper nanocubes in the size of 150 nm can successfully drive the photoelectrochemical conversion of carbon monoxide to ethylene. Implemented into a photoelectrochemical flow reactor, which continuously supplies the active interface with CO-saturated electrolyte, the device achieves a faradaic efficiency of 24% under AM1.5G conditions. Direct attachment of the copper nanocubes to a protection layer of TiO2 in the absence of TaOx results in a strong hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and no CO reduction products are found. This unexpected loss in selectivity is studied via post-operando X-ray photoemission spectroscopy and ion-scattering spectroscopy. No modifications in the redox state of TiO2 orsigns of H intercalation are found, while the preferential redeposition of small Cu nanoparticles is considered possible. This increasein HER appears specific for TiO2, as additional, purely electroanalytical experiments using tantalum oxide or carbon as a support layer for Cu nanocubes can produce ethylene effectively.
KW - Photoelectrochemistry
KW - Carbon Monoxide Reduction
KW - Protection Material
KW - Multi‐junction
KW - Copper Catalyst
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-618712
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c04782
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - American Chemical Society (ACS)
AN - OPUS4-61871
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Prenner, Stefanie
A1 - Part, Florian
A1 - Jandric, Aleksander
A1 - Bordes, Arnaud
A1 - Leonhardt, Robert
A1 - Jung-Waclik, Sabine
A1 - Huber-Humer, Marion
ED - Djebali, Ridha
T1 - Enabling Circular Business Models: Preconditions and Key Performance Indicators for the Market Launch of Repurposed Second‐Life Lithium‐Ion Batteries From Electric Vehicles
N2 - With the rise of electric vehicles (EVs) and thus lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), the number of end‐of‐life (EoL) LIBs after their first life in EVs is about to increase significantly. These end‐of‐first‐life (EoFL) EV LIBs still have sufficient energy density for less‐demanding second‐life applications like stationary battery energy storage systems (BESSs) or mobile applications (e.g., forklifts, tools). Repurposing EoFL EV LIBs extends their lifespan, offering sustainability benefits and supporting several United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, prevailing market entry barriers, such as high repurposing costs, little information on battery history and aging, or lacking performance indicators, hinder the widespread implementation of second‐life applications. Thus, this study aims to identify preconditions for considering and selecting useful EoFL LIBs and to determine key performance indicators (KPIs) to minimize economic risks for a successful second‐life market launch. KPIs were rated according to importance using a Likert scale, and reference values were introduced. A mixed‐methods approach, using expert interviews, an exploratory workshop, and an online survey, was applied. Twelve important preconditions were identified, with the “availability of information on battery specification” and “compliance with standards and regulations” considered very important. In addition, 12 KPIs were derived, covering six economic, three environmental, and three technical and safety‐related indicators. The KPIs “state of safety (SoS)” and “resource savings (Rsav)” were rated as highly important. Overall, the findings provide performance measurement guidance for repurposing companies, facilitating the market launch and adoption of second‐life applications. Future research can build on these results and investigate variations among different battery types, ultimately promoting a circular economy.
KW - Lithium-Ion battery
KW - Key performance indicators
KW - Circular economy
KW - Electric vehicle
KW - Sustainability
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-619167
DO - https://doi.org/10.1155/er/8331870
SP - 1
EP - 19
PB - Wiley
AN - OPUS4-61916
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schmidt, Anita
T1 - Rechtliche Grundlagen und Entwicklungen im Bereich des Transports von Lithiumbatterien
N2 - Als zuständige Behörde im Bereich des Transports von Lithiumbatterien und Ressortforschungsanstalt ist die BAM sowohl an der Rechtsfortentwicklung beteiligt als auch an der hierfür benötigten Forschung. Aktuelle Themen, Forschungsprojekte und deren Ergebnisse werden vorgestellt.
T2 - 1. Fachkonferenz Transport von Lithiumbatterien
CY - Munich, Germany
DA - 12.07.2024
KW - LIthiumbatterien
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62329
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schmidt, Anita
T1 - Transport von defekten Lithiumbatterien: Umsetzungspraxis der neuen Rechtsvorschriften, Wo besteht Forschungsbedarf?
N2 - Transport von defekten Lithiumbatterien - die BAM setzt die Vorschriften des internationalen Gefahrguttransportrechts für defekte Lithiumbatterien um. Um die Kompetenz hierfür sicherzustellen, bedarf es eigener Forschungstätigkeit. Auch im zuständigen UN Gremium werden Untersuchungen durchgeführt, an denen die BAM beteiligt ist.
T2 - Fachkonferenz Lithiumbatterien
CY - Göttingen, Germany
DA - 22.01.2020
KW - Lithiumbatterien
KW - Gefahrguttransport
KW - ADR
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-50806
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Prenner, Stefanie
A1 - Part, Florian
A1 - Jung-Waclik, Sabine
A1 - Bordes, Arnaud
A1 - Leonhardt, Robert
A1 - Jandric, Aleksander
A1 - Schmidt, Anita
A1 - Huber-Humer, Marion
T1 - Barriers and framework conditions for the market entry of second-life lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles
N2 - Transition to circular economy for lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles requires integrating multiple stages of the value cycle. However, strategies aimed at extending the lifetime of batteries are not yet sufficiently considered within the European battery industry, particularly regarding repurposing. Using second-life lithium-ion batteries (SLBs) before subsequent recycling can offer several advantages, such as the development of sustainable business models, the reduction of emissions, and alignment with UN Sustainable Development Goals 7, 12, and 13. Using expert and problem-centred interviews along with an exploratory workshop, this study guides stakeholders in the battery sector by illustrating the necessary changes for a more holistic circular economy. Moreover, an extended political, economic, social, technological, environmental, legal, and additionally safety-related (PESSTEL) analysis approach is carried out, which has not yet been used in this context. In this process, barriers, as well as necessary institutional framework conditions and organisational requirements for a successful market entry of SLB applications are investigated. Among others, key barriers relate to the competition with first-life applications and safety concerns. SLBs require high manual labour costs for repurposing, along with expenses for expired warranties and re-certifications. Ownership structures in traditional business models often result in SLBs and their corresponding usage data staying under the control of the manufacturers. Market viability, however, requires a level playing field for both first-life and second-life operators as well as circular battery and data-sharing business models. Gathering data on the ageing performance and performing improved safety testing according to test protocols facilitates the reliable assessment of SLBs.
KW - Electric vehicle
KW - Circular economy
KW - Market entry barrier
KW - Repurposing
KW - Second-life lithium-ion battery
KW - Second-life battery energy storage system
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-614543
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37423
VL - 10
IS - 18
SP - 1
EP - 15
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-61454
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Müllner, S.
A1 - Held, T.
A1 - Tichter, Tim
A1 - Rank, P.
A1 - Leykam, D.
A1 - Jiang, W.
A1 - Lunkenbein, T.
A1 - Gerdes, T.
A1 - Roth, C.
T1 - Impact of Functional Groups in Reduced Graphene Oxide Matrices for High Energy Anodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries
N2 - Most high capacity anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LiB) require a carbonaceous matrix. In this context one promising material is reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Herein, we present the influence of different reduction degrees of rGO on its physico-chemical properties, such as crystallinity, specific surface area, electrical conductivity and electrochemical lithiation/delithiation behavior. It is found that a heat treatment under inert and reducing atmospheres increases the long-range order of rGO up to a temperature of 700 °C. At temperatures around 1000 °C, the crystallinity decreases. With decreasing oxygen content, a linear decrease in irreversible capacity during cycle 1 can be observed, along with a significant increase in electrical conductivity. This decrease in irreversible capacity can be observed despite an increase in specific surface area indicating the more significant influence of the oxygen content on the capacity loss. Consequently, the reversible capacity increases continuously up to a carbon content of 84.4 at% due to the thermal reduction. Contrary to expectations, the capacity decreases with further reduction. This can be explained by the loss of functional groups that will be lithiated reversibly, and a simultaneous reduction of long-range order, as concluded from dq/dU analysis in combination with XRD analysis.
KW - Batteries
KW - Functional Materials
KW - Graphene Oxide
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-606852
DO - https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ace70a
SN - 0013-4651
VL - 170
IS - 7
SP - 1
EP - 12
PB - The Electrochemical Society
AN - OPUS4-60685
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Caianiello, Carlo
A1 - Tichter, Tim
A1 - Arenas, Luis F.
A1 - Wilhelm, René
T1 - Toward Symmetric Organic Aqueous Flow Batteries: Triarylamine‐Based Bipolar Molecules and Their Characterization via an Extended Koutecký–Levich Analysis
N2 - Symmetric organic flow batteries (SOFBs) can potentially address membrane crossover problems by employing bipolar redox‐active organic molecules (BROMs). Herein, a triarylamine (TAA) skeleton was chosen as a posolyte moiety for a new class of bipolar molecules for pH‐neutral aqueous flow batteries (FBs). Pyridinium and viologen derivatives were tethered to the posolyte moiety, and the new compounds were characterized. Cyclic voltammetry revealed that only viologen with a highly hydrophilic substituent, connected to the TAA moiety via a Zincke reaction, could be reversibly reduced. Varying the supporting electrolyte concentration on the selected derivative revealed water solubility as a challenge for further development. The selected derivative, MeO‐TPA‐Vi‐DMAE, was subjected to hydrodynamic voltammetry, and a modified Koutecký–Levich analysis was developed to investigate the observed potential‐dependent currents at the hydrodynamically dominated region, which are often seen with redox‐active organic molecules. This model discarded a purely Ohmic effect, showing a useful Levich slope at a certain overpotential before the onset of a secondary reaction. TAA‐based BROMs hold promise for pH‐neutral aqueous SOFBs, and the results will guide the design of new derivatives. The three‐term Koutecký–Levich relation here introduced will be useful not only to develop BROM‐based FBs but will most likely appeal to a much broader audience.
KW - Redox Flow Batteries
KW - Koutecký-Levich Analysis
KW - Rotating Disc Electrode
KW - Redox-active Bipolar Molecules
KW - Electrode Kinetics
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-631476
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202500815
SN - 1521-3765
SP - 1
EP - 15
PB - Wiley VHC-Verlag
AN - OPUS4-63147
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schmidt, Anita
T1 - Umgang mit defekten Lithiumbatterien - Transport und Lagerung
N2 - Während es umfangreiche Transportvorschriften für Lithiumbatterien und auch defekte Lithiumbatterien gibt, gibt es aktuell keine Lagervorschriften. Jedoch sind hier einige Aktivitäten und Ansätze zu verzeichnen, die ebenfalls vorgestellt werden. Ein Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf e-bike Akkus.
T2 - VdS-Fachtagung "Lithium-Batterien: Brand- und Arbeitsschutz"
CY - Collogne, Germany
DA - 17.09.21
KW - Lithium Batterien
KW - Transport
KW - Lagerung
KW - E-bike Akkus
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-54180
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tichter, Tim
T1 - Thermal Investigations on Battery Safety
N2 - The transportation and storage of lithium-ion batteries (LIB) — damaged or in an undefined state — is a major safety concern for regulatory institutions. Damaged LIBs pose the risk of a so-called thermal runaway (TR), a strongly exothermic reaction with the formation of gases, flames or even an explosion of the battery. The relevance of this issue is underlined by the number of fires that have occurred at recycling centers in the recent past. One solution to circumvent a TR is given by thermal passivation (i.e. deep-freezing) of batteries. Practically, this method is already used and temperatures below -60 °C are considered safe.
In this talk, the parameter battery safety is revisited under the premise of heat-transfer and activation energies. At first, mechanically initiated TRs are compared for different cell chemistries, cell sizes, and temperatures, revealing that the threshold of thermal passivation is vastly system specific. Combining these results with differential scanning calorimetry underlines that the hazard potential of a battery is not necessarily eliminated by freezing the electrolyte. Instead, the potential for a TR needs to be regarded as a multivariant function of energy content, cell-voltage, chemical stability, and electrokinetic performance. Since the latter parameter is known to be vastly temperature-dependent, it is addressed in detail by a low-temperature electrokinetic study of different types of LIB. In this context, it is demonstrated that batteries are kinetically active even at temperatures well below the freezing point of the electrolyte and that their instantaneous power output is resembled sufficiently via Arrhenius´ law.
To get a detailed understanding of cell-specific heat release during and prior to a TR, data from accelerated rate calorimetry will be discussed for various cell types at different state of charge and state of health. This will eventually provide a conclusive picture how a cell-internal TR-propagation takes place and which parameters need to be deliberately tuned under the premise of battery safety.
T2 - 26. Kalorimetrietge
CY - Leipzig, Germany
DA - 11.06.2025
KW - Thermal passivation of batteries
KW - Critically defective batteries
KW - Differential scanning calorimetry
KW - High-speed nail penetration
KW - Accelerated rate calorimetry
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65058
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
T1 - Influence of Ultrasonic-Assisted Milling on Surface Integrity of Additively Manufactured Components Using DED-Arc/GMAW
N2 - Additive manufacturing (AM) is increasingly used for producing complex metallic com-ponents. Subsequent machining is essential to achieve final geometries and surface conditions. The resulting surface integrity, particularly the near-surface residual stress state, plays a crucial role in component performance and fatigue life. This study inves-tigates the potential of ultrasonic-assisted milling (USAM), a hybrid machining process, to improve surface integrity and machinability compared to conventional milling (CM). Three materials were investigated, two difficult-to-cut materials CoCr26Ni9Mo5W and FeNi36 and a low-alloy steel S355J2C. The CoCr26Ni9Mo5W and FeNi36 were addi-tively manufactured via DED-Arc and then machined with varying cutting speeds and feed rates within a Design of Experiments. USAM exhibited enhanced machinability and surface integrity, particularly at low cutting speeds, by reducing cutting forces up to 40% and shifting near-surface residual stresses from tensile to compressive. For S355J2C, USAM reduced cutting forces by approximately 45% and induced surface-near compressive residual stresses up to approximately -700 MPa, leading to a 11% higher fatigue strength compared to CM. These findings highlight the advantages of ultrasonic assistance in post-AM machining, offering enhanced fatigue performance and surface quality for various metallic materials.
T2 - 4th International Conference on Advanced Joining Processes 2025
CY - Coimbra, Portugal
DA - 16.10.2025
KW - Ultrasonic-assisted milling
KW - Additive manufacturing
KW - Surface integrity
KW - Fatigue strength
KW - Residual stress
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65051
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
T1 - Influence of Substrate Design on Properties and Residual Stresses in Hybrid AM/DED-Arc of High-Strength Steels
N2 - High-strength, fine-grained structural steels are increasingly used in modern steel construction to meet economic and environmental demands through lightweight design and reduced material usage. Additive manufacturing (AM), in particularly direct energy deposition with gas metal arc welding (DED-Arc), offers significant advantages in flex-ibility, production speed, and cost efficiency. In hybrid AM, conventionally manufac-tured parts are extended or modified using AM processes. Welding-induced residual stresses, especially in the transition area, pose challenges to structural integrity. This study investigates the influence of substrate design and thermal pretreatment on the residual stress state of hybrid AM components made from base material steel S690QL and a welding filler, a modified solid wire G79. Two substrate geometries (I- and T-substrate) are analysed, which are additively and conventionally manufactured, re-spectively. Results show that substrate geometry significantly affects local residual stresses, microstructure and hardness, particularly in the transition are. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the evolution of welding stresses in hybrid AM components to achieve reliable, crack-resistant and economic high-strength steel structures.
T2 - 4th International Conference on Advanced Joining Processes 2025
CY - Coimbra, Portugal
DA - 16.10.2025
KW - DED-Arc
KW - Residual stress
KW - Hybrid additive manufacturing
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65048
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Scharf-Wildenhain, R.
T1 - Influence of build-up height on residual stresses in additive repair and modification of multi-material composites using DED-Arc
N2 - The application of steels with a higher yield strength allows reductions in wall thickness, component weight and production costs. Hybrid additive manufacturing based on Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) processes (DED-Arc) can be used to realise highly effi-cient component modifications and repairs on semi-finished products and additively manufactured structures. There are still a number of key issues preventing widespread implementation, particularly for SMEs. In addition to the manufacturing design, detailed information about assembly strategy and geometric adaptation of the component for modifications or repairs are missing. These include the welding-related stresses associ-ated with the microstructural influences caused by the additive manufacturing steps, particularly in the transition area of the substrate and filler material interface. The present research focuses the effect of component height on residual stress distribution. Defined specimens were welded fully automatically with a high-strength solid wire (yield strength > 790 MPa) especially adapted for DED-Arc on S690QL substrate.
T2 - IIW intermediate meeting for commission IX
CY - Trollhätten, Sweden
DA - 12.03.2025
KW - DED-Arc
KW - Residual stress
KW - Component height
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65046
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tichter, Tim
T1 - Analytical solutions for the impedance of symmetrically distributed relaxation processes
N2 - Distribution of relaxation times (DRT) analysis of impedance data is a powerful tool for unravelling entangled relaxation processes. However, reconstructing the DRT function from experimental data is an ill-posed inversion problem which suffers from noisy input and, hence, assigns a pseudo-signal to any kind of noise. To circumvent the resulting overfitting, different methods have been proposed, which are usually based on regularization.
Alternatively, carefully selected distributed basis functions (e.g. Gauss-type, Cauchy-type, Matern-type) can be included in the algorithm of DRT reconstruction. This concept originates from the work of Cuicci and coworkers and has been implemented in their great software package DRT-tools. While this works exceptionally well for minimizing the demand on regularization, it must be kept in mind that the impedance of real-world relaxation processes of the constant phase element type is not represented by any of the resulting DRT functions.
Bridging this gap was therefore the motivation for the present study. We derived analytical solutions for the impedance of several different types of distribution functions. The resulting impedances are compared with classical relaxation models and special features are pinpointed. The choice of an optimized basis function for reconstructing the DRT from experimentally acquired impedance data will improve electrochemical analysis in future work. Additionally, analytical solutions may be used for assigning a physical origin to the distributed behaviour in the impedance of certain types of electrodes.
T2 - Bunsentagung
CY - Leipzig, Germany
DA - 17.03.2025
KW - Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
KW - Distribution of Relaxation Times
KW - Cauchy Distribution
KW - Gaussian Distribution
KW - Cole-Cole Relaxation
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62894
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Scharpmann, Philippa
T1 - Tracing overdischarge-induced degradation in lithium-ion cells using cyclic voltammetry and differential voltage analysis
N2 - Differential voltage analysis (DVA) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) are powerful
electroanalytical techniques. While CV can be used to study the kinetics of electron transfer reactions [1], DVA can visualise phase transitions by correlating the opencircuit voltage and exchanged charge [2]. Recently, DVA receives an increasing attention in the battery community for characterising full-cell setups. In contrast, CV is less prominent for batteries, yet the prevalently used technique for ex-situ characterisations of novel electrode materials in half-cell configuration.
In this study, we have investigated the overdischarge process of LiFePO4 pouch cells – which is usually presumed to result in a decomposition of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and a corrosion of the copper current collector – in a complementary electrochemical analysis which uses both, CV and DVA in full-cell mode. For this purpose, CV consisting of three low sweep-rate scans and DVA of three low current rate cycles was performed. Degradation was traced by successive CV/DVA sequences during, pre- and post-overdischarge which allowed to pinpoint the features, the limitations, and similarities of both techniques.
In this manner, we demonstrate that CV can successfully identify the dynamics of degradation processes, indicating that an irreversible side reaction starts at cell voltages below 0.55 V. For this reason, this study underlines that CV can be effectively used for spotting dynamic degradation mechanisms which are hardy seen in DVA. This may pave the way for further analysis which can be used for fingerprinting characteristic degradation.
T2 - 124. Bunsentagung 2025
CY - Leipzig, Germany
DA - 17.03.2025
KW - Differential Voltage Analysis
KW - Cyclic Voltammetry
KW - Batteries
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65055
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Tichter, Tim
A1 - Tichter, Alex
A1 - Andrae, Dirk
A1 - Roth, Christina
T1 - Simulating cyclic voltammetry at rough electrodes by the digital-simulation–deconvolution–convolution algorithm
N2 - The influence of electrode roughness on diffusional cyclic voltammetry (CV) is investigated from a theoretical perspective. For this purpose, the digital-simulation–deconvolution–convolution (DSDC) algorithm, initially developed for the simulation of CV at porous electrodes, is subjected to three substantial modifications. First, by employing adaptive numerical resolution and sample volumina, the computational demand of the digital simulation (DS) step is reduced significantly. Second, by modifying the Douglas–Gunn algorithm of the DS-step to operate on an arbitrarily incremented spatial grid perpendicular to the macroscopically planar electrode surface, the bulk of the fluid can be treated with an exponentially increasing spatial discretization which uses computational power even more efficiently. The third modification is an optimization of the computationally demanding deconvolution step which is used to extract the mass-transfer function from the data computed in the DS-step. This, initially recursive procedure, is replaced by a three-step sequence consisting of (I) a numerical Laplace transformation (NLT) on an exponentially expanding time-grid, (II) a Laplace-domain integration (LDI) and finally (III) a numerical inversion of Laplace transformation (NILT) using the Gaver–Stehfest (GS) inversion formula. Based on this novel strategy for CV simulation, the effects of electrode roughness are thoroughly investigated. It is demonstrated that for an ideally reversible reaction the effects of electrode roughness on the CV response are insignificant at common experimental timescales. In contrast, for scenarios with electrochemically quasi-reversible (or irreversible) kinetics, the apparent rate constants are allegedly upscaled by the area ratio 𝜓 = 𝐴rough∕𝐴planar . This manifests in a lower peak-to-peak separation without a distortion of the shape of the voltammetric profile. This behavior is finally explained in a quantitative manner in terms of convolution-sums and mass-transfer functions which ultimately puts the parameter electrode roughness into the semianalytical framework of convolutive modeling.
KW - Rough electrodes
KW - Electrode kinetics and Peak-to-Peak separation
KW - Vanadium redox-flow batteries
KW - Convolutive modeling
KW - Digital-simulation
KW - Numerical inversion of Laplace transformation
KW - Gaver–Stehfest inversion formula
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-614620
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2024.145175
VL - 508
SP - 1
EP - 17
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-61462
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Scharpmann, Philippa
T1 - Exploring the effects of accelerated ageing on lithium- and sodium-ion cells
N2 - Lithium-iron-phosphate (LFP) and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) offer safe and cost-effective options for energy storage. In this study, the effects of continuous electrical stress, including high current loads and overdischarge, during cyclic ageing are investigated by tracing capacity loss and Coulombic efficiency during cycling of both cell types. Additionally, differential voltage analysis of pseudo open-circuit voltage discharges is utilised for degradation mode analysis. The results show that electrical stress accelerates degradation in both LFPs and SIBs, with high current rates potentially triggering plating or even cell failure in SIBs. Overdischarging primarily intensifies ageing by promoting accelerated solid electrolyte interphase growth.
T2 - Doktorandenseminar der Technischen Universität Berlin
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 29.09.2025
KW - Lithium-ion -batteries
KW - Sodium-ion-batteries
KW - Electrical stress
KW - Differential voltage analysis
KW - Plating
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65057
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Scharpmann, Philippa
T1 - Electrochemical characterisation of degradation mechanisms in lithium- and sodium-ion batteries during overdischarge
N2 - Lithium-iron-phosphate (LFP) and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are promising technologies for energy storage systems due to their safe handling and cost-effectiveness. SIBs can be discharged to 0V without the safety concerns associated with lithium-ion batteries' copper current collector oxidation. However, overdischarging both types of batteries may decompose and subsequently rebuild the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), leading to irreversible capacity loss and degradation.
This study performs an in-situ analysis of the overdischarge process of LiFePO4 pouch and Na-ion cylindrical cells. Therefore, the cells are characterised for three low C-rate constant current or three slow-scan voltage cycles. While the voltage range of the manufacturer’s specifications is chosen for the first and third cycle, for the second cycle the minimum voltage is modified to 0.5V (LFP) and 0V (SIB), respectively. This enables tracing the degradation during the overdischarge, as well as through a comparison of the results pre- and post-overdischarging. For this purpose, the study employs two electrochemical characterisation techniques: differential voltage analysis (DVA) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). While cyclic voltammetry allows for the study of the kinetics of electron transfers [1], DVA enables the assessment of lithium distribution homogeneity and capacity degradation [2].
In both cells, the characterisation shows significant differences before and after overdischarging, indicating lasting changes through the decomposition and rebuilding of the SEI. This comparative study elucidates the overdischarge-induced degradation in sodium- and lithium-ion batteries, highlighting the utility of CV and DVA in analysing degradation mechanisms.
T2 - Advanced Battery Power
CY - Aachen, Germany
DA - 02.04.2025
KW - Battery degradation
KW - Overdischarge
KW - Solid electrolyte interphase
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65056
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - THES
A1 - Mirtschin, Nikolaus
T1 - Thermomechanisches Verhalten von semikristallinem Polyester-Urethan
N2 - Formgedächtnispolymere werden durch thermomechanische Vorbehandlung, die Programmierung, in eine temporäre Form überführt. In die Ursprungsform kehren sie dann erst nach externer Stimulierung, durch Auslösen des Formgedächtniseffekts, wieder zurück. Um diesen Effekt zu optimieren, werden in dieser Arbeit thermomechanische Designoptionen analysiert und Stellschrauben der Programmierung diskutiert. Quantifiziert wird das Materialverhalten eines physikalisch vernetzten Polyurethans mit semikristalliner Polyester-Weichsegmentphase (PEU) in thermomechanischen Messungen, in denen das Polymer Dehnungen bis über 1000% fixiert.
Deformationen im breiten Schmelzübergangsbereich der Weichsegmentphase ermöglichen die präzise Kontrolle über die Temperaturen der Dehnungs- und Spannungsrückstellung, den bekannten Temperaturgedächtniseffekt (TGE). Erst durch eine neuartige Programmierung wird jedoch der Beginn der Rückstellung einstellbar. Für diesen Onset-TGE wird das PEU direkt nach dem Recken entlastet und danach unter die Kristallisationstemperatur abgekühlt. In situ Röntgenstreuung zeigt, dass durch den frühen Entlastungszeitpunkt nur der Teil der kristallinen Weichsegmentphase zur Fixierung beiträgt, der auch beim Recken kristallin ist. Die Kristallinität bietet daher eine Stellschraube, um das thermomechanische Verhalten zu veredeln. Über die Optimierungsparameter Reckrate, Temperaturhaltezeit und maximale Dehnung erzielt das PEU hohe Fixierbarkeiten und Rückstellspannungen, ohne die Rückstellung und den Onset-TGE zu beeinträchtigen. Durch die Erweiterung der Programmierung des Onset-TGEs hin zu einer zweiten Deformation und Entlastung innerhalb des Schmelzübergangs zeigt das PEU einen bisher nicht berichteten zweistufigen Spannungsanstieg während der Rückstellung. Ein Temperaturlimit für den Onset-TGE stellt die Peak-Schmelztemperatur aus der dynamischen Differenzkalorimetrie dar. Durch die verbleibende Kristallinität oberhalb dieser Temperatur führt die Deformation und Entlastung direkt zur thermoreversiblen Aktuation mit Dehnungsänderungen bis zu 28%.
Die Ergebnisse werden auf einen Miniaturisierungsansatz für schaltbare Informationsträger übertragen, mit denen eine maschinenlesbare Information von nichtlesbar nach lesbar geschaltet werden kann. In einer Machbarkeitsstudie wird der für Sensoranwendungen vielversprechende Onset-TGE genutzt, um die Lesbarkeit der Informationsträger bei einer vordefinierten Temperatur zu schalten. Das erweitert das potentielle Anwendungsfeld der Technologie vom Produkt- und Markenschutz zur Überwachung von Kühlketten.
N2 - Shape memory polymers are able to change their shape upon application of an external stimulus. This behavior requires a thermomechanical treatment, so-called programming, to establish a temporary shape. To optimize the shape memory performance, thermomechanical design options will be analyzed and programming parameters discussed in the present thesis. The material behavior of a physically crosslinked polyurethane with semicrystalline polyester soft segments (PEU) is quantified by thermomechanical measurements, where the polymer fixes strains of above 1000%.
The deformation within the broad melting transition of the soft segment phase enables the precise control over the temperatures of strain and stress recovery, also known as temperature-memory effect (TME). But only the herein introduced programming route, consisting in elongation and unloading prior to cooling below the crystallization transition, allows for fine-tuning the beginning of recovery. For the resulting onset-TME in situ X-ray scattering indicates that only soft segment crystals contribute to fixation, which are crystalline during deformation. Therefore, the crystallinity opens the door for gaining precisely control over the thermomechanical behavior. Optimization parameters for reaching high strain fixities and recovery stresses without compromising recovery nor the onset-TME are found in the strain rate, temperature holding time and maximum strain. When extending the programming route for onset-TMEs towards a second deformation and unloading step of PEU within the melting transition, an unreported two-step stress recovery is rendered possible. However, the peak melting temperature determined from differential scanning calorimetry represents a temperature limit for the onset control. Through the residual crystallinity above that temperature, deformation and unloading yield thermoreversible actuation with strain changes up to 28%. The findings are transferred to a miniaturization approach for switchable information carriers for switching encoded information from machine-unreadable to readable. In a proof-of-concept study the onset-TME – promising for sensor applications – can be exploited in order to predefine a temperature threshold value for readability of information carriers. This behavior widen their potential applicability from product and brand protection to cold chain supervision.
T3 - BAM Dissertationsreihe - 156
KW - Formgedächtnispolymere
KW - Temperaturgedächtnispolymere
KW - Polyester-Urethan
KW - Thermomechanische Eigenschaften
KW - Programmierung
PY - 2017
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-399648
SN - 978-3-9818270-5-7
SN - 1613-4249
VL - 156
SP - iii
EP - 150
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-39964
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Levchuk, I.
A1 - Würth, Christian
A1 - Krause, F.
A1 - Osvet, A.
A1 - Batentschuk, M.
A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute
A1 - Kolbeck, C.
A1 - Herre, P.
A1 - Steinrück, H.P.
A1 - Peukert, W.
A1 - Brabec, C. J.
T1 - Industrially scalable and cost-effective Mn2+ doped ZnxCd1-xS/ZnS nanocrystals with 70% photoluminescence quantum yield, as efficient down-shifting materials in photovoltaics
N2 - We present colloidally stable and highly luminescent ZnxCd1_xS:Mn/ZnS core–shell nanocrystals (NCs) synthesized via a simple non-injection one-pot, two-step synthetic route, which can be easily upscaled. A systematic variation of the reaction component, parameters and thickness of the ZnS shell yielded doped nanocrystals with a very high photoluminescence quantum yield (pl) of 70%, which is the highest value yet reported for these Mn-doped sulfide-semiconductor NCs. These materials can be synthesized with high reproducibility in large quantities of the same high quality, i.e., the same pl using accordingly optimized reaction conditions. The application of these zero-reabsorption high quality NCs in the light conversion layers, deposited on top of a commercial monocrystalline silicon (mono-Si) solar cell, led to a significant enhancement of the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of this device in the ultraviolet spectral region between 300 and 400 nm up to ca. 12%. EQE enhancement is reflected by an increase in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) by nearly 0.5 percentage points and approached the theoretical limit (0.6%) expected from down-shifting for this Si solar cell. The resulting PCE may result in a BoM (bill of materials) cost reduction of app. 3% for mono-Si photovoltaic modules. Such small but distinct improvements are expected to pave the road for an industrial application of doped semiconductor NCs as cost-effective light converters for silicon photovoltaic (PV) and other optoelectronic applications.
KW - photovoltaics
KW - solar cell
KW - photoluminescence quantum yield
KW - nanocrystals
PY - 2016
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-358594
DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ee03165f
VL - 9
SP - 1083
EP - 1094
PB - The Royal Society of Chemistry
CY - Cambridge, England
AN - OPUS4-35859
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Farhan, Muhammad
A1 - Schneider, Ronald
A1 - Thöns, Sebastian
T1 - Predictive information and maintenance optimization based on decision theory: a case study considering a welded joint in an offshore wind turbine support structure
N2 - Predictive information and maintenance optimization for deteriorating structures is concerned with scheduling (a) the collection of information by inspection and monitoring and (b) maintenance actions such as repair, replacement, and retrofitting based on updated predictions of the future condition of the structural system. In this article, we consider the problem of jointly identifying—at the beginning of the service life—the optimal inspection time and repair strategy for a generic welded joint in a generic offshore wind turbine structure subject to fatigue. The optimization is performed based on different types of decision analyses including value of information analyses to quantify the expected service life cost encompassing inspection, repair, and fatigue damage for all relevant combinations of inspection time, repair method, and repair time. Based on the analysis of the expected service life cost, the optimal inspection time, repair method, and repair time are identified. Possible repair methods for a welded joint in an offshore environment include welding and grinding, for which detailed models are formulated and utilized to update the joint’s fatigue performance. The decision analyses reveal that an inspection should be scheduled approximately at mid-service life of the welded joint. A repair should be performed in the same year after an indication and measurement of a fatigue crack given an optimal inspection scheduling. This article concludes with a discussion on the results obtained from the decision and value of information analyses.
KW - Integrity management
KW - Value of information
KW - Decision theory
KW - Structural reliability
KW - Fracture mechanics
KW - Fatigue
KW - Predictive maintenance
KW - Wind turbine support structure
PY - 2021
DO - https://doi.org/10.1177/1475921720981833
SN - 1475-9217
SN - 1741-3168
PB - Sage Publications
CY - London
AN - OPUS4-52771
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Thöns, Sebastian
A1 - Faber, M. H.
A1 - Rücker, Werner
T1 - Optimierung des Managements der Tragwerksintegrität für Offshore-Windenergieanlagen
N2 - Dieser Artikel enthält aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse im Bereich des überwachungsgestützten Managements der Tragwerksintegrität. Das Management der Tragwerksintegrität hat zum Ziel, die Funktionalität eines Tragwerks während des gesamten Lebenszyklus durch Einhaltung der Zielzuverlässigkeiten sicherzustellen. Ausgehend von Forschungsergebnissen über die Charakteristik von Überwachungsverfahren und -daten im Rahmen von Zuverlässigkeitsanalysen, wird ein Ansatz vorgestellt, wie die erwarteten Kosten für das Management der Tragwerksintegrität durch Überwachungsverfahren optimiert werden können. Dazu wird eine Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse für den Lebenszyklus einer Gründungstruktur von Offshore-Windenergieanlagen durchgeführt. Im Rahmen der Bayes'schen Entscheidungstheorie werden durch eine Prä-posteriori-Entscheidungsanalyse die optimalen Entscheidungsparameter für den Entwurf eines Überwachungssystems bestimmt. Als Fallstudie wird ein Überwachungssystem für die Gründungsstruktur eines Multibrid-M5000-Prototyps konzipiert und die mögliche Reduktion der Risiken und erwarteten Betriebskosten quantifiziert.
N2 - This paper contains recent research results in the field of monitoring supported structural integrity management. The structural integrity management aims at ensuring the functioning of a structure throughout the life cycle by compliance with the target reliabilities. Building upon research results concerning the characteristics of monitoring techniques and data within the framework of reliability analyses, an approach is introduced for the optimisation of the expected structural integrity management costs by monitoring information. For this aim, a life cycle cost benefit analysis for offshore wind turbine support structures is formulated. The optimal monitoring decision parameters are then assessed utilizing the Bayesian pre-posterior decision theory. As a case study a monitoring system for a Multibrid M5000 offshore wind turbine prototype support structure is designed and possible reductions of the risks and expected costs are quantified.
KW - Management der Tragwerksintegrität
KW - Messunsicherheit
KW - Tragwerkszuverlässigkeit
KW - Bayes'sche Aktualisierung
KW - Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse
KW - Lebenszyklus
KW - Structural integrity management
KW - Measurement uncertainty
KW - Structural reliability
KW - Bayesian updating
KW - Cost-benefit analysis
KW - Life cycle
KW - Bauwerkserhaltung/Sanierung - Maintenance and Repair
KW - Meerestechnik - Offshore engineering
KW - Stahlbau - Steel construction
PY - 2012
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/bate.201200021
SN - 0932-8351
SN - 1437-0999
SN - 0005-6820
SN - 0341-1052
SN - 0932-6359
VL - 89
IS - 8
SP - 525
EP - 532
PB - Ernst & Sohn
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-26313
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schmidt, Anita
T1 - Lithiumbatterien - Transport und Sicherheit
N2 - Regularien und Anforderungen (zum Transport) von Lithiumbatterien.
T2 - 6. Photovoltaik-Betriebs- und Sicherheitstagung
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 24.11.2022
KW - Lithiumbatterien
KW - Regularien
KW - Energiespeicher
KW - Transport
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56744
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schmidt, Anita
T1 - Neue Regeln - Klassifizierungsregeln: Was tut sich auf UN-Ebene? - TRGS 520: Es tut sich etwas auf nationaler Ebene
N2 - Die Entwicklungen der Regelwerke auf nationaler und internationaler Ebene werden vorgestellt. Die BAM ist hier beteiligt und trägt mit zahlreichen Versuchsergebnissen bei, die hier erläutert werden.
T2 - Fachkonferenz Lithiumbatterien
CY - Göttingen, Germany
DA - 23.01.2023
KW - Lithiumbatterien
KW - Prüfung
KW - Regelwerksentwicklung
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-59275
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schmidt, Anita
T1 - Safety in transport of Li-ion batteries
N2 - Safety in transport is the pre-requisite for bringing Lithium-ion batteries on the market. In order to consider the different types and degree of hazards, UN has set out to define a new classification system based on testing. BAM has participated in the test rounds and presents here the results.
T2 - Technical Workshop on Advanced Materials Challenges and Standardisation Needs for Net Zero Technologies (AMCSNZT-2023)
CY - New Delhi, India
DA - 09.10.2023
KW - Lithium-ion batteries
KW - Propagation testing
KW - Safety
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-59274
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hübner, Martin
A1 - Dittmann, Florian
A1 - Kromm, Arne
A1 - Varfolomeev, Igor
A1 - Kannengiesser, Thomas
T1 - Improvement of Fatigue Resistance through the Application of a Low-Transformation-Temperature Welding Consumable
N2 - Low transformation temperature (LTT) welding consumables are an innovative approach to reduce tensile residual stress in weld seams and the surrounding heat affected zone (HAZ). The reduced tensile stress can lead to an improvement in fatigue strength of welded components. LTT alloys are characterized by a chemical composition which reduce the martensite start temperature (Ms) close to room temperature. This article focuses on a hybrid use of LTT filler metals, where the LTT filler is applied as an additional layer to conventional welds on fatigue-critical spots. Conventional gas metal arc welded longitudinal stiffeners are used as specimens. At the face ends of the stiffeners, a second LTT layer was added with various modifications in weld shapes. These different shapes were achieved by changing the welding parameters such as welding speed and offset to the first layer. These samples were used to analyze shape, dilution, resulting Ms, residual stress and fatigue strength. The dilatometer verified Ms and dilution did not change significant, although the area of the 2nd LTT weld seam was varying clear with each modification. However, the weld modification had a significant effect on the residual stress state and the fatigue strength. The X-ray determined residual stress in the HAZ became lower when the weld toe of the LTT layer was further away from the stiffener. All samples with LTT weld exhibit significantly higher fatigue strength values than conventionally single and double-layer welded samples. The lower the residual stress at weld toe, the higher the fatigue strength. The results show that on the one hand LTT filler metals increase the fatigue strength, and on the other hand the impact of LTT fillers materials is not restricted to the dilution and Ms, the shape of the weld seam must also be considered.
T2 - 4th international Conference on Advanced Joining Processes AJP
CY - Combria, Portugal
DA - 16.10.2025
KW - Low transformation temperature (LTT)
KW - Residual stress reduction
KW - Fatigue strength
KW - Longitudenal stiffener
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65090
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hübner, Martin
T1 - Bericht zum Fortschritt des laufenden Projekts: "Hybrider Einsatz von LTT-Schweißzusätzen zur Schwingfestigkeitsverbesserung hochfester Stahlbauteile"
N2 - Low Transformation Temperature (LTT) Schweißzusätze erzeugen während der Abkühlung Druckeigenspannungen in die Schweißnaht und Wärmeeinflusszone durch eine Volumenexpansion, wodurch die Ermüdungsfestigkeit erhöht werden kann. Um das Potential dieser neuartigen Schweißzusätze besser zu quantifizieren, wurden konventionelle Längssteifen als Probenkörper verwendet, welche an den Stirnseiten mit einer LTT-Zusatznaht geschweißt wurden. Durch Variation der Schweißparameter konnten unterschiedliche Nahtformen realisiert werden. Es konnte, je nach Nahtausführung, eine Erhöhung der Ermüdungsfestigkeit bei 2 Millionen Lastwechseln von 140% festgestellt werden. Somit sind LTT-Zusätze grundsätzlich geeignet, um die Ermüdungsfestigkeit zu erhöhen. Weiterhin wurde festgestellt, dass das Reparaturschweißen mit LTT Schweißzusätzen als Decklage ebenfalls zu einem deutlichen Ermüdungsfestigkeitsanstieg führte.
T2 - Sitzung des DVS Fachausschuss FA09 - Konstruktion und Festigkeit
CY - Düsseldorf, Germany
DA - 10.12.2025
KW - Low transformation temperature (LTT)
KW - Eigenspannungen
KW - Ermüdungsfestigkeit
KW - hochfeste Stähle
KW - Mikroproben
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65089
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Günzel, Stephan
A1 - Bock, Robert
T1 - Risk management and consequence control in hydrogen transport - volume dependent pressure limitation as a scientific approach for consequence control
N2 - With technological development, the transport units for compressed gases are becoming larger and their number is increasing. Simultaneously, the filling pressure for hydrogen in transport has increased far beyond the 200 bar, which has been the common European standard for decades. In total, this increases the potential consequences of an incident, which needs to get limited for ensuring acceptance in current practice with pressure vessels from large serial production.
Consequently, the measures for new developments of extremely large and highly pressurised pressure vessels should meet a risk based higher level of requirements. For this purpose, the so-called pressure-volume product was proposed as a safety related criteria to the relevant regulatory bodies in 2020. The approach was accepted, and a working group was set up at the United Nations for developing a broadly accepted limitation of today's established pressure vessels compared to future units with even more gas content. The path to the finally decided limit value of 1.5 million bar litres is presented here for hydrogen with its individual steps: ‘Boundary between major accident and disaster’, ‘The effect of pressure waves on the human body’, ‘The propagation of pressure waves’, ‘The reference value for population density’ and ‘Impact of pressure waves’. This result of the UN working group has been accepted in December 2023 and will lead to a binding limitation of the pressure volume product for the so called pressure receptacles by 2027. The work on units larger than this pV-limit is going on at ISO level.
T2 - 11th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety ICHS 2025
CY - Seoul, South Korea
DA - 22.09.2025
KW - Safety
KW - Hydrogen transport
KW - Major accident
KW - Pressure wave
KW - Population density
KW - UN Model Regulations
PY - 2025
SP - 1
EP - 14
AN - OPUS4-64199
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Camplese, Davide
A1 - Cozzolino, Chiara
A1 - Scarponi, Giordano Emrys
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
A1 - Otremba, Frank
A1 - Cozzani, Valerio
T1 - Safety Assessment of MLI Super-Insulation Systems for Cryogenic Liquid-Hydrogen Tanks in Fire Scenarios
N2 - In the context of green energy transition, cryogenic tanks insulated by MLI and vacuum are emerging as a leading solution to store hydrogen in heavy-duty vehicles. However, the integrity of such tanks can be jeopardized by fire. In such a scenario, MLI materials degradation can occur, leaving the tank unprotected from the fire heat flux, with consequent rapid pressurization and a high risk of failure. This study presents a safety assessment of non-combustible MLI under fire exposure based on the estimation of the time to mechanical failure of the equipment. This is calculated through an innovative model that simulates the thermomechanical response of the tank, including the MLI thermal degradation and the pressure-relief valve (PRV) operation. The application to several case studies that consider a typical LH2 tank featuring a wide range of MLI configurations demonstrated the likelihood of failure in case of exposure to a hydrocarbon pool fire, providing also comprehensive insights into the impact of the insulation characteristics and operating conditions on the time to
failure.
T2 - Loss Prevention 2025
CY - Bologna, Italien
DA - 09.06.2025
KW - LH2
KW - LNG
KW - Fire
KW - Insulation
KW - Safety
KW - Tank
PY - 2025
DO - https://doi.org/10.3303/CET25116036
SN - 2283-9216
IS - 116
SP - 211
EP - 216
PB - AIDIC
AN - OPUS4-63739
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tiebe, Carlo
A1 - Bayat, Mehmet E.
T1 - Measurement and Testing Methods for Sensors in Hydrogen Technologies
N2 - To ensure accurate results, it is advisable to conduct sensor testing under controlled conditions, focusing on identifying specific properties and quantifying performance criteria. The necessity of these evaluations lies in determining if a potentially beneficial sensor is a good fit for a specific application. Devices are typically factory-calibrated in according to ISO/IEC 17025, followed by testing/validation prior to intended use. Subsequent inspections/validations performance tests and long-term stability should be repeated in appropriate intervals.
We present the testing and calibration validation of a hydrogen sensor intended for safety applications, using dynamic dilution of hydrogen into clean, dry air.
• Sensor testing for the determination of non-explosive gas mixture composition, response time and characteristic curves of gas sensors, gas measuring devices.
• Hydrogen mole fraction: 100 μmol/mol to > 4.0 cmol/mol – (approximately equal to 0.1 Vol-% to > 4.0 Vol-%)
• Humidity: frost-point temperatures in the range of -85 °C to 15 °C (equal to 0.2 μmol/mol to 17000 μmol/mol humidity mole fraction) at ambient pressure
• Sensor output provided directly in hydrogen volume percent, as defined by the factory calibration.
The results obtained from the device under test demonstrate the effectiveness of the evaluated gas sensor in detecting and quantifying hydrogen. Its responses to different amounts of hydrogen in air and reliably returns to zero. To quantify the generated hydrogen mole fractions in situ and in operando, a process-GC-TCD-TCD system calibrated against our primary gas standards was used, ensuring the highest accuracy as a designated institute for primary gas standards.
This procedure provides a foundation for modern and efficient quality assurance of gas sensors.
T2 - 2025 IARIA Annual Congress on Frontiers in Science, Technology, Services, and Applications
CY - Venice, Italy
DA - 06.07.2025
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Sensor
KW - Quality
KW - Validation
KW - Data analysis
KW - Reference procedure
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64047
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schmidt, Anita
T1 - Lithiumbatterien im Seeschiffsverkehr: lassen sich zukünftig Brände verhindern?
N2 - Ausgehend von der Vielzahl an Bränden im Seeverkehr, die Lithiumbatteriebränden zugeschrieben werden, wird betrachtet, wie ein sichererer Transport von Lithiumbatterien im Seeverkehr erfolgen kann und inwiefern die BAM durch Ihre Mitarbeit in der Regelwerksentwicklung und Forschung dazu beiträgt.
T2 - KLIB Mitgliederforum
CY - Frankfurt am Main, Germany
DA - 19.03.2024
KW - Lithiumbatterien
KW - Gefahrguttransport
KW - Seeverkehr
KW - Sicherheit
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62324
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Thöns, Sebastian
A1 - McMillan, D.
T1 - Condition monitoring benefit for offshore wind turbines
N2 - As more offshore wind parks are commissioned, the focus will inevitably shift from a planuing, construction and warranty focus to an Operation, maintenance and investment payback focus. In this latter case, both short-term risks
associated with wind turbine component assemblies, and longterm risks related to structural integrity of the Support structure, are highly important. This research focuses on the role of condition monitoring to lower costs associated with short-term reliability and long-term asset integrity. This enables comparative estimates of life cycle costs and reduction in uncertainty, both of which are of value to Investors.
T2 - PMAPS 2012 - 12th International Conference on Probabilistic Methods Applied to Power Systems
CY - Istanbul, Turkey
DA - 10.06.2012
KW - Condition monitoring
KW - Offshore wind
KW - Operation
KW - Risk
KW - Life cycle
KW - Cost
KW - Cost benefit analysis
KW - Offshore wind turbine
KW - Operation management
KW - Structural integrity management
PY - 2012
SP - 37
EP - 42
PB - Istanbul Technical University
CY - Instanbul, Turkey
AN - OPUS4-26117
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Nattuveettil, Keerthana
A1 - Liebner, Christian
A1 - Tiebe, Carlo
T1 - Hydrogen safety- Dealing with Closed Spaces
N2 - Hydrogen is under discussion as a potentially clean energy source, but its safe usage and handling in enclosed environments remains a critical challenge due to the properties of hydrogen. This work focuses on detecting and monitoring hydrogen concentration in closed spaces to improve safety by developing a sensor network-based leak detection system to prevent of the accumulation of hazardous mixtures. Furthermore, the study details the implementation of a hydrogen sensor network within a container, analysing sensor placement, data collection, and safety improvements. The findings contribute to better risk assessment and enhanced safety protocols in hydrogen storage and usage facilities.
T2 - SMSI 2025
CY - Nuremberg, Germany
DA - 06.05.2025
KW - Sensor Network
KW - Hydrogen safety
KW - QI-Digital
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-640630
SN - 978-3-910600-06-5
DO - https://doi.org/10.5162/SMSI2025/C6.2
SP - 167
EP - 168
PB - AMA Verband für Sensorik und Messtechnik e.V.
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-64063
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Solberg, S. B. B.
A1 - Zimmermann, P.
A1 - Wilhelmsen, Ø.
A1 - Bock, Robert
A1 - Burheim, O. S.
T1 - Analytical treatment of ion-exchange permselectivity and transport number measurements for high accuracy
N2 - We analyse electromotive force measurements of concentration cells using non-equilibrium thermodynamics, and determine the transference coefficients of ion-exchange membranes in aqueous KCl solutions. By taking advantage of the analytical expression for the permselectivity, we extract transport coefficients with high accuracy. The transport number of K+ and the transference coefficient of water in the Selemion CMVN cationexchange membrane are found to be 100𝑡K+ = 99.59 ± 0.56 and 𝑡𝑤 = 3.69 ± 0.40 respectively, while for the Selemion AMVN anion-exchange membrane they are 100𝑡Cl− = 100.21 ± 0.37 and 𝑡𝑤 = −3.75 ± 0.27. These results suggest that the membranes are perfectly selective to the target ion, and that each ion carries 3-4 water molecules through the membrane, which reduces the membrane permselectivity. In these concentration cells, the electrical potential contribution of the membrane alone was more easily isolated with bare Ag/AgCl electrodes without reference solutions and liquid junction plugs. Additionally, we find a large contribution to the measured concentration cell voltage from concentration gradients across the porous plug of the reference electrode, which cannot be explained by Henderson’s equation alone. For most of the concentration range, the transport number of the porous plug is determined to be 100𝑡K+ = 49.43 ± 0.78 with negligible water transport, similar to literature values for bulk electrolyte. In dilute electrolyte solutions with concentrations below 0.1 mol kg−1, the plug shows anomalous behaviour consistent with an increase in K+ selectivity and water co-transport.
KW - Ion-exchange membranes
KW - Electrodialysis
KW - Non-equilibrium thermodynamics
KW - Electroosmosis
KW - Transport number
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-580654
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2023.121904
SN - 1873-3123
VL - 2023
IS - 685
PB - Elsevier
CY - New York, NY [u.a.]
AN - OPUS4-58065
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
T1 - NICOLHy - 1st Stakeholder Advisory Board meeting
N2 - The NICOLHy project aims to develop a novel insulation concept based on Vacuum Insulation Panels (VIP) that enables the safe, cost- and energy efficient storage of large quantities of LH2. Such large scale LH2 storage technology is necessary for establishing a hydrogen economy with dimensions between 40.000 m³ and more than 200.000 m³ of LH2. However, new design concepts are needed because the currently available technologies used in small and medium storages today are not suitable for up-scaling. The main problems prohibiting the up-scaling are the long production time due to the process chain, the low failure tolerance and the spherical shape, which reduces the payload in technical applications by up to 50% compared to other shapes. The novel concept will change these conditions by a system which is modular, open-form, time-and cost efficient while production, operation and service, multi-failure tolerant and applicable for onshore and offshore applications. The presentations shows details to the concept and presents several safety concerns the project has to deal with.
This document contains all presentations from NICOLHys first Stakeholder Meeting.
T2 - NICOLHy 1st Stakeholder Meeting
CY - Trondheim, Norway
DA - 24.06.2024
KW - Liquefied hydrogen
KW - Insulation
KW - Tanks
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61393
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
T1 - Untersuchung der Gefährdung von Personen und Bauwerken in Folge des Versagens von LNG-Kraftstoffspeichern für Fahrzeuge in Tunneln
N2 - Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) aus regenerativen Quellen, stellt einen potenziellen Kraftstoff für den Schwer- und Fernverkehr des Straßenverkehrs dar. Gegenüber seinen positiven Eigenschaften zu dem in diesem Verkehrssektor häufig verwendeten Kraftstoff Diesel birgt der Kraftstoff aber auch Gefahren für Personen und Bauwerke durch seine sehr niedrige Temperatur bei der Speicherung von ca. -160 °C und seine Explosionsfähigkeit in der Gas-Phase. In der Arbeit wurde sich mit der Gefährdung von Personen und Bauwerken hinsichtlich der von LNG ausgehenden Gefahren in Tunneln auseinandergesetzt.
Tunnel stellen besonders schützenswerte Bauwerke dar, da aus vorhergehenden Störfällen in Tunneln bekannt ist, dass diese mit hohen Personen-, Bauwerks-, und Volkswirtschaftlichen-Schäden einhergehen können.
Untersuchungsschwerpunkt bei der Bewertung von Gefährdungen durch LNG stellte eine Ereigniskaskade bestehend aus Freisetzung, Verdampfung, Stoffausbreitung und Zündung des sich gebildeten explosionsfähigen LNG-Gas/Luft-Gemisches dar. Mit dem Ziel eine solche Ereigniskaskade realitätsnah vorhersagen und zukünftig hierzu Risikoanalysen durchführen zu können wurden innerhalb der Arbeit Parameterstudien sowie Kalibrierungen und Validierungen gegenüber experimentellen Untersuchungen durchgeführt.
Mit den Modellen wurden in der Arbeit exemplarische Fallbeispiele zu Störfällen untersucht. Ergebnisse dieser waren, dass Gefährdungen insbesondere von flüssigem LNG nach dessen Freisetzung und der Verbrennung von LNG-Gas/Luft-Gemischen ausgingen.zeige weniger
N2 - Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) from regenerative sources is a potential fuel for heavy and long-distance road traffic. In contrast to its positive properties compared to diesel, which is often used in this transport sector, the fuel also contains hazards from its very low storage temperature of approx. -160 °C and its explosiveness in the gas phase for personal and structural safety. The dissertation dealt with the dangers to persons and infrastructures according to the hazards by LNG in tunnels. Tunnels are especiallyworth protecting structures since it is known from previous incidents in tunnels that they can go hand in hand with high damage to the people, the structure, and the economy.
The main focus of the investigation into the assessment of hazards from LNG was an event cascade consisting of release, evaporation, dispersion, and ignition of the explosive LNG-vapor/air-mixture formed. To realistically predict such an event cascade and being able to carry out risk analyzes for this purpose in the future, parameter studies such as calibrations and validations were carried out concerning experimental investigations.
Exemplary case studies on incidents were examined in the thesis with the validated models. The results of this were that there were especially hazards in particular from liquid LNG after its release and the combustion of LNG-vapor/air-mixtures.
T2 - Disputation, TU Berlin
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 19.01.2021
KW - Erneuerbare Energien
KW - Numerische Strömungsmechanik
KW - Sicherheitstechnik
KW - Verflüssigtes Erdgas
KW - CFD
KW - LNG
KW - Liquefied Natural Gas
KW - Renewable fuels
KW - Safety engineering
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52119
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
T1 - Untersuchung der Gefährdung von Personen und Bauwerken in Folge des Versagens von LNG-Kraftstoffspeichern für Fahrzeuge in Tunneln
N2 - Der Markt von LNG als Transportgut und als Kraftstoff ist seit Jahrzehnten kontinuierlich am Wachsen, wobei das Hauptanwendungsgebiet im Schiffsverkehr lag. LNG ist verflüssigtes Erdgas mit Hauptbestandteil Methan, das neben fossilen, aus erneuerbaren Quellen, wie synthetischen Methan oder Biogas, gewonnen werden kann. LNG hat als Kraftstoff sehr gute Eigenschaften dessen Potenzial als alternativer Kraftstoff zu Diesel im Schwerlast- und Fernverkehr gesehen wird. Dabei weist LNG gegenüber Diesel geringere Emissionen von CO2, Feinstaub, Stickoxiden und Lärm auf und hat gegenüber anderen erneuerbaren Energiespeichern wie CNG, Elektrobatterien oder Wasserstoff die höchste volumetrische und zweitgrößte gravimetrische Energiedichte. Neben seinen Vorteilen zu anderen erneuerbaren Energieträgern birgt LNG durch seine sehr niedrige Temperatur von bis zu 160°C und seiner Brennbarkeit aber auch neue Gefahren für Personen und Infrastrukturen.
Zur Bewertung von Gefahren und zur späteren Durchführung von Risikobewertungen bedarf es Methoden und Modellen deren Untersuchung Ziel des Forschungsprojekts war. Schwerpunkt der Untersuchung stellt die Freisetzung von LNG in Tunnel, mit sich anschließender Stoffausbreitung und verzögerter Zündung des Kraftstoff-Luftgemisches dar. Unfallszenarien mit Brandereignissen in Tunnel haben gezeigt, dass diese meist mit hohen Personen, Bauwerks und volkswirtschaftlichen Schäden verbunden sind. Des Weiteren zeigten Untersuchungen das von Gasexplosionen in Umschließungen wie sie ein Tunnel darstellt, mehr Gefahren ausgehen als von Gasexplosionen im Freifeld.
Im Vortrag werden die untersuchten Modelle und die aus dem Projekt gewonnenen Erkenntnisse für die Stoffausbreitung und Verbrennung der Gasphase von LNG in Umschließungen vorgestellt.
T2 - Abteilungs-Vortragsseminar-Doktoranden
CY - BAM Berlin, Germany
DA - 08.12.2020
KW - LNG
KW - Erdgas
KW - Störfall
KW - CFD
KW - Schwergas
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-51959
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Theiler, Geraldine
T1 - Effect of hydrogen pressure on the fretting behavior of elastomers
N2 - In this study, the fretting behavior of several elastomer materials against 316L were evaluated in air and hydrogen environment up to 10 MPa. Furthermore, aging experiments were conducted for 7 days under static conditions in 100 MPa hydrogen and the physical and mechanical properties of the rubber materials were examined before and after hydrogen exposure. Fretting tests revealed that the wear of these compounds is significantly affected by the hydrogen environment compared to air, especially with NBR grades. After aging experiment, the friction response of HNBR grades is characterized by increased adhesion due to elastic deformation, leading to partial slip.
T2 - ITC 2023: 9th International Tribology Conference 2023
CY - Fukuoka, Japan
DA - 26.09.2023
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Fretting
KW - Elastomers
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-61962
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
A1 - Hajhariri, Aliasghar
A1 - Camplese, D.
A1 - Scarponi, G. E.
A1 - Cozzani, V.
A1 - Otremba, Frank
T1 - Insulation Materials Used in Tanks for the Storage of Cryogenic Fluids in Fire Scenarios
N2 - The importance of tanks for storing cryogenic fluids in the energy industry is increasing because of ongoing political conflicts and the implementation of more environmentally friendly energy sources. Key representatives for the application of cryogenic tanks are natural gas in the form of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) and hydrogen, e. g. in the form of Liquefied Hydrogen (LH2), for which significantly higher transport capacities can be achieved with the same transport volume using cryogenic storages than with storages based solely on overpressure.
What applies to all cryogenic transported fluids in common is their condition that must be maintained. Hence heat flows into the preserved fluid must be minimized. Thermal super Insulations (TSI) based on e. g. multilayer insulations (MLI), perlites, and vacuum are utilized for this purpose and have already proven themselves in similar applications. However, for the use of tanks for cryogenic fluids in the transport sector, there is insufficient knowledge regarding the course and consequences of incidents, which is due to the still short period of use and the few documented incidents, hence few investigations carried out in this field. Typical scenarios in the transport sector represent car accidents with collisions, fires, and their combination, which are associated with extraordinary loads on the tank.
The focus of this study is to investigate the behavior of TSI as a result of their thermal exposure to a heat source representing a fire. It is worth mentioning that this could lead to an increase of the heat flux into a tank by several orders of magnitude, and to permanent damage of the TSI, ultimately rapid release of flammable gas as well as a Boiling Liquide Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE). For this purpose, a high temperature thermal vacuum chamber (HTTVC) has been developed that allows thermal loading of MLI or perlites in a vacuum and simultaneous measurement of heat flow through this TSI. The HTTVC is designed to represent realistic insulation conditions and to withstand thermal loads from typical design fires.
The HTTVC was applied to investigate TSI based on MLI and vacuum. It is shown that the thermal stress caused permanent damage to the TSI, with shrinkage, phase change, pyrolysis, and condensation being significant damage mechanisms. The results are relevant for the evaluation of accident scenarios and can thus contribute to the improvement of TSI and the development of emergency measures for the protection of persons and infrastructures.
T2 - ASME 2023 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference (PVP2023)
CY - Atlanta, Georgia, USA
DA - 16.07.2023
KW - LH2
KW - LNG
KW - Fire
KW - MLI
KW - Safety
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57974
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Scarponi, G.
T1 - Modelling the response of LH2 tanks equipment with Multi Layer Insulation to fire exposure
N2 - Hydrogen is among the most promising candidates to replace fossil fuels in the energy transition. Hydrogen-powered vehicles are already a reality, and their number is foreseen to increase considerably in the next decade. Among the possible solutions to store hydrogen in such vehicles, cryogenic tanks equipped with multi-layer insulation (MLI) appear to be one of the most effective to ensure high volumetric energy density. A potential loss of integrity of this kind of storage equipment might lead to severe consequences due to high flammability of hydrogen. This might occur, for instance, as a consequence of the exposure to an external source of heat such as a fire following a car accident. Real scale fire test results suggest that the super insulating performance of MLI systems may undergo severe degradation when this is subjected to high temperature, leaving the tank almost unprotected and leading to failure in a relatively short time. Characterizing this kind of accident scenario is crucial to ensure a safe design of storage tanks for Hydrogen-powered vehicles.
This presentation provides an overview of the ongoing research work on modelling MLI LH2 tanks exposed to fire. Lumped and computational fluid dynamic based models are presented, highlighting current gaps. The relevance of taking MLI degradation into account when simulating the pressure increase due to external fire exposure is here demonstrated through the analysis case studies.
T2 - H2-Kolloquium
CY - Online meeting
DA - 21.06.2023
KW - LH2
KW - Cold
KW - MLI
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57878
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
A1 - Heßmann, Jennifer
A1 - Werner, Jan
A1 - Scarponi, Giordano Emrys
A1 - Cozzani, Valerio
A1 - Otremba, Frank
T1 - Investigation of realistic fire scenarios involving cryogenic storage tanks
N2 - The number of vehicles using or transporting cryogenic fuels such as Liquefied Hydrogen (LH2) or Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) increases fast in the land transportation sector. Does this also entail new risks for instance from a BLEVE? A key to answer this question is to research representative fires by its characterization and its effect on the insulation. At BAM’s technical test side in Germany, a test series was started to answer this question among others. This paper presents results on a pool fire under a colorimeter, that simulates a tank. The investigation points out, that the full fire characterization approach allows to represent the fire. The findings are relevant for the investigation of a representative design fire that is applicable for the approval and improvement of tanks as well as to research accident scenarios and their consequences.
T2 - 18th EFCE International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries
CY - Bologna, Italy
DA - 08.06.2025
KW - LH2
KW - Insulation
KW - Fire
KW - Liquefied Natural Gas
KW - Safety
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63425
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Otremba, Frank
T1 - Systems with Cryogenic Liquefied Gases in Fire Incidents
N2 - Liquefied Hydrogen (LH2) or Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
establish themselves as important energy carriers in the transport
sector. Its storage requires tanks with Thermal Super Insulations
(TSI) to keep the transported fluid cold. TSI has proven itself in
various applications over a long time, but not in the land
transport sector, where accidents involving collisions, fires, and
their combination are to be expected. The focus of this study is
to investigate the behavior of different types of TSI when
exposed to a heat source that represents a fire. Therefore, a High-
Temperature Thermal Vacuum Chamber (HTTVC) was used that
allows the thermal loading of thermal insulation material in a
vacuum and measuring the heat flow through the TSI in parallel.
Within this study, 5 samples were tested regarding 3 different
types of MLI, rock wool, and perlites. The thermal exposure
caused different effects on the samples. In practice, this can be
connected to the rapid release of flammable gases as well as a
Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE). These
results are relevant for the evaluation of accident scenarios, the
improvement of TSI, and the development of emergency
measures.
T2 - IMECE 2023
CY - New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
DA - 29.10.2023
KW - LH2
KW - LNG
KW - Fire
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58769
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Cano Murillo, Natalia
A1 - Balasooriya, Winoj
A1 - Theiler, Geraldine
T1 - Effect of hydrogen environment on the physical and mechanical properties of elastomers
N2 - The development of a robust hydrogen infrastructure poses challenges to materials exposed to high pressurized hydrogen environments. Polymeric materials, which are expected to perform as seals, gaskets, O-rings, hoses among other applications face high risk of damage due to rapid gas decompression (RGD) which might cause operational safety issues. In this study, we intend to assess the effects of a high pressurized hydrogen environment on carbon black filled (CB) elastomers. The materials were exposed to 100 MPa hydrogen atmosphere at room temperature and at 85°C. Ex-situ characterization was performed during the first 30 minutes after decompression and repeated two days after the exposure when total gas desorption has taken place. The physical and mechanical characteristics of the materials were determined by means of density and volume change, hardness and tensile tests, and dynamic mechanical analysis.
T2 - EHEC, the European Hydrogen Energy Conference 2024
CY - Bilbao, Spain
DA - 06.03.2024
KW - High pressurized Hydrogen
KW - Sealing Materials
KW - Carbon Black Filled Elastomers
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60706
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Theiler, Geraldine
A1 - Cano Murillo, Natalia
A1 - Halder, Karabi
A1 - Balasooriya, Winoj
A1 - Hausberger, Andreas
A1 - Kaiser, Andreas
T1 - Effect of high-pressure hydrogen environment on the physical and mechanical properties of elastomers
N2 - This study presents the influence of high-pressure hydrogen environment on the physical and mechanical properties of two types of cross-linked hydrogenated acrylonitrile butadiene rubbers. Based on the CSA/ANSI standard, static exposures in hydrogen experiments were performed up to 100 MPa at 120 °C. Characterization before and after exposure was conducted by means of density and hardness measurements, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), tensile tests, compression set, FT-IR and AFM analyses to assess effects after decompression. While the effect of high-pressure exposure is significant immediately after exposure, most of the physical and mechanical properties recover after 48 hours. FT-IR, AFM, SEM and compression set results indicate, however, permanent effects.
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Mechanical properties
KW - Elastomers
KW - High-pressure hydrogen environment
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-597102
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.01.148
SN - 0360-3199
VL - 58
SP - 389
EP - 399
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-59710
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Holtappels, Kai
T1 - Safety issues in the hydrogen value chain
N2 - In a public lecture at UNAM JEDS Campus in Ongwediva, students, teachers and professors were introduced to safety issues in the hydrogen value chain, state of safety and open research issues. Existing knowledge gaps, identified by experts from the German Hydrogen Research Network, were presented to motivate the students and responsible persons at UNAM, that the implementation of a master course at the university is reasonable to train skilled workers for the development of a hydrogen infrastructure in Namibia.
T2 - Public Lecture at UNAM JEDS Campus
CY - Ongwediva, Namibia
DA - 15.09.2025
KW - Hydrogen safety
KW - Research topics
KW - Perspective of skilled workers
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64439
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Theiler, Geraldine
A1 - Cano Murillo, Natalia
A1 - Hausberger, Andreas
T1 - Effect of hydrogen pressure on the fretting behavior of rubber materials
N2 - Safety and reliability are the major challenges to face for the development and acceptance of hydrogen technology. It is therefore crucial to deeply study material compatibility, in particular for tribological components that are directly in contact with hydrogen. Some of the most critical parts are sealing materials that need increased safety requirements. In this study, the fretting behavior of several elastomer materials were evaluated against 316L stainless steel in an air and hydrogen environment up to 10 MPa. Several grades of cross-linked hydrogenated acrylonitrile butadiene (HNBR), acrylonitrile butadiene (NBR) and ethylene propylene diene monomer rubbers (EPDM) were investigated. Furthermore, aging experiments were conducted for 7 days under static contions in 100 MPa of hydrogen followed by rapid gas decompression. Fretting tests revealed that the wear of these compounds is significantly affected by the hydrogen environment compared to air, especially with NBR grades. After the aging experiment, the friction response of the HBNR grades is characterized by increased adhesion due to elastic deformation, leading to partial slip.
KW - Fretting wear
KW - Rubbers
KW - Hydrogen
KW - High-pressure
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-608462
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12070233
VL - 12
IS - 7
SP - 1
EP - 17
PB - MDPI
AN - OPUS4-60846
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kröll, Mirco
T1 - Harmonized tribological testing of polymers in hydrogen
N2 - To investigate typical polymer compounds and a potential alternative to be used in hydrogen compressors, tribological tests have been performed with several tribometers in hydrogen atmosphere. The compounds used were a commercially available PEEK matrix with 10 wt-% PTFE, graphite, and short carbon fibers each (supplied by company Polytron), a PPS matrix with 10 wt-% PTFE and graphite (supplied by company MOCOM) and an experimental PA12 matrix with PTFE, chemically coupled with an oleyl alcohol, as additive (supplied by the polymer research institute IPF). For all compounds a steel counter disc (type 316L / 1.4404) with a lapped surface was used in a cylinder on disc setup.
The focus of this work is to study the tribological performance of the polymers in hydrogen atmosphere. Additionally, tests were carried out with up to three different tribometers at two institutions. The challenge to compare and harmonize equipment, procedures, and methods is an important part of the study. This naturally includes the determination of the wear volumes of the polymeric cylinders. Furthermore, selected results of the wear and the resulting change in the contact geometry were compared by FEM simulations and an analytical model.
T2 - Colloquium H2Safety@BAM, Materials properties and compatibility
CY - Online meeting
DA - 14.05.2025
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Polymers
KW - Tribometer
KW - Wear
KW - Coefficient of Friction
KW - Interlaboratory comparison
KW - Comparability
KW - Harmonisation
KW - Standardisation
KW - Tribology
KW - Oil-coupled compounds
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63103
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tichter, Tim
T1 - Simulating diffusional cyclic voltammetry at rough electrodes by means of the DSDC algorithm
N2 - Electrode roughness is an exceptionally important, yet oftentimes overlooked factor in electrokinetic analysis and catalyst research. Essentially any electroanalytical experiment involving an electrode with a surface which is not perfectly smooth will be subjected to more or less severe effects of roughness. This includes any circumstance where electrodes are decorated with micro- or nanoparticles and is therefore relevant for a plethora of experimental scenarios. Since the roughness-related gain in surface area scales the reaction rate – and thus the current – it is an inherently non-straightforward task to assess intrinsic electrode kinetics from experimental data of rough structures. In other words, a significant overestimation of kinetic constants may arise when rough electrodes are employed and kinetics are analyzed under the assumption of perfectly planar surfaces. For this reason, it is fundamentally interesting to approach electrode roughness from a purely theoretical point of view, since surface roughness and kinetics can be tuned in a deliberate manner for separating their individual contributions.
In this study, we propose a strategy for the simulation of the most common electroanalytical technique – cyclic voltammetry – at mesoscopically rough surfaces. For this purpose, our previously introduced digital simulation - deconvolution - convolution (DSDC) algorithm [1] is employed. By modifying, the Douglas--Gunn algorithm, which is used in the digital simulation step to operate on an arbitrarily incremented spatial grid, a high numerical resolution near the electrode/electrolyte boundary and a larger spatial discretization in the bulk of the electrolyte can be used. This provides a fine resolution of artifacts of surface roughness and efficiently utilizes computational power. As a consequence, simulations can be performed on real-space data of rough electrodes which is obtained from atomic force microscopy (AFM). It is demonstrated that for an ideally reversible reaction the effects of electrode roughness on the CV response are insignificant. In contrast, for practically relevant scenarios with electrochemically irreversible or quasi-reversible kinetics, the apparent rate constants are allegedly upscaled by the area-ratio Arough/Aplanar up to a certain threshold. Qualitatively, this manifests in a lower peak-to-peak separation without a distortion of the shape of the voltammetric profile. As soon as the surface profile becomes much deeper than wide, a distortion of the CV response occurs which is associated with an increasingly finite diffusion domain. This behavior is finally explained in terms of convolution-sums and mass-transfer functions and provides a quantitative interpretation of roughness effects.
T2 - Electrochemistry 2024
CY - Braunschweig, Germany
DA - 16.09.2024
KW - Rough electrodes
KW - Convolutive Modeling
KW - Digital Simulation
KW - Cyclic voltammetry
KW - Redox-Flow Batteries
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62308
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
T1 - Energy Transportation and Storage with Liquid Hydrogen
N2 - Hydrogen is seen as a potential energy source that enables us to achieve our climate targets. Hydrogen can be well integrated into the electrical energy infrastructure, and its production and use is free of direct GHG emissions. However, tanks are needed for worldwide storage and transportation, which require further development and upscaling.
In the EU-funded NICOLHy project, novel insulation concepts based on Vacuum Insulation Panels (VIP) are being investigated. These aim to enable the safe, cost- and energy-efficient storage of large quantities of LH₂. Such large-scale LH₂ storage technology is necessary to build transport and stationary tanks with capacities ranging from 40,000 m³ to more than 200,000 m³ of LH₂, similar to current LNG applications. However, new design concepts are needed, as the technologies currently used for small and medium-sized storage are not suitable for upscaling.
The main disadvantages of the current state of the art in terms of upscaling are long production times due to complex process chains, low failure tolerance, and the spherical shape of the tanks, which reduces payload in technical applications by up to 50% compared to other geometries. The novel concept aims to overcome these limitations by being modular, open-form, energy-efficient, time- and cost-efficient in production, operation, and maintenance, safe while being multi-failure tolerant, and suitable for both transport and stationary applications.
To achieve these ambitious objectives, experts from all over Europe in the fields of thermodynamics, cryogenics, marine, chemistry, process, and safety engineering are working hand in hand.
Within the NICOLHy project, several insulation concepts have been developed and will be benchmarked using a set of key performance indicators aligned with the overall project goals. During the development process, refined and detailed research questions were formulated, which are being addressed through ongoing theoretical and experimental studies. In this context, small to large-scale test rigs are being built to evaluate and quantify insulation materials and concepts.
The presentation will showcase the NICOLHy project and its progress. NICOLHy will contribute to accelerating the integration of hydrogen into the European energy economy and industry—supporting the European Green Deal and fostering public trust in both policy and technology.
T2 - Hydrogen Research and Innovation Days
CY - Brussels, Belgium
DA - 24.11.2025
KW - LH2
KW - Insulation
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64829
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Clute, C.
A1 - Balasooriya, Winoj
A1 - Cano Murillo, Natalia
A1 - Theiler, Geraldine
A1 - Kaiser, A.
A1 - Fasching, M.
A1 - Schwarz, Th.
A1 - Hausberger, A.
A1 - Pinter, G.
A1 - Schloegl, S.
T1 - Morphological investigations on silica and carbon-black filled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber for sealings used in high-pressure H2 applications
N2 - Effects of NBR formulations on properties for high-pressure gas systems were tested. Functionalized silica enhances typical properties to a comparable range like CB. The balance of additives results in suitable RGD performance. Silica filled NBR shows lower H2 uptake compared to non-plasticized CB filled NBR. Morphology of CB filled NBR is less affected by H2 than silica filled grades.
KW - High-pressure hydrogen gas
KW - Sealing
KW - Acrylonitrile butadiene rubber
KW - Filler-rubber-interaction
KW - Rapid gas decompression (RGD)
PY - 2024
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.04.133
SN - 0360-3199
VL - 67
SP - 540
EP - 552
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-60559
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Theiler, Geraldine
T1 - Fretting behavior of elastomer materials in hydrogen
N2 - This presentation deals with the fretting wear behavior of elastomer materials (two types of cross-linked hydrogenated acrylonitrile butadiene rubbers) against 316L steel ball in hydrogen environment. Furthermore, aging experiments were conducted for 7 days under static conditions in 100 MPa hydrogen. Fretting tests revealed the wear of the polymer decreases with increasing hydrogen pressure. After high pressure hydrogen exposure, the fretting process is characterized by increased adhesion due to elastic deformation, leading to partial slip.
T2 - 63rd German Tribology Conference 2022
CY - Göttingen, Germany
DA - 26.09.2022
KW - Fretting
KW - Rubbers
KW - Hydrogen
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-62082
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hajhariri, Aliasghar
T1 - Behavior of a LH2 storage tank under fire
N2 - As the world moves towards green energy production, effective storage and transportation solutions become essential. To support this transition, energy carriers with minimal or zero environmental impact are required. Liquified hydrogen represents a promising candidate due to its emissions-neutral properties. However, its highly flammable nature necessitates adherence to strict safety codes and standards. Storing hydrogen often requires advanced super-insulation materials. To enhance the safety of cryogenic hydrogen storage tanks under extreme conditions, such as those encountered during fire accidents, it is crucial to understand the thermal behaviour of the tank. Predicting pressurization and potential failure in advance demands a robust and comprehensive model. However, still such models suffer lack of detailed heat transfer models which account for various sub-processes during an accident scenario. Hence, this study introduces a comprehensive model for the pressurization of cryogenic tanks equipped with multi-layer insulation (MLI) systemsin the event of fire, which comprises several sub-models. These sub-models account for heat transfer phenomena through the thermal insulation at nominal conditions and its thermal degradation during fire exposure, the fluid, the internal pressurization, and the performance of the pressure relief valve. This study provides valuable insights into the safety and the behaviour of hydrogen storage tanks under thermal loads.
T2 - 18th EFCE International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries
CY - Bologna, Italy
DA - 08.06.2024
KW - Hydrogenstorage
KW - Cryogenic Storage
KW - Safety
KW - Heat Transfer
KW - MLI
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63479
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kröll, Mirco
T1 - Harmonized testing in hydrogen
N2 - In this study, the tribological performance of conventional and alternative polymer compounds for compressors was investigated in gaseous hydrogen using several tribometers. The compounds used were a commercial PEEK matrix with 10 wt.% each of PTFE, graphite, and short carbon fibres (Polytron), a PPS matrix with 10 wt.% each of PTFE and graphite (MOCOM), and an experimental PA12 matrix with PTFE, chamically coupled with an oleyl alcohol, as additive (supplied by the polymer research institute IPF). For all compounds a steel counter disc (type 316L / 1.4404) with a lapped surface finish was used in a cylinder-on-disc setup. Next to the tribological performance of the polymer compounds in hydrogen atmosphere, a strong focus of the work was to compare the results obtained with different tribometer setups. The tests were carried out with three different tribometers at two institutions. The challenge to compare and harmonise equipment, procedures, test and evaluation methods was an important part of the study. This includes the determination of the wear volumes of the polymeric cylinders with different wear analysis workflows. Furthermore, selected results of the wear and the resulting change in the contact geometry were compared with an FEM simulation and an analytical model.
T2 - 25th International Conference of Wear of Materials
CY - Sitges, Spain
DA - 14.04.2025
KW - Standardisation
KW - Harmonisation
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Polymers
KW - Wear
KW - Coefficient of Friction
KW - Interlaboratory comparison
KW - Tribometer
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62992
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Theiler, Geraldine
T1 - On the way to sustainable and hydrogen compatible sealing materials
N2 - In this contribution, the sliding performance of newly formulated polymer materials with improved sustainability are investigated and compared with conventional materials. Tribological tests were performed in hydrogen at ambient temperature as well as cryogenic medium. The samples were arranged in a pin-on-disk configuration with a flat pin sliding against a rotating austenitic steel disk. The friction and wear mechanisms are described and discussed by means of surface analyses.
T2 - PolyTrib 2024
CY - Portoroz, Slowenia
DA - 03.10.2024
KW - High-performance polymers
KW - Sliding wear
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Cryogenic
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61419
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tichter, Tim
T1 - Frühwarnsystem für EV-Batterien: Prädiktion des Thermischen Durchgehens von Lithium-Ionen-Speichern
N2 - Kritisch defekte Lithium-Ionen Batterien bergen ein signifikantes Gefährdungspotenzial, da die Möglichkeit eines so genannten thermischen Durchgehens (TD) besteht. Dabei handelt es sich um eine autoamplifizierende Reaktion, welche zu einer unkontrollierten Erwärmung mit Rauch- und Flammenerscheinung oder gar einer Explosion führt. Insbesondere bei großen Batterien mit einer Kapazität von über 100 kWh, stellt ein TD ein sehr großes Schadensereignis dar. Folglich gilt es, dieses Ereignis strikt zu vermeiden. Im Rahmen der Präsentation werden aktuelle Arbeiten der BAM im Bereich der TD-Früherkennung vorgestellt.
T2 - Gefahrguttag 2024
CY - Hannover, Germany
DA - 19.09.2024
KW - Thermisches Durchgehen
KW - Lithium-Ionen Batterien
KW - Automotive Anwendungen
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62309
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kinne, Marko
T1 - Influence of the structural integrity management on the levelized cost of energy of offshore wind: a parametric sensitivity analysis
N2 - Due to the energy transition in Germany and the European Union, the relevance of renewable energy is steadily increasing. Besides hydropower and solar energy, offshore and onshore wind energy already forms a major part of renewables energies and will also be further expanded in the future (COMMISSION, 2020). In addition to the investments in the expansion of renewable energy, further research and development should focus on reducing the levelized cost of energy (LCoE) of wind energy to improve its market position.
The LCoE is the average net cost of electricity generated by a power plant that converts a certain type of energy into electrical power. The LCoE is estimated as the ratio of the discounted lifetime costs (i.e. capital expenditures (CAPEX) plus operational expenditures (OPEX)) to the discounted sum of the annual energy production (AEP) over its lifetime. For an offshore wind farm, the CAPEX contain the investment costs for the structures and remaining parts of the wind farm. The OPEX include the cost related to the structural integrity management (SIM) and the operation and maintenance of the remaining parts. The AEP is a function of the number of turbines, the nominal (turbine) capacity, the nominal capacity availability factor, the turbine availability, and the feed in tariff.
Several options are available to reduce the LCoE of a wind farm. For example, the energy production can be increased by increasing the turbine availability. Another option is to optimize the SIM and thus reduce the OPEX. To study the influence of SIM on the LCoE of a wind farm, we perform a variance-based sensitivity analysis of the LCoE (Saltelli et al., 2008). In this analysis, the importance of a given parameter influencing the LCoE is measured in term of its first-order sensitivity index, which quantifies the contribution the parameter to the variance of the LCoE. The CAPEX and OPEX are decomposed into costs related to the structures and costs associated to the remaining parts of the wind farm. The mean value of the CAPEX and OPEX related to the structures and the remaining parts are determined based on a literature study. The OPEX related to the structures are assumed to be in accordance with the requirements and regulations of German Hydrographic Authority (Hydrographie, 2015). They amount to 1.6% of the total OPEX for an average scenario (Martinez-Luengo and Shafiee, 2019).
The determined sensitivity indices for the parameters influencing the LCoE are shown (Figure 1). The nominal capacity, the nominal capacity availability factor, the turbine availability factor, and the feed in tariff have the highest (first-order) sensitivity indices. The CAPEX and OPEX for the wind turbine support structures have small sensitivity indices. It can be concluded that an optimization of the SIM may have negligible influence on the LCoE. However, an extension of the service life by means of structural health information (Thöns et al., 2017) may have an effect due to its reasonable influence on the LCoE .
T2 - WESC
CY - Online meeting
DA - 25.05.2021
KW - Sensitivity analysis
KW - Structural integrity management
KW - Levelized cost of energy
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52868
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Theiler, Geraldine
A1 - Cano Murillo, Natalia
A1 - Hashimoto, H.
A1 - Aoyagi, A.
A1 - Dobbelaar, E.
T1 - On the way to sustainable and hydrogen compatible sealing materials
N2 - In this contribution, the sliding performance of newly formulated polymer materials with improved sustainability are investigated and compared with conventional materials. Tribological tests were performed in hydrogen at ambient temperature as well as cryogenic medium. The samples were arranged in a pin-on-disk configuration with a flat pin sliding against a rotating austenitic steel disk. The friction and wear mechanisms are described and discussed by means of surface analyses.
T2 - PolyTrib 2024
CY - Portoroz, Slowenia
DA - 03.10.2024
KW - High-performance polymers
KW - Sliding wear
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Cryogenic
PY - 2024
SP - 1
EP - 2
AN - OPUS4-61421
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schmidt, Anita
T1 - Natrium-Ionen Batterien
N2 - Der Bedarf an Forschung der Bundesoberbehörden zu Natrium-Batterien als neues Thema wurde identifiziert. Hier kann die BAM jedoch bereits zahlreiche Untersuchungen im Rahmen des BAM-internen Projekts "SIB-Links" vorweisen.
T2 - BoB Bundes-Oberbehörden
CY - Online meeting
DA - 10.06.2024
KW - Natrium-Ionen Batterien
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62325
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schmidt, Anita
T1 - Lithiumbatterien - Transport und Sicherheit
N2 - Fachwissen zum Transport und sicherem Umgang mit Lithiumbatterien ist eine essentielle für die Arbeit der Gefahrgutbeauftragten der Polizei. Dabei geht e nicht nur um selbstgenutzte Geräte sondern häufig auch um sichergestellte und möglicherweise beschädigte Geräte / Akkus. Diese müssen bestmöglich vor Datenverlust bewahrt werden, gleichzeitig ist die Sicherheit für die zuständigen Mitarbeiter unabdingbar. Der Vortrag dient dazu, die Zuhörer in die Lage zu versetzen, fallbezogene Entscheidungen für Maßnahmen für den sicheren Umgang und den Transport zu treffen.
T2 - Polizeiakademie Niedersachsen Gefahrgutbeauftragte
CY - Dannenberg, Germany
DA - 10.12.2024
KW - Lithiumbatterien
KW - Gefahrguttransport
KW - Lagerung
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62331
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schmidt, Anita
A1 - Moench, Lars
A1 - Rausch, Talea
T1 - Vorstellung des Berichtes Batteriezellenherstellung des Arbeitskreises Elektrische Energiespeichersysteme der Kommission für Anlagensicherheit
N2 - In der Kommission Anlagensicherheit (KAS) Arbeitsgruppe Elektrische Energiespeicher wurde ein Bericht erstellt, der den Stand der Technik für die Batteriezellproduktion in Deutschland widerspiegelt und die Einstufung nach Störfallverordnung mittels einer Liste aller enthaltenen Stoffe ermöglicht.
Dieser wird vorgestellt und die Anwendung der maßgeblich durch die BAM erstellte Liste erläutert.
T2 - UBA Fachbereichgespräch
CY - Online meeting
DA - 24.10.2024
KW - Störfallverordnung
KW - Batterie-Zellproduktion
KW - LIthiumbatterien
KW - Anlagensicherheit
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62327
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
A1 - Ustolin, Federico
A1 - Zervaki, Anna
A1 - Okpeke, Bright
A1 - Harwege, Finn
A1 - Tugnoli, Alessandro
T1 - NICOLHy - 3rd Stakeholder Advisory Board meeting
N2 - The NICOLHy project aims to develop a novel insulation concept based on Vacuum Insulation Panels (VIP) that enables the safe, cost- and energy efficient storage of large quantities of LH2. Such large scale LH2 storage technology is necessary for establishing a hydrogen economy with dimensions between 40.000 m³ and more than 200.000 m³ of LH2. However, new design concepts are needed because the currently available technologies used in small and medium storages today are not suitable for up-scaling. The main problems prohibiting the up-scaling are the long production time due to the process chain, the low failure tolerance and the spherical shape, which reduces the payload in technical applications by up to 50% compared to other shapes. The novel concept will change these conditions by a system which is modular, open-form, time-and cost efficient while production, operation and service, multi-failure tolerant and applicable for onshore and offshore applications. The presentations shows details to the concept and presents several safety concerns the project has to deal with.
T2 - NICOLHy 3rd Stakeholder Meeting
CY - Online meeting
DA - 27.06.2025
KW - LH2
KW - Insulation
KW - Tanks
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63730
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Energiesicherheit - Digitale Werkzeuge in der Sicherheitsüberwachung
N2 - Es werden zwei Aspekte der Energiesicherheit aus grünen Quellen vorgestellt: Zum einen die "Digitale Qualitätsinfrastruktur am Beispiel einer Tankstelle" und zum anderen die "Digitale Zulassung von Speichern und Lebensdauerüberwachung".
Der erste Teil zeigt Details der verfügbaren und geplanten Hardware und der darauf bezogenen Aufgaben und Software zum Reallabor Wasserstofftankstelle. Hierbei geht um die Ziele verbesserter Sicherheit, Verlässlichkeit und Wirtschaftlichkeit durch Digitalisierung, Automatisierung und Intelligente Systeme. Der zweite Teil stellt neue Werkzeuge für den Lebenslauf der Speicherelemente vor: Stichprobenprüfung, digitale Werkzeuge in der Speicherprüfung, Speicherzulassung und Lebensdauerüberwachung. Hierzu wird die Schallemissionsanalyse besonders herausgestellt.
T2 - Besuch der H2-Experten des BMWE in H2Safety@BAM
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 22.05.2025
KW - Sicherheit
KW - Verlässlichkeit
KW - Wirtschaftlichkeit
KW - Digitalisierung
KW - Automatisierung
KW - Stichprobenprüfung
KW - Digitale Werkzeuge
KW - Speicherzulassung
KW - Lebensdauerüberwachung
KW - Schallemissionsanalyse
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63808
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Holtappels, Kai
T1 - Vertrauen in Wasserstofftechnologien - Sicherheitsaspekte in der Wasserstoff-Wertschöpfungskette
N2 - Wo stehen wir bei Wasserstoff in Sachen Sicherheit? Welche Lücken gibt es aktuell, und wie sind sie zu schließen?
Der Weg zur Wasserstoffwirtschaft verlangt die Einführung zahlreicher „neuer“ Technologien in vielen Bereichen. Dies kann aber nur gelingen, wenn Entscheidungsträger und Öffentlichkeit gleichermaßen davon überzeugt sind, dass diese Technologien ausreichend erprobt und sicher sind. Die Sicherheit der Wasserstofftechnologien muss dabei mindestens mit der technologischen Entwicklung Schritt halten - besser noch sie vorwegnehmen - um allzu konservative und kostspielige Sicherheitslösungen zu vermeiden und die praktische Nutzbarkeit und Sicherheit von Wasserstoff zu demonstrieren. Gelingt dies nicht, können schon einzelne sicherheitsrelevante Vorfälle schnell zu Unsicherheiten und erheblichem Vertrauensverlust führen.
Im Rahmen einer Webinarreihe des VDMA stellte die BAM vor, wie es aktuell um die Sicherheit in Sachen Wasserstoff bestellt ist, welche konkreten Herausforderungen noch zu bewältigen sind und wie erkannte Lücken geschlossen werden können.
T2 - VDMA Power-to-X Webseminar
CY - Online meeting
DA - 29.10.2024
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Sicherheit
KW - Vertrauen
KW - Akzeptanz
KW - Wertschöpfungskette
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61481
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Holtappels, Kai
T1 - Kompetenzzentrum H2Safety – Aktuelle Themen zur Wasserstoffsicherheit
N2 - In einer Keynote bei der VDI-Fachkonferenz Wasserstoff 2024: Technische Sicherheit hat die BAM das Kompetenzzentrum H2Safety@BAM sowie verschiedene Arbeiten zum Thema Wasserstoffsicherheit sowie Wissens- und Technologietransfer halten dürfen. Wichtige Kernbotschaften waren allgemein Sicherheitsfragen entlang der Wasserstoff-Wertschöpfungskette, Sicherheit muss von Beginn an bei der Entwicklung einer Technologie berücksichtigt werden und Sicherheitskonzepte müssen mit dem Technologiereifegrad mitwachsen.
T2 - VDI-Fachtagung Wasserstoff 2024: Technische Sicherheit
CY - Cologne, Germany
DA - 24.09.2024
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Sicherheit
KW - Wertschöpfungskette
KW - Sicherheitskonzepte
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61482
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Holtappels, Kai
T1 - Sicherheit von Wasserstofftechnologien - Quo Vadis
N2 - Die Sicherheit stellt eine wichtige Säule dar, um Vertrauen in neue Technologien zu gewinnen. Je größer die Zahl an Wasserstoffanwendungen im industriellen Bereich sowie in weiteren Bereichen des öffentlichen Lebens wird, umso mehr steigt die Wahrscheinlichkeit für Zwischenfälle. Die Sicherheit muss mit den Trends der technologischen Entwicklung Schritt halten oder sie besser noch vorwegnehmen. Gleichzeitig gilt es sowohl die Öffentlichkeit als auch insbesondere die Rettungskräfte über die Besonderheiten von Wasserstoff zu informieren, ohne dabei Verunsicherung zu erzeugen. Der Vortrag gibt einen Überblick über aktuelle Entwicklungen und offene Sicherheitsfragen.
T2 - 25. Münchner Feuerwehrsymposium
CY - Munich, Germany
DA - 16.11.2024
KW - Wasserstoffsicherheit
KW - Feuerwehr
KW - Unfälle
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61856
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Askar, Enis
T1 - Elektrolyseure – Stand der Technik, Risikobeurteilung und internationale Normung
N2 - Es werden im Vortrag die verschiedenen Arten der Elektrolyse kurz vorgestellt sowie die Entwicklung der Elektrolysetechnologie. Danach wird ein Überblick über die aktuell wesentlichen sicherheitstechnischen Herausforderungen gegeben. Im zweiten Teil werden die sicherheitstechnische Eigenschaften von Wasserstoff charakterisiert. Im dritten Teil werden wesentliche Gefährdungsszenarien beim Betrieb von Elektrolyseanlagen gezeigt und ein Überblick über Regelwerke und Standards gegeben. Im letzten Teil werden drei reale Unfallszenarien aus der Praxis diskutiert.
T2 - PTB-Workshop „ATEX-Marktaufsicht“
CY - Braunschweig, Germany
DA - 13.01.2025
KW - Explosionsschutz
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Unfallszenarien
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62485
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sobol, Oded
T1 - Metallic materials for the transport and storage of hydrogen
N2 - Um die Absorption von Wasserstoff und dessen Verhalten in den Werkstoffen beim Einsatz unter Druck-H2 sowie die H- abhängigen Materialeigenschaften zu definieren, entwickelt die BAM mit ihrer langjährigen Erfahrung adäquate Prüfkonzepte, die einsatzrelevante Bedingungen und reale Beanspruchungen (Temperatur, Wasserstoff und mech. Beanspruchung) hierarchisch berücksichtigen. Der Vortrag gibt eine Einführung in das Thema von wasserstoffunterstützen Materialschäden durch die Problematik der Einspeisung von Wasserstoff in bestehende Erdgasnetze. Ferner wird auf die Hochdruck-Infrastruktur (sowie H2-Tankstellen) und die Entwicklung von Prüfkonzepten für die Gasinfrastruktur unter Druckwasserstoffbeaufschlagung eingegangen.
T2 - Die Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft (DPG): Veranstaltung der Arbeitsgruppe Senior Expert Netzwerk
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 20.10.2021
KW - Hydrogen Embrittlement
KW - Hydrogen assisted cracking
KW - Gaseous hydrogen
KW - Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
KW - Tensile test
PY - 2021
UR - https://www.dpg-physik.de/veranstaltungen/2021/mhb-agsen-2021-10-20
AN - OPUS4-53599
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Askar, Enis
T1 - Hydrogen safety - Explosion protection for hydrogen applications
N2 - In this lecture the safety related properties of hydrogen and hydrogen mixtures and explosion protection measures are shown and compared with other fuel gases. Measures for primary explosion protection (avoiding flammable mixtures), secondary explosion protection (avoiding ignition sources) and constructive explosion protection (mitigating the consequences of explosions) when handling hydrogen and hydrogen mixtures are presented.
The Joint European Summer School JESS 2022 addresses these issues by offering high quality graduate level courses on selected topics of vehicle technology, innovation & business development, safe handling of hydrogen, and modelling. The course content is tailored to the needs of a diverse audience: newcomers to the field, experienced students, and young professionals working at the forefront of fuel cell and hydrogen applications.
T2 - Joint European Summer School (JESS) on Fuel Cell, Electrolyser and Battery Technologies
CY - Athens, Greece
DA - 11.09.2022
KW - Ignition source
KW - ATEX
KW - Explosion limits
KW - Hazardous areas
KW - Hydrogen accidents
KW - Detonation
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-57066
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Askar, Enis
T1 - KIC Start 2022 H2 Safety - Explosion Protection
N2 - This is a digital lecture on Explosion Protection for Hydrogen Applications. It was designed in context with the project "KICstartH2 Accelerating Sustainable Hydrogen Uptake Through Innovation and Education" and integrated in a teaching module of the University of Birmingham. It is divided in five parts: Introduction, Avoiding Explosive Mixtures, Avoiding Ignition Sources, Mitigation of Consequences and Summary & Comparison.
T2 - KICStartH2 Lecture at the University of Birmingham
CY - Online meeting
DA - 31.10.2022
KW - Safety Related Properties
KW - Ignition
KW - Hydrogen Safety
KW - Explosive Mixtures
KW - Fuel Gases
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-57278
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Askar, Enis
T1 - H2Safety@BAM - Overview of hydrogen research activities
N2 - In this presentation the capabilities and different research activities at BAM in the field of hydrogen safety are outlined. A deep dive focussing the transport of hydrogen in pipelines adressing issues on material compatibility, gas quality and test methods is presented. Another deep dive is presented focussing on safety aspects of liquid hydrogen adressing issues of rapid phase transition (RPT) and Boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion (BLEVE). Finally a brief overview on other safety related research activities is given.
T2 - Research priorities workshop of IA HySafe 2022
CY - Quebec, Canada
DA - 21.11.2022
KW - Hydrogen safety
KW - Hydrogen transport in pipelines
KW - Liquid hydrogen (LH2)
KW - Hydrogen quality
KW - Explosion protection
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-57067
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Askar, Enis
T1 - Competence centre h2safety@bam
N2 - In this presentation the current focus areas of the competence centre H2Safety@BAM are shown. The fields of competence include “Material properties and compatibility”, “Process and plant safety”, “Component testing, component safety and approval” as well as “Sensors, analytics and certified reference Materials. Moreover, the cross-cutting activities regarding “Education and training” and the testing possibilities and planed test facilities at the Test Site for Technical Safety (BAM TTS) are presented.
T2 - VDMA P2X4A: P2X Technik-Treffen
CY - Online meeting
DA - 14.09.2023
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Test area hydrogen safety
KW - ModuH2Pipe
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58333
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CHAP
A1 - Jordan, T.
A1 - Askar, Enis
A1 - Holtappels, Kai
A1 - Jopen, M.
A1 - Stoll, U.
A1 - Reinecke, E.-A.
A1 - Krause, U.
A1 - Beyer, M.
A1 - Markus, D.
T1 - Fuels – Introduction | Hydrogen safety
N2 - The introduction of hydrogen as a safe energy carrier needs a robust knowledge base, tools for the design and safety assessment of hydrogen technologies built on it, and an internationally harmonized set of standards and regulations. Many of the innovative technologies imply hydrogen at high pressures and/or cryogenic temperatures, with which private users come into contact for the first time in distributed applications. In order to avoid over-conservative, expensive safety solutions, while at the same time demonstrating the usability and safety of hydrogen applications and maintaining acceptance for the technology, safety research must also keep pace with, or better yet anticipate, trends in technological development. Thus, this overview article describes not only the current state of knowledge and technology regarding hydrogen safety, but also its further development.
KW - Explosion protection
KW - Accidental scenarios
KW - Hazard and risk assessment
KW - Regulations codes and standards (RCS)
KW - Ignition
KW - Hydrogen storage
KW - Energy carrier
PY - 2024
SN - 978-0-1240-9547-2
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-96022-9.00195-X
VL - 2nd Edition
SP - 1
EP - 15
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-59940
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - El Harrab, Hayat
T1 - Hydrogen Combustion Challenges: Investigating the Influence of Lubricant Characteristics on Auto-Ignition in Hydrogen-Air Mixtures under Engine-Relevant Conditions
N2 - The presented research work examines the effects of different fuel-air equivalence ratios and initial pressure on ignition temperature.
This study shows a non-monotonic pressure dependence in stoichiometric mixtures at varying pressures from 1 to 10 bar and a low sensitivity to changes in the equivalence ratio (0.5-2). The results form the basis for our future research into the complex interaction between lubricant characteristics and hydrogen-air mixtures to better understand pre-ignition phenomena in internal combustion engines.
T2 - Nordic Flame Days 2023
CY - Trondheim, Norway
DA - 29.11.2023
KW - Ignition source
KW - Internal combustion engines
KW - Ignition temperature
KW - Lubricants
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-59083
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Askar, Enis
T1 - Experimental Study on the ignition of hydrogen containing atmospheres by mechanical impacts
N2 - In this presentation the results of the Project HySpark are shown. Mechanical impacts are among the important possible ignition sources to be considered in explosion protection. Hydrogen is particularly prone to be ignited by mechanical impacts compared to natural gas. The effectivity of mechanical impacts as ignition source is dependent from different parameters. In this work the effectivity of impacts as an ignition source for hydrogen containing atmospheres was studied experimentally depending on the inhomogeneous material pairing of the impact. Moreover it was studied, how the effectivity of mechanical impacts as ignition source changes when hydrogen is added to natural gas.
T2 - International Conference on Hydrogen Safety (ICHS) 2023
CY - Quebec City, Canada
DA - 19.09.2023
KW - Explosion protection
KW - Ignition sources
KW - Natural gas
KW - Safety
KW - Mechanical sparks
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58514
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sobol, Oded
T1 - Challenges with metallic materials for the transport and storage of hydrogen
N2 - The following presentation provides an overview on some of the challenges with metallic materials used as structural materials in the energy sector for the transport and storage of hydrogen. The presentation contains explanations about the methodologies utilized to characterize the susceptibility of these materials for hydrogen.
T2 - Materials and Quality Assurance
CY - Bergheim, Germany
DA - 10.05.2023
KW - Hollow specimen
KW - Slow strain tensile tests
KW - Hydrogen assisted cracking
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57515
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Konert, Florian
T1 - Die Hohlzugprobentechnik als Methodik zur Untersuchung der Materialverträglichkeit
N2 - Die Hohlzugprobentechnik wird als Methodik zur Untersuchung der Materialverträglichkeit von metallischen Werkstoffen in Wasserstoffatmosphäre erläutert.
T2 - Workshop Wasserstoffverträglichkeit
CY - Bonn, Germany
DA - 02.03.2023
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Hohlzugprobe
KW - Materialkompatibilität
KW - SSRT
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57171
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kromm, Arne
T1 - Die Hohlzugprobentechnik - Eine neue Methodik zur Untersuchung der Materialverträglichkeit unter Wasserstoffeinfluss
N2 - Die schädigende Wirkung von Wasserstoff auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften von Stählen ist zwar bekannt, aber noch immer nicht ausreichend erforscht. Die schnelle und sichere Markteinführung von Wasserstofftechnologien macht es erforderlich, dieses Thema genauer zu untersuchen. Im Allgemeinen wird dies oft als Wasserstoffversprödung bezeichnet. Daher ist es wünschenswert, eine Prüfmethode zu entwickeln, die auf einfache Weise die Materialeigenschaften unter Wasserstoffatmosphäre ermitteln kann. Derzeit werden mechanische Prüfungen unter Wasserstoffatmosphäre in Autoklaven durchgeführt. Für diese Technik ist eine aufwendige Hardware erforderlich, daher sind die Prüfungen teuer und die Prüfkapazitäten nur in geringem Umfang verfügbar. Die hier vorgestellte Prüfmethode verspricht einen zukunftsweisenden Ansatz zur Reduzierung von Kosten und Bearbeitungszeiten durch die Verwendung von Hohlkörpern, d.h. die Probe selbst stellt den Autoklav dar.
T2 - Sitzung des DIN-Gemeinschaftsarbeitsausschusses NA 092 00 05 GA, NAS/NMP: Zerstörende Prüfung von Schweißverbindungen
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 15.03.2023
KW - Prüfung
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Probengeometrie
KW - Hochdruck
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57168
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Holtappels, Kai
T1 - Ammonia Safety
N2 - Ammoniak ist ein Energieträger, der bereits seit vielen Jahrzehnten im großen Maßstab produziert und verwendet wird, vorrangig als Düngemittel oder Einsatzstoff in der Stickstoffchemie. Das CAMPFIRE-Bündnis, im Rahmen des Förderprogramms “WIR!- Wandel durch Innovation in der Region” des Bundesministeriums für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) gegründet, hat zum Ziel, die Forschung und Entwicklung neuer Energieumwandlungs- und Speichertechnologien für das zukünftige Energiesystem auf der Basis von grünen Ammoniak zu entwickeln. Die sichere Handhabung von Ammoniak ist ein über die gesamte Wertschöpfungskette existierendes wichtiges Thema. Daher hat das Bündnis ein Webinar organisiert, um das Thema Ammoniak Sicherheit und insbesondere die Brennbarkeit zu diskutieren. Der Beitrag der BAM hat das Thema Brennbarkeit intensiv dargestellt, die Klassifizierung von Ammoniak in einen internationalen bzw. europäischen und nationalen Kontext gestellt und die Grundzüge des Explosionsschutzes, die daraus resultieren bzw. bei Nutzung und Anwendung beachtet werden müssen, präsentiert.
N2 - Ammonia is an energy source that has been produced and used on a large scale for many decades, primarily as a fertilizer or feedstock in nitrogen chemistry. The CAMPFIRE alliance, founded as part of the "WIR!- Wandel durch Innovation in der Region" funding program of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), aims to research and develop new energy conversion and storage technologies for the future energy system based on green ammonia. The safe handling of ammonia is an important issue along the entire value chain. Therefore, the alliance has organized a webinar to discuss the topic of ammonia safety and in particular its flammability. BAM's contribution presented the topic of flammability in detail, placed the classification of ammonia in an international, European and national context and presented the basic principles of explosion protection that result from this and must be observed during use and application.
T2 - Campfire Webinar
CY - Online meeting
DA - 21.11.2023
KW - Ammonia
KW - Energy carrier
KW - Flammability
KW - Classification
KW - Explosion safety
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58968
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
T1 - Bericht zum Fortschritt des laufenden Projekts: „Praktikable Prüfung geschweißter Ferngasleitungen aus niedrig-legierten Stählen für den sicheren Transport von Wasserstoff“
N2 - Das Vorhaben untersucht, wie geschweißte Ferngasleitungen aus niedriglegierten und höherfesten Stählen sicher für den Transport von Wasserstoff genutzt werden können. Im Fokus steht, in welchem Maß Wasserstoff unter verschiedenen Druck-, Temperatur- und Gaszusammensetzungen in Werkstoffe und Schweißverbindungen eindringt, deren Duktilität mindert und sprödbrüchiges Versagen verursachen kann. Dafür wird die Prüftechnik der Hohlzugproben in Kombination mit Slow-Strain-Rate-Tests weiterentwickelt, um reale Beanspruchungsbedingungen abzubilden und wirtschaftliche, praxisnahe Prüfungen zu ermöglichen. Untersucht werden insbesondere Schweißnahtgefüge, deren Interaktion, zyklische Belastungen sowie die Übertragbarkeit der Laborergebnisse auf reale Komponenten. Ziel ist ein praktikables Bewertungs- und Qualifizierungskonzept, das die H2-Readiness bestehender und neuer Rohrleitungen beschleunigt und in Normung und Industrieanwendung überführt werden kann.
T2 - Herbstsitzung des Fachausschuss "FA 1 Schweißmetallurgie und Werkstoffverhalten"
CY - Düsseldorf, Germany
DA - 06.11.2025
KW - Wasserstoffversprödung
KW - Hohlzugproben
KW - Slow-Strain Rate Test
KW - Schweißnahtgefüge
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65260
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Witte, Julien
T1 - Bericht zum Fortschritt des laufenden Projekts: „Praktikable Prüfung geschweißter Ferngasleitungen aus niedrig-legierten Stählen für den sicheren Transport von Wasserstoff“
N2 - Das Vorhaben untersucht, wie geschweißte Ferngasleitungen aus niedriglegierten und höherfesten Stählen sicher für den Transport von Wasserstoff genutzt werden können. Im Fokus steht, in welchem Maß Wasserstoff unter verschiedenen Druck-, Temperatur- und Gaszusammensetzungen in Werkstoffe und Schweißverbindungen eindringt, deren Duktilität mindert und sprödbrüchiges Versagen verursachen kann. Dafür wird die Prüftechnik der Hohlzugproben in Kombination mit Slow-Strain-Rate-Tests weiterentwickelt, um reale Beanspruchungsbedingungen abzubilden und wirtschaftliche, praxisnahe Prüfungen zu ermöglichen. Untersucht werden insbesondere Schweißnahtgefüge, deren Interaktion, zyklische Belastungen sowie die Übertragbarkeit der Laborergebnisse auf reale Komponenten. Ziel ist ein praktikables Bewertungs- und Qualifizierungskonzept, das die H2-Readiness bestehender und neuer Rohrleitungen beschleunigt und in Normung und Industrieanwendung überführt werden kann.
T2 - Frühjahrssitzung des Fachausschuss "FA 1 Schweißmetallurgie und Werkstoffverhalten"
CY - Hamm, Germany
DA - 26.03.2025
KW - Wasserstoffversprödung
KW - Hohlzugproben
KW - Slow-Strain Rate Test
KW - Schweißnahtgefüge
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65259
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sobol, Oded
T1 - Challenges with metallic materials in H 2 technologies
N2 - Increasing environmental problems with conventional energy technology are stimulating the demand for alternative energy solutions. With air quality reaching catastrophic levels in large cities worldwide, Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles offer the ideal combination of clean power with the amenities of electric drives. Hydrogen use on vehicles, nevertheless, also raises some issues about safe handling. As fuel cells and hydrogen applications, including vehicles, approach technological maturity, developing their business cases becomes crucial in introducing them to the consumer markets.
The Joint European Summer School JESS 2021 addresses these issues by offering high quality graduate level courses on selected topics of vehicle technology, innovation & business development, safe handling of hydrogen, and modelling. This series of summer schools has been ongoing since 2004 and targets an audience of university students (MSc and PhD levels) and post-doctoral researchers. We also welcome more experienced researchers and engineers wishing to expand their general knowledge, for instance, to suit a newly acquired position or collect credits for Continuous Professional Development (CPD). The course content is tailored to the needs of a diverse audience: newcomers to the field, experienced students, and young professionals working at the forefront of fuel cell and hydrogen applications.
T2 - Joint european summer school (JESS)
CY - Online meeting
DA - 06.09.2021
KW - Hydrogen Embrittlement
KW - Hydrogen assisted cracking
KW - Gaseous hydrogen
PY - 2021
UR - https://www.jess-summerschool.eu/Week-2
SP - 1
EP - 41
AN - OPUS4-53402
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Abad Andrade, Carlos Enrique
T1 - Improvement of manufacturing processes of Li-ion batteries by Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectroscopy
N2 - Manufacturing lithium-ion coin cells (LIBs) for scientific research demands reproducibility, precision, and thorough metrology to ensure consistent quality and performance. Glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GD-OES) emerges as a crucial analytical technique in this context, providing detailed insights into elemental composition and material homogeneity [1,2].
This study focuses on using GD-OES to optimize and standardize the manufacturing processes of LIBs, emphasizing metrology and traceability to develop reproducible and high-quality batteries for research purposes.
We refined cell production by adjusting key parameters such as cathode doping, electrolyte concentration, and calendar pressing. GD-OES facilitated depth analysis of elemental composition and distribution, which is essential for identifying and maintaining optimal manufacturing conditions. Validation was achieved through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), ensuring the quality and consistency of the manufactured batteries.
GD-OES analysis revealed critical insights into elemental uniformity and impurities, guiding adjustments significantly improving cell performance and reproducibility. The method proved fast and effective in detecting and correcting variations in the manufacturing process, leading to enhanced battery quality. To understand the aging mechanisms, GD-OES was employed for fluorine depth profiling, which is crucial for studying polymer and electrolyte degradation. We significantly enhanced fluorine detection sensitivity by substituting the argon plasma with a neon/argon mixture, providing a more accurate aging analysis.
By demonstrating the versatility and efficacy of GD-OES in optimizing LIB manufacturing processes and gaining deeper insights into aging mechanisms, this research has significant practical implications. It not only advances lab research but also offers tangible industrial benefits, including improved battery quality, extended lifespan, and enhanced performance. By ensuring metrology and traceability, GD-OES contributes to developing a robust method for the reproducible manufacturing of Li-ion coin cells, boosting innovation and sustainability in battery technology.
T2 - SciX 2025
CY - Covington, KY, USA
DA - 05.10.2025
KW - GD-OES
KW - Battery analysis
KW - Depth profile
KW - Lithium-ion battery
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64878
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Nützmann, Kathrin
T1 - The influence of sulfur on initial high temperature corrosion of Fe-Cr model alloys
N2 - Ferritic steels with Cr-contents up to 13 wt. % are used as heat exchanger or boiler tube materials in combustion based power plants. These materials are subject to aggressive corrosion caused by the reaction of the steel with highly corrosive gases under high temperatures up to 650°C. The early stages of corrosion and sulfidation especially and the influence of the Cr-content in the alloy are thereby not understood but of fundamental interest.
Our work shows corrosion mechanisms and presents corrosion models for Fe and different Fe-Cr-alloys under pure SO2 und SO2+O2 atmospheres for different time scales. Modell alloys of high purity are used to focus on the reaction of the intended elements: Fe, Cr, S, and O. Long-time experiments (≥12h) took place in tube furnaces and short-time experiments (≥5min) in a special designed light furnace. Heating and cooling took place under inert atmosphere. The reactive gases were added not until the experimental temperature was reached. Samples were analyzed using high resolution synchrotron X-ray diffraction using a micro focus setup and electron microscopy including FIB.
Many earlier studies on corrosion and sulfidation on iron based alloys show a higher corrosion rate and material loss when sulfur was present in the atmosphere. In contrast, later studies propose an inhibiting effect of sulfur containing atmospheres. On the one side, most likely due to the formation of a protective layer of Mx(SO4)y -phases at the scale-gas interface. On the other side, a very recent study proposes the theory that MxSy-phases limit the further diffusion of elements. Up to now, no Mx(SO4)y –phases were detected in our samples, but sulfide phases nucleated within the oxide phases. For pure Fe our samples show FeS at the scale-metal interface working as a diffusion barrier for Fe-Cations from the base material in to the oxide scale. The above lying spalled off oxide-sulfide scale shows a wide area of small voids and accumulations of FeS-Crystals at the bottom. Under the main oxide scale a second generation of oxide-sulfide scale starts to form. For the Fe-Cr-alloys the inner oxide scale only shows FeS- and CrS-phases surrounded by hollow space. The here presented study will explain and discuss a new growth model for the shown phenomenon.
T2 - 9th High Temperature Corrosion and Protection of Materials
CY - Ile des Embiez, France
DA - 15.05.2016
KW - Sulfidation
KW - Diffusion barrier
KW - Fe-Cr alloys
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-38250
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Battistella, Beatrice
T1 - Glow discharge techniques applied to lithium ion battery analysis
N2 - Glow Discharge Techniques Applied to Lithium-Ion Battery Analysis
Beatrice Battistella, V. Hoffmann, A. Revill, S. Richter, S. Recknagel, C. Abad
Seit ihrer Einführung haben Lithium-Ionen-Batterie (LIB) Technologien die Welt der tragbaren Elektronik und der nachhaltigen Mobilität revolutioniert [1] und sind dank ihrer langen Lebensdauer und ihrer unübertroffenen Energiedichte in vielen Bereichen nach wie vor unersetzlich. Angesichts des kontinuierlich wachsenden Marktvolumens der LIBs [2,3] und der begrenzten Verfügbarkeit der für ihre Herstellung benötigten Ressourcen ist die Entwicklung verbesserter Batterien der nächsten Generation erforderlich. Eine wesentliche Voraussetzung für diese Entwicklung ist ein tieferes Verständnis der Degradationsmechanismen in LIB-Zellen, das jedoch häufig durch die Komplexität der Systeme und die gleichzeitig ablaufenden Prozesse, die zum Versagen beitragen, erschwert wird.
In diesem Zusammenhang zeigt unsere Arbeit, wie Glimmentladungstechniken dazu beitragen können, grundlegende Fragestellungen in der LIB-Analyse zu beantworten. Einerseits hat sich die GD OES als wertvolles Werkzeug zur Qualitätskontrolle bei der Elektrodenherstellung erwiesen und zeigt Potential bei der Analyse von Fluor für diagnostische Zwecke an Zellen. Andererseits wurde die GD MS in Post-Mortem-Analysen eingesetzt, um die Korrelation zwischen Veränderungen in der elementaren und isotopischen Verteilung an den Elektroden und der elektrochemischen Leistung der Zellen zu untersuchen. Insbesondere ermöglichte der Einsatz von GD-MS bei LIBs die Detektion und Lokalisierung einer Lithium-Isotopenfraktionierung innerhalb der Elektroden und setzte damit einen neuen Maßstab für die Untersuchung der Grenzflächen zwischen Elektrode und Elektrolyt.
_____________________________
Since their introduction, lithium-ion battery (LIB) technologies have revolutionized the world of portable electronics and sustainable mobility [1], and they remain irreplaceable in several sectors thanks to their long cycle life and unmatched energy density. In view of the continuously growing LIB market [2,3] and the limited availability of the resources required for their manufacture, the development of improved next-generation batteries is needed. This requires a deeper understanding of degradation pathways in LIB cells, which is often hindered by the complexity of these systems and the concurrent processes that contribute to failure.
In this context, our work demonstrates how glow discharge techniques can help address fundamental questions in LIB analysis. On one hand, GD-OES has proven to be a valuable tool for quality control in electrode manufacturing, showing potential in the analysis of fluorine for cell diagnostics. On the other hand, GD-MS applied in post-mortem analysis enabled correlation of changes in elemental and isotopic distributions within electrodes and the electrochemical performance of the cells. In particular, GD-MS analysis on LIBs allowed detection and depth localization of lithium isotope fractionation in the electrodes, establishing a new benchmark for the study of electrode-electrolyte interfaces.
T2 - 20th GD-Users Meeting, TAZ GmbH
CY - Aichach, Germany
DA - 01.10.2025
KW - GD-MS
KW - GD-OES
KW - Lithium-Ion Battery
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64392
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Battistella, Beatrice
T1 - Uncovering Li-ion Battery Degradation: Possibilities Offered by GD-MS Analysis
N2 - Uncovering Li-ion Battery Degradation: Possibilities Offered by GD-MS Analysis
Since their introduction, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have revolutionized the energy storage market, which they now dominate thanks to their high energy density, power capability, and efficiency.1, 2 Despite widespread adoption, global demand for LIBs is projected to grow by around 27% per year.3 This raises concerns about the availability of critical minerals essential to LIB production. Meeting future demand will therefore require next-generation LIBs—an ambition that hinges on a deeper understanding of the degradation processes that limit performance and lifetime.
Because LIBs are chemically and physically complex systems, capacity fade stems from multiple degradation phenomena that act concurrently as cells age.4 In particular, the formation and growth of interfacial layers at the electrodes during repeated charge–discharge cycling make a substantial contribution to component degradation.5
Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GD-MS) offers depth-resolved elemental and isotopic analysis of battery electrodes and has proven to be a powerful tool for tracking degradation in LIBs. Using a ASTRUM Swift GD-MS spectrometer, we identified degradation pathways in both cathodes and anodes across various cell chemistries, linking electrochemical behavior with changes in structure and elemental distributions. These insights help clarify the mechanisms that accelerate aging and capacity loss.
T2 - Nu Instruments Webinar
CY - Online meeting
DA - 15.10.2025
KW - Li-ion Batteries
KW - Isotope
KW - LA-ICP-MS
KW - GD-MS
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64396
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Battistella, Beatrice
T1 - Interfaces Under the Isotopic Lens: Rethinking Degradation in Lithium-Ion Batteries
N2 - This work investigates Li isotope fractionation in Li-ion batteries, questioning whether there is a correlation between chenges in isotopic distribution and battery capacity loss (cell degradation). The results point to Li-isotope distribution as a new benchmark for electrode/electrolyte interfaces investigation, which can potentialy provide information about the interface formation mechanism.
T2 - SALSA Make and Measure 2025
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 10.09.2025
KW - Li-ion Batteries
KW - Isotope
KW - LA-ICP-MS
KW - GD-MS
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64220
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Braga, Daniel S.
A1 - Pedersen, Angus
A1 - Riyaz, Mohd
A1 - Barrio, Jesús
A1 - Bagger, Alexander
A1 - Neckel, Itamar T.
A1 - Mariano, Thiago M.
A1 - Winkler, Manuel E. G.
A1 - Stephens, Ifan E. L.
A1 - Titirici, Maria‐Magdalena
A1 - Nagao, Raphael
T1 - Inside back cover image for the article "In situ structural evolution and activity descriptor of atomically dispersed catalysts during nitrate electroreduction"
N2 - This cover illustrates the electrosynthesis of ammonia through the reduction of nitrate ions on metallic clusters formed from single atom catalysts. The artwork highlights the catalytic interface where molecular transformations occur, linking nanoscale reactions to sustainable fertilizer production. By converting pollutants into value-added products, this work envisions a green pathway toward circular nitrogen management and enhanced agricultural sustainability. More details can be found in the Research Article (DOI: 10.1002/advs.202510282) by Maria-Magdalena Titirici, Raphael Nagao, and co-workers.
KW - Single atom
KW - Nitrate reduction
KW - In situ
KW - Structure-activity-selectivity
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-652626
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.71951
SN - 2198-3844
VL - 12
IS - 39
SP - 1
PB - Wiley-VCH
CY - Weinheim
AN - OPUS4-65262
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Silverstein, R.
A1 - Sobol, Oded
A1 - Böllinghaus, Thomas
A1 - Unger, Wolfgang
A1 - Eliezer, D.
T1 - Hydrogen behavior in SAF 2205 duplex stainless steel
N2 - This paper describes austenitic-ferritic duplex stainless steels, SAF 2205, in the presence of hydrogen. The duplex stainless steels (DSS) properties include excellent resistance to stress corrosion cracking, high strength and good weldability. Those steels are preferably used in industries combining hydrogen and loads. Hydrogen location in addition to hydrogen binding energy with the steel's defects are of great importance for the analysis of hydrogen embrittlement model in that steel. It is known from previously published works that the susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement will depend on the competition between reversible and irreversible traps; meaning a direct relation to the hydrogen's state and position in the steel. In this work, we examine the local hydrogen concentration, trapping and distribution by two modern and advanced techniques: thermal desorption spectrometry (TDS) and we support it by time of flight-secondary ion mass spectrometer (ToF-SIMS). In this paper, we support and give for the first time new insights and better understanding to the hydrogen embrittlement mechanism in SAF 2205. The trapping energies levels were calculated using TDS and Lee and Lee's model. This model revealed reversible in addition to irreversible trapping sites. Also the trapping controlling mechanism was found to be a combination of detrapping controlled mechanism and diffusion controlled mechanism. The use of ToF-SIMS for local imaging the distribution of hydrogen species supports the discussion of the different hydrogen traps in this type of steel. The hydrogen embrittlemet phenomenon in SAF 2205 will be discussed in details in that paper.
KW - Hydrogen trapping
KW - Duplex stainless steel
KW - Thermal desorption spectrometry (TDS)
KW - ToF-SIMS
PY - 2017
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.11.184
SN - 0925-8388
SN - 1873-4669
VL - 695
SP - 2689
EP - 2695
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-38856
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Reichel, Levin
T1 - Reparaturschweißen in der schweißtechnischen Montage: Moderne Schweißverfahren für hochfeste Offshore-Stähle
N2 - Der Ausbau der Offshore-Windenergie mit Anlagenleistungen von über 10 MW er-fordert zunehmend den Einsatz hochfester Stähle mit Streckgrenzen ab 460 MPa bei Wanddicken von bis zu 150 mm. Inakzeptable Defekte, die während bzw. nach der schweißtechnischen Montage solcher dickwandigen Verbindungen im Nahtbereich detektiert werden, können wirtschaftlich durch lokales Ausfugen und anschließendes Schweißen noch in der Fertigung repariert werden. Insbesondere bei hochfesten Baustählen stellt dies hohe Anforderungen an die schweißtechnische Fertigung, da bislang keine standardisierten Reparaturkonzepte oder normativen Vorgaben existie-ren. Praxisnahe Empfehlungen sind hier vor allem für kleine und mittlere Unterneh-men (KMU) notwendig, damit diese Reparaturschweißungen sicher und wirtschaft-lich durchführen können.
Die laufende Untersuchung (FOSTA P1629/IGF 01IF22746N) legt daher den Schwerpunkt auf die Optimierung der Reparaturverfahren mit dem Ziel, schweißbe-dingte Beanspruchungen zu reduzieren, weil diese häufig zu erneuten Bildung Fehl-stellen führen. Hierfür werden hochfeste, dickwandige Verbindungen aus Offshore-Stahlgüten im Streckgrenzenbereich von 355 MPa bis 460 MPa untersucht. Die ex-perimentellen Analysen berücksichtigen dabei die komplexen Wechselwirkungen zwischen werkstoff- und prozess- sowie konstruktionsbedingten Einflüssen auf den Beanspruchungszustand nach dem Schweißzyklus (Verbindungsschweißen, Ausfu-gen, Reparaturschweißen). Diese Faktoren, wie z. B. die Steifigkeitsverhältnisse der Schweißnaht, sind von entscheidender Bedeutung für die resultierenden Eigenspan-nungen, die sich infolge der schweißtechnischen Reparatur ausbildet. Um die Bau-teilsicherheit und Leistungsfähigkeit zu gewährleisten, sind insbesondere risskriti-sche, mehrachsige Eigenspannungszustände zu vermeiden. So lassen sich moderne Hochleistungs-MAG-Schweißprozesse mit hierfür optimierten, schmaleren Fugen-geometrien in bauteilbezogenen Schweißversuchen auf Großprüfanlagen untersu-chen, um hierfür angepasste Prozess- und Wärmeführungsparameter zu identifizie-ren und angepasste Reparaturkonzepte abzuleiten. Ziel ist es, Handlungsempfehlun-gen für Richtlinien und Normen zu erarbeiten, die das Potenzial hochfester Stähle voll ausschöpfen und die Anwendbarkeit im Offshore-Stahlbau, insbesondere für KMU, substanziell stärken. Auf diese Weise leistet das Projekt einen entscheiden-den Beitrag zur erfolgreichen Umsetzung der Energiewende in Deutschland.
T2 - Forschungsseminar OVGU-Magdeburg
CY - Magdeburg, Germany
DA - 18.06.2025
KW - Moderne Schweißprozesse
KW - Offshore
KW - Reparaturschweißen
KW - Thermisches Ausfugen
KW - Eigenspannungen
KW - Gefügedegradation
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65238
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
T1 - Ultraschallunterstütztes Fräsen innovativer metallischer Werkstoffe zur Optimierung von Oberflächenintegrität und Werkzeugverschleiß Neueste Erkenntnisse und Perspektiven im Kontext der Komponentensicherheit
N2 - Der Vortrag behandelt ultraschallunterstütztes Fräsen als innovative Technologie zur Bearbeitung schwer zerspanbarer metallischer Werkstoffe und deren Einfluss auf Oberflächenintegrität, Werkzeugverschleiß und Komponentensicherheit. Ausgangspunkt ist die Herausforderung durch hohe Festigkeit, heterogene Gefüge und Eigenspannungen bei konventioneller und additiver Fertigung (z. B. Ni-, Co-Legierungen, Eisen-Aluminide). Diese Faktoren führen zu erhöhten Prozesskräften, Werkzeugverschleiß und nachteiligen Oberflächeneigenschaften.
Ultraschallunterstützung reduziert Zerspankräfte, stabilisiert Prozesse bei AM-Bauteilen und verbessert die Oberflächengüte durch Einbringung von Druckeigenspannungen. Untersuchungen zeigen: Optimale Amplituden (ca. 4 µm) minimieren Eigenspannungen und Defekte, erhöhen die Ermüdungsfestigkeit und verlängern die Werkzeugstandzeit. Bei Eisen-Aluminiden und DED-Arc-gefertigten Bauteilen konnten deutliche Verbesserungen in Rauheit, Kraftverlauf und Verschleiß erzielt werden. Für Co-/Ni-Legierungen wurde zusätzlich die Wirksamkeit durch Legierungsmodifikation nachgewiesen.
Perspektivisch bietet die Technologie Potenzial für Lebensdauersteigerung hochfester Bauteile, Integration von Oberflächenverfestigung in den Fräsprozess und Reduktion von Nachbearbeitungsschritten. Geplante Projekte adressieren Hochentropielegierungen, Mehrkomponentenwerkstoffe und hybride Fertigungsstrategien. Insgesamt zeigt sich, dass US-Fräsen eine Schlüsselrolle für ressourceneffiziente, sichere und leistungsfähige Komponenten in Leichtbau und Hochtemperaturanwendungen einnehmen kann.
T2 - 4. Wissenschaftliches Forum zur ULTRASONIC-Bearbeitung
CY - Jena, Germany
DA - 12.11.2025
KW - Ultraschallunterstütztes Fräsen
KW - Oberflächenintegrität
KW - Werkzeugverschleiß
KW - Zerspankräfte
KW - Additive Fertigung (DED-Arc, AM)
KW - Eisen-Aluminid
KW - Co-/Ni-Legierungen
KW - Ermüdungsfestigkeit
KW - Eigenspannungen
KW - Lebensdauersteigerung
KW - Hybridfertigung
KW - Hochentropielegierungen (MPEA)
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65240
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
T1 - Begrüßung und Vorstellung der BAMund des Fachbereichs 9.2 - Zentrale Forschungswerkstatt
N2 - Die Zentralwerkstatt der BAM übernimmt die Fertigung und Konstruktion komplexer Prüf- und Versuchseinrichtungen und adressiert zugleich zentrale Forschungsthemen zur Werkstoff- und Komponentensicherheit. Dazu gehören die Entwicklung innovativer Fertigungstechnologien, ressourceneffiziente Verarbeitungskonzepte für hochfeste und additive Komponenten sowie die Untersuchung von Fertigungseinflüssen auf Oberflächenintegrität und Werkstoffdegradation. Ein besonderer Fokus liegt auf der H₂-Sicherheit, insbesondere der Fertigung und Prüfung von Hohlzugproben für Wasserstoff-Pipelines. Ergänzend werden Automatisierungslösungen, digitale Methoden und moderne Spanntechnik zur Effizienzsteigerung eingesetzt. Die Arbeiten sind eng mit den BAM-Kompetenzzentren AM@BAM, H2Safety@BAM und WIND@BAM verzahnt und leisten einen Beitrag zur Energiewende sowie zur Normung und zum Technologietransfer.
T2 - 37. Stammtisch Metall des "Der Mittelstand BVMW e.V. "
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 17.09.2025
KW - Werkstoffsicherheit
KW - H₂-Sicherheit
KW - Additive Fertigung
KW - Ressourceneffizienz
KW - Automatisierung in der Fertigung
KW - Prüftechnikentwicklung
KW - Normung und Technologietransfer
KW - Oberflächenintegrität
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65245
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
T1 - HGF-AK "Bau wissenschaftlicher Geräte" - Neues aus der BAM / Fachbereich 9.2
N2 - In dieser Präsentation werden die neuesten Herausforderungen und der Stand des Fachbereiches 9.2 für die Mitarbeit im AK des HGF "Bau wissenschaftlicher Geräte" dargestellt. Hierfür werden Neuigkeiten aus dem Bereich Materialprüfung in der BAM präsentiert und mit den Arbeiten der Zentralwerkstatt, die hierfür notwendig sind, in Zusammenhang gebracht.
T2 - 20. Jahrestagung des Helmholtz-Arbeitskreis "Bau wissenschaftlicher Geräte"
CY - Jülich, Germany
DA - 07.05.2025
KW - Fertigungskompetenz
KW - Fertigungsverfahren
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65243
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Reichel, Levin
T1 - Optimising repair welding: narrower groove design for modern welding processes on high-strength offshore steels
N2 - The ongoing energy transition in Germany requires large offshore wind turbines with outputs over 10 MW and suitable deep-water subsea structures. Large towers made of high-strength steel with a yield strength of up to 500 MPa are needed to use the mate-rial more efficiently, enabling thinner wall sections without compromising structural integrity. This places high demands on manufacturers, especially regarding welding high-strength offshore steels. Weld defects detected through non-destructive testing (NDT) must be repaired by gouging and rewelding during fabrication. For thick plate joints, there is a notable lack of research, repair strategies, and guidance in standards and guidelines. Safe and cost-effective repairs are urgently necessary to support manufacturers, particularly SMEs. This study focuses on high-strength thick plate joints made of offshore grades with a yield strength of 355 to 460 MPa, repaired us-ing optimised narrow gouging grooves and controlled high-performance GMAW pro-cesses. Experimental analyses examine the complex interaction between the welding process, material properties, and design influences on the formation of weld-induced residual stresses in high-strength fine-grain structural steels. To ensure the safety and performance of components, it is essential to prevent repair welding-related material degradation and the development of crack-critical residual tensile stresses.
In this investigation, gouging was carried out using milling to ensure reproducibility. The restraint intensity of the groove significantly increases with a shorter groove length and a thicker substrate. The relaxation caused by the gouging process was ana-lysed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) to examine the initial conditions for the subse-quent repair welding. The residual stresses induced by the repair welding were ana-lysed, and different groove configurations have been compared. With shorter groove lengths and wider opening angles, the residual stresses after the repair weld increase markedly for this analysed offshore steel. The lowest residual stresses can be achieved by increasing the groove length and reducing the opening angle for a repair weld with a modern, controlled welding process. Adapting the repair process and boundary conditions allows for the full utilisation of the material's potential. This makes a valuable contribution to the energy transition in Germany, especially for SMEs in the steel processing industry.
T2 - Forschungsseminar OVGU-Magdeburg
CY - Magdeburg, Germany
DA - 10.12.2025
KW - Repair welding
KW - Narrow groove
KW - Controlled arc
KW - Residual stress
KW - High-strength offshore steel
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65239
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Witte, Julien
T1 - Safety for H2 Transport in Welded Low-Alloy Gas Pipelines
N2 - Steel gas pipelines are to be used in the future for the transport of hydrogen (H) or for its blending in natural gas. For the use of existing pipeline systems, as well as their adaptation and expansion with modern steels to the end user, it is necessary to investigate the extent to which hydrogen is absorbed by the material or welded joints, depending on the gas composition and changing temperature and pressure stresses, and can reduce their ductility, in order to exclude an unexpected brittle failure in the form of hydrogen-assisted cracking. So far, in-situ tests of H-absorption under continuous mechanical stress have been carried out using slow strain rate tests (SSRT) with full-section test specimens in high-pressure autoclaves. The high safetyrelated laboratory costs associated with this prevent cost-effective series testing for industry. Initial studies show that hollow tensile specimens (HTS) SSRT are a viable alternative through the defined adjustment of gases and pressures via the inner bore hole. To this end, the following key questions need to be addressed, (1) representation of real stress scenarios of welded pipes on HTS, (2) the effect of the gas composition (H2/CH4) on H absorption and degradation, (3) the influences and interaction of different weld seam structures under continuous and cyclically changing stress, (4) the possibility of integrating into a practical test concept for the evaluation of welded steels, and (5) the material behaviour of existing pipelines compared to modern steels. This work, which is being carried out as part of the IGF project no. 22884, focuses on a systematic investigation of the boundary conditions temperature, pressure and H2 partial pressure as well as steel grade and strain rate in correlation with realistic conditions. The experimental investigations show significant, and in dependence of the strain rate, different pronounced effects, in particular due to the temperature and the H2 partial pressure on the deformation capacity of the examined materials. With this, the technology should be further developed for further questions, in particular with regard to weld microstructure, in order to establish a simple, economical test procedure based on HZP-SSRT with regard to the H-readiness of welded steel pipelines by means of corresponding guidelines and transfer to standards. Ultimately, users, especially SMEs such as testing laboratories, should be involved in the development of the hydrogen economy as part of the energy transition, which underlines the high relevance for society as a whole.
T2 - 5th International Conference on Metals and Hydrogen
CY - Ghent, Belgium
DA - 14.10.2025
KW - Hydrogen safety / transport
KW - Welded hydrogen pipeline safety / integrity
KW - Hollow tensile specimens (HTS)
KW - Slow strain rate testing (SSRT)
KW - High-strength steel
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65236
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - El Harrab, Hayat
A1 - Askar, Enis
A1 - Franken, T.
A1 - Mauss, F.
T1 - Experimental and reaction kinetic study of hydrogen ignition behavior at ignition limits
N2 - The paper presents the results of an experimental and reaction kinetic investigation of hydrogen ignition at different pressures in a closed vessel, highlighting its non-linear behavior and the effects of radical wall termination. The reaction kinetic simulation predicts the three characteristic ignition limits of hydrogen caused by radical and thermal auto-ignition and is in close agreement with the experimental measurements. The first ignition limit is determined by the chain branching reaction H+O_2→O+ OH. This limit shows strong sensitivity towards the wall termination of O, H and OH radicals. The second ignition limit is influenced by the wall termination of O, H, OH, HO2 and H2O2 radicals. The third ignition limit is dominated by the reaction paths HO_2+HO_2→H_2 O_2+O_2 and H_2 O_2+M→2 OH+M, which is why it shows strong sensitivity towards wall termination of HO₂ and H₂O₂ radicals. Increasing the radical wall termination rate by increasing the sticking coefficient of the radicals at the wall or the surface-to-volume-ratio leads to an increase of the auto-ignition temperature at the same pressure. The introduction of radical wall termination reactions improved the prediction of ignition limits and highlighted the profound effect of the autoclave wall and vessel size on the hydrogen ignition behavior.
KW - Radical Wall Termination Reaction
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Auto-ignition Temperature
KW - Ignition Limit
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-647609
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2025.105980
SN - 1540-7489
VL - 41
SP - 1
EP - 7
PB - Elsevier Inc.
AN - OPUS4-64760
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Shikomba, Nikanor
A1 - Böllinghaus, Thomas
A1 - Konert, Florian
A1 - Sobol, Oded
A1 - Blasón Gonzalez, Sergio
A1 - Ohijeagbon, Idehai Olayemi
A1 - Krafft, Eike
A1 - Staudt, Thorsten
T1 - Correction: Resistance of welded low-alloyed pressure vessel and pipeline steels in gaseous hydrogen
N2 - This is a corrigendum to the original article "Resistance of welded low-alloyed pressure vessel and pipeline steels in gaseous hydrogen" that was published in the journal "Welding in the world" (2025), doi: 10.1007/s40194-025-02074-7.
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-634647
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-025-02098-z
SN - 0043-2288
SP - 1
PB - Springer
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-63464
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Duffner, Eric
T1 - Aspekte der Bauteilprüfung, Bauteilsicherheit und Zulassung im Kompetenzzentrum H2SAFETY@BAM
N2 - Der Vortrag zeigt den Weg des Themas Wasserstoff von Adolf Martens bis zum Kompetenzzentrum H2SafetyBAM, die zugehörigen Kompetenzfelder, deren Ziele und verantwortliche Personen.
Der Hauptteil reflektiert den Aspekt des Markthochlaufes von Wasserstofftechnologien und zeigt einen Maßnahmenkatalog von der Risikosteuerung über die Konsequenzbegrenzung bis zu probabilistische Ansätzen in der Bewertung von Prüfergebnissen und der Wirkung von Mindestanforderungen.
T2 - DVGW-Kongress H2-Sicherheit
CY - Online meeting
DA - 26.02.2022
KW - Wasserstoffspeicher
KW - Markthochlauf
KW - Monte-Carlo-Simulation
KW - Druck-Volumen-Produkt
KW - Alterung
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-54609
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Aspekte der Bauteilprüfung, Bauteilsicherheit und Zulassung im Kompetenzzentrum H2Safety
N2 - Der Vortrag stellt das Kompetenzzentrum H2Safety der BAM vor und zeigt Aspekte besonderer Kompetenz des Zentrums mit Blick auf das Kompetenzfeld TestCert.
Beginnend mit dem H2-Unfall auf dem Tempelhofer Feld in 1894 wird dargestellt welche Bedeutung Sicherheitsfragen zu Wasserstoff für das Kompetenzzentrum H2Safety haben. Danach wird die Struktur und die Arbeitsschwerpunkte erläutert und die verantwortlichen Personen kurz vorgestellt. Das Kompetenzfeld TestCert wird vertieft erläutert und hier insbesondere auf Sicherheitsaspekte des Markthochlaufes hingewiesen. Darauf aufbauend werden die statistischen Aspekte eines Markthochlaufes wie auch die der Streuung einer Population und deren Alterung dargelegt. Zuletzt kommt der Hinweis auf das Potential der Bewertung von Baumusterprüfkriterien mithilfe der Monte-Carlo-Simulation.
T2 - DVGW Kongress "H2 Sicherheit"
CY - Online meeting
DA - 27.01.2021
KW - H2Safety@BAM
KW - Markthochlauf
KW - Sicherheit
KW - Zuverlässigkeit
KW - Alterung
KW - Zulassungskriterium
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53152
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Kompetenzzentrum H2SAFETY@BAM - Das Spektrum H2-Aktivitäten der BAM
N2 - Der Vortrag stellt das Kompetenzzentrum H2Safety der BAM vor und zeigt Aspekte besonderer Kompetenz des Zentrums mit Blick auf das Kompetenzfeld TestCert.
Beginnend mit dem H2-Unfall auf dem Tempelhofer Feld in 1894 wird dargestellt welche Bedeutung Sicherheitsfragen zu Wasserstoff für das Kompetenzzentrum H2Safety haben. Danach wird die Struktur und die Arbeitsschwerpunkte erläutert und die verantwortlichen Personen kurz vorgestellt. Das Kompetenzfeld TestCert wird vertieft erläutert und hier auf das Spektrum der wissenschaftlichen und technischen Dienstleistungen hingewiesen. Darauf aufbauend werden die statistischen Aspekte eines Markthochlaufes wie auch die der Streuung einer Population und deren Alterung dargelegt. Zuletzt kommt der Hinweis auf das Potential der Bewertung von Baumusterprüfkriterien mithilfe der Monte-Carlo-Simulation.
T2 - BAM-DIN-IGV-DVFG -Jahresgespräch 2021
CY - Online meeting
DA - 24.02.2021
KW - Wasserstoffspeicher
KW - H2Safety@BAM
KW - Lebensdauervorhersage
KW - Monte-Carlo-Experiment
KW - Sicherheit
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-54615
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - BAM - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung: Hydrogen - Safety in Technology and Chemistry
N2 - The presentation starts with some key figures about BAM. Then it introduces BAM's competence centre H2Safety@BAM and shows aspects of special competence of the centre. It closes with information about the engagement of BAM in European research projects on hydrogen and a reference to our bilingual paper about our hydrogen strategy.
T2 - 27th Hydrogen Europe Research General Assembly
CY - Online meeting
DA - 02.07.2020
KW - Material properties and compatibility
KW - Component testing
KW - Safety assessment
KW - Approval
KW - Sensors
KW - Inspection
KW - Gas behaviour
KW - Safe handling
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-53155
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schulz, Wencke
A1 - Nofz, Marianne
A1 - Dörfel, Ilona
A1 - Saliwan Neumann, Romeo
A1 - Kranzmann, Axel
T1 - Aluminiumoxid als Schutzschicht für kommerzielle Kraftwerksstähle (Teil 1)
N2 - In Kohlekraftwerken mit Oxyfuel-Technologie erfolgt die Verbrennung unter Zufuhr von reinem Sauerstoff. Damit steht für die Abscheidung und Speicherung von CO2 ein Rauchgas mit hohem CO2-Anteil zur Verfügung (CCS-Technologie). Aufgrund dieses Verbrennungsprozesses ändert sich im Wesentlichen die Rauchgaszusammensetzung hin zu hohem H2O- und SO2 -Anteil. Deshalb wurden in verschiedenen Laboratorien kommerzielle Kraftwerksstähle unter den entsprechenden korrosiven Bedingungen getestet. Im Vergleich zur herkömmlichen Verbrennungsmethode zeigten die ferritisch-martensitischen Stähle schon nach 1000 h Auslagerungszeit unter Oxyfuel-Bedingungen eine durch einen deutlich erhöhten Materialverlust gekennzeichnete Korrosion. Eine Möglichkeit um dennoch die Lebensdauer dieser Stähle zu gewährleisten, besteht im Aufbringen geeigneter Schutzschichten auf die Stahloberfläche. Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Herstellung und Bewertung von Sol-Gel-Aluminiumoxidschichten als Schutz vor Korrosion in Oxyfuel-Rauchgas-Atmosphäre. Diese wurden auf den warmfesten Stahl X20CrMoV12-1 (X20) mittels der Tauchmethode aufgebracht. Anschließend erfolgte eine Auslagerung der beschichteten Proben für 1000 h bei 600 °C in einer H2O-CO2-O2-SO2 -Atmosphäre.
Im Vergleich zum unbeschichteten Stahl X20 war der Materialverlust des beschichteten Stahls deutlich geringer. Insbesondere konnte durch die Aluminiumoxidschicht der Transport von CO2 und SO2 zur Stahloberfläche verhindert werden.
KW - Stahl
KW - Korrosion
KW - Aluminiumoxid
KW - Sol-Gel
PY - 2016
SN - 0016-4232
VL - 107
IS - 9
SP - 1900
EP - 1903
PB - Leuze Verlag
CY - Bad Saulgau
AN - OPUS4-38148
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Namwoonde, Andreas Sheuyange
T1 - Polymer Composites Under Continuous and Reciprocating Sliding Conditions In Hydrogen
N2 - The implementation of hydrogen as an alternative energy source to fossil fuels necessitates the use of compatible materials for safety purposes, and thermoplastics are widely utilized in this context. The application of polymers in gaseous and liquid hydrogen environments requires careful consideration of their tribological performance, as the operating environment is dramatically different from ambient conditions. Friction, wear, and lubrication are crucial factors to consider in this regard. Researchers have investigated various strategies to enhance the tribological performance of polymers in hydrogen environments, including modifying the composition and structure of polymers by incorporating fillers to improve their friction and wear resistance.
The tribological properties of polymer composites based on matrices of PEEK, PPS, and PI have been mostly investigated using the continuous sliding test method, and the results indicate that these materials are suitable candidates for tribological applications in both gaseous and liquid hydrogen. This project explores the tribological properties of related polymer composites in hydrogen using continuous and reciprocating motion with a pin-on-disc testing method.
T2 - Polytrib2024
CY - Portorož, Slovenia
DA - 03.10.2024
KW - Polymers
KW - Friction
KW - Wear
KW - Tribological behaviour
KW - Hydrogen
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61378
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mente, Tobias
A1 - Grimault de Freitas, Tomás
A1 - Nietzke, Jonathan
A1 - Konert, Florian
A1 - Sobol, Oded
A1 - Wackermann, Ken
A1 - Ruchti, Peter
A1 - Elsen-Humberg, Stefan
A1 - Systermans, Thomas
ED - Zimmermann, Martina
T1 - Hohlzugprüfung als kostengünstige Methode zur Werkstoffcharakterisierung für die Wasserstoffwirtschaft
N2 - Wasserstoff ist ein notwendiger Baustein zur Erreichung zukünftiger Klimaziele. Für eine schnell hochlaufende Wasserstoffwirtschaft ist es daher notwendig sowohl bestehende Infrastruktur als auch neue Werkstoffe für den sicheren und nachhaltigen Einsatz in Wasserstofftechnologien zu qualifizieren. Die akzeptierten und standardisierten Prüfverfahren zur Ermittlung des Einflusses gasförmigen Wasserstoffs auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften metallischer Werkstoffe sind meist sehr komplex, mit hohem technologischem und finanziellem Aufwand verbunden und stehen nur Wenigen Instituten weltweit zur Verfügung. Die Hohlzugprüftechnik bietet hier eine kostengünstige und einfach zu realisierende Alternative. Mit der im Jahr 2024 erstmals veröffentlichten ISO 7039 wurde diese Prüftechnik auch für die Wirtschaft anwendbar gemacht. Der Standard gilt allgemein für die Prüfung mit gasförmigen Medien, weist jedoch in Bezug auf die Prüfung mit gasförmigem Wasserstoff noch einige Wissenslücken auf. Im Teilvorhaben H2HohlZug des Leitprojekt TransHyDE werden die Lücken zum Einfluss der Geometrie, Oberflächenqualität sowie Gasreinheit in einzelnen Arbeitspaketen geschlossen und die Erkenntnisse in einen Standard überführt.
T2 - 43. Vortrags- und Diskussionstagung Werkstoffprüfung 2025 - Werkstoffe und Bauteile auf dem Prüfstand
CY - Dresden, Germany
DA - 27.11.2025
KW - Hohlzugprüfung
KW - Druckwasserstoff
KW - ISO 7039
KW - H2HohlZug - TransHyDE
PY - 2025
SN - 978-3-88355-454-9
SP - 11
EP - 17
PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Materialkunde e.V. (DGM)
CY - Dresden
AN - OPUS4-64937
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Grimault de Freitas, Tomás
T1 - From Research to a Standard: The Hollow Specimen Technique for High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas Testing
N2 - As the world moves towards a decarbonised economy, the demand for sustainable and low-carbon alternatives is growing rapidly. Hydrogen has an important role to play in this transition, but in order to make the most of hydrogen as an energy carrier, a comprehensive understanding of its impact on the integrity of structural materials is necessary. Metallic materials, mainly steels, are the most commonly used structural materials in various components throughout the hydrogen supply chain. Ensuring their sustainable and safe use in hydrogen technologies is a crucial factor in the development of the hydrogen economy. This is particularly important since hydrogen can promote crack formation and ultimately lead to premature failure in these materials when combined with mechanical load. This process is commonly known as Hydrogen Embrittlement and can occur in almost all the steels used for the hydrogen technologies. Extensive materials qualification is required for the rapid implementation of hydrogen technologies, however, most accepted, and standardised test methods for determining the effect of gaseous hydrogen on metallic materials describe complex and costly procedures that are only available to a very limited extent worldwide.
The hollow specimen technique is a simple and economical method that has the potential to overcome the limitations of the current methods and complement them for qualifying metallic materials under high-pressure hydrogen gas. Unlike the conventional autoclave technique, this method requires significantly lower amounts of hydrogen, resulting in fewer safety measures and no need for complex equipment or a specialised laboratory. The technique's low investment and testing costs, simple operation, and shorter testing time make it an optimal for widespread use around the world, thereby increasing the output of results.
Initial studies have demonstrated the feasibility of assessing hydrogen effects in metallic materials using the hollow specimen technique. This led to the establishment of an ISO committee to standardise the method. However, there are open questions that currently prevent the technique from being standardised for hydrogen testing. These open questions relate to specimen geometry, inner hole surface and gas quality and are being addressed in the H2HohlZug project, of which the overall aim is to systematically close the gaps towards a standard. This contribution presents the structure and milestones of the project, followed by initial results.
T2 - CETIM Workshop Technique H2
CY - Nantes, France
DA - 11.12.2025
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Hydrogen Embrittlement
KW - Hollow Specimen Technique
KW - High-Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen
KW - TransHyDE
KW - H2HohlZug
KW - Standardisation
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65103
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Askar, Enis
T1 - Ignition Indices of Hydrogen Mixtures under Electrolysis Process Conditions
N2 - The formation of hydrogen-oxygen mixtures for example due to cross-over, malfunction or start-up and shut-down processes is a hazard very specific to given electrolysis processes that must be properly addressed. In this work the explosion limits of hydrogen-oxygen-mixtures at conditions up to 30 bar and 300 °C were determined experimentally. It was found that the existing experimental data can be interpolated with good accuracy using empirical approaches. Moreover, explosion limits at atmospheric conditions were also determined with reduced ignition energy, down to 1 mJ. Although in the literature it can be found that the ignition energy of flammable gases increases strongly when the concentration changes from stoichiometric to near the explosion limits, no significant influence on the mixture concentration was found within tested ignition energy range for H2/O2 mixtures. Finally, hot surface ignition for mixtures with 6 mol% hydrogen in oxygen, thus slightly above the explosion limit, were experimentally studied at different pressures up to 30 bara. Similarly, only slight difference from the ignition temperatures determined for stoichiometric mixtures were found. A 0D adiabatic, constant-volume reactor model was used to calculate the ignition temperatures. The model was tested for its prediction of ignition temperatures of hydrogen mixtures at different pressures.
T2 - 11th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety (ICHS) 2025
CY - Seoul, South Korea
DA - 22.09.2025
KW - Explosion limits
KW - Ignition temperature
KW - Ignition energy
KW - Electrolyzer
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64522
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Grimault de Freitas, Tomás
T1 - Hollow Specimen Method for Tests in High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas: The Role of Geometry, Surface Quality and Gas Purity
N2 - The hollow specimen technique is a simple and cost-effective method that has the potential to make materials qualification with pressurised gaseous hydrogen widely accessible to academia and industry.
The feasibility of this method for slow strain tensile tests has been demonstrated in several studies, leading to the establishment of the ISO/TC 164/SC 1/WG 9 ISO committee for its standardisation. Questions have emerged during this process, that currently prevent the method from being standardised for hydrogen testing. These questions relate to specimen geometry, specimen manufacturing and gas quality and are being systematically addressed in the TransHyDE-H2HohlZug project. The first results are presented in this poster.
T2 - TransHyDE Vollversammlung 2024
CY - Leipzig, Germany
DA - 27.11.2024
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Hydrogen Embrittlement
KW - Hollow Specimen Technique
KW - High-Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen
KW - Austenitic Stainless Steel
KW - TransHyDE
KW - H2HohlZug
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61847
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröder, Volkmar
T1 - Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen von Erdgas-Wasserstoff-Gemischen - Schlussfolgerungen für den Explosionsschutz
N2 - In einem Vorhaben wurden sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen für den Explosionsschutz von Erdgas-Wasserstoff-Gemischen nach den aktuellen europäischen Normen gemessen. Dabei können für Stoffmengenanteile bis zu 10% Wasserstoff folgende Aussagen getroffen werden:
Die unteren Explosionsgrenzen und Sauerstoffgrenzkonzentrationen verändern sich nur wenig.
Der Einfluss auf Explosionsdrücke und KG-Werte ist ebenfalls vernachlässigbar.
Die Erdgase mit Wasserstoffanteilen von bis zu 10 Mol-% erfüllen weiterhin sicher die Voraussetzung für die Ex-Gruppe IIA.
Höhere Wasserstoffanteile (> 30%) können einige Kenngrößen relevant beeinflussen (z. B. OEG, LOC, MESG, KG).
Berechnungen zeigen nur geringen Einfluss von 10 % H2 auf die Gasausbreitung.
Gaswarngeräte müssen in der Regel neu kalibriert werden.
T2 - 4. Fachtagung Arbeitssicherheit in der Gasversorgung
CY - Düsseldorf, Germany
DA - 05.07.2016
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Erdgasnetz
KW - Energiewende
KW - Energiespeicherung
KW - Explosionsschutz
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37110
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Junias, Josua Kondja
A1 - Askar, Enis
A1 - Holtappels, Kai
A1 - Liebner, Christian
A1 - Shaanika, Erasmus
A1 - Thewis, Max
T1 - Prediction of Explosion Characteristics of Hydrogen Mixtures using Machine Learning Models
N2 - Explosion characteristics of hydrogen mixtures have been extensively investigated at different conditions. Due to the intensiveness of the explosion characteristics experimental determination, empirical and semi-empirical models are commonly used to predict explosion limits in dependance of conditions: temperature, pressure, and mixture composition. However, unevenly distributed, and limited empirical data and the complex non-linear relationship of these explosion characteristics’ present significant challenges to empirical explosion limits prediction methods under various mixture conditions. Moreover, some empirical models and semi-empirical models are not comprehensive and limited in scope of application. To address these issues, the present study adapts a machine learning approach for improving the hydrogen mixtures explosion characteristics prediction at different conditions, offering a fast, flexible, and comprehensive accurate prediction approach. A Multi-Layer Perceptron model was trained, validated, and tested using key input features such as flammability state, initial mixture temperature, inert gas concentration, adiabatic flame temperature, and Lewis numbers. Data augmentation techniques were conducted to supplement and improve the predictive capability of the model. The model’s performance was compared with a separate experimental dataset. This machine learning approach offers a cost-effective and robust alternative to existing empirical explosion limit prediction method, thus also reducing the experimental effort for explosion limits determination.
T2 - BAM Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 06.11.2025
KW - Machine Learning
KW - Flammability Limits
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64706
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Holtappels, Kai
T1 - Hydrogen - Trust through safety
N2 - In den Virtual Talks der DECHEMA wurden allgemeine Aspekte der Sicherheit und Akzeptanz von Wasserstofftechnologien vorgestellt. Wie kann Vertrauen in neue Technologien geschaffen werden, wenn Unfälle aus der Vergangenheit zu Mythen und Märchen führten? Der Vortrag räumt mit allgemeinen Vorurteilen auf und zeigt, dass der Umgang mit Wasserstoff weder unsicherer, noch sicherer ist als der Umgang mit anderen Brenngasen. Basis für den sicheren Umgang mit Wasserstoff ist immer eine Risikoanalyse.
N2 - In the DECHEMA Virtual Talks, general aspects of the safety and acceptance of hydrogen technologies were presented. How can trust in new technologies be built when past accidents led to myths and fairy tales? The presentation does away with general prejudices and shows that handling hydrogen is neither more unsafe nor safer than handling other fuel gases. The basis for the safe handling of hydrogen is always a risk analysis.
T2 - DECHEMA Virtual Talks
CY - Online meeting
DA - 23.11.2020
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Safety
KW - Sicherer Umgang
KW - Sicherheit
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-52082
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Askar, Enis
T1 - Sicherheitstechnische Fragestellungen im Zusammenhang mit Elektrolyseanlagen
N2 - Im Vortrag werden aktuelle Entwicklungen bei verschiedenen Elektrolysetechnologien kurz vorgestellt. Dann werden für Elektrolyseanlagen spezifische Gefährdungen diskutiert, v.a. die im Zusammenhang mit den Eigenschaften der Gase Wasserstoff und Sauerstoff stehen. Dabei wird auch Bezug auf die Normung- und Regelsetzung genommen und Sicherheitskonzepte werden beispielhaft kurz vorgestellt. Abschließend wird auf Unfallereignisse im Zusammenhang mit der Elektrolyse eingegangen.
T2 - BAM/UBA-Behördenerfahrungsaustausch
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 27.06.2022
KW - Explosionsschutz
KW - Wasserstofferzeugung
KW - Sauerstoff
KW - Sicherheit
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55220
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Nietzke, Jonathan
T1 - Performance of Conventional and Additive Manufactured Austenitic Stainless Steels under Gaseous Hydrogen Environment using in-situ Hollow Specimen Technique
N2 - Hydrogen and its derivatives (e.g. ammonia) are considered as a suitable energy carrier in the future supply of renewable energy. Hydrogen transportation systems require pipes, valves and fittings, among other components. In this sense, austenitic stainless steels are commonly used structural materials for pure hydrogen applications. Stable austenitic alloys, like AISI 316L, are often assumed to be practically unsusceptible to hydrogen embrittlement. At the same time, a number of studies show the influence of hydrogen even in 316L under some circumstances. Some other studies state that this embrittlement could be avoided by using steel grades with a higher nickel equivalent which contributes to a more stable austenitic phase. Nonetheless, 316L is widely used in hydrogen atmospheres since many years because of lower costs and positive practical experience. For these reasons, not only 316L but also 304 could be further utilized by identifying the exact constraints.
With increasing demand for components regarding hydrogen applications, additive manufacturing technologies are getting increasingly important complementary to conventional manufacturing. In the context of additive manufacturing, 316L is a common material as well. The manufacturing process offers great advantages due to higher freedoms in design and the possibility for customized components in small batches. For example, valves with improved flow characteristics and reduced component weight can be produced. Nevertheless, there is still lack of experience and experimental results concerning additively manufactured parts under hydrogen service. Therefore, the influence on the material properties for additively manufactured parts in hydrogen environments needs to be further investigated.
In the present work, slow strain rate testing (SSRT) has been applied using hollow specimens. This testing procedure allows to perform practicable and faster in-situ tests in comparison to tests in autoclaves and investigate the influence of hydrogen on the mechanical properties.
Conventional AISI 304 and 316L specimens as well as additively manufactured 316L specimens were tested at room temperature and a pressure of 200 bar. Elongation at fracture and relative reduction of area (RRA) have been used to evaluate the influence of hydrogen. It is shown that the influence of hydrogen is more pronounced in 304 than in 316L. Furthermore, potentially influencing factors such as surface roughness, microstructure and porosity are discussed.
T2 - International Hydrogen Conference
CY - Park City, Utah, USA
DA - 17.09.2023
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Hollow Specimen Technique
KW - Additive Manufacturing
KW - Austenitic Steels
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58776
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sobol, Oded
A1 - Böllinghaus, Thomas
A1 - Wirth, Thomas
A1 - Unger, Wolfgang
A1 - Eliezer, D.
T1 - High resolution ToF-SIMS imaging of deuterium permeation and cracking in duplex stainless steels
N2 - Fundamental understanding and elucidation of hydrogen assisted degradation and trapping mechanisms is dependent on sufficient imaging techniques for respective hydrogen interactions, in particular with multi-phase metallic microstructures. The present work shows the progress in elucidating the deuterium behavior in austenitic-ferritic duplex stainless steels under the consideration that deuterium behaves in many ways similarly to hydrogen. A novel combination of deuterium permeation and in-situ Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) imaging technique is compared with post charging ToF-SIMS imaging experiments. As a step beyond state-of-the-art, integration of chemo-metric and high resolution structural characterization techniques with computational multivariate data analysis (MVA) and data fusion is presented.
T2 - 2016 International Hydrogen Conference
CY - Grand Teton National Park, Jackson Lake Lodge, Wyoming, USA
DA - 11.09.2016
KW - DSS
KW - ToF-SIMS
KW - Data-fusion
KW - EBSD
PY - 2017
SN - 978-0-7918-6138-7
SP - 407
EP - 415
PB - ASME Press
CY - Two Park Ave. New-York, NY 10016, USA
AN - OPUS4-42647
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Konert, Florian
T1 - Investigation of the resistance of X65 pipeline steel and weld to gaseous hydrogen using the hollow specimen technique
N2 - The constantly increasing demand for renewable energy sources lead to the necessity of transporting large amounts of hydrogen. Since pipelines enable a cost-effective way for the distribution of gaseous hydrogen, the interaction of hydrogen and the pipeline materials must be carefully investigated as hydrogen can cause a degradation of the mechanical properties under certain conditions. Especially welds, which are assumed to be more susceptible to the degradation enhanced by hydrogen, are of great interest. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of gaseous hydrogen on the mechanical properties of an X65 pipeline, and the longitudinal submerged arc welding (SAW) welded joint. The tests are conducted using the hollow specimen technique on two types of specimens: one extracted from the base material (BM) and the other extracted as a cross-weld (CW) specimen consisting of base material and weld seam. The specimens are charged in-situ under a pressure of 60 bar and tested using slow strain rate (SSR) tensile tests with a nominal strain rate of 10-5 s-1. The performed tests showed a decrease of the reduction of area (RA) from 72% in inert atmosphere to 52% in hydrogen atmosphere for the CW-specimen and a decrease from 73% in inert atmosphere to 51% for the BM. Metallographic analyses showed the crack initiation between fine grain heat affected zone (FGHAZ) and BM for the specimens tested in hydrogen atmosphere as well as for the reference specimens. This leads to the conclusion that the location of the crack initiation does not change due to the presence of gaseous hydrogen.
T2 - 77th IIW Annual Assembly and International Conference 2024
CY - Rhodes, Greece
DA - 07.07.2024
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Hollow-specimen
KW - Pipeline steel
KW - SSRT
KW - Hydrogen embrittlement
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60617
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mente, Tobias
T1 - Hohlzugprüfung - Kostengünstige Methode zur Werkstoffcharakterisierung für die Wasserstoffwirtschaft
N2 - Wasserstoff ist ein notwendiger Baustein zur Erreichung zukünftiger Klimaziele. Für eine schnell hochlaufende Wasserstoffwirtschaft ist es daher notwendig sowohl bestehende Infrastruktur als auch neue Werkstoffe für den sicheren und nachhaltigen Einsatz in Wasserstofftechnologien zu qualifizieren. Die akzeptierten und standardisierten Prüfverfahren zur Ermittlung des Einflusses gasförmigen Wasserstoffs auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften metallischer Werkstoffe sind meist sehr komplex, mit hohem technologischem und finanziellem Aufwand verbunden und stehen nur Wenigen Instituten weltweit zur Verfügung. Die Hohlzugprüftechnik bietet hier eine kostengünstige und einfach zu realisierende Alternative. Mit der im Jahr 2024 erstmals veröf-fentlichten ISO 7039 wurde diese Prüftechnik auch für die Wirtschaft anwendbar gemacht. Der Standard gilt allgemein für die Prüfung mit gasförmigen Medien, weist jedoch in Bezug auf die Prüfung mit gasförmigem Wasserstoff noch einige Wissenslücken auf. Im Teilvorhaben H2HohlZug des Leitprojekt TransHyDE werden die Lücken zum Einfluss der Geometrie, Ober-flächenqualität sowie Gasreinheit in einzelnen Arbeitspaketen geschlossen und die Erkenntnisse in einen Standard überführt.
T2 - 43. Vortrags- und Diskussionstagung Werkstoffprüfung 2025 - Werkstoffe und Bauteile auf dem Prüfstand
CY - Dresden, Germany
DA - 27.11.2025
KW - Hohlzugprüfung
KW - Druckwasserstoff
KW - ISO 7039
KW - H2HohlZug - TransHyDE
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64936
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Grimault de Freitas, Tomás
T1 - Hollow Specimen Method for Tests in High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas: The TransHyDE - H2HohlZug Project
N2 - The feasibility of the method for slow strain tensile tests has been demonstrated in several studies, leading to the establishment of the ISO/TC 164/SC 1/WG 9 ISO committee for its standardisation. Questions have emerged during this process, that currently prevent the method from being standardised for hydrogen testing. These questions relate to specimen geometry, specimen manufacturing and gas quality and are being systematically addressed in the TransHyDE-H2HohlZug project.
T2 - TrasnsHyDE Abschlusskonferenz
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 25.03.2025
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Hydrogen Embrittlement
KW - Hollow Specimen Technique
KW - High-Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen
KW - TransHyDE
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62807
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa
T1 - Competence Centre H2Safety@BAM
N2 - Presentation of the Competence Centre H2Safety@BAM with all five competence field, representatives as well as its vision, mission, strategic goals and implementation plan.
T2 - III. TR Wasserstoff Erfahrungsaustausch, TÜV Rheinland
CY - Cologne, Germany
DA - 07.12.2022
KW - Hydrogen safety
KW - Materials compatibility
KW - Component testing
KW - Process and plant safety
KW - Sensors and analytics
KW - Cross-cutting activities
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-59301
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa
T1 - H2Safety@BAM
N2 - Overview on the Competence Centre H2Safety@BAM including the following topics: current international developments regarding the market ramp up of hydrogen technologies, European policies, hydrogen market projections, etc.
T2 - H2SAFETY@BAM: WORKSHOP 2023
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 27.06.2023
KW - Hydrogen safety
KW - Hydrogen market
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-59305
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Konert, Florian
A1 - Freitas, Tomás
T1 - 5. Vollversammlung TransHyDE
N2 - Die im Jahr 2025 abgeschlossenen Meilensteine des Projektes H2HohlZug werden präsentiert. Diese umfassen die nationale Einigung auf eine Probengeometrie sowie die Testbedingungen. Weiter wurde ein Normentwurf in das ISO-Gremium eingebracht. Die begleitenden Publikationen in Fachzeitschriften sowie Beteiligungen an Konferenzen werden zusammengefasst. Abschließend wird der Ablauf des internationalen Round-Robins beschrieben und der Transfer der Kenntnisse in den Normungsprozess erläutert.“
T2 - 5. TransHyDE Vollversammlung
CY - Leipzig, Germany
DA - 26.11.2025
KW - Hohlzugprobe
KW - TransHyDE
KW - Norm
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64976
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Mechanische Eigenschaften der Längschweißnaht einer X65-Pipeline in Druckwasserstoffatmosphäre
N2 - Im folgenden Beitrag werden die Ergebnisse der mechanischen Eigenschaften unter 200 bar Druckwasserstoff des Werkstoffes 316L (1.4404) vorgestellt. Dazu wurden Hohlzugproben aus konventionellem, kaltgezogenem Material herausgearbeitet und per SLM-PBF additiv gefertigten Hohlzugproben gegenübergestellt. Die Proben wurden da-bei unter Druckwasserstoff einer SSRT-Prüfung mit einer Dehnrate von 1E-5/s unterzogen. Zusätzlich zum Werkstoffzustand wurde der Einfluss des Oberflächenzustandes charakterisiert: (1) additiv gefertigten Proben mit endkonturnaher Form „as-printed“ oh-ne zusätzliche Bohrung, (2) Bohren und (3) zusätzliches Honen. Die gemessene Degradation der mechanischen Eigenschaften unter Wasserstoff hing dabei in erster Linie von der Oberfläche ab und damit indirekt vom Werkstoffzustand „as-printed“ oder kaltgezogen ab. Während die Proben mit gebohrter und/oder gehonter Oberfläche eine RRA (Relative Reduction of Area) 78 % aufwiesen, zeigten die AM-Proben eine deutlich höhere RRA von 90 %. Ein möglicher Grund dafür sind während der Fertigung ausbildende Oxidschichten, die sich durch geringe Mengen an Restsauerstoff während des AM-Prozesses ausbilden. Zur abschließenden Charakterisierung sind weitere Untersuchungen erforderlich, insbesondere für ein größeres Parameterfeld an Prüftemperaturen (Oxideinwirkung) und Dehnraten (mechanische Beständigkeit der Oxidschicht ähnlich den Einflüssen auf „klassische“ Spannungsrisskorrosion).
T2 - DGM Arbeitskreis Wasserstoff
CY - Neu-Isenburg, Germany
DA - 26.05.2025
KW - Pipeline
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Hohlzugprobe
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63236
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Konert, Florian
A1 - Nietzke, Jonathan
T1 - Application of an in-situ H2Test Method
N2 - The degradation effect of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of steels is well known, but still not sufficiently understood. The fast and safe market ramp up of hydrogen technologies makes it evident to evaluate a wider understanding of this topic. In general it is often described as hydrogen embrittlement. Therefore it is desirable to achieve a test method which is able to provide material properties under hydrogen atmosphere in an easy way. Currently mechanical tests under hydrogen atmosphere are executed in autoclaves. For this technique complex hardware is needed, therefore tests are expensive and test capacities are only available in a small scale. The shown test method promises a trendsetting approach for reducing costs and machine time by using hollow specimen.
T2 - 4th International Conference on Metals and Hydrogen - Steely & Hydrogen 2022
CY - Ghent, Belgium
DA - 11.10.2022
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Hollow specimen
KW - In-situ
KW - Test procedure
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56032
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Grimault de Freitas, Tomás
T1 - Hollow Specimen Method for Tests in High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas: The Role of Strain-Rate and Surface Quality
N2 - As the world moves towards a decarbonised economy, the demand for sustainable and low-carbon alternatives is growing rapidly. Hydrogen has an important role to play in this transition, but in order to make the most of hydrogen as an energy carrier, a comprehensive understanding of its impact on the integrity of structural materials is necessary. Metallic materials, mainly steels, are the most commonly used structural materials in various components throughout the hydrogen supply chain. Ensuring their sustainable and safe use in hydrogen technologies is a crucial factor in the development of the hydrogen economy. This is particularly important since hydrogen can promote crack formation and ultimately lead to premature failure in these materials when combined with mechanical load. This process is commonly known as Hydrogen Embrittlement and can occur in almost all the steels used for the hydrogen technologies. Extensive materials qualification is required for the rapid implementation of hydrogen technologies, however, most accepted, and standardised test methods for determining the effect of gaseous hydrogen on metallic materials describe complex and costly procedures that are only available to a very limited extent worldwide.
The hollow specimen technique is a simple and economical method that has the potential to overcome the limitations of the current methods and complement them for qualifying metallic materials under high-pressure hydrogen gas. Unlike the conventional autoclave technique, this method requires significantly lower amounts of hydrogen, resulting in fewer safety measures and no need for complex equipment or a specialised laboratory. The technique's low investment and testing costs, simple operation, and shorter testing time make it an optimal for widespread use around the world, thereby increasing the output of results.
Initial studies have demonstrated the feasibility of assessing hydrogen effects in metallic materials using the hollow specimen technique. This led to the establishment of an ISO committee to standardise the method. However, there are open questions that currently prevent the technique from being standardised for hydrogen testing. These open questions relate to specimen geometry, inner hole surface and gas quality and are being addressed in the H2HohlZug project, of which the overall aim is to systematically close the gaps towards a standard. This contribution presents the structure and milestones of the project, followed by initial results.
T2 - HyLab | HyTalks
CY - Online meeting
DA - 12.11.2025
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Hydrogen Embrittlement
KW - Hollow Specimen Technique
KW - High-Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen
KW - TransHyDE
KW - H2HohlZug
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64749
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröder, Volkmar
T1 - Sicherheitstechnische Eigenschaften von Gemischen aus Wasserstoff und Erdgas
N2 - In einem von der BG ETEM geförderten Vorhaben wurden sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen für den Explosionsschutz von Erdgas-Wasserstoff-Gemischen nach den aktuellen europäischen Normen gemessen. Dabei können für Stoffmengenanteile bis zu 10% Wasserstoff folgende Aussagen getroffen werden: Die unteren Explosionsgrenzen und Sauerstoffgrenzkonzentrationen verändern sich nur wenig. Der Einfluss auf Explosionsdrücke und KG-Werte ist ebenfalls vernachlässigbar. Die Modellgase mit Wasserstoffanteilen von bis zu 10 Mol-% erfüllen weiterhin sicher die Voraussetzung für die Ex-Gruppe IIA. Höhere Wasserstoffanteile (> 30%) können einige Kenngrößen relevant beeinflussen (z. B. OEG, LOC, MESG, KG).
T2 - 14. BAM-PTB-Kolloquium zur chemischen und physikalischen Sicherheitstechnik
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 14.06.2016
KW - Explosionsschutz
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Erdgasnetz
KW - Energiewende
KW - Energiespeicherung
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37109
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Askar, Enis
T1 - Explosion protection for mixtures of hydrogen and natural gas
N2 - The effects of hydrogen admixture to natural gas on explosion regions, explosion group classification, explosion severity and on areas with explosive mixtures in case of gas release was studied experimentally. With increasing hydrogen fractions the mixtures become mainly more "critical", but up to 10 mole% hydrogen the influence on the safety characteristics are very low. By using appropriate calculation methods some of the safety characteristics could be calculated with good accuracy.
T2 - 21st World Hydrogen Energy Conference 2016 (WHEC)
CY - Zaragoza, Spain
DA - 13.06.2016
KW - power-to-gas
KW - explosion limits
KW - explosion groups
KW - model of constant adiabatic flame temperatures (CAFT)
KW - methane
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37232
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Engelking, Loenz
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
A1 - Eissel, Antonia
A1 - Treutler, Kai
A1 - Wesling, Volker
T1 - Herstellung beanspruchungsgerechter Oberflächen durch Kombination innovativer additiver und abtragender Fertigungsschritte an hochbelasteten Komponenten
N2 - Die additive Fertigung mittels Schweißverfahren bietet große ökonomische Vorteile für eine ressourceneffiziente Bauteilherstellung. Offene Fragen bezüglich Homogenität, Anisotropie der Schweißgefüge und den damit verbundenen Bauteileigenschaften stehen einer wirtschaftlichen Verarbeitung oftmals im Wege. Finale Bauteilgeometrie und Oberflächengüte erfordern meist komplementäre subtraktive Fertigungsschritte. Werkstoffe für hochbelastbare Komponenten sind oftmals schwer span bar. In einem Vorhaben der BAM und des ISAF wurde untersucht, wie die Modifikation der AM-Schweißzusätze und das ultraschallunterstützte Fräsen (US) die Zerspanungssituation verbessern. Der vorliegende Artikel stellt wesentliche Zusammenhänge zwischen Legierung, Gefüge und Zerspanung zweier schwer spanbarer Hochleistungslegierungen (FeNi und CoCr) dar. Großes Potenzial zeigte neben dem US die Modifikation mit Zr und Hf bei Zulegierung in das Schweißgut mittels Beschichtung von Massivdrähten bzw. Herstellung von Fülldrähten.
KW - Additive Fertigung (AM)
KW - Ultraschallunterstütztes Fräsen (US)
KW - Werkstoffmodifikation
KW - Oberflächenintegrität
KW - Zerspanbarkeit schwer spanbarer Legierungen
KW - Ressourceneffizienz in Prozessketten
KW - Hochleistungslegierungen
KW - Technologietransfer für KMU
PY - 2025
SN - 978-3-96144-304-8
VL - 2026
SP - 290
EP - 298
PB - DVS Media GmbH
CY - Düsseldorf
AN - OPUS4-65246
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Additive gefertigte 316L-Hohlzugproben unter Druckwasserstoff - Einfluss der Oberfläche und des Werkstoffzustandes
N2 - Im folgenden Beitrag werden die Ergebnisse der mechanischen Eigenschaften unter 200 bar Druckwasserstoff des Werkstoffes 316L (1.4404) vorgestellt. Dazu wurden Hohlzugproben aus konventionellem, kaltgezogenem Material herausgearbeitet und per SLM-PBF additiv gefertigten Hohlzugproben gegenübergestellt. Die Proben wurden da-bei unter Druckwasserstoff einer SSRT-Prüfung mit einer Dehnrate von 1E-5/s unterzogen. Zusätzlich zum Werkstoffzustand wurde der Einfluss des Oberflächenzustandes charakterisiert: (1) additiv gefertigten Proben mit endkonturnaher Form „as-printed“ oh-ne zusätzliche Bohrung, (2) Bohren und (3) zusätzliches Honen. Die gemessene Degra-dation der mechanischen Eigenschaften unter Wasserstoff hing dabei in erster Linie von der Oberfläche ab und damit indirekt vom Werkstoffzustand „as-printed“ oder kaltgezogen ab. Während die Proben mit gebohrter und/oder gehonter Oberfläche eine RRA (Relative Reduction of Area) 78 % aufwiesen, zeigten die AM-Proben eine deutlich höhere RRA von 90 %. Ein möglicher Grund dafür sind während der Fertigung ausbildende Oxidschichten, die sich durch geringe Mengen an Restsauerstoff während des AM-Prozesses ausbilden. Zur abschließenden Charakterisierung sind weitere Untersuchungen erforderlich, insbesondere für ein größeres Parameterfeld an Prüftemperaturen (Oxideinwirkung) und Dehnraten (mechanische Beständigkeit der Oxidschicht ähnlich den Einflüssen auf „klassische“ Spannungsrisskorrosion).
T2 - DGM Arbeitskreis Wasserstoff
CY - Neu-Isenburg, Germany
DA - 26.05.2025
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Additive Fertigung
KW - Hohlzugprobe
KW - Austentitischer Stahl
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63239
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
T1 - Werkstoffsichere Dickblechschweißung und KI - Ressourceneffizienz für die Energiewende
N2 - Die Energiewende erfordert sichere und beanspruchungsgerechte Schweißverbindungen für Windenergieanlagen, Wasserstoff-Pipelines und Speicher. Hochfeste Stähle ermöglichen leichtere Strukturen und reduzieren den Materialverbrauch, was zu einer ressourceneffizienten Fertigung mit geringeren CO₂-Emissionen führt. Das Projekt fokussiert auf KI-gestützte Fertigungs- und Reparaturstrategien, insbesondere beim Unterpulverschweißen, um fehlerfreie Verbindungen und Kaltrissvermeidung sicherzustellen. Ergänzend werden Prüf- und Bewertungskonzepte für die H₂-Readiness sowie Normungsgrundlagen entwickelt, um die Ergebnisse in Richtlinien und Regelwerke wie DIN, DVS und DVGW zu integrieren.
T2 - Mitgliederversammlung 2025 der Forschungsvereinigung Stahlanwendung e. V.
CY - Essen, Germany
DA - 17.12.2025
KW - Werkstoffsicherheit
KW - Kaltrissvermeidung
KW - H₂-Readiness
KW - KI-gestützte Fertigung
KW - Prozessüberwachung
KW - Normung und Regelwerke
KW - Ressourceneffizienz
KW - Prüf- und Bewertungskonzepte
KW - Hochfeste Stähle
KW - Schweißtechnische Reparatur
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65244
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Richter, Tim
A1 - Mayr, P.
A1 - Nitsche, A.
A1 - Mente, Tobias
A1 - Böllinghaus, Thomas
T1 - Hydrogen diffusion in creep-resistant 9% Cr P91 multi-layer weld metal
N2 - Welded components of P91 9% Cr steel demand for careful welding fabrication with necessary post weld heat treatment (PWHT). Before the PWHT, a hydrogen removal heat treatment is necessary for avoidance of hydrogen assisted cracking (HAC). In this context, the microstructure and temperature-dependent hydrogen diffusion is important, and reliable diffusion coefficients of P91 weld metal are rare. For that reason, the diffusion behavior of P91 multi-layer weld metal was investigated for as-welded (AW) and PWHT condition by electrochemical permeation experiments at room temperature and carrier gas hot extraction (CGHE) from 100 to 400 °C. Hydrogen diffusion coefficients were calculated, and the corresponding hydrogen
concentration was measured. It was ascertained that both heat treatment conditions show significant differences. At room
temperature the AW condition showed significant hydrogen trapping expressed by to seven times lower diffusion coefficients. A preferred diffusion direction was found in perpendicular direction expressed by high permeability. The CGHE experiments
revealed lower diffusion coefficients for the AW condition up to 400 °C. In this context, a hydrogen concentration of approximately 21 ml/100 g was still trapped at 100 °C. For that reason, a certain HAC susceptibility of as-welded P91 weld metal cannot
be excluded, and hydrogen removal should be done before PWHT.
KW - Creep resisting materials
KW - Diffusion
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Weld metal
KW - Post weld heat treatment
KW - Microstructure
PY - 2020
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-019-00828-8
SN - 0043-2288
VL - 64
IS - 2
SP - 267
EP - 281
PB - Springer
AN - OPUS4-50471
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Askar, Enis
T1 - Entzündung von wasserstoffhaltigen Atmosphären durch mechanische Schlagvorgänge
N2 - In dem hier vorgestellten Projekt wurde die Wirksamkeit mechanischer Schläge als Zündquelle für wasserstoffhaltige Atmosphären in Abhängigkeit von der inhomogenen Materialpaarung systematisch untersucht. Dabei wurden praxisrelevante Materialien wie Edelstahl, niedrig legierter Stahl, Beton und Nichteisenmetalle betrachtet. Es wurde festgestellt, dass eine Zündung vermieden werden kann, wenn Nichteisenmetalle in Kombination mit verschiedenen metallischen Werkstoffen verwendet werden. In Kombination mit Beton muss die kinetische Schlagenergie auch mit Nichteisenmetallen weiter begrenzt werden, um eine wirksame Entzündung zu vermeiden. Außerdem wurde untersucht, wie sich die Beimischung von Wasserstoff zu Erdgas auf die Wirksamkeit mechanischer Stöße als Zündquelle auswirkt. Bei Beimischungen von bis zu 25 % Wasserstoff und sogar mehr konnte kein Einfluss festgestellt werden. Die Ergebnisse sind vor allem relevant im Zusammenhang mit der Umwidmung des Erdgasnetzes oder der Beimischung von Wasserstoff im Erdgasnetzes.
T2 - Energy Saxony Arbeitskreistreffen "Wasserstoff in Industrie und Gewerbe"
CY - Glaubitz, Germany
DA - 30.11.2023
KW - Explosionsschutz
KW - Explosionszonen
KW - Wasserstofftransport in Pipelines
KW - Zündquellen
KW - Schlagfunken
KW - Erdgas
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58981
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Weingärtner, A.
A1 - Sobol, Oded
A1 - Schümann, H.
T1 - The SHIMMER project
N2 - In the EU project SHIMMER, the German institute for materials research and testing BAM is working on a comprehensive knowledge database. There, important information on standards for safe materials and components as well as on the European gas infrastructure is to be made available. SHIMMER will be led by the Norwegian research organization SINTEF. The project brings together twelve European institutions, including national institutes and gas network operators from the countries Spain, Italy, Norway, Poland, Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany.
The injection of hydrogen (H₂) into existing gas networks brings with it both technical and regulatory challenges. They particularly concern the material integrity of pipelines and the harmonization of legal requirements. The project SHIMMER (Safe Hydrogen Injection Modelling and Management for European Gas Network Resilience) involves improving understanding for the integration of hydrogen into the existing gas infrastructure and with that support overall the market ramp-up of safe hydrogen technologies. The research project already started in September 2023 and will end in August 2026. Financing comes from the EU program “Horizon Europe – Clean Hydrogen Partnership.”
KW - European gas grid
KW - Hydrogen transport and distribution
KW - Database
KW - Decarbonization
PY - 2025
UR - https://h2-international.com/2025/01/20/the-shimmer-project/
IS - January 20, 2025
SP - 1
EP - 4
PB - Hydrogeit Verlag
CY - Oberkraemer
AN - OPUS4-62503
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Leo, Reinhold
A1 - Sobol, Oded
A1 - Hango, Silas Ithete
A1 - Saliwan Neumann, Romeo
A1 - Askar, Enis
A1 - Boellinghaus, Thomas
T1 - Ex-situ investigation of the compatibility of Duplex Stainless Steel for high-pressure hydrogen applications
N2 - The key to a successful transition into clean energy carriers such as hydrogen requires the construction of safe transportation pipelines made of alloys which are not susceptible to hydrogen assisted cracking. Duplex Stainless Steels (DSS) are considered as a proper class for components because of their many distinctive qualities. As this consideration depends strongly on the susceptibility level to Hydrogen Assisted Cracking (HAC), the DSS class has been broadly investigated under electrochemical charging conditions. In this work, the interplay between several factors controlling the level of HAC, was examined using light microscopy, high-pressure gaseous hydrogen pre-charging, Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD), tensile testing, fractography and hydrogen concentration measurements using Carrier Gas Hot Extraction (CGHE). The effect of gaseous hydrogen on the mechanical properties with the role of hydrogen induced phase transformation have been investigated both in unused material and in high pressure pipeline section. In contrary to the common electrochemical charging described broadly in the literature, no significant martensitic phase transformation of the austenitic phase was observed. On the other hand, the influence of hydrogen on parameters such as elongation at fracture and reduction of area was noticeable. It is concluded based on the performance of DSS in gaseous hydrogen, that this material has a better potential for utilization in hydrogen applications. As for future experiments, the intention is to analyse the impact of high-pressure gaseous hydrogen on the welded components of this grade, and under mechanical load using the hollow specimen technique.
T2 - 5th International Conference on Metals and Hydrogen
CY - Ghent, Belgium
DA - 14.10.2025
KW - High-Pressure Hydrogen
KW - Pipelines
KW - Duplex Stainless Steels
KW - Hydrogen Assisted Cracking
KW - Hollow Specimen Technique
PY - 2025
SN - 978-9-08179-424-4
SP - 1
EP - 19
AN - OPUS4-64426
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Askar, Enis
A1 - Grunewald, Thomas
T1 - Experimental Study on the ignition of hydrogen containing atmospheres by mechanical impacts
N2 - Mechanical friction, impact or abrasion is one of the ignition sources that must be avoided in hazardous zones with explosive atmospheres. The effectiveness of mechanical impacts as ignition source is dependent from several parameters including the minimum ignition energy of the explosive atmosphere, the properties of the material pairing, the kinetic impact energy or the impact velocity. By now there is no standard procedure to determine the effectiveness of mechanical impacts as ignition source. In this work the effectiveness of mechanical impacts with defined and reproducible kinetic impact energy as ignition source for hydrogen containing atmospheres was studied systematically in dependence from the inhomogeneous material pairing considering materials with practical relevance like stainless steel, low alloy steel, concrete, and non-iron-metals. It was found that ignition can be avoided, if non-iron metals are used in combination with different metallic materials, but in combination with concrete even the impact of non-iron-metals can be an effective ignition source if the kinetic impact energy is not further limited. Moreover, the consequence of hydrogen admixture to natural gas on the effectiveness of mechanical impacts as ignition source was studied. In many cases ignition of atmospheres containing natural gas by mechanical impacts is rather unlikely. No influence could be observed for admixtures up to 25% hydrogen and even more. The results are mainly relevant in the context of repurposing the natural gas grid or adding hydrogen to
the natural gas grid.
T2 - International Conference on Hydrogen Safety (ICHS) 2023
CY - Quebec City, Canada
DA - 19.09.2023
KW - Explosion protection
KW - Hydrogen transport in pipelines
KW - ATEX
KW - Hazardous areas
KW - Mechanical sparks
KW - Ignition source
PY - 2023
SN - 979-12-210-4274-0
SP - 82
EP - 93
AN - OPUS4-58515
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Askar, Enis
T1 - Wasserstoffsicherheitsfragen - Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen von Wasserstoff und Gemischen von Wasserstoff mit Erdgas
N2 - Wasserstoff unterscheidet sich hinsichtlich der sicherheitstechnischen Eigenschaften von anderen brennbaren Gassen, v.a. durch die sehr niedrige Mindestzündenergie und die sehr hohe Flammengeschwindigkeit. Durch Beimischung von Wasserstoff zum Erdgas ändern sich die sicherheitstechnischen Eigenschaften zum Teil in kritischer Richtung. Bis zu einem Wasserstoffanteil von 10 Mol-% im Erdgas ist aber keine wesentliche Anpassung der Maßnahmen für den Explosionsschutz erforderlich. Synthesgas ist ein weiteres Wasserstoffgemisch das in Zukunft vermutlich zunehmend relevant sein wird. Die beiden Komponenten Wasserstoff und Kohlenmonoxid haben zwar in mancher Hinsicht ähnliche sicherheitstechnische Eigenschaften unterscheiden sich aber auch sehr stark bzgl. der Mindestzündenergie und der Flammengeschwindigkeit.
T2 - 9. HYPOS-Dialog: Grüner Wasserstoff, aber sicher! - Sicherheitsaspekte im Umgang mit Wasserstoff
CY - Magdeburg, Germany
DA - 11.09.2020
KW - Explosionsschutz
KW - Zündenergie
KW - Explosionsgrenzen
KW - Zündquellen
KW - Synthesegas
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-51264
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
T1 - Forschung zum Thema Feuer an der BAM
N2 - Feuer und deren Auswirkung stellen ein Querschnittsthema über die Aktivitätsfelder der BAM dar. Schwerpunkte stellen dabei Brände in Gebäuden, Industrieanlagen und Lagerräumen, der Vegetation, an Fahrzeugen und Tanks sowie Brände im Zusammenhang mit neuen Energieträgern dar. Im Vortrag werden die einzelnen Themen und exemplarische für deren Erforschung nutzbare Infrastruktur vorgestellt.
T2 - Transfer on Fire 2
CY - Luckenwalde, Germany
DA - 10.07.2025
KW - Feuer
KW - Brandlasten
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63686
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Askar, Enis
T1 - Power-to-Gas: Safety characteristics of hydrogen/natural-gas-mixtures
N2 - LEL, UEL LOC, MESG, pmax and (dp/dt)max of hydrogen/natural gas-mixtures were determined systematically according to international standards.
Mixtures of natural gas and hydrogen mainly become more „critical“ with increasing hydrogen fraction.
The effect of up to 10 Vol% H2–admixture to natural gas on safety characteristics is very low, no major adaption of existing measures for explosion protection is necessary.
More substantial adjustment of measures for explosion protection is necessary at hydrogen fractions of more than 25 Vol%.
Some of the safety characteristics can be estimated with good accuracy by calculation methods.
T2 - 15th International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries
CY - Freiburg, Germany
DA - 05.06.2016
KW - explosion protection
KW - hydrogen enriched natural gas
KW - methane/hydrogen-mixtures
KW - hydrogen safety
KW - energy storage
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-36717
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Askar, Enis
T1 - Experimentelle Untersuchung von Zündwahrscheinlichkeiten bei mechanischen Schlagvorgängen in wasserstoffhaltigen Atmosphären
N2 - Im Projekt HySpark wird die Wirksamkeit mechanischer Schlagvorgänge beim Aufprall von unterschiedlichen Werkstoffen als Zündquelle für wasserstoffhaltige Atmosphären experimentell untersucht. Zum Einen wird die Zündwirksamkeit bei Wasserstoff/Luft-Gemischen in Abhängigkeit der Werkstoffpaarung untersucht. Dabei konnte v.a. festgestellt werden, dass bei Schlagvorgängen von Nicht-Eisen-Metallen mit verschiedenen Stahlsorten die wirksame Zündung vermieden werden kann. Jedoch können bei Schlagvorgängen mit Estrichbeton hohe Zündwahrscheinlichkeiten beobachtet werden. Zum anderen wird der Einfluss von Wasserstoffbeimischungen im Erdgasnetz auf die Zündwirksamkeit von mechanischen Schlägen untersucht. Bei Anteilen bis 25% Wasserstoff konnte bei den Versuchen kein Erhöhung der Zündwahrscheinlichkeit festgestellt werden.
T2 - H2-Kolloquium des Kompetenzzentrums „H2Safety@BAM”
CY - Online meeting
DA - 04.07.2022
KW - Explosionsschutz
KW - Zündquellen
KW - Schlagfunken
KW - Erdgas
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55224
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Konert, Florian
T1 - The applicability of the hollow specimen technique for testing various metals under high pressure hydrogen atmosphere
N2 - The transition to a decarbonised economy will require large amounts of hydrogen over a broad variety of applications. The use of hydrogen poses high safety requirements as hydrogen can be absorbed by metallic materials and result in hydrogen embrittlement under certain condi-tions. For this reason, interactions of gaseous hydrogen and metallic materials are of high sci-entific and industrial interest. Slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) tests are commonly used to evaluate the hydrogen-induced ductility loss of alloys. However, the current standardised test method describes a complex and expensive procedure with limited availability worldwide. The hollow specimen technique promises huge potential for scaling suitable in-situ testing infra-structure and is currently under intensive development in several institutes around the world. As this method has only gained significant attention in the last decade, there are varying interpretations, particularly when testing materials with vastly different mechanical properties. Most available literature focuses on common steels used in hydrogen and natural gas piping systems. The present work provides an overview of the widespread applicability of hollow specimens in evaluating the effect of high-pressure hydrogen on the tensile properties of vari-ous metallic materials. The research presented includes Near-Net shape produced additively manufactured (AM) AISI 316 L, ferritic X65 steel, its weld seam, and solution annealed and hardened 100Cr6 steel.
T2 - European Conference on Fracture 2024
CY - Zagreb, Croatia
DA - 26.08.2024
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Hollow specimen technique
KW - SSRT
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60912
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Dörfel, Ilona
T1 - Microstructure of alumina coating on steel P92 after thermal cycling
N2 - 1. Introduction
Alumina coatings are one possibility to increase the corrosion resistance, lifetime and application range of thermally loaded steel components, e.g. in modern power plants where the use of the Oxy-fuel technology corrosive fuel gas (H2O-CO2-O2-SO2 at 650 °C) affects the steel parts. In previous investigations the efficacy of protective alumina coatings on steel P 92 under those conditions was demonstrated. A shutdown and re-start of power plants or parts of them causes thermal stresses of the components which can cause detrimental effects like microstructural changes in the steel itself, changes in its oxidation behavior, delamination or microstructural changes in the coating. All those effects can lead to failure of the components, resulting in lifetime reduction.
2. Objectives
As a first step, we concentrate on the influence of thermal cycling tests and observe the impact on the microstructure of the coating and the interface in laboratory air. These investigations will help understanding the processes which occur, show directions of potentially necessary changes of the coating due to improved thermal stress behaviour.
3. Materials & methods
P 92 is a ferritic-martensitic steel, containing 9% Cr which forms protective Cr-oxide-rich scales in dry environments and non-protective ones in water-containing environments. Coupons of P 92, having ground surfaces, were dip-coated via a sol-gel process and subjected to thermal cycling for 500 h (1000 cycles) in laboratory air in a temperature range between room temperature and 660° C. The resulting mass loss was determined by weighing.
Samples for TEM investigations were produced as cross sections normal to the sample surface by FIB preparation (Quanta 3D, (FEI)). The TEM/STEM investigations were performed using a JEM2200FS (JEOL) operated at 200 kV. The microstructure of the coating and the interface after cycling tests was characterized via TEM, HREM, and STEM images, electron diffraction as well as EDX and EFTEM methods.
4. Results
At steep edges in the surface profile the coating was imperfect and cracks have formed during the thermal cycling. Flat surface regions are well-covered. The whole interface region between the steel and the coating shows a dense Cr-oxide-rich zone, which can form protective regions in case of local failure. The Cr-oxide zone is followed by a region of mixed oxides, containing Cr, Mn, Fe, and Al in variable composition, to which a porous δ-Al2O3 zone is joined.
5. Conclusions
• Alumina coatings promote the formation of dense, Cr-rich zones at the interface, which makes the system self-healing.
• These zones are stable during thermal stresses, even in regions with cracked coatings.
• They cause reduction of outward diffusion and mass loss during thermal cycling.
T2 - MC2017
CY - Lausanne, Switzerland
DA - 21.08.2017
KW - Coating
KW - Thermal cycling
KW - TEM
PY - 2017
UR - https://www.mc2017.ch/general-information/downloads/
AN - OPUS4-41724
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Askar, Enis
T1 - Safety Issues in connection with electrolyzer systems
N2 - In this presentation current and future challenges for the safety of hydrogen technologies are discussed. Furrthermore, the specific hazards for the operation of electrolyzers are shown and finally the trhreshold values (storage and power) for the approval of electrolyzers are presented.
T2 - Online Workshop: Regulation on hydrogen thresholds and permitting processes for electrolyzers
CY - Online meeting
DA - 17.09.2024
KW - Hydrogen technologies
KW - Process & plant safety
KW - Hydrogen production
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61086
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Askar, Enis
T1 - BAM - Short Presentation
N2 - The activities of the competence center H2Safety@BAM are presented. In more detail the testing facilities at Technical Test Site TTS are shown as well as recent testing activities in the field of hydrogen safety.
T2 - 5th In-Person IEA Task 43 Meeting - Safety and RCS of Large Scale Hydrogen Energy Applications
CY - Minneapolis, MN, USA
DA - 26.09.2024
KW - Explosion protection
KW - Consequence analysis
KW - H2safety@BAM
KW - Living Lab
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61746
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schröder, Volkmar
A1 - Askar, Enis
A1 - Seemann, A.
T1 - Power-to-Gas: Zusatz von Wasserstoff zum Erdgas
N2 - Bei der Power-to-Gas-Technologie wird überschüssiger Strom aus erneuerbaren Energien durch Elektrolyse von Wasser in Wasserstoff umgewandelt. Dieser Wasserstoff kann als „chemischer Energiespeicher“ dienen und rückverstromt werden oder aber in das Erdgasnetz eingespeist wer-den. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit sind die Auswirkungen von Wasserstoffzusätzen zum Erdgas im Hin-blick auf den Explosionsschutz untersucht und die sicherheitstechnischen Kenngrößen für Erdgas-Wasserstoff-Gemische bestimmt worden. Von besonderem Interesse waren diejenigen Kenngrößen, die für reines Methan (Erdgas) und Wasserstoff deutliche Unterschiede aufweisen. Anders als bei vielen Literaturquellen, sollten im Rahmen dieser Arbeit die im Bereich der ATEX geltenden, harmo-nisierten Normen zur Bestimmung der Kenngrößen angewendet werden.
Die Untersuchungen ergaben, dass bei einem Zusatz von bis zu 10 Mol-% Wasserstoff keine der un-tersuchten Kenngrößen relevant beeinflusst wird. Die Gemische haben nur geringfügig erweiterte Explosionsbereiche und bleiben, wie die reinen Erdgase, in der Explosionsgruppe IIA. Auch die ma-ximalen Explosionsdrücke und die maximalen zeitlichen Druckanstiege bei Gasexplosionen werden nur wenig beeinflusst. Vergleichende Berechnungen zur Festlegung von explosionsgefährdeten Be-reichen (Ex-Zonen) auf Basis von Gasausbreitungsberechnungen ergaben ebenfalls nur geringfüge Unterschiede zum reinen Erdgas. Der Einsatz von Gaswarngeräten, die für Erdgas kalibriert wurden, ist für Erdgas-Wasserstoff-Gemische grundsätzlich möglich, erfordert aber eine gesonderte Sicher-heitsbewertung und ggf. eine Nachjustierung.
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Erdgasnetz
KW - Energiewende
KW - Energiespeicherung
KW - Explosionsschutz
PY - 2016
SN - 2191-0073
VL - 6
IS - 7/8
SP - 22
EP - 26
PB - Springer VDI Verlag
CY - Düsseldorf
AN - OPUS4-37300
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sobol, Oded
T1 - Observations of the deuterium distribution and the structural changes in standard and lean duplex stainless steels by ToF-SIMS and EBSD
N2 - The use of duplex stainless steels (DSS) in energy related applications is well known. Nowadays, DSSs become more favorable than austenitic steels due to the outstanding mechanical properties, the good corrosion resistance and the lower nickel content.However, the use of the duplex grade in acidic environments such as seawater can lead to a severe degradation in the structural integrity of the steel by hydrogen-induced/assisted cracking mechanisms, which can eventually result in premature failure. Hydrogen assisted degradation and cracking of steels remains unclear even though this topic is intensively studied for more than a century. The main gap lies in the validation of the proposed theoretical models at the sub-micron scale. Industrial and the research communities define a need for an accurate method by which it is possible to image the distribution of hydrogen in the microstructure. Among the very few available methods nowadays, Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) provides precise mapping of hydrogen in the microstructure. Moreover, the powerful combination of ToF-SIMS with multivariate data analysis (MVA), electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) for providing a the structural information and the use of data fusion techniques can contribute to a better understanding of the hydrogen induced degradation processes in the material.
In the present work two types of duplex grades were chosen as a case study (standard and lean DSS). The duplex class, consist of equivalent amounts of ferrite and austenite, was investigated by ToF-SIMS and EBSD during and after electrochemical deuterium charging in order to simulate the service of a component in acidic environments. Deuterium is known to act on the steel similarly to hydrogen and therefore was used as a tracer for hydrogen. The results show that the ferrite was affected almost identical in both steels whereas in the austenitic phase significant differences were observed in the lean duplex in comparison to the standard duplex. The advantage of the combined techniques is reflected by the ability to correlate the hydrogen distribution in the microstructure to the resulted structural changes.
T2 - 21st International Conference on Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry - SIMS21
CY - Krakow, Poland
DA - 10.09.2017
KW - ToF-SIMS
KW - Duplex-steel
KW - EBSD
KW - Data-fusion
PY - 2017
UR - http://sims.confer.uj.edu.pl/boa_oral.php?id=23
AN - OPUS4-42864
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Fedelich, Bernard
T1 - Creep of single-crystals of nickel-base superalloys at ultra-high homologous temperature
N2 - The creep behavior of single-crystals of the nickel-base superalloy CMSX-4 was investigated at 1288°C, which is the temperature of the hot isostatic pressing (HIP) treatment applied to this superalloy in the industry. It was found that at this super-solvus temperature, where no Gamma’-strengthening occurs, the superalloy is very soft and rapidly deforms under stresses between 4 and 16 MPa. The creep resistance was found to be very anisotropic, e.g. the creep rate of [001] crystals was about 11 times higher than that of a [111] crystal. The specimens of different orientations also showed a very different necking behavior. The reduction of the cross-section area psi of [001] crystals reached nearly 100%, while for a [111] crystal psi=62%. The EBSD analysis of deformed specimens showed that despite such a large local strain the [001] crystals didn’t not recrystallize, while a less deformed [111] crystal totally recrystallized within the necking zone. From the shape of deformed specimens and TEM investigations it was concluded that the main strain contribution resulted from <011> {111} octahedral slip.
T2 - EuroSuperalloys 2018
CY - Oxford, UK
DA - 09.09.2018
KW - Nickel-base superalloys
KW - Single-crystals
KW - Creep
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-45989
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Askar, Enis
T1 - Safety of Electrolyzers
N2 - After a short introduction on the BAM activities, the development of the electrolyzer technology is shown briefly. Then future challenges for the safety of hydrogen technologies are discussed and the general safety issues in the electrolysis system are presented. Finally, accidents in context with electrolyzers are discussed and the legal framework is summarized.
T2 - Hydrogen Europe - Workshop on safety standards for electrolysers
CY - Online meeting
DA - 01.10.2024
KW - Explosion protection
KW - Process & plant safety
KW - Hydrogen production
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61745
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröder, Volkmar
T1 - Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen von Gemischen aus Wasserstoff und Erdgas
N2 - Bei der Power-to-Gas-Technologie wird überschüssiger Strom aus erneuerbaren Energien durch Elektrolyse von Wasser in Wasserstoff umgewandelt. Dieser Wasserstoff kann als „chemischer Energiespeicher“ dienen und rückverstromt werden oder aber in das Erdgasnetz eingespeist werden. Die Präsentation befasst sich mit den Auswirkungen von Wasserstoffzusätzen zum Erdgas im Hinblick auf den Explosionsschutz.
Von besonderem Interesse waren diejenigen Kenngrößen, die für reines Methan (Erdgas) und Wasserstoff deutliche Unterschiede aufweisen. Anders als bei vielen Literaturquellen, sollten im Rahmen dieser Untersuchungen ausschließlich die im Bereich der ATEX geltenden, harmonisierten Normen zur Bestimmung der Kenngrößen angewendet werden.
Die Untersuchungen ergaben, dass bei einem Zusatz von bis zu 10 Mol-% Wasserstoff keine der untersuchten Kenngrößen relevant beeinflusst wird. Die Gemische haben nur geringfügig erweiterte Explosionsbereiche und bleiben, wie die reinen Erdgase, in der Explosionsgruppe IIA. Auch die maximalen Explosionsdrücke und die zeitlichen Druckanstiege bei Gasexplosionen werden nur wenig beeinflusst.
Da die Zusammensetzung der Prozessgase bei Wasserstoffeinspeisung in das Netz schwanken kann, ist auf Basis experimenteller Daten ein Modell entwickelt worden, mit dem Explosionsgrenzen von reinem Brenngas und von Brenngas-Inertgas-Gemischen berechnet werden können.
Vergleichende Berechnungen zur Festlegung von explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen (Ex-Zonen) auf Basis von Gasausbreitungsberechnungen ergaben ebenfalls nur geringfüge Unterschiede zum reinen Erdgas.
Der Einsatz von Gaswarngeräten, die für Erdgas kalibriert wurden, ist für Erdgas-Wasserstoff-Gemische grundsätzlich möglich, erfordert aber eine gesonderte Sicherheitsbewertung und ggf. eine Nachjustierung.
T2 - Meeting des ProcessNet-Ausschusses "Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen"
CY - Frankfurt/M., Germany
DA - 20.10.2016
KW - Energiewende
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Energiespeicherung
KW - Explosionsschutz
KW - Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen
KW - Power-to-Gas
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37896
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mente, Tobias
T1 - MatCom - Materialeigenschaften und Kompatibilität für Wasserstofftechnologien - MatCom 1 - Metallische Werkstoffe
N2 - Aufbauend auf dem historischen Schadensfall von A. Martens im Jahr 1894 zur Explosion von H2-Gasflaschen auf dem Tempelhofer Feld und den dabei durchgeführten Untersuchungen wird im Hauptteil des Vortrages auf die Standardisierung der Hohlzugprüftechnik eingegangen. Dabei wird zunächst auf die Vor- und Nachteile unterschiedlicher Prüfmöglichkeiten zur Wasserstoffkompatibilität metallischer Werkstoffe und deren Schweißverbindungen eingegangen und im Weiteren die Umsetzung der Prüftechnik an der BAM beschrieben. Für die Standardisierung der Hohlzugprüftechnik wurden verschiedene Randbedingungen mit Einfluss auf die Ergebnisqualität überprüft. Dabei wurde der Pipelinestahl X65 als auch der additiv gefertigte Werkstoff 316L genutzt. Abschließend wird auf die Verwaltungspartnerschaft mit Namibia eingegangen und die umzusetzenden Projekte mit Bezug zur Schweißtechnik dargestellt.
T2 - BAM-PTB Workshop
CY - Magdeburg, Germany
DA - 04.09.2024
KW - MatCom1
KW - H2Safety@BAM
KW - Hohlzugprobe
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61036
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Ekici, Nilsah
T1 - SHIMMER project: safe hydrogen injection modelling and management for european gas network resilience
N2 - To accelerate the transition to a low-carbon economy while exploiting existing infrastructure, hydrogen can be injected to the natural gas network. However, many technical and regulatory gaps should be closed, and adaptations and investments made to ensure that multi-gas networks across Europe will be able to operate in a reliable and safe way while providing a highly controllable gas quality and required energy demand. The SHIMMER project aims to enable a higher integration and safer hydrogen injection management in multi-gas networks by contributing to the knowledge and better understanding of hydrogen projects, their risks, and opportunities.
T2 - EGATEC 2024
CY - Hamburg, Germany
DA - 18.06.2024
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Gas grid
KW - Database
KW - Low-carbon
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60519
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Grimault de Freitas, Tomás
T1 - H2HohlZug: Comprehensive Standardisation of the Hollow Specimen Method for Tests in High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas
N2 - The poster starts by presenting the current limitations of the methods used to assess hydrogen effects on materials. Next, an alternative technique called the Hollow Specimen Technique is presented, which aims to overcome the limitations of the current standardised techniques, followed by its advantages. Finally, the H2HohlZug project, its work packages and objectives are presented.
T2 - TransHyDE Vollversammlung
CY - Leipzig, Germany
DA - 29.11.2023
KW - Hollow Specimen Technique
KW - Hydrogen Embrittlement
KW - Tensile Test
KW - High-Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-59153
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Campari, Alessandro
A1 - Konert, Florian
A1 - Razavi, Nima
A1 - Sobol, Oded
A1 - Alvaro, Antonio
T1 - Hydrogen-assisted cracking: A deep learning approach for fractographic analysis
N2 - Hydrogen handling equipment suffers from interaction with their operating environment, which degrades the mechanical properties and compromises component integrity. Hydrogen-assisted cracking is responsible for several industrial failures with potentially severe consequences. A thorough failure analysis can determine the failure mechanism, locate its origin, and identify possible root causes to avoid similar events in the future. Postmortem fractographic analysis can classify the fracture mode and determine whether the hydrogen-metal interaction contributed to the component’s breakdown. Experts in fracture classification identify characteristic marks and textural features by visual inspection to determine the failure mechanism. Although widely adopted, this process is time-consuming and influenced by subjective judgment and individual expertise. This study aims to automate fractographic analysis through advanced computer vision techniques. Different materials were tested in hydrogen atmospheres and inert environments, and their fracture surfaces were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy to create an extensive image dataset. A pre-trained Convolutional Neural Network was finetuned to accurately classify brittle and ductile fractures. In addition, Grad-CAM interpretability method was adopted to identify the image regions most influential in the model’s prediction and compare the saliency maps with expert annotations. This approach offered a reliable data-driven alternative to conventional fractographic analysis.
KW - Failure analysis
KW - Fractographic analysis
KW - Hydrogen embrittlement
KW - Material compatibility
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-646610
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2025.114366
SN - 0927-0256
VL - 262
SP - 1
EP - 16
PB - Elsevier Science
CY - Amsterdam [u.a.]
AN - OPUS4-64661
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schulz, Wencke
A1 - Nofz, Marianne
A1 - Dörfel, Ilona
A1 - Saliwan Neumann, Romeo
A1 - Kranzmann, Axel
ED - Leuze-Reichert, Sylvia
T1 - Aluminiumoxid als Schutzschicht für kommerzielle Kraftwerksstähle (Teil 2)
N2 - In Kohlekraftwerken mit Oxyfuel-Technologie erfolgt die Verbrennung unter Zufuhr von reinem Sauerstoff. Damit steht für die Abscheidung und Speicherung von CO2 ein Rauchgas mit hohem CO2-Anteil zur Verfügung (CCS-Technologie). Aufgrund dieses Verbrennungsprozesses ändert sich im Wesentlichen die Rauchgaszusammensetzung hin zu hohem H2O- und SO2 -Anteil. Deshalb wurden in verschiedenen Laboratorien kommerzielle Kraftwerksstähle unter den entsprechenden korrosiven Bedingungen getestet. Im Vergleich zur herkömmlichen Verbrennungsmethode zeigten die ferritisch-martensitischen Stähle schon nach 1000 h Auslagerungszeit unter Oxyfuel-Bedingungen eine durch einen deutlich erhöhten Materialverlust gekennzeichnete Korrosion. Eine Möglichkeit um dennoch die Lebensdauer dieser Stähle zu gewährleisten, besteht im Aufbringen geeigneter Schutzschichten auf die Stahloberfläche. Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Herstellung und Bewertung von Sol-Gel-Aluminiumoxidschichten als Schutz vor Korrosion in Oxyfuel-Rauchgas-Atmosphäre. Diese wurden auf den warmfesten Stahl X20CrMoV12-1 (X20) mittels der Tauchmethode aufgebracht. Anschließend erfolgte eine Auslagerung der beschichteten Proben für 1000 h bei 600 °C in einer H2O-CO2-O2-SO2 -Atmosphäre.
Im Vergleich zum unbeschichteten Stahl X20 war der Materialverlust des beschichteten Stahls deutlich geringer. Insbesondere konnte durch die Aluminiumoxidschicht der Transport von CO2 und SO2 zur Stahloberfläche verhindert werden.
KW - Stahl
KW - Korrosion
KW - Aluminiumoxid
KW - Sol-Gel
PY - 2016
SN - 0016-4232
VL - 107
IS - 10
SP - 2098
EP - 2102
PB - Leuze-Verlag
CY - Bad Saulgau
AN - OPUS4-38149
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sobol, Oded
T1 - Influence of Hydrogen Uptake and Diffusion in Structural Components in the Field of Renewable Energy
N2 - Great efforts are invested worldwide in the development of efficient electrolysis processes, fuel cells technologies and hydrogen transport and storage infrastructures. This includes the exploitation of existing gas-grid infrastructure for the injection of hydrogen. Considering transport and storage facilities, the utilization of gaseous hydrogen can be divided into two main groups which are differentiating in the pressure regime. Fueling stations are operating in high pressure (>800 bar) and high purity and therefore use austenitic stainless steels in their compression systems. On the other hand, existing gas infrastructure where the natural gas is transported across long distances is usually operating with up to 300 bar. In this case the pipe-systems consist of several steel classes, mainly low alloyed steels in which the surface quality and the gas mixture are strongly varying.
Even though ingress of hydrogen can lead to catastrophic failures in all steels, its exact impact on the mechanical properties, as well as its interaction with the surface, microstructure and lattice and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, research on the impact of gaseous hydrogen in pressure vessels and pipes has clearly an integral part on the path to safe and sustainable use of the different components along the different chains. This becomes even more relevant considering the influence of impurities in the gas, e.g. sulfur and with the introduction of new production technologies, such as additive manufacturing, into the market.
Determination of these interactions and impact that might lead to the degradation of the properties can allow a safe use of steels in present and future hydrogen-based energy applications.
The following contribution gives an overview of the problem and introduction to the conventional and innovative tools used and developed nowadays to analyze it. For this purpose, materials were loaded with hydrogen by electrochemical means and under high pressure and elevated temperatures. The results presented provide an invaluable insight into the impact of hydrogen on the integrity of selected steels used in the two mentioned above applications. This work is part of an ongoing research in which mechanical, chemical, structural, and microstructural analyses tools are combined in-situ and ex-situ.
T2 - MPA 46th Seminar: Additive Manufacturing, Hydrogen, Energy, Integrity
CY - Leinfelden-Echterdingen, Germany
DA - 12.10.2021
KW - Hydrogen Embrittlement
KW - Hydrogen assisted cracking
KW - Gaseous hydrogen
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53598
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Shaanika, Sam
T1 - Compatibility of welded austenitic stainless steel (316L) tube for green hydrogen applications
N2 - The increase in the energy demand and the need to comply to net zero carbon regulations, as per the Paris 2015 climate agreement by 2050, has necessitated the urgency to consider hydrogen as alternative energy carrier. Moreover, hydrogen interaction with metals tend to cause degradation of the mechanical properties in terms of the ductility of the materials. More concern is on the weldment and repair of tubes or pipelines of hydrogen transportation and storage systems. In this study, the heat inducted weld tubes of the cold drawn and annealed austenitic stainless steel (316L) were investigated by slow strain rate test. To achieve the most realistic component-related testing, hollow tube specimens have been fabricated from 1/2-inch Swagelok pipes filled with internal gaseous hydrogen or inert air for reference. The hydrogen concentration measurement is undertaken before and after the autoclave high-pressure pre-charging of the specimens using carrier gas hot extraction. SEM analysis was used to carry out fractographic analysis to determine the crack initiation sites, crack size and was compared for the base material and heat affected zone influence in the gaseous hydrogen. The effect of hydrogen on the material compatibility of the welded austenitic stainless steel is assessed and compared to none-welded tubes tested in defined testing parameters that contribute to Hydrogen Assisted Cracking. A better understanding on the impact of weldment on the structural integrity for stainless steel is elucidated for green hydrogen application.
T2 - IIW 77th Annual Assembly 2024
CY - Rhodes, Greece
DA - 07.07.2024
KW - Austenitic stainless steel
KW - Slow strain rate
KW - Burst pressure
KW - Orbital welding
KW - Heat Induction
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60698
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - El Harrab, Hayat
A1 - Askar, Enis
A1 - Franken, T.
A1 - Mauss, F.
T1 - Experimental and Reaction Kinetic Study of Hydrogen Ignition Behavior at Ignition Limits
N2 - The paper presents the results of the experimental and reaction kinetic investigation of hydrogen ignition at different pressures, highlighting its non-linear behaviour and effects of radical wall termination. The reaction kinetic simulation predicts the three characteristic ignition limits caused by radical and thermal auto-ignition and is in close agreement with the experimental measurements. The introduction of radical wall termination in the reaction mechanism allowed us to investigate the effect of the autoclave wall and vessel size on the hydrogen ignition behaviour. The first ignition limit is determined by the chain initiation reaction H_2+O_2→2 OH and shows a strong sensitivity towards wall termination of O, H and OH radicals. The third ignition limit is dominated by the reaction paths HO_2+HO_2→H_2 O_2+O_2 and H_2 O_2+M→2 OH+M which is why it shows a strong sensitivity towards wall termination of HO₂ and H₂O₂ radicals. The second ignition limit is influenced by the wall termination of O, H, OH, HO2 and H2O2 radicals. Increasing the radical wall termination rate by increasing the adsorption rate of the radicals at the wall leads to an increase of the auto-ignition temperature at the same pressure.
T2 - 13th Mediterranean Combustion Symposium
CY - Corfu, Greece
DA - 01.06.2025
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Auto-ignition Temperature
KW - Radical Wall Termination Reaction
KW - Ignition Limit
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64762
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - El Harrab, Hayat
T1 - Evaluation of the Impact of Lubricating Oil on Pre-Ignition of Hydrogen for Engine Relevant Conditions
N2 - A successful transition to clean energy depends on ensuring that the world's growing energy needs are met while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Achieving this goal requires the use of carbon-free energy sources. Many utilities have already begun the shift from conventional carbon-based fuels to cleaner alternatives, such as hydrogen. However, numerous challenges persist regarding the use of hydrogen in internal combustion engines. The use of hydrogen in engines, which have extremely lower ignition energy, has raised concerns about the risk of pre-ignition due to the undesirable presence of lubricating oil during combustion. Due to its low auto-ignition temperature, lubricating oil is widely regarded as the main cause of abnormal combustion.
To verify and understand the potential influence of lubricating oil on hydrogen reactivity, the auto-ignition temperature was measured using a constant volume reactor. Auto-ignition was identified by a sudden increase in pressure combined with a rapid rise in temperature.
The experimental results verified that the addition of 0.2 ml lubricating oil to stoichiometric hydrogen-air mixtures at 20 bar reduced the auto-ignition temperature from 460°C to 270°C, reducing the ignition temperature by 190K. Moreover, the auto-ignition temperature of oil showed a decreasing trend as the initial amount of oil increased, indicating that the ignition process mainly occurs by vaporization.
T2 - CI’s 40th International Symposium - Emphasizing Energy Transition
CY - Milan, Italy
DA - 24.07.2024
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Lubricating oil
KW - Auto-ignition temperature
KW - Internal combustion engines and pre-ignition
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61373
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Leo, Reinhold
T1 - Duplex stainless steels - Compatibility for high-pressure hydrogen applications
N2 - The key for a transition into clean energy sources is based on the construction of safe energy infrastructure, such as transportation pipelines for Hydrogen. Duplex Stainless Steels (DSS) are an essential component used nowadays in the construction of transportation pipelines because of their many distinctive qualities. The choice of DSS for a particular hydrogen application mainly depends on its susceptibility level to Hydrogen Embrittlement (HE) or Hydrogen Assisted Cracking (HAC). Since the 20th century, the literature indicates three factors that must be considered: the microstructure of the alloy steel, the hydrogen concentration, and the mechanical load. Several mechanisms have been also proposed to describe the occurring microscale processes behind HE or HAC, and these include metastable phase transformation, Hydrogen Enhanced Localized Plasticity (HELP), and Hydrogen Enhanced Decohesion (HEDE).
The following contribution describes the path to ascertain if DSS is suitable for high-pressure gaseous hydrogen applications. The interplay between several critical factors that result in HAC was examined using high-pressure gaseous hydrogen charging, Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD), and hydrogen concentration measurements using Carrier Gas Hot Extraction (CGHE). It was determined whether the strain-induced martensitic transformation of the austenite was present in a DSS 1.4462 (DSS2205) in-service pipe and in samples of freshly charged DSS 1.4462. In comparison to the common electrochemical charging described broadly in the literature, no major direct martensitic phase transformation of the austenite phase under a high-pressure hydrogen environment was observed. As for future experiments, the intention is to analyse the impact of high-pressure gaseous hydrogen on the welded components of this grade, and under mechanical load via the hollow specimen technique.
T2 - Oxford - EPRI Workshop on Hydrogen Embrittlement 2024
CY - Oxford, United Kingdom
DA - 23.06.2024
KW - High-Pressure Hydrogen
KW - Pipelines
KW - Duplex Stainless Steels
KW - Haydrogen Assisted Cracking
KW - Hollow Specimen Technique
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60525
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröder, Volkmar
T1 - Grundlagen des Explosionsschutzes für Erdgas-Wasserstoff-Gemische
N2 - Zur Speicherung überschüssiger erneuerbarer Energie kann Wasserstoff verwendet werden. Durch Elektrolyse wird mit Hilfe der elektrischen Energie aus Wasser Wasserstoff erzeugt. Dieser Wasserstoff kann dann direkt eingesetzt oder aber in das bestehende Erdgasnetz eingespeist werden. Hier steht er als Energieträger zur Verfügung.
Die BAM hat für den Explosionsschutz solcher Erdgas-Wasserstoff-Gemische die sicherheitstechnischen Eigenschaften bestimmt. Es zeigte sich, dass bis zu einen Anteil von 10% Wasserstoff im Erdgas sich die sicherheitstechnischen Kenngrößen nur wenig ändern. So verbleibt das Gemisch in der Explosionsgruppe IIa. Die Explosionsgrenzen, der KG-Wert und der max. Explosionsdruck ändern sich nur wenig. Zudem zeigen Berechnungen der explosionsgefährdeten Bereiche bei der Simulation von Leckagen, dass diese Gemische ähnliche Ausbreitungseigenschaften besitzen wie das reine Erdgas.
T2 - DBI-Fachforum Energiespeicher
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 27.09.2016
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Erneuerbare Energien
KW - Energiespeicherung
KW - Explosionsschutz
KW - Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37814
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Askar, Enis
T1 - Stand der Kenntnisse und Technik bzgl. Wasserstoffsicherheit
N2 - In dem Vortrag werden die aktuellen Herausforderungen für die Sicherheit von Wasserstofftechnologien skizziert, die sicherheitstechnischen Eigenschaften und physikalischen Eigenschaften von Wasserstoff im Vergleich zu anderen Energieträgern vorgestellt sowie Gefahren spezifisch im Zusammenhang mit Flüssigwasserstoff aufgezeigt. Im zweiten Teil wird ein kurzer Überblick über Regelwerke gegeben und typische Unfallszenarien anhand eines Fallbeispiels illustriert. Abschließend werden die von nationalen und internationalen Expertengruppen identifizierten Forschungslücken zusammengefasst und es wird auf relevante Datenbanken und Portale zur Wasserstoffsicherheit verwiesen.
T2 - DVGW-Kongress H₂ Sicherheit
CY - Online meeting
DA - 26.11.2025
KW - Explosionsschutz
KW - LH2
KW - Regelwerke
KW - Unfallszenarien
KW - Forschungsbedarfe
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64865
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Junias, Josua Kondja
T1 - Hydrogen Mixtures Flammability Limits Prediction using Machine Learning Models
N2 - Flammability characteristics of hydrogen mixtures have been extensively investigated at different initial conditions(temperature and pressure). Based on the available experimental datasets, empirical and semi-empirical models are commonly used to calculate flammability limits in dependance to initial conditions and mixture composition to reduce the experimental effort. However, unevenly distributed empirical data and the complex non-linear relationship characteristics of these data present significant challenges to empirical flammability limits prediction methods under various mixture initial conditions. Moreover, the empirical models and semi-empirical models only cover some influencing parameters, respectively. To address these issues, the present study adapts a machine learning (ML) approach for improving the hydrogen-air/oxygen-inert gas mixture flammability limits prediction at different conditions with a holistic approach. A Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) model was trained, validated, and tested using key input features such as flammability state, initial mixture temperature, equivalence ratio, inert gas concentration, adiabatic flame temperature, and Lewis numbers. Data augmentation techniques were conducted on experimental datasets to improve the predictive capability of the model. The models' performance was compared with empirical flammability limit prediction methods. The goal is to deliver fast, reliable, and more accurate predictions across different scenarios with a single prediction model. Most importantly, the machine learning approach offers a cost-effective and robust alternative to existing empirical flammability limit prediction methods, thus also reducing the experimental effort for explosion limits determination.
T2 - 11th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety (ICHS) 2025
CY - Seoul, South Korea
DA - 22.09.2025
KW - Machine Learning
KW - Flammability Limits
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64703
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Askar, Enis
A1 - Schmidt, Martin
A1 - El Harrab, Hayat
A1 - Pekalski, Andrzej
T1 - Ignition Indices of Hydrogen Mixtures under Electrolysis Process Conditions
N2 - The formation of hydrogen-oxygen mixtures for example due to cross-over, malfunction or start-up and shut-down processes is a hazard very specific to given electrolysis processes that must be properly addressed. In this work the explosion limits of hydrogen-oxygen-mixtures at conditions up to 30 bar and 300 °C were determined experimentally. It was found that the existing experimental data can be interpolated with good accuracy using empirical approaches. Moreover, explosion limits at atmospheric conditions were also determined with reduced ignition energy, down to 1 mJ. Although in the literature it can be found that the ignition energy of flammable gases increases strongly when the concentration changes from stoichiometric to near the explosion limits, no significant influence on the mixture concentration was found within tested ignition energy range for H2/O2 mixtures. Finally, hot surface ignition for mixtures with 6 mol% hydrogen in oxygen, thus slightly above the explosion limit, were experimentally studied at different pressures up to 30 bara. Similarly, only slight difference from the ignition temperatures determined for stoichiometric mixtures were found. A 0D adiabatic, constant-volume reactor model was used to calculate the ignition temperatures. The model was tested for its prediction of ignition temperatures of hydrogen mixtures at different pressures.
T2 - 11th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety (ICHS) 2025
CY - Seoul, South Korea
DA - 22.09.2025
KW - Explosion limits
KW - Ignition temperature
KW - Ignition energy
KW - Electrolyzer
PY - 2025
SN - 979-12-243-0274-2
VL - 11
SP - 1259
EP - 1271
AN - OPUS4-64525
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Grimault de Freitas, Tomás
T1 - Comprehensive standardization of the hollow specimen method for tests in high pressure hydrogen gas
N2 - As the world moves towards a decarbonised economy, the demand for sustainable and low-carbon alternatives is rapidly increasing. Hydrogen plays an important role in this transition, but in order to make the most of hydrogen as an energy carrier, a comprehensive understanding of its impact on the integrity of structural materials is necessary. Metallic materials, mostly steels, are the most regularly used structural materials in various components throughout the hydrogen supply chain. Ensuring their sustainable and safe use in hydrogen technologies is a crucial factor in the development of the hydrogen economy. This is particularly important since hydrogen can promote crack formation and ultimately lead to premature failure in these materials when combined with mechanical load. This process is commonly known as Hydrogen Embrittlement and can occur in almost all the steels used for the hydrogen technologies. Extensive materials qualification is needed for the rapid implementation of hydrogen technologies, however, most accepted, and standardised test methods for determining the effect of gaseous hydrogen on metallic materials describe complex and costly procedures that are only available to a very limited extent worldwide.
The hollow specimen technique is a simple and economical method that has the potential to overcome the limitations of the current methods and complement them for qualifying metallic materials under high-pressure hydrogen gas. In this method, an axial hole is drilled in a tensile specimen, which is then filled with hydrogen gas, sealed, and placed in a standard testing machine. This method requires significantly lower amounts of hydrogen, resulting in fewer safety measures and no need for complex equipment or a specialised laboratory, unlike the conventional autoclave technique. The technique's low investment and testing costs, simple operation, and shorter testing time make it optimal for widespread use around the world, thereby increasing the output of results.
Initial studies have demonstrated the feasibility of assessing hydrogen effects in metallic materials using the hollow specimen technique. This led to the establishment of the committee ISO/TC 164/SC 1/WG 9 “Tensile testing, method in high-pressure hydrogen environment“ to standardise the method, however, there are open questions that currently prevent the technique from being standardised for hydrogen testing. These open questions relate to specimen geometry, inner hole surface and gas quality and are being addressed in the H2HohlZug project. Here, the aim is to systematically address and close the gaps towards the standardisation of this technique for tests with hydrogen.
This contribution presents the structure and milestones of the project, followed by initial results regarding the optimisation of the specimen geometry, as well as the influence of different manufacturing and finishing processes on the inner hole surface of the hollow specimen and its response to hydrogen effects.
T2 - TestXpo | 32nd International Expo for Materials Testing
CY - Ulm, Germany
DA - 21.10.2024
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Hydrogen Embrittlement
KW - High-Pressure Gaseous Gas
KW - Hollow Specimen Technique
KW - H2HohlZug
KW - TransHyDE
KW - Standardisation
KW - Tensile Test
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61453
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Askar, Enis
T1 - Safety Related Properties of Hydrogen Mixtures - Laboratory Tests
N2 - Wasserstoff unterscheidet sich hinsichtlich der sicherheitstechnischen Eigenschaften von anderen brennbaren Gassen, v.a. durch die sehr niedrige Mindestzündenergie und die sehr hohe Flammengeschwindigkeit. In der Praxis treten Wasserstoffgemische z.B. durch Einspeisung von Wasserstoff in das Erdgasnetz, bei der Herstellung von Synthesegas (CO, H2) und in Biogasanlagen auf. Die sicherheitstechnischen Eigenschaften von Wasserstoffgemischen wurden experimentell untersucht und werden vorgestellt. Darüber hinaus wurde die Genauigkeit von Berechnungsmethoden für sicherheitstechnische Eigenschaften von Wasserstoffgemischen untersucht.
N2 - Hydrogen differs from most other flammable gases regarding the safety related properties. Mainly the minimum ignition energy (MIE) is particularly low and the burning velocity is particularly high. Hydrogen mixtures are formed in different hydrogen applications, for example if hydrogen is added to the existing natural gas grid, if synthetic gas (mixture of CO and H2) is produced or in biogas plants. Safety related properties of hydrogen mixtures were determined experimentally and are presented in this presentation. Moreover the accuracy of estimation methods for safety related properties of hydrogen mixtures is evaluated.”
T2 - Center for Hydrogen Safety 2020 European Conference
CY - Online meeting
DA - 20.10.2020
KW - Explosion Protection
KW - Explosion Limits
KW - Minimum Ignition Energy
KW - Ignition Source
KW - Synthetic Gas
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-51530
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Grimault de Freitas, Tomás
A1 - Konert, Florian
A1 - Nietzke, Jonathan
A1 - Krzysch, Zephanja
A1 - Böllinghaus, Thomas
A1 - Michler, Thorsten
A1 - Wackermann, Ken
A1 - Oesterlin, Heiner
A1 - Tlili, Mohamed
A1 - Puthur, Alen
A1 - Elsen-Humberg, Stephan
A1 - Koenigs, Timo
A1 - Ruchti, Peter
A1 - Systermans, Thomas
A1 - Sobol, Oded
T1 - Hollow Specimen Method for Tests in High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas: The Role of Strain-Rate and Surface Quality
N2 - The feasibility of the method for slow strain tensile tests has been demonstrated in several studies, leading to the establishment of the ISO/TC 164/SC 1/WG 9 ISO committee for its standardisation. Questions have emerged during this process, that currently prevent the method from being standardised for hydrogen testing. These questions relate to specimen geometry, specimen manufacturing and gas quality and are being systematically addressed in the TransHyDE-H2HohlZug project. The first results addressing the questions regarding specimen manufacturing are presented in this poster.
T2 - TrasnsHyDE Abschlusskonferenz
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 25.03.2025
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Hydrogen Embrittlement
KW - Hollow Specimen Technique
KW - High-Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen
KW - TransHyDE
KW - H2HohlZug
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62809
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Ekici, Nilsah
T1 - Introduction of The SHIMMER Database for Safe Hydrogen Injection in The European Natural Gas Infrastructure
N2 - An important step in the transportation strategy for hydrogen is its injection into the existing natural gas grid, which allows accelerating the transition to a low-carbon economy, in other words, hydrogen economy. The European Commission has established hydrogen roadmaps and strategies that emphasize the safe and efficient integration of hydrogen into the natural gas network to support this transition.
In line with the objectives of the road map, several funded projects have been established, among others – the Safe Hydrogen Injection Modelling and Management for European Gas Network Resilience (SHIMMER) project. One of the main goals of this project is establishing a database containing a comprehensive repository of information regarding materials, standards, European pilot projects, and operational conditions parameters for the European gas network gathered from open sources as well as transmission and distribution system operators participating in the project. The SHIMMER database has an extensive structure consisting of 262 pipeline entries, each with details such as length, design pressure, inner diameter, and installation year and more.
The following contribution elaborates on how the SHIMMER database was established as reliable source of information to be available for the public. The database allows consistent assessments of hydrogen compatibility across different countries, offering a structured framework to help overcome the challenges inherent to the assessments of the components for the injection of hydrogen across Europe. Further, the SHIMMER database provides a valuable information source for future research on the European gas networks.
T2 - ICHS 2025
CY - Seoul, South Korea
DA - 22.09.2025
KW - Database
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Gas Grid
KW - Low-carbon
KW - Pipeline Steel
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64288
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Examples for controlling safety in hydrogen systems
N2 - First, BAM and its hydrogen competence centre H2Safety@BAM were briefly introduced.
This was followed by three examples of BAM's approaches to meeting the challenges of the hydrogen ramp-up. Afterwards, four examples were presented that show how safety can be better managed in factories.
In the final part, the approaches and successes to date in bilateral cooperation within the framework of the BMBF bridge project ‘H2 Safety Collaboration’ were presented and the possibilities for establishing contact and further cooperation were highlighted.
T2 - The 2nd 2nd Jeonnam Province Clean Hydrogen International Forum
CY - Suncheon, South Korea
DA - 24.09.2025
KW - Safety
KW - International Kooperation
KW - Market ramp-up
KW - Compatibility
KW - Reference Gases
KW - Fuelling Station
KW - Digital Tools
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64197
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Maiwald, Michael
T1 - Competence Centre H2Safety@BAM – Safeguarding the Quality Infrastructure in the Hydrogen Economy
N2 - Hydrogen is a central component of the energy transition and the European Green Deal for a climate-neutral Europe. To achieve the goals defined for 2050, the EU and the German government have developed a framework for action and are making long-term investments in research, development, and the rapid implementation of innovative hydrogen technologies.
With the Competence Centre "H2Safety@BAM", BAM is creating the safety-related prerequisites for the successful implementation of hydrogen technologies at national as well as European level.
To this end, BAM conducts research, testing and consulting in a holistic and inter-disciplinary manner under one roof – in the Competence Centre H2Safety@BAM. The activities of the competence centre focus on ensuring the safety of infra-structures, plants, and processes as well as innovative hydrogen transport and storage systems based on digital quality testing and the experimental testing of components and systems. It thus creates the prerequisites for the implementation and adaptation of legal framework conditions as well as for standardization. Closely related to this are investigations into the properties and compatibility of metallic materials and polymers as well as friction systems for the safe operation of components, plants, processes, and systems. This interdisciplinary and holistic approach is complemented by the development of gas analytics and suitable sensors, online measurements of gas properties in process control, test scenarios under real conditions as well as impact assessments of accidents and risk assessments and risk management systems derived from them. With its portfolio of tasks and competences, BAM builds trust in the safety and reliability of technical system solutions for hydrogen.
T2 - 772. WE-Heraeus-Seminar - Metrology and Process Safety for Hydrogen Technologies & Applications
CY - Bad Honnef, Germany
DA - 10.10.2022
KW - H2Safety@BAM
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Competence Center
KW - Hydrogen Strategy
KW - Green Deal
KW - Safety
KW - Risk Assessment
KW - Quality Infrastructure
PY - 2022
UR - https://www.we-heraeus-stiftung.de/veranstaltungen/metrology-and-process-safety-for-hydrogen-technologies-and-applications/
AN - OPUS4-55986
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Holtappels, Kai
T1 - Ammonia Safety
N2 - In order to share the latest technological information in the gas field and develop the gas industry, the Korean Gas Safety Corporation host an international gas safety seminar every year by inviting domestic and foreign experts. In year 2023, the seminar focussed on the latest trends in ammonia safety management and utilization technology. BAM was asked to give a presentation on ammonia safety and its flammability in specific. Based on the international flammability classification the required explosion protection measures were presented,which are defined by the European ATEX rules. As final part of the presentation the German strategy on transformation of existing infrastructure, here especially the transformation of landbased LNG terminals, was shown as well.
N2 - Um die neuesten technologischen Informationen im Gasbereich auszutauschen und die Gasindustrie weiterzuentwickeln, veranstaltet die Korean Gas Safety Corporation jedes Jahr ein internationales Gassicherheitsseminar, zu dem Experten aus dem In- und Ausland eingeladen werden. Im Jahr 2023 lag der Schwerpunkt des Seminars auf den neuesten Trends im Sicherheitsmanagement und in der Nutzungstechnologie von Ammoniak. Die BAM wurde gebeten, einen Vortrag über die Sicherheit von Ammoniak und insbesondere über dessen Entflammbarkeit zu halten. Auf der Grundlage der internationalen Brennbarkeitsklassifizierung wurden die erforderlichen Explosionsschutzmaßnahmen vorgestellt, die in den europäischen ATEX-Vorschriften festgelegt sind. Als letzter Teil der Präsentation wurde auch die deutsche Strategie zur Umwandlung bestehender Infrastruktur, hier insbesondere die Umwandlung von landgestützten LNG-Terminals, vorgestellt.
T2 - 31st Internation Gas Safety Seminar of Korean Gas Safety Corporation (KGS)
CY - Seoul, South Korea
DA - 29.11.2023
KW - H2Safety@BAM
KW - Ammonia safety
KW - Flammability classification
KW - ATEX rules
KW - Explosion safety
KW - Safety measures
KW - Transformation of LNG terminals
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58972
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Mit „Knallgas“ in die Zukunft? Sicherheit von Wasserstoff – Von der Herstellung bis zur Nutzung
N2 - Der Vortrag gibt eine Antwort auf die Frage: „Ist der Umgang mit Wasserstoff so sicher, dass wir unsere Zukunft darauf aufbauen können?“
Dr. Mair stellt das Kompetenzzentraum H2Safety@BAM vor. Er beginnt mit dem spektakulären Wasserstoff-Unfall auf dem Tempelhofer Feld aus dem Jahr 1894, kommt zur Gründung des Kompetenzzentrums im Kontext der Wasserstoffstrategien Deutschlands und der EU und erläutert deren sicherheitsfokussierte Ausrichtung, um Vertrauen in Wasserstofftechnologien zu schaffen und zu bewahren.
Danach werden die physikalischen Eigenschaften von Wasserstoff im Vergleich zu Methan (Erdgas) vorgestellt. Dies leitet über zur Betrachtung des Hindenburg-Unfall sin Lakehurst 1937.
Im nächsten Abschnitt werden der weltweite Bedarf an H2, sein Importbedarf aus deutscher Sicht, das weltweite Erzeugungspotential und der Transportaufwand der üblichen H2-Derivate dargelegt.
Die zentrale Frage ist die nach der Sicherheit von Wasserstoff als Ergebnis der bisher ergriffenen Maßnahmen. Es werden wenige der immer wieder geschehenden Unfälle im Transport von Energieträgern vorgestellt, was zur Erkenntnis führt, dass, um die Sicherheit objektiv beurteilen zu können, der Risikobegriff herangezogen werden muss.
Das Risiko basiert auf der Konsequenz und der Häufigkeit eines Ereignisses. Mit Blick auf den bereits erkennbaren Markhochlauf wird dargelegt, wie eine Risikosteuerung in Abhängigkeit der Produkte im Transport funktionieren kann. Hierzu muss beachtet werden, dass jede Eigenschaft streut. Damit sind auch die Zuverlässigkeit jedes einzelnen Speichers, des gesamten Bestandes an Gasspeichern, im Neuzustand und erst recht mit zunehmendem Alter einer Streuung unterworfen, die aktuell nur über Stichproben abgeschätzt werden kann.
Es wird an Beispielen aufgezeigt, welche Prüftechniken und Beurteilungsmethoden die BAM zur Sicherheitsbeurteilung von Transportspeichern und sogar Tankstellen einsetzt und weiterentwickelt.
Dies führt zu einem Petitum für probabilistische Betrachtungsweisen von Produktsicherheit mit Blick auf die Qualität der Rechtsvorschriften, der Produktdesigns und der Herstellung von Produkten für die Wasserstoffanwendung.
T2 - Tagung Hoffnungsträger Wasserstoff - Chancen, Hürden, Risiken
CY - Wittenberg, Germany
DA - 20.10.2022
KW - Wasserstoffspeicher
KW - Markthochlauf
KW - Sicherheit
KW - H2Safety@BAM.de
KW - Risikosteuerung
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56985
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Junias, Josua Kondja
T1 - Prediction of Explosion Characteristics of Hydrogen Mixtures using Machine Learning Models
N2 - Explosion characteristics of hydrogen mixtures have been extensively investigated at different conditions. Due to the intensiveness of the explosion characteristics experimental determination, empirical and semi-empirical models are commonly used to predict explosion limits in dependance of conditions: temperature, pressure, and mixture composition. However, unevenly distributed, and limited empirical data and the complex non-linear relationship of these explosion characteristics’ present significant challenges to empirical explosion limits prediction methods under various mixture conditions. Moreover, some empirical models and semi-empirical models are not comprehensive and limited in scope of application. To address these issues, the present study adapts a machine learning approach for improving the hydrogen mixtures explosion characteristics prediction at different conditions, offering a fast, flexible, and comprehensive accurate prediction approach. A Multi-Layer Perceptron model was trained, validated, and tested using key input features such as flammability state, initial mixture temperature, inert gas concentration, adiabatic flame temperature, and Lewis numbers. Data augmentation techniques were conducted to supplement and improve the predictive capability of the model. The model’s performance was compared with a separate experimental dataset. This machine learning approach offers a cost-effective and robust alternative to existing empirical explosion limit prediction method, thus also reducing the experimental effort for explosion limits determination.
T2 - 3rd German-African Green Hydrogen Forum 2025
CY - Bernburg, Germany
DA - 23.09.2025
KW - Machine Learning
KW - Explosion Characteristics
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64705
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Butz, Adam
T1 - Detection and prediction of high temperature fatigue crack growth around notches in polycrystalline nickel base alloy
N2 - Im Rahmen eines Vorhabens wurden Methoden zur Reduktion des Versuchsaufwandes bei der Modellerstellung für LCF-Lebensdauervorhersage untersucht. Einige dieser Methoden sind hier kurz vorgestellt.
N2 - Methods for reducing the experimental effort necessary for the development of LCF life time prediction models were investigated. Some of these methods are briefly presented here.
T2 - 4th International Symposium for Fatigue Design and Material Defects
CY - Online meeting
DA - 26.05.2020
KW - LCF
KW - Mechanistic Modelling
KW - Fatigue
KW - Data Fusion
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-50904
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Askar, Enis
A1 - Holtappels, Kai
T1 - Fire and explosion safety for hydrogen technologies
N2 - The presentation gives an overview about the research and testing activities of H2Safety@bam in the field of process and plant safety.
T2 - HYDROGENIUS BAM Joint Hydrogen Symposium
CY - Online meeting
DA - 06.07.2021
KW - Explosion protection
KW - LH2
KW - Jet-fires
KW - Test area
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53720
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Sobol, Oded
A1 - Nolze, Gert
A1 - Saliwan Neumann, Romeo
A1 - Eliezer, D.
A1 - Böllinghaus, Thomas
A1 - Unger, Wolfgang
T1 - Novel approach to image hydrogen distribution and related phase transformation in duplex stainless steels at the sub-micron scale
N2 - The effect of electrochemical charging of hydrogen on the structure of a lean duplex stainless steel LDX 2101® (EN 1.4162, UNS S32101) was examined by both Time-of-Flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and electron back-scatter diffraction. The goal is to correlate hydrogen concentration and induced structural changes. Chemical and structural characterizations were done for the same region at the sample's surface with sub-micron spatial resolution. Regions of interest were varying in size between 50 × 50 μm and 100 × 100 μm. The results show a phase transformation of austenite to mainly a defect-rich BCC and scarcely a HCP phase. The phase transformation occurred in deuterium rich regions in the austenite.
KW - Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry
KW - ToF-SIMS
KW - Electron backscatter diffraction
KW - EBSD
KW - Hydrogen-assisted cracking
KW - Data fusion
KW - Lean duplex stainless steel
PY - 2017
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.08.016
SN - 0360-3199
VL - 42
IS - 39
SP - 25114
EP - 25120
AN - OPUS4-42022
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Additive manufacturing for components in hydrogen technologies
N2 - With the introduction of a hydrogen-based energy and national economy, safety-relevant components for hydrogen technologies are becoming increasingly important. Characteristic of hydrogen technologies are, for example, harsh environmental conditions such as cryogenic or high-pressure storage, corrosion issues in fuel cells and electrolyzers, turbines, and many more. Additive manufacturing of components is becoming increasingly important and irreplaceable for the production of complex technical systems. Using the case studies of burners for gas turbines and electrodes and membranes for polymer (PEMFC) and solid oxide (SOFC) fuel cells, this article shows the potential of additive manufacturing of components. At the same time, however, the challenge of considering divergent mechanical properties depending on the direction of assembly in a "hydrogen-compatible" manner is also highlighted. Finally, the challenges posed by additive manufacturing and hydrogen for materials testing are highlighted under scenarios that are as realistic as possible.
T2 - MPA-Workshop Hydrogen
CY - Online meeting
DA - 10.11.2022
KW - Additive manufacturing
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Technologies
KW - Overview
KW - Component
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56233
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa
T1 - Die Wasserstoffstrategie der BAM; Kompetenzzentrum H 2 safety@bam
N2 - Das Thema Wasserstoff ist an der BAM seit mehr als hundert Jahren aktuell und steht auch gegenwärtig im Zentrum zahlreicher Forschungs- und Kooperationsaktivitäten. Mit der aktuellen Wasserstoff-Strategie der BAM werden wichtige Voraussetzungen dafür geschaffen, dass der Markthochlauf gelingt und die technische Sicherheit und Überwachung der Infrastrukturen und Anlagen gewährleistet ist – von der Erzeugung, über den Transport bis zur Speicherung und Bereitstellung von Wasserstoff als Energieträger der Zukunft.
T2 - 1st Digital AK PostDocs Meeting
CY - Online meeting
DA - 01.10.2020
KW - Kompetenzzentrum H2Safety@BAM
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Wasserstoffstrategie
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-51371
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Askar, Enis
T1 - Explosion Protection for Hydrogen Applications
N2 - In the this lecture the safety related properties of hydrogen compared to other fuel gases and the explosion protection measures of avoiding flammable mixtures, avoiding ignition sources and mitigating the consequences of explosions are presented.
T2 - Guest Lecture at the University of Birmingham
CY - Online meeting
DA - 19.10.2020
KW - New energy carriers
KW - Explosion limits
KW - Ignition energy
KW - Ignition source
KW - Renewable energy
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-51531
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
T1 - Investigation of corrosion behavior of S355 steel in artificial seawater and sediment
N2 - The safe operation of offshore wind turbines places high demands on corrosion protection. This is particularly the case about the planned future extension of the service life beyond 25 years. The highly corrosive environment towards metallic materials leads to a loss of material thickness of the tower structure and thus to a deterioration of mechanical properties. This can be counteracted by corrosion protection measures adapted to the respective load case, such as organic coatings and cathodic corrosion protection (CCP). Much research has already been done in this area about inhibiting the corrosion process and there are regulations and guidelines that specify requirements for corrosion protection to achieve the required service lives.
However, gaps exist regarding free corrosion. This plays a greater role especially for time intervals during the installation of the plants and their maintenance, during which often no CCP can be operated. This applies to the exposure areas in the underwater and sediment area. This problem is intensified by the difficult to estimate corrosion rates caused by the different zones, with their different amounts of dissolved oxygen and the various influencing factors.
This paper deals with experiments conducted in a laboratory container with artificial seawater and sediment in basins.
T2 - AMPP Annual Conference + Expo 2025
CY - Nashville, TN, USA
DA - 07.04.2025
KW - Seawater
KW - Sediment
KW - Corrosion
KW - Offshore
KW - Foundation
KW - Element current
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62964
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
A1 - Keserović, A.
A1 - Sobetzki, J.
A1 - Sarmiento-Klapper, H.
A1 - Boduch, A.
A1 - Aristia, G.
A1 - Faes, W.
A1 - Stoljarova, A.
A1 - Zimmer, S.
T1 - Metallene Werkstoffe in Geothermieanlagen - nicht nur aus Sicht der Korrosion
N2 - Um Konstrukteuren und Nutzern geothermischer Anlagen grundlegende Informationen über die Korrosionsbeständigkeit zur Verfügung zu stellen, wurden verschiedene metallene Werkstoffe, darunter nichtrostende Duplex- und austenitische Stähle sowie eine Nickellegierung, in künstlichen Geothermalwässern, die die Bedingungen an verschiedenen Standorten mit geothermischem Potenzial simulieren, mit Hilfe von elektrochemischen und Langzeittests hinsichtlich ihrer Eignung bewertet.
In hochsalinaren Umgebungen erwies sich Spaltkorrosion als der entscheidende Mechanismus. Die Nickellegierung zeigt eine ausgezeichnete Beständigkeit gegenüber Lochkorrosion. Abgesehen von ihren hohen Kosten eignet sie sich sehr gut für den Bau von Geothermieanlagen mit stark salzhaltigen Fluiden. Rostfreie Stähle und Duplexstähle weisen eine begrenzte Korrosionsbeständigkeit gegen Loch- und Spaltkorrosion auf. Daher sind sie für stark salzhaltige Fluide nicht geeignet. Der Superaustenit zeigt ein temperaturabhängiges Verhalten. In nichtsalinaren Umgebungen könnten niedriglegierte Stähle (neben den höherlegierten Werkstoffen) als Konstruktionsmaterial für Geothermieanlagen eingesetzt werden, sofern eine ausreichende Wandstärke des Materials berücksichtigt wird.
Neben Korrosionsaspekten erwies sich auch die Ausfällung von Fluidbestandteilen als interessantes Thema. Beim Betrieb der Forschungsanlage in Groß Schönebeck wurden Kupfer- und Bleieffekte im Bohrloch festgestellt. Die auftretenden Mechanismen und Maßnahmen zur Verhinderung von Ausfällungen und Abscheidungen wurden ebenso untersucht, wie deren mögliche Einflüsse auf die Korrosionsbeständigkeit metallener Werkstoffe für Anlagenkomponenten.
Der Beitrag beschreibt die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Geothermalwässern und Ausrüstungskomponenten.
T2 - 57. Kraftwerktechnisches Kolloquium
CY - Dresden, Germany
DA - 07.10.2025
KW - Örtliche Korrosion
KW - Edelstahl
KW - Ni-Legierungen
KW - Geothermie
KW - Abscheidung
PY - 2025
SN - 978-3-00-082651-1
SN - 978-3-00-082652-8
SP - 551
EP - 568
PB - IKS-Verlag
CY - Freiberg
AN - OPUS4-64320
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Regenspurg, S.
T1 - Lessons learned from long-term corrosion investigations and –monitoring in saline thermal waters
N2 - Investigations of corrosion processes in geothermal well in Groß Schönebeck showed
Most tested materials (apart of carbon steel) proved to be corrosion resistant within the installations.
- Stability of coatings cannot be guaranteed.
- Main risk: Electrochemical corrosion of carbon steel casing with dissolved Cu resulting in clogging the reservoir
The corrosion prevention strategy requires use of higher alloyed casing materials depending on resistance parameters, availability and economic feasibility.
T2 - Der Geothermiekongress 2018
CY - Essen, Germany
DA - 27.11.2018
KW - Geothermal
KW - Corrosion
KW - Stainless steel
KW - Electrochemistry
PY - 2018
UR - http://www.der-geothermiekongress.de/tagungsband/fa9jDmTEjs3rSNq/
AN - OPUS4-46901
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
T1 - Entwicklung einer Prüfmethode zur Bewertung der Materialbeständigkeit von Bauteilen in Mitteldestillatanwendungen
N2 - Im DGMK-Projekt 780 wurde eine forcierte Prüfmethode entwickelt zur Bestimmung der Beständigkeit von metallenen Werkstoffen gegenüber Brennstoffen aus Mitteldestillaten und Gemischen aus Mitteldestillat und paraffinischen Kohlenwasserstoffen, die jeweils Fettsäuremethylester (FAME) als biogene Komponente enthalten. Bei der Prüfmethode werden Proben des Werkstoffes in einem speziellen Prüfmedien ausgelagert. Die Zusammensetzung von zwei Prüfmedien wurde im Vorhaben erarbeitet. Die Prüfmedien decken für den FAME-Anteil einen Bereich von bis zu 20 % (V/V) ab. Die Auslagerung kann bei geringem Aufwand unter Atmosphärendruck durchgeführt werden.
Die Eignung einer Auswahl von metallenen Werkstoffen und Polymerwerkstoffen, die für Versorgungsanlagen für Mitteldestillat relevant sind, wurde durch Auslagerung in folgenden nicht gealterten Brennstoffen bestimmt: Heizöl EL schwefelarm (B0), Heizöl EL schwefelarm mit 20 % (V/V) FAME (B20), FAME (B100) und hydriertes Pflanzenöl (HVO). Die Temperatur bei der Auslagerung betrug 50 °C für die metallenen Werkstoffe und 40 °C und 70 °C für die Polymerwerkstoffe. Die Ergebnisse der Beständigkeitsbewertung wurden in Beständigkeitslisten zusammengefasst. Die mit dem B20 erhaltenen Werkstoffbeständigkeiten gelten generell für Gemische aus Heizöl EL schwefelarm und FAME mit einem FAME-Gehalt bis zu 20 % (V/V). Sie sind auch auf Gemische aus Dieselkraftstoff und FAME mit einem FAME-Gehalt bis 20 %(V/V) übertragbar.
Die forcierte Prüfmethode kann insbesondere KMUs bei der Weiterentwicklung von bestehenden Produkten und der Entwicklung von neuen Produkten als ein kostengünstiger Schnelltest zur Überprüfung der Werkstoff- und Bauteilbeständigkeit gegenüber Mitteldestillaten mit hohem FAME-Anteil dienen. Sie kann für die Hersteller die Sicherheit erhöhen, dass Bauteile die Freigabeprüfungen der Bauaufsicht bestehen, wobei die Freigabe aber nur für Deutschland gültig ist.
Die Erkenntnisse des Forschungsvorhabens können in eine harmonisierte Europäischen Norm für alternative Brenn- und Kraftstoffe einfließen. Diese ist für die Bauteilhersteller die Voraussetzung für die Erschließung des europäischen Marktes.
T2 - Sitzung des DGMK-Fachausschusses "Brennstoffe"
CY - Online Meeting
DA - 22.09.2020
KW - Korrosion
KW - Biobrennstoff
KW - Heizöl
KW - FAME
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-51300
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Aristia, Gabriela
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
A1 - Nofz, Marianne
A1 - Sojref, Regine
A1 - Kohl, Anka
T1 - Short-term exposure tests of ɣ-Al2O3 Sol-gel coating on X20Cr13 in artificial geothermal waters with different pH
N2 - The suitability of an Al2O3 coating for corrosion protection on X20Cr13 was evaluated in various artificial geothermal brines, focusing on the influence of different pH (4, 6 and 8) and their chemical compositions on the coating properties. All experiments were performed in the laboratory using autoclaves at 150 ◦C and 1 MPa in deaerated condition for 1 and 7 days. Results showed that the pH of geothermal waters is the most detrimental factor in the transformation of ɣ-Al2O3 and its protective abilities. Delaminations were found in the Coating exposed to geothermal brines with pH 4. FTIR spectra indicated a transformation of ɣ-Al2O3 to boehmite AlOOH after exposure to pH 4 and 6, and bayerite Al(OH)3 was formed after exposure to pH 8. Different Crystal structures of the hydrated Al2O3 also contribute to the stability of the coatings, observed by the SEM- EDX of the surface and cross-section of coatings. This study indicated that ɣ-Al2O3 sol-gel coating presents a promising aspect of corrosion protection in geothermal environment with a neutral pH.
KW - Al2O3
KW - Corrosion
KW - Coating
KW - Martensitic steel
PY - 2021
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2021.102193
SN - 0375-6505
VL - 96
SP - 102193
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-52931
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kratzig, Andreas
A1 - Bettge, Dirk
A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
A1 - Kranzmann, Axel
T1 - Interaction of Oxidizing and Reductive Components in CO2 Streams with Transport Pipeline Steel X70 at High Pressure and Low Temperature
N2 - Specific amounts of oxidizing and reductive impurities as well as some moisture were added to dense phase CO2 to replicate CO2 streams from sources in a CCS pipeline network. Due to the moisture content being only 50 ppmV no visible acid condensation took place. To simulate stress conditions at the inside pipeline surface due to fluid pressure (10 MPa) specimens were preloaded using a load frame. Experiments conducted at 278 K and at 313 K revealed the highest corrosion rate at lower temperature. Corrosive effect of impurities was strongest applying mixed atmosphere, containing oxidizing and reductive components, closely followed by CO2 streams with pure oxidizing character. By far, the lowest corrosion rate (10x lower) resulted from reductive atmosphere. In general, at constant temperature and pressure the CO2 stream composition strongly influences the morphology, thickness and composition of the corrosion products. Applying oxidizing or mixed impurities, iron hydroxides or oxides (e.g. goethite, hematite) occur as dominating corrosion products, capable to incorporate different amounts of sulfur. In contrast, using reductive atmosphere very thin corrosion layers with low crystallinity were developed, and phase identification by XRD was unfeasible. SEM/EDX analysis revealed the formation of Fe-O compounds, most likely attributed to the oxygen partial pressure in the system induced by CO2 (≥0.985 volume fraction) and volatile H2O. In addition to the surface covering corrosion layer, secondary phases had grown locally distributed on top of the layer. These compounds are characteristic for the applied atmosphere and vary in number, shape and chemical composition.
T2 - 14th Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies Conference (GHGT-14)
CY - Melbourne, Australia
DA - 21.10.2018
KW - CCS
KW - CO2 Corrosion
KW - Pipelines
PY - 2019
UR - https://ssrn.com/abstract=3365756
VL - 2019
SP - 1
EP - 15
AN - OPUS4-49711
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
T1 - Corrosion Aspects for Materials to be Used in CC(U)S Applications
N2 - This contribution provides current findings regarding materials susceptibility for carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) applications. Basing on results gathered in 2 German long-term projects (COORAL and CLUSTER) suitable materials are introduced as well as dominating impurities of the CO2-stream and corrosion mechanisms. Investigations cover the whole CCUS process chain and provide material recommendations for certain parts.
T2 - 1st International Conference on Corrosion Protection and Application
CY - Chongqing, China
DA - 09.09.2019
KW - Carbon
KW - Capture
KW - Storage
KW - Utilization
KW - CCS
KW - CCU
KW - CO2
KW - Corrosion
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49302
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
T1 - Evaluation of metallic materials for geothermal applications
N2 - Since geothermal wells are a feasible energy source to replace fossil fuel supply, many technologies have been developed to take advantage of geothermal energy. Nevertheless, service conditions in geothermal facilities are due to the chemical composition of hydrothermal fluids and temperatures, in many cases, extreme in terms of corrosion.
Therefore, materials selection based on preliminary material qualification is essential to guarantee a secure and reliable operation of the facilities. The corrosion behavior of different high-alloyed metals including Duplex and austenitic stainless steels as well as a nickel alloy have been evaluated in artificial geothermal fluids simulating the conditions in some locations with geothermal potential in Germany as well as two sites in Indonesia. The suitability of carbon steel 25CrMo4, stainless steels X2CrNiMo17-12-2, X2CrNiMo-22-5, X2CrNiMoCuWN25-7-4 and super austenitic steel X1CrNiMoCu32-28-7 in these geothermal fluids obtained by electrochemical measurements and exposure tests is limited. The nickel alloy NiCr23Mo16Al shows an excellent corrosion resistance against pitting corrosion. Excluding its high cost, it is a very good alternative to be used in the construction of geothermal facilities having highly saline brines. Stainless and Duplex steels exhibit a limited corrosion resistance concerning pitting and crevice corrosion. Beside of the higher alloyed materials, also the lowalloyed steel 25CrMo4 could be employed as a constructional material for the geothermal power plant in stagnant highly acidic non Saline environments, as long as the wall thickness of the material vs. corrosion rate is taken into account.
T2 - European Geothermal Congress
CY - Strasbourg, France
DA - 19.09.2016
KW - Localized corrosion
KW - Stainless steel
KW - Ni-based alloy
KW - Geothermal energy
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37751
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Pötzsch, Sina
A1 - Weltschev, Margit
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
T1 - Compatibility of polymers exposed to heating oil blends with 10 % and 20 % biodiesel (FAME)
N2 - Biodiesel (FAME) from rapeseed is an environmentally friendly alternative to common fossil fuels. It is also suitable to serve as blending component to fuels like heating oil. If the fuel composition is changed, materials compatibility must be guaranteed. Adding polar biodiesel to nonpolar heating oil, changes the blend’s solvency and might cause swelling, extraction and solvation of polymers. The objective of this research was to investigate the compatibility of polymeric materials, which are commonly used for components in middle distillate facilities, along with blends of heating oil and 20 % biodiesel (B20). For this propose, ACM, HNBR, FKM, PE, PA 6, POM, PUR and PVC were exposed to heating oil and B20 for 42 and 84 days at 40 °C. In addition, the polymers HNBR, FKM, PA, POM and PVC were also exposed at 70 °C. Furthermore, the resistance of polymers in eight-year aged B10 at 40 °C was evaluated. Ageing of biodiesel increases acidity which might propagate polymer corrosion. The materials were evaluated as resistant, if the loss in tensile properties (tensile strength and elongation at break) and Shore hardness remained under 15 % compared to the initial unexposed material values. For investigations under compressed conditions, the compression set was determined for specimens of ACM, FKM and HNBR after exposure in heating oil B0 and B20 for 3,7,14, 28, 56 and 90 days at 40 °C according to ISO 815-1. It was found that the resistance in B20 at 40 °C was given for all tested polymers except PUR. In the 8 years aged B10, PUR and POM were not compatible and ACM just conditionally compatible. At 70 °C, FKM and PVC were resistant in B20, whereas HNBR and PA 6 were not compatible. Swelling occurred for the elastomers ACM, HNBR and PUR.
T2 - AMPP Annual International Corrosion Conference 2021
CY - Online Meeting
DA - 19.04.2021
KW - Biodiesel
KW - FAME
KW - RME
KW - Polymer in fuels
PY - 2021
SP - 16222-01
EP - 16222-12
CY - Houston
AN - OPUS4-52499
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
T1 - Components in CO2-stream, corrosive to Materials to be Used in CC(U)S Applications
N2 - CO2 quality specifications are not only a matter of CO2 purity (i.e. CO2 content).
The “rest” also matters, in particular contents of reactive impurities affecting material corrosion (and rock alteration).
Also chemical reactions in CO2 stream needs to be considered, in particular when combining CO2 streams of different compositions.
T2 - WCO Forum at AMPP Annual International Corrosion Conference 2021
CY - Online Meeting
DA - 26.04.2021
KW - Carbon capture storage
KW - Corrosion
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52502
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
T1 - Influence of Precipitating Brine Components on Materials Selection for Geothermal Applications
N2 - By exposure and electrochemical tests in the laboratory the Cu- and Pb-effect on corrosion behavior and performance of carbon steel and a corrosion resistant alloy could be assessed. Critical material specific properties were determined by static exposure and electrochemical tests in artificial geothermal water with high salinity and low pH, containing Cu/Pb.
It could be shown that significant Cu- resp. Pb-deposition and precipitation only occurred in combination with carbon steel. Corrosion resistant alloys (e. g. Cr- and Ni-dominated stainless steels) prevent the disturbing Cu-agglomeration resp. Pb-deposition. Therefore, they are suitable to be chosen for future design of geothermal piping system, either in massive or in cladded form. Regarding corrosion, formation of crevices with non-metallic materials shall be avoided.
So, in addition to its already known limited corrosion resistance, carbon steel shall not be used when copper or lead species are content of the geothermal brine. Otherwise precipitation and/or deposition of metallic copper resp. lead must be expected, increasing the susceptibility of clogging the piping system.
From the interactions and pitting corrosion point of view, corrosion resistant alloys (preferably Ni-rich) seem to be most favorable when selecting materials for applications in such geothermal brines.
T2 - World Geothermal Congress
CY - Online meeting
DA - 15.06.2021
KW - Copper
KW - Lead
KW - Corrosion
KW - Steel
KW - Geothermal energy
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52829
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
A1 - Stoljarova, A.
A1 - Regenspurg, S.
T1 - Influence Of Brine Precipitates On Materials Performance In Geothermal Applications
N2 - Since geothermal wells are a feasible energy source to replace fossil fuel supply, many technologies have been developed to take advantage of geothermal energy. Nevertheless, service conditions in geothermal facilities are in many cases extreme in terms of corrosion due to the chemical composition of hydrothermal fluids and temperatures. Therefore, materials selection based on preliminary material qualification is essential to guarantee a secure and reliable operation of the facilities. During operation of a geothermal research facility in Groß Schönebeck copper and lead effects have been found downhole. Occurring mechanisms and measures to prevent precipitation or scaling needed to be investigated as well as potential influences of such precipitates on corrosion resistance of metallic materials used for equipment.
This contribution deals with the evaluation of the corrosion behavior of carbon steel and corrosion resistant alloys in copper and/or lead containing artificial geothermal water, simulating the conditions in the Northern German Basin.
The behavior of these materials in an artificial geothermal water obtained by electrochemical measurements and exposure tests are presented. While carbon steel exhibits precipitation and deposition, higher alloyed material shows different response to such species and a higher resistance in saline geothermal water.
Basing on these results the suitability of the investigated corrosion resistant alloy is given for use in such conditions, whereas carbon steel creates difficulties due to its susceptibility to Cu- and Pb-precipitation.
T2 - AMPP Annual 2023 Conference
CY - Denver, CO, USA
DA - 19.03.2023
KW - Geothermal
KW - Electrochemistry
KW - Copper
KW - Lead
KW - Corrosion
PY - 2023
SP - 1
EP - 15
PB - AMPP
CY - Houston TX USA
AN - OPUS4-57233
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Gerrits, Ruben
T1 - Fungal biofilms are supported by EPS and protective pigments in their substrate attachment and desiccation tolerance
N2 - Rock-inhabiting fungi are known to colonise air-exposed substrates like minerals, photovoltaic panels building facades and monuments, withstanding the various stresses these extreme habitats are known for. Here we show how both colonisation and stress resistance are linked to the properties of the fungal cell surface. By deleting genes involved in the synthesis of melanin and carotenoid pigments of the model rock-inhabiting fungus Knufia petricola via CRISPR-Cas and comparing the behaviour of the gene-deletion mutants with the wild type (WT), we studied the role of these genes in mineral colonisation and stress sensitivity. The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of biofilms of the WT and mutants were extracted, quantified and chemically characterised. We observed that the absence of melanin affected the quantity and composition of the produced EPS: melanin-deficient mutants synthesised more EPS containing fewer pullulan-related glycosidic linkages. Moreover, in mineral dissolution experiments, these mutants showed a lower ability to colonise the mineral olivine. We hypothesise that not melanin, but the pullulan-related linkages enabled the melanin-producing strains to attach more strongly to the mineral. Moreover, ICP-OES analysis of the aqueous mineral-derived solutes showed that biofilms of the K. petricola mutants which could attach were able to dissolve the olivine faster than those that could not. The same mutants were also characterised by their sensitivity to desiccation stress: only the mutant deficient in both melanin and carotenoid synthesis was more sensitive to desiccation compared to the WT, indicating that a combination of both pigments is critical to withstand desiccation. Overall, these results show the critical role of the cell surface in the specific capacities of rock-inhabiting fungi.
T2 - Biofilms 10
CY - Leipzig, Germany
DA - 09.05.2022
KW - Bio-weathering
KW - Desiccation
KW - Fungal biofilms
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56675
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sediqi, Salmin
T1 - Multi-principal element alloy nanoparticle (MPEA-NP) electrocatalysts prepared by pulsed laser ablation for electroreduction of CO2
N2 - The motivation and overall objective of the project are to develop electrocatalysts that are free of noble metals (e.g., Pt or Au) and are instead based on medium and high entropy alloys (MEA\HEA) of transition metals for the electrochemical reduction of CO2.
The MEA\HEA are multi principal element alloys (MPEAs) consisting of more than three elements with almost equal alloying proportions, forming solid solutions without intermetallic phases. In such a crystal structure, the individual elements are well mixed, and each atom has different nearest neighbours. In catalysis, especially in selectivity, it is precisely this atomic chaos that matters. Due to the large number of possible combinations of elements, these materials offer excellent conditions to tune their functional properties for specific applications.
Especially, catalyst systems in which Cu is combined with another metallic component show a significant increase in catalytic efficiency compared to monometallic systems. Since the catalytic activity, selectivity, and stability of electrocatalysts strongly depend on the size and surface, systematic studies on the influence of the organic stabilizers on heterogeneous catalysis are also of interest.
The focus of this project is to design Cu-based MEA\HEA electrocatalysts on the atomic level. For this purpose, base alloys will be prepared, processed into high-purity nanoparticles by pulsed laser ablation, and tested as electrocatalysts.
T2 - Tag der Chemie 2023
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 05.07.2023
KW - Chemically Complex Materials
KW - CCMat
KW - Electrocatalysis
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-59403
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - RPRT
A1 - Bettge, Dirk
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa
A1 - Kranzmann, Axel
T1 - Abschlussbericht des Projektteils CLUSTER - BAM: Werkstoffauswahl und Festlegung von Obergrenzen für Verunreinigungen in variierenden CO2-Strömen auf Grund von realitätsnahen Korrosionsexperimenten - FKZ 03ET7031C - im Projektverbund CLUSTER: Auswirkungen der Begleitstoffe in den abgeschiedenen CO2‐Strömen unterschiedlicher Emittenten eines regionalen Clusters auf Transport, Injektion und Speicherung
N2 - Nachdem im Verbundprojekt COORAL das Hauptaugenmerk auf überkritisches CO2 gelegt wurde, d. h. Transport über kurze Strecken bei erhöhter Temperatur, wurde in CLUSTER ein größeres lokales Transport-Netzwerk betrachtet, bei dem CO2 bei geringeren Temperaturen, also vorwiegend im flüssigen Zustand transportiert wird. Wurden in COORAL die CO2-Ströme von Kohlekraftwerken untersucht, ging es in CLUSTER zusätzlich um die Emissionen von relevanten Industrien, deren CO2-Emissionen nicht ohne Weiteres vermieden werden können.
Aufgrund der Erfahrungen in COORAL konnte eine Auswahl von kommerziellen Werkstoffen getroffen werden, die für einen konkreten Einsatz für CCS zur Verfügung stünden. Die gemischten und fluktuierenden CO2-Zusammensetzungen sind bei geeigneten Begrenzungen der Begleit¬stoffe im CO2 bezüglich Korrosionsvorgänge beherrschbar. Die Machbarkeit eines lokalen CCS-Clusters erscheint daher gegeben, soweit dies die Anlagen für Kompression, Transport und Injektion betrifft.
KW - CCS
KW - Korrosion
KW - CO2-Speicherung
KW - Pipelines
PY - 2019
SP - 1
EP - 67
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-50249
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Rütters, H.
A1 - Stadler, S.
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
A1 - Bettge, Dirk
A1 - Jeschke, S.
A1 - Kather, A.
A1 - Lempp, C.
A1 - Lubenau, U.
A1 - Ostertag-Hennig, C.
A1 - Schmitz, S.
A1 - Schütz, S.
A1 - Waldmann, S.
T1 - Towards an optimization of the CO2 stream composition - A whole-chain approach
N2 - CO2 streams captured from power stations or industrial plants may contain impurities that impact the consecutive steps of the CO2 capture and storage (CCS) chain. As the basis for an optimization of CO2 purity over the whole CCS chain, impacts of different impurities were investigated at key steps including studies on (i) corrosion of metallic materials in CO2 streams and brine, (ii) fluid and interfacial properties as a function of pressure, temperature and CO2 stream composition and their implications for CO2 transport, injection and geological storage, (iii) costs of different pipeline design options, (iv) geochemical alterations at typical reservoir conditions and their implications for geomechanical rock properties. Major findings are synthesized for two exemplary single source-single sink CCS chain scenarios involving CO2 stream compositions typical for pre-combustion capture and oxyfuel combustion. Recommendations for material selection for compression, transport and injection were derived for various CO2 stream compositions. To reliably control corrosion, a limitation of water contents to 50 ppmv is recommended for pipeline transportation of all CO2 streams. At geological storage conditions, the presence of either O2, NOx or SO2 only weakly affected fluid-mineral/rock interactions that still impacted geomechanical rock properties.
KW - CCS
KW - Impurities
KW - Associated incidental substances
KW - Pipeline design
KW - Corrosion
KW - Fluid-rock interactions
PY - 2016
UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1750583616305047
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2016.08.019
SN - 1750-5836
SN - 1878-0148
VL - 54
IS - 2
SP - 682
EP - 701
PB - Elsevier
AN - OPUS4-38401
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
T1 - Aktivitäten des ISO/TC 265 "Carbon dioxide capture, transportation and geological storage"
N2 - Im ISO/TC 265 werden Normen zur Entwicklung, Konstruktion, Betrieb, Umweltplanung und -Management, Risikomanagement, Quantifizierung, Monitoring und Verifizierung sowie weitere Aktivitäten für die einzelnen Stufen der CCS-Prozesskette erstellt.
Als neuer Aspekt wurde die Zusammensetzung des CO2-Stroms angesprochen. In Form eines "State-of-the-Art-Reports" soll der derzeitige Kenntnisstand zusammengestellt werden. Dieses soll für einen späteren Normenentwurf als Grundlage dienen.
T2 - Projekttreffen, CLUSTER-Verbundvorhaben
CY - Halle, Germany
DA - 2.3.2017
KW - CCS
KW - CO2
KW - Normung
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-39306
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
A1 - Knauer, S
A1 - Kratzig, Andreas
A1 - Bettge, Dirk
A1 - Kranzmann, Axel
T1 - Droplet corrosion of CO2 transport pipeline steels
N2 - This work examined the droplet corrosion of CO2 pipeline steels caused by impurities in CO2 supercritical/dense phase at 278 K, simulating the underground transport condition. The wetting properties of carbon steels (X52 and X70) as well as martensitic steel UNS S41500, and superaustenite UNS N08031 were studied by contact angle measurement, revealing reactive wetting behavior of carbon steels. Exposure tests with CO2 saturated water droplet on steel surface showed that the impurities (220 ppmv SO2 and 6700 ppmv O2) diffused into the droplet and then reacted with metal coupons in supercritical/dense phase condition, forming the corrosion product instantly during pumping process. Due to the active wetting behavior, the carbon steels suffered from heavily attack, while negligible corrosion product was observed in cases of martensitic steel UNS S41500 and superaustenite UNS 08031 coupons. Condensation experiments that were carried out on fresh polished coupons in CO2 with 1200 ppmv H2O showed that the formation and aggregation of droplet is dependent on the presence of impurities. Without SO2 and O2, the same concentration of H2O did not cause observable corrosion process after a week of exposure. With 220 ppmv SO2 and 6700 ppmv O2 even low water concentration (5-30 ppmv) still resulted in heterogeneous nucleation and subsequent growth of droplets, leading to corrosive process on carbon steel surface albeit to a lesser extent.
T2 - CORROSION 2018
CY - Phoenix, AZ, USA
DA - 15.04.2018
KW - CCUS
KW - Supercritical/dense phase CO2
KW - Carbon steels
KW - Martensitic steel
KW - Superaustenite steel
KW - Droplet corrosion
PY - 2018
SP - Paper 10845, 1
EP - 11
PB - NACE International Publications Division
CY - Houston, Texas, USA
AN - OPUS4-44798
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa
T1 - Acid condensation in pipeline transportation of impure CO2
N2 - CCS technology - Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage, has been recognized as an excellent technology to reach the target of CO2 reduction. However, the safety issue and cost effectiveness currently hinder the future of CCS. Recent studies have shown that even at a very low concentration of impurities (less than 100 ppmV of SO2, NO2, O2 and H2O) the droplet formation and condensation of sulfuric and nitric acids in dense phase CO2 are possible and observable [1-3].To reveal the mechanism of droplet corrosion in dense CO2 at high pressure and low temperature, further studies on factors that affect wettability and resulting corrosion behaviors of transport pipeline steels are needed.
In this work, carbon steel 1.8977 (L485MB), CrMo-alloyed steel 1.7225 (42CrMo4), martensitic steel 1.4313, and superaustenite steel 1.4562 (alloy 31) were investigated. The wettability was determined by contact angle measurement of sessile drop in CO2 atmosphere, at different pressure and temperature. The corrosion behavior of steels was investigated with standard exposure tests, followed by mass loss determination, surface characterization by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and chemical analysis by Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX). Exposure tests with and without the synthetic CO2 saturated water droplets were performed at both low temperature (278 K) and higher temperatures (288 K and 313 K) at high pressure where CO2 is supercritical or in dense phase. The investigated flue gases were SO2 (70-220 ppmV) and O2 (6700 ppmV) and water (50-200 ppmV). To reveal the effects of surface morphology, carbon steel coupons with different surface roughness were prepared to expose to CO2 stream containing oxidizing/reducing impurities to observe the condensation and the corrosion process that followed.
T2 - 2. Jahrestagung der Fachgruppe Chemie und Energie
CY - Müllheim (Ruhr), Germany
DA - 30.09.2018
KW - CCUS
KW - Supercritical/dense phase CO2
KW - Carbon steels
KW - Martensitic steel
KW - Superaustenite steel
KW - Droplet corrosion
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-46188
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Aristia, Gabriela
A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
T1 - Integrated Coating System for Corrosion Protection of Carbon Steel in Artificial Geothermal Brine
N2 - Corrosive geothermal brines are a major challenge to geothermal power-plants. For cost reasons, plant designers prefer to use carbon and low alloyed steels, which are susceptible to uniform and localized corrosion when exposed to geothermal brines having acidic and saline properties. To solve such problem, coatings or inhibitors would be a protective solution as an alternative to the use of high alloyed materials.
This study investigated a coating system consisting of polyaniline/silicon dioxide based on resources locally available in Indonesia. Protection against corrosion of carbon steel was shown by long-term (28 day) exposure and electrochemical tests of coated carbon steels, performed in an artificial acidic and saline geothermal brine, comparable to the conditions encountered at a site in Indonesia.
Therefore, an integrated coating system is proposed for corrosion protection, combining the electrochemical functionality of polyaniline and the physical advantages of silica.
T2 - AMPP International Corrosion Conference
CY - Online meeting
DA - 06.03.2022
KW - Geothermal
KW - Corrosion
KW - Coating
KW - Polyaniline
KW - Silicon dioxide
PY - 2022
SP - 1
EP - 11
CY - Houston TX (USA)
AN - OPUS4-54451
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
T1 - Deposition of Brine Components on Materials in Geothermal Conditions
T1 - ОСАЖДЕНИЕ КОМПОНЕНТОВ ГЕОТЕРМИЧЕСКИХ ВОД НА МАТЕРИАЛЫ В ГЕОТЕРМАЛЬНЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ
N2 - Since geothermal wells are a feasible energy source to replace fossil fuel supply, many technologies have been developed to take advantage of geothermal energy. Nevertheless, service conditions in geothermal facilities are in many cases extreme in terms of corrosion due to the chemical composition of hydrothermal fluids and temperatures. Therefore, materials selection based on preliminary material qualification is essential to guarantee a secure and reliable operation of the facilities. During operation of a geothermal research facility in Groß Schönebeck copper and lead effects have been found downhole. Occurring mechanisms and measures to prevent precipitation or scaling needed to be investigated as well as potential influences of such precipitates on corrosion resistance of metallic materials used for equipment.
This contribution deals with the evaluation of the corrosion behavior of carbon steel and corrosion resistant alloys in copper and/or lead containing artificial geothermal water, simulating the conditions in the Northern German Basin.
The behavior of these materials in an artificial geothermal water obtained by electrochemical measurements and exposure tests are presented. While carbon steel exhibits precipitation and deposition, higher alloyed material shows different response to such species and a higher resistance in saline geothermal water.
Basing on these results the suitability of the investigated corrosion resistant alloy is given for use in such conditions, whereas carbon steel creates difficulties due to its susceptibility to Cu- and Pb-precipitation.
N2 - Поскольку геотермальные скважины являются реальным источником энергии для замены поставок ископаемого топлива, было разработано множество технологий для использования преимуществ геотермальной энергии. Тем не менее, условия эксплуатации на геотермальных установках во многих случаях являются экстремальными с точки зрения коррозии из-за химического состава гидротермальных жидкостей и температур. Таким образом, выбор материалов на основе предварительной квалификации имеет важное значение для обеспечения безопасной и надежной работы геотермальных объектов. Во время работы исследовательской установки в Грос Шёнебек (Groß Schönebeck) в скважине было обнаружено воздействие меди и свинца. Необходимо изучить возникшие механизмы и меры для предотвращения депозиции или образования коррозии, а также потенциальное влияние таких осаждений на коррозионную стойкость металлов, используемых для оборудования. Этот доклад посвящен оценке коррозионного поведения углеродистой стали и коррозионно-стойких сплавов в геотермальной воде, содержащей медь и / или свинец, моделирующей условия в Северогерманском бассейне (North German basin). Представлено поведение этих металлических материалов в геотермальной воде, полученной путем электрохимических измерений и испытаний на воздействие. В то время как углеродистая сталь демонстрирует коррозию и отложения, высоколегированный материал демонстрирует более высокую стойкость в соленой геотермальной воде. На основании этих результатов пригодность исследуемого коррозионно-стойкого сплава дана для использования в данных условиях, тогда как углеродистая сталь создает трудности из-за ее восприимчивости к депозиции солей меди и свинца.
T2 - ХV International Conference Problems of Corrosion and Corrosion Protection of Materials “CORROSION-2020”
CY - Online meeting
DA - 15.10.2020
KW - Copper
KW - Lead
KW - Corrosion
KW - Steel
KW - Geothermal
PY - 2020
UR - http://www.ipm.lviv.ua/corrosion2020/
AN - OPUS4-51438
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
T1 - Electrochemical behaviors of casing steel/mortar interface in CO2 saturated aquifer fluid
N2 - To reveal the corrosion resistance of casing steel/mortar interface in CO2 injection condition, sandwich samples were prepared and exposed up to 20 weeks in aquifer fluid under 10 MPa and 60 °C.
Cross section analysis revealed the crevice corrosion as main mechanism instead of pitting corrosion despite very high concentration of Cl in NGB.
EDS element line scan analysis of the 20-week-exposed metal/mortar coupon showed Chloride distribution, which still not reached the metal/mortar interface, explaining no pitting was observed.
It was confirmed that FeCO3 cannot protect the steel surface in CO2 saturated NGB.
To verify the protective possibility of passivation happened on casing steel/mortar interface, simulated pore solution was synthesized and used to passivate the steel for 42 days. OCP and EIS confirmed the formation of passive layer.
The 42 day passivated layer was broken during the first minute of exposure in CO2 saturated NGB.
However, due to high concentration of Ca2+, a new carbonate CaCO3 dense layer was formed, increased the corrosion resistance of steel surface.
T2 - EUROCORR 2022
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 28.08.2022
KW - Corrosion
KW - Geothermal
KW - CO2
KW - Mortar
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55621
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Aristia, Gabriela
T1 - The Effect of Different Polyaniline Types in Silicon Dioxide Containing Coatings for Carbon Steel Protection in Artificial Geothermal Brines
N2 - According to the results of the experiments carried out, the following points can be concluded:
1. Exposure tests showed that specimens with the addition of SiO2 particles and polyaniline particles exhibit better corrosion resistance than specimens with the addition of only polyaniline particles or binder only.
2. Open circuit potential measurements showed that in the beginning of the experiments, both coatings had an open circuit potential 100 mV higher than carbon steel. Within one day of immersion, the potential of carbon steel increased significantly, indicating the formation of oxide layer. After extended exposure the carbon steel potential sat between PS1 (which had higher potential) and PS2 (which had a lower potential) and all three were in the range –600 mV to –500 mV vs Ag/AgCl.
3. Both coatings PS-1 and PS-2 were degraded with increasing exposure time, shown by the decrease of absolute impedance value at low frequency range after 2, 4, and 6 days exposure.
4. Potentiodynamic test was performed after 3 hours and 6 days exposure, and it was shown that the coating in the initial stage exhibited more passive behavior than the specimens exposed for 6 days.
T2 - NACE International Corrosion Conference 2019
CY - Nashville, TN, USA
DA - 24.03.2019
KW - Geothermal
KW - Coating
KW - Polyaniline
KW - Corrosion
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-47914
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
T1 - Influence of brine components on materials performance in geothermal applications
N2 - Significant Cu-deposition and ‑precipitation only occurred in combination with carbon steel. High-alloyed materials prevent the disturbing Cu-agglomeration. Pb-deposition and ‑precipitation only occurred in combination with carbon steel. No negative Pb-effect could be observed in combination with high-alloyed steels. High alloyed corrosion resistant alloys are suitable and shall be chosen for future design of the piping system, either in massive or in cladded form, if formation of crevices with non-metallic materials can be excluded!
T2 - EUROCORR 2022
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 28.08.2022
KW - Corrosion
KW - Geothermal
KW - Copper
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55624
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
T1 - Integrated Coating System for Corrosion Protection of Carbon Steel in Artificial Geothermal Brine
N2 - Corrosive geothermal brines are a major challenge to geothermal power-plants. For cost reasons, plant designers prefer to use carbon and low alloyed steels, which are susceptible to uniform and localized corrosion when exposed to geothermal brines having acidic and saline properties. To solve such problem, coatings or inhibitors would be a protective solution as an alternative to the use of high alloyed materials.
This study investigated a coating system consisting of polyaniline/silicon dioxide based on resources locally available in Indonesia. Protection against corrosion of carbon steel was shown by long-term (28 day) exposure and electrochemical tests of coated carbon steels, performed in an artificial acidic and saline geothermal brine, comparable to the conditions encountered at a site in Indonesia.
Therefore, an integrated coating system is proposed for corrosion protection, combining the electrochemical functionality of polyaniline and the physical advantages of silica.
T2 - AMPP International Corrosion Conference 2022
CY - San Antonio, TX, USA
DA - 08.03.2022
KW - Geothermal
KW - Corrosion
KW - Coating
KW - Polyaniline
KW - Silicon dioxide
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-54452
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
T1 - Challenges for corrosion resistance of metallic materials in geothermal applications
N2 - Corrosion aspects for use of metallic materials in geothermal applications are presented and discussed.
T2 - Corrosion Workshop beim Geothermie Kongress 2018
CY - Essen, Germany
DA - 27.11.2018
KW - Corrosion
KW - Geothermal
KW - Steel
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-46744
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
A1 - Sarmiento Klapper, Helmuth
A1 - Dimper, Matthias
A1 - Keserović, Amela
A1 - Sobetzki, Joana
A1 - Zimmer, Sebastian
T1 - Corrosion behavior of duplex stainless steel S31803 in artificial geothermal waters
N2 - Since geothermal wells are a feasible energy source to replace fossil fuel supply, many technologies have been developed to take advantage of geothermal energy. Nevertheless, service conditions in geothermal facilities are due to the chemical composition of hydrothermal fluids and temperatures, in many cases, extreme in terms of corrosion. Therefore, materials selection based on preliminary material qualification is essential to guarantee a secure and reliable operation of the facilities.
This contribution deals with the evaluation of the corrosion behavior of duplex steel S31803 (318LN, X2CrNiMoN22-5-3, 1.4462) conducted by electrochemical measurements and exposure tests in artificial geothermal waters simulating the conditions in different locations with geothermal potential in Germany.
The duplex steel S31803 shows limited suitability for applications in artificial geothermal waters due to its susceptibility to pitting and crevice corrosion.
For low saline geothermal waters it can be considered suitable at moderate temperatures. Slight crevice corrosion susceptibility needs to be considered.
Results are being incorporated into a materials catalogue for geothermal applications which shall provide basic information for designers and users of geothermal facilities.
T2 - NACE International Corrosion Conference 2016
CY - Vancouver, BC, Canada
DA - 6.3.2016
KW - S31803
KW - Crevice corrosion
KW - Duplex steel
KW - Geothermal energy
PY - 2016
SP - 7361-1
EP - 7361-8
PB - NACE International
CY - Houston TX, USA
AN - OPUS4-36986
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Aristia, Gabriela
T1 - SiO2-haltige organische Beschichtung für geothermische Anwendungen
N2 - Geothermieanlage werden teilweise unter extremen Bedingungen mit sehr salzhaltigen Wässern betrieben. Obwohl C-Stahl häufig für die Konstruktion verwendet wird, ist er in einem Hoch-temperatur- und Hochdrucksystem anfällig für gleichmäßige und örtliche Korrosion. Daher soll ein Beschichtungssystem den C-Stahl schützen.
Schlussverfolgung
Es ist notwendig, die optimale SiO2-Zugabe zur organischen Beschichtung zu untersuchen, damit deren Eigenschaften, wie z.B. Haftfestigkeit, optimale Schichtdicke, und
Temperaturbeständigkeit, verbessert werden.
Das derzeitige Projekt zielt auf die Zugabe von Polyanilin (PANi) als Wirkstoff zur Verbesserung der Schichteigenschaften für die Erhöhung der Korrosionsbeständigkeit des Systems in stark salzhaltigen Medien bei höheren Temperaturen.
T2 - GfKORR Jahrestagung
CY - Frankfurt/Main, Germany
DA - 07.11.2017
KW - Geothermie
KW - Beschichtung
KW - Korrosion
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-43361
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Aristia, Gabriela
T1 - SiO2-containing organic coatings for geothermal application
N2 - Geothermal brine is considered to be an aggressive environment as it contains various dissolved salts. Even though carbon steel is commonly used as a construction material due to its machinability and economical reason, it is susceptible to uniform and localized corrosion in a high temperature and high pressure system. Therefore, a coating system is introduced to protect the carbon steel against corrosion in such environment.
-It is necessary to find the optimum composition of SiO2 addition in the organic coatings to enhance the material performance, i.e. coatings adhesion, thickness optimization, thermal resistance.
Current project aims at the addition of Polyaniline (PANi) as the active agent to improve the corrosion resistance of materials against a high saline medium at elevated temperatures.
T2 - BAM PhD Day
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 21.09.2017
KW - Geothermal
KW - Corrosion
KW - Coating
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-43362
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Triwikantoro,
T1 - The corrosion of PANI/SiO2 composite in synthetic geothermal atmosphere
N2 - An extraction of silica from natural sands of Bancar has been conducted by means of alkali fusion route using NaOH and mechanical alloying using planetary ball milling. The PANI/SiO2 Composite system has been coated in steel surfaces using spraying method. This study was designed to obtain PANI/SiO2 as an anti-corrosion coating material. The filler materials in the composite System consist of micro- and nano-SiO2. The structure of synthesized SiO2 be characterized using XRD and TEM. Corrosion of PANI/SiO2 composite has been tested using immersion method in synthetic geothermal atmosphere (Nord Deutsche Becken/NDB solution). The surface morphology after corrosion was observed by using SEM/EDX. XRD-Patterns and TEM show that the size of produced SiO2 is micro and nano. The size and composition of filler have influenced to surface degradation in geothermal atmosphere significantly. The addition of nano-SiO2 in the PANI matrix influenced corrosion resistance better than micro-SiO2 filler qualitatively. The nano-SiO2 has a high potential as an anti-corrosion material in geothermal atmosphere. The product of corrosion is mainly Fe2O3 and the corrosion process is identified as a pitting corrosion.
T2 - The 7th Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Symposium
CY - Bandung, Indonesia
DA - 22.10.2017
KW - Composite
KW - PANi/SiO2
KW - Anti-Corrosion
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-43275
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Aristia, Gabriela
T1 - Polyaniline/silicon dioxide containing coating for use in artificial geothermal brines
N2 - Geothermal brine is a complex system containing a wide variety of dissolved salts resulting from the condition s in a geothermal well. These fluids lead to corrosion in pipes and other parts of geothermal system construction and necessitate intense research efforts in finding new suitable materials. Carbon steel is susceptible to corrosion in geothermal brine especially when it is exposed to a high temperature and high-pressure medium, which is considered to be an aggressive environment. An artificial geothermal water, bas ed on a brine composition found in Indonesia, was used to investigate the performance of high alloyed materials. The electrolyte has pH 4 and contains 1,500 mg/l Cl-, 20 mg/l SO4 2-, 15 mg/l HCO3 -, 200 mg/l Ca 2+, 250 mg/l K+, and 600 mg/l Na+. In order to protect the bare material in geothermal application, it is necessary to either use high alloyed material s or coatings. In this research, a coating system consisting of polyaniline and silicon dioxide was investigated regarding its behavior to protect carbon steel. In detail, the effect of SiO2 and polyaniline (PANi) addition was evaluated by exposure and electrochemical tests for 7 days, i.e. electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and open circuit potential (OCP) at room temperature and 150 °C with 1 MPa pressure.
T2 - NACE International Annual Corrosion Conference
CY - Phoenix, AZ, USA
DA - 15.04.2018
KW - Geothermal
KW - Coating
KW - SiO2
KW - Polyaniline
KW - Corrosion
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-44919
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Aristia, Gabriela
T1 - Electrochemical study of polyaniline/silicon dioxide containing coatings in geothermal solution
N2 - Polyaniline/Silicon Dioxide containing coatings were electrochemically investigated in a saline geothermal solution.
With the increase of exposure time, impedance values of coated specimens decreased at low frequency, which could be caused by the decrease of pore resistance due to electrolyte or water uptake.
Coating system needs further optimization work.
T2 - NACE International Annual Corrosion Conference
CY - Phoenix, AZ, USA
DA - 15.04.2018
KW - Geothermal
KW - Coating
KW - SiO2
KW - Polyaniline
KW - Corrosion
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-44918
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Ackermann, H.
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
T1 - Entwicklung einer Prüfmethode zur Bewertung der Materialbeständigkeit von Bauteilen in Mitteldestillatanwendungen
N2 - Damit stehen neben den klassischen (Massenänderung der Werkstoffprüfkörpern und metallographischer Bewertung) neue Auswertemethoden für die Werkstoffbewertung zur Verfügung.
T2 - DGMK Projekttreffen
CY - Hamburg, Germany
DA - 28.02.2018
KW - Korrosion
KW - Brennstoff
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-44932
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kratzig, Andreas
A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa
T1 - Korrosion von Stählen in flüssigen und überkritischen CO2–Strömen unter realitätsnahen Bedingungen
N2 - CCUS-Technologie gilt als eine vielversprechende Methode zur Abschwächung des Beitrags von fossilen Emissionen zur globalen Erwärmung. Dabei wird das in den Verbrennungsprozessen entstandene Treibhausgas aufgefangen, zu verschiedenen Lagerstätten transportiert und langzeitig gespeichert bzw. einer chemischen Nutzung zugeführt.
CO2-Transport-Pipelines sind potentiell gefährdet, wenn sie korrosiven Begleitstoffen des CO2-Stroms, wie SOx, NOx bei einem hohen Wasserdampfanteil ausgesetzt sind. Screening-Tests zeigten, dass bei einer Konzentration von 1000 ppmv H2O die Reaktionen und Kondensation von SO2 und NO2 mit O2 und H2O zu Säuretropfen (pH ~ 0,5) auf der Oberfläche von Metall-Prüfkörpern und Gefäßen führen. Die Werkstoffe 1.4313 1.8977 und 1.4562 wurden in CO2-Atmosphäre mit unterschiedlichen Verhältnissen der säurebildenden Komponenten SO2, NO2, H2S mit H2O untersucht. Diese Studien zeigten grundsätzlich den Mechanismus sowie die Rolle jedes CO2-Strom-Begleitstoffes auf den Korrosionsprozess.
T2 - CLUSTER-Projektreffen
CY - Halle/Wittenberge, Germany
DA - 02.03.2017
KW - Korrosion
KW - Pipeline-Transport
KW - Säurekondensation
KW - CLUSTER
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-41917
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
A1 - Knauer, S.
A1 - Bettge, Dirk
T1 - Korrosion von CO2-Rohrleitungswerkstoffen durch kondensierte Tröpfchen
N2 - CCUS-Technologie (CO2-Abtrennung; Nutzung und Speicherung, engl. Carbon Dioxide Capture, Utilization and Storage) gilt als eine vielversprechende Methode zur Abschwächung des Beitrags von fossilen Emissionen zur globalen Erwärmung. Dabei wird das in den Verbrennungsprozessen entstandene Treibhausgas aufgefangen, zu verschiedenen Lagerstätten transportiert und langzeitig gespeichert bzw. einer chemischen Nutzung zugeführt.
In bisher veröffentlichten Untersuchungen wurde gezeigt, dass die CO2-Transport-Pipelines in hohem Maße gefährdet sind, wenn sie korrosiven Begleitstoffen des CO2-Stroms, wie SOx, NOx bei einem hohen Wasserdampfanteil ausgesetzt sind. Screening-Tests zeigten, dass bei einer Konzentration von 1000 ppmv H2O die Reaktionen und Kondensation von SO2 und NO2 mit O2 und H2O zu Säuretropfen (pH ~ 0,5) auf der Oberfläche von Metall-Prüfkörper und Gefäß führen. Die Werkstoffe 1.0582, 1.8977, 1.4313 und 1.4562 wurden in CO2-gesättigtem Kondensat mit unterschiedlichem Verhältnis der säurebildenden Komponenten untersucht. Diese Studien zeigten grundsätzlich den Mechanismus sowie die Rolle jedes CO2-Strom-Begleitstoffes auf den Korrosionsprozess. Allerdings spiegeln die bei Auslagerung und elektrochemischen Messungen in der künstlichen CO2-gesättigten Kondensat-Lösung auftretenden Bedingungen nicht im Detail die Realität in der Praxis, wo sich nur Tröpfchen bilden, wider.
Diese Arbeit konzentriert sich auf den Korrosionsprozess von Kondensat in Form von Tröpfchen, auf der Oberfläche von Rohrleitungswerkstoffen unter CO2-Atmosphäre bei 5 °C (Simulation des Transportzustandes). Die Experimente wurden nicht nur für Auslagerungsversuche, sondern auch für elektrochemische Tests mit nur einem Tröpfchen (weniger als 20 µL) konzipiert. Die Auslagerungs-versuche wurden sowohl unter Normaldruck als auch bei hohem Druck (> 70 bar) durchgeführt, wobei das CO2 als dichte – den Tropfen umgebende - Phase vorliegt. Die korrodierten Prüfkörper wurden rasterelektronenmikroskopisch (REM) und mittels Energiedispersiver Röntgenspektroskopie (EDX) analysiert, um nicht nur Korrosionsform, sondern auch die Elementverteilung der Korrosionsprodukte zu zeigen.
T2 - 49. Kraftwerkstechnischen Kolloquium
CY - Dresden, Germany
DA - 17.10.2017
KW - CCUS
KW - Korrosion
KW - Stählen
KW - Überkritisch
KW - CO2
PY - 2017
SN - 978-3-934409-79-8
VL - 2017
SP - 1450
EP - 1463
CY - DRESDEN
AN - OPUS4-42939
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
A1 - Yevtushenko, Oleksandra
A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa
A1 - Bettge, Dirk
T1 - Suitability of Metallic Materials in CC(U)S Applications
N2 - Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) is a promising technology to reach the target for reduction of CO2 emissions, e.g. from fossil-fuel operated power plants or cement mills. Crucial points for a sustainable and future-proof CCUS procedure are reliability and cost efficiency of the whole process chain, including separation of CO2 from the source, compression of CO2, its subsequent transportation to the injection site and injection into geological formations, e.g. aquifers.
Most components that are in contact with CO2-stream consist of steel. Depending on the operating conditions (e.g. temperature, pressure, and CO2-stream composition) specific suitable steels should be used. The compressed CO2-stream is likely to contain process specific impurities; small amounts of SO2 and NO2 in combination with oxygen and water are most harmful.
One approach, as currently preferred by pipeline operators, is to clean the CO2-stream to such levels, acceptable for carbon steel, commonly used as pipeline material. Another consideration would be, to use more corrosion resistant alloys for CO2-streams with higher amounts of impurities.
Due to the absence of certified benchmarks for upper limits, systematic experiments with impurities in the CO2-stream were carried out reflecting mainly transport and injection conditions.
Within the COORAL project (German acronym for “CO2 purity for capture and storage”) levels of impurities in the CO2-stream, being acceptable when using specific steels, were evaluated. Material exposure to dense or multiphase carbon dioxide (CO2) containing specific amounts of water vapor, oxygen (O2) sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO) can be a challenge to steels. In some situations, condensation of impurities and reaction products from the CO2 stream can occur.
CO2 saturated brine is supposed to rise in the well when the injection process is interrupted. The material selection shall ensure that neither CO2 nor brine or a combination of both will leak out of the inner tubing.
This COORAL-work was extended by a follow-up project, called CLUSTER. Here the additional influence of impurities was investigated when merging CO2 streams from different sources, combined within a “so-called” cluster.
Results are summarized within the following table regarding suitability for different parts of the process chain.
T2 - EUROCORR 2021
CY - Online meeting
DA - 20.09.2021
KW - Carbon capture storage
KW - Corrosion
KW - Steel
KW - CCS
KW - CCU
KW - CO2
PY - 2021
SP - 1
EP - 2
AN - OPUS4-53460
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
T1 - Chemical effects during the formation of femtosecond laser-induced periodic surface structures
N2 - The processing of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS, ripples) on metals and semiconductors in ambient air is usually accompanied by superficial oxidation effects – a fact that is widely neglected in the current literature. In this contribution, chemical, structural, and mechanical alterations in the formation of femtosecond LIPSS are characterized by a variety of surface analytical techniques, including energy dispersive X-ray analyses (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), micro Raman spectroscopy (µ-RS), and depth-profiling Auger electron microscopy (AEM). Alternative routes of electrochemical and thermal oxidation allow to qualify the relevance of superficial oxidation effects on the tribological performance in oil lubricated reciprocating sliding tribological tests (RSTT). It is revealed that the fs-laser processing of near-wavelength sized LIPSS on metals leads to the formation of a few hundreds of nanometers thick graded oxide layers, consisting mainly of amorphous oxides. Regardless of reduced hardness and limited thickness, this nanostructured surface layer efficiently prevents a direct metal-to-metal contact in the RSTT and may also act as an anchor layer for specific wear-reducing additives contained in the used engine oil.
T2 - EMRS Spring Meeting 2019, Symposium V “Laser interactions with materials: from fundamentals to applications"
CY - Nice, France
DA - 27.05.2019
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Femtosecond laser
KW - Oxidation
KW - Tribology
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48127
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - George, Janine
T1 - Robust Data Generation, Heuristics and Machine Learning for Materials Design
N2 - My talk covered, among other things, robust data generation for machine learning. It showed how heuristics can be used within machine learning models and how they might also be extracted from machine learning models. Beyond this, I showed an automated pipeline for training machine learning potentials.
T2 - Workshop on AI in Sustainable Materials Science
CY - Düsseldorf, Germany
DA - 27.01.2026
KW - Automation
KW - Digitalisation
KW - Materials Design
KW - Thermal Conductivity
KW - Chemical bonding
KW - Materials Acceleration Platforms
PY - 2026
AN - OPUS4-65427
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - George, Janine
T1 - Robust Data Generation, Heuristics and Machine Learning for Materials Design
N2 - My talk covered, among other things, robust data generation for machine learning. It showed how heuristics can be used within machine learning models and how they might also be extracted from machine learning models. Beyond this, I showed an automated pipeline for training machine learning potentials.
T2 - Seminar Gruppe Stephan Roche
CY - Barcelona, Spain
DA - 22.01.2026
KW - Automation
KW - Machine Learning
KW - Materials Acceleration Platforms
KW - Thermal Conductivity
KW - Phonons
KW - Bonding Analysis
PY - 2026
AN - OPUS4-65428
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
A1 - Ustolin, Federico
A1 - Zervaki, Anna
A1 - Okpeke, Bright
A1 - Harwege, Finn
A1 - Tugnoli, Alessandro
T1 - NICOLHy - 4th Stakeholder Advisory Board Meeting
N2 - The NICOLHy project aims to develop a novel insulation concept based on Vacuum Insulation Panels (VIP) that enables the safe, cost- and energy efficient storage of large quantities of LH2. Such large scale LH2 storage technology is necessary for establishing a hydrogen economy with dimensions between 40.000 m³ and more than 200.000 m³ of LH2. However, new design concepts are needed because the currently available technologies used in small and medium storages today are not suitable for up-scaling. The main problems prohibiting the up-scaling are the long production time due to the process chain, the low failure tolerance and the spherical shape, which reduces the payload in technical applications by up to 50% compared to other shapes. The novel concept will change these conditions by a system which is modular, open-form, time-and cost efficient while production, operation and service, multi-failure tolerant and applicable for onshore and offshore applications. The presentations shows details to the concept and presents several safety concerns the project has to deal with.
T2 - NICOLHy 4th Stakeholder Advisory Board Meeting
CY - Hamburg, Germany
DA - 23.01.2026
KW - LH2
KW - Insulation
KW - Life cycle assessment
KW - Tank
PY - 2026
AN - OPUS4-65437
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hübner, Martin
A1 - Dittmann, Florian
A1 - Kromm, Arne
A1 - Varfolomeev, Igor
A1 - Kannengiesser, Thomas
T1 - Enhancement of the fatigue strength by application of a low transformation temperature (LTT) welding consumable
N2 - Low transformation temperature (LTT) welding consumables offer a possibility to enhance fatigue strength in welded components without post-treatment. By lowering the martensite start temperature (MS), the volume expansion during transformation near ambient temperature reduces welding related tensile residual stresses in fatigue-critical areas. To evaluate this effect, longitudinal stiffeners were used, a LTT and conventional filler serve as welding consumable, also high frequency mechanical impact (HFMI) treatment was carried out. Three single-pass and six additional-pass sample series were investigated on residual stress and fatigue strength. The additional welds were applied in fatigue crack critical areas with different weld shapes, achieved by varying welding parameters. Mechanical tests on reference samples evaluated the properties of the diluted LTT welds. Although reduced toughness was observed, no fatigue cracks occurred in LTT single-pass weld roots. The fatigue strength at two million cycles increased from 81 MPa to 121 MPa compared to conventional welds, while HFMI reached 146 MPa. With an additional LTT weld pass the results varied from 138 MPa to 196 MPa, depending to the shape and residual stress state. The results show that LTT fillers effectively enhance fatigue performance, and that weld geometry and parameter selection are as critical as the chemical composition for maximizing the LTT effect.
CY - Genua, Italy
DA - 22.06.2025
KW - Low transformation temperature (LTT)
KW - Martensite start temperature
KW - Residual stress
KW - Longitudenal stiffener
KW - Fatigue strength
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-654520
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-026-02356-8
SP - 1
EP - 14
PB - Springer Nature
AN - OPUS4-65452
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Radnik, Jörg
T1 - The role of Critical Raw Materials in Advanced Materials for the Energy Transition
N2 - Based on the UBA report “Advanced materials for energy transition” by Xenia Knigge and Jörg Radnik the role of critical raw materials is discussed. Critical raw materials are needed in main fields of the energy transition, like photovoltaic, fuel cells, wind energy, and batteries. For the optimisation of the use of these materials different scenarios are discussed like (i) decreasing the needed amount of raw materials, (ii) searching for alternatives, (iii) using technologies which do not require critical raw materials, (iv) increasing the recycling rates, and (v) expanding the raw material sources.
T2 - IRISS policy dialogue
CY - Online meeting
DA - 12.01.2026
KW - Solar Cells
KW - Fuel cells
KW - Batteries
KW - Multi-use materials
PY - 2026
AN - OPUS4-65451
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bertovic, Marija
T1 - Menschen in ZfP: Wie gut verstehen wir die menschliche Faktoren?
N2 - Menschliche Faktoren spielen eine zentrale Rolle für die Zuverlässigkeit, Sicherheit und Leistungsfähigkeit zerstörungsfreier Prüfsysteme (ZfP), werden jedoch in technischen Bewertungen häufig nur unzureichend berücksichtigt. Der Beitrag untersucht den Einfluss individueller, organisatorischer und technologischer Faktoren auf die menschliche Leistung in manuellen und mechanisierten ZfP-Verfahren. Auf Basis empirischer Untersuchungen und systemorientierter Analysen werden typische Risiken wie Arbeitsbelastung, Automatisierungsbias, unzureichendes Interaktionsdesign und organisatorische Rahmenbedingungen aufgezeigt. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, dass der Einsatz automatisierter und KI-gestützter Technologien menschliche Risiken nicht per se reduziert, sondern teilweise neue, weniger sichtbare Risiken erzeugt. Der Beitrag plädiert daher für einen ganzheitlichen, menschzentrierten Ansatz, der Human Factors systematisch in Entwicklung, Einführung und Bewertung von ZfP-Systemen integriert, um die Gesamtzuverlässigkeit nachhaltig zu verbessern.
T2 - Hamburger NDT Tage 2016
CY - Hamburg, Germany
DA - 16.11.2016
KW - Human Factors
KW - Menschliche Faktoren
KW - NDT Reliability
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-65459
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bertovic, Marija
T1 - Automation in non-destructive testing: new risks and risk sources
N2 - Over the past couple of decades Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) has seen a significant increase in the use of automation. In addition to increased reliability, objectivity, consistency, repeatability, productivity, and so on, automating parts of the process is expected to decrease the potential for human error. However, the literature on human-automation interaction suggests that automation is not only associated with benefits, but also with new risks and risk sources. First, this paper will present the methodology used to identify—for the first time—possible risks associated with mechanised data acquisition and corresponding data evaluation. Moreover, it will highlight possible risks, their causes, consequences, and ways of preventing them. Second, those preventive measures will be further analysed by examining new risks that can arise from their implementation, i.e. potential for failure that can arise from (a) working with automated defect-detection and sizing aids, (b) implementing human redundancy, and (c) improvement of the inspection procedures without due consideration of the procedure users. And third, some optimisations strategies will be provided. The purpose of this work is to show that mechanised testing is associated with potential for failure and that the sources of those risks go beyond single inspectors and need to be looked at in the interaction of people with other systems, i.e. the technology, the team and, most importantly, the organisation.
T2 - 55th annual Conference of the British Institute for Non-Destructive Testing
CY - Nottingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
DA - 12.09.2016
KW - Human Factors
KW - Automation
KW - NDT Reliability
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-65458
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Shamsuddoha, Md
A1 - Hüsken, Götz
A1 - Schmidt, Wolfram
A1 - Kühne, Hans-Carsten
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
T1 - Long-term mechanical and shrinkage properties of cementitious grouts for structural repair
N2 - Grouts have numerous applications in construction industry such as joint sealing, structural repair, and connections in precast elements. They are particularly favoured in rehabilitation of structures due to penetrability and convenience of application. Grouts for repair applications typically require high-performance properties such as rapid strength development and superior shrinkage characteristics. Sometimes industrial by-products referred as supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) are used with neat cement due to their capabilities to provide binding properties at delayed stage. Micro silica, fly ash and metakaolin are such SCMs, those can modify and improve properties of cement products. This study aims at investigating long-term mass loss and linear shrinkage along with long-term compressive and flexural strength for grouts produced from ultrafine cement and SCMs. A series of mixtures were formulated to observe the effect of SCMs on these grout properties. Properties were determined after 365 days of curing at 23oC and 55% relative humidity. The effect of SCMs on the properties are characterised by statistical models. Response surfaces were constructed to quantify these properties in relation to SCMs replacement. The results suggested that shrinkage was reduced by metakaolin, while micro silica and fly ash had positive effects on compressive and flexural strength, respectively.
T2 - International Conference on Sustainable Materials, Systems and Structures (SMSS 2019)
CY - Rovinj, Croatia
DA - 20.03.2019
KW - Grout
KW - Long-term shrinkage
KW - Micro silica
KW - Fly ash
KW - Metakaolin
PY - 2019
DO - https://doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2019.82
SN - 2518-0231
VL - 4
SP - 9
EP - 15
PB - RILEM Publications SARL
CY - 4 avenue du Recteur Poincaré, 75016 Paris, France
AN - OPUS4-48712
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Khella, Shady
T1 - Integration of Information Models Using Semantic Web Technologies Within the Mixed Reality Data Hub
N2 - Engineering information is distributed across heterogeneous data models, ontologies, and reference data libraries (RDLs), which complicates interoperability, hinders workflow automation, and limits the deployment of industrial Mixed Reality (MR) applications. This work uses DEXPI Process semantics and Semantic Web technologies to align and integrate these heterogeneous sources into a single knowledge graph. The resulting graph provides a queryable semantic layer that enables consistent cross-source access to engineering information and supports MR application development. Beyond integration, the semantic graph enables automation of process design workflows. We demonstrate this using a basic engineering use case in which alternative flowsheet design options are generated from a semantically modeled block flow diagram (BFD).
T2 - DEXPI Days 1.0
CY - Frankfurt am Main, Germany
DA - 20.01.2026
KW - Mixed Reality
KW - Data Integration
KW - Semantic Web Technologies
KW - DEXPI
PY - 2026
AN - OPUS4-65489
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Shamsuddoha, Md
T1 - Superplasticizer and shrinkage reducing admixture dosages for microfine cement in grout systems
N2 - Grouts have numerous applications including crack repair as maintenance in construction industries. Microfine cements are intensively used for high strength mortar and grout products. They are ideal for injection grouting in structural repair. Such grouts should have suitable rheological properties to be injectable, especially those used in repair and rehabilitation. The use of superplasticizers (SP) in these products is thus becoming increasingly crucial to achieve favorable workability and viscosity properties. A difficulty in such grouts is the plastic shrinkage due to finer particles used. It is thus necessary to determine optimum SP and shrinkage reducing admixture (SRA) dosages for a microfine cement based grout. In this study, a saturation dosage was decided from two Polycarboxylate ether (PCE) based SPs in relation to neat cement using slump flow and rheological parameters. A range of grout mixtures was formulated containing micro silica (MS) and fly ash (FA), and tested for suitable rheological and mechanical parameters. Based on the results, a grout mixture with MS and FA was selected to determine optimum SRA content. According to the results, a SP dosage of 3% by weight of neat cement is sufficient to achieve saturation. The grout material including MS and FA can produce comparable properties to neat cement grout. MS is found to improve compressive strength within the range considered, whereas a higher FA content provides favourable rheological properties. Finally, a SRA dosage of 4%, which could reduce the shrinkage by about 43% after 28d days, is determined for the grout system.
T2 - 2nd International Conference on Building Materials and Materials Engineering (ICBMM 2018)
CY - University of Lisbon, Portugal
DA - 26.09.2018
KW - Grout
KW - Mix design
KW - Shrinkage
KW - Crack repair
KW - Microfine cement
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-46155
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hüsken, Götz
T1 - Long-term mechanical and shrinkage properties of cementitious grouts for structural repair
N2 - Grouts are particularly favoured in rehabilitation of structures due to penetrability and convenience of application. Grouts for repair applications typically require high-performance properties such as rapid strength development and superior shrinkage characteristics. Sometimes industrial by-products referred as supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) are used with neat cement due to their capabilities to provide binding properties at delayed stage. Micro silica, fly ash and metakaolin are such SCMs, those can modify and improve properties of cement products. This study aims at investigating long-term mass loss and linear shrinkage along with long-term compressive and flexural strength for grouts produced from ultrafine cement and SCMs. A series of mixtures were formulated to observe the effect of SCMs on these grout properties. Properties were determined after 365 days of curing at 23 °C and 55% relative humidity. The effect of SCMs on the properties are characterised by statistical models. Response surfaces were constructed to quantify these properties in relation to SCMs replacement. The results suggested that shrinkage was reduced by metakaolin, while micro silica and fly ash had positive effects on compressive and flexural strength, respectively.
T2 - International Conference on Sustainable Materials, Systems and Structures (SMSS 2019)
CY - Rovinj, Croatia
DA - 20.03.2019
KW - Grout
KW - Long-term shrinkage
KW - Micro silica
KW - Fly ash
KW - Metakaolin
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-47625
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Shamsuddoha, M.
T1 - Workability and mechanical properties of ultrafine cement based grout for structural rehabilitation: A parametric study on the partial replacement with SCMs
N2 - Grouting is a universal repair and strengthening technique, which is constantly used for structural remediation of concrete components, trenches, mine subsidence, dam joints, restoration of masonry structures, and geological stabilizations. Having an extremely small particle size of only few microns, ultrafine cements are ideal for grouting applications due to their superior permeability and compressive strength properties of the hardened cement paste compared to that of the less-expensive, but coarser ordinary Portland cements. Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) are often used to replace ultrafine cement in order to modify certain properties and to reduce costs. The aim of this experimental study is to investigate the effect of three supplementary materials: microsilica (MS), fly ash (FA), and metakaolin (MK) on the workability, and mechanical properties of an ultrafine cement based grout with a constant water-binder ratio and constant superplasticizer content. Maximum percentages of replacement with ultrafine cement were 6% by volume of cement for MS and 16% for FA, and MK. In general, results suggest that the workability is improved by addition of FA, whereas is reduced, when modified with MS and MK. The compressive strength of grout after cement replacement remains comparable to that of pure cement grout. However, there is a tendency of the MS to positively affect the compressive strength opposite to FA, whereas flexural strength is positively affected by FA. Based on the results, it is evident that grouts with Hägerman cone flow more than 500 mm and compressive strength of more than 90 MPa after 28 days can be produced.
T2 - International Conference on Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting (ICCRRR 2018)
CY - Cape Town, South Africa
DA - 19.11.2018
KW - Analysis of variance
KW - Box-Behnken
KW - Grouting
KW - Repair
KW - Supplementary cementitious materials
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-46712
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Sestan, A.
A1 - Sreekala, L.
A1 - Markelj, S.
A1 - Kelemen, M.
A1 - Zavasnik, J.
A1 - Liebscher, C.
A1 - Dehm, G.
A1 - Hickel, Tilmann
A1 - Ceh, M.
A1 - Novak, S.
A1 - Jenus, P.
T1 - Non-uniform He bubble formation in W/W2C composite: Experimental and ab-initio study
N2 - Tungsten-tungsten carbide (W/W2C) composites are considered as possible structural materials for future nuclear fusion reactors. Here, we report on the effect of helium (He) implantation on microstructure evolution of polycrystalline W/W2C composite consolidated by field-assisted sintering technique (FAST), homogenously implanted at room temperature with 1 MeV 4He+ ions at the fluence of 8 × 1016 ions cm−2 and annealed at 1873 K for 20 minutes. Samples were analysed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy to study the presence and size of He bubbles. Monomodal He bubbles in W (30-80 nm) are limited to point defects and grain boundaries, with a considerable void denuded zone (150 nm). Bubbles do not form in W2C, but at the W|W2C interface and are considerably larger (200-400 nm). The experimental observations on He behaviour and migration in W and W2C were assessed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, suggesting He migration and accumulation in the composite are determined by the effective He-He binding in clusters, which will give rise to decohesion. In the presence of He clusters, the decohesion of bulk W into free surfaces is energetically highly favourable but not sufficient in the W2C; hence bubbles are only observed in W grains and interfaces and not within bulk W2C.
KW - Density functional theory
KW - Tungsten
KW - Ditungsten carbide
KW - FAST
KW - Helium implantation
PY - 2022
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2021.117608
VL - 226
SP - 1
EP - 11
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-54364
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
T1 - NICHOLHy - Novel insulation concepts for liquefied hydrogen storage tanks
N2 - Liquefied Hydrogen is a promising energy carrier for the flexible import of energy to Europe. But, tanks in the relevant scale of 40 000 to 200 000 m³ do not exist yet. The upscaling of liquid hydrogen (LH2) storage tanks from the current largest tank of 4700 m³ requires a new concept for thermal insulation. NICOLHy studies novel concepts based on multiple layers of vacuum insulation panels (VIPs). Current LH2 tanks rely on the intactness of a single vacuum layer that covers the whole tank. The multilayered VIP systems offer redundancy and improve manufacturability. The Article describes the progress within the project.
KW - LH2
KW - Insulation
KW - Tanks
PY - 2026
UR - https://www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu/content/files/2025/12/EEI-Magazine---Winter-2025-Digital-Version-Spreads-2.pdf
SN - 3049-5431
VL - 2026/1
SP - 33
EP - 33
PB - Pantograf Media Ltd.
CY - London
AN - OPUS4-65481
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hickel, Tilmann
T1 - Data driven research on hydrogen in metals
N2 - The talk gives an overview on data-driven research on hydrogen in metals performed at BAM. The focus is on a ab-initio based high-throughput study on the hydrogen solubility in metals and metallic alloys. Furthermore, the redistribution of hydrogen in transforming microstructures is addressed. The talk ends with an explanation of participant projects in NFDI-MatWerk, motivating the formation of a new project connected to hydrogen technology.
T2 - DGM Fachausschuss “Wasserstoffeffekte in Werkstoffen"
CY - Saarbrücken, Germany
DA - 05.05.2024
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Solubility
KW - High-throughput study
KW - Ab initio simulation
KW - NFDI-MatWerk
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62721
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hickel, Tilmann
T1 - Hydrogen redistribution during electrochemical charging and mechanical testing: insights from a combined ab initio and finite element method
N2 - In advanced high strength steels the mechanisms of hydrogen embrittlement are expected to be strongly connected to the amount of retained austenite (RA) contained in the microstructure and its transformation upon deformation. We have developed a multi-scale model for the hydrogen redistribution during hydrogen charging and tensile loading within martensitic/austenitic microstructure. Ab initio simulations have been used to resolve the complex energy profile of hydrogen in the martensite/austenite interface. Representative microstructures with different amounts of RA have been converted form experimental SEM-EBSD measurements. Simulations with the finite element method (FEM) have been used to analyse H concentration profiles within the microstructure. The simulations confirm an accumulation of H within the austenitic phase during charging, which undergoes a phase transformation under applied mechanical load during tensile testing and releases accumulated H into the martensite matrix. As a result, there is a pronounced H segregation to the microstructure regions subjected to high hydrostatic tensile stresses and plastic strains, which has a strong impact on the embrittlement behaviour.
T2 - DPG Frühjahrstagung Sektion SKM
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 17.03.2024
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Steel
KW - Structural transformation
KW - Ab initio simulation
KW - Multiscale simulation
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62726
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hickel, Tilmann
T1 - Effect of Hydrogen on the Phase Stability of Steels
N2 - In this work, we studied the role of extreme hydrogen concentrations on the relative stability of the fcc/bcc/hcp phases using the ab initio thermodynamics. The results indicate that at low hydrogen chemical potentials the stability of the fcc phase, which can be representative of retained austenite (RA) in steels, is slightly enhanced by the presence of H atoms. In contrast, at high hydrogen chemical potentials the bcc phase is stabilized by H. Moreover, since the excess volume of the hydrogen-rich bcc phase is significantly larger than that of the fcc phase, the presence of a stress field can change the relative stability of these phases in the coexistence regions of the phase diagram. This feature is particularly important for cyclic loading conditions: during loading cycles forward and reverse phase transformations occur and the H released by these transformations can damage the material.
T2 - TMS Annual Meeting 2024
CY - Orlando, FL, USA
DA - 03.03.2024
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Ab initio thermodynamics
KW - Multiscale simulation
KW - Hydride formation
KW - Workflow
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62730
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hickel, Tilmann
T1 - Fundamental insights into the mechanism of hydrogen embrittlement
N2 - The talks starts with a study on H trapping and embrittlement in high-strength Al alloys. Then the phase stability and transformation between different Fe-H phases is discussed, together with implications on crack nucleation. In the last part MD-MC simulation of hydride formation at crack tips in Al alloys are shown.
T2 - Integrated Computational Materials, Process and Product Engineering Conference, IC-MPPE
CY - Leoben, Austria
DA - 06.06.2024
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Ab initio thermodynamics
KW - Multiscale simulation
KW - Hydride formation
KW - Cracks
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62727
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Yao, Xingyu
A1 - Antunes, Margarida M.
A1 - Guilherme Buzanich, Ana
A1 - Cabanelas, Pedro
A1 - Valente, Anabela A.
A1 - Pinna, Nicola
A1 - Russo, Patrícia A.
T1 - Formation, Phase Transition, Surface, and Catalytic Properties of Cubic ZrO 2 Nanocrystals
N2 - Pseudocapacitance-type transition metal oxides have been extensively investigated as anodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Currently, they are also gaining attention for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their low volume change and safety. However, their performance in sodium storage remains limited, primarily due to the larger Na+ ion radius. Here, for the first time, an iron niobate is reported with a columbite structure as a high-Performance sodium storage anode. The presence of iron triggers the loss of long-rangeorder through disorder of the FeO6 octahedra local structure, subsequentlyallowing reversible sodium storage in an amorphous phase. Simultaneously, the formation of short-range ordered zigzag-chain structures within the NbO6 planes creates a “skeleton” that offers abundant active sites forpseudocapacitive ion storage and enhanced ion diffusion pathways. These characteristics of FeNb2O6 make it an effective intercalation host, offering high capacity along with fast Na+ kinetics, as demonstrated through operando and ex situ characterizations. It leads to an applicable reversible capacity (>300 mAh g−1) with a favorable average voltage of ≈0.6 V and excellent rate capability (180.4 mAh g−1 at a current density of 2 A g−1). This study provides insights into the development of intrinsically active transition metal oxides for Na+-ion intercalation.
KW - XAS
KW - Sodium-ion Batteries
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-654955
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.5c01483
SN - 0897-4756
VL - 37
IS - 21
SP - 8568
EP - 8580
PB - American Chemical Society (ACS)
AN - OPUS4-65495
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Faustino, Leandro A.
A1 - de Angelis, Leonardo D.
A1 - de Melo, Eduardo C.
A1 - Farias, Giliandro
A1 - dos Santos, Egon C.
A1 - Miranda, Caetano R.
A1 - Buzanich, Ana G.
A1 - Torresi, Roberto M.
A1 - de Oliveira, Paulo F.M.
A1 - Córdoba de Torresi, Susana I.
T1 - Urea synthesis by Plasmon-Assisted N2 and CO2 co-electrolysis onto heterojunctions decorated with silver nanoparticles
N2 - The N2 + CO2 co-electrolysis to urea synthesis has become a promising alternative to the energy intensive traditional processes for urea production. However, there are still challenges in this approach, especially due to the competition with HER (Hydrogen Evolution Reaction) leading to low efficiency. Electrochemistry assisted by localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) using metal nanoparticles has been reported to enhance different electrochemical reactions. Here we report an electrochemical LSPR assisted urea synthesis using Ag nanoparticles (NPs) supported on BiVO4/BiFeO3 catalyst mechanochemically synthesized. The electrochemical experiments were performed under dark and upon plasmon excitation at the LSPR region of Ag NPs. Our results demonstrated that exciting in the LSPR range, urea yield rate and Faradic efficiency were considerably improved with reduced overpotential, 19.2 μmol h− 1 g− 1 and FE 24.4% at +0.1 V vs RHE compared to 9.6 μmol h− 1 g− 1 and FE 9.4% at − 0.2 V vs RHE under dark conditions. Further in situ FTIR-RAS experiments for mechanism investigation revealed the presence of N-H and C-N intermediates and the real effect of Ag plasmon excitation on HER and N2 + CO2 co-electrolysis. Theoretical calculations confirm the energy of the species involved in C-N coupling as well the role of the complex catalytic sites, which agrees with XAS measurements.
KW - Plasmon-assited
KW - XAS
KW - Urea
KW - Electrocatalysis
PY - 2025
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.163072
SN - 1385-8947
VL - 513
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-65492
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Liu, Yanchen
A1 - Guilherme Buzanich, Ana
A1 - Alippi, Paola
A1 - Montoro, Luciano A.
A1 - Lee, Kug‐Seung
A1 - Jeon, Taeyeol
A1 - Weißer, Kilian
A1 - Karlsen, Martin A.
A1 - Russo, Patrícia A.
A1 - Pinna, Nicola
T1 - FeNb 2 O 6 as a High‐Performance Anode for Sodium‐Ion Batteries Enabled by Structural Amorphization Coupled with NbO 6 Local Ordering
N2 - Pseudocapacitance-type transition metal oxides have been extensively investigated as anodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Currently, they are also gaining attention for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their low volume change and safety. However, their performance in sodium storage remains limited, primarily due to the larger Na+ ion radius. Here, for the first time, an iron niobate is reported with a columbite structure as a high-performance sodium storage anode. The presence of iron triggers the loss of long-range order through disorder of the FeO6 octahedra local structure, subsequently allowing reversible sodium storage in an amorphous phase. Simultaneously, the formation of short-range ordered zigzag-chain structures within the NbO6 planes creates a “skeleton” that offers abundant active sites for pseudocapacitive ion storage and enhanced ion diffusion pathways. These characteristics of FeNb2O6 make it an effective intercalation host, offering high capacity along with fast Na+ kinetics, as demonstrated through operando and ex situ characterizations. It leads to an applicable reversible capacity (>300 mAh g−1) with a favorable average voltage of ≈0.6 V and excellent rate capability (180.4 mAh g−1 at a current density of 2 A g−1). This study provides insights into the development of intrinsically active transition metal oxides for Na+-ion intercalation.
KW - SIB
KW - XAS
KW - Sodium-ion Batteries
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-654931
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202504100
SN - 0935-9648
VL - 37
IS - 46
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - Wiley
AN - OPUS4-65493
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hickel, Tilmann
T1 - Defect-hydrogen interaction in Al alloys: Challenges and benefits revealed by ab initio calculations
N2 - Climate change motivates the search for light-weight materials for transportation and energy storage solutions. As one of the challenges, the deleterious effect of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of metallic alloys is known to reduce the applicability of metallic alloys, motivating the characterization and simulation of hydrogen-defect interactions in these materials. In this work, the interaction of hydrogen with planar defects in aluminium has been investigated by means of ab initio simulations.
On the one hand, two distinct types of GBs have been considered – the Σ11(113) [011] with a close-packed interface structure and the Σ5(210) [001] with a more open interface structure – in order to reveal the mechanisms governing the H segregation energetics. The investigations are afterwards extended to the impact of solutes in the Al alloy. Two scenarios are compared: Their segregation to the grain boundaries and their binding in precipitates. We therewith gained insights into the role of the solute size on the structural and chemical embrittlement in absence and presence of hydrogen. A thermodynamic assessment of the impact of solutes onto H chemisorption in the interfacial vicinity is provided by performing a high-throughput analysis for potential alloying candidates. The identified trends of the solute-H interactions are used to examine the relative importance of changes in hydrogen enhanced decohesion as a thermodynamic effect.
On the other hand, the interaction of hydrogen with defects can be beneficial for the formation of metal hydrides. To enhance the formation and stability of such often highly volatile hydrides we have consider a novel concept: tailoring and employing the negative pressure of microstructural and structural defects to enhance H solubility and thus hydride formation. Using systematic ab initio and atomistic simulations, we demonstrate that an enhancement in the formation of hydrides at the negatively pressurized crack tip region is feasible by increasing the mechanical tensile load on the specimen. The theoretical predictions have been used to reassess and interpret atom probe tomography experiments for a high-strength 7XXX-aluminium alloy that show a substantial enhancement of hydrogen concentration at structural defects near a stress-corrosion crack tip. Based on these insights we derive strategies for enhancing the capability of metals as H-storage materials.
T2 - International hydrogen conference 2023
CY - Park City, Utah, USA
DA - 17.09.2023
KW - Ab initio simulations
KW - Hydrogen embrittlement
KW - Grain boundaries
KW - Hydride formation
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58851
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hickel, Tilmann
T1 - Hydrogen enhances cross-slip of dislocations in the vicinity of grain boundaries
N2 - Extensive experimental observations indicate the presence of nano-voids and the increase of free volume along the grain boundaries in hydrogen contaminated metals. This rate-dependent phenomenon motivates theoretical investigations of the underlying mechanisms. Here, a hydrogen enhanced cross-slip (HECS) mechanism in the close vicinity of the grain boundaries is demonstrated by direct molecular dynamics simulations. To this end, the interaction of the screw dislocations with a variety of symmetric tilt grain boundaries in H-charged and H-free bicrystalline nickel specimens is examined. The presence of segregated hydrogen atoms at the grain boundaries induces a stress field in their vicinity, and thus the barrier for cross-slip of screw dislocations considerably decreases. The enhanced crossslip of dislocations facilitates the formation of jogs. These jogs can form vacancies during the glide process. This mechanism shows nano-scale evidence of enhanced vacancy formation and subsequent increase in the free volume along the grain boundaries in the presence of H. This increase of the free-volume along the grain boundary dmaages the material and induce further embrittlement in addition to the direct effect of hydrogen in decreasing the fracture energy.
T2 - International hydrogen conference 2023
CY - Park City, Utah, USA
DA - 17.09.2023
KW - Atomistic model
KW - Hydrogen embrittlement
KW - Dislocation cross slip
KW - Hydrogen enhanced vacancy formation
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58850
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Sreekala, L.
A1 - Dey, P.
A1 - Hickel, Tilmann
A1 - Neugebauer, J.
T1 - Unveiling nonmonotonic chemical trends in the solubility of H in complex Fe-Cr-Mn carbides by means of ab initio based approaches
N2 - The microstructure of advanced high-strength steels often shows a sensitive dependence on alloying. For example, adding Cr to improve the corrosion resistance of medium-Mn steels also enhances the precipitation of carbides. The current study focuses on the behavior of H in such complex multicomponent carbides by employing different methodological strategies. We systematically analyze the impact of Cr, Mn, and Fe using density functional theory (DFT) for two prototype precipitate phases, M3C and M23C6, where M represents the metal sublattice. Our results show that the addition of these alloying elements yields strong nonmonotonic chemical trends for the H solubility. We identify magnetovolume effects as the origin for this behavior, which depend on the considered system, the sites occupied by H, and short- vs long-range interactions between H and the alloying elements. We further show that the H solubility is directly correlated with the occupation of its nearest-neighbor shells by Cr and Mn. Based on these insights, DFT data from H containing binary-metal carbides are used to design a ridge regression based model that predicts the solubility of H in the ternary-metal carbides (Fe-Cr-Mn-C).
KW - Hydrogen
KW - High-strength steel
KW - Carbide
KW - Ab initio
KW - Complexity
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-542271
DO - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.6.014403
SN - 2475-9953
VL - 6
IS - 1
SP - 1
EP - 14
PB - American Physical Society (APS)
CY - College Park, MD
AN - OPUS4-54227
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Chakraborty, P.
A1 - Mouton, I.
A1 - Gault, B.
A1 - Tehranchi, Ali
A1 - Neugebauer, J.
A1 - Hickel, Tilmann
T1 - Effect of Sn on stacking fault energies in zirconium and its hydrides
N2 - Hydrogen embrittlement in Zr-alloy fuel cladding is a primary safety concern for water-based nuclear reactors. Here we investigated the stabilization of planar defects within the forming hydrides by Sn, the primary alloying element of Zircaloy-4 used in the cladding. In order to explain the formation of hydrides and planar defects observed in our experiments, we performed atomic-scale ab initio calculations focusing on the solute interactions with generalized stacking faults in hcp 𝛼-Zr and fcc zirconium hydrides. Our calculations showed that an increase in Sn concentration leads to a stabilization of stacking faults in both the 𝛼-Zr and hydride phases. However, the solution enthalpy of Sn is lower in the 𝛼-Zr as compared to the other hydride phases, indicative of two competing processes of Sn depletion/enrichment at the Zr hydride/matrix interface. This is corroborated by experimental findings, where Sn is less soluble in hydrides and is mostly found trapped at interfaces and planar defects, indicative of stacking faults inside the hydride phases. Our systematic investigation enables us to understand the presence and distribution of solutes in the hydride phases, which provides a deeper insight into the microstructural evolution of such alloy's properties during its service lifetime.
KW - Defects
KW - First-principles calculations
KW - Interface and surface thermodynamics
KW - Microstructure
KW - Hydrides
KW - Structural properties
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-618044
DO - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.8.033605
SN - 2475-9953
VL - 8
IS - 3
SP - 1
EP - 9
PB - APS
AN - OPUS4-61804
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Shamsuddoha, Md
A1 - Hüsken, Götz
A1 - Schmidt, Wolfram
A1 - Kühne, Hans-Carsten
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
T1 - Superplasticizer and Shrinkage Reducing Admixture Dosages for Microfine Cement in Grout Systems
N2 - Grouts have numerous applications including crack repair as maintenance in construction industries. Microfine cements are intensively used for high strength mortar and grout products. They are ideal for injection grouting in structural repair. Such grouts should have suitable rheological properties to be injectable, especially those used in repair and rehabilitation. The use of superplasticizers (SP) in these products is thus becoming increasingly crucial to achieve favorable workability and viscosity properties. A difficulty in such grouts is the plastic shrinkage due to finer particles used. It is thus necessary to determine optimum SP and shrinkage reducing admixture (SRA) dosages for a microfine cement based grout. In this study, a saturation dosage was decided from two Polycarboxylate ether (PCE) based SPs in relation to neat cement using slump flow and rheological parameters. A range of grout mixtures was formulated containing micro silica (MS) and fly ash (FA), and tested for suitable rheological and mechanical parameters. Based on the results, a grout mixture with MS and FA was selected to determine optimum SRA content. According to the results, a SP dosage of 3% by weight of neat cement is sufficient to achieve saturation. The grout material including MS and FA can produce comparable properties to neat cement grout. MS is found to improve compressive strength within the range considered, whereas a higher FA content provides favourable rheological properties. Finally, a SRA dosage of 4%, which could reduce the shrinkage by about 43% after 28d days, is determined for the grout system.
T2 - 2nd International Conference on Building Materials and Materials Engineering (ICBMM 2018)
CY - University of Lisbon, Portugal
DA - 26.09.2018
KW - Grout
KW - Microfine Cement
KW - Superplasticizer
KW - Supplementary Cementitious Materials
KW - Shrinkage Reducing Admixture
PY - 2019
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-478319
DO - https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927801001
VL - 278
SP - Article Number 01001
PB - EDP Sciences
AN - OPUS4-47831
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Shamsuddoha, Md
A1 - Hüsken, Götz
A1 - Schmidt, Wolfram
A1 - Kühne, Hans-Carsten
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
ED - Alexander, M.G.
ED - Beushausen, H.
ED - Dehn, F.
ED - Moyo, P.
T1 - Workability and mechanical properties of ultrafine cement based grout for structural rehabilitation: A parametric study on the partial replacement with SCMs
N2 - Grouting is a universal repair and strengthening technique, which is constantly used for structural remediation of concrete components, trenches, mine subsidence, dam joints, restoration of masonry structures, and geological stabilizations. Having an extremely small particle size of only few microns, ultrafine cements are ideal for grouting applications due to their superior permeability and compressive strength properties of the hardened cement paste compared to that of the less-expensive, but coarser ordinary Portland cements. Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) are often used to replace ultrafine cement in order to modify certain properties and to reduce costs. The aim of this experimental study is to investigate the effect of three supplementary materials: microsilica (MS), fly ash (FA), and metakaolin (MK) on the workability, and mechanical properties of an ultrafine cement based grout with a constant water-binder ratio and constant superplasticizer content. Maximum percentages of replacement with ultrafine cement were 6% by volume of cement for MS and 16% for FA, and MK. In general, results suggest that the workability is improved by addition of FA, whereas is reduced, when modified with MS and MK. The compressive strength of grout after cement replacement remains comparable to that of pure cement grout. However, there is a tendency of the MS to positively affect the compressive strength opposite to FA, whereas flexural strength is positively affected by FA. Based on the results, it is evident that grouts with Hägerman cone flow more than 500 mm and compressive strength of more than 90 MPa after 28 days can be produced.
T2 - International Conference on Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting (ICCRRR 2018)
CY - Cape Town, South Africa
DA - 19.11.2018
KW - Grouting
KW - Repair
KW - Box-Behnken
KW - Supplementary cementitious materials
KW - Analysis of variance
PY - 2018
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-464769
DO - https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819907006
SN - 2261-236X
VL - 199
SP - 07006-1
EP - 07006-7
PB - MATEC Web of Conferences
AN - OPUS4-46476
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hartmann, S
A1 - Sturm, Heinz
A1 - Blaudeck, T
A1 - Hoelck, O
A1 - Hermann, S
A1 - Schulz, SE
A1 - Wunderle, B.
T1 - Experimental and computational studies on the role of surface functional groups in the mechanical behavior of interfaces between single-walled carbon nanotubes and metals
N2 - To study the mechanical interface behavior of single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) embedded in a noble metal, we performed CNT-metal pull-out tests with in situ scanning electron microscope experiments. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were conducted to predict force-displacement data during pull-out, providing critical forces for failure of the system. In MD simulations, we focused on the influence of carboxylic surface functional groups (SFGs) covalently linked to the CNT. Experimentally obtained maximum forces between 10 and 102 nN in palladium and gold matrices and simulated achievable pulling forces agree very well. The dominant failure mode in the experiment is CNT rupture, although several pull-out failures were also observed. We explain the huge scatter of experimental values with varying embedding length and SFG surface density. From simulation, we found that SFGs act as small anchors in the metal matrix and significantly enhance the maximum forces. This interface reinforcement can lead to tensile stresses sufficiently high to initiate CNT rupture. To qualify the existence of carboxylic SFGs on our CNT material, we performed analytical investigation by means of fluorescence labeling of surface species and discuss the results. With this contribution, we focus on a synergy between computational and experimental approaches involving MD simulations, nano scale testing, and analytics (1) to predict to a good degree of accuracy maximum pull-out forces of single-walled CNTs embedded in a noble metal matrix and (2) to provide valuable input to understand the underlying mechanisms of failure with focus on SFGs. This is of fundamental interest for the design of future mechanical sensors incorporating piezoresistive single-walled CNTs as the sensing element.
KW - Oxygen-containing functionalities
KW - Molecular-dynamics
KW - Structural characterization
KW - Reinforced composites
KW - Raman spectroscopy
KW - Shear strength
KW - Polymer matrix
KW - Pull-out
KW - Simulation
KW - Purification
PY - 2016
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-015-9142-6
SN - 0022-2461
SN - 1573-4803
VL - 51
IS - 3
SP - 1217
EP - 1233
AN - OPUS4-35795
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Meyer-Plath, Asmus
A1 - Beckert, F
A1 - Tölle, FJ
A1 - Sturm, Heinz
A1 - Mülhaupt, R
T1 - Stable aqueous dispersions of functionalized multi-layer graphene by pulsed underwater plasma exfoliation of graphite
N2 - A process was developed for graphite particle exfoliation in water to stably dispersed multi-layer graphene. It uses electrohydraulic shockwaves and the functionalizing effect of solution plasma discharges in water. The discharges were excited by 100 ns high voltage pulsing of graphite particle chains that bridge an electrode gap. The underwater discharges allow simultaneous exfoliation and chemical functionalization of graphite particles to partially oxidized multi-layer graphene. Exfoliation is caused by shockwaves that result from rapid evaporation of carbon and water to plasma-excited gas species. Depending on discharge energy and locus of ignition, the shockwaves cause stirring, erosion, exfoliation and/or expansion of graphite flakes. The process was optimized to produce long-term stable aqueous dispersions of multi-layer graphene from graphite in a single process step without requiring addition of intercalants, surfactants, binders or special solvents. A setup was developed that allows continuous production of aqueous dispersions of flake size-selected multi-layer graphenes. Due to the well-preserved sp(2)-carbon structure, thin films made from the dispersed graphene exhibited high electrical conductivity. Underwater plasma discharge processing exhibits high innovation potential for morphological and chemical modifications of carbonaceous materials and surfaces, especially for the generation of stable dispersions of two-dimensional, layered materials.
KW - Exfoliation
KW - Graphene
KW - Aqueous dispersion
KW - Solution plasma
KW - Functionalization
KW - Electrohydraulic effect
KW - Shear exfoliation
KW - Oxide-films
KW - Water
PY - 2016
DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/49/4/045301
SN - 0022-3727
VL - 49
IS - 4
SP - 045301-1
EP - 045301-11
AN - OPUS4-35796
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Dayani, Shahabeddin
A1 - Markötter, Henning
A1 - Krug von Nidda, Jonas
A1 - Schmidt, Anita
A1 - Bruno, Giovanni
T1 - Quantification of the Deep Discharge Induced Asymmetric Copper Deposition in Lithium‐Ion Cells by Operando Synchrotron X‐Ray Tomography
N2 - AbstractLithium‐ion cells connected in series are prone to an electrical safety risk called overdischarge. This paper presents a comprehensive investigation of the overdischarge phenomenon in lithium‐ion cells using operando nondestructive imaging. The study focuses on understanding the behavior of copper dissolution and deposition during overdischarge, which can lead to irreversible capacity loss and internal short‐circuits. By utilizing synchrotron X‐ray computed tomography (SXCT), the concentration of dissolved and deposited copper per surface area is quantified as a function of depth of discharge, confirming previous findings. The results also highlight for the first time a nonuniform distribution pattern for copper deposition on the cathode. This research provides insights for safer battery cell design.
KW - Lithium Ion Batteries
KW - Deep Discharge
KW - Computer Tomography
KW - Copper Deposition
KW - Litium Ion Cells
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-592717
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202301246
SP - 1
EP - 7
PB - Wiley
AN - OPUS4-59271
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Böttcher, Nils
A1 - Dayani, Shahabeddin
A1 - Markötter, Henning
A1 - Bau, Alexander
A1 - Setzchen, Max
A1 - Schmidt, Anita
A1 - Kowal, Julia
A1 - Krug von Nidda, Jonas
T1 - High Precision Nail‐Penetration Setup for the Controlled Thermal Runaway Initiation of Lithium‐Ion Cells at Very Low Temperatures
N2 - A high precision nail‐penetration (NP) tool for characterizing the mechanically induced thermal‐runaway (TR) of lithium‐ion battery (LIB) cells in a defined range of temperatures down to −140 °C was developed. To understand the cell specific behavior at low temperatures aiming at the determination of safe handling conditions, different scenarios are analyzed. First, accuracy tests of the NP‐tool regarding motion and penetration depth are conducted with cylindrical cells at different temperatures. Thus, postmortem computer tomographic (CT) images are compared to the data measured with the newly integrated 3‐axis force sensor which is further combined with a high‐resolution position sensor. The herein developed setup allows evaluation of the NP‐metrics at an accuracy of ±1 pierced electrode layer without CT‐scans. Further NP examinations at 20 °C of fully charged cylindrical lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide cells reveal a reproducible minimum damage as a reliable TR‐trigger. Moreover, NP‐tests at low temperature disclose a relation of the short circuit conductivity and TR‐reactions during subsequent rethermalization to room temperature. Finally, the implementation of a novel fixture for a controlled very fast cooling of LIB‐cells during critical damage opens the way to investigate the individual steps during a TR and, thus, to gain important information of the specific TR‐mechanism of different LIB‐cells.
KW - Battery Safety
KW - High-precision nail penetration
KW - Lithium-ion batteries
KW - Abuse testing
KW - Thermal runaway
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-598127
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202301379
SN - 2194-4288
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - Wiley VHC-Verlag
AN - OPUS4-59812
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Leonhardt, Robert
A1 - Böttcher, Nils
A1 - Dayani, Shahabeddin
A1 - Rieck, Arielle
A1 - Markötter, Henning
A1 - Schmidt, Anita
A1 - Kowal, Julia
A1 - Tichter, Tim
A1 - Krug von Nidda, Jonas
T1 - Exploring the electrochemical and physical stability of lithium-ion cells exposed to liquid nitrogen
N2 - The transport and storage of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries — damaged or in an undefined state — is a major safety concern for regulatory institutions, transportation companies, and manufacturers. Since (electro)chemical reactivity is exponentially temperature-dependent, cooling such batteries is an obvious measure for increasing their safety.
The present study explores the effect of cryogenic freezing on the electrochemical and physical stability of Li-ion cells. For this purpose, three different types of cells were repeatedly exposed to liquid nitrogen (LN2).
Before and after each cooling cycle, electrical and electrochemical measurements were conducted to assess the impact of the individual freezing steps. While the electrochemical behavior of the cells did not change significantly upon exposure to LN2 , it became apparent that a non-negligible number of cells suffered from physical changes (swelling) and functional failures. The latter defect was found to be caused by the current interrupt device of the cylindrical cells. This safety mechanism is triggered by the overpressure of expanding nitrogen which enters the cells at cryogenic temperatures.
This study underlines that the widely accepted reversibility of LN2 -cooling on a material scale does not allow for a direct extrapolation toward the physical integrity of full cells. Since nitrogen enters the cell at cryogenic temperatures and expands upon rethermalization, it can cause an internal overpressure. This can, in turn, lead to mechanical damage to the cell. Consequently, a more appropriate temperature condition — less extreme than direct LN2 exposure — needs to be found
KW - Lithium-ion battery
KW - LN2 cooling
KW - Battery characterization
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-599248
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2024.111650
VL - 89
SP - 1
EP - 7
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-59924
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Böttcher, Nils
A1 - Dayani, Shahabeddin
A1 - Markötter, Henning
A1 - Schmidt, Anita
A1 - Kowal, J.
A1 - Lu, Y.
A1 - Krug von Nidda, Jonas
A1 - Bruno, Giovanni
T1 - Visualization of stepwise electrode decomposition in a nail penetrated commercial lithium-ion cell using low-temperature synchrotron X-ray computed tomography
N2 - The transition towards zero carbon emissions in power generation hinges on the integration of efficient electrical energy storage systems, with lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) positioned as a pivotal technology. While generally safe, deviations in their operational guidelines due to manufacturing defects or misuse can lead to critical safety concerns, notably thermal runaway (TR) events. Internal short circuits (ISCs) are primary initiators of TR within LIBs. For abuse testing, ISCs are often triggered by nail penetration. This study explores the morphological changes and mechanisms underlying ISC-induced TR in LIBs using operando synchrotron X-ray computed tomography (SXCT) at subzero temperatures. A novel cryogenic setup was developed to control a stepwise temperature increase in the damaged sample while monitoring electrochemical characteristics and simultaneously enabling acquisition of high-resolution SXCT images. The findings reveal that conducting nail penetration at minus 80°C prevents immediate TR, enabling detailed analysis of subsequent structural and electrochemical behavior during controlled thawing. Thus, the initiation of TR processes at localized ISC sites has been observed, evidenced by voltage fluctuations and morphological changes, such as cathode material cracking and decomposition. These results underscore the importance of temperature control in mitigating TR risks and provide critical insights into the internal dynamics of LIBs under abusive conditions. The developed cryogenic SXCT methodology offers a powerful tool for non-destructive, high-resolution investigation of battery failure mechanisms, contributing to the enhancement of LIB safety.
KW - Tomography
KW - X-ray imaging
KW - Lithium-ion battery
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-611327
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.235472
VL - 623
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - Elsevier
CY - New York, NY
AN - OPUS4-61132
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Low, Jian Liang
T1 - 理论模拟与实验协同的材料表征与机理研究
T1 - Integrating modelling and experiment for synergistic material characterization and mechanism studies
N2 - In this academic salon among Chinese-speaking researchers within Germany and EU, I presented my work on utilizing computational chemistry to support experimental characterization and mechanism studies. The discussion focused on metal- and nitrogen-doped carbon (M-N-Cs) with well-defined coordination geometry as an excellent reference material for synergistic theory-experimental research. Some key topics included the analysis of structural preferences of imprinting ions, spectroscopic characterization of specific active sites and mechanism studies pertaining oxygen reduction reaction and hydrogen peroxide chemistry at these active sites.
T2 - 21st Koushare Workshop - European Materials Science: From Molecular Design to Material Applications
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 25.10.2025
KW - Metal- and Nitrogen Doped Carbon (M-N-C)
KW - Active Site Characterization
KW - Electrochemical mechanisms
KW - Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR)
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65152
LA - zho
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Habibimarkani, Heydar
A1 - Prinz, Carsten
A1 - Sahre, Mario
A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan
A1 - Radnik, Jörg
T1 - CV, TEM, XRD and XPS/HAXPES datasets of FeNi-based nanoparticles for the oxygen evolution reaction
N2 - The datasets from Cyclic Voltammetry, Transmision Electron Microscopy, X-ray Diffraction, and (Hard Energy) X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy are related to the publication
H. Habibimarkani, S.-L. Abram, A. Guilherme Buzanich, C. Prinz, M. Sahre, V.-D. Hodoroaba and J. Radnik
"In-depth analysis of FeNi-based nanoparticles for the oxygen evolution reaction"
Scientific Reports (2025), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-92720-3
Details of the materials and the experimental procedures are described in this publications.
KW - Oxygen evolution reaction
KW - Fe-Ni nanopartices
KW - Comprehensive analysis
PY - 2025
DO - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14975964
PB - Zenodo
CY - Geneva
AN - OPUS4-63335
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Villajos Collado, José Antonio
A1 - Zimathies, Annett
A1 - Prinz, Carsten
T1 - A fast procedure for the estimation of the hydrogen storage capacity by cryoadsorption of metalorganic framework materials from their available porous properties
N2 - In order to identify the best porous materials for the cryogenic physisorption of hydrogen, high-throughput calculations are performed starting, i.e., from the collected information in crystallographic databases. However, these calculations, like molecular simulations, require specific training and significant computational cost. Herein, a relatively simple procedure is proposed to estimate and compare hydrogen uptakes at 77 K and pressure values from 40 bar starting from the porous properties of MOF materials, without involving simulation tools. This procedure uses definitions for adsorption and considers the adsorbed phase as an incompressible fluid whose pressure-density change is that for the liquid phase at 19 K. For the 7000 structures from the CoRE MOF database, the average error of the predictions is only of 1% from reference values at 100 bar, with an SD of ±8%. This accuracy is lower than that from simulation tools, but involving lower computational cost and training.
KW - Metal-organic frameworks
KW - MOF databases
KW - Hydrogen cryostorage
KW - Supercritical adsorption
KW - Absolute adsorption
KW - Uptake estimation
PY - 2021
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.10.265
SN - 0360-3199
VL - 46
SP - 29323
EP - 29331
PB - Elsevier
CY - Oxford
AN - OPUS4-53133
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Krug von Nidda, Jonas
T1 - Hazard-Based Classification of Lithium-Ion Cells and Batteries
N2 - Next to performance features, safety aspects of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are a crucial research field. The abuse/misuse of a LIB can trigger a chain of exothermic reactions on cell level. Hence, the cell temperature increases dramatically, causing the so-called thermal runaway (TR). Moreover, the TR of one cell can initiate the TR of adjacent cells leading to a TR-propagation. Due to the risk of a TR, special measures need to be applied while handling, storing, and transporting batteries. According to current transport regulations, all different types of lithium-ion and lithium metal cells/batteries (by means of cell format, cathode chemistry, etc.) require the same transport conditions regardless of the intensity of their reaction during abuse tests. To allow more differentiated transport requirements, the United Nations (UN) Subcommittee Transport of Dangerous Goods created an Informal Working Group (IWG) on the topic of a hazard-based classification of LIBs. BAM is one of nine laboratories working on the development of a respective classification scheme including appendant test protocols.
Herein, we discuss the latest results of our safety tests on commercial LIB-cells employing the test protocols developed in the UN-IWG. Single cell tests are analysed regarding different hazardous features during the TR, e.g., cell temperature, flame occurrence, and gas amount. Next to the general occurrence of a propagation, the propagation speed is analysed by propagation tests. In total, the presented results are gathered from over 200 tests. Next to the classification of the tested cells, the data set obtained is analysed in respect to the cells’ key features, such as cell energy, state of charge and cathode type. Generally, the presented results can increase the overall understanding of the TR-mechanism supporting the design of advanced safety measures on cell level in the future.
T2 - International Battery Safety Workshop
CY - Ulm, Germany
DA - 28.09.2023
KW - Battery Classification
KW - Safe Transport
KW - Thermal Runaway
KW - Lithium Ion Batteries
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-59269
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Appel, Paul Alexander
T1 - Developing Tailor-Made Core-Shell Carbon Anode Materials for Sodium Ion Batteries
N2 - Hard carbons (HCs) are currently one of the most promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, the Na storage mechanism remains controversial, leaving the theoretical limits of carbon anodes unclear. To deconvolute the specific capacity from irreversible capacity losses, resulting from the formation of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), core-shell carbon materials were synthesized. Based on these core-shell materials, extensive operando characterization was developed and undertaken to investigate the storage mechanism of sodium.
T2 - Sodium Ion Battery Symposium
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 23.09.2024
KW - Energy Materials
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62005
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Gong, Mengjun
A1 - Mehmood, Asad
A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
A1 - Jackson, Colleen
A1 - Cui, Junyi
A1 - Drazic, Goran
A1 - Kucernak, Anthony
T1 - Designing Co–N/C Cathode Catalysts with Dense Atomic Cobalt Sites for Enhanced PEMFC Performance
N2 - Metal-nitrogen/carbon (M-N/C) catalysts, particularly those incorporating Fe,Co, or Mn, are among the most promising non-platinum group catalysts forthe acidic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in fuel cells. This study reports aCo-N/C catalyst featuring high (3 wt%) cobalt content exclusively present asatomic sites. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure analysis confirms atetrapyridinic Co-N4 coordination environment in the optimized (3.0)Co-N/C𝚫catalyst. The high cobalt loading leads to a significant density ofelectrochemically accessible active sites, 3.58 × 10 19 sites g−1 , quantified viathe nitrite stripping method. The catalyst demonstrates excellent ORR activityin a rotating ring-disk electrode setup, achieving a half-wave potential (E 1/2 ) of0.76 V at a low loading of 0.2 mg cm−2 and a mass activity of 3.5 A g−1 at 0.80VRHE . Single-cell hydrogen-oxygen PEMFC tests achieve a peak power densityexceeding 1.3 W cm−2 (iR-corrected). Under hydrogen-air condition, thecatalyst delivers 0.54 A cm−2 at 0.60 V (0.39 W cm−2 ). Despite the intrinsicallyhigher turnover frequency of Fe-based sites, the optimized(3.0)Co-N/C𝚫 catalyst achieves similar fuel cell performance to that of Fe-N/C,highlighting the critical role of site density in overall activity.
KW - Fuel cells
KW - Single atom catalysts
KW - Oxygen reduction reaction
KW - Non-precious catalysts
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-644276
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202516060
SN - 2198-3844
SP - 1
EP - 11
PB - Wiley VHC-Verlag
AN - OPUS4-64427
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - INPR
A1 - Rieck, Arielle
A1 - Low, Jian Liang
A1 - Dietzmann, Simon
A1 - Radnik, Jörg
A1 - Teimouri, Zahra
A1 - Higgins, Drew
A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan
A1 - Mehmood, Asad
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
T1 - Understanding the Activity Trade-Off between Tetrapyrrolic Fe-NCs and Co-NCs in the Alkaline Oxygen Reduction Reaction
N2 - A water-free ionothermal synthesis of porous magnesium-imprinted nitrogen-doped carbon (Mg–NC) materials is introduced to prepare a platform material to investigate electrocatalytic structure-performance relations. Atomically dispersed Co- and Fe-NCs isomorphic to the pristine Mg-NCs are prepared by ion-exchange reactions. The current Mg-templating strategy enables relatively high pyrolysis product yields of up to 50 wt% and resultant Fe-NC and Co-NC catalysts contain high and comparable active metal loading of up to 2.52 wt% Fe and 2.29 wt% Co, respectively. A combination of X-ray spectroscopies with DFT studies reveals a tetrapyrrolic structure of the coordination sites, originating from a pyrolytic magnesium template ion reaction within the ionothermal synthesis. Two sets of highly active isomorphic tetrapyrrolic Fe-NCs and Co-NCs are utilized to understand the differences in intrinsic electrocatalytic performance of Co-NCs and Fe-NCs towards the alkaline oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Despite their superior valence electronic properties to facilitate the initial outer-sphere electron transfer to O2, Co-NCs show significantly lower performance than Fe-NC with comparable loading. Although the generally discussed weaker binding of peroxide intermediates to CoN4 sites compared to FeN4 sites is evident, experimental and theoretical investigation reveal that it is the underlying peroxide oxidation activity that suppresses the oxygen reduction activity of M-NCs. The high peroxide oxidation activity of Co-NCs explains their reduced alkaline ORR relative to Fe-NCs, shedding light on the understated significance of controlling peroxide chemistry for the optimizing cathodic performance.
KW - Magnesium Imprinting
KW - Tetrapyrrolic Sites
KW - Metal- and nitrogen-doped carbon (M-N-C)
KW - Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR)
KW - Nitrogen doped Carbon
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-651487
DO - https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv-2025-s59s5
SP - 1
EP - 24
AN - OPUS4-65148
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Böttcher, Nils
A1 - Sander, Luise
A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander
A1 - Widjaja, Martinus Putra
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
A1 - Schmidt, Anita
A1 - Krug von Nidda, Jonas
T1 - Sodium-ion battery research @ BAM (I): investigating the thermal runaway behaviour of commercial sodium-ion battery cells
N2 - Commercially available sodium-ion battery (SIB) cells, with energy densities comparable to lithium-ion battery (LIB) cells based on LiFePO4, were investigated regarding their safety behaviour under thermal abuse conditions. Tests were carried out in an inert atmosphere. The SIB-cells went into thermal runaway (TR), intriguingly, even at a rather low state of charge of 30%. The TR-event was coupled with a pronounced jelly roll ejection, challenging the interpretation of the TR-diagrams. These findings highlight the necessity of incorporating SIB-cells into the ongoing safety classification discussions for LIB-cells.
KW - Sodium Ion Batteries
KW - Thermal Runaway
KW - Battery safety
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-647652
DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d5se00687b
SN - 2398-4902
VL - 9
IS - 21
SP - 5832
EP - 5838
PB - Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
AN - OPUS4-64765
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wu, Shu-Han
T1 - Exploring Sodium Ion Storage: Combining a MOF Derived Carbon Core with a Sieving Carbon Shell to Illuminate Adsorptive Site Influences
N2 - Unlike lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) where crystalline graphite is commonly used as the negative electrode material, disordered carbons are regarded as more promising forsodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, further advances towards better reversibility and higher specific capacity are still needed to match or even exceed the properties of graphite in LIBs. The main challenge is the complex and unpredictable Na+ storage mechanism in disordered carbons. [1] Method: Recently, Matsukawa et al. have reported that the reversibility of (de)sodiation processes of disordered carbons is better for ultra microporous carbons.[2] Ultra micropores are accessible only to Na+ ions and not to solvent molecules. Therefore, the ultra micopores can be used for Na-storage, however, do not significantly contribute to side reactions caused by solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation, which reduces the related irreversible capacity loss. Building on this concept, the origins of specific capacity and irreversible losses were further explored by modifying the chemical composition of zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) derived carbons, while maintaining comparable porosity. This involved adjusting the nitrogen content through temperature variation. Additionally, these ZIF-8 derived carbons were enhanced with a protective ion sieving carbon shell formed by chemical vapor deposition. This shell enables effective distinction between reversible and irreversible Na+ storage. Results: The tailor-made core-shell carbons with higher nitrogen content demonstrate greater capacity in the sloping region, but lower capacity in the plateau region of the voltage profile. In addition, they show reduced specific capacities compared to materials with lower nitrogen content. Lastly, it is important to highlight that the incorporation of sieving carbons results in a significant overall increase in capacity compared to materials without sieving carbons. The highest capacities were obtained for the core shell carbon pyrolyzed at 1000°C reaching reversible capacities of 381 +/- 4 mAh g–1 . Discussion: The nitrogen active sites in the as-synthesized materials facilitate the adsorption of Na+ ions, indicating that Na+ ions preferentially adhere to these active sites during the sodiation process. Moreover, the relatively low capacity observed in materials with higher nitrogen content may be attributed to their lower electrical conductivity.
T2 - Batterieforum 2025
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 21.01.2025
KW - Sodium-ion batteries
KW - Hard carbon
KW - Core-shell materials
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65131
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mieller, Björn
T1 - Characterization of Beta-Alumina Solid Electrolyte by Coin Cell Testing
N2 - All solid-state batteries (ASSBs) are the subject of widespread research, one reason being their predicted increased safety [1]. Variants of beta-alumina solid electrolyte (BASE), a promising solid electrolyte for sodium ion batteries, exhibit ion conductivities up to 5 mS/cm at room temperature, which motivates targeted research and testing [2]. Dedicated measurement cells for conductivity measurements and cycling of ASSBs are available, providing even pressure and temperature control. However, these are often costly and thus unsuitable for long-term studies with many cells. In contrast, coin cells are a practical and scalable approach for such ASSB studies, despite poor pressure control and other influencing factors that may affect the reproducibility of results [3].
This study investigates the extent to which reliable measurement data can be obtained from symmetrical Na/BASE/Na coin cells. Therefore, several testing procedures and different cell architectures are considered. The experiments are supported by an electrical equivalent circuit model. The modeling approach and both measured and numerically simulated data are presented. The coin cell results are compared to data acquired using a designated ASSB setup (CompreCell and CompreFrame by RHD).
T2 - XIXth Conference of the EuropeanCeramic Society / SBS6 InternationalSodium Battery Symposium
CY - Dresden, Germany
DA - 01.09.2025
KW - Beta aluminate solid electrolyte
KW - Coin cell
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64055
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wu, Shu-Han
A1 - Appel, Paul Alexander
T1 - DialySorb
N2 - Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been one of the greatest achievements in the field of energy storage of the last century. However, with the increasing demand for energy storage, battery technologies must be diversified according to their specific requirements in different applications. In terms of stationary energy storage and electric vehicles, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered to be the most attractive alternative to LIBs due to the uniformly high abundance and cost-effectiveness of raw materials, enabling large-scale and low-cost energy storage. Unlike LIBs where crystalline graphite is commonly used as the anode material, disordered carbons are regarded as more promising for SIBs. However, further advances towards better reversibility and higher specific capacity are still needed to match or exceed that of graphite in LIBs. The main challenge is the complex and unpredictable Na+ storage mechanism in disordered carbons, as they may have different properties depending on the precursors and carbonization conditions. [1] Recently, Matsukawa et al. have reported that the reversibility of (de)sodiation processes of disordered carbons is better for ultramicroporous carbons.[2] These pores are accessible only to Na+ ions and not to solvent molecules. Therefore, the (de)sodiation processes are protected from the side reactions caused by the solvent, which reduces the related irreversible capacity loss. With this idea, the origin of the specific capacity and irreversible losses will be further investigated by tailoring chemical composition (e.g., heteroatom doping) as well as pore structure of hard carbons used as anode materials in SIBs. For the synthesis scalable and industrially relevant processes will be used. The structure and morphology of the materials will be characterized by electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. In addition, different gas sorption techniques will be carried out to analyze the porosity, pore sizes and specific surface areas. The electrochemical performance of the prepared materials will be evaluated based on coin cells, three-electrode Swagelok cells, and pouch cells. Moreover, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy will be performed to help understand the mechanism of Na+ storage.
T2 - Electrochemistry 2022 (GDCh confernece)
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 27.09.2022
KW - Na-ion Battery
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-62013
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Habibimarkani, Heydar
A1 - Abram, Sarah-Luise
A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana
A1 - Prinz, Carsten
A1 - Sahre, Mario
A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan
A1 - Radnik, Jörg
T1 - In-depth analysis of FeNi-based nanoparticles for the oxygen evolution reaction
N2 - This study investigates the effect of varying iron-to-nickel ratios on the catalytic performance of Fe-Ni oxide nanoparticles (NPs) for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Addressing the issue of high energy wastage due to large overpotentials in OER, we synthesized and characterized different NP catalysts with different Fe: Ni oxide ratios. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) were employed to determine the morphology, elemental and phase composition of the NPs. Furthermore, in-depth profiling with X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Hard X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (HAXPES) revealed that iron predominantly exists as oxide, while nickel exhibits both metallic and oxidic forms depending on the Fe content. XPS indicated an enrichment of iron at the NP surface, whereas HAXPES and EDS data agreed on the bulk stoichiometry. The assessment of the catalytic activity via cyclic voltammetry (CV) showed that the Fe: Ni ratio of 2:3 exhibited superior performance, characterized by lower overpotential and a smaller Tafel slope.
KW - Fe-Ni oxide
KW - Nanoparticles
KW - OER
KW - Catalytic performance
KW - Cyclic voltammetry
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-626932
UR - https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-92720-3
DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-92720-3
VL - 15
IS - 1
SP - 1
EP - 17
PB - Springer Nature
AN - OPUS4-62693
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Scharpmann, Philippa
A1 - Leonhardt, Robert
A1 - Schmidt, Anita
A1 - Kowal, Julia
A1 - Tichter, Tim
A1 - Krug von Nidda, Jonas
T1 - Exploring restrictive overdischarge cycling as a method to accelerate characteristic ageing in lithium-ion cells
N2 - This study presents a test protocol that greatly accelerates the ageing process of lithium-ion battery cells comprising a positive electrode of nickel manganese cobalt oxide while preserving their characteristic degradation upon cyclic ageing. Applying a repetitive restricted overdischarge, resulting in a depth of discharge larger than 100%, a capacity loss of 20% is achieved over five times faster compared to conventional cycling. The well-known overdischarge degradation phenomenon of copper current collector dissolution is deliberately prevented by setting a discharge cutoff voltage above the theoretical threshold of copper oxidation. Hence, the accelerated degradation can be primarily connected to solid electrolyte interphase growth.
A comparative assessment of the ageing dynamics using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and differential voltage analysis hints towards similar, characteristic degradation processes during accelerated and conventional ageing. A post-ageing examination of the electrical behaviour (i.e., coulombic and energy efficiency, capacity fade) under reference conditions reveals very little to no lasting damages caused by
overdischarging. Additionally, post-mortem analysis discloses no increased copper dissolution when comparing cells subjected to accelerated and conventional ageing. Generally, the developed ageing method appears suitable for providing cells with a defined state of health at a reasonable timescale without altering the main degradation mechanisms significantly.
KW - Lithium-ion cell
KW - Accelerated ageing
KW - Overdischarge
KW - Degradation processes
KW - Differential voltage analysis
KW - Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-650917
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.239072
SN - 0378-7753
VL - 665
SP - 1
EP - 9
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-65091
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Cornelio, Andrea
T1 - NASICON Electrolytes for Room-Temperature Sodium-Sulfur Batteries: from Material Synthesis to Cell Testing
N2 - Solid electrolytes (SE) allow to employ alkali-metal negative electrodes (NE) in new cell concepts, increasing energy density and safety of batteries for stationary and portable applications. The aim of this research is to develop a novel NASICON (NA Super Ionic CONductor) electrolyte for room-temperature (RT) sodium-sulfur (Na-S) cells employing a liquid sodium-potassium (Na-K) alloy at the SE/NE interface. The Na-K alloy can improve the interfacial contact between the sodium-metal NE and the SE.
T2 - Batterieforum Deutschland 2026
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 20.01.2026
KW - NASICON
KW - Solid Electrolytes
KW - Synthesis
KW - Characterization
KW - Na batteries
KW - Electrochemical testing
PY - 2026
AN - OPUS4-65423
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Appel, Paul Alexander
T1 - Probing Structural Changes in Sodium-Ion Battery materials with Operando SAXS
N2 - Operando small-angle X-Ray scattering (SAXS) can provide direct insight into nanoscale structural changes occurring during electrochemical operation. This workshop will provide a general overview of the fundamentals of SAXS and highlight its potential on a range of case studies. This talk will highlight how operando SAXS complements conventional electrochemical characterization by revealing dynamic, irreversible structural processes that govern performance and stability in energy storage materials
T2 - Operando Workshop
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 17.09.2025
KW - Small Angle X-Ray Scattering
KW - Operando Measurments
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65119
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Leonhardt, Robert
T1 - Characterization of overdischarge-related degradation in commercial sodium-ion cells
N2 - Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have recently gained significant attention as a cost-effective and sustainable alternative to lithium-ion batteries for large-scale energy storage applications and battery-electric vehicles. With their ability to be fully discharged to 0 V, they allow much safer handling and transport. The reversibility of such a complete discharge is, however, debated as the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed by commonly used electrolytes in SIBs becomes unstable at low full-cell voltages.
In the present study, the effects of overdischarging SIBs and the implications on their long-term impedance degradation are investigated for commercial SIB-cells, comprising sodium nickel manganese iron oxide (NaNi0.33Mn0.33Fe0.33O2) as cathode active material. During the study, extensive characterization measurements (e.g., electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, open-circuit voltage analysis, etc.) were performed at various stages of degradation. This allows the monitoring of the electrochemical characteristics of the tested SIBs.
Notably, the long-term degradation behavior of the cells was significantly affected, indicating lasting changes in the passivating properties of the altered SEI. Finally, the results show that overdischarging can indeed cause irreversible changes in sodium-ion batteries, emphasizing the need to enhance their stability at low full-cell voltages to make the best possible use of their potential safety features.
T2 - SBS6 – International Sodium Battery Symposium
CY - Dresden, Germany
DA - 03.09.2025
KW - Overdischarge of sodium ion batteries
KW - Solid electrolyte interphase
KW - Impedance spectroscopy
KW - Battery degradation and aging
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65066
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Cornelio, Andrea
T1 - NASICON Electrolytes for Room-Temperature Sodium-Sulfur Batteries with NaK Alloy Negative Electrode Interface
N2 - The aim of the research is to develop a novel NASICON (NA Super Ionic CONductor) electrolyte for room-temperature (RT) sodium-sulfur (Na-S) cells employing a liquid sodium-potassium (NaK) alloy at the negative-electrode interface. The NaK alloy can improve the interfacial contact between the sodium-metal electrode and the solid electrolyte. The synthesized NASICON material must be stable with the alkali-metal alloy and provide good electrochemical performance at RT.
T2 - 6th Sodium Battery Symposium
CY - Dresden, Germany
DA - 03.09.2025
KW - Solid Electrolyte
KW - NASICON
KW - Solid-state batteries
KW - Sodium conductors
KW - Material synthesis
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64080
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Leonhardt, Robert
T1 - Deconvoluting the impact of early-life abuse conditions on the degradation of lithium-ion cells
N2 - The successful repurposing of degraded lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries in second-life applications is a vital step towards achieving a circular economy. While reusing aged Li-cells is a promising way of mitigating their overall environmental footprint, it is crucial to anticipate their future safety and performance characteristics . Unfortunately, predicting these properties is a cumbersome task, essentially caused by limited knowledge of the interference of different degradation modes in the cells’ first life.
To still enable estimating of these parameters from a current state, the present study systematically investigates the impacts of abusive conditions in an early phase of the cells’ life on their subsequent degradation behavior. For this purpose, individual Li-cells are initially stressed by different measures such as overcharging, deep-discharging, plating, and deliberate combinations of the aforementioned methods. Electrochemical performance indicators are monitored during subsequent cycling of the cells which provides insights into the interdependencies of different degradation modes induced by specific stress conditions. In this manner, it is clarified whether or not the total degradation can be determined by a convolution or a superposition of individual deterioration effects and, thus, be described as a multidimensional state function.
This knowledge will finally contribute to a better understanding of the performance and safety behavior of degraded Li-ion batteries which can help to successfully implement them into second-life applications.
T2 - ECS Gothenburg
CY - Gothenburg, Sweden
DA - 08.10.2023
KW - Li-ion batteries
KW - Early-life overstress
KW - Ageing
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-59221
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Leonhardt, Robert
T1 - Exploring the safety behavior of lithium-ion cells aged at elevated temperatures
N2 - Understanding the safety characteristics of aged Lithiumion
(Li-ion) batteries is essential for their effective
integration into second-life applications. The SafeLiBatt
project is a research initiative focused on evaluating
safety-related parameters of these batteries.
The presented study elucidates the impact of a cells’
state of health (SOH) on its safety behavior. Four highpower
pouch cells (Li-NMC622) were exposed to elevated
temperatures to achieve accelerated ageing. Subsequent
thermal abuse tests were utilized to assess crucial
parameters related to the thermal runaway (TR).
When compared to their non-aged (begin of life, BOL)
analogs, the aged cells implicated a TR-onset lowered by
about 10 – 20 K.
T2 - Advanced Battery Power 2023
CY - Aachen, Germany
DA - 26.04.2023
KW - li-ion batteries
KW - ageing
KW - battery ageing
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-59220
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sander, Luise
T1 - Links Between Electrode Properties and Cell Performance in Commercial Sodium-Ion Batteries
N2 - Our latest results of commercially purchased cylindrical sodium ion battery (SIB) cells will be presented. Two different cell types were dissasembled and thouroughly characterized on electrode as well as on material level.
Both cell types comprise aluminum current collectors for anode and cathode, respectively. Furthermore, geometric electrode parameters, such as electrode size, thickness and loading, will be presented and linked to the electrical data-sheet values. Further in-depth characterization on material level revealed that both cathode active materials are composed of a cobalt free Ni-Mn-Fe-oxide. Interestingly, the cathode particles significantly differ in shape and size between the two cell types. Both anode active materials are graphite-free, and the particle structure points in both cases to a biomass-derived hard carbon material. Based on gas chromatography mesaurements coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), both cell types utilize a mixture of carbonates as electrolyte, however, contain different conductive salts. Moreover, the measured, characteristic electrical features, e.g., capacity, Coulombic efficiency, and initial cycle life, will be discussed. Intriguingly, the cycling stability greatly differs between the cell types. Presumably, this behaviour can be mainly linked to the different morphology of the cathode active material.
Overall, the work can give important insights in the composition and electrical behabiour of currently available SIB-cells.
T2 - Sodium Battery Symposium (SBS-6)
CY - Dresden, Germany
DA - 03.09.2025
KW - Battery
KW - Sodium-Ion-Battery
KW - Electrochemical Energy Storage
KW - Energy Storage
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64411
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Scholl, Juliane
T1 - Transformation of fluorinated electrolytes from lithium-ion batteries
N2 - Lithium-ion battery (LiB) operation remains challenging, particularly in terms of safety, cycling stability, capacity rates and high-voltage applications. Although the electrolytes of LiBs account for 10-15% of the total battery weight, they are still an underestimated part. Data suggest that the composition of electrolytes offers great potential to deal with all these issues. In particular, fluorinated electrolyte solvents or even fluorinated additives offer several advantages due to the strength of the C-F bond, providing chemical and oxidative stability and increased electronegativity, exhibiting flame retardant properties and facilitating anode-mediated degradation, resulting in a LiF-rich and more stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), enabling more efficient surface passivation. Therefore, studies suggest that fluorinated equivalents, as well as entirely new compounds, are promising for solving battery-related problems.
But what happens to fluorinated organic compounds (FOCs) during usage? And what are the new potential risks associated with their release into the environment? The environmental and application-specific fate of FOCs is investigated by a selection of different fluorinated electrolytes, the application of various simulation methods, including the TOP (Total Oxidizable Precursor) Assay, electrochemistry, photo-induced degradation, and cycling of FOC-prepared self-assembled coin cells.
Gas chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (GC/LC-HRMS) are used to identify transformation products (TP).
T2 - Tag der Chemie 2023
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 05.07.2023
KW - Transformation products
KW - Lithium-ion batteries
KW - PFAS
KW - TP
KW - Batteries
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58265
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sander, Luise
T1 - Commercially Available Sodium-Ion Cells: Multi-Scale Analysis and Material Characterisation
N2 - As the first commercial sodium-ion-batteries (SIBs) are available for purchase, it is possible to investigate material composition. Gaining an insight into the material composition of these SIBs is of interest not only for the classification of possible safety risks and hazards, but also in regards to recycling. Herein we report the preliminary investigations of the chemical and structural composition of first commercial SIB-cells. Two different SIB-cells with different specification were compared regarding electrode size, thickness and further parameters. Furthermore, the composition of the active materials and electrolyte was investigated and compared.
T2 - Adlershofer Forschungsforum 2024
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 11.11.2024
KW - Sodium-Ion
KW - Multi-Scale Analysis
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61757
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Stajanca, Pavol
A1 - Mihai, L.
A1 - Sporea, D.
A1 - Negut, D.
A1 - Sturm, Heinz
A1 - Schukar, Marcus
A1 - Krebber, Katerina
ED - Webb, D. J.
ED - Scully, P.
ED - Sugden, K.
T1 - Impacts of gamma irradiation on cytop plastic optical fibres
N2 - Impact of gamma radiation on transmission of a commercial Cytop polymer optical fibre (Lucina, Asahi Glass Company) is investigated. Spectral dependence of radiation induced attenuation in the investigated fibre is measured in the VIS-NIR spectral region. Besides attenuation increase, radiation is found to increase fibre susceptibility to water as well. While pristine Cytop fibre is rather humidity insensitive, strong humidity related absorption in the NIR region is observed after fibre irradiation. Selective irradiation of separate fibre sections is proposed as a way of fibre humidity sensitization and quasi-distributed water detection is demonstrated using optical time domain reflectometry at 1310 nm.
T2 - POF 2016: 25th International Conference on Plastic Optical Fibres
CY - Birmingham, UK
DA - 13.09.2016
KW - Polymer optical fibers
KW - Cytop
KW - Gamma radiation
PY - 2016
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-403216
SN - 9781854494085
SP - 114
EP - 117
CY - Birmingham
AN - OPUS4-40321
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kirner, Sabrina V.
A1 - Slachciak, Nadine
A1 - Elert, Anna Maria
A1 - Griepentrog, Michael
A1 - Fischer, Daniel
A1 - Hertwig, Andreas
A1 - Sahre, Mario
A1 - Dörfel, Ilona
A1 - Sturm, Heinz
A1 - Pentzien, Simone
A1 - Koter, Robert
A1 - Spaltmann, Dirk
A1 - Krüger, Jörg
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
T1 - Tribological performance of titanium samples oxidized by fs-laser radiation, thermal heating, or electrochemical anodization
N2 - Commercial grade-1 titanium samples (Ti, 99.6%) were treated using three alternative methods, (i) femtosecond laser processing, (ii) thermal heat treatment, and (iii) electrochemical anodization, respectively, resulting in the formation of differently conditioned superficial titanium oxide layers. The laser processing (i) was carried out by a Ti:sapphire laser (pulse duration 30 fs, central wavelength 790 nm, pulse repetition rate 1 kHz) in a regime of generating laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS). The experimental conditions (laser fluence, spatial spot overlap) were optimized in a sample-scanning setup for the processing of several square-millimeters large surface areas covered homogeneously by these nanostructures. The differently oxidized titanium surfaces were characterized by optical microscopy, micro Raman spectroscopy, variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry, and instrumented indentation testing. The tribological performance was characterized in the regime of mixed friction by reciprocating sliding tests against a sphere of hardened steel in fully formulated engine oil as lubricant. The specific tribological performance of the differently treated surfaces is discussed with respect to possible physical and chemical mechanisms.
KW - Femtosecond laser
KW - Titanium
KW - Oxidation
KW - Friction
PY - 2018
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-445609
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-018-1745-8
SN - 0947-8396
SN - 1432-0630
VL - 124
IS - 4
SP - 326, 1
EP - 10
PB - Springer-Verlag
AN - OPUS4-44560
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
A1 - Keserović, Amela
A1 - Sobetzki, Joana
A1 - Sarmiento Klapper, Helmuth
A1 - Dimper, Matthias
T1 - Evaluation of Metallic Materials for Geothermal Applications
N2 - Since geothermal wells are a feasible energy source to replace fossil fuel supply, many technologies have been developed to take advantage of geothermal energy. Nevertheless, service conditions in geothermal facilities are due to the chemical composition of hydrothermal fluids and temperatures, in many cases, extreme in terms of corrosion. Therefore, materials selection based on preliminary material qualification is essential to guarantee a secure and reliable operation of the facilities.
The corrosion behavior of different high-alloyed metals including duplex and austenitic stainless steels as well as a nickel alloy have been evaluated in artificial geothermal fluids simulating the conditions in some locations with geothermal potential in Germany as well as two sites in Indonesia.
The suitability of carbon steel 25CrMo4, stainless steels X2CrNiMo17-12-2, X2CrNiMo-22-5, X2CrNiMoCuWN25-7-4 and super austenitic steel X1CrNiMoCu32-28-7 in these geothermal fluids obtained by electrochemical measurements and exposure tests is limited. The nickel alloy NiCr23Mo16Al shows an excellent corrosion resistance against pitting corrosion. Excluding its high cost, it is a very good alternative to be used in the construction of geothermal facilities having highly saline brines. Stainless and duplex steels exhibit a limited corrosion resistance concerning pitting and crevice corrosion.
Beside of the higher alloyed materials, also the low-alloyed steel 25CrMo4 could be employed as a constructional material for the geothermal power plant in stagnant highly acidic non saline environments, as long as the wall thickness of the material vs. corrosion rate is taken into account.
T2 - European Geothermal Congress 2016
CY - Starsbourg, France
DA - 19.09.2016
KW - Localized corrosion
KW - Stainless steel
KW - Ni-based alloy
KW - Geothermal energy
PY - 2016
SP - paper THP-248, 1
EP - 7
AN - OPUS4-37750
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
A1 - Yevtushenko, Oleksandra
A1 - Hattendorf, H.
T1 - Suitability of high alloyed materials in molten salts at 600 °C
N2 - Within the last years the use of feasible alternative energy sources has risen and is going to replace fossil resources more and more. Nevertheless, service conditions in solar facilities are due to the chemical composition of heat transmission media and temperatures, in many cases, extreme in terms of corrosion. Since the construction of power plants shall be economical with maximum life service, materials selection based on preliminary material qualification is essential to guarantee a secure and reliable operation of those facilities.
The materials selection depends on the operation temperature of a power plant on the chemical composition of the transmission fluid used. In high corrosive environments Ni-based alloys are often used as an all-round solution for the construction of corrosion resistant parts, because of their good corrosion properties. However, there might be limits for their use regarding their corrosion behavior, with which this contribution deals.
By means of electrochemical measurements and exposure tests the suitability of two high alloyed materials X8NiCrSi38 18 and NiCr25FeAlYB in molten nitrate salt (60 % NaNO3/40 % KNO3) was characterized at 600 °C.
T2 - NACE International Corrosion Conference
CY - Vancouver, BC, Canada
DA - 06.03.2016
KW - Localized corrosion
KW - Nickel based alloys
KW - Solar energy
KW - Renewables
KW - Electrochemical characterization
KW - X8NiCrSi38-18
KW - NiCr25FeAlYB
PY - 2016
SP - 7363-1
EP - 7363-9
CY - Houston, USA
AN - OPUS4-36988
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
T1 - Corrosion behavior of duplex stainless steel S31803 in artificial geothermal waters
N2 - Since geothermal wells are a feasible energy source to replace fossil fuel supply, many technologies have been developed to take advantage of geothermal energy. Nevertheless, service conditions in geothermal facilities are due to the chemical composition of hydrothermal fluids and temperatures, in many cases, extreme in terms of corrosion. Therefore, materials selection based on preliminary material qualification is essential to guarantee a secure and reliable operation of the facilities.
This contribution deals with the evaluation of the corrosion behavior of duplex steel S31803 (318LN, X2CrNiMoN22-5-3, 1.4462) conducted by electrochemical measurements and exposure tests in artificial geothermal waters simulating the conditions in different locations with geothermal potential in Germany.
The duplex steel S31803 shows limited suitability for applications in artificial geothermal waters due to its susceptibility to pitting and crevice corrosion.
For low saline geothermal waters it can be considered suitable at moderate temperatures. Slight crevice corrosion susceptibility needs to be considered.
Results are being incorporated into a materials catalogue for geothermal applications which shall provide basic information for designers and users of geothermal facilities.
T2 - NACE International Annual Corrosion Conference
CY - Vancouver, BC, Canada
DA - 06.03.2016
KW - S31803
KW - Crevice corrosion
KW - Duplex steel
KW - Geothermal energy
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-36987
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
T1 - Corrosion stability of piping steels in a circulating supercritical impure CO2 environment
N2 - In supercritical impure CO2 (worst case scenario) highly alloyed Steels tend to pitting corrosion; iron and carbon steel tend to General corrosion, however, with low corrosion rates (< 0.1 mm/a)
T2 - Kolloquium Uni Potsdam
CY - Potsdam, Germany
DA - 18.3.2016
KW - CCS
KW - CO2
KW - Corrosion
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-36990
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sobetzki, Joana
A1 - Le Manchet, S.
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
T1 - Corrosion Resistance of the Super-Austenitic Stainless Steel UNS S31266 for Geothermal Applications
N2 - Super-austenitic stainless steels cover grades with high chromium (20 to 27 %), high nickel (18 to 31 %) and high molybdenum (4 to 6 %) contents. Within this family, the 6%Mo high nitrogen grade S31266 was developed to combine the beneficial influence of chromium, tungsten, molybdenum and nitrogen on its mechanical and corrosion properties. Due to 22 % nickel, 24 % chromium and 0.4 % nitrogen additions, this alloy exhibits a very stable microstructure, being less prone to intermetallic phase precipitation than the other highly alloyed super-austenitic stainless steels.
This paper deals with the corrosion resistance of S31266 in artificial geothermal water with moderate salinity and low pH. Long-term static exposures and electrochemical tests were conducted at various temperatures to evaluate the pitting, crevice and stress corrosion cracking resistance of this material.
The results show that S31266 is resistant up to 220 °C. As a consequence, it can be a good candidate material for geothermal applications involving a highly corrosive environment, especially salinity and low pH.
T2 - NACE International Corrosion Conference 2107
CY - New Orleans LA, USA
DA - 26.03.2017
KW - Geothermal energy
KW - S31266
KW - Crevice corrosion
KW - Super-austenitic stainless steel
PY - 2017
SP - Paper 8825, 1
EP - 11
PB - NACE
CY - Houston TX, USA
AN - OPUS4-39830
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
T1 - Corrosion Resistance of the Super-Austenitic Stainless Steel UNS S31266 for Geothermal Applications
N2 - Super-austenitic stainless steels cover grades with high chromium (20 to 27 %), high nickel (18 to 31 %) and high molybdenum (4 to 6 %) contents. Within this family, the 6%Mo high nitrogen grade S31266 was developed to combine the beneficial influence of chromium, tungsten, molybdenum and nitrogen on its mechanical and corrosion properties. Due to 22 % nickel, 24 % chromium and 0.4 % nitrogen additions, this alloy exhibits a very stable microstructure, being less prone to intermetallic phase precipitation than the other highly alloyed super-austenitic stainless steels.
This paper deals with the corrosion resistance of S31266 in artificial geothermal water with moderate salinity and low pH. Long-term static exposures and electrochemical tests were conducted at various temperatures to evaluate the pitting, crevice and stress corrosion cracking resistance of this material.
The results show that S31266 is resistant up to 220 °C. As a consequence, it can be a good candidate material for geothermal applications involving a highly corrosive environment, especially salinity and low pH.
T2 - NACE International Corrosion Conference 2107
CY - New Orleans LA, USA
DA - 26.03.2017
KW - Geothermal energy
KW - Crevice corrosion
KW - S31266
KW - Super-austenitic stainless steel
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-39832
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
T1 - Material qualification in saline, copper containing geothermal water
N2 - By exposure and electrochemical tests in the laboratory the Cu-effect on corrosion behavior of carbon steel, high-alloyed steels and Ti-alloy can be assessed.
Critical materials specific properties were determined by static exposure and electrochemical tests in an artificial geothermal water with high salinity and low pH, containing Cu. Conclusions were drawn using characteristic potential values.
It could be shown that significant Cu-deposition and -precipitation only occurred in combination with carbon steel. High-alloyed materials (S31603, S31653, S31700, S31703, S31803 and N08904) prevent the disturbing Cu-agglomeration. Therefore, they are suitable to be chosen for future design of the piping system, either in massive or in cladded form, if formation of crevices with non-metallic materials can be excluded.
From the interactions and pitting corrosion point of view, R50400 seems to be most favorable.
T2 - NACE International Corrosion Conference 2019
CY - Nashville, TN, USA
DA - 24.03.2019
KW - copper
KW - corrosion
KW - geothermal energy
KW - steel
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-47912
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
A1 - Knauer, S
A1 - Jaeger, P
A1 - Kratzig, Andreas
A1 - Bettge, Dirk
A1 - Kranzmann, Axel
T1 - Droplet corrosion of CO2 transport pipeline steels in simulated oxyfuel flue gas
N2 - The research focus of this study was set on the corrosion process of condensate as droplets on the surface of carbon steels (X52, X70) martensitic steel UNS S41500, and super austenite UNS N08031 in CO2 atmosphere with impurities at 278 K (to simulate the offshore transportation condition in a buried pipeline). The possibility of dew/droplet formation on the steel surface and wetting behavior of corresponding materials were evaluated by contact angle measurement in dense CO2 at 278 K. To observe the effect of impurities (SO2 and O2) on droplet corrosion process, exposure tests were carried out in the mixed atmosphere with a drop, 1 ‑ 10 µL in volume, of CO2 saturated ultra-pure water on steel surface. Comparable exposure tests were carried out with the same gas mixture and the same volume of water, as vapor, to observe the droplet formation and the corrosion process that follows. Effects of surface roughness on the droplet formation and its corrosion process were further studied and showed no significant role upon long time exposure. The results from droplet experiments were compared to those from the bulk electrolyte for the further recommendation on the quality control of gas stream along with the use of carbon steels as transport pipelines in CCS - Carbon Capture and Storage system.
KW - CCUS, supercritical/dense phase CO2, carbon steels, martensitic steel, superaustenite steel, droplet corrosion
PY - 2018
UR - http://corrosionjournal.com/doi/abs/10.5006/2927
DO - https://doi.org/10.5006/2927
SN - 0010-9312
SN - 1938-159X
VL - 74
IS - 12
SP - 1406
EP - 1420
PB - NACE International
CY - Houston, Texas, USA
AN - OPUS4-46903
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa
A1 - Knauer, S
T1 - Impact of acid condensation on wetting and corrosion behavior of CO2 transport-pipeline steel
N2 - Es ist allgemein akzeptiert, das Korrosion in CO2-Transport-Pipelines vernach¬lässigbar ist, solange der Wassergehalt des CO2-Stroms deutlich unter der maximal löslichen Menge liegt. Bisher gibt es keinen allgemeinen Konsens darüber, welcher maximale Wassergehalt in zu transportierendem CO2 zugelassen werden sollte. Bei einem Druck von 100 bar und im Temperaturbereich von 277 K bis 298 K beträgt die Löslichkeit von Wasser in CO2 ca. 1.900 bis 3.200 ppmv, aber die Korrosionsrate von Stählen steigt schon ab einem Wassergehalt von 500 ppmv deutlich an. Bei Anwesenheit von Begleitstoffen wie SO2, NO2 und O2, können sich HNO3, H2SO3 und H2SO4 bilden. Menge und Zusammensetzung von kondensierter Säure sind von der Gaszusammensetzung abhängig, und der Korrosionsmechanismus und die Korrosionsform sind vom Kondensationsverhalten abhängig.
T2 - CLUSTER Symposium: CO2 and H2 Technologies for the Energy Transition
CY - BAM, Berlin, Germany
DA - 28.11.2018
KW - CCUS
KW - Supercritical/dense phase CO2
KW - Carbon steels
KW - Martensitic steel
KW - Superaustenite steel
KW - Droplet corrosion
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-46907
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
A1 - Stoljarova, A.
A1 - Regenspurg, S.
T1 - Material qualification in Saline, copper containing geothermal water
N2 - By exposure and electrochemical tests in the laboratory the Cu-effect on corrosion behavior of carbon steel, high-alloyed steels and Ti-alloy can be assessed.
Critical materials specific properties were determined by static exposure and electrochemical tests in an artificial geothermal water with high salinity and low pH, containing Cu. Conclusions were drawn using characteristic potential values.
It could be shown that significant Cu-deposition and -precipitation only occurred in combination with carbon steel. High-alloyed materials (S31603, S31653, S31700, S31703, S31803 and N08904) prevent the disturbing Cu-agglomeration. Therefore, they are suitable to be chosen for future design of the piping system, either in massive or in cladded form, if formation of crevices with non-metallic materials can be excluded.
From the interactions and pitting corrosion point of view, R50400 seems to be most favorable.
T2 - NACE International Corrosion Conference 2019
CY - Nashville, TN, USA
DA - 24.03.2019
KW - Copper
KW - Corrosion
KW - Steel
KW - Geothermal energy
PY - 2019
SP - 1
EP - 11
PB - NACE International
CY - Houston
AN - OPUS4-47911
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
T1 - Book review: Advanced ceramic and metallic coating and thin film materials for energy and environmental applications
N2 - This book provides a state‐of‐the‐art overview on the processing, characterization, and modelling of metallic and ceramic materials used for energy and environmental applications. 17 scientists show a collection of current knowledge in 8 chapters.
This book fulfills its intention to provide a reference book containing a collection of publications on thin films and coatings made of ceramic and metals used for energy and environmental applications. It covers a broad range of this topic and provides a comprehensive insight. Graduate and undergraduate students of materials science and mechanical engineering can find an overview on this topic to step in this interesting field of engineering.
KW - Ceramic
KW - Coating
KW - Thin film
KW - Energy
PY - 2019
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.201970034
SN - 0947-5117
SN - 1521-4176
VL - 70
IS - 03
SP - 567
EP - 568
PB - WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA
CY - Weinheim
AN - OPUS4-47517
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Aristia, Gabriela
A1 - Nofz, Marianne
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
A1 - Sojref, Regine
A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa
T1 - Preliminary Study on Al2O3 Sol-Gel Coating for Corrosion Protection of Martensitic Stainless Steel in Artificial Geothermal Water
N2 - Al2O3 coatings are often used as protective layers on steels against electrochemical and high-temperature corrosion because they are chemically inert and stable at elevated temperatures. This study presents preliminary work on the possibilities of using Al2O3 sol-gel coatings for corrosion protection of martensitic stainless steels in geothermal environments. Al2O3 sol-gel coatings were applied on UNS S42000, which is known to be susceptible to uniform and localized corrosion. The coated steel specimens were then tested in two types of artificial geothermal water, which simulate the geothermal fluids found in Sibayak (SBY), Indonesia, and North German Basin (NGB), Germany, respectively. SBY has pH 4 and 1.5 g/L of chloride ions, whereas NGB has a pH of 6 and 166 g/L of chloride ions. All experiments were carried out in autoclaves at 150 °C and 1 MPa under the deaerated condition. Evaluations were performed by investigating the surface profiles of both uncoated and coated steels before and after the corrosion test using a Laser Scanning Microscope (LSM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Finally, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) was performed to compare the corrosion resistance of Al2O3 coated steels in SBY and NGB solutions. It was observed from the corrosion test that Al2O3 coatings are more suitable for use in the geothermal water with a higher pH.
T2 - AMPP Annual International Corrosion Conference 2021
CY - Online Meeting
DA - 19.04.2021
KW - Protective coating
KW - Sol-gel coating
KW - Geothermal
KW - Martensitic steel
KW - Corrosion
PY - 2021
SP - 16777-01
EP - 16777-12
CY - Houston
AN - OPUS4-52501
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
T1 - Korrosion von Rohrleitungswerkstoffen durch Kondensationseffekte infolge von SO2- und NO2-Begleitstoffen in CO2
N2 - Derzeit wird der Einsatz metallener Werkstoffe in CCU-/CCS-Anlagen hinsichtlich deren Korrosionsbeständigkeit und eine eventuell daraus resultierende Herausforderung diskutiert. Während des CO₂-Transportes vom Abscheide- zum Injektionsort kann es aufgrund der den CO₂-Strom begleitenden Beimengungen, wie Wasser, O₂, SOₓ , NOₓ , Temperaturschwankungen durchaus zu Kondensationseffekten und daraus resultierenden Schäden kommen.
Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die sich möglicherweise innerhalb einer CO₂-Rohrleitung bildenden Kondensate infolge von Begleitstoffen wie SO2 und NO2 eine viel korrosivere Wirkung auf Rohrleitungswerkstoffe entfalten, als in reinem CO₂.
T2 - 48. Kraftwerkstechnisches Kolloquium
CY - Dresden, Germany
DA - 18.10.2016
KW - CO2-Korrosion
KW - Edelstahl
KW - Chromstahl
KW - CCUS
KW - Kondensation
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37753
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
T1 - On the corrosion mechanism of CO2 transport pipeline steels caused by impurities: Roles of each impure components and benchmarks
N2 - Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) has been proposed as a promising technology for the mitigation of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere from fossil-fuel- operated power generation plants. As the reliability and cost effectiveness of the Pipeline transport network is crucial to the Overall operability and resilience of the CCUS system, it is vital to realize the possible corrosion risks of the employed Pipeline steels corresponding to the impurity Level of the gas source. Recent studies have shown that even the high alloyed materials might be susceptible to General and/or localized corrosion by the condensates forming from the impurities such as SOx, NOx, CO, O2 and water.
Up to now, however, there is no regulation procedure which defines the maximum acceptable level of impurities and the combination of them for each employed pipeline steels. Herein, systematic experiment series were conducted by mixing pure CO2 gas with varying concentration of each impurity and with the varying combination of them. Each time, the mixture was then fed (1 L/min) into the reactor containing 12 specimens for 120-600 h at 5°C (to simulate the sub-level Pipeline transport). The resulted condensate was collected and analyzed by ionic chromatography and atomic Absorption spectroscopy to determine the chemical composition. In this study, the “worstcase scenario” gas mixture, containing 2.5 % H2O, 1.8 % O2, 1000 ppm NO2, and 220 ppm SO2 as impurities, resulted in the condensate containing H2SO4 0.114 M and HNO3 0.0184 M (pH 2.13).
This “original” condensate was then reproduced to carry out exposure tests and electrochemical characterization including corrosion potentials and impedance spectroscopy in CO2 saturated condition for 7-14 days at the same temperature. The corrosion rate was also measured by mass loss method.
We can conclude that, at the initial stage, HNO3 plays the dominant role in Fe dissolution process, while H2SO4 is responsible for the pit initiation followed by pitting corrosion. Future studies will be focused on the combination effect from the impurities and the exposure test under the regularly changing condensate to mimic the real CO2 pipeline system.
T2 - Eurocorr 2016
CY - Montpellier, France
DA - 11.09.2016
KW - Pipeline transport
KW - Condensation
KW - Corrosion
KW - Carbon capture utilization
KW - CO2
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37752
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
T1 - Hochlegierte metallene Werkstoffe in Salzschmelzen
N2 - In letzter Zeit kommen immer mehr alternative Energiequellen als Ersatz fossiler Brennstoffe zum Einsatz, so auch die Solarthermie. Jedoch sind die Betriebsbedingungen aufgrund der chemischen Zusammensetzung der Wärmeträgermedien und herrschenden Temperaturen extrem hinsichtlich Korrosion. Da die Kraftwerke bei maximaler Lebensdauer ökonomisch vertretbar sein müssen, ist eine Werkstoffauswahl basierend auf Voruntersuchungen notwendig, um einen sicheren und verlässlichen Betrieb dieser Anlagen zu gewährleisten.
Die Werkstoffauswahl hängt von der Betriebstemperatur eines Kraftwerks bzw. der chemischen Zusammensetzung des Wärmeträgermediums ab. In hochkorrosiven Umgebungen werden aufgrund ihrer sehr guten Korrosionsbeständigkeit Nickelbasislegierungen nicht nur für stark korrosiv beanspruchte Bauteile als die Lösung angesehen. Jedoch kann es durchaus beständigkeitsbedingte Einschränkungen für den Einsatz geben, wofür die hier vorgestellten Ergebnisse dienen sollen.
In diesem Beitrag wird die Beständigkeit ausgewählter hochlegierter Werkstoffe (inklusive einer neuentwickelten Legierung in einer Nitrat-Salzschmelze (60 % NaNO3/40 % KNO3) vorgestellt, die mittels elektrochemischer Messungen und Auslagerungsversuchen ermittelt wurde.
T2 - 48. Kraftwerkstechnisches Kolloquium
CY - Dresden, Germany
DA - 18.10.2016
KW - Örtliche Korrosion
KW - Nickelbasislegierungen
KW - Solarenergie
KW - Erneuerbare Energien
KW - Elektrochemische Charakterisierung
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37754
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
A1 - Amela Keserović, Amela
A1 - Sobetzki, Joana
A1 - Sarmiento Klapper, Helmuth
A1 - Dimper, Matthias
T1 - Geeignete Werkstoffe für Geothermieanwendungen (1)
N2 - Durch Auslagerungs- und elektrochemische Tests im Labor kann das Korrosionsverhalten verschiedener metallener Werkstoffe beurteilt werden. Aus den Versuchsergebnissen, die in verschiedenen synthetischen Geothermalwässern im Labor erzielt wurden, lassen sich die folgenden Schlussfolgerungen ziehen:
• Die Anfälligkeit für Spaltkorrosion wurde als wichtigster Aspekt für die Werkstoffqualifizierung ermittelt.
• Der niedriglegierte Stahl 25CrMo4 zeigte bei niedrigem Salzgehalt in MB-Geothermalwasser eine gleichmäßige Korrosion unterhalb der akzeptierten Schwelle von 0,3 mm/Jahr. Daher kann er als geeignet für geothermische Bedingungen mit niedrigem Salzgehalt angesehen werden, wie sie für MB getestet wurden. Es besteht keine Notwendigkeit, auf höherlegierte (teurere) Werkstoffe auszuweichen. Ein niedrigerer pH-Wert (wie bei LHD) führt zu Korrosionsraten oberhalb der akzeptablen Grenzwerte, so dass die niedriglegierten Werkstoffe nicht für Flüssigkeiten mit niedrigem pH-Wert geeignet sind.
• Stark salzhaltige Geothermalwässer erfordern höherlegierte Werkstoffe, da die Korrosionsrate von niedriglegiertem Stahl zu hoch ist.
• Der Duplexstahl X2CrNiMo22-5-3 und der Superduplexstahl X2CrNiMoCuWN25-7-4 wurden aufgrund ihrer kritischen Anfälligkeit für örtliche Korrosion in Form von Loch- und Spaltkorrosion unter Betriebsbedingungen nicht als geeignet für geothermische Anwendungen in Geothermalwässern mit einer mit NDB und ORG vergleichbaren Zusammensetzung angesehen.
• Der superaustenitische Stahl X1CrNiMoCu32-28-7 eignet sich für ORG und salzarme Wässer. In NDB-Geothermalwasser wurde er bei 100 °C als geeignet angesehen. Jedoch schränkt seine Anfälligkeit für Spaltkorrosion seine Anwendbarkeit ein. Neben seiner guten Korrosionsbeständigkeit ist sein Repassivierungsverhalten für seine begrenzte Anwendbarkeit in Geothermalwässern mit niedrigem pH-Wert verantwortlich.
• Die Nickelbasislegierung NiCr23Mo16Al wurde als geeignet erachtet und stellt eine sichere Option für den Einsatz in geothermischen Anlagen dar, selbst wenn mit stark salzhaltigem Geothermalwasser gearbeitet wird.
KW - Geothermie
KW - Korrosion
KW - Legierungen
KW - Anlagensicherheit
PY - 2024
SN - 0016-4232
VL - 2024
IS - 2
SP - 240
EP - 243
PB - Eugen G. Leuze Verlag
CY - Bad Saulgau
AN - OPUS4-59996
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
A1 - Stoljarova, A.
A1 - Regenspurg, S.
T1 - Influence of Precipitating Brine Components on Materials Selection for Geothermal Applications
N2 - Since geothermal wells are a feasible energy source to replace fossil fuel supply, many technologies have been developed to take advantage of geothermal energy. Nevertheless, service conditions in geothermal facilities are in many cases extreme in terms of corrosion due to the chemical composition of hydrothermal fluids and temperatures. Therefore, materials selection based on preliminary material qualification is essential to guarantee a secure and reliable operation of the facilities. During operation of a geothermal research facility in Groß Schönebeck copper and lead effects have been found downhole. Occurring mechanisms and measures to prevent precipitation or scaling needed to be investigated as well as potential influences of such precipitates on corrosion resistance of metallic materials used for equipment.
This contribution deals with the evaluation of the corrosion behavior of carbon steel and corrosion resistant alloys in copper and/or lead containing artificial geothermal water, simulating the conditions in the Northern German Basin.
The behavior of these materials in an artificial geothermal water obtained by electrochemical measurements and exposure tests are presented. While carbon steel exhibits precipitation and deposition, higher alloyed material shows different response to such species and a higher resistance in saline geothermal water.
Basing on these results the suitability of the investigated corrosion resistant alloy is given for use in such conditions, whereas carbon steel creates difficulties due to its susceptibility to Cu- and Pb-precipitation.
T2 - World Geothermal Congress
CY - Online meeting
DA - 30.03.2021
KW - Copper
KW - Lead
KW - Corrosion
KW - Steel
KW - Geothermal energy
PY - 2021
SP - 1
EP - 11
AN - OPUS4-52828
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kratzig, Andreas
A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa
A1 - Bettge, Dirk
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
A1 - Kranzmann, Axel
ED - EUROCORR,
T1 - Interaction of oxidizing and reductive components in CO2 fluids in transport pipelines at low and high pressure and low temperature
N2 - Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) is a promising technology for the reduction of CO2 emissions, e.g. from fossil-fuel operated power plants or cement mills. Crucial points for a sustainable and future-proof CCUS procedure are reliability and cost efficiency of the pipeline transport network. Due to the absence of certified benchmarks for upper limits, systematic experiments with impurities in the CO2 stream were carried out. For oxidation processes SO2 and NO2 acted as corrosive components, and for reductive atmosphere H2S. Carbon steel L485MB (pipeline), martensitic steel 1.4313 (compression) and austenitic steel 1.4562 (injection) were selected as specimens. Experiments were performed at 0 bar or 100 bar and within a temperature range 278 K ≤ T ≤ 313 K. High-alloyed Cr-Ni steels revealed no corrosion (1.4562, 1.4313), while for carbon steel considerable corrosion was observed. The type and intensity of corrosion was strongly coupled with the applied corrosive species and the level of humidity in the CO2 stream, leading to different compositions of acidic condensates. Applying a reducing atmosphere results in very little corrosion rates, but provokes pitting corrosion. In contrast, oxidizing or mixed settings lead to a clearly increased growth of the corrosion layer, but exhibit shallow uniform corrosion. Exceptional nitric acid results in intergranular corrosion. Investigations on the specimens were carried out by optical microscopy, XRD, SEM/EDX, and AAS/IC.
T2 - EUROCORR 2017
CY - Prague, Czech Republic
DA - 03.09.2017
KW - CCS
KW - Pipeline transport
KW - CO2 corrosion
KW - Carbon steels
KW - Condensation
PY - 2017
SP - Paper 80181, 1
EP - 4
AN - OPUS4-41918
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa
T1 - Synergistic effects of impurities in the condensate on the corrosion of CO2 transport pipeline
N2 - For the reliability of transport pipelines the corrosion resistance of the materials used needs to be determined in conditions, which are possible during the transport process. In some situations condensation of components out of the CO2 stream can occur.
To study the effect of condensate on transport pipeline steel, a “worst-case scenario” gas mixture, containing 2.5 % H2O, 1.8 % O2, 1000 ppmv NO2, and 220 ppmv SO2, was proposed, fed (1.5 L/min) into a glass reactor containing coupon-shaped specimens for 120 600 h at 278 K (to simulate the underground pipeline transport), and resulted in the condensate containing 0.114 M H2SO4 and 0.0184 M HNO3 (pH 2.13). Basing on this “original” condensate, exposure tests and electrochemical characterization together with pH and conductivity in CO2 saturated condition at the same temperature were carried out. The role of each gas impurity and the combination of them, when the condensate is formed, was studied by investigating the role of individual and varying combination of acidic components in the condensate on the corrosion behaviors of the commercial pipeline-steel (L360NB). The stability and protectability of the corrosion film were further studied by periodically changing the condensate during the exposure tests.
It can be concluded that although the condensation of NOx in form of HNO3 causes faster corrosion rate, it is the condensation of SOx or the combination of SOx and NOx that may cause much more severe problems in form of localized and pitting corrosions. Different to the corrosion products formed in CO2 atmosphere without impurities (mainly iron carbonate) the corrosion products resulted from these acidic condensation have no protectability, indicating the need of controlling gas quality during the transportation within the pipeline network.
T2 - EUROCORR 2017 - PRAG
CY - Prague, Czech Republic
DA - 03.09.2017
KW - CCUS
KW - CO2 corrosion
KW - Carbon steels
KW - Condensate
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-41872
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hajhariri, Aliasghar
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
T1 - Cryogenic storage system behaviour under fire
N2 - The transition from fossil fuels to low-emission alternatives is essential to mitigate carbon emissions in energy-intensive sectors. Liquid hydrogen (LH2) is a promising energy carrier due to its high gravimetric energy density, but its storage requires advanced insulation to minimize heat ingress and prevent excessive boil-off losses. Multilayer insulation (MLI), perlite, and microspheres are commonly used under vacuum conditions, yet their performance under fire exposure remains a critical concern.
This study investigates the thermal degradation of insulation materials and its impact on heat transfer in an event with extreme thermal load conditions using the Cryogenic High-Temperature Thermal Vacuum Chamber (CHTTVC). The heat flow dynamics are analyzed, and an equivalent heat transfer coefficient is proposed to quantify the impact of insulation deterioration as the outer wall temperature increases.
Additionally, a novel liquid-vapor interface monitoring method is introduced to improve real-time detection of phase changes within the tank. The results highlight that insulation failure substantially increases the heat flow, which, if not mitigated, can lead to boiling liquid expanding vapor explosions (BLEVE), jet fires, or catastrophic tank failure. The findings provide valuable insights into optimizing LH2 storage safety and improving emergency response strategies for cryogenic tanks exposed to extreme thermal conditions.
T2 - International Conference of Hydrogen Safety
CY - Seoul, Korea
DA - 23.09.2025
KW - Hydrogen Storages
KW - Liquid Hydrogen
KW - Fire safety
KW - Heat Transfer
PY - 2025
SN - 979-12-243-0274-2
SP - 1149
EP - 1160
AN - OPUS4-65546
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sander, Luise
T1 - Multi-Scale Analysis of Commercially Available Sodium-Ion Cells
N2 - As the first commercial sodium-ion-batteries (SIBs) are available for purchase, it is possible to investigate material composition. Gaining an insight into the material composition of these SIBs is of interest not only for the classification of possible safety risks and hazards, but also in regards to recycling. Herein we report the preliminary investigations of the chemical and structural composition of first commercial SIB-cells. Two different SIB-cells with different specification were compared regarding electrode size, thickness and further parameters. Furthermore, the composition of the active materials and electrolyte was investigated and compared.
T2 - Solid State Ionics (SSI)
CY - London, United Kingdom
DA - 15.07.2024
KW - Sodium Ion-Cells
KW - Multi-Scale
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60764
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sander, Luise
T1 - Linking Material and Electrode Properties to the Cell Performance of Two Types of Commercially Available SIBs
N2 - As the first commercial sodium-ion-batteries (SIBs) are available for purchase, it is possible to investigate material composition. Gaining an insight into the material composition of these SIBs is of interest not only for the classification of possible safety risks and hazards, but also in regards to recycling. Herein we report the preliminary investigations of the chemical and structural composition of first commercial SIB-cells. Two different SIB-cell types were compared in terms of electrode size, thickness, loading etc. Furthermore, the composition of the active materials and electrolyte was investigated and compared. Finally, the gained results were linked to the different data sheet performance of the two cell types.
T2 - WISPER - Women in Science Promoting Energy Research
CY - London, UK
DA - 21.05.2025
KW - Battery
KW - Sodium-Ion-Battery
KW - Electrochemical Energy Storage
KW - Energy Storage
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63284
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Scholl, Juliane
T1 - Fate of fluorinated electrolytes used in lithium-ion batteries
N2 - The use of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), which are very persistent and cannot be completely degraded in the environment, is a well-known problem worldwide. In contrast, fluorinated organic compounds used as electrolytes in lithium-based batteries (LiBs) have been less studied. Despite their increasing use in LiBs due to beneficial properties, such as improving safety, cycling performance, or even enabling high-voltage applications, there is little data on their distribution, transformation, and fate in the environment.
To fill this gap, fluorine-containing electrolyte components are studied in oxidative and reductive transformation processes. The identified transformation products (TP) will be determined in relevant environmental matrices and LiBs.
T2 - ANAKON 2023
CY - Vienna, Austria
DA - 11.04.2023
KW - Transformation products
KW - Lithium-ion batteries
KW - PFAS
KW - TP
KW - Batteries
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57502
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - BAM-Testzentrum Wasserstoffsicherheit - Reallabore und Materialprüfung
N2 - Der Vortrag gibt einen kompakten Überblick über das BAM-Testzentrum Wasserstoffsicherheit und seine Rolle bei der Forschung, Prüfung und Entwicklung sicherheitsrelevanter Technologien entlang der gesamten Wasserstoff-Wertschöpfungskette. Das Kompetenzzentrum H2Safety@BAM vereint wissenschaftliche Expertise, einmalige Infrastruktur und praxisnahe Reallabore, um Vertrauen in Wasserstoff als zukünftigen Energieträger zu schaffen.
Im Mittelpunkt steht das Testgelände für Technische Sicherheit, das mit 12 km² zu den umfassendsten europäischen Einrichtungen für Sicherheitstests im Realmaßstab zählt. Dazu gehören eine Wasserstofftankstelle, Wasserstoffnetze im Reallabormaßstab, Prüfstände für Kryotechnik, Brand- und Explosionsversuche sowie eine im Bau befindliche Anlage zur Druckbehälterprüfung. Die Infrastruktur ermöglicht Freistrahlversuche, Jetflame-Tests sowie Untersuchungen für 1000-bar-Systeme.
Im Reallabor Wasserstoffnetze werden Materialien, Gasqualitäten, dynamische Strömungsszenarien und Komponenten unter realistischen und kritischen Bedingungen untersucht, um die sichere Integration von Wasserstoff in bestehende und neue Pipelineinfrastrukturen zu ermöglichen. Parallel dazu schafft das Reallabor Wasserstofftankstelle die Grundlage für neue digitale Methoden der Qualitätsinfrastruktur von Sensornetzwerken über Echtzeit-Datenerfassung bis zur Anlagenüberwachung. Ein Beispiel ist die Optimierung von Betankungsprozessen mittels Digital Twin, die eindrucksvoll demonstriert, wie die Sicherheit bei Schnellbetankungen aufgezeigt werden kann.
Mit Blick auf die Zukunft adressiert die BAM zudem die Sektorenkopplung. Datengetriebene Ansätze, KI und digitale Zwillinge sollen den sicheren und effizienten Betrieb von Elektrolyse, Energiespeichern und Wasserstoffanwendungen vernetzt unterstützen.
Insgesamt zeigt die Präsentation, dass die BAM eine zentrale Institution für die sichere Transformation hin zu einer Wasserstoffwirtschaft ist - mit exzellenter Infrastruktur, praxisnahen Reallaboren und tiefgreifender Forschungskompetenz.
T2 - Wasserstofftour durch die Regionen 2026
CY - Cottbus, Germany
DA - 11.02.2026
KW - Reallabor
KW - QI-Digital
KW - Materialprüfung
KW - Elektrolyse
KW - Wertschöpfungskette
KW - Testgelände
PY - 2026
AN - OPUS4-65537
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
T1 - Basics, Challenges and Trends in Electrochemical Energy Storage
N2 - In this lecture the fundamental principles of batteries are briefly introduced aligned by the historical development of the technology. The introduction is continued with an overview on current challenges regarding performance, durability, sustainability, cost and safety. Lastly, research trend on approaches to tackle the challenges are discussed by selected examples.
T2 - Basics, Challenges and Trends in Electrochemical Energy Storage
CY - Cottbus, Germany
DA - 15.09.2025
KW - Batteries
KW - Electrochemistry
KW - Energy Materials
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64919
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
T1 - Core-shell type carbon anodes for na-ion batteries
N2 - Increasing prices of the material basis for lithium-ion batteries caused by limited production capacities or resource abundance has led to a renewed interest in sodium ion batteries (SIBs). Therein, amorphous disordered carbons such as hard carbons (HCs) are promising candidates for high-capacity negative electrode materials in SIBs. Their high capacities, however, are often accompanied with high irreversible capacity losses during the initial cycles,[1] while low initial losses are mostly accompanied with moderate capacities.[2] In our research we are aiming at morphologically improved carbons to reduce irreversible losses using a core-shell concept, leading to spacial separation of the reversible storage and unfavorable side reactions.[3]
We investigated different methods to obtain core-shell structures with improved interfaces to restrict SEI formation to the external particle surface, while leveraging the Na storage potential of porous carbon core materials. With a simple and scalable chemical vapour deposition we obtained a 190-fold decrease in surface roughness, resulting in drastically reduced first cycle losses. Interestingly, the sodiation capacity at the same time increased to 400 mAh/g revealing the interference of excessive SEI formation with the storage process within the particles.
T2 - Research Seminar of the Dahn Labs at Dalhousie University
CY - Halifax, Canada
DA - 27.05.2025
KW - Natrium-Ionen-Batterien
KW - Synthetische Anoden
KW - Kohlenstoff
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64912
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
T1 - Commercial State-of-the-Art Sodium-Ion Batteries and Perspectives for the Negative Electrode (Anode)
N2 - The current strong interest in electromotive mobility and the need to transition to an energy grid with sustainable storage devices has led to a renewed interest in sodium ion batteries (SIBs). Chinese battery manufacturers marketed the first cells, which are commercially available now. We have purchased and investigated two of these early cells to understand their composition and be able to compare to the state-of-the-art in the scientific community. According to our results and the current literature, all commercial cells utilize carbon-based anodes, with the characteristic sloping charge-discharge profile. In the presentation the results will be discussed in context with safety aspect and space for improvement. The latter aspect will be focused on hard carbon anodes. Amorphous disordered carbons such as hard carbons (HCs) are promising candidates for high-capacity negative electrode materials in SIBs. Their high capacities, however, are often accompanied with high irreversible capacity losses during the initial cycles,[1] while low initial losses are accompanied with moderate capacities.[2] In our research we are aiming at morphologically improved carbons to reduce irreversible losses using a core-shell concept.[3, 4]
T2 - Eco-Mat Conference 2025
CY - Istanbul, Türkiye
DA - 29.07.2025
KW - Natrium-Ionen-Batterien
KW - Synthetische Anoden
KW - Kohlenstoff
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64908
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Krug von Nidda, Jonas
T1 - Developing Core-Shell Carbon Materials to Link Porosity Features to Sodium Storage Capacities
N2 - Porous carbon materials play an important role for energy storage and conversion. One (re-)emerging research field is the ability of porous carbons to store sodium metal ions. Current results shows that internal pores – hence, pores which are not accessible for the electrolyte – allow to store large amounts of sodium at low potentials, yielding high energy sodium-ion battery (SIB) anodes.
The common synthesis approach to gain carbons with internal pores involves the pyrolysis of a non-graphitizing precursor, resulting in a so-called hard carbon (HC). However, HC-materials frequently show substantial non-reversible initial capacity losses. Commonly, significant losses are associated with the creation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the carbon’s surface that occurs during the initial sodium insertion. Intriguingly, large irreversible capacities are often found for samples with experimentally determined low specific surface area.[2] A more comprehensive understanding of the structure-property relations is essential for quantifying and grasping the potential of carbon materials in SIBs. However, the typical synthesis methods do not allow to individually tune the storage properties – mainly connected to the internal properties of the carbons – and the SEI-formation – primarily related to the surface properties. Hence, the objective of the present work is to develop a synthesis route which tackles this challenge.
Herein, the main approach is to develop tailor-made core-shell carbon materials consisting of a highly porous carbon core and a quasi-non-porous carbon shell. For the core, two strategies are pursued: A) microporous carbon materials with varied porosity, however, similar chemistry, and B) microporous carbons with tuneable chemistry, but similar porosity. Approach A involves the selection of commercially available activated carbons (ACs). Strategy B is based on the modification of the chemical composition (i.e., amount and type of N-sites) of zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) derived carbons. In both cases, the shell is realized by chemical vapour deposition (CVD). Different analytical methods, e.g., powder XRD, gas physisorption (N2, Ar, CO2), XPS, and SAXS are used to thoroughly characterize
morphological and chemical features of the core as well as of the core-shell carbons. These features are linked to the electrochemical characteristics of the materials.
After CVD-coating, all materials show a significant reduction in detectable surface area (up to a factor of up to 190x) by N2-physisorption. The coating technique is successfully applied to a range of AC-materials, enabling to link porosity features to Na-storage behavior. For the best performing AC-based material, the reversible capacity is increased from ~140 mAhg-1 to ~400 mAhg-1 while irreversible capacity is decreased from ~640 mAhg-1 to ~90 mAhg-1.
The results of the coated ZIF-derived carbon reveal that a higher nitrogen content leads to a greater capacity in the sloping region, but to a lower capacity in the plateau region of the voltage profile.
Generally, core-shell carbon anodes promise to enable high capacities accompanied with low irreversible losses.
T2 - 36. Deutsche Zeolith-Tagung
CY - Erlangen, Germany
DA - 26.02.2025
KW - Battery
KW - Anode
KW - Hard Carbon
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64960
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
T1 - Improved Hard Carbon Anodes for Na-ion Batteries by Interface Modification
N2 - The current strong interest in electromotive mobility and the need to transition to an energy grid with sustainable storage devices has led to a renewed interest in sodium ion batteries (SIBs). Amorphous disordered carbons such as hard carbons (HCs) are promising candidates for high-capacity negative electrode materials in SIBs. Their high capacities, however, are often accompanied with high irreversible capacity losses during the initial cycles,[1] while low initial losses are accompanied with moderate capacities.[2] In our research we are aiming at morphologically improved carbons to reduce irreversible losses using a core-shell concept.[3]
We investigated different methods to obtain core-shell structures with improved interfaces to restrict SEI formation to the external particle surface, while leveraging the Na storage potential of porous carbon core materials. With a simple and scalable chemical vapour deposition we obtained a 190-fold decrease in surface roughness, resulting in drastically reduced first cycle losses. Interestingly, the sodiation capacity at the same time increased revealing the interference of excessive SEI formation with the storage process within the particles.
T2 - ECS Spring Meeting 2025
CY - Montreal, Canada
DA - 18.05.2025
KW - Natrium-Ionen-Batterien
KW - Synthetische Anoden
KW - Kohlenstoff
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64911
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
T1 - Designing Core-Shell Carbon Materials for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Battery Anode
N2 - Increasing prices of the material basis for lithium-ion batteries caused by limited production capacities or resource abundance has led to a renewed interest in sodium ion batteries (SIBs). Therein, amorphous disordered carbons such as hard carbons (HCs) are promising candidates for high-capacity negative electrode materials in SIBs. Their high capacities, however, are often accompanied with high irreversible capacity losses during the initial cycles,[1] while low initial losses are mostly accompanied with moderate capacities.[2] In our research we are aiming at morphologically improved carbons to reduce irreversible losses using a core-shell concept, leading to spacial separation of the reversible storage and unfavorable side reactions.[3]
We investigated different methods to obtain core-shell structures with improved interfaces to restrict SEI formation to the external particle surface, while leveraging the Na storage potential of porous carbon core materials. With a simple and scalable chemical vapour deposition we obtained a 190-fold decrease in surface roughness, resulting in drastically reduced first cycle losses. Interestingly, the sodiation capacity at the same time increased to 400 mAh/g revealing the interference of excessive SEI formation with the storage process within the particles.
T2 - International Carbon Conference 2025
CY - Saint Malo, France
DA - 29.06.2025
KW - Sodium-Ion-Batteries
KW - Hard Carbons
KW - Synthetic Anodes
KW - Carbon
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64907
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
T1 - Sustainable energy materials and circularity
N2 - Li-ion batteries (LIB) are the dominant energy storage technology and present in electrified transportation, electronic devices as well as robotics. This is due to their high energy density (300 watt-hours per kilogram), low self-discharge (1.5-2% per month), long storage life (10 years) and cyclability (500-2000 cycles). Unfortunately, these batteries require the use of scarce, toxic and unethically resourced materials for their fabrication. Furthermore, it is expected an increase of 26 million units of LIB on electric vehicles by 2030 generating a large amount of waste in a very near future. However, those end-of-life batteries can be considered an important source of metals and materials (electrolytes, binders, anodes) to be reused in other applications or incorporated in the battery supply chain. This also pushes the need to redesign the LIB components and other sustainable technologies using low-cost materials. The focus of this symposium is to bring together experts from around the world to discuss the latest advancements in sustainability of battery technologies and their impact on the future landscape of our society and environment. During the symposium, speakers will present recent research and developments in solving future and present problems derived from the exponential demand of LIB manufacturing
T2 - Mat-Sus Spring Meeting 2025
CY - Sevilla, Spain
DA - 03.03.2025
KW - CRM-free
KW - Sustainability
KW - Energy Materials
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64915
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
T1 - Leveraging the Potential of Na-Ion-Batteries with Tailormade Anodes
N2 - Research progress on synthetic hard carbon anodes was suggested as key technology to leverage the potential of sodium ion batteries. The background, progress and market size of sodium ion batteries was presented and the relevance of producing such materials in terms of a business case was suggested.
T2 - HWR Entrepreneural Workshop 2025
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 18.10.2025
KW - Natrium-Ionen-Batterien
KW - Synthetische Anoden
KW - Kohlenstoff
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64909
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Lee, Woojin
T1 - Impact of Coating and Drying on Electrochemical Properties of Core-Shell Carbon Materials
N2 - Due to the heavy overuse of fossil energy sources since the last couple of centuries, a range of serious concerns such as depletion of fossil fuels and climate change that is driven by extensive carbon dioxide (CO2) emission has risen. Rechargeable batteries have surged as eco-friendly and sustainable energy source alternative. Lithiumion batteries (LIBs) have been the most successful rechargeable battery since their commercialization. However, owing to exhaustion and instability in price of scarce raw materials, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have emerged as the most attractive alternative to LIBs. Nonetheless, there are still burdens to overcome for SIBs to achieve competitiveness over LIBs, particularly in improving their energy density. To address the burdens, diverse materials have been studied to date. Yet, progress and development on achieving high performance negative electrode for SIBs still remain as a key object. Hard carbon (HC) has been considered as attractive candidate, because of its high capacity and low production cost. Despite the attractiveness, inherent limitations of HCs such as excessive formation of solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) and large irreversible capacity loss have hindered their applications. To confront this challenge, core-shell concept has been suggested by the team of Division 3.6 at BAM. The concept is to create carbon coating (shell structure) around the core material in order to mitigate formation of excessive SEI and enhance performance of the negative electrode. Shu-Han Wu and Paul Alexander Appel from Division 3.6 at BAM have synthesized various core-shell materials and have observed promising results. They made great progress in the research of core-shell materials, for example improving initial coulombic efficiency from 31% to 68%. However, there are still room for improvement. The task of this bachelor thesis work is to enhance the electrochemical performance of the core-shell materials and to investigate a more effective carbon coating method on the core material by exploring various coating parameters and different drying procedures.
In this bachelor thesis, Shu-Han Wu’s synthesis precedure was repeated, ZIF-8 was pyrolyzed at 1000°C with a consequent treatment with HCl gas and washed with de� ionised water. The material (ZIF8_1000_HCl gas_H2O) was re-synthesized.
Increasement in N2 Physisorption was observed after the acid treatment, consistent to Shu-Han Wu’s syntheis. The as-synthesized material was used as core material throughout this bachelor work. Moreover, 4 different core-shell carbon materials were synthesized by using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and ball milling as synthesis methods. was used as core material and toluene was used as carbon precursor for CVD. CVD displayed an effective formation of shell structure evidenced by steep reduction in specific surface area (SSABET) from N2 physisorption characterization. Ball milling revealed to cause defects in shell structure, which was noticeable on increase in SSABET (from 14 to 379 m2 g-1) and pore size distribution characterization. Drying of powder material prior to CVD process did not exhibit a difference in porosity on the final product after CVD. From the galvanostatic cycling tests at a current density of 20 IVmA g⁻¹, it was evident that formation of shell structure enhances the performance of the material. Among the synthesized core-shell materials, the material double 1.5 h CVD with no ball milling in between exhibited the most excellent performance (ICE 60.1%). Powder drying prior to CVD showed a positive influence on improving the electrochemical performance (ICE improved from 45.1% to 51.9%). Increasing drying temperature of electrode resulted in increasements of performance, where the peak performance was reached at drying at 200°C (ICE 57.7%). The investigations of impacts of coating and drying on electrochemical properties of core-shell carbon materials would provide basis and motivation for further development of advanced negative electrode materials for SIBs.
KW - Sodium-ion batteries
KW - Hard carbon
KW - Core-shell materials
PY - 2025
SP - 1
EP - 39
CY - TU Berlin
AN - OPUS4-65130
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
T1 - Bioinspired Electrode Materials
N2 - Porous carbon materials are known for their applicability in important areas such as sorption, catalysis and electrochemistry (e.g. fuel cell catalysts, supercapacitor or battery electrodes). It was shown that nitrogen doped carbons (NDCs) act as an inexpensive and highly active non-metal catalyst in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), with the potential to reach performances of practical need one day. A key strategy towards improvement for this aim comprises the generation of advantageous porosity, which typically means high surface area and mass transport pores as well as the control over the chemistry of catalytically active sites. My group developed novel sol-gel type strategies that are using molten salts or molten acids as unconventional reaction medium for the porogenesis in doped carbons, thereby revisiting classic activation techniques. Carbon materials with extra high surface area of ~2800 m2 g-1 and pore volumes, up to four times as high as in commercial activated carbons, are obtained. Hierarchical pore systems, like used in nature (leaves, lungs, etc.) facilitate some of the electrochemical performances. Moreover, because of the elements also defining organic matter, also binding motifs can be realized that are reminiscent of proteins/enzymes. We established the pyrolytic template-ion reaction using cations like Mg2+ and Zn2+ to imprint tetrapyrrolic N4 sites (like in the heme molecule), embedded into the carbon structure. The imprinted structure may be utilized as catalytically active site by performing ion-exchange reactions. This way catalytic activity can be tuned for different societal important reactions, but also the defined catalysts structure allows the assignment of structure-performance relations. Other “tricks” that nature uses, are to influence the passage of ions through cell walls, or to expel water molecules from catalytically active sites. I will show some recent work on carbon electrodes used as battery active materials that utilizes similar pathways.
T2 - Kolloquium des Instituts für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chermie der Universität Freiburg
CY - Freiburg, Germany
DA - 04.12.2025
KW - Carbon
KW - M-N-C
KW - Fuel cell
KW - Core-shell
KW - Sodium ion battery
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65021
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
T1 - Design, Structure and Performance of Fe-N-C Catalysts Based on Active-Site Imprinting
N2 - Atomically dispersed M-N-C catalysts such as Fe-N-Cs are most promising alternatives for precious metal-based catalysts for several energy conversion reactions. Early reports on such materials date back to the 1960´s, when Jasinski pioneered the research based on tetrapyrrolic phthalocyanine macrocycles which were inspired by natural transition metal porphyrin complexes present in enzyme active sites. For decades, the selective synthesis of these catalysts was complicated by the formation of side phases due to the harsh reaction conditions facilitating side phase formation. In 2018, we introduced a mild procedure, which is conservative toward the carbon support and leads to atomically dispersed Fe-N4 site formation at temperatures as low as 80 °C in a wet-chemical step, essentially decoupling the preparation of the N-C backbone from the preparation of the active sites. The key concept therein is the so-called active-site imprinting into the N-C backbone using pyrolytic template ion reactions, allowing for high concentrations of N4 sites resulting in more than 3 at.% of Fe in atomically dispersed phase. Using the same precursor that is used for the preparation of phthalocyanines, we were able to produce atomically-dispersed single-site Fe-N-Cs that consist of tetrapyrrolic FeN4 complexes. The tetrapyrrolic Fe-N-C derivatives are highly active and extraordinary selective electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. The well-defined and homogeneous active site structure allows to quantify the intrinsic catalytic activity of the materials in acid and base, reveal insights into the electrocatalytic mechanism and to reveal distinct degradation mechanism upon storage and electrochemical cycling. Herein, the general synthetic strategy of active-site imprinted catalysts will be discussed mainly based on both Mg-ion and Zn-ion templating towards “designed” Fe-N-C catalysts. The tetrapyrrolic active sites will be discussed regarding structure, activity, selectivity and durability. This hopefully stimulates a fruitful discussion of the perspectives in the field.
T2 - Chemical Engineering Research Seminar of Higgins Group of McMaster University
CY - Hamilton, Canada
DA - 29.05.2025
KW - Carbon
KW - M-N-C
KW - Electrocatalysis
KW - Fuel cells
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64913
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Krug von Nidda, Jonas
T1 - Tetrapyrrolic Nitrogen Doped Carbons by Pyrolytic Template Ion Reactions as Platform for Electrocatalysis
N2 - Atomically dispersed M-N-C catalysts such as Fe-N-Cs are most promising alternatives for precious metal-based catalysts for energy conversion reactions. Early reports on such materials date back to the 1960´s, when Jasinski pioneered the research based on tetrapyrrolic phthalocyanine macrocycles which were inspired by natural transition metal porphyrin complexes present in enzyme active-sites. For decades, the selective synthesis of these catalysts was complicated by the formation of side phases due to the harsh reaction conditions facilitating side phase formation. In 2018, we introduced a mild procedure, which is conservative toward the carbon support and leads to atomically dispersed Fe-N4 site formation at temperatures as low as 80 °C in a wet-chemical step, essentially decoupling the preparation of the nitrogen-doped carbon (NDC) backbone from the preparation of the active-sites. The key concept therein is the so-called active-site imprinting into the NDC backbone using pyrolytic template ion reactions, allowing for high concentrations of N4
sites resulting in more than 3 at.% of Fe in atomically dispersed phase. Using the same precursor that is used for the preparation of phthalocyanines, we were able to produce tetrapyrrolic NDCs as a materials platform to synthesize atomically-dispersed single-site Fe-N-Cs comprising tetrapyrrolic FeN4
complexes by ion-exchange reactions. The tetrapyrrolic Fe-N-C derivatives are highly active and extraordinary selective electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction in acidic. The mere tetrapyrrolic NDC are likewise highly active ORR-catalysts in alkaline. The well-defined and homogeneous active-site structure allows to quantify the intrinsic catalytic activity of the materials in acid and base, reveal insights into the electrocatalytic mechanism and to reveal distinct degradation mechanism upon storage and electrochemical cycling. Herein, the general synthetic strategy will be discussed mainly based on Zn-ion templating towards Fe-N-C catalysts. The catalytic active-sites will be discussed regarding structure and potential as fuel cell catalyst.
T2 - Carbon Conference 2025
CY - Saint-Malo, France
DA - 29.06.2025
KW - Electrocatalysis
KW - Oxygen Reduction Reaction
KW - Noble Metal Free
KW - Nitrogen Doped Carbon
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64968
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wu, Shu-Han
T1 - Sodium Storage Mechanisms and Performance Improvement of Synthetic Hard Carbon Materials
N2 - Hard carbons (HCs) are promising anodes for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their high capacity and low cost. However, their broader use is limited by an incomplete understanding of sodium storage mechanisms. Internal porosity is key to high capacity, but tuning its chemical functionality remains challenging. In this study, we designed core–shell carbon materials featuring closed pores and tailored surface chemistry to distinguish reversible sodium storage from irreversible capacity losses associated with solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation. Our results reveal that external porosity can be clearly converted into internal porosity, leading to enhanced sodium storage performance, with capacities exceeding those of lithium in graphite.
T2 - Advanced Automotive Battery Conference (AABC) 2025
CY - Mainz, Germany
DA - 23.06.2025
KW - Sodium-ion batteries
KW - Hard carbon
KW - Core-shell materials
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65133
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Appel, Paul Alexander
T1 - Linking Porosity to Storage Capacity: Core-Shell Carbon Materials as High-Capacity Anodes for Sodium Ion Batteries
N2 - Hard carbons (HCs) are currently one of the most promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, the Na storage mechanism remains controversial, leaving the theoretical limits of carbon anodes unclear. To deconvolute the specific capacity from irreversible capacity losses, resulting from the formation of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), core-shell carbon materials were synthesized. Based on these core-shell materials, an investigation of the storage mechanism of sodium is possible.
T2 - Advanced Battery Power 2025
CY - Aachen, Germany
DA - 01.04.2025
KW - Electrochemical Energy Materials
KW - Negative Electrodes
KW - Sodium Ion Batteries
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65114
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Appel, Paul Alexander
T1 - Developing Tailor-Made Core-Shell Carbon Negative Electrode Materials for Sodium Ion Batteries
N2 - Hard carbons (HCs) are currently one of the most promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, the Na storage mechanism remains controversial, leaving the theoretical limits of carbon anodes unclear. To deconvolute the specific capacity from irreversible capacity losses, resulting from the formation of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), core-shell carbon materials were synthesized. Based on these core-shell materials, an investigation of the storage mechanism of sodium is possible.
T2 - Sodium Battery Symposium
CY - Dresden, Germany
DA - 03.09.2025
KW - Electrochemical Energy Materials
KW - Negative Electrodes
KW - Sodium Ion Batteries
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65116
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Krug von Nidda, Jonas
T1 - Porous „Ionophoric“ Carbon Materials: Synthesis Routes and Electrochemical Applications
N2 - Porosity tuning and “doping” with heteroatoms and/or transition metals are key strategies to improve the performance of porous carbons. Nitrogen doped carbons (NDCs) with macrocyclic functionalities and the respective M-coordinated NDCs (M-N-Cs) containing FeN4 sites, are very promising electrodes for Na-storage and electrocatalytic conversions. Their functional groups are reminiscent of those in biomolecules like e.g. hemoglobin. The materials can carry ions and can be regarded as “ionophoric” carbons.
T2 - AKK-Herbsttagung 2025
CY - Mainz, Germany
DA - 22.09.2025
KW - Electrocatalysis
KW - Energy Storage
KW - Noble Metal Free
KW - Nitrogen Doped Carbon
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64969
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Dietzmann, Simon
T1 - X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy to Uncover the Structure of Metal and Nitrogen Doped Carbon Electrocatalysts
N2 - High-performance electrocatalysts and sodium-ion (Na+) storage materials for Na-ion batteries are essential for efficient energy conversion and storage. Metal and nitrogen enriched carbons (M–N–Cs) are promising candidates due to their intrinsic conductivity and tunable properties through targeted modification. To understand and optimize the catalytically active sites at the pseudo-molecular level, detailed structural characterization is crucial.
T2 - Bessy User Meeting
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 03.12.2025
KW - Elechtrochemistry
KW - XAS
KW - Single atom catalysts
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65010
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sturm, Anna
T1 - Tayloring Accessible Surfaces of Activated Carbons via Mechanochemical Processing
N2 - Controlling the external accessibility of porous carbons without compromising
their internal microporous network is essential for material functionality.
Hard Carbons (HC) were ball milled in the presence of aromatic compounds,
forming a disordered surface barrier that partially blocks pore entrances. This
selectively reduces their external specific surface area (SSA) while preserving
internal storage capacity.
T2 - Income 2025
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 14.09.2025
KW - Ball Milling
KW - Sealed Porosity
KW - Mechanochemistry
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65117
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kästle, Emanuel D.
A1 - Duffner, Eric
A1 - Popiela, Bartosz
A1 - Ghaznavi, Ali
T1 - Monitoring Failure of Composite Pressure Vessels with Acoustic Emissions
N2 - Two carbon fiber reinforced type IV pressure vessels are subjected to step-wise pressurization until burst, while monitored using acoustic emissions (AE). Unlike most prior studies, AE data is collected throughout the entire damage progression. The vessels, manufactured with differing parameters, failed in distinct composite layers – A-type in the hoop layers and B-type in the helical layers. The AE signals are evaluated to study material degradation and identify fiber breaks as signs of critical damage accumulation. The signals are distributed randomly across the surface, with localized accumulation only minutes before rupture, close to the rupture plane. The difference in manufacturing parameters did not result in any clear difference in the AE activity. Felicity and Shelby ratios show consistent decline with increasing pressure, suggesting potential for damage assessment and burst prediction. It is discussed how these ratios are affected by coupling quality of the AE sensors, the shape of the pressurization profile and prior loadings. Different signal features based on the amplitude and the frequency content are extracted for a classification into failure mechanisms. Based on previous studies, AE signals corresponding to fiber breaks have a characteristic high-frequency spectrum and show a delay in occurrence, with an increase in the number of breaking fibers towards the end of the experiment. Indeed, high frequency signals tend to occur later and signals in specific peak-frequency ranges (350 – 400 kHz, 500 kHz) somewhat resemble the expected behavior. However, the dataset is too variable and too incongruent for any clear interpretations. Likely reasons are signal propagation effects, the complex composite structure, simultaneous occurrence of signals and measurement uncertainties. A review of relevant studies is provided to show that similar issues affect also previous works. Successfully identifying fiber breaks in large-scale, complex composite structures based on AE data, and turning this into an applicable health-monitoring technique, therefore remains a challenge.
KW - Acoustic emission testing
KW - Composite pressure vessels
KW - Damage classification in fiber reinforced polymers
KW - Felicity ratio
KW - Composite failure
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-654852
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-025-01319-1
SN - 0195-9298
VL - 45
IS - 1
SP - 1
EP - 19
PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC
AN - OPUS4-65485
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Dixneit, J.
A1 - Gibmeier, J.
A1 - Kromm, Arne
A1 - Schubnell, J.
A1 - Lang, F.
A1 - Loebich, F.
A1 - Carl, E.-R.
A1 - Ya, W.
T1 - Residual stress distribution of a large component manufactured by AM-DED-Arc from high-strength weld filler material X90
N2 - Currently, DED-Arc manufactured components are not covered by design guidelines, and design factors such as residual stress factors are not defined for such components. This hinders industrial use, especially for components with a remaining surface waviness required by industry. For the first time the stress state of a high-strength, low-alloy, large-scale DED-Arc component was characterised in the as-built state and after cutting off the component from the substrate plate. Complementary methods of residual stress analyses were applied to gain a holistic insight into the residual stress distributions of a thick-walled part. In the as-built state, direction-dependent and position-dependent tensile residual stresses were found for the component at the level of the yield strength of the part. The additive manufacturing strategy continuous spiral deposition has no significant influence on the residual stresses in bead threshold area compared to the residual stresses of the remaining component. For this case, bead threshold is no structural imperfection. By removing the part from the substrate plate, the residual stresses are significantly redistributed. Tensile residual stresses are then present at a moderate level. Compressive residual stresses were determined in the volume of the deposited material. The general consideration of ‘‘high’’ tensile residual stresses in such thick-walled components is rather conservative. Therefore, design guidelines should take the manufacturing condition into account.
KW - AM-DED-Arc
KW - Residual stress
KW - High strength steel
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-655239
DO - https://doi.org/10.1177/03093247251406876
SN - 2041-3130
SP - 1
EP - 18
PB - SAGE
AN - OPUS4-65523
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Böttcher, Nils
T1 - Determination of safe handling and transport conditions of critically damaged lithium battery cells at low temperatures
N2 - Lithium batteries are the key technology for the successful implementation of the energy transition. Nevertheless, the consequences of thermal runaway of lithium batteries pose the greatest safety risk. In particular, the transport of damaged lithium batteries poses special challenges in order to minimize the effects of thermal runaway. By developing a precision nail test rig, the positive effects of cooling damaged lithium batteries can be investigated and safe transport temperatures identified.
T2 - Advanced Battery konference
CY - Aachen, Germany
DA - 26.04.2023
KW - Lithium-Ion Battery Safety and Testing
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-59207
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Menga, D.
A1 - Low, J. L.
A1 - Li, Y.-S.
A1 - Arcon, I.
A1 - Koyutürk, B.
A1 - Wagner, F.
A1 - Ruiz-Zepeda, F.
A1 - Gaberscek, M.
A1 - Paulus, B.
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
T1 - Resolving the Dilemma of Fe-N-C Catalysts by the Selective Synthesis of Tetrapyrrolic Active Sites via an Imprinting Strategy
N2 - Combining the abundance and inexpensiveness of their constituent elements with their atomic dispersion, atomically dispersed Fe−N−C catalysts represent the most promising alternative to precious-metal-based materials in proton Exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. Due to the high temperatures involved in their synthesis and the sensitivity of Fe ions toward carbothermal reduction, current synthetic methods are intrinsically limited in type and amount of the desired, catalytically active Fe−N4 sites, and high active site densities have been out of reach (dilemma of Fe−N−C catalysts). We herein identify a paradigm change in the synthesis of Fe−N−C catalysts arising from the developments of other M−N−C single-atom catalysts. Supported by DFT calculations we propose fundamental principles for the synthesis of M−N−C materials. We further exploit the proposed principles in a novel synthetic strategy to surpass the dilemma of Fe−N−C catalysts. The selective formation of tetrapyrrolic Zn−N4 sites in a tailor-made Zn−N−C material is utilized as an active-site imprint for the preparation of a corresponding Fe−N−C catalyst.
By successive low- and high-temperature ion exchange reactions, we obtain a phase-pure Fe−N−C catalyst, with a high loading of atomically dispersed Fe (>3 wt %). Moreover, the catalyst is entirely composed of tetrapyrrolic Fe−N4 sites. The density of tetrapyrrolic Fe−N4 sites is more than six times as high as for previously reported tetrapyrrolic single-site Fe−N−C fuel cell catalysts.
KW - Fe-N-C catalyst
KW - Precious-group metal-free catalyst
KW - Tetrapyrrolic active-site
KW - Single-site catalyst
KW - Fuel cell
KW - Carbon materials
PY - 2021
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.1c04884
SN - 1520-5126
VL - 143
IS - 43
SP - 18010
EP - 18019
PB - American Chemical Society
AN - OPUS4-53657
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
T1 - Deciphering Structure-Performance Relations of PGM-Free Fe-N-C Electrocatalysts Based on Synthetic Materials Design
N2 - Fe-N-C electrocatalysts are very promising alternatives for precious metal-based catalysts for energy conversion reactions.[1-3] Early reports on such materials date back to the 1960´s, when Jasinski pioneered the research based on tetrapyrrolic phthalocyanine macrocycles which were inspired by natural transition metal porphyrin complexes present in enzyme active sites.[3] For decades, the synthesis of these catalysts with a high iron loading was complicated by the formation of side phases due to the harsh reaction conditions facilitating side phase formation. In 2018, we introduced a mild procedure, which is conservative toward the carbon support and leads to active-site formation at low temperatures in a wet-chemical step, essentially decoupling the preparation of the N-C backbone from the preparation of the active sites.[4, 5] The key concept therein is the so-called active-site imprinting into the N-C backbone using pyrolytic template ion reactions.[4][5] Using the same precursor that is used for the preparation of phthalocyanines, we were able not only to produce atomically-dispersed single-phase Fe-N-Cs with a high iron loading, but were also able to selectively form tetrapyrrolic Fe-N4 complexes.[6] The tetrapyrrolic Fe-N-C derivatives are highly active and extraordinary selective electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. Deconvolution of morphological effects on the performance allowed to quantify the intrinsic catalytic activity of the materials in acidic and alkaline conditions and gives new insights into the reaction mechanism in alkaline.[7, 8] A distinct degradation mechanism upon storage was found for the tetrapyrrolic sites and new insights on degradation upon fuel cell operation could be obtained.[9, 10] Herein, the general synthetic material design strategy for atomically dispersed catalysts will be discussed based on tetrapyrrolic Fe-N-C catalysts, which will be analyzed for their potential as PGM-free fuel cell catalysts.
T2 - Research Seminar of National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics
CY - Tallinn, Estonia
DA - 29.09.2025
KW - Carbon
KW - M-N-C
KW - Electrocatalysis
KW - Fuel cells
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64916
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Low, Jian Liang
T1 - Active Site Determination in Pyrolyzed M-N-C Electrocatalysts by Gas-sorption
N2 - Metal and nitrogen-doped carbons (M-N-Cs) with M-N4 moieties as the generally accepted active sites, have gradually reached promising levels of activity towards crucial electrochemical reactions like the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR). Even the metal-free counterparts, the nitrogen-doped carbons (NDCs), are common and well-studied electrocatalysts for ORR in alkaline media. In
these disordered porous materials, the characterization and quantification of (M)N4 sites can be challenging and time-consuming, with many spectroscopic methods drastically overestimating their site accessibility for catalytic applications. In this study, we explore an alternative approach towards active site characterization and quantification in M-N-Cs based on multi-Langmuir analysis of CO2-sorption isotherms at low pressures, with support fromelectronic DFT calculations.
T2 - Electrolyser and Fuel Cell Forum 2025
CY - Lucerne, Switzerland
DA - 01.07.2025
KW - Metal- and Nitrogen Doped Carbon (M-N-C)
KW - Active Site Characterization
KW - Gas sorption
KW - Active-Site Imprinting
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65147
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
T1 - Negative Electrode Ionophoric Core-Shell Carbon for Sodium-Ion Batteries
N2 - The current strong interest in electromotive mobility and the need to transition to an energy grid with sustainable storage devices has led to a renewed interest in sodium ion batteries (SIBs). Amorphous disordered carbons such as hard carbons (HCs) are promising candidates for high-capacity negative electrode materials in SIBs. Their high capacities, however, are often accompanied with high irreversible capacity losses during the initial cycles,[1] while low initial losses are accompanied with moderate capacities.[2] In our research we are aiming morphologically and chemically functional carbons. Morphologically, our target is a local separation of reversible sodium storage and irreversible losses in novel synthetic carbon anodes, using a core-shell concept. On chemical side, we aim at ion-binding functional groups.
We investigated different methods to obtain core-shell structures to restrict SEI formation to the external particle surface, while leveraging the Na storage potential of porous carbon core materials. Moreover, we apply active-site imprinting to realise disting ion-binding features into the core carbons. The electrochemical performance of those materials can be rather easily altered upon removing/exchanging the ions bound to the functional group. Herein, we will focus on the synthesis of zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) based NDCs. Different analytical methods, e.g., physisorption (N2, Ar, CO2), XPS, XAS, and NMR, will be used to understand the alteration of morphological and chemical features upon ion exchange.
T2 - Mat-Sus Spring Meeting 2024
CY - Barcelona, Spain
DA - 04.03.2024
KW - Ionophoric carbon
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61938
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
T1 - Design Structure and Performance of FeNC Catalysts
N2 - Atomically dispersed M-N-C catalysts such as Fe-N-Cs are most promising alternatives for precious metal-based catalysts for energy conversion reactions.[1-3] Early reports on such materials date back to the 1960´s, when Jasinski pioneered the research based on tetrapyrrolic phthalocyanine macrocycles which were inspired by natural transition metal porphyrin complexes present in enzyme active sites.[3] For decades, the selective synthesis of these catalysts was complicated by the formation of side phases due to the harsh reaction conditions facilitating side phase formation. In 2018, we introduced a mild procedure, which is conservative toward the carbon support and leads to atomically dispersed Fe-N4 site formation at temperatures as low as 80 °C in a wet-chemical step, essentially decoupling the preparation of the N-C backbone from the preparation of the active sites.[4, 5] The key concept therein is the so-called active-site imprinting into the N-C backbone using pyrolytic template ion reactions, allowing for high concentrations of N4 sites resulting in more than 3 at.% of Fe in atomically dispersed phase.[4-6] Using the same precursor that is used for the preparation of phthalocyanines, we were able to produce atomically-dispersed single-site Fe-N-Cs that consist of tetrapyrrolic FeN4 complexes.[6] The tetrapyrrolic Fe-N-C derivatives are highly active and extraordinary selective electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. The well-defined and homogeneous active site structure allows to quantify the intrinsic catalytic activity of the materials in acid and base,[7, 8] reveal insights into the electrocatalytic mechanism and to reveal distinct degradation mechanism upon storage and electrochemical cycling.[9, 10] Herein, the general synthetic strategy of active-site imprinted catalysts will be discussed mainly based on Zn-ion templating towards tetrapyrrolic Fe-N-C catalysts. The catalytic active sites will be discussed regarding structure, activity, selectivity and durability, hence the potential as fuel cell catalyst.
T2 - ECS Spring Meeting 2025
CY - Montreal, Canada
DA - 18.05.2025
KW - Fuel Cell
KW - ELectrocatalyst
KW - Fe-N-C
KW - Carbon
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64910
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Cerny, Alain
T1 - Engineering Activated Carbon via Chemical Vapor Deposition for High-Performance Core-Shell Carbon Anodes in Sodium-Ion Batteries
N2 - Rising demand for sustainable energy storage has renewed interest in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) as alternative to lithium-ion batteries. Although hard carbon and related materials are common SIB-anodes, the correlation between its structure and ion storage mechanism remains unclear.[1] As shown recently, the pore design is essential to block the formation of excessive solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and allows the formation of pseudo-metallic clusters inside the pores.[2,3] Adjusting the diameter of the pore entrance, enables a reversible low-potential plateau (< 0.1 V), which significantly enhances the capacity (potentially up to 450-500 mAh/g) compared to graphite (Qtheo = 372 mAh/g) in Li-ion batteries.[2]
Activated carbon (AC) is a low-cost material with abundant micropores and high surface area, making it a promising anode candidate for SIBs. However, its performance is often hindered by structural disorder and excessive SEI-formation. Hence, mitigating active-species loss is essential to achieve high specific capacities (> 300 mAh g-1).[3] The aim herein was to investigate the relationship between the properties of the AC and the CVD-conditions required to achieve an efficient SIB-anode.
This study introduces an optimized chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method to modify various, highly porous commercial ACs aiming towards core-shell carbons, consisting of a porous core and a non-graphitic CVD-shell.[3] The ACs were treated via CVD and characterized using a range of techniques including gas physisorption, small-angle x-ray scattering and X-ray diffraction. The electrochemical properties of the different materials, prior and after CVD-coating, were analysed in half cells vs. Na-metal.
After coating, gas physisorption confirmed a significantly lower surface area for the materials. Depending on the porosity of the material, a longer CVD-time was necessary to fully coat the particles. The successful formation of core-shell carbons enables separation of the storage mechanism from SEI-formation. The CVD-process enables precise control over the microstructure of the carbon material, allowing to enhance the reversible Na-storage capacity, e.g., from 107 mAh g-1 to 353 mAh g-1 while significantly reducing initial Coulombic losses by 73%.
The greatly increased low-potential capacity verifies the formation of an electrolyte-tight CVD shell enabling Na-storage in the porosity of the core. The established link between porosity, CVD-parameters, and performance guides optimization for future materials.
T2 - Batterieforum 2026
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 20.01.2026
KW - Sodium-Ion Battery
KW - Carbon
KW - Chemical Vapour Deposition
PY - 2026
AN - OPUS4-65510
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Koyutürk, B.
A1 - Farber, E.
A1 - Wagner, F.
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
A1 - Eisenberg, D.
T1 - A simple decagram-scale synthesis of an atomically dispersed, hierarchically porous Fe–N–C catalyst for acidic ORR
N2 - Carbons doped with iron and nitrogen (Fe–N–Cs) are highly promising electrocatalysts for energy conversion reactions in the oxygen, nitrogen and carbon cycles. Containing no platinum group metals, they nevertheless compete with platinum-based catalysts in crucial fuel cell reactions, such as oxygen reduction in acid. Yet deployment of Fe–N–Cs in fuel cells requires also a flow-enhancing pore structure, and a scalable synthesis procedure – a rarely-met combination of requirements. We now report such a simple synthesis of over 10 g of an Fe–N–C catalyst with high activity towards oxygen reduction in acid. Atomically-dispersed Fe–N4 active sites were designed orthogonally and simultaneously with hierarchical micro-, meso- and macroporosity, by exploiting a dual role of magnesium ions during pyrolysis. Combining the “active site imprinting” and “self-templating” strategies in a single novel magnesium iminodiacetate precursor yielded a catalyst with high specific surface area (SSA > 1600 m2 g−1), a flow-enhancing hierarchical porosity, and high relative abundance of the most desirable D1-type Fe–N4 sites (43%, by Mössbauer spectroscopy at 4.2 K). Despite the relatively low iron contents, the catalysts feature halfwave potentials up to 0.70 V vs. RHE at pH 1 and a mass activity of 1.22 A g−1 at 0.8 V vs. RHE in RDE experiments. Thanks to the simple and scalable synthesis, this active and stable catalyst may serve as a workhorse in academic and industrial research into atomically-dispersed ORR electrocatalysis.
KW - Catalysis
KW - Fe-N-C catalysts
KW - Fuel Cells
KW - Electrochemistry
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-550113
DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ta00925k
SN - 2050-7488
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - Royal Society of Chemistry
AN - OPUS4-55011
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wu, Shu-Han
T1 - Revealing the Impact of Nitrogen Sites on the Sodium Storage Mechanism in Carbon Electrodes
N2 - Unlike lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), where crystalline graphite is commonly used as the negative electrode material, disordered carbons are regarded as more promising for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, further advances towards better reversibility and higher specific capacity are still needed to match or even exceed the properties of graphite in LIBs. The main challenge is the complex and unpredictable Na-storage mechanism in disordered carbons.
Recently, Matsukawa et al. have reported that the reversibility of (de)sodiation processes of ultra microporous carbons is higher compared to carbon materials with larger pore sizes.[2] Ultra micropores are accessible only to Na+-ions and not to solvent molecules. Therefore, ultra micropores can be used for Na-storage, however, do not significantly contribute to side reactions caused by solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation, which reduces the related irreversible capacity loss.
Building on this concept, the origins of specific capacity and irreversible losses were further explored in the current work by modifying the chemical composition of zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) derived carbons, while maintaining comparable porosity. This involved adjusting the nitrogen content as well as the types of nitrogen sites through temperature variation. Subsequently, these ZIF-8 derived carbons were modified with a protective ion-sieving carbon shell formed by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). This synthesis methodology enables effective distinction between reversible Na-storage and irreversible processes, e.g., SEI-formation. The former and later are mainly dictated by the properties of the ZIF-derived carbon core and the CVD based shell, respectively.
The structure and morphology of the materials were characterized by electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. In addition, different gas sorption techniques were carried out to analyze the porosity, pore sizes and specific surface areas. The electrochemical performance of the prepared materials was evaluated in coin cells vs. Na-metal.
The results of the tailor-made core-shell carbons reveal that a higher nitrogen content leads to a greater capacity in the sloping region, but to a lower capacity in the plateau region of the voltage profile. In addition, the overall capacity is higher for materials with lower nitrogen content. Lastly, it is important to highlight that the incorporation of ion-sieving carbon shell results in a significant overall increase in capacity compared to materials without a carbon shell. The highest reversible capacities (i.e., 381 +/- 4 mAh g–1) were obtained for the core-shell carbon comprising a ZIF-derived core pyrolyzed at 1000°C.
Apparently, the N-sites in the as-synthesized materials facilitate the adsorption of Na+ ions, indicating that Na+ ions preferentially adhere to these active sites during the sodiation process. It is worth noting that these results were observed while minimizing side reactions, making them more reliable and providing conclusive evidence for the long-debated Na-storage mechanism. Moreover, the lower capacity observed in materials with higher nitrogen content may be attributed to a lower electrical conductivity.
T2 - Advanced Battery Power Conference 2025
CY - Aachen, Germany
DA - 02.04.2025
KW - Sodium-ion batteries
KW - Hard carbon
KW - Core-shell materials
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65132
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Titirici, M.
A1 - Baird, S. G.
A1 - Sparks, T. D.
A1 - Yang, S. M.
A1 - Brandt-Talbot, A.
A1 - Hosseinaei, O.
A1 - Harper, D. P.
A1 - Parker, R. M.
A1 - Vignolini, S.
A1 - Berglund, L. A.
A1 - Li, Y.
A1 - Gao, H.-L.
A1 - Mao, L.-B.
A1 - Yu, S.-H.
A1 - Díez, N.
A1 - Ferrero, G. A.
A1 - Sevilla, M.
A1 - Szilágyi, P. Á.
A1 - Stubbs, C. J.
A1 - Worch, J. C.
A1 - Huang, Y.
A1 - Luscombe, C. K.
A1 - Lee, K.-Y.
A1 - Luo, H.
A1 - Platts, M. J.
A1 - Tiwari, D.
A1 - Kovalevskiy, D.
A1 - Fermin, D. J.
A1 - Au, H.
A1 - Alptekin, H.
A1 - Crespo-Ribadeneyra, M.
A1 - Ting, V. P.
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
A1 - Barrio, J.
A1 - Westhead, O.
A1 - Roy, C.
A1 - Stephens, I. E. L.
A1 - Nicolae, S. A.
A1 - Sarma, S. C.
A1 - Oates, R. P.
A1 - Wang, C.-G.
A1 - Li, Z.
A1 - Loh, X. J.
A1 - Myers, R. J.
A1 - Heeren, N.
A1 - Grégoire, A.
A1 - Périssé, C.
A1 - Zhao, X.
A1 - Vodovotz, Y.
A1 - Earley, B.
A1 - Finnveden, G.
A1 - Björklund, A.
A1 - Harper, G. D. J.
A1 - Walton, A.
A1 - Anderson, P. A.
T1 - The sustainable materials roadmap
N2 - Our ability to produce and transform engineered materials over the past 150 years is responsible for our high standards of living today, especially in the developed economies. Yet, we must carefully think of the effects our addiction to creating and using materials at this fast rate will have on the future generations. The way we currently make and use materials detrimentally affects the planet Earth, creating many severe environmental problems. It affects the next generations by putting in danger the future of economy, energy, and climate. We are at the point where something must drastically change, and it must change NOW. We must create more sustainable materials alternatives using natural raw materials and inspiration from Nature while making sure not to deplete important resources, i.e. in competition with the food chain supply. We must use less materials, eliminate the use of toxic materials and create a circular materials economy where reuse and recycle are priorities. We must develop sustainable methods for materials recycling and encourage design for disassembly. We must look across the whole materials life cycle from raw resources till end of life and apply thorough life cycle assessments based on reliable and relevant data to quantify sustainability.
KW - Electrochemistry
KW - Fe-N-C catalysts
KW - Fuel cells
KW - Catalysis
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-550126
DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7639/ac4ee5
SN - 2515-7639
VL - 5
IS - 3
SP - 1
EP - 98
PB - IOP Publishing
CY - Bristol
AN - OPUS4-55012
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Menga, Davide
A1 - Li, Yan‐Sheng
A1 - Damjanović, Ana Marija
A1 - Proux, Olivier
A1 - Wagner, Friedrich E.
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
A1 - Gasteiger, Hubert A.
A1 - Piana, Michele
T1 - On the Stability of an Atomically‐Dispersed Fe−N−C ORR Catalyst: An In Situ XAS Study in a PEMFC
N2 - The stability of Fe−N−C oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts has been considered a primary challenge for their practical application in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). While several studies have attempted to reveal the possible degradation mechanism of Fe−N−C ORR catalysts, there are few research results reporting on their stability as well as the possible Fe species formed under different voltages in real PEMFC operation. In this work, we employ in‐situ X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure (XANES) to monitor the active‐site degradation byproducts of an atomically dispersed Fe−N−C ORR catalyst under a H2/O2‐operating PEMFC at 90 % relative humidity and 80 °C. For this, stability tests were carried out at two constant cell voltages, namely 0.4 and at 0.8 V. Even though the ORR activity of the Fe−N−C catalyst decreased significantly and was almost identical at the end of the tests for the two voltages employed, the analysis of the XANES recorded under H2/N2 configuration at 0.6 and 0.9 V within the stability test suggests that two different degradation mechanisms occur. They are demetalation of iron cations followed by their precipitation into Fe oxides upon operation at 0.8 V, versus a chemical carbon oxidation close to the active sites, likely triggered by reactive oxygen species (ROS) originated from the H2O2 formation, during the operation at 0.4 V.
KW - PGM-free catalysts
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-638981
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.202400228
SN - 2196-0216
VL - 11
IS - 18
SP - 1
EP - 16
PB - Wiley VHC-Verlag
AN - OPUS4-63898
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Rappsilber, Tim
A1 - Yusfi, Nawar
A1 - Krüger, Simone
A1 - Hahn, S.-K.
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
A1 - Krug von Nidda, Jonas
A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico
T1 - Meta-analysis of heat release and smoke gas emission during thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries
N2 - Herein a meta-analysis of 76 experimental research papers from 2000 to 2021 is given about possible effects on the thermal runaway of lithium-ion battery cells. Data on the hazards of gas emissions and released heat are related to each other and differentiated by cell properties such as, cell geometry, cathode type or state of charge. Quantitative information on the total heat release in the range of 2.0–112.0 kJ Wh−1, the peak heat release rate in the range of 0.006–2.8 kW Wh−1and the smoke gas emission were extracted, normalized in terms of cell energy (Wh), combined in a data library and compared graphically. The total amount of gas emitted (3–48 mmol Wh−1) as well as the released amount of carbon monoxide (1–161 mg Wh−1) and hydrogen fluoride (2–197 mg Wh−1) were investigated as a function of the state of charge and cell geometry. The analysis reveals that the measured values are significantly influenced by the types of calorimeters and smoke gas analyzers used as well as by the type of thermal runaway trigger. This meta-analysis can serve as an important basis for any risk assessment of lithium-ion batteries.
KW - Lithium-ion battery
KW - Thermal runaway
KW - Cathode active material
KW - Heat release
KW - Smoke gas emission
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-568071
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.106579
SN - 2352-152X
VL - 60
SP - 1
EP - 15
PB - Elsevier
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-56807
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Menga, D.
A1 - Low, Jian Liang
A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana
A1 - Paulus, B.
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
T1 - The Tetrapyrollic Motif in Nitrogen Doped Carbons and M-N-C Electrocatalysts as Active Site in the Outer-Sphere Mechanism of the Alkaline Oxygen Reduction Reaction
N2 - Development and fundamental understanding of precious-group-metal-free electrocatalysts is hampered by limitations in the quantification of the intrinsic activity of different catalytic sites and understanding the different reaction mechanisms. Comparing isomorphic nitrogen-doped carbons, Zn-N-Cs and Fe-N-Cs with the common tetrapyrrolic motif, a catalyst-independent outer-sphere rate-determining step in the alkaline oxygen reduction reaction is observed. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations on tetrapyrrolic model structures indicate the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level as a good descriptor for the catalytic activity. Contour plots suggest that the electron transfer occurs directly from the tetrapyrrolic coordination site, rather than from the metal center. Metal-free tetrapyrrolic N4 sites are discovered to be highly active oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) active sites in alkaline that reach turnover frequencies (TOF) of 0.33 and 1.84 s−1 at 0.80 and 0.75 VRHE in the order of magnitude of tetrapyrrolic Fe–N4 sites in the acidic ORR. While Zn-coordination lowers the HOMO level and therefore the catalytic activity, Fe-coordination lifts the HOMO level resulting in TOF values of 0.4 and 4 s−1 for tetrapyrrolic Fe–N4 sites at 0.90 and 0.85 VRHE, respectively. At higher mass activities, the peroxide reduction becomes rate-limiting, where highest peroxide production rates are observed for the nitrogen-doped carbon.
KW - Tetrapyrollic
KW - Motif
KW - Nitrogen
KW - Carbons
KW - Alkaline Oxygen
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-606239
DO - https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202400482
SN - 1614-6832
VL - 2024
SP - 1
EP - 8
PB - Wiley-VCH
AN - OPUS4-60623
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schwarz, I.
A1 - Rieck, Arielle
A1 - Mehmood, Asad
A1 - Bublitz, R.
A1 - Bongers, L.
A1 - Weuster-Botz, D.
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
T1 - PEM Electrolysis in a Stirred-Tank Bioreactor Enables Autotrophic Growth of Clostridium ragsdalei with CO2 and Electrons
N2 - Acetogenic bacteria produce CO2-based chemicals in aqueous media by hydrogenotrophic conversion of CO2, but CO is the preferred carbon and electron source. Consequently, coupling CO2 electrolysis with bacterial fermentation within an integrated bio-electrocatalytical system (BES) is promising, if CO2 reduction catalysts are available for the generation of CO in the complex biotic electrolyte. A standard stirred-tank bioreactor was coupled to a zero-gap PEM electrolysis cell for CO2 conversion, allowing voltage control and separation of the anode in one single cell. The cathodic CO2 reduction and the competing hydrogen evolution enabled in-situ feeding of C. ragsdalei with CO and H2. Proof-of-concept was demonstrated in first batch processes with continuous CO2 gassing, as autotrophic growth and acetate formation was observed in the stirred BES in a voltage range of 2.4 to 3.0 V. The setup is suitable also for other bioelectrocatalytic reactions. Increased currents and lower overvoltages are however requ
KW - PEM
KW - Stirred-Tank Bioreactor
KW - Clostridium ragsdalei
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-615239
UR - http://www.chemelectrochem.org/
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.202300344
VL - 11
IS - 6
SP - 1
EP - 9
PB - Chemistry Europe and Wiley-VCH GmbH
AN - OPUS4-61523
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Menga, D.
A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana
A1 - Wagner, F.
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
T1 - Evaluation of the Specific Activity of MNCs and the Intrinsic Activity of Tetrapyrrolic FeN4 Sites for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
N2 - M−N−C electrocatalysts are considered pivotal to replace expensive precious group metal-based materials in electrocatalytic conversions. However, their development is hampered by the limited availability of methods for the evaluation of the intrinsic activity of different active sites, like pyrrolic FeN4 sites within Fe−N−Cs. Currently, new synthetic procedures based on active-site imprinting followed by an ion exchange reaction, e.g. Zn-to-Fe, are producing single-site M−N−Cs with outstanding activity. Based on the same replacement principle, we employed a conservative iron extraction to partially remove the Fe ions from the N4 cavities in Fe−N−Cs. Having catalysts with the same morphological properties and Fe ligation that differ solely in Fe content allows for the facile determination of the decrease in density of active sites and their turn-over frequency. In this way, insight into the specific activity of M−N−Cs is obtained and for single-site catalysts the intrinsic activity of the site is accessible. This new approach surpasses limitations of methods that rely on probe molecules and, together with those techniques, offers a novel tool to unfold the complexity of Fe−N−C catalyst and M−N−Cs in general.
KW - Fe-N-C catalysts
KW - M-N-C catalysts
KW - Fuel Cells
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-567406
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202207089
SN - 1433-7851
VL - 61
IS - 50
SP - 1
EP - 6
PB - Wiley-VHC
AN - OPUS4-56740
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Menga, D.
A1 - Wagner, F. E.
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
T1 - Life cycle of single atom catalysts: a Mo¨ssbauer study on degradation and reactivation of tetrapyrrolic Fe–N–C powders
N2 - The degradation of a single-site atomically dispersed, model Fe–N–C powder catalyst with high activity is investigated using cryo-Mössbauer spectroscopy. The results indicate a degradation initiated by an Fe2+ to Fe3+ oxidation due to coordination of oxygen to tetrapyrrolic Fe–N4 sites at atmospheric conditions (change between characteristic doublets) before iron(III) oxide is formed (sextet). Thermal reactivation can be used to restore substantial catalytic activity of aged Fe–N–C powders.
KW - Life cycle
KW - Atom catalysts
KW - Tetrapyrrolic Fe–N–C powders
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-586007
DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d3mh00308f
SN - 2051-6347
SP - 1
EP - 7
PB - Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
AN - OPUS4-58600
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Menga, D.
A1 - Wagner, F. E.
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
T1 - Life cycle of single atom catalysts: a Mössbauer study on degradation and reactivation of tetrapyrrolic Fe–N–C powders
N2 - The degradation of a single-site atomically dispersed, model Fe–N–C powder catalyst with high activity is investigated using cryo-Mössbauer spectroscopy. The results indicate a degradation initiated by an Fe2+ to Fe3+ oxidation due to coordination of oxygen to tetrapyrrolic Fe–N4 sites at atmospheric conditions (change between characteristic doublets) before iron(III) oxide is formed (sextet). Thermal reactivation can be used to restore substantial catalytic activity of aged Fe–N–C powders.
KW - Single atom catalysts
KW - Mössbauer study
KW - Tetrapyrrolic Fe–N–C powders
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-589352
DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d3mh00308f
VL - 10
SP - 5577
EP - 5583
PB - Royal Society of Chemistry
AN - OPUS4-58935
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mieller, Björn
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
T1 - Berlin Battery Lab - Vom Material zur Zelle - Batterieinnovation aus Berlin
N2 - Das Berlin Battery Lab (BBL) vereint exzellente Materialforschung, modernste Analytik und gezielten Technologietransfer. Als gemeinsames Labor von BAM, HZB und der Humboldt Universität zu Berlin entwickeln wir zukunftsfähige Natrium-Ionen- und Metall-Schwefel-Batterien – von der Materialidee bis zur funktionsfähigen Zelle.
T2 - Batteriaforum Deutschland
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 20.01.2026
KW - Batterie
KW - Kooperation
KW - Natrium-Ionen
KW - BBL
PY - 2026
AN - OPUS4-65410
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Bates, J. S.
A1 - Martinez, J. J.
A1 - Hall, M. N.
A1 - Al-Omari, A. A.
A1 - Murphy, E.
A1 - Zeng, Y.
A1 - Luo, F.
A1 - Primbs, M.
A1 - Menga, D.
A1 - Bibent, N.
A1 - Sougrati, M. T.
A1 - Wagner, F. E.
A1 - Atanassov, P.
A1 - Wu, G.
A1 - Strasser, P.
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
A1 - Jaouen, F.
A1 - Root, T. W.
A1 - Stahl, S. S.
T1 - Chemical Kinetic Method for Active-Site Quantification in Fe-N‑C Catalysts and Correlation with Molecular Probe and Spectroscopic Site-Counting Methods
N2 - Mononuclear Fe ions ligated by nitrogen (FeNx) dispersed on nitrogen-doped carbon (Fe-N-C) serve as active centers for electrocatalytic O2 reduction and thermocatalytic aerobic oxidations. Despite their promise as replacements for precious metals in a variety of practical applications, such as fuel cells, the discovery of new Fe-N-C catalysts has relied primarily on empirical approaches. In this context, the development of quantitative structure−reactivity relationships and benchmarking of catalysts prepared by different synthetic routes and by different laboratories would be facilitated by the broader adoption of methods to quantify atomically dispersed FeNx active centers. In this study, we develop a kinetic probe reaction method that uses the aerobic oxidation of a model hydroquinone substrate to quantify
the density of FeNx centers in Fe-N-C catalysts. The kinetic method is compared with low-temperature Mössbauer spectroscopy, CO pulse chemisorption, and electrochemical reductive stripping of NO derived from NO2 − on a suite of Fe-N-C catalysts prepared by diverse routes and featuring either the exclusive presence of Fe as FeNx sites or the coexistence of aggregated Fe species in addition to FeNx. The FeNx site densities derived from the kinetic method correlate well with those obtained from CO pulse chemisorption and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The broad survey of Fe-N-C materials also reveals the presence of outliers and challenges associated with each site quantification approach. The kinetic method developed here does not require pretreatments that may alter active-site distributions or specialized equipment beyond reaction vessels and standard analytical instrumentation.
KW - Active-Site Quantification
PY - 2023
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.3c08790
SP - 1
EP - 16
PB - ACS Publications
AN - OPUS4-58889
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Krug von Nidda, Jonas
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
T1 - Current State of Research of Environmentally Friendly, Alternative Materials - Sodium-Ion-Batteries as an Example
N2 - In order meet the anticipated future need for battery-based energy storage, it is essential to explore alternative systems beyond lithium-ion batteries. Sodium-ion batteries emerge as a promising option due to the abundance of readily available materials and the potential for reduced costs.
T2 - 32. Sitzung Beraterkreis Technologie (BKT)
CY - Cologne, Germany
DA - 19.10.2023
KW - Sodium-ion-batteries
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58886
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mehmood, Asad
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
T1 - Ionothermal Template Transformation as a Sustainable Route Towards Carbon Electrodes in Energy Storage and Conversion
N2 - Porous carbons with tuneable functionalities and morphologies have extensively been employed as electrode materials in a variety of electrochemical energy conversion and storage systems for instance in fuel cells and electrolysers as active catalysts and catalyst supports, and in secondary batteries as anode materials. Amorphous carbons with well-developed pore structures are of particular interest due to their superior mass-transport characteristics and remarkable charge storage capacities.
T2 - Nano-Pak 2023, 2nd International Conference on Emerging Trends & Innovations in Nanotechnology
CY - Lahore, Pakistan
DA - 17.06.2023
KW - Ionothermal Template Transformation
KW - Sustainable Route
KW - Carbon Electrodes
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58897
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Pampel, Jonas
T1 - Investigating the thermal runaway behaviour of commercial lithium ion batteries: Influence of initiation mode and state of charge
N2 - Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are omnipresent in our daily lives. LIBs power our laptops and mobile phones, are the energy storage of choice for the electrification of vehicles, and play a vital role in the layout of the storage devices needed for the balancing of the grid.
Research groups all over the world work on the improvement of LIBs, e.g., an increase in energy density and cycle-life as well as a decrease in costs. In recent years, investigations concerning the LIB’s safety continuously gain importance, especially, pushed by incidents with electric vehicles. They are multiple levels at which safety measures can be implemented, i.e., material, cell, battery and system level. Accordingly, the behaviour of LIBs under abuse/misuse conditions are often investigated on those levels.
Here, we focus on the safety on cell level. Generally, the abuse/misuse leads to an increase in heat in the cell at worst triggering a chain of exothermic reactions. Hence, the cell’s temperature rapidly increases leading to the so-called thermal runaway (TR) possibly accompanied by flames and/or explosion of the cell. Herein, different hazardous features during the TR of different commercial cells are analysed such as temperature, flames, projectiles and toxic gases. In order to gain further insights on the parameters influencing the TR, different type of initiation modes, e.g., external heating, overcharging, nail penetration and external short circuiting are utilized. Moreover, the state of charges (SOCs) are varied to differ the amount of electrical energy present in the cells.
Next to the characteristic of the TR of a single cell, the investigation of the propagation of the TR from one cell to another is an important parameter, as a battery is usually composed of multiple cells. Due to the close packaging of the single cells, the TR of one cell is often able to initiate the TR of the surrounding cells, finally, causing the TR of the whole battery. Herein, the propagation ability is studied depending on the cell type and SOC. Finally, the results will be used to formulate (cell specific) conditions for a safe transport of LIBs. Moreover, the gained knowledge can support the development of advanced measures to increase the safety on cell level in the future.
T2 - Advanced Battery Power Conference
CY - Online meeting
DA - 28.01.2021
KW - Abuse Tests
KW - Lithium-Batteries
KW - Thermal Runaway
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-54060
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
T1 - Metal chloride activation revisited: a sol-gel process to functional carbons
N2 - Porous carbon materials are known for their applicability in important areas such as sorption, catalysis and electrochemistry (e.g. fuel cell catalysts, supercapacitor or battery electrodes). It was shown that nitrogen doped carbons (NDCs) act as an inexpensive and highly active non-metal catalyst in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), with the potential to reach performances of practical need one day. A key strategy towards improvement for this aim comprises the generation of advantageous porosity, which typically means high surface area and mass transport pores as well as the control over the chemistry of catalytically active sites. My group is developing novel sol-gel type strategies that are using molten salts or molten acids as unconventional reaction medium for the porogenesis in doped carbons, thereby revisiting classic activation techniques.[1,2] Carbon materials with extra high surface area of ~2800 m2 g-1 and pore volumes, up to four times as high as in commercial activated carbons, are obtained.[3] It turns out that the meso- and macrostructure is generated by means of phase separation rather than leaching reactions. However, chemical reactions between the carbon precursor and the melt are also involved. The salt cations Mg2+ and Zn2+ act as template ions, which results in metal coordination sites, embedded into the carbon structure.[4,5] The imprinted structure may be utilized as catalytically active site by performing ion-exchange reactions. The novel preparation strategy towards highly active electrocatalysts will be presented for Mg and Zn and further discussed for lighter elements.
T2 - Carbon Chemistry and Materials Conference 2022
CY - Rome, Italy
DA - 10.10.2024
KW - Activated carbon
KW - Salt templating
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-61936
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
T1 - Structure-Performance Relations of PGM-free Electrocatalysts for PEM Fuel Cells
N2 - Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells are amongst the most promising energy conversion technologies today. Herein non-precious iron-coordinated nitrogen doped carbons (Fe-N-Cs) as well as metal-free nitrogen-doped carbons (NDCs) are very promising alternatives for Pt-based cathode catalysts. The early reports on the application of such materials date back to the 1960´s when Jasinski demonstrated that - similar to natural porphyrins - N-coordinated transition metal complexes can be active sites for the ORR.1 The preparation of Fe-N-Cs was strongly optimized over the years; still they typically remain with harsh reaction conditions that complicate the selective formation of active FeN4 sites. Until recently, the employment of pyrolytic temperatures was a dogma for the synthesis of FeN4 sites, however coming with unfavorable side reactions. To avoid those harmful side reaction a limit of maximum ≈3 wt.% of Fe (depending on the precursor) was reached, which was also limiting the progress in catalyst performance for this class of materials.2, 3 Since 2006 it was shown that nitrogen doped carbons (NDCs) act as an inexpensive and highly active non-metal catalyst in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR).4 Both, NDCs and Fe-N-Cs nowadays show the potential to reach performances of practical need, where NDC seem to be promising only for alkaline conditions, while Fe-N-Cs show promise independent of the pH.5, 6 For both PGM-free catalysts, high performance requires advantageous porosity, which typically means high surface area and mass transport pores as well as the control over the chemistry of catalytically active sites.
Results and Discussion
My group is developing novel synthetic strategies e.g. using molten salts or molten acids as unconventional reaction medium for the preparation of carbons materials.7, 8 Carbon materials with tunable very high surface area of ~2800 m2 g-1 and pore volumes, up to four times as high as in commercial activated carbons, are obtained.
Fig. 1: Scheme of the porogenesis mechanism for NDCs by phase separation in of molten salt carbonization (a) to obtain tunable high surface area and porous carbon materials with varying nitrogen content (b).
It turned out that such NDCs synthesized in presence of Mg2+ or Zn2+ give rise to a high degree of pyridinic and pyrrolic sites and outstanding ORR activity in alkaline conditions. The salt cations Mg2+ or Zn2+ act as template ions, which results in tetrapyrrolic functional groups embedded into the carbon structure.
Based on this, we recently introduced a mild procedure to synthesize Fe-N-C, which leads to active-site formation at low temperatures due to coordination of Fe ions to the tetrapyrrolic functional groups of NDCs.2, 3
Figure 2: Scheme of the Active-Site Imprinting Strategy. A pyrolytic template-ion reaction forms a tetrapyrrolic functional group within the carbon framework (first step). Exchange of the template ion T (with T=Mg2+ or Zn2+) with Fe results in tetrapyrrolic Fe-N-C.
The synthesis strategy of active-site imprinting and transmetalation is decoupling the preparation of NDCs from the preparation of the active sites and therefore breaks with the dogma of Fe-N-Cs preparation, circumventing the limitation to 3 wt.% of Fe.9 After a thermal activation step the Fe-N-Cs derived from active site imprinting show very good performance of ORR in acidic conditions, both on the half-cell (rotating disc electrode) and full-cell (5cm2 PEM single cell) level.
Figure 3: a) Rotating disk electrode measurements show the large increase in ORR activity and low amount of peroxide formed by exchange of Zn to Fe coordinated to tetrapyrrolic NDC, especially when followed by a second heat treatment. b) Single cell PEMFC H2-O2 tests show a peak power density above 0.4 W cm-2 at a catalyst loading of 2 mg cm-2.
Active-site imprinting is currently used by many groups worldwide, successfully pushing the performance of Fe-N-Cs forward, with higher Fe loadings and improved porosities.10-12 Challenges are the moderate turnover frequency (0.24 e- s-1 at 0.8 VRHE) of tetrapyrrolic Fe-N4 sites, 13 and a moderate shelf-life of tetrapyrrolic Fe-N-Cs in atmospheric conditions.14 Besides improvements of electrode engineering and optimization of fuel cell management, an improved synthetic control, leading to more active and stable catalytic environments are needed to tackle the need of sustainable electrocatalysts for future energy conversion technology.15
T2 - International Conference on Materials and Systems for Sustainability (ICMaSS2023)
CY - Nagoya, Japan
DA - 01.12.2023
KW - PGM-free catalysts
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-61937
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
T1 - On the structure of doped carbon electrodes
N2 - Carbon-based materials are promising electrodes for energy applications. Herein an overview of morphological and chemical features of such carbon materials is given. It is further shown how morphological and chemical features must be devonvoluted to be able to elucidate structure-performance realtionships that are critical to the improvement of the materials for applications such as batteries or fuel cells.
T2 - TEC Summer Seminar 2022
CY - Monte Isola, Italy
DA - 06.09.2022
KW - Carbon
KW - M-N-C
KW - Electrocatalysis
KW - Energy storage
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-61935
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Krug von Nidda, Jonas
T1 - Core-Shell Materials as Advanced Anodes for Sodium Ion Batteries
N2 - The current imperative to shift towards an energy grid equipped with sustainable energy storage solutions has caused a renewed interest in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Hard carbons (HCs) are a promising option high-capacity anode materials in SIBs. Nevertheless, their elevated capacities frequently come at the cost of experiencing substantial non-reversible initial capacity losses.
Commonly, significant losses are associated with irreversible reactions, such as the creation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), that occur during the initial sodium insertion in HC-materials. Intriguingly, high values of irreversible capacity are often found for samples with experimentally determined low specific surface area.[1] A more comprehensive understanding of the structure-property relations is essential for quantifying and grasping the potential of hard carbon materials in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Thus, the objective is to employ analytical methods to establish a link between the structure and the electrochemical attributes of HC materials. This has been a challenge, partly due to the non-stoichiometric nature of the sodium storage mechanism and the disordered structure of HCs.
To address the challenges mentioned above, our approach is to explore whether a core-shell structure can separate sodium storage and SEI-formation. This way, we can investigate and fine-tune storage capacity and irreversible losses, independently. The strategy involves the synthesis of various porous carbon structures to serve as the core material and their combination with sodium-conductive structures to core-shell materials. Herein, we will present different synthesis routes towards tailor-made carbon core materials. Moreover, different coatings concepts will be introduced, and the electrochemical performance of the core and core-shell materials compared. To elucidate the storage mechanism, the results of advanced analytical methods such as operando NMR and SAXS will be presented. Generally, these core-shell anodes promise to enable high capacities accompanied with low irreversible losses due to optimized SEI-formation.
T2 - GDCh Electrochemistry 2024
CY - Braunschweig, Germany
DA - 16.09.2024
KW - Sodium Ion Batteries
KW - Negative Electrodes
KW - Core Shell Materials
KW - Energy Storage
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61145
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
T1 - Valorization of carbon dioxide by the electrocatalytic reduction coupled to acetogens via multiple electron carriers
N2 - A summary of the DFG project "Ecat-Acetogens" within the SPP priority programm Ebiotech (2240) was given. The successful developmante of a bioelectrocataltic reactor system based on standard 2l stirred tank bioreactors and common 5cm2 singel cell electrolysis reactors was presnted and first results discussed based on the catlytic properties of a specifically designed cathode catalyst for CO2 reduction.
T2 - DFG SPP Statusmeeting Ebiotech 2024
CY - Jena, Germany
DA - 22.04.2024
KW - CO2 conversion
KW - Bioelectrocatalytic reactor
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61939
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Schwarz, I.
A1 - Rieck, Arielle
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
A1 - Weuster-Botz, Dirk
T1 - Bio-electrochemical CO2 conversion into organic products using precious-metal free electrocatalysts
N2 - For the realization of a sustainable economy, it is of great importance to make use of CO2 for the production of multi-carbon organic chemicals used as feedstock in the chemical industry as well as carbon-neutral fuels (Varela et al. 2019). A promising approach is the electrochemical CO2 reduction followed by microbial conversion of the reduced products.
KW - Bio-electrochemical
KW - Organic products
KW - Electrocatalysts
PY - 2024
SP - 1
EP - 2
AN - OPUS4-59572
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Scholl, Juliane
T1 - Degradation and Impact of Fluorinated electrolytes from Lithium-Ion Batteries
N2 - Lithium-based batteries (LiBs) have become increasingly important in modern society, as cutting-edge portable energy storage systems and as a crucial component in the energy revolution. However, they still face challenges such as safety concerns, capacity degradation, and the ever-growing demand for higher energy density. To address these issues, researchers have turned their attention to fluorinated organic compounds (FOCs) as part of LiBs electrolytes. These substances, closely related to per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), have shown great potential in optimizing LiBs. Specifically, their strong fluorine-carbon bond offers enhanced oxidative and chemical resistance. Nevertheless, their environmental impact is a cause for concern. Fluorinated organics can persist in the environment or can lead to the formation of persistent end-products, which accumulate and contribute to global health problems.
To study the fate of fluorinated organic electrolytes in different environmental and application scenarios, a range of simulation methods are employed, including the TOP (Total Oxidizable Precursor) Assay, electrochemistry, photo-induced degradation, and cycling of self-assembled coin cells prepared with FOCs. Transformation products (TP) are identified using gas chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (GC/LC-HRMS).
T2 - 23. Norddeutsches Doktorandenkolloquium
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 05.10.2023
KW - Transformation products
KW - Lithium-ion batteries
KW - PFAS
KW - TP
KW - Batteries
KW - Electrolytes
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58511
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sander, Luise
T1 - Commercially Available Sodium-Ion Cells: Links between Material and Electrode Properties and the electrochemical Performance
N2 - As the first commercial sodium-ion-batteries (SIBs) are available for purchase, it is possible to investigate material composition. Gaining an insight into the material composition of these SIBs is of interest not only for the classification of possible safety risks and hazards, but also in regards to recycling. Herein we report the preliminary investigations of the chemical and structural composition of first commercial SIB-cells. Two different SIB-cell types were compared in terms of electrode size, thickness, loading etc. Furthermore, the composition of the active materials and electrolyte was investigated and compared. Finally, the gained results were linked to the different data sheet performance of the two cell types.
T2 - MATSUS Conference 2025
CY - Sevilla, Spain
DA - 03.03.2025
KW - Battery
KW - Sodium-Ion-Battery
KW - Electrochemical Energy Storage
KW - Energy Storage
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62932
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sander, Luise
T1 - Linking Material and Electrode Properties to the Cell Performance of Commercially Available SIBs
N2 - As the first commercial sodium-ion-batteries (SIBs) are available for purchase, it is possible to investigate material composition. Gaining an insight into the material composition of these SIBs is of interest not only for the classification of possible safety risks and hazards, but also in regards to recycling. Herein we report the preliminary investigations of the chemical and structural composition of first commercial SIB-cells.[1,2] Two different SIB-cell types were compared in terms of electrode size, thickness, loading etc. Furthermore, the composition of the active materials and electrolyte was investigated and compared. Finally, the gained results were linked to the different data sheet performance of the two cell types.
T2 - Advanced Battery Power 2025
CY - Aachen, Germany
DA - 01.04.2025
KW - Battery
KW - Sodium-Ion-Battery
KW - Electrochemical Energy Storage
KW - Energy Storage
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62924
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Scholl, Juliane
T1 - Fluorinated Additives used in LiBs - Forever Chemicals of Tomorrow?
N2 - Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) are increasingly crucial in modern society, serving as advanced portable energy storage systems and playing a vital role in the energy revolution. Despite their importance, challenges such as safety risks, capacity decline, and the need for higher energy density persist. Researchers are exploring the use of fluorinated organic compounds (FOCs) in LiBs electrolytes as a potential solution [1-3]. These compounds, similar to per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), offer improved oxidative and chemical resistance due to their strong fluorine-carbon bond. However, concerns over their environmental impact remain, as FOCs could persist in the environment or create harmful degradation products, which accumulate and contribute to global health problems.
To investigate the environmental fate of two structurally similar and prominent FOCs found in electrolytes, various methods are used to simulate transformation products (TPs). These methods include the TOP (total oxidizable precursor) assay, the Fenton reaction, electrochemistry, photoinduced degradation, and hydrolysis. TPs are identified using gas chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (GC- and LC-HRMS). First results of this TP screening will be presented.
T2 - ISC 2024
CY - Liverpool, GB
DA - 06.10.2024
KW - Transformation products
KW - Lithium-ion batteries
KW - Fluorinated Compounds
KW - Gas chromatography/ QTOF-MS
KW - Liquid chromatography/ QTOF-MS
KW - PFAS
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61341
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sander, Luise
T1 - Comparison of Commercially Available SIBs: Linking Material and Electrode Properties to Cell Performance
N2 - As the first commercial sodium-ion-batteries (SIBs) are available for purchase, it is possible to investigate material composition. Gaining an insight into the material composition of these SIBs is of interest not only for the classification of possible safety risks and hazards, but also in regards to recycling. Herein we report the preliminary investigations of the chemical and structural composition of first commercial SIB-cells. Two different SIB-cell types were compared in terms of electrode size, thickness, loading etc. Furthermore, the composition of the active materials and electrolyte was investigated and compared. Finally, the gained results were linked to the different data sheet performance of the two cell types.
T2 - Batterieforum 2025
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 21.01.2025
KW - Battery
KW - Sodium-Ion-Battery
KW - Electrochemical Energy Storage
KW - Energy Storage
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62921
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Battistella, Beatrice
T1 - Elemental distribution as a key indicator of manufacturing quality and state of health in lithium and sodium ion batteries
N2 - Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs) dominate the energy storage market due to their high energy density, lightweight, and substantial power output.[1] Since their manufacture involves the usage of critical materials such as lithium, cobalt and copper, Sodium-Ion Batteries (SIBs) are currently emerging as a more sustainable alternative due to the high availability of sodium and other required raw materials on Earth.[2] These two technologies share similar electrochemical principles and currently find different applications in the global market.[3] While LIBs dominate the portable electric devices and electromotive field, SIBs are becoming relevant for stationary energy storage applications, for which energy density plays a less decisive role.
The increasing global demand for LIBs, expected to grow by about 27% annually,[4] raises questions about the fate of the millions of tons of exhausted batteries generated. Considering that battery production gigafactories have a scrap rate of about 30% across the entire production chain,[5] it appears evident that improved manufacturing processes and increased battery lifetime are demanded. To meet these requirements, a deeper understanding of the processes that concur with battery degradation is essential.
With the aim of gaining further insight into these aspects, this work focuses on the formation, composition, and degradation of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI). This complex, heterogeneous passivation layer that forms on the negative electrode is essential for the reversible charging of batteries and the understanding of its formation and degradation is essential for producing batteries with superior performances.[6] To gain insight into these intricate phenomena, the distribution of the main elemental components of SEI in LIBs and SIBs electrodes is investigated. Positive electrodes are self made using lithium- and sodium-layered transition metal oxides as active material, while graphite and hard carbon are used to produce the negative electrodes. After their assembly, the cells are formed and artificially aged under different conditions. Post mortem analysis is performed on freshly formed, early failed, and differently aged cells by lateral profile (Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy LIBS) and in-depth profile (Glow-Discharge Optical Emission Spectroscopy GD-OES and Mass Spectrometry GD-MS) techniques.[7] We present a new GD-OES analytical method where electrodes are sputtered with a neon/argon mixture. This allows for in-depth profiling of fluorine (IE 17.4 eV) due to the higher ionization energy of neon (IE 21.6 eV) compared to argon (IE 15.8 eV). Qualitative analysis of solvents and electrolytes degradation products is performed by GC-MS. Furthermore, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy analysis (EIS), performed on each cell at different stages of life, facilitates the correlation between internal resistance and degradation process.
The pool of experimental data is used as feedstock for Machine Learning (ML) methods. By merging data obtained from multiple sources, ML algorithms can unveil correlations between the data sets and, thus, provide insight into the cell’s chemical/physical deterioration. Furthermore, ML tools are employed to correlate chemical degradation of the cells with their electrochemical features, investigated by non-destructive analysis (EIS). Using the acquired experimental data as training set, this work targets the development of a data-driven approach for battery State of Health (SOH) and Remaining Useful Lifetime (RUL) evaluation based on non-destructive analysis results. The method aims to offer a simple way to establish battery RUL, avoiding time consuming and expensive end of life chemical analysis, which offers remarkable implications to the large-scale battery production.[8]
T2 - 247th ECS Meeting
CY - Montreal, Canada
DA - 18.05.2025
KW - Batteries
KW - Data Fusion
KW - Diagnostic
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63298
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kaiser, Sebastian
T1 - Bestimmung des Temperaturfeldes beim Schweißen im Betrieb an Wasserstoff-Ferngasleitungen
N2 - Grüner Wasserstoff wird als zukünftiger Energieträger eine wichtige Rolle bei der Dekarbonisierung spielen. Sein großtechnischer Transport über große Entfernungen wird über ein Wasserstoff-Pipelinennetz erfolgen. Ein solches Netz erfordert regelmäßig Schweißarbeiten zu Reparatur-, Wartungs- oder Erweiterungszwecken. Im Erdgasnetz ist es gängige Praxis, Schweißarbeiten während des Betriebs auszuführen, da es technisch und wirtschaftlich äußerst schwierig ist, eine Pipeline außer Betrieb zu nehmen. Im Fall von Wasserstoffpipelines ist hierbei jedoch zu beachten, dass Wasserstoff in den Pipelinestahl absorbiert werden kann. Dies kann zu einer Beeinträchtigung der Materialeigenschaften oder sogar zum Versagen der Pipeline führen, da die bekannten Effekte der wasserstoffinduzierten Versprödung und der wasserstoffunterstützten Rissbildung auftreten können. Die Wasserstoffaufnahme ist dabei wesentlich von den beim Schweißen auftretenden erhöhten Temperaturen abhängig. Um genaue Kenntnisse der zu erwartenden Temperaturen zu erlangen, wurden Schweißversuche an Ersatzgeometrien durchgeführt und Temperaturverläufe an diesen gemessen.
Basierend auf den Temperaturmessungen sollen im weiteren Verlauf in Zusammenarbeit mit der TU Graz Temperaturfelder sowie die resultierende Wasserstoffaufnahme und -diffusion mittels FEM berechnet werden.
T2 - Forschungsseminar OvGU-Magdeburg
CY - Magdeburg, Germany
DA - 18.02.2026
KW - Pipeline
KW - Schweißen
KW - Wasserstoff
PY - 2026
AN - OPUS4-65565
LA - mul
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Gook, Sergej
A1 - Biegler, Max
A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey
A1 - Rethmeier, Michael
T1 - Integration of hybrid laser-arc and narrow gap submerged arc welding for cost-effective joining of 80 mm thick S355ML steel plates
N2 - This paper presents the results of developing a cost-effective, robust process for welding thick steel plates. Welding trials were performed on S355ML structural steel plates with a thickness of 80 mm. A specially designed U-shaped joint preparation with a 45 mm root face was proposed to enable thick welds to be welded using a combined technique. In the developed process, a hybrid laser arc weld (HLAW) is performed as the first pass. Subsequently, narrow-gap submerged arc welding (NG-SAW) is applied to the opposite side using a multi-layer technique. The weld cross-section is completed using a reliable overlap of both the HLAW and NG-SAW welds. This method achieves a 2.9-fold reduction in weld volume and filler material consumption, as well as shorter production times for thick-walled welds. Further advantages of the process combination include eliminating the need to form the root of the HLAW weld and the absence of a backing support. The applied process parameters ensure that the maximum heat input does not exceed 5 kJ/mm, leading to uniform hardness across the weld metal and heat-affected zone (HAZ). Impact toughness testing at −40 °C demonstrated excellent performance, with Charpy V-notch energies of 138 ± 45 J in the arc-dominated region and 65 ± 12 J in the critical laser-dominated zone of the HLAW weld. In addition, the NG-SAW weld exhibited an average Charpy V-notch energy of 274 ± 5 J, confirming excellent low-temperature toughness of the fill passes. Owing to its high process stability and practical applicability, the proposed welding approach shows high potential for integration into the fabrication of thick-walled offshore constructions.
KW - Hybrid laser arc welding
KW - Narrow gap submerged arc welding
KW - Low carbon structural steel
KW - Fusion zone size
KW - Microstructure
KW - Impact absorbed energy
KW - Hardness
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-655627
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2026.114796
SN - 0030-3992
VL - 197
SP - 1
EP - 12
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-65562
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Semenova, Aleksandra
A1 - Spitzer Sra, Stefan H.
A1 - Dvorakova, Barbora
A1 - Askar, Enis
A1 - Funnemann, Patrick
A1 - Hermanns, Roy T.E.
A1 - Jankuj, Vojtech
A1 - Vignes, Alexis
A1 - Kuracina, Richard
A1 - Szabova, Zuzana
A1 - Norman, Frederik
A1 - Gabel, Dieter
A1 - Danzi, Enrico
A1 - Makarova, Ekaterina
A1 - Lorenzon, Ivan
A1 - Toman, Adrian
A1 - Adamus, Wojciech
A1 - Hessels, Conrad
T1 - Towards standardized safety protocols for iron-based energy carriers: International alignment through round robin testing on safety characteristics
N2 - Background Iron powder appears to be a promising solution for long-term energy storage and (inter-) continental transport, as it is safe to store and does not require energy to maintain its state, unlike, for instance, liquefied hydrogen. However, while the fundamental research is well underway, large-scale implementation is still in its early stages, with a growing number of promising demonstrators emerging. Methods This article contributes to the large-scale implementation of iron as an energy carrier by presenting a round-robin test of four iron powders currently used in research and larger-scale demonstrators. These powders were tested on their safety characteristics in the standard 20 L apparatus across eight European countries. Results The resulting data are intended to support future standardization efforts using different iron samples as standardized fuel. All tested powders were classified either as non-explosible or as belonging to the category of marginally explosible dusts (Class 1). This provides a clear picture of the level of explosion protection measures that need to be considered for the safe use of iron powders in energy carrier applications. Conclusions Along with that, the study detected variations in the results and pointed to shortcomings in the current standards that may cause such discrepancies. These findings emphasize the importance of improving testing procedures to support standardization and ensure the safe use of iron powder as an energy carrier using an a-priori-approach rather than subsequent testing.
KW - Explosion protection
KW - Energy carrier
KW - Safety characteristics
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-655761
DO - https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.22839.1
SN - 2732-5121
VL - 6
SP - 1
EP - 20
PB - F1000 Research Ltd
AN - OPUS4-65576
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hajhariri, Aliasghar
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
A1 - Camplese, Davide
A1 - Scarponi, Giordano Emrys
A1 - Cozzani, Valerio
A1 - Seidlitz, Holger
T1 - Cryogenic storage safety: Experimental evaluation of insulation under extreme conditions
N2 - Hydrogen is recognized as a keystone of the global energy transition, offering a clean, high-energy-density energy carrier ideal for storage and transportation. Among various storage options, liquid hydrogen (LH2) is especially advantageous for both mobile and stationary applications. However, ensuring the safety and performance of LH2 storage systems under extreme thermal conditions, such as fire exposure, remains an engineering challenge.
This study introduces an experimental framework, called the Cryogenic High-Temperature Thermal Vacuum Chamber (CHTTVC), designed to investigate the thermal-hydraulic response of vacuum-insulated cryogenic tanks under fire-like conditions. The apparatus enables evaluation of insulation performance, such as perlite and multilayer insulation (MLI), with a focus on thermal degradation, heat ingress, and vacuum stability.
Results indicate that combustible MLIs undergo substantial thermal degradation, leading to heat ingress rates of up to 6.5 kW and the formation of hazardous combustion by-products. In contrast, non-combustible MLIs and bulk insulation materials restrict heat ingress to approximately 3 kW while more effectively preserving vacuum integrity. Combustible MLIs also exhibit pronounced pressure increases in the evacuated section, reaching ∼6 × 104 Pa, nearly six times higher than those observed for non-combustible counterparts. Analysis of effective emissivity further reveals an enhancement in radiative heat transfer, approximately five times, for combustible MLIs following degradation. Additionally, marked thermal stratification develops under both nominal and extreme heat loads, with temperature gradients approaching 10 °C per 100 mm during sustained thermal exposure.
KW - Multi-Layer Insulation
KW - Cryogenic Storage
KW - Safety
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-655380
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2026.105961
SN - 0950-4230
VL - 101
SP - 1
EP - 20
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-65538
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Bruhn, D.
A1 - Köhler, S.
A1 - Regenspurg, S.
A1 - Schumann, F.
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
A1 - Dunkelberg, E.
A1 - Huenges, E.
A1 - Frick, M.
A1 - Hirschl, B.
A1 - Sass, I.
T1 - Positionspapier Wärmeversorgung in Berlin und Brandenburg durch GeoEnergie - Empfehlungen der GeoEnergie Allianz Berlin Brandenburg zu Forschung und Umsetzung
N2 - Das gesellschaftliche Ziel der Defossilisierung der Energieversorgung erfordert eine disruptive Veränderung der Wärmebereitstellung. In Berlin und in den größten Brandenburger Städten Potsdam und Cottbus werden noch über 80 % der Nutzwärme über fossile Energieträger bereitgestellt. Die notwendigen Veränderungen erfordern Lösungen, die den tiefen Untergrund der Region nutzen. Allein die Nutzung der tiefen Geothermie kann mindestens 25% des Wärmebedarfs in Deutschland decken. Die Infrastruktur zur Verteilung dieser erneuerbaren Wärme ist bereichsweise vorhanden. Sie muss allerdings lokal und in ländlichen Gebieten weiter ausgebaut werden.
Für die Sektoren Strom und Verkehr steht zwar Energie insbesondere aus Sonne und Wind bereit, aber wegen des zeitlich variablen Angebots besteht ein erheblicher Bedarf an großtechnischen Speichern für Strom und Wärme oder auch für Energieträger (z. B. Wasserstoff). Die saisonale oder temporale Überproduktion an Strom und Wärme aus erneuerbaren Energien zwingt dazu, eine urbane Speicherinfrastruktur aufzubauen, um eine grundlastfähige und bedarfsgerechte Lieferung zu realisieren. Hinzu kommt die Aufgabe das Treibhausgas Kohlendioxid aus der Atmosphäre zu reduzieren und unterirdisch dauerhaft zu lagern. Auch hier werden Speichertechnologien und ‐räume benötigt.
Die nachhaltige energetische Nutzung des unterirdischen Raumes ist geeignet, entscheidende Beiträge zu einer zukünftigen Energiewirtschaft ohne fossile Brennstoffe zu leisten. Diese große interdisziplinäre Aufgabe erfordert die Zusammenarbeit vieler Fach‐, und Forschungseinrichtungen, die im Raum Berlin‐
Brandenburg vorhanden sind und in einer regionalen Forschungsallianz gebündelt werden sollen. Für die Region Berlin‐Brandenburg ergibt sich daraus die Chance, eine Schlüsselrolle in der Grundlagen‐ und angewandter Forschung zur Transformation des Energiesystems zu übernehmen und weltweit als Vorbild zu dienen.
Im vorliegenden Papier werden die Formen einer nachhaltigen Geoenergienutzung, das geologische Potenzial der Region Berlin Brandenburg und dessen bisherige geoenergetische Nutzung dargestellt. Aus diesem Wissen wird der Ist‐Zustand hinsichtlich des energiewirtschaftlichen Potenzials und der sich daraus ergebenden Nutzungsoptionen abgeleitet, um darauf aufbauend Maßnahmen darzustellen, mit denen spürbare Beiträge zur Dekarbonisierung erreicht werden können. Daraus ergeben sich Handlungsempfehlungen für die Region, verbunden mit einem möglichen Beitrag der GEB² zum Risikomanagement, Investitionen in Schlüsseltechnologien, der Aus‐ und Weiterbildung, sowie der Akzeptanzerhöhung für geoenergetische Projekte.
T2 - Gründungsveranstaltung der GeoEnergie Allianz Berlin Brandenburg
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 24.11.2023
KW - Geoenergie
KW - Geothermie
KW - Nachhaltigkeit
PY - 2023
SP - 1
EP - 18
CY - Berlin & Potsdam
AN - OPUS4-58924
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Processing and application properties of multiple principal element alloys (MPEA)
N2 - The presentation gives an overview of BAM's activities on processing influences and application properties of MPEAs in the form of joined and machined high and medium entropy alloys (CoCrFeMnNi and CoCrNi). In the case of welding, the focus is on defect-free welded joints with sufficient mechanical properties. In the case of machining, the focus is on the possible influence on the surface quality of the materials through adequate milling parameters. In addition, the hydrogen absorption and diffusion properties as well as the electrochemical corrosion behavior are fundamentally examined.
T2 - FAU-Department Werkstoffwissenschaften, Seminar: Aktuelle Probleme der Werkstoffwissenschaften
CY - Erlangen, Germany
DA - 25.04.2024
KW - Welding
KW - Application properties
KW - Machining
KW - High-entropy alloy
KW - Hydrogen
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59975
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Aristia, Gabriela
T1 - Electrochemical measurement of polyaniline containing coating at high temperature: PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES
N2 - This presentation describes special aspects when performing measurements at high temperatures.
Especially electrochemical issues are addressed for impedance spectroscopy, like overlapping time constants, handling of noise etc.
T2 - Electrochemical Doctoral School “Corrosion: from analysis to modelling”
CY - Brussels Belgium
DA - 04.02.2019
KW - Polyaniline
KW - Geothermal
KW - Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-47917
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Agea Blanco, Boris
A1 - Meyer, Christian
A1 - Müller, Ralf
A1 - Günster, Jens
T1 - Sand erosion of solar glass: Specific energy uptake, total transmittance, and module efficiency
N2 - Surface roughness, R Z , normal transmittance, Τ N , total transmittance, Τ T , and photovoltaic (PV) module efficiency, η S , were measured for commercial solar glass plates and PV test modules identically sandblasted with different loads of quartz sand (200 – 400 μ m), impact inclination angles, and sand particle speed. Measured data are presented versus the specific energy uptake during sand blasting, E (J/m2). Cracks, adhering particles, and scratch ‐ like textures probably caused by plastic flow phenomena could be observed after sand blasting. Their characteristic size was much smaller than that of sand particles.
After blasting and subsequent cleaning, the glass surface was still covered with adhering glass particles. These particles, cracks, and scratch ‐ like textures could not be removed by cleaning. For sand blasting with α = 30° inclination angle and E = 30 000 J/m2, normal transmittance, total transmittance, and relative module efficiency decreased by 29%, 2% and ∽ 2%, respectively. This finding indicates that diffusive transmission of light substantially contributes to PV module efficiency and that the module efficiency decrease caused by sand erosion can be better estimated from total than by normal transmittance measurements.
KW - Transmittance
KW - Efficiency
KW - Photovoltaic modules
KW - Roughness
KW - Sand blasting
PY - 2018
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/er.3930
SN - 1099-114X
SN - 0363-907X
VL - 42
IS - 3
SP - 1298
EP - 1307
PB - Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-44157
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
T1 - Metallic Materials for Geothermal Applications
N2 - The aim of the work presented was the evaluation of corrosion resistance
of various materials in geothermal Waters as a base to create a catalogue of suitable materials for applications in (not only) German geothermal power plants.
Users shall be enabled to have a basis for designing such facilities. High alloyed corrosion resistant alloys are suitable and do not cause copper or lead deposition. They shall be chosen for future design of the piping system, either in massive or in cladded form, if crevices formation with non-metallic materials can be prevented!
T2 - IFPEN-Workshop: Corrosion in Low-Carbon Energies
CY - Online meeting
DA - 03.11.2020
KW - Geothermal
KW - Corrosion
KW - Saline brine
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-51511
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Aristia, Gabriela
A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
T1 - Effect of CO2 gas on carbon steel corrosion in an acidic-saline based geothermal fluid
N2 - Geothermal energy is one of the most promising energy resources to replace fossil fuel. To extract this energy, hot fluids of various salts and gases are pumped up from a geothermal well having a certain depth and location. Geothermal wells in volcanic regions often contain highly corrosive CO2 and H2S gases that can be corrosive to the geothermal power-plants, which are commonly constructed of different steels, such as carbon steel. This research focuses on the corrosion behaviour of carbon steel exposed to an artificial geothermal fluid containing CO2 gas, using an artificial acidic-saline geothermal brine as found in Sibayak, Indonesia. This medium has a pH of 4 and a chloride content of 1,500 mg/L. Exposure tests were conducted for seven days at 70 °C and 150 °C to simulate the operating temperatures for low and medium enthalpy geothermal sources. Surface morphology and cross-section of the specimens from the above experiments were analysed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). Electrochemical tests via open circuit potential (OCP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were performed to understand the corrosion processes of carbon steel in CO2-containing solution both at 70 °C and 150 °C. Localized corrosion was observed to a greater extent at 70 °C due to the less protectiveness of corrosion product layer compared to that at 150 °C, where FeCO3 has a high corrosion resistance. However, a longer exposure test for 28 days revealed the occurrence of localized corrosion with deeper pits compared to the seven-day exposed carbon steel. In addition, corrosion product transformation was observed after 28 days, indicating that more Ca2+ cations incorporate into the FeCO3 structure.
T2 - EUROCORR 2019
CY - Sevilla, Spain
DA - 09.09.2019
KW - Carbon steel
KW - CO2
KW - EIS
KW - Geothermal
KW - Corrosion
PY - 2019
SP - Paper 200245, 1
EP - 5
CY - Madrid, Spain
AN - OPUS4-49099
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
A1 - Schiller, B.N.
A1 - Beck, M.
A1 - Bettge, Dirk
T1 - On the corrosion behaviour of co 2 injection pipe steels: role of cement
N2 - Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is identified as an excellent technology to reach the target of CO2 reduction. However, the safety issue and cost-effectiveness hinder the future of CCS. For the reliability and safety issues of injection wells, the corrosion resistance of the materials used needs to be determined.
In this study, representative low-cost materials including carbon steel 1.8977 and low alloyed steel 1.7225 were investigated in simulated pore water at 333 K and under CO2 saturation condition to represent the worst-case scenario: CO2 diffusion and aquifer fluid penetration. These simulated pore waters were made from relevant cement powder to mimic the realistic casing-cement interface. Electrochemical studies were carried out using the pore water made of cement powder dissolved in water in comparison with those dissolved in synthetic aquifer fluid, to reveal the effect of cement as well as formation water on the steel performance. Two commercially available types of cement were investigated: Dyckerhoff Variodur® and Wollastonite. Variodur® is a cement containing high performance binder with ultra-fine blast furnace slag which can be used to produce high acid resistance concrete. On the other hand, Wollastonite is an emerging natural material mainly made of CaSiO3 which can be hardened by converting to CaCO3 during CO2 injection.
The results showed the pH-reducing effect of CO2 on the simulated pore water/aquifer (from more than 10 to less than 5) leading to the active corrosion process that happened on both 1.8977 and 1.7225. Electrochemical characterization showed negative free corrosion potential and polarisation curves without passive behaviors. The tested coupons suffered from pitting corrosion, which was confirmed by surface analysis. Interestingly, basing on the pit depth measurements from the tested coupons and the hardness of cement powder, it is suggested that Variodur® performed better than Wollastonite in both aspects. The electrochemical data was compared to that resulted from exposure tests to give a recommendation on material selection for bore-hole construction.
T2 - EUROCORR 2019
CY - Sevilla, Spain
DA - 09.09.2019
KW - Cement
KW - Carbon capture
KW - Corrosion and storage (CCUS) technology
KW - Utilization
KW - Carbon steel
KW - Crevice corrosion
PY - 2019
SP - Paper 200597, 1
EP - 4
PB - SOCIEMAT
CY - Madrid, Spain
AN - OPUS4-49109
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa
T1 - On the corrosion behaviour of CO2 injection pipe steels: Role of cement
N2 - Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is identified as an excellent technology to reach the target of CO2 reduction. However, the safety issue and cost-effectiveness hinder the future of CCS. For the reliability and safety issues of injection wells, the corrosion resistance of the materials used needs to be determined.
In this study, representative low-cost materials including carbon steel 1.8977 and low alloyed steel 1.7225 were investigated in simulated pore water at 333 K and under CO2 saturation condition to represent the worst-case scenario: CO2 diffusion and aquifer fluid penetration. These simulated pore waters were made from relevant cement powder to mimic the realistic casing-cement interface. Electrochemical studies were carried out using the pore water made of cement powder dissolved in water in comparison with those dissolved in synthetic aquifer fluid, to reveal the effect of cement as well as formation water on the steel performance. Two commercially available types of cement were investigated: Dyckerhoff Variodur® and Wollastonite. Variodur® is a cement containing high performance binder with ultra-fine blast furnace slag which can be used to produce high acid resistance concrete. On the other hand, Wollastonite is an emerging natural material mainly made of CaSiO3 which can be hardened by converting to CaCO3 during CO2 injection.
The results showed the pH-reducing effect of CO2 on the simulated pore water/aquifer (from more than 10 to less than 5) leading to the active corrosion process that happened on both 1.8977 and 1.7225. Electrochemical characterization showed negative free corrosion potential and polarisation curves without passive behaviors. The tested coupons suffered from pitting corrosion, which was confirmed by surface analysis. Interestingly, basing on the pit depth measurements from the tested coupons and the hardness of cement powder, it is suggested that Variodur® performed better than Wollastonite in both aspects. The electrochemical data was compared to that resulted from exposure tests to give a recommendation on material selection for bore-hole construction.
T2 - EUROCORR 2019
CY - Sevilla, Spain
DA - 09.09.2019
KW - Carbon capture
KW - Utilization, and storage (CCUS) technology
KW - Corrosion
KW - Carbon steel
KW - Mortel
KW - Crevice corrosion
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49105
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Aristia, Gabriela
T1 - Fenomena Korosi pada aplikasi panas bumi
N2 - To accelerate the development of Indonesian geothermal energy, progress should be done in all aspects. Corrosion is an important part on the technological development to ensure the safety and longevity of a power plant.
T2 - Fireside Chat der Indonesischen Botschaft
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 21.11.2019
KW - Corrosion
KW - Korosi
KW - Korrosion
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49735
LA - mul
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
T1 - Review: Introduction to Materials for Advanced Energy Systems
N2 - Since materials play an important role when designing and servicing industrial facilities. Also, for energy systems there is no way around. Selection of appropriate materials is an essential aspect for successful application and reliable service life. Future engineers must be made aware on the importance of this fact. So, they may prevail in techno‐economic discussions.
The book fulfills its intension of providing to students in science and engineering a comprehensive understanding of different energy processes and what role materials play in this conjunction. Also, it gives interested engineers and scientists an insight in this matter. After being introduced the user should dig deeper in the existing detailed knowledge available for materials selection within these special conditions to assure a reliable operation of the energy production facility.
KW - Energy systems
KW - Materials
PY - 2019
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.201970114
SN - 1521-4176
SN - 0947-5117
VL - 70
IS - 11
SP - 2140
EP - 2141
PB - WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA
CY - Weinheim
AN - OPUS4-49719
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
T1 - Corrosive CO2-stream components, challenging for materials to be used in CC(U)S applications
N2 - This contribution provides current findings regarding materials susceptibility for CCUS applications. Basing on results gathered in 2 German long-term projects (COORAL and CLUSTER) suitable materials are introduced as well as dominating impurities of the CO2 stream and corrosion mechanisms. Investigations cover the whole CCUS process chain and provide the following recommendations for certain parts. Commercially available carbon steels are suitable for compression and pipelines as long as moisture content and impurities are limited (water 50 to 100 ppmv, SO2 and NO2 ca. 100 ppmv).
Corrosion rates increase with increasing water content (0.2 – 20 mm/a).
Condensation of acids and therefore droplet formation is always possible, even at low water contents.
A low SO2 content within the CO2-stream might be more important than a low water content.
Cr13-steels showed a general susceptibility to shallow pitting and pitting. So, they seem to be not suitable for CCUS applications.
Low alloyed steels showed better corrosion behavior (predictable uniform corrosion).
For direct contact with saline aquifer fluids only high alloyed steels shall be used.
T2 - WCO Webinar on the occasion of Corrosion Awareness Day - Corrosion and Low-Carbon Energies
CY - Frankfurt, Germany
DA - 24.04.2020
KW - CO2-corrosion
KW - CCUS
KW - Pipeline
KW - Carbon Capture
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-50699
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - RPRT
A1 - Ackermann, H.
A1 - Pötzsch, Sina
A1 - Weltschev, Margit
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
A1 - Plum, W.
T1 - Entwicklung einer Prüfmethode zur Bewertung der Materialbeständigkeit von Bauteilen in Mitteldestillatanwendungen
N2 - Im Vorhaben wurde eine forcierte Prüfmethode zur Bestimmung der Beständigkeit von metallenen Werkstoffen gegenüber Brennstoffen aus Mitteldestillaten und Gemischen aus Mitteldestillat und paraffinischen Kohlenwasserstoffen, die jeweils Fettsäuremethylester (FAME) als biogene Komponente enthalten, entwickelt. Bei der Prüfmethode werden Prüfkörper des jeweiligen Werkstoffes in speziellen Prüfmedien ausgelagert. Die Zusammensetzung von zwei Prüfmedien wurde im Vorhaben erarbeitet. Diese Prüfmedien erfassen die Effekte der Alterung des FAME, die zu erwarten sind, wenn der Brennstoff länger als 2 Jahre im Feld lagert. Sie decken den Bereich bis 20 % (V/V) FAME-Anteil ab. Die Auslagerung kann bei geringem Aufwand unter Atmosphärendruck durchgeführt werden.
Die Eignung einer Auswahl von metallenen Werkstoffen und Polymerwerkstoffen, die für Versorgungsanlagen für Mitteldestillat relevant sind, wurde durch Auslagerung in folgenden nicht gealterten Brennstoffen bestimmt: Heizöl EL schwefelarm (B0), Heizöl EL schwefelarm mit 20 % (V/V) FAME (B20), FAME (B100) und hydriertes Pflanzenöl (HVO). Die Werkstoffe wurden auch in einem 1 Jahr gealterten B20 und einem 8 Jahre gealtertem B10 ausgelagert. Die Temperatur bei der Auslagerung betrug 50 °C für die metallenen Werkstoffe und 40 °C und 70 °C für die Polymerwerkstoffe. Die Ergebnisse der Beständigkeitsbewertung wurden in Beständigkeitslisten zusammengefasst. Die mit B20 erhaltenen Bewertungen gelten generell für Gemische aus Heizöl EL schwefelarm und FAME mit einem FAME-Gehalt bis 20 % (V/V). Sie sind auch auf Gemische aus Dieselkraftstoff und FAME mit einem FAME-Gehalt bis 20 %(V/V) übertragbar.
Die forcierte Prüfmethode kann insbesondere KMUs bei der Weiterentwicklung von bestehenden Produkten und der Entwicklung von neuen Produkten als ein kostengünstiger Schnelltest zur Überprüfung der Werkstoff- und Bauteilbeständigkeit gegenüber Mitteldestillaten mit hohem FAME-Anteil dienen. Sie kann für die Hersteller die Sicherheit erhöhen, dass Bauteile die Freigabeprüfungen der Bauaufsicht bestehen, wobei die Freigabe jedoch nur für Deutschland gültig ist.
Die Erkenntnisse des Forschungsvorhabens können in eine harmonisierte Europäische Norm für alternative Brenn- und Kraftstoffe einfließen. Diese ist für die Bauteilhersteller die Voraussetzung für die Erschließung des europäischen Marktes.
N2 - Within this project, a forced test method was developed to determine the resistance of metallic materials to middle distillate fuels and mixtures of middle distillate and paraffinic hydrocarbons both with fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) as a biogenic component. In the method, specimens of the material are immersed in special test media. The compositions of two test media were developed within the project. These test media include the influence of aging of the FAME which is to be expected after a storage of the fuel exceeding 2 years in the field. They cover a range of up to 20 % (v/v) FAME content. The exposure test can be carried out at ambient pressure with little effort.
Suitability of selected metallic and polymer materials relevant for middle distillate supply systems was determined by exposure to the following non-aged fuels: low-sulfur light fuel oil (B0), low-sulfur light fuel oil with 20 % (v/v) FAME (B20), FAME (B100) and hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO). The materials were also exposed in the 1-year-aged B20 and 8-year-aged B10. Test temperature was 50 °C for metallic materials and 40 °C and 70 °C for polymers. Resulting materials resistances were summarized in resistance tables. Resistances obtained in B20 are valid for any mixture of low-sulfur light fuel oil and FAME containing up to 20 % (v/v) FAME. They are also transferable to mixtures of diesel and FAME having a FAME content of up to 20 % (v/v).
This method with special test media is a cost-effective rapid test for checking resistance of materials to middle distillates having a high FAME content. It can support SMEs manufacturing components for supply systems in further development of existing and new products. It increases the manufacturers' certainty that components will pass approval tests of authorities.
Results of this research project can be incorporated into a harmonized European standard for alternative fuels. This is the prerequisite for component manufacturers to access the European market.
KW - Heizöl
KW - FAME
KW - Biobrennstoff
PY - 2020
UR - https://dgmk.de/publikationen/entwicklung-einer-pruefmethode-zur-bewertung-der-materialbestaendigkeit-von-bauteilen-in-mitteldestillatanwendungen/
SN - 978-3-947716-14-2
SN - 0937-9762
SP - 1
EP - 153
PB - DGMK
CY - Hamburg
AN - OPUS4-51110
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Aristia, Gabriela
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
A1 - Roth, C.
T1 - Polyaniline/silicon dioxide containing coating for use in artificial geothermal brines
N2 - Geothermal brine is a complex system containing a wide variety of dissolved salts resulting from the condition s in a geothermal well. These fluids lead to corrosion in pipes and other parts of geothermal system construction and necessitate intense research efforts in finding new suitable materials. Carbon steel is susceptible to corrosion in geothermal brine especially when it is exposed to a high temperature and high-pressure medium, which is considered to be an aggressive environment. An artificial geothermal water, bas ed on a brine composition found in Indonesia, was used to investigate the performance of high alloyed materials. The electrolyte has pH 4 and contains 1,500 mg/l Cl-, 20 mg/l SO4 2-, 15 mg/l HCO3 -, 200 mg/l Ca 2+, 250 mg/l K+, and 600 mg/l Na+. In order to protect the bare material in geothermal application, it is necessary to either use high alloyed material s or coatings. In this research, a coating system consisting of polyaniline and silicon dioxide was investigated regarding its behavior to protect carbon steel. In detail, the effect of SiO2 and polyaniline (PANi) addition was evaluated by exposure and electrochemical tests for 7 days, i.e. electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and open circuit potential (OCP ) at room temperature and 150 °C with 1 MPa pressure .
T2 - NACE International Annual Corrosion Conference
CY - Phoenix, AZ, USA
DA - 15.04.2018
KW - Geothermal
KW - Coating
KW - SiO 2
KW - Polyaniline
KW - Corrosion
PY - 2018
SP - 10708, 1
EP - 14
PB - Omnipress
CY - Houston
AN - OPUS4-44916
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Heuser, Lina
T1 - Silver diffusion in low-melting alkali zinc borate model glasses studied by means of SNMS, TEM and XAS
N2 - In many late-breaking research fields as in photovoltaics, microelectronics, nuclear waste glasses or at least mirror glasses silver diffusion in glasses is relevant to the issues of high-level functionality and recycling. The present study is focused on silver diffusion in innovative, low-melting alkali zinc borate glasses (X2O-ZnO-B2O3, X = Li, Na, K, Rb) potentially usable for silver metallization-pastes in solar cells. The glasses were coated with a thin metallic silver layer and heat treatments in air and nitrogen close to Tg at 470 °C for 2 h were performed. After heat treatment under air and nitrogen atmospheres the coating thickness, measured by a white light interferometer, was about 1.8 µm thick. Silver depth profiles determined by means of secondary neutral mass spectrometry (SNMS) indicate the fastest silver diffusion to a depth of 3.5 µm for Li2O-ZnO-B2O3 (LZB) glass. Nevertheless, the influence of the different alkali ions on the silver diffusion is small. The oxygen availability determines the silver diffusion into the glasses. The oxygen promotes the oxidation of the silver layer enabling Ag+ to diffuse into the glass and to precipitate as Ag0. Both species were detected by x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The precipitated metallic silver particles in Na2O-ZnO-B2O3 (NZB) glass have a mean size of 5.9 nm ± 1.2 nm diameter, which was determined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Phase separation in zinc-rich and zinc-poor phases with a mean diameter of 75 nm ± 20 nm occurred in NZB glass after heat treatment. Ion diffusion of the glasses into the silver layer was suggested by EDX-line scans.
T2 - 94. Glastechnische Tagung
CY - Online meeting
DA - 10.05.2021
KW - Silver diffusion
KW - Alkali zinc borate glass
KW - Metallic silver precipitates
KW - Phase separation
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52861
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bayat, Mehmet E.
A1 - Huber, C.
A1 - Kipphardt, Heinrich
A1 - Tiebe, Carlo
A1 - Engelhard, Carsten
T1 - Towards a sensor-based methodology to determine online calorific values of H2-enriched natural gases in the grid
N2 - The German National Hydrogen Strategy (NWS) envisions a transition towards a hydrogen-based energy grid. However, due to the material incompatibility of existing pipeline infrastructure for amounts of hydrogen higher than 10 cmol/mol, many system components of the existing grid must be replaced with significant costs and considerable time investments. Given these constraints, the admixture of hydrogen into natural gas (NG) to create a hydrogen-enriched NG blend has been designated as a transitional technology. The NWS supports this approach on a regional and time-limited basis, but clearly states that it is not intended as a permanent solution.
Nevertheless, the conversion to a fully hydrogen-based grid is expected to take several decades. During this transitional phase, precise process analytical monitoring of hydrogen amounts in the NG blend is essential to ensure both energy efficiency via calorific value control and operational safety. These procedures require cost-effective, robust, and reliable sensor technologies capable of real-time, in situ/on-site quantification of hydrogen amounts in NG.
In response to this need, we have advanced a physical sensing approach utilizing an oscillating cantilever in collaboration with Truedyne Sensor AG. This sensor system enables quantification of hydrogen amounts, direct calorific value determination as well as display of beneficial gas properties, like density, viscosity, and thermal conductivity. Moreover, the enhanced cantilever system enables direct physical sensing and can also be operated in a quasi-binary mode.
We performed comparative evaluations against two benchmark sensor systems to validate the developed technology. One utilizes chemical sensing, and the other operates on thermal conductivity measurements for hydrogen quantification. Through standardized testing, we demonstrated that the cantilever-based sensor offers both high effectiveness and competitive performance compared to current state-of-the-art technologies for accurate hydrogen detection in natural gas and precise determination of its calorific value.
T2 - Gas Analysis 2026
CY - Paris, France
DA - 27.01.2026
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Natural Gas
KW - Sensor
KW - Calorific Value
KW - Grid
PY - 2026
AN - OPUS4-65505
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Plarre, Rudy
T1 - Wirksamkeitsbewertung von Holzschutzmitteln
N2 - Der Holzschutz in Deutschland ist durch DIN 68800 geregelt. Die Anwendung von Holzschutzmitteln zum Schutz verbauten Holzes ist dabei eine Möglichkeit. Voraussetzung für den Gebrauch von Holzschutzmitteln ist deren Zulassung nach Biozidgesetz. Der Vortrag beschreibt die Vorgehensweise bei der Wirksamkeitsbewertung von Holzschutzmitteln im Rahmen der europäischen Biozidzulassung. Die Wirksamkeitsbewertung erfolgt durch biologische Prüfungen anhand von europäischen Normen getrennt nach Zielorganismen. Je nach späterer Gebrauchssituation des mit Holzschutzmitteln behandelten Holzes sind definierte Alterungsverfahren nach Norm der eigentlichen biologischen Prüfung vorzuschalten. Das Prüfergebnis des widerstandsfähigsten Organismus legt die zum Schutz des Holzes notwenige Konzentration und Einbringmenge des Holzschutzmittel fest.
T2 - Fortbildung für Angehörige von Bundesbehörden organsiert durch die BAuA
CY - Online meeting
DA - 12.02.2026
KW - Holzschutzmittel
KW - Wirksamkei
KW - Biozidgesetz
PY - 2026
AN - OPUS4-65507
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Aristia, Gabriela
A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
T1 - Study of Polyaniline/Silicon Dioxide based Coating on Carbon Steel in Artificial Geothermal Brine
N2 - Geothermal brines are corrosive in nature because of their salt contents and high temperatures. Therefore, they pose a major challenge to geothermal power-plants, which are mostly built of low alloyed steels, e.g., carbon steel. Carbon steel is susceptible to uniform and localized corrosion when exposed to geothermal brines having acidic-saline properties. To overcome this limitation, geothermal power plants should be built by either high alloyed materials or by integrating protection systems on carbon steel, such as coatings and inhibitors. We studied a coating system containing polyaniline/silicon dioxide basing on locally available resources that provides protection against corrosion of carbon steel and enhance the thermal resistance in geothermal environments. Here, exposure and electrochemical tests of coated carbon steels were performed in an artificial geothermal brine. The solution had a pH of 4, with the composition of 1,500 mg/L of chlorides, which is based on the chemical analysis of geothermal brine found in Sibayak, Indonesia. All exposure tests were conducted using autoclaves at 150 °C with a total pressure of 1 MPa, which was performed for up to six months to evaluate the durability of the coating system. Post-experimental analyses were performed by assessing the surface of specimens using optical and electron microscopes. On the other hand, electrochemical tests were performed for seven days at 25 °C and 150 °C to investigate the kinetics of electrochemical reactions by measuring open circuit potential and electrochemical impedance spectra. Experimental results showed the corrosion resistance of PANI/SiO2 composite coatings, where polyaniline and SiO2 play their roles as stabilizers.
T2 - World Geothermal Congress
CY - Online meeting
DA - 30.03.2021
KW - Coatings
KW - Corrosion
KW - Polyaniline
KW - Sibayak
KW - SiO2
PY - 2021
SP - 1
EP - 7
AN - OPUS4-52830
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Stajanca, Pavol
A1 - Mihai, L.
A1 - Sporea, D.
A1 - Negut, D.
A1 - Sturm, Heinz
A1 - Schukar, Marcus
A1 - Krebber, Katerina
T1 - Effects of gamma radiation on perfluorinated polymer optical fibers
N2 - The paper presents the first complex study of Gamma radiation effects on a low-loss perfluorinated polymer optical fiber (PF-POF) based on Cytop® polymer. Influence of gamma radiation on fiber’s optical, mechanical and climatic performance is investigated. The radiation-induced attenuation (RIA) in the visible and near-infrared region (0.4 μm-1.7 mm) is measured and its origins are discussed. Besides attenuation increase, radiation is also shown to decrease the thermal degradation stability of the fiber and to increase its susceptibility to water. With regard to complex fiber transmission performance upon irradiation, the optimal operation wavelength region of PF-POF-based systems intended for use in Radiation environments is determined to be around 1.1 μm. On the other hand, the investigated fiber holds potential for low-cost RIA-based optical fiber dosimetry applications with sensitivity as high as 260 dBm⁻¹/kGy in the visible region.
KW - Perfluorinated polymer optical fibers
KW - Cytop
KW - Gamma radiation
KW - Radiation-induced attenuation
PY - 2016
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2016.05.027
SN - 0925-3467
VL - 58
SP - 226
EP - 233
PB - Elsevier
AN - OPUS4-36462
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian
A1 - Richter, Silke
A1 - Hoppe, Marion
A1 - Meckelburg, Angela
A1 - Prinz, Carsten
A1 - Roik, Janina
A1 - Abad Andrade, Carlos Enrique
T1 - Powering precision: development of a certified reference material for elemental composition analysis of lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (Li-NMC) cathode material for lithium-ion batteries
N2 - This work presents the development and certification of the world’s first certified reference material (CRM), BAM-S014, for a lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (LiNi0.33Mn0.33Co0.33O2 or Li-NMC 111) cathode material—an integral component in high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries that power electric vehicles (EVs), portable electronics, and stationary energy storage systems. By providing certified mass fractions for 11 elements, this CRM addresses a critical need for accurate and traceable elemental analysis, supporting quality control and regulatory compliance in the global battery industry. Ensuring reliable and harmonized measurements supports the efficient use of resources, including the reuse of recycled materials, and ultimately helps maintain product performance and safety. The values were assigned through an interlaboratory comparison involving 16 participating laboratories and various analytical techniques such as inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry, and combustion analysis. In addition to chemical characterization, the certification process includes homogeneity and stability testing of the candidate material. Details are provided on the analytical methods used for chemical characterization and the calculation of the uncertainties of the certified mass fractions. In addition to detailing the development of the CRMs, this work provides an overview of ongoing standardization activities in Li-component analysis, thereby guiding the calibration of analytical methods and contributing to the establishment of globally accepted standards for evaluating energy storage materials and advancing sustainable mobility and clean energy solutions.
KW - Certified reference material
KW - Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide
KW - LNMC
KW - Lithium-ion battery
KW - Cathode material
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-643763
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-025-05766-7
SN - 1618-2642
VL - 417
IS - 12
SP - 2643
EP - 2653
PB - Springer Nature
AN - OPUS4-64376
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Krug von Nidda, Jonas
T1 - Löschwasseruntersuchungen bei Bränden von Energiespeichern mit Lithium-Ionen-Zellen (LöwE)
N2 - Die Untersuchung der Zusammensetzung des Löschwassers bei Bränden von Lithium-Ionen-Batterien ist von hohem Interesse. Bisher sind nur wenige bzw. unzureichende Studien in diesem Themenfeld vorhanden.
T2 - BAM-UBA-Behördenerfahrungsaustausch 2023
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 12.06.2023
KW - Lithium-Ionen-Batterien
KW - Löschwasser
KW - Sicherheit
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-59273
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Krug von Nidda, Jonas
T1 - Linking Key Features of Commercial Lithium-Ion Cells to Thermal Runaway Effects and Propagation Behavior
N2 - Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are essential for the electrification of vehicles and play an important role for stationary storage units needed for grid-balancing. Research groups all over the world work on the improvement of LIBs regarding an increase in energy density as well as cycle-life and a decrease in costs. Next to these research topics, a continuously uprising and crucial field is safety features of LIBs, which can be implemented at different levels, such as material, cell, battery and system level.
The abuse/misuse of a LIB can cause an internal release of heat which can trigger a chain of exothermic reactions on cell level. Hence, the cell temperature increases dramatically, causing the so-called thermal runaway (TR), possibly leading to flames and/or explosion of the cell. Moreover, the TR of one cell can initiate the TR of adjacent cells leading to a so-called propagation, possibly, causing the TR of the whole battery. Ideally, easily obtainable key features of a certain cell – such as cathode type, cell format, cell energy and state of charge (SOC) - could allow the prediction of its behaviour under abuse conditions. In the present study, we will discuss the latest result of our safety tests on cell level employing an external heater as TR-trigger. Single cell tests will be analysed regarding different hazardous features during the TR, e.g., cell temperature, occurrence of flames, peak pressure, gas amount and gas composition. Moreover, the possibility of a TR-propagation and the respective propagation speed will be gained from propagation tests utilizing six cells with identical SOC. In total, the study comprises over 200 tests on cell level. The gained data set is analysed in respect to the cell parameters, such as cell format, cell energy, SOC and the cathode type as well as the atmosphere (air vs. N2) present during the test. A special focus is put on the discussion of general conclusions linking cell parameters to TR-effects and propagation behaviour.
The findings regarding common conclusions between key features and TR-effects can enable a rather facile selection process of cells/batteries for certain applications according to specific safety targets. Moreover, it allows to choose cell-specific safety measures, suitable during operation. In further works, the study will be extended to end-of-first life cells yielding important conclusions regarding crucial safety aspects for the implementation of those cells in 2nd-life application. Generally, the presented results can increase the overall understanding of the TR mechanism supporting the design of advanced measures to enhance the safety on cell level in the future.
T2 - 224th ECS Meeting
CY - Gothenburg, Sweden
DA - 08.10.2023
KW - Lithium Ion Batteries
KW - Thermal Runaway
KW - Propagation
KW - Safety
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-59268
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Scharpmann, Philippa
T1 - In-situ Quantification of the Ageing Dynamics in Lithium-Ion Cells up to Failure-Near Conditions
N2 - Implementing end-of-life (EOL) lithium-ion batteries from automotive applications in stationary energy storages is of utmost relevance for a sustainable handling of scarce resources. Beneficial from an economic and ecological perspective, such second-life applications urgently require a guarantee for safe operation. Unlike the state of health (SOH), defined by classical performance indicators such as capacity and voltage, the state of safety (SOS) of an aged battery cannot be assessed straightforward. Its determination requires a plethora of cells to be tested which is a particular challenge for new technologies with limited access to EOL batteries.
For providing cells with a defined SOH at a reasonable timescale, we herein propose a novel method of greatly accelerating the ageing process of lithium-ion batteries. In a preliminary test series, lithium-ion NMC pouch cells are exposed to incrementally increasing temperatures, current rates and/or states of charge (SOC), until thermal runaway is induced. In this manner, the critical state in proximity to cell failure is spotted for individual and combined stress parameters. Based on this knowledge, cell-specific test parameters for heavily accelerated ageing are developed. In this protocol, electrical abuse conditions are defined by over/under charging and high current rates. Typically, the cells are cycled utilizing a depth of discharge above 100 %.
The accelerated aging dynamics under these critical conditions are monitored by systematic capacity, open circuit voltage and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. This enables a comparative assessment of the electrical behaviour, following conventional vs. heavily accelerated ageing. Such knowledge will in turn help to define the threshold to which cyclic ageing can be accelerated without changing the characteristic degradation mechanisms of lithium-ion batteries.
T2 - 244th ECS Meeting
CY - Gothenburg, Sweden
DA - 08.10.2023
KW - Lithium-Ion Battery
KW - Safety
KW - Ageing
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-61490
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Böttcher, Nils
T1 - Low Temperature Tomographic In-Situ and Operando Studies in Energy Research
N2 - Using low temperatures empowers in-depth investigations of abuse processes in Li-ion cells. A thermal runaway (TR) can be suppressed also on material level at low temperatures.The rethermalization of a critical damaged cell not always leads to a TR. Using the snyergies at BAM enables now In-depth investigation of low temperature inertisation mechanisms in commercial Lithium-Ion-Batteries. In future the synergies will be used for in-depth investigation of other abuse processes in commercial cells e.g., plating or aeging.
T2 - HZB Usermeeting
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 11.12.2024
KW - Lithiumbatteries
KW - Thermal Runaway
KW - Sychrotron computer tomopgrahy
KW - Low temperature
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62300
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Krug von Nidda, Jonas
T1 - Investigating thermal runaway effects and propagation behaviour of various types of commercial lithium-ion cells
N2 - Lithium-ion battery (LIB) powered devices, such as laptops, mobile phones and power tools are ubiquitous in our daily lives. Moreover, LIBs are essential for the electrification of vehicles, and play an important role for stationary storage units needed for grid-balancing. The improvement of LIBs, in terms of increasing energy density as well as cycle-life and decreasing costs, is tackled by numerous research groups all over the world. In the last years, research regarding safety aspects has steadily gained more interest. The safety of LIBs can be implemented at different levels, such as material, cell, battery and system level.
The abuse/misuse of an LIB can lead to an internal increase in heat which can trigger a chain of exothermic reactions on cell level. Thus, the cell temperature increases dramatically causing the so-called thermal runaway (TR). This process can lead to flames and/or explosion of the cell. Furthermore, the TR of one cell can initiate the TR of adjacent cells causing the so-called propagation, possibly, leading to the TR of the whole battery.
Herein, we will show the latest result of our safety tests on cell level employing an external heater as TR-trigger. Regarding single cell tests, we will compare different hazardous features during the TR, e.g., cell temperature, occurrence of flames, peak pressure, and toxic gases, depending on the cell format, cell energy and the cathode type. The same cell parameters will be used to discuss the results of the propagation tests. Moreover, the influence of the state of charge (SOC) and the present atmosphere (air vs. N2) as well as the repeatability will be discussed. Overall, the study comprises over 180 tests on cell level.
The findings regarding the TR behaviour can be used to create a hazard-classification scheme of LIBs, e.g., allowing the definition of (cell type specific) conditions for a safe transport. Furthermore, the results can increase the general understanding of the TR mechanism promoting the development of advanced measures to enhance the safety on cell level in the future.
T2 - Advanced Battery Power 2023
CY - Aachen, Germany
DA - 27.04.2023
KW - Thermal Runaway
KW - Lithium Ion Batteries
KW - Safety
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-59267
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tichter, Tim
A1 - Böttcher, Nils
A1 - Schmidt, Anita
A1 - Krug von Nidda, Jonas
T1 - Exploring the Low-Temperature Threshold for Reactions in Commercial Lithium-Ion Cells
N2 - Low-temperature passivation of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) can reduce the probability of thermal runaway events [1]. In this context, we explore the thermal threshold at which reactions in commercial Li-cells become feasible. It is found that electrochemical reactions take place even below the first phase transition of the electrolyte. Finally, it is concluded that the passivation temperature for all samples in our study does not require cryogenic conditions which is of great relevance for defining the conditions for a safe transportation.
T2 - Advanced Battery Power Konferenz
CY - Münster, Germany
DA - 10.04.2024
KW - Batteries
KW - Thermal passivation
KW - Arrhenius-law
KW - Cyclic voltammetry
KW - Chronoamperometry
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62307
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Radnik, Jörg
T1 - Comparative chemical analysis of Ni-Fe oxide nanoparticles
N2 - Ni-Fe oxide nanoparticles have gained a lot of interest because of their high activity in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) which is crucial for water splitting. [1] Although there have been great efforts in the last years, the understanding of the synergistic effect between Fe and Ni is still under discussion.
Therefore, we prepared different Ni-Fe oxide nanoparticles with different compositions from pure iron oxide to pure nickel oxide adapting a known procedure. [2,3] Size and morphology of the nanoparticles depend on the composition which was shown with Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The compositions of the nanoparticles were measured with a comparative approach using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Hard X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (HAXPES), and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) coupled with the TEM providing detailed chemical information of the nanoparticles in different sample regions. EDS reveals that the different sample regions are dominated by one of the components, Fe or Ni, but a slight mixing between the components can be found (see Figure 1), which was confirmed with X-ray Diffraction (XRD). XPS indicates the enrichment of Fe at the sample surface, while HAXPES and EDS data agree on the stoichiometry of the bulk. High-resolution XPS and HAXPES exhibit some differences in the valence states of Fe and Ni, whereas Ni seems to be easier to reduce than Fe. Further investigations combining these different techniques and additionally Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) are ongoing by using in situ approaches and coupling cyclic voltammetry to the analytical techniques.
T2 - ECASIA 2024
CY - Gothenburg, Sweden
DA - 09.06.2024
KW - Oxygen evolution reaction
KW - Transmission Electron Microscopy
KW - (Hard) X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
KW - Synergistic effects
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60534
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Böttcher, Nils
T1 - Visualizing the progression of the thermal runaway in lithium-ion-cells by controlled abuse tests at low temperatures
N2 - Due to their increasing energy density, lithium-ion-batteries (LIBs) play a key role in the traffic energy transition. Regarding their safety behavior, the main challenge of LIB-cells remains the thermal runaway (TR) process. In situ/operando investigations of the TR on commercial cells is possible with radiographic and computer tomographic measurements. Nonetheless, high resolution visualization of the TR persists as a challenge due to the high progression speed of the TR-process itself. Generally, performing abuse tests at cryogenic temperatures allows to slow down or even prevent the TR. Nevertheless, not all abuse methods are suitable for TR investigations at low temperatures. Nail penetration is an appropriate option, however, contains numerous unknown parameters and therefore suffers regarding reproducibility.
Herein, a self-developed high precision nail-penetration-setup is introduced, approaching the necessary mechanically reproducibility with controlled temperatures down to -190°C. The setup allows the preparation of critically abused, however, at cryogenic temperatures stable LIB-cells. These cells were controlled rethermalized to room temperature during synchrotron x-ray computer tomography (SXCT) with a pixel size up to 0.7 μm. During this measurement, the temperature and voltage of the cell is monitored allowing the visualization of the initial internal cell reactions. This study reveals the relation between internal reactions and cell voltage. Finally, the developed set-up enables in-depth analysis of thermal runaway behavior down to material level for various commercial battery cells in the future.
T2 - International Battery Safety Workshop
CY - Ulm, Germany
DA - 28.09.2023
KW - Thermal Runaway
KW - Lithium Ion Batteries
KW - Computer Tomography
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-59270
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Markötter, Henning
T1 - In situ tomographic imaging with hard x rays at Bamline (BESSY II)
N2 - The BAMline at the synchrotron X-ray source BESSY II (Berlin, Germany) is supporting researchers especially in materials science [1]. As a non-destructive characterization method, synchrotron X-ray imaging, especially tomography (SXCT) with hard X-Rays, plays an important role in structural 3D characterization. The imaging capabilities allow for in-situ and operando experiments. In this presentation the equipment, data handling pipeline as well as various examples from material science are presented.
In series-connected lithium-ion cells are susceptible to an electrical safety hazard called over-discharge. Here the behavior of copper dissolution and deposition during over-discharge is presented, which leads to irreversible loss of capacity and internal short circuits. The concentration of dissolved and deposited copper is quantified. Also, a non-uniform distribution pattern of copper deposition on the cathode is shown.
The second example deals with an Al alloy 7017 customized for a 3d-printing process by means of laser-based powder bed fusion (PBF-LB) technique. These advanced alloys have a significantly higher modulus of elasticity than conventional Al alloys, making them attractive for applications requiring high stiffness. SXCT during In-situ tensile tests confirmed that fracture initiation strongly depends on defects created during printing. However, the cracks are deflected from decohesion around inclusions/precipitates embedded in the Al matrix, increasing ductility.
Low temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) multilayer housings offer 3D-circuits for a wide range of applications in telecommunications, microsystems and sensor technology. Such housings are produced by combining structured and metallized ceramic layers using tape-casting and multilayer technology. The characterization of the integrity, deformation, defects, and positioning of the internal metal features was carried out using in-situ SXCT at up to 950°C.
A high-precision nail penetration tool was developed to characterize the mechanically induced thermal runaway (TR) of lithium-ion battery (LIB) cells in a dynamic temperature range down to -190 °C. To investigate safety-specific low-temperature transport conditions, the damaged cells were tomographically imaged during thawing.
T2 - ICTMS - International Conference on Materials and Structures 2024
CY - Cape Town, South Africa
DA - 01.07.2024
KW - Synchrotron radiation
KW - X-ray tomography
KW - Li-ion battery
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60658
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Scharpmann, Philippa
T1 - Segregating the Degradation Mechanisms in Lithium-Ion Cells during Strongly Accelerated Ageing with Critically Extended Voltage Ranges
N2 - Repurposing end-of-life (EOL) lithium-ion batteries from mobile applications, such as electric vehicles, is of utmost importance for a sustainable handling of scarce resources. For an economically and ecologically desirable reuse of aged batteries in second-life applications, a guarantee for safe and reliable operation is urgently required. However, the assessment of the state of safety (SOS) is not straightforward, as multiple abuse cases, variables and interactions need to be considered [1]. Therefore, defining safety parameters and test procedures, as well as determining the SOS requires a plethora of aged cells to be tested.
In this study, a novel method of greatly accelerating the ageing process of lithium-ion batteries is proposed. Overcharging and overdischarging are embedded in cyclic ageing, continuously employing a depth of discharge larger than 100 %. Different electrical abuse conditions (overcharge, overdischarge, high current rates) are applied on lithium-ion NMC and LFP pouch cells in a preliminary test series. In this manner, the cells are stressed until a cell failure or a thermal runaway is induced. Thus, the critical state in proximity to a cell failure is spotted for individual and combined stress parameters. Based on this knowledge, a test protocol for strongly accelerated ageing with cell-specific, abusive electrical parameters is developed. The aging dynamics under these critical conditions are monitored by systematic capacity, open circuit voltage and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. This enables an assessment of the degradation mechanisms induced by overdischarge and overcharge cycling. A special focus is set on the comparative assessment of the electrical behaviour, following conventional vs. greatly accelerated ageing.
This novel method is suitable for providing cells with a defined SOH at a reasonable timescale. Furthermore, the results are of high relevance for the evaluation to which degree cyclic ageing can be accelerated without changing the characteristic degradation mechanisms of lithium-ion batteries.
T2 - Advanced Battery Power Conference 2024
CY - Münster, Germany
DA - 10.04.2024
KW - Lithium-Ion Battery
KW - Safety
KW - Ageing
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61492
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Krug von Nidda, Jonas
T1 - Single Cell Exchange in Battery Packs – Sustainability vs. Safety Aspects
N2 - Lithium-ion batteries usually consist of numerous individual cells. There is ongoing discussion about enhancing sustainability by considering the replacement of heavily aged or damaged cells. Nevertheless, the planned replacement of individual cells poses significant challenges in ensuring the required reliability and safety of the refurbished device.
T2 - KLIB Gesprächsrunde Batteriesysteme
CY - Online meeting
DA - 16.05.2023
KW - Lithium Ion Batteries
KW - Lithium Ion Cells
KW - Cell Exchange
KW - Safety
KW - Sustainability
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-59272
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Stajanca, Pavol
T1 - Impacts of gamma irradiation on Cytop plastic optical fibres
N2 - Impact of gamma radiation on transmission of a commercial Cytop polymer optical fibre (Lucina, Asahi Glass Company) is investigated. Spectral dependence of radiation induced attenuation in the investigated fibre is measured in the VIS-NIR spectral region. Besides attenuation increase, radiation is found to increase fibre susceptibility to water as well. While pristine Cytop fibre is rather humidity insensitive, strong humidity related absorption in the NIR region is observed after fibre irradiation. Selective irradiation of separate fibre sections is proposed as a way of fibre humidity sensitization and quasi-distributed water detection is demonstrated using optical time domain reflectometry at 1310 nm.
T2 - The 25th International Conference on Plastic Optical Fibres (POF 2016)
CY - Birmingham, UK
DA - 13.09.2016
KW - Gamma radiation
KW - Cytop
KW - Perfluorinated polymer optical fibres
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37499
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Leonhardt, Robert
A1 - Krug von Nidda, Jonas
A1 - Andrae, Dirk
A1 - Schmidt, Anita
A1 - Kowal, Julia
A1 - Tichter, Tim
T1 - Reconstructing the distribution of relaxation times with analytical basis functions
N2 - The present work proposes the implementation of non-singular basis functions into the algorithm for reconstructing the distribution of relaxation times (DRT) function of impedance data. These functions reflect the dispersed and asymmetrical nature of non-ideal capacitive–resistive processes. Inclusion is achieved by combining the singular Debye distribution basis with distributed relaxation functions, such as those derived from the analytical models of Cole–Cole and Havriliak–Negami. The shapes of the introduced basis functions are described by constant parameters, for which an empirical optimization approach is provided alongside. Using synthetic impedance data of non-ideal capacitive–resistive processes subjected to white noise, it is shown that the demand for regularization can be reduced significantly by using distributed bases. To underline the practical relevance of non-singular basis functions in DRT reconstruction, an experimental study comprising 100 sodium-ion and 80 lithium-ion ommercial cells is presented. In this context, it is shown that auxiliary information from the non-ideal nature of real-world electrochemical processes is outsourced into the basis and, hence, easily filtered out of the resulting DRT. This facilitates the separation of single processes without post-DRT curve fitting and thus improves the interpretation
and classification of impedance data significantly.
KW - Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy;
KW - Distribution of relaxation times
KW - Basis function
KW - Cole-Cole
KW - Cole-Davidson
KW - Havriliak-Negami
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-635486
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.237403
SN - 0378-7753
VL - 652
SP - 1
EP - 11
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-63548
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
T1 - Overview of Battery Research Activities at BAM
N2 - An overview on battery research activities of BAM was given using a seletion of activities of all work packages within the field of activity EES and selected activities of divsion 3.6.
T2 - Boot Camp of the BAccara Graduate School on Batteries
CY - Bad Sassendorf, Germany
DA - 24.04.2024
KW - State of Safety
KW - Compositional traceability
KW - Sustainable energy materials
KW - Sodium Ion Batteries
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61940
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
T1 - Chemie der Energiewende
N2 - Es wurde ein Überblick über die BAM-Aktivitäten im Bereich Chemie der Energiewende gegeben. Dabei wurde ein Fokus auf Aktivitäten in Aktivitätsfeld EES und im Fachbereich 3.6 gelegt.
T2 - 30 Jahre Naturwissenschaftliches Studium in Zittau
CY - Zittau, Germany
DA - 13.04.2024
KW - Chemie
KW - Energiewende
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61941
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
T1 - Sodium-Ion Battery Research and Testing at BAM
N2 - An overview of activities at BAM on the topic of sodium ion batteries was given. Examples of the internal SIB-links project were given and a focus on novel synthetic anodes.
T2 - Sodium Battery Sympoium-5 (2024)
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 23.09.2024
KW - Sodium ion batteries
KW - Synthetic carbon anodes
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61944
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
A1 - Krug von Nidda, Jonas
T1 - Porous „Ionophoric“ Carbon Materials: Synthesis Routes and Electrochemical Applications
N2 - Porous carbon materials play an important role for energy storage and conversion, e.g., as fuel cell catalysts, supercapacitor or battery electrodes. Tuning porosity features such as pore connectivity, specific surface area, maximum pore size and pore volume is one of the key strategies to improve the performance of those materials.[1] Moreover, the alteration of the chemistry allows further enhancement in performance, even leading to the applicability in new fields. In this context, nitrogen doped carbons (NDCs) are a very promising material class. Highly porous NDCs for example show interesting Na-storage features.[2] Moreover, the integration of iron ions in an NDC, forming FeN4-sites, can results in materials with very promising properties as fuel cell cathode catalysts.[3] However, to relate certain sites to specific performance indicators is still challenging as the variation of the present N-sites is very large in typically obtained NDCs.
In the past, we were able to develop an ionothermal synthesis strategy which results in highly porous materials with specific, i.e., tetrapyrrolic, N4-sites.[4] Such N4 sites and there metal complexes are reminiscent of biomolecules like the heme molecule, which originally inspired the research on such materials.[5] The N4-sites are mainly occupied by Zn2+ as the synthesis is performed in a ZnCl2-containing salt melt. Moreover, the electrochemical performance of those materials can be rather easily altered upon removing/exchanging the Zn2+. Moreover, again looking at biomolecules, those kind of materials can be regarded as ionophoric carbons as they possess distinct, metal-binding N4-sites embedded in a carbon matrix.
Herein, we will focus on the synthesis of zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) based NDCs with high porosity. We will discuss different strategies to remove and/or exchange Zn2+ in the obtained ZnN4-containing materials. Different analytical methods, e.g., physisorption (N2, Ar, CO2), XPS, XAS, and NMR, will be used to understand the alteration of morphological and chemical features upon ion exchange (see Figure 1).
Figure 1: A) Schematic illustration of the partial Zn-removal in a ZnN4-containing, ionophoric carbon. B) High resolution N 1s XPS-results of a ZIF-derived ionophoric carbon before and after metal leaching.
Due to the ion exchange/removal, the chemistry of the NDCs is altered, however, typically preserving the porosity features as well as the general structure of the N-motifs. Thus, the influence of the occupancy of the N4-sites on the electrochemical performance can be studied in detail. Finally, structure-property-relations of the different ZIF-derived ionophoric NDCs regarding the performance as anodes in sodium ion batteries will be discussed.
T2 - Deutsche Zeolith-Tagung 2024
CY - Jena, Germany
DA - 28.02.2024
KW - Ionophoric carbon
KW - Sodium ion battery
KW - PGM-free catalysts
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61955
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
T1 - Sol-gel synthesis of porous boron- and nitrogen-doped carbon
N2 - Carbon activation is intensively investigated due to a widespread utilization of activated carbons as sorbents, hosting and support materials owning to its high porosity and surface area. Activated carbons are increasingly considered also for electrochemical applications e.g. supercapacitors and metal-ion hybrid capacitors. Those devices usually employ activated carbon electrodes, where ions are stored by means of adsorption/desorption.[1] Meanwhile, in lithium-sulfur batteries, sulfur is loaded within activated carbon pores to confine insoluble intermediates.[2] The activation is normally proceeded in top-down or bottom-up strategies. Therein pore formation (porogenesis) occurs by reaction with steam, CO2, KOH, or the use of acidic agents. It is generally accepted, that the porogenesis mechanism is chemical leaching of carbon atoms. Recently, the sol-gel type synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon in molten acids was presented, questioning the general validity of a leaching activation mechanism.[3] The protocol using inorganic salt melts (MgCl2 or ZnCl2) and organic precursors additionally generated N-functionalities. Interestingly, it can be noticed that the imprinting cations play a crucial role towards chemical structure of nitrogen-doped carbon framework. The coordinated geometry is well-known from phthalocyanine, a macrocyclic N-complexes (MN4-sites, where M is metal cation) which are desirable surface complexes, e.g. in electrocatalysis. The analogous phenomenon may be observed when using H3PO4 and H3BO3 agent via sol-gel chemistry.[4] Herein, the carbonization of mixtures of organic compound with H3PO4 and H3BO3 is investigated. Therefore, associated effects regarding the presence of P and B atoms within resulting nitrogen-doped carbons as well as the porogenesis mechanism are discussed. The understanding of moieties probably offers a new perspective of non-leaching carbon activation hence, provides a feasible pathway towards improved performances in electrochemical applications.
T2 - Deutsche Zeolith-Tagung 2022
CY - Frankfurt am Main, Germany
DA - 24.03.2022
KW - B-N-C
KW - Boric acid activation
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-61957
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
T1 - DialySorb und Eigenschaften kommerzieller Zellen
N2 - In dem Vortrag wurden zunächst die Eigenschaften erster kommerzieller Natrium-Ionen-Batterien vorgestellt, die an der BAM elektrotechnisch untersucht wurden und auf ihre Bestandteile hin analysiert wurden. Weiterhin wurden die aktuellen Projektergebnisse des BMBF-geförderten Verbundprojekts Dialysorb vorgestellt.
T2 - KLiB-Gesprächsrunde zu Natrium-Ionen-Batterien und Festkörperbatterien
CY - Frankfurt am Main, Germany
DA - 09.07.2024
KW - Natrium-Ionen-Batterien
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61942
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
T1 - Leveraging the Potential of Na-Ion-Batteries with Tailormade Anodes
N2 - The concept of sodium-ion-batteries and their expected impact for the energy change is introduced, by explaining differences to lithium-ion-batteries. The challenge as well as the potential may be illustrated on the example of novel carbon anodes.While the general suitability is proven since the recent commercialization, limitations and detailed structure-performance relations remain topic to research. The progress in activities of BAM division 3.6 are illustrated further supporting the future impact of the technology.
T2 - TechConnect Adlershof 2024: Sustainable Energy Future
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 09.11.2024
KW - Synthetic Carbon Anodes
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61947
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
T1 - Porous Carbon Supported Ni or Co Single Atom Catalysts for Electrochemical Reduction of CO2
N2 - Isomorphous, but chemically unequal Ni-, Co- and Zn-N-C electrocatalysts are investigated for their electrocatalytic properties towards the electrochemical CO2 conversion. It turns out that Ni-N-Cs are clearly most favourable, because of the isomorphism to other catalysts, also clearly due to the NiN4 sites properties.
T2 - Deutsche Zeolith-Tagung 2024
CY - Frankfurt am Main, Germany
DA - 23.03.2024
KW - M-N-C catalysts
KW - CO2 reduction
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-61953
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
T1 - Research on Synthetic Anodes for Na-Ion-Batteries
N2 - Carbons with an amorphous structure are currently revisited as candidates for Li- and Na-ion batteries. High irreversible
capacities (due to SEI formation) were considered an intrinsic problem of such hard carbons, rendering them irrelevant for
practical use. Amorphous carbon anodes would present safety-related advantages such as lower heat dissipation throughout
lithiation per mol of lithium, mechanical stability throughout cycling and a larger set of optional electrolytes.
T2 - Advanced Automotive Battery Conference Europe 2024
CY - Strasbourg, France
DA - 13.05.2024
KW - Synthetic Carbon Anodes
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61956
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Geisler, J.
T1 - The Influence of Interface Modification on Gassing of Sodium Ion Battery Anodes
N2 - This flash talk will briefly introduce the DEMS method[3,4] and highlight a recent piece of our research from the DIALYSORB project. Fitting to the main topic of the conference, interfaces, we will present and the measurement technique to understand the side reactions occurring at this interface and recent data on anode materials with designed interface and interphase.
T2 - Humboldt Universität zu Berlin
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 17.09.2024
KW - Gasing of Sodium
KW - Ion Battery
KW - Anodes
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60811
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mehmood, Asad
T1 - Atomically Coordinated Non-Precious Metal Electrocatalysts Using Active Site Imprinted Carbon Matrix
N2 - Non-precious metal catalysts generally represented as M-N-C (where M= Fe, Co, Ni etc.) have shown encouraging activity levels for different electrochemical applications involving oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR). High activities of these electrocatalysts mainly come from transition metal centres that are atomically dispersed as M-N4 active sites within a nitrogen doped carbon matrix. Because of the required pyrolytic synthesis conditions, it is quite challenging to prepare M-N-Cs that purely consist of M-N4 active sites. Classical synthesis routes often result in the formation of additional side phases such metallic nanoparticles or metal carbides, which limit the density of M-N4 sites and lead to lower catalytic activity.1 Herein, we present our work on M-N-C synthesis using an active site imprinting approach as an alternate synthetic route to address the above-mentioned issue. We show that both Mg and Zn can be used for active site imprinting. The imprinted coordination environment can be coordinated with various transition metal ions, resulting in Fe-N-C, Co-N-C and Ni-N-C catalysts containing M-N4 sites exclusively.2-4 The electrochemical performance of the synthesized catalysts is evaluated for CO2RR and ORR. Ni-N-Cs exhibit an excellent CO2 reduction activity with high CO faradic efficiency value of 95% at U= -0.5 to -0.8 VRHE (vs reversible hydrogen electrode) and a mass activity of 23 A g-1. The performance stability test carried out at -0.65 VRHE demonstrates above 92 % retention of the current density and 97 % retention of the CO selectivity after 100 h of continuous operation, reflecting the structural robustness of the Ni-N-C catalyst in CO2RR test environment. When employed as ORR catalysts, both Fe-N-C and Co-N-C deliver promising activities with half-wave potentials >0.8 VRHE in acidic electrolyte and >0.9 VRHE in alkaline electrolyte. The talk will include greater details of the structural analysis and electrochemical performance evaluation of these catalysts.
T2 - 73rd Annual Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry
CY - Online meeting
DA - 12.09.2022
KW - Non-precious metal catalysts
KW - Single atom catalysts
KW - Electrochemical CO2 conversion
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-61986
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mehmood, Asad
T1 - Ionothermal Template Transformation as a Sustainable Route Towards Carbon Electrodes in Energy Storage and Conversion
N2 - Porous carbons with tuneable functionalities and morphologies have extensively been employed as electrode materials in a variety of electrochemical energy conversion and storage systems for instance in fuel cells and electrolysers as active catalysts and catalyst supports, and in secondary batteries as anode materials. Amorphous carbons with well-developed pore structures are of particular interest due to their superior mass-transport characteristics and remarkable charge storage capacities. The salt-templating method with its advantage of combined soft and hard templating effects provides a sustainable way to synthesize nano- and mesoporous carbons with tailored porosities via in-situ ionothermal template transformation [1]. In this work, we utilized a MgCl2-based salt melt to prepare nitrogen doped carbons (N-C) with different morphologies and porosities, which were evaluated as anode materials in sodium ion batteries. Simultaneously, use of MgCl2 salt leads to the formation of Mg-N4 moieties in those carbons by means of a pyrolytic template-ion effect (active site imprinting) [2]. Porous carbon frameworks with imprinted Mg-N4 sites are interesting particularly for electrocatalysis applications as they offer an ideal platform to prepare M-N-C catalysts (where M= Co, Fe, Ni etc.) by ion-exchange reactions at low temperatures. The resultant M-N-C catalysts consist purely of M-N4 active sites and high porosity of carbon framework facilitates efficient mass-transport of reacting species.
We utilized Mg-N4 imprinted carbons to synthesize morphologically equivalent Ni-N-Cs and Co-N-Cs, containing phase pure Ni-N4 and Co-N4 sites, for electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2RR). In electrochemical tests, Ni-N-Cs exhibited an excellent CO2 reduction activity with considerably higher CO selectivity and mass activity as compared to Co-N-C. The faradic efficiency value of Ni-N-C for CO formation was 95% at U= -0.5 to -0.8 VRHE (vs reversible hydrogen electrode) and a mass activity of 23 A g-1. The performance stability test carried out at -0.65 VRHE demonstrated above 90 % retention of the current density and CO selectivity after 100 h of continuous operation, reflecting the structural robustness of the Ni-N-C catalyst.
Finally, these ionothermal carbons with two different morphologies (but without any Ni or Co incorporation) were employed as the anode materials in sodium-ion batteries to evaluate the effects of carbon morphology and functionalization on sodium storage capacities. Compared to the reference carbon material, substantially higher reversible sodium storage capacities were reached with these high porosity carbons that were in the range of 300-500 mAh g-1 [3]. Although the reversible capacity was obtained only after extensive SEI formation, our results reveal the potential for much higher reversible capacities than usually observed using carbons with a tailored porosity in sodium-ion batteries. The talk will include greater details of the structural analysis and sodium storage and CO2 reduction results of these ionothermal carbons.
T2 - Materials for Sustainable Development Conference (MAT-SUS)
CY - Barcelona, Spain
DA - 24.10.2022
KW - Porous carbons
KW - Sodium ion batteries
KW - Anode materials
KW - Single atom catalysts
KW - Electrochemical CO2 reduction
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-61985
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
T1 - Bioinspired atomically dispersed M-N-C catalysts via active-site imprinting into nitrogen doped carbons
N2 - Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells are amongst the most promising energy conversion technologies today. Herein non-precious iron-coordinated nitrogen doped carbons (Fe-N-Cs) are very promising alternatives for Pt-based cathode catalysts.[1-3] The early reports on the application of such materials date back to the 1960´s when Jasinski demonstrated that - similar to natural porphyrins - N-coordinated transition metal complexes can be active sites for the ORR.[3] The preparation of these catalysts was strongly optimized over the years; still they typically remain with harsh reaction conditions that complicate the selective formation of active FeN4 sites. The employment of pyrolytic temperatures has been a dogma for the synthesis of MN4 sites, however coming with unfavorable side reactions. We recently introduced a mild procedure, which is conservative toward the carbon support and leads to active-site formation at low temperatures in a wet-chemical step, essentially decoupling the preparation of nitrogen doped carbons (NCs) from the preparation of the active sites.[4, 5]
The key concept therein is the so-called active site imprinting into the NC using the less reactive template ions Mg2+ [4] or Zn2+.[5] The presentation will introduce the concept of active site imprinting with a focus on Fe-N-C electrocatalyst development and testing. The broad potential of the synthetic approach will be exemplified by recent results, including the selective synthesis of tetrapyrrolic single site catalysts, the assignment of the role of the transition metal compared to the carbon scaffold and a facile method to evaluate specific activity.
T2 - GDCh Electrochemistry 2022
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 27.09.2022
KW - Bioinspired carbon catalysts
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-61960
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Krug von Nidda, Jonas
T1 - Separating Initial Loss from Storage Capacity: Core-Shell Materials as Advanced Anode Materials for Sodium Ion Batteries
N2 - The current imperative to shift towards an energy grid equipped with sustainable energy storage solutions has caused a renewed interest in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Hard carbons (HCs) are a promising option high-capacity anode materials in SIBs. Nevertheless, their elevated capacities frequently come at the cost of experiencing substantial non-reversible initial capacity losses
Commonly, significant losses are associated with irreversible reactions, such as the creation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), that occur during the initial sodium insertion in HC-materials. Intriguingly, high values of irreversible capacity are often found for samples with experimentally determined low specific surface area.[1] A more comprehensive understanding of the structure-property relations is essential for quantifying and grasping the potential of hard carbon materials in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Thus, the objective is to employ analytical methods to establish a link between the structure and the electrochemical attributes of HC materials. This has been a challenge, partly due to the non-stoichiometric nature of the sodium storage mechanism and the disordered structure of HCs.
To address the challenges mentioned above, our approach is to explore whether a core-shell structure can separate sodium storage and SEI-formation. This way, we can investigate and fine-tune storage capacity and irreversible losses, independently. The strategy involves the synthesis of various porous carbon structures to serve as the core material and their combination with sodium-conductive structures to core-shell materials. Herein, we will present different synthesis routes towards tailor-made carbon core materials. Moreover, different coatings concepts will be introduced, and the electrochemical performance of the core and core-shell materials compared. To elucidate the storage mechanism, the results of advanced analytical methods such as operando NMR and -SAXS will be presented. Generally, these core-shell anodes promise to enable high capacities accompanied with low irreversible losses due to optimized SEI-formation.
T2 - Advanced Battery Power Conference 2024
CY - Münster, Germany
DA - 10.04.2024
KW - Battery
KW - Anode
KW - Hard Carbon
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61968
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
T1 - Effects of Acid Activation via Sol-Gel Chemistry towards Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Structure
N2 - Porous carbon materials are known for their applicability in important areas such as sorption, catalysis and electrochemistry (e.g. fuel cell catalysts, supercapacitor or battery electrodes). It was shown that nitrogen doped carbons (NDCs) act as an inexpensive and highly active non-metal catalyst in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), with the potential to reach performances of practical need one day. A key strategy towards improvement for this aim comprises the generation of advantageous porosity, which typically means high surface area and mass transport pores as well as the control over the chemistry of catalytically active sites. My group is developing novel sol-gel type strategies that are using molten salts or molten acids as unconventional reaction medium for the porogenesis in doped carbons, thereby revisiting classic activation techniques.[1,2] Carbon materials with extra high surface area of ~2800 m2 g- 1 and pore volumes, up to four times as high as in commercial activated carbons, are obtained.[3] It turns out that the meso- and macrostructure is generated by means of phase separation rather than leaching reactions. However, chemical reactions between the carbon precursor and the melt are also involved. The salt cations Mg2+ and Zn2+ act as template ions, which results in metal coordination sites, embedded into the carbon structure.[4,5] The imprinted structure may be utilized as catalytically active site by performing ion-exchange reactions. The novel preparation strategy towards highly active electrocatalysts will be presented for Mg and Zn and further discussed for lighter elements.
T2 - International Sol-Gel Conference 2022
CY - Lyon, France
DA - 24.06.2022
KW - Sol-Gel-Carbonization
KW - Boron-Nitrogen-Doped Carbon
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-61958
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wutthiprom, Juthaporn
T1 - Sol-Gel Carbonization towards Tailor-Made Boron- and Nitrogen-doped Carbon
N2 - The activation of carbon is normally proceeded in top-down or bottom-up strategies. Therein pore formation (porogenesis) occurs by reaction with steam, CO2 , KOH, or the use of acidic agents, in which chemical leaching of carbon atoms occurs. The sol-gel type synthesis of N-doped carbon in excess amounts of molten acids was presented recently, questioning the general validity of a leaching activation mechanism.[1] The protocol using inorganic salt melts (MgCl2 or ZnCl2 ) and organic precursors additionally generated N functionalities. Interestingly, it can be noticed that the imprinting cations play a crucial role towards the chemical structure of N-doped carbon framework. The coordinated geometry is wellknown from phthalocyanine, a macrocyclic Ncomplexes (MN4 -sites, where M is metal cation) which are desirable surface complexes, e.g. in electrocatalysis. The analogous phenomenon may be observed when using H3BO3 agent via sol-gel chemistry.
T2 - International Sol-Gel Conference 2022
CY - Lyon, France
DA - 24.06.2022
KW - Boron-Nitrogen-Doped-Carbon
KW - Sol-Gel-Carbonization
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-61959
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mehmood, Asad
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
T1 - Porous Carbon Supported Ni and Co Single Atom Catalysts for Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide
N2 - Non-precious metal single atom catalysts (generally labelled as M/NCs where M= Co, Fe, Ni etc.) consist of active metal centres dispersed on nitrogen doped porous carbon (NC) matrix at atomic level and exhibit promising activities e. g. for electrochemical reduction of CO2, selectively forming CO. We herein use identical Mg/NCs as platform for ion-exchange reactions towards morphologically equivalent Ni/NCs and Co/NCs. The Ni/NC catalyst shows almost double the specific activity and a Faraday efficiency of >80% at a very low overpotential of U= -0.43 V (even 95% at U= -0.5 to -0.8 V) with high stability.
T2 - GDCh Electrochemistry 2022
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 27.09.2022
KW - Electrochemical CO2 conversion
KW - Single atom catalysts
KW - Porous Carbons
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-61980
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Appel, Paul Alexander
T1 - Developing Tailor-Made Core-Shell Carbon Anode Materials for Sodium Ion Batteries
N2 - The current strong interest in electromotive mobility and the need to transition to an energy grid with sustainable energy storage has led to a renewed interest in sodium ion batteries (SIBs). Hard carbons are promising candidates for high-capacity negative electrode materials in SIBs. Their high capacities, however, are often accompanied with high irreversible capacity losses during the initial cycles.[1]
The goal of this project is to use analytical techniques to establish a correlation between the structure and the capacities of hard carbons. This has previously been difficult, in part because the sodium storage mechanism is not stoichiometric and due to the disordered structure of hard carbons.
Large irreversible capacities associated with hard carbons are often in contradiction to the experimentally determined low surface area of the sample material.[1] A better understanding of the structure-property relationship should enable quantification and understanding of the potential of hard carbon materials for SIBs.
Our approach is to explore whether a core-shell structure can separate sodium storage and solid electrolyte interphase formation so that storage capacity and irreversible losses can be investigated separately. The synthesis of a selection of porous carbon structures serving as the core material, will be attempted. Simultaneously, sodium-conducting shell structures will be developed to allow for separation of sodium ions and electrolyte molecules. Subsequently the combination of core and shell materials will be undertaken. These anodes should enable high capacities accompanied with low irreversible capacity due to optimized solid electrolyte interphase formation.
T2 - ECS Gothenburg
CY - Gothenburg, Sweden
DA - 08.10.2023
KW - Energy Materials
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-62003
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Appel, Paul Alexander
T1 - Development of tailormade core-shell hard carbon materials as anode materials in sodium ion batteries
N2 - The current strong interest in electromotive mobility and the need to transition to an energy grid with sustainable energy storage has led to a renewed interest in sodium ion batteries (SIBs). Hard carbons are promising candidates for high-capacity negative electrode materials in SIBs. Their high capacities, however, are often accompanied with high irreversible capacity losses, during the initial cycles.[1]
The goal of this project is to synthesize carbon materials using different zeolite templates to obtain electrode materials that feature a defined and adjustable pore structure. A better understanding of the structure-property relationship by investigating porosity-tailored anode materials, should enable quantification and understanding of the potential of hard carbon materials for SIBs.
Furthermore, a goal is to explore whether a core-shell structure can separate sodium storage and solid electrolyte interphase formation allowing the independent investigation of storage capacity and irreversible losses. T
T2 - 34. Deutsche Zeolith-Tagung
CY - Vienna, Austria
DA - 21.02.2023
KW - Energy Materials
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-62002
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wu, Shu-Han
T1 - Synthetic Carbon Anodes for SIBs
N2 - Hard carbon (HC) is currently one of the most promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, the Na storage mechanism remains controversial, leaving the theoretical limits carbon anodes unclear. To deconvolute the specific capacity from irreversible capacity losses resulting from the formation of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), core-shell carbon materials with tailored pore structure and defined surface functionalities are synthesized. Meanwhile, these synthetic designer carbons could achieve more competitive capacities for use as better anodes for SIBs.
T2 - Adlershofer Forschungsforum (AFF)
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 11.11.2024
KW - Na-ion Battery
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61998
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wu, Shu-Han
T1 - Mole sieving, artificial cathode electrolyte interphase enables stable cycling of room temperature sodium sulfur cells
N2 - Porous carbon particles derived from zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) were used as a matrix to improve the electrode conductivity and buffer the volume change of sulfur (S). In addition, the porous carbon particles were coated with an additional ion-sieving tailor-made covalent organic framework (COF) shell, which can be regarded as an artificial cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI). The introduced shell can avoid polysulfides from dissolving in the ether-based electrolyte, thus, preventing the shuttling of polysulfides. The as-synthesized sulfur-infiltrated core-shell cathode delivers a reversible capacity of 975 mAh gS–1 (@C/33) and a reasonable rate capability.
T2 - 5th International Sodium Battery Symposium, SBS-5
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 23.09.2024
KW - NaS Battery
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61992
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Appel, Paul Alexander
T1 - Investigation and Development of Tailor-Made Core-Shell Hard Carbon Materials to be used as Negative Electrodes in Sodium Ion Batteries
N2 - The current strong interest in electromotive mobility and the need to transition to an energy grid with sustainable energy storage has led to a renewed interest in sodium ion batteries (SIBs). Hard carbons are promising candidates for high-capacity negative electrode materials in SIBs. Their high capacities, however, are often accompanied with high irreversible capacity losses during the initial cycles.[1]
The goal of this project is to use analytical techniques to establish a correlation between the structure and the capacities of hard carbons. This has previously been difficult, in part because the sodium storage mechanism is not stoichiometric and due to the disordered structure of hard carbons.
Large irreversible capacities associated with hard carbons are often in contradiction to the experimentally determined low surface area of the sample material.[1] A better understanding of the structure-property relationship should enable quantification and understanding of the potential of hard carbon materials for SIBs.
Our approach is to explore whether a core-shell structure can separate sodium storage and solid electrolyte interphase formation so that storage capacity and irreversible losses can be investigated separately. The synthesis of a selection of porous carbon structures serving as the core material, will be attempted. Simultaneously, sodium-conducting shell structures will be developed to allow for separation of sodium ions and electrolyte molecules. Subsequently the combination of core and shell materials will be undertaken. These anodes should enable high capacities accompanied with low irreversible capacity due to optimized solid electrolyte interphase formation.
T2 - GDCH Electrochemistry 2022
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 27.09.2022
KW - Energy Materials
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-62001
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Dietzmann, Simon
T1 - X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy to Reveal the „Molecular“ Structure of Metal and Nitrogen doped Carbon Electrocatalysts
N2 - High-performance electrocatalysts and sodium-ion (Na+) storage materials for Na-ion batteries anodes are required for energy conversion and storage systems. Metal and nitrogen enriched carbons (M-N-Cs) are promising candidates as they are conductive and can be tuned to the desired properties by appropriate modification. Structural characterization is essential to understand and optimize the active sites at the pseudo-molecular level and the storage of Na+ in the anode
T2 - Bessy User Meeting
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 11.12.2024
KW - Single-atom-catalyst
KW - Electrochemistry
KW - Porous carbons
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62074
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Appel, Paul Alexander
A1 - Prinz, Carsten
A1 - Low, Jian Liang
A1 - Asres, Nahom Enkubahri
A1 - Wu, Shu-Han
A1 - Freytag, Annica
A1 - Krug von Nidda, Jonas
A1 - de Sousa Amadeu, Nader
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
T1 - Kern–Schale: Versiegelung nanoporöser Partikel mit semipermeablen Kohlenstoffschichten befreit Hartkohlenstoffanoden von ihrem Dilemma
N2 - In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird eine Kern-Schale-Strategie vorgestellt, die das grundlegende Problem gängiger nichtgraphitischer Hartkohlenstoff-Anoden adressiert: Hohe reversible Kapazitäten gehen bislang typischerweise mit erheblichen irreversiblen Verlusten in den ersten Zyklen einher. Analog zu Graphit, das sowohl Lithiumspeicherung als auch die Abtrennung von Elektrolytlösungsmitteln in einer homogenen Struktur vereint, zeigen wir, dass sich diese beiden Funktionen auch in nichtgraphitischen Kohlenstoffen gezielt in einer heterogenen Architektur kombinieren lassen. Hochporöse Aktivkohlen werden durch kinetisch kontrollierte Gasphasenabscheidung mit einer dünnen Schicht nichtgraphitischen Kohlenstoffs überzogen, sodass eine funktionale Kern-Schale-Struktur entsteht. Gasadsorptionsmessungen an Kern-, Schalen-, Kern-Schale- und mechanisch beschädigte Kern-Schale-Partikeln, bestätigen, dass die Porosität des Kerns erhalten bleibt und die Schale semipermeabel ist. Die Sorption von Diethylcarbonat wird als geeignetere Methode im Vergleich zu N2- oder CO2-Sorptionsmessungen eingeführt, um die irreversiblen Verluste des ersten Zyklus mit der tatsächlichen Flüssig-Fest-Grenzfläche von Kohlenstoffanoden zu verknüpfen. Die funktionalen Kern-Schale-Partikel zeigen eine stark reduzierte Aufnahme von Diethylcarbonat, was hohe reversible Kapazitäten bei deutlich geringeren Erstzyklusverlusten ermöglicht. Bei einer reversiblen Kapazität von 400 ± 24 mAh g−1 und einer initialen Coulombeffizienz von 82 ± 2% zeigt sich, dass die dreistufige Natriumspeicherung in der gezielt entwickelten Kern-Schale-Architektur den größeren Ionenradius von Natrium gegenüber Lithium (372 mAh g−1 in Graphit) kompensieren kann. Die entwickelten Kern-Schale-Anoden erreichen damit ein Leistungsniveau, das für eine kommerzielle Anwendung vielversprechend ist.
KW - Kern-Schale-Struktur
KW - Natriumionenbatterie
KW - Hartkohlenstoffanode
KW - Diethylcarbonatdampfsorption
KW - Aktivkohle
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-655354
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.202519457
SN - 1521-3757
N1 - Es gibt eine parallele Sprachausgabe (englisch), ein Link befindet sich im Feld zugehöriger Identifikator - There is a parallel language edition (English), a link is in the field related identifier
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - Wiley-VCH
CY - Weinheim
AN - OPUS4-65535
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Appel, Paul Alexander
A1 - Prinz, Carsten
A1 - Low, Jian Liang
A1 - Asres, Nahom Enkubahri
A1 - Wu, Shu-Han
A1 - Freytag, Annica
A1 - Krug von Nidda, Jonas
A1 - de Sousa Amadeu, Nader
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
T1 - Core‐Shell: Resolving the Dilemma of Hard Carbon Anodes by Sealing Nanoporous Particles With Semi‐Permeable Coatings
N2 - A core-shell strategy is introduced to overcome the dilemma of common non-graphitic hard carbon anodes, linking high reversible storage capacity to practically unacceptable irreversible losses in the first cycle(s). Just as Graphite homogeneously combines effective lithium storage with an electrolyte solvent-sieving function, we show that both of these functions could be strategically integrated into non-graphitic carbons in a heterogeneous structure. Highly porous activated carbons are sealed by kinetically tuned gas-phase deposition of non-graphitic carbon to form a functional core-shell structure. Gas sorption porosimetry on core, shell, core–shell, and cracked core-shell particles confirms preserved core porosity and a semi-permeable shell. Diethyl carbonate sorption analysis is introduced as a more suitable probe than N2 or CO2 sorption, linking first-cycle losses to the liquid–solid interface of carbon anodes. The functional core-shell particles with much reduced diethyl carbonate uptake allow for high storage capacity and reduced first cycle losses. Delivering 400 ± 24 mAh g−1 with 82 ± 2% first-cycle reversibility, it is shown that three-stage Na storage in designed core-shell anodes can compensate for the larger size of sodium compared to lithium stored in graphite anodes (372 mAh g−1). The designed core-shell anodes show state-of-the-art performance with commercial promise.
KW - Sodium-ion battery
KW - Activated carbon
KW - Core-shell
KW - Hard carbon anode
KW - Diethyl carbonate vapor sorption
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-655346
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202519457
SN - 1433-7851
N1 - Es gibt eine parallele Sprachausgabe (deutsch), ein Link befindet sich im Feld zugehöriger Identifikator - There is a parallel language edition (German), a link is in the field related identifier
SP - 1
EP - 9
PB - Wiley-VCH
CY - Weinheim
AN - OPUS4-65534
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tiebe, Carlo
T1 - Advancing Traceability of Humidity Sensors for CO2-Based Applications Using Optical-Feedback Cavity-Enhanced Spectroscopy and Chilled Mirror Hygrometers
N2 - Advancing Traceability of Humidity Sensors for CO₂-Based Applications Using Optical Feedback Cavity Enhanced Spectroscopy and Chilled Dew Point Hygrometers
Content : The volume fraction of humidity in gaseous feedstocks, intermediates, products, and carrier gases plays a critical role in numerous industrial processes. Two emerging areas of application are particularly noteworthy. On the one hand, there is a strategic shift towards replacing fluorinated inert gases of gas-insulated switchgear systems, and on the other hand, cost-effective humidity measurements are gaining importance in the carbon capture and storage (CCUS) applications. The accuracy of applied sensor-based systems in these contexts must be assessed with respect to the specified threshold value of the application. However, the reliability and reproducibility of the reading have to be assessed to prevent errors. Generally, humidity measurement in gaseous carbon dioxide is feasible; however, the chemical reactivity of water with CO₂ can cause significant matrix effects. If the ITS-Sonntag equation is considered to be valid in carbon dioxide, chilled mirror hygrometers can be applied for reference measurements. Further, spectroscopic methods, like optical feedback cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy (OFCEAS), can be applied, offering another robust reference method for determining humidity volume fractions. Here, we applied OFCEAS and a chilled mirror hygrometer for reference value determination. We verified the traceability of both instruments to our in-house gravimetric gas standards containing (100.69 ± 1.564) µmol/mol water in carbon dioxide. We further applied dynamic dilution with our in-house designed humidification unit to create sample gases that contained a volume fraction of (10 to 500) µmol/mol. In these gases, verified by OFCEAS and chilled mirror hygrometer, we conducted a measurement campaign to identify and characterize matrix effects on coulometric and capacitive sensors.
T2 - Gas Analysis 2026
CY - Paris, France
DA - 27.01.2026
KW - Hygrometry
KW - Humidity Sensor
KW - OF-CEAS
KW - Chilled Mirror
KW - Optical-Feedback Cavity-Enhanced Spectroscopy
PY - 2026
AN - OPUS4-65541
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Pedersen, Angus
T1 - Coupling Single Atom Electrocatalysts with a Bioreactor for CO2 to C2+ Conversion
N2 - To alleviate CO2 emissions impact on climate change, and close the carbon cycle, converting carbon dioxide into valuable products such as multi-carbon organic chemicals is of great importance. Each approach offers distinct merits but also certain challenges in terms of process efficiency, product selectivity and implementation at scale. Developing coupled CO2 conversion systems, for instance bio-electrochemical reactors, can address some of the challenges.[1] Precious-metal free biocompatible single atoms in N-doped C (M-N-C, where M = Fe, Ni, Co) electrocatalysts, based on Mg active site imprinting of bioinspired MN4 sites,[2][3] have shown state-of-the-art activity and selectivity for conversion of CO2 to CO.[4] Pyrolysis of Mg-N-C is carried out in a salt-melt at high temperatures (≥ 800 oC) and followed by an exchange with stoichiometric amounts of Ni or Co at low temperatures. N2-sorption of the materials reveal a micro-mesoporous structure with high surface areas (> 1000 m2 g-1) and a mass-transport enabling pore system. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure reveal the existence of atomically dispersed single atom active sites with defined active site structure. These catalysts were implemented in a home-made bio-electrocatalytic system (BES) consisting of a bioreactor coupled to a CO2 electrolysis cell.[5] Here, CO2 is first electrochemically converted to CO in the electrolysis cell which is then directly fed to bacteria (Clostridium ragsdalei) in the bioreactor which further metabolize it to valuable carbon compounds, such as acetate. An acetate formation rate of 1.8 mg L-1 h-1 was achieved and an acetate concentration of 0.103 g L-1, corresponding to acetate formation rate of 0.73 mmol d-1. We have successfully demonstrated the validity of a coupled bio-electrocatalytic system operating with resource efficient single atom Co- and Ni-N-C electrocatalysts for CO2 conversion.
T2 - Electrifying Organic Synthesis
CY - Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
DA - 03.09.2025
KW - Single atom
KW - Electrochemical CO2 conversion
KW - Bioelectrolysis
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64037
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mehmood, Asad
T1 - ZIF-derived Atomically Dispersed Non-precious Metal Catalysts (M-N-C) for Electrochemical Energy Applications
N2 - Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) which are a subtype of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have been extensively used to prepare catalyst materials for a variety of electrochemical reactions for energy conversion and storage applications. Most notable examples of ZIFs used for that purpose include ZIF-8 and ZIF-67 etc. Particularly ZIF-8 with its high surface area, defined pore structure and tunable particle size is widely utilized as a platform material to prepare so-called metal- and nitrogen-doped carbon (M-N-C) catalysts with M= Co, Fe, Ni, Zn etc., which are an emerging class of catalyst materials and consist of nitrogen-doped porous carbon matrix hosting atomically distributed active metal sites.[1, 2] The active sites in M-N-Cs ideally have M-N4 coordination resembling to metal centres in macromolecules such as porphyrins and phthalocyanines.[3] Most representative examples of M-N-Cs include Fe-N-Cs, Co-N-Cs and Ni-N-Cs etc. which are showing promising activities for a variety of electrochemical reactions e.g. oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The structures of M-N-C catalysts are quite complex and require a fine balance between morphological, electronic, and chemical properties to reach optimal electrocatalytic activities. In this talk, I will present our activities on (i) preparation of phase-pure M-N-C catalysts derived from ZIF-8 via active-site imprinting [4, 5] and highlight the benefits of our strategy to achieve high density of active sites and enhanced electrochemical performance levels [6] and (ii) feasibility of using gas physisorption techniques as a new approach to quantify active sites in M-N-Cs. The challenges of maximizing active site utilization and eliminating unfavourable mass-transport characteristics faced by ZIF-8 derived M-N-Cs in electrochemical energy devices e.g. fuel cells will also be briefly discussed.
T2 - Materials for Sustainable Development Conference (MAT-SUS)
CY - Sevilla, Spain
DA - 03.03.20225
KW - Electrochemical energy conversion
KW - Single atom catalysts
KW - Electrochemical CO2 reduction
KW - Fuel cells
KW - Electrolyzers
PY - 2025
DO - https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.matsusspring.2025.251
AN - OPUS4-62927
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
T1 - Batteries: Basics, Challenges and Trends
N2 - In this lecture the fundamental principles of batteries are briefly introduced aligned by the historical development of the technology. The introduction is continued with an overview on current challenges regarding performance, durability, sustainability, cost and safety. Lastly, research trend on approaches to tackle the challenges are discussed by selected examples.
T2 - 2025 Scientific and Technological Training Course "Design and Evaluation Methods of Fire Safety Engineered Materials"
CY - Hefei, China
DA - 20.10.2025
KW - Fundamentals of Batteries
KW - Safety
KW - Active Materials
KW - Research Topics
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64917
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Appel, Paul Alexander
T1 - Connecting Porosity to Storage Capacity: Core-Shell Carbon Material As High-Capacity Negative Electrodes for Sodium Ion Batteries
N2 - Due to abundant raw materials, low costs and promising high reversible specific capacities, hard carbons (HCs) are a common choice for commercially manufactured anodes in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Despite their potential and extensive use, the storage mechanism is still under debate. The non-stoichiometric adsorption mechanism also means that the search for an upper limit for the reversible capacity is ongoing. There is a strong requirement for synthetic anodes that enable a better understanding of the theoretical capacity associated with HC-anodes. We have developed core-shell carbon anodes consisting of a highly porous carbon core and (almost) non-porous shell. Thus, the reversible capacity can be deconvoluted from irreversible capacity losses, arising from the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Moreover, the porosity of the carbon-core can be linked to the reversible capacities gained.
A range of microporous activated carbons were coated via an optimized chemical vapour deposition technique.[1][2] These materials were characterised using a range of techniques including powder x-ray diffraction, small angle x-ray diffraction (SAXS), gas physisorption (N2, CO2) measurements and electrochemical characterisation at coin cell level.
After coating, the material showed a significant reduction in detectable surface area (up to a factor of 192x) by N2-physisorption. The tailor-made shell allows the stable cycling of a carbon anode vs metallic Na-electrode in coin cells at room temperature. For the best performing material, the reversible capacity increased from 139 ± 2 mAhg-1 to 396 ± 2 mAhg-1 while irreversible capacity is decreased from 636 ± 3 mAhg-1 to 89 ± 3 mAhg-1 (see Figure 1). After initial stabilization, a CE of 99% was achieved. The coating technique was usefully applied to a range of materials. [3]
The successful formation of core-shell structures with high capacities enables separation of the storage mechanism from SEI-formation. In turn a proposed calculation to rank the contributions of surface adsorption and pore filling capacity can be confirmed. The materials also create the opportunity to conduct a range of operando experiments (e.g., SAXS) that can shed further light on the sodium storage mechanism.
T2 - ECS Montreal 2025
CY - Montreal, Canada
DA - 18.05.2025
KW - Electrochemical Energy Materials
KW - Negative Electrodes
KW - Sodium Ion Batteries
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65115
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Pauw, Paul
T1 - Designing Core-Shell Carbon Structures as High- Capacity Negative Electrodes for Sodium Ion Batteries
N2 - Due to abundant raw materials, low costs and promising high reversible specific capacities, hard carbons (HCs) are a common choice for commercially manufactured anodes in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Despite their potential and extensive use, the storage mechanism is still under debate. The non-stoichiometric adsorption mechanism also means that the search for an upper limit for the reversible capacity is ongoing. There is a strong requirement for synthetic anodes that enable a better understanding of the theoretical capacity associated with HC-anodes. We have developed core-shell carbon anodes consisting of a highly porous carbon core and (almost) non-porous shell. Thus, the reversible capacity can be deconvoluted from irreversible capacity losses, arising from the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Moreover, the porosity of the carbon-core can be linked to the reversible capacities gained.
A range of microporous activated carbons were coated via an optimized chemical vapour deposition technique.[1][2] These materials were characterised using a range of techniques including powder x-ray diffraction, small angle x-ray diffraction (SAXS), gas physisorption (N2, CO2) measurements and electrochemical characterisation at coin cell level.
After coating, the material showed a significant reduction in detectable surface area (up to a factor of 192x) by N2-physisorption. The tailor-made shell allows the stable cycling of a carbon anode vs metallic Na-electrode in coin cells at room temperature. For the best performing material, the reversible capacity increased from 139 ± 2 mAhg-1 to 396 ± 2 mAhg-1 while irreversible capacity is decreased from 636 ± 3 mAhg-1 to 89 ± 3 mAhg-1 (see Figure 1). After initial stabilization, a CE of 99% was achieved. The coating technique was usefully applied to a range of materials. [3]
The successful formation of core-shell structures with high capacities enables separation of the storage mechanism from SEI-formation. In turn a proposed calculation to rank the contributions of surface adsorption and pore filling capacity can be confirmed. The materials also create the opportunity to conduct a range of operando experiments (e.g., SAXS) that can shed further light on the sodium storage mechanism.
T2 - MatSUS Conference Sevilla
CY - Sevilla, Spain
DA - 03.03.2025
KW - Electrochemical Energy Materials
KW - Negative Electrodes
KW - Sodium Ion Batteries
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65113
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Low, Jian Liang
T1 - Elucidating the Intrinsic CO2RR performance at MN4 sites using Morphologically Comparable M-N-Cs
N2 - Metal- and nitrogen-doped carbons (M-N-Cs) are a promising class of low-cost electrocatalysts derived from earth-abundant elements for various electrochemical applications including ORR and CO2RR [1,2]. Traditionally, M-N-Cs containing active metals (M = Fe, Co, and Ni) are synthesized through direct pyrolysis of inorganic and organic precursors. However, this process often leads to the undesired formation of inorganic side phases via carbothermal reduction, hindering both the efficient incorporation of active metal and the intrinsic activity comparison among active sites.
To overcome these challenges, we developed an active-site imprinting strategy where active metals are introduced post-pyrolysis through ion-exchange [3-5]. In this work, we applied a Mg imprinting strategy to synthesize Co-N-Cs and Ni-N-Cs with comparable morphology and metal dopant concentrations, enabling a more direct comparison of their intrinsic activities. Notably, Ni-N-Cs produced via this method consistently demonstrated superior activity and selectivity compared to isomorphic Co-N-Cs, achieving CO Faraday efficiencies of up to 95% at relatively low overpotentials. Furthermore, the Ni-N-C catalyst exhibited excellent stability at -0.65 VRHE, retaining 92.5% of its current density and 97.6% of its CO selectivity after 100 hours of continuous operation.
A distinct advantage of the imprinting strategy lies in the suppression of inorganic side phases, enabling an accurate local structure characterization of the porphyrin-like tetrapyrrolic MN4 coordination structure using Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS). The characterization of the tetrapyrrolic NiN4 site is especially puzzling, as density functional theory (DFT) simulations often predict these sites to be inert to both CO2RR and HER. Drawing on recent studies which highlight the crucial role of cations for CO2RR on noble metal catalysts like Cu, Ag and Au [6-7], we performed mechanistic investigations using DFT to extend the relevance of cations to the CO2RR/HER performance at the MN4 sites, and further illustrate the advantage of the pyrrolic N atoms in anchoring them near the active metals.
T2 - 4th Conference of the GDCh Division of Chemistry and Energy
CY - Duisburg, Germany
DA - 09.04.2025
KW - Electrochemical CO2 reduction
KW - Active-site imprinting
KW - Metal- and Nitrogen-doped Carbon (M-N-C)
KW - Single Atom Catalyst
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65145
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Low, Jian Liang
T1 - Mg-based Imprinting for Assessing Intrinsic Behavior of Co/Ni-N4 sites towards CO2RR
N2 - Metal-and nitrogen-doped carbons (MN-Cs) represent a promising class of low cost electrocatalysts derived from nature-abundant elements for various electrochemical processes including CO 2 RR [1, 2]. Traditionally, MN-Cs containing active metals (M= Fe, Co, Ni) are synthesized by direct pyrolysis of inorganic and organic precursors, a process that often results in the undesired formation of inorganic side phases through carbothermal reduction, impeding the effective integration of active metals like Fe, Co and Ni. Furthermore, comparing the intrinsic activities of different MN-Cs can be complicated due to variations in catalyst morphology and active site concentration that arise during the pyrolysis.
To address these challenges, we developed an active-site imprinting strategy in which active metals are introduced post-pyrolysis via ion-exchange [3-5]. In this work, we employed the Mg imprinting strategy to produce Co-N-Cs and Ni-N-Cs with comparable morphology and metal dopant concentration. Our approach allows for a more direct comparison of the intrinsic activities that arise from the metal dopant. The Ni-N-Cs derived this way are consistently higher in activity and selectivity than the corresponding Co-N-Cs, exhibiting a CO Faraday efficiency of up to 95% at potentials between-0.5 to-0.8 V RHE. The Ni-NC catalyst maintains high stability at-0.65 V RHE, with 92.5% retention of current density and 97.6% retention of CO selectivity after 100 hours of continuous operation.
T2 - The Materials for Sustainable Development Conference (MATSUS) Spring Meeting 2025
CY - Seville, Spain
DA - 03.03.2025
KW - Electrochemical CO2 reduction
KW - Active-site imprinting
KW - Metal- and Nitrogen-doped Carbon (M-N-C)
KW - Single Atom Catalyst
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65144
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Appel, Paul Alexander
T1 - Developing Tailor-Made Core-Shell Carbon Negative Electrode Materials for Sodium Ion Batteries
N2 - Hard carbons (HCs) are currently one of the most promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, the Na storage mechanism remains controversial, leaving the theoretical limits of carbon anodes unclear. To deconvolute the specific capacity from irreversible capacity losses, resulting from the formation of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), core-shell carbon materials were synthesized. Based on these core-shell materials, an investigation of the storage mechanism of sodium is possible.
T2 - Batterieforum 2025
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 21.01.2025
KW - Electrochemical Energy Materials
KW - Negative Electrodes
KW - Sodium Ion Batteries
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65110
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Erdmann, Maren
A1 - Böhning, Martin
A1 - Niebergall, Ute
T1 - Physical and chemical effects of biodiesel storage on high-density polyethylene: Evidence of co-oxidation
N2 - The physical and chemical effects of diesel and biodiesel fuels on two high-density polyethylene (PE-HD) types were investigated. Both semi-crystalline PE-HD are common thermoplastic materials for container and storage tank applications. Biodiesel, a composition of unsaturated fatty acid esters from renewable resources, was chosen as it is regarded a possible green alternative to fossil fuels. The study aims at identifying significant differences between biodiesel and conventional diesel fuels based on the differences in the chemical nature of the two. The physical effects of the fuels on the polymer at first comprises the sorption behavior, i.e. kinetics and final equilibrium concentration. Not only are both fuels absorbed by the amorphous phase of the semi-crystalline PE-HD, they also induce a plasticization effect that modifies the molecular mobility and therefore also the characteristic yielding properties, manifest in the obtained stress-strain curves. The chemical effects related to degradation phenomena is investigated by a long-term storage scenario using partially immersed tensile test specimens in diesel and biodiesel. We were able to confirm the proposed co-oxidation mechanism by Richaud et al. for polyethylene-unsaturated penetrant systems on a larger scale based on practical tensile tests. One of the investigated polyethylene grades subjected to tensile drawing showed a significant loss of plastic deformation and the onset of premature failure after 150 days of storage in biodiesel. Further biodiesel storage showed a systematically reduced elongation at break before necking. None of these effects were observed in diesel. Oxidation of fuels and polymer after progressing storage times were analyzed by the evolution of carbonyl species in FT-IR/ATR spectroscopy.
KW - Biodiesel
KW - Degradation
KW - Long-term storage
KW - Sorption
KW - Diesel
PY - 2019
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.01.018
SN - 0141-3910
VL - 161
IS - 1
SP - 139
EP - 149
PB - Elsevier
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-47268
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Waske, Anja
A1 - Dzekan, D.
A1 - Sellschopp, K.
A1 - Berger, D.,
A1 - Stork, A.
A1 - Nielsch, K.
A1 - Fähler, S.
T1 - Energy harvesting near room temperature using a thermomagnetic generator with a pretzel-like magnetic flux topology
N2 - To date, there are very few technologies available for the conversion of low-temperature waste heat into electricity. Thermomagnetic generators are one approach proposed more than a century ago. Such devices are based on a cyclic change of magnetization with temperature. This switches a magnetic flux and, according to Faraday’s law, induces a voltage. Here we demonstrate that guiding the magnetic flux with an appropriate topology of the magnetic circuit improves the performance of thermomagnetic generators by orders of magnitude. Through a combination of experiments and simulations, we show that a pretzel-like topology results in a sign reversal of the magnetic flux. This avoids the drawbacks of previous designs, namely, magnetic stray fields, hysteresis and complex geometries of the thermomagnetic material. Our demonstrator, which is based on magnetocaloric plates, illustrates that this solid-state energy conversion technology presents a key step towards becoming competitive with thermoelectrics for energy harvesting near room temperature.
KW - Energy harvesting
KW - Thermomagnetic generator
PY - 2019
DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-018-0306-x
SN - 2058-7546
VL - 4
SP - 68
EP - 74
PB - Nature
AN - OPUS4-47305
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Falk, Florian
A1 - Menneken, M.
A1 - Stephan-Scherb, Christiane
T1 - Real-time observation of high- temperature gas corrosion in dry and wet SO2-containing atmosphere
N2 - Sulfur and water have a fundamental impact on the corrosion rate and potential failure of materials. It is therefore necessary to understand the mechanisms, rates, and potential means of transport, as well as the reactions of these elements with an alloy. This paper investigates the effect of water vapor in the initial stages of SO2 corrosion of an Fe-9Cr-0.5Mn model alloy at 650°C in situ under laboratory conditions using energy-dispersive x-ray diffraction analysis. Two separate experiments were run, one with a 99.5% Ar + 0.5% SO2 atmosphere and one with a 69.5% Ar + 0.5% SO2 + 30% H2O atmosphere. With a wet atmosphere, the alloy formed a scale with decreasing oxygen content towards the scale–alloy interface. Sulfides were identified above and below a (Fe, Cr)3O4 layer in the inner corrosion zone. In contrast to this, the overall scale growth was slower in a dry SO2 atmosphere.
KW - Early oxidation
KW - Early sulfidation
KW - Ferritic steels
PY - 2019
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-472844
UR - https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11837-019-03335-9#enumeration
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-019-03335-9
SN - 1047-4838
SN - 1543-1851
VL - 71
SP - 1
EP - 6
PB - Springer
CY - New York
AN - OPUS4-47284
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schneider, Ronald
A1 - Rogge, Andreas
A1 - Thöns, S.
A1 - Bismut, E.
A1 - Straub, D.
ED - Caspeele, Robby
ED - Taerwe, Luc
ED - Frangopol, Dan M.
T1 - A sampling-based approach to identifying optimal inspection and repair strategies for offshore jacket structures
N2 - Identifying optimal inspection and repair strategies for offshore jacket structures is a challenging task. We pre-sent an approach, which is based on recent developments in the field of risk-based operation and maintenance planning at the structural system level. The approach utilizes heuristics to define inspection and repair strate-gies at the system level and to reduce the search space of possible strategies. For each defined strategy, the expected service life cost of inspection, repair and failure is evaluated based on simulated inspection and re-pair histories. Subset simulation is applied to compute the conditional repair and failure probabilities required for this analysis. It also forms the basis for simulating inspection and repair histories. The strategy that mini-mizes the expected service life cost is the optimal one in the set of pre-selected strategies. The underlying condition and performance model accounts for the stochastic dependence among the deterioration states of the different structural elements and the structural redundancy. The approach is demonstrated in a case study considering a jacket-type frame. In this study, we essentially vary the inspection interval, the minimum num-ber of inspected components and the target reliability, and identify the combination that minimizes the ex-pected total service life cost.
T2 - The sixth international symposium on life-cycle civil engineering (IALCCE 2018)
CY - Ghent, Belgien
DA - 28.10.2018
KW - Offshore steel structures
KW - Fatigue
KW - Reliability
KW - Risk
KW - Inspection planning
PY - 2019
SN - 978-1-138-62633-1
SN - 978-1-315-22891-4
SP - 1081
EP - 1088
PB - Taylor & Francis Group
CY - London
AN - OPUS4-46434
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Minimum safety requirement for CGH2-pressure receptacles: 2nd FDIS ISO 17519
N2 - Der Vortrag fasst alle Bedenken sicherheitstechnischer Art zusammen, die den DIN bewogen haben, ein ISO-Projekt zu extrem großen Gas-/Wasserstofftransporteinheiten abzulehnen.
Kernpunkt ist das mit dem Skope des Normprojektes durch Druck- und Volumenerhöhung gegenüber dem heutigen Stand der Technik erheblich angestiegene Konsequenzpotential. Gleichzeitig fehlt ein Ansatz, den von der Konsequenz bis zum kritischen Niveau einer Katastrophe abhängigen Zuverlässigkeitsanforderungen Rechnung zu tragen.
N2 - The presentation summarizes all the safety concerns that have led DIN to reject an ISO project about extremely large gas/hydrogen transport units.
The core point is the consequence potential, which has increased considerably with the scope of the standardization project in comparison with state of the art systems. At the same time, there is a lack of an approach to take into account the reliability requirements that depend on the consequences, at least up to the level of a catastrophe.
T2 - Sitzung des NA 016 DIN-Normenausschuss Druckgasanlagen (NDG) Arbeitskreis Compositeflaschens mit Gästen aus den USA (Convenor)
CY - DIN, Berlin, Germany
DA - 10.01.2019
KW - Acceptance of a standard
KW - Tube trailer
KW - Pressure-volume-product
KW - Catastrophic consequence
KW - Safety goal
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-47280
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - An, Biwen Annie
A1 - Shen, Y.
A1 - Voordouw, J.
A1 - Voordouw, G.
T1 - Halophilic methylotrophic methanogens may contribute to the high ammonium concentrations found in shale oil and shale gas reservoirs
N2 - Flow-back and produced waters from shale gas and shale oil fields contain high ammonium, which can be formed by methanogenic degradation of methylamines into methane and ammonium. Methylamines are added to fracturing fluid to prevent clay swelling or can originate from metabolism of the osmolyte triglycinebetaine (GB).
We analyzed field samples from a shale gas reservoir in the Duvernay Formation and from a shale oil reservoir in the Bakken formation in Canada to determine the origin of high ammonium. Fresh waters used to make fracturing fluid, early flow-back waters, and late flow back waters from the shale gas reservoir had increasing salinity of 0.01, 0.58, and 2.66 Meq of NaCl, respectively. Microbial community analyses reflected this fresh water to saline transition with halophilic taxa including Halomonas, Halanaerobium, and Methanohalophilus being increasingly present. Early and late flow-back waters had high ammonium concentrations of 32 and 15 mM, respectively.
Such high concentrations had also been found in the Bakken produced waters.
Enrichment cultures of Bakken produced waters in medium containing mono, di-, or trimethylamine, or triglycinebetaine (GB) converted these substrates into ammonium (up to 20 mM) and methane. The methylotrophic methanogen Methanohalophilus, which uses methylamines for its energy metabolism and uses GB as an osmolyte, was a dominant community member in these enrichments. Halanaerobium was also a dominant community member that metabolizes GB into trimethylamine, which is then metabolized further by Methanohalophilus. However, the micromolar concentrations of GB measured in shale reservoirs make them an unlikely source for the 1,000-fold higher ammonium concentrations in flow-back waters. This ammonium either originates directly from the reservoir or is formed from methylamines, which originate from the reservoir, or are added during the hydraulic fracturing process. These methylamines are then converted into ammonium and methane by halophilic methylotrophic methanogens, such as Methanohalophilus, present in flow-back waters.
KW - Methanogen
KW - Oil and gas industry
KW - Shale
KW - Halophile
KW - Corrosion
PY - 2019
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-474982
DO - https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2019.00023
SN - 2296-598X
VL - 7
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - Frontiers Media
CY - Lausanne
AN - OPUS4-47498
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Liehr, Sascha
A1 - Jäger, L. A.
A1 - Karapanagiotis, Christos
A1 - Münzenberger, Sven
A1 - Kowarik, Stefan
T1 - Real-time dynamic strain sensing in optical fibers using artificial neural networks
N2 - We propose to use artificial neural networks (ANNs) for raw measurement data interpolation and signal shift computation and to demonstrate advantages for wavelength-scanning coherent optical time domain reflectometry (WS-COTDR) and dynamic strain distribution measurement along optical fibers. The ANNs are trained with synthetic data to predict signal shifts from wavelength scans. Domain adaptation to measurement data is achieved, and standard correlation algorithms are outperformed. First and foremost, the ANN reduces the data analysis time by more than two orders of magnitude, making it possible for the first time to predict strain in real-time applications using the WS-COTDR approach. Further, strain noise and linearity of the sensor response are improved, resulting in more accurate measurements. ANNs also perform better for low signal-to-noise measurement data, for a reduced length of correlation input (i.e., extended distance range), and for coarser sampling settings (i.e., extended strain scanning range). The general applicability is demonstrated for distributed measurement of ground movement along a dark fiber in a telecom cable. The presented ANN-based techniques can be employed to improve the performance of a wide range of correlation or interpolation problems in fiber sensing data analysis and beyond.
KW - Distributed vibration sensing
KW - Distributed acoustic sensing
KW - Coherent optical time domain reflectometry
KW - Optical fiber sensor
KW - Artificial neural network
KW - Real time measurement
KW - Distributed strain sensing
PY - 2019
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-474832
UR - https://www.osapublishing.org/oe/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-27-5-7405
DO - https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.27.007405
SN - 1094-4087
VL - 27
IS - 5
SP - 7405
EP - 7425
PB - Optical Society of America
AN - OPUS4-47483
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Peláez, R.J.
A1 - Rebollar, E.
A1 - Serna, R.
A1 - Acosta-Zepeda, C.
A1 - Saavedra, P.
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
A1 - Haro-Poniatowski, E.
T1 - Nanosecond laser-induced interference grating formation on silicon
N2 - The formation of gratings on the surface of a silicon wafer by nanosecond laser irradiation through a phase mask using an ArF laser emitting at 193 nm is studied. The phase mask along with some focusing optics is capable to generate via interference a periodic intensity distribution, which can be used for surface patterning. The surface patterning strongly depends on the laser energy density and on the number of pulses, as revealed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results show that irradiation even with a single laser pulse produces periodic depth modulations on the surface. The spatial surface modulation is in the micrometer (1.7 µm) range while the depth modulation is in the nanometer regime (1–20 nm). With an increasing number of pulses (1–100), the depth modulation amplitude increases smoothly. Increasing the number of pulses further results in the progressive destruction of the grating, vanishing completely after ~5000 pulses. This evolution is also monitored in situ by measuring the intensity of the first order-diffracted probe beam and the behavior is in accordance with what is observed by AFM. Finally, we qualitatively explain the results invoking thermally induced effects in the melted Si: these physical processes involved are probably thermocapillary and/or Marangoni effects inducing material displacement as the surface melts.
KW - Nanosecond laser irradiation
KW - Silicon
KW - Surface modification
KW - Phase mask
KW - Grating
PY - 2019
UR - https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6463/ab0c5f
DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ab0c5f
SN - 1361-6463
SN - 0022-3727
VL - 52
IS - 22
SP - 225302, 1
EP - 10
PB - IOP Publishing
CY - Bristol, UK
AN - OPUS4-47619
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Müller, Jan P.
A1 - Krankenhagen, Rainer
T1 - Optimizing thermographic testing of thick GFRP plates by assessing the real energy absorbed within the material
N2 - Active thermography is a well suited non-destructive testing method for the challenging inspection of wind rotor blades. Since the GFRP structures are up to some centimetres thick, long pulse heating is required to provide an appropriate energy input into the structure. So far, no best practice exists to guarantee a reliable detection of deep-lying flaws. In this work, a step wedge specimen having a maximum thickness of 34mm is systematically investigated by experiment and well-matched simulations to assess the influence of the experimental parameters, like the absorbed energy, on thermal contrasts. Finally, a scheme to conduct full-scale test of a wind rotor blade in less than three hours is proposed.
KW - Pulsed thermography
KW - Wind rotor blade
KW - GFRP
PY - 2019
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.02.027
SN - 0263-8223
VL - 215
SP - 60
EP - 68
PB - Elsevier
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-47396
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo
T1 - Deep foundations for offshore wind turbines
T1 - Cimentaciones profundas para aerogeneradores marinos
N2 - This presentation deals with the phenomenology and design of pile foundations for offshore wind turbines, and is divided into two lectures.
The first lecture presents a brief introduction to the context and peculiarities of such foundations, and then focuses on the particular case of axially loaded piles. This part is most relevant for the relatively slender piles of the multi-pile substructures (i.e. jackets and tripods). A clear distinction between physical phenomenology and practical design is drawn here.
The second lecture continues with the case of lateraly loaded offshore piles, which bears most relevance for the case of the monopile foundations. Here again, a clear separation between physical reality and design methods is intended.
Finally, the last part of the second lecture introduces several advanced topics which lie outside the classical design approaches, namely the hydromechanical coupling effects (i.e. the excess pore-pressure generation around the monopiles), the cyclic pile fatigue and the so-called pile Setup (i.e. the time effects on the axial pile capacity). The relevance of the latter two topics is illustrated with experimental results from a field testing campaign on real large-scale piles.
T2 - MASTERS COURSE 2019 CEDEX-UNED: MECÁNICA DEL SUELO E INGENIERÍA GEOTÉCNICA
CY - Laboratorio de Geotecnia, CEDEX, Madrid, Spain
DA - 25.03.2019
KW - Pile foundations
KW - Offshore wind turbines
KW - Physical phenomenology
KW - Design methods
KW - Numerical modelling
KW - Physical testing
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-47624
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Ghafafian, Carineh
T1 - Restoring structural integrity - localized repairs for wind turbine rotor blades
N2 - The effect of localized repairs on the mechanical properties and thus the lifespan of wind turbine rotor blade shells is examined.
T2 - SAMPE Symposium 2019
CY - Dresden, Germany
DA - 06.02.2019
KW - Fatigue
KW - Glass fiber reinforced polymers
KW - Lightweight materials
KW - Sandwich
KW - Wind turbine blades
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-47443
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Palkowski, Carsten
T1 - Dynamische Methode für die Energieeffizienzprüfung von Wärmepumpen
N2 - Vorstellung der Dynamische Wärmepumpenprüfung beim DIN NA-044-00-06 AA
T2 - Gremiunssitzung des NA 044-00-06 AA
CY - Munich, Germany
DA - 19.02.2019
KW - Wärmepumpen
KW - Energieeffizienz
KW - Dynamische Prüfung
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-47414
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
T1 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt, Band 49, Heft 1
T3 - Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt der BAM - 1/2019
KW - Anerkennungen
KW - Zulassungen
KW - Richtlinien
KW - Festlegungen
KW - Ausnahmegenehmigungen
PY - 2019
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-477509
SN - 0340-7551
VL - 49
IS - 1
SP - 1
EP - 124
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-47750
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CHAP
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
A1 - Bevilacqua, A.
A1 - Carlsen, B.
A1 - Chiguer, M.
A1 - González-Espartero, A.
A1 - Grahn, P.
A1 - Saegusa, T.
A1 - Sampson, M.
A1 - Seelev, I.
A1 - Wasinger, K.
A1 - Waters, M.
ED - González-Espartero (IAEA), A.
T1 - Storing spent fuel until transport to reprocessing or disposal
N2 - Spent fuel storage periods well beyond those originally foreseen are a reality. This publication offers several ideas and approaches that may be considered to address the increasingly longer storage times. The aim is to raise awareness, encourage dialogue and provide ideas on how to manage spent fuel. Key messages include the following:
- Delays in reprocessing or disposal could result in spent fuel being stored for 100 years or longer. Safe, secure and effective storage of spent fuel manages fuel degradation while preserving future fuel cycle options.
- Ageing management programmes apply engineering, operations and maintenance actions to ensure safety is maintained during storage, future handling and transport.
- Site selection and facility and equipment design can significantly reduce the risks and costs of spent fuel storage over longer periods.
- Spent fuel storage configurations can be selected to accommodate uncertain storage periods, to facilitate ageing management and to provide flexibility needed to accommodate the uncertainty of future end points, such as reprocessing or disposal.
- By considering multiple licence renewals, regulatory frameworks can be designed to ensure safe storage until an acceptable end point is achieved.
- Safety can be assured by maintaining shielding, containment, decay heat removal and criticality control. Navigating the complexity of societal beliefs and values, as well as political systems, has proven to be a greater challenge for the management of spent fuel than maintaining its safety and security or addressing the technical and economic aspects.
- Sustainable spent fuel management requires policies and strategies to provide a clear, consistent and stable direction because they drive the need for spent fuel storage as well as the available options and timing for achieving an acceptable end point. Unless States address spent fuel reprocessing and disposal on a sufficient scale to accommodate their spent fuel discharges, then storage for longer and longer periods becomes the de facto end point — which is not considered to be consistent with the responsibility to protect human health and the environment.
An effective, periodic licence renewal process can ensure effective ageing management and strong institutional control. Hence, spent fuel can be safely and securely stored for as long as it may be necessary until transport for reprocessing or disposal. However, the risks and costs of storing the growing inventory of spent fuel will continue to increase; and in the absence of an end point, it will eventually become a significant societal burden.
KW - Storing spent fuel
KW - Extended storing
KW - Unknown storage duration
PY - 2019
UR - https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/P1846_web.pdf
SN - 978-92-0-100719-3
SN - 1995-7807
SP - 1
EP - 54
PB - IAEA Publishing Section
CY - Wien, Austria
AN - OPUS4-47693
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Palkowski, Carsten
A1 - Zottl, A.
A1 - Malenkovic, I.
A1 - Simo, Anne
T1 - Fixing efficiency values by unfixing compressor speed: Dynamic test method for heat pumps
N2 - The growing market penetration of heat pumps indicates the need for a performance test method that better reflects the dynamic behavior of heat pumps. In this contribution, we developed and implemented a dynamic test method for the evaluation of the seasonal performance of heat pumps by means of laboratory testing. Current standards force the heat pump control inactive by fixing the compressor speed. In contrast, during dynamic testing, the compressor runs unfixed while the heat pump is subjected to a temperature profile. The profile consists of the different outdoor temperatures of a typical heating season based on the average European climate and also includes temperature changes to reflect the dynamic behavior of the heat pump. The seasonal performance can be directly obtained from the measured heating energy and electricity consumption making subsequent data interpolation and recalculation with correction factors obsolete. The method delivers results with high precision and high reproducibility and could be an appropriate method for a fair rating of heat pumps.
KW - Heat pump
KW - Dynamic test method
KW - Seasonal performance factor
KW - Variable frequency drive
KW - Energy label
PY - 2019
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-476944
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/en12061045
SN - 1996-1073
VL - 12
IS - 6
SP - 1045, 1
EP - 16
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel, Switzerland
AN - OPUS4-47694
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Stand bei den Behälterbauartprüfungen für das Endlager Konrad
N2 - Die Verfügbarkeit von Behältern für die Entsorgung nicht Wärme entwickelnder radioaktiver Abfälle im Endlager Konrad stellt ein wesentliches Element des nationalen Entsorgungskonzeptes für diese Abfallart dar. Grundlage für die Verfügbarkeit geeigneter Behälter sind typspezifische Bauartprüfungen, auf deren Grundlage eine Eignungs-feststellung in Form eines Prüfzeugnisses durch die Bundesgesellschaft für Endlagerung mbH (BGE), vormals Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (BfS), erfolgt. Die Prüfgrundlagen sind in den durch das BfS (heute BGE) veröffent-lichten „Anforderungen an endzulagernde radioaktive Abfälle“ (Endlagerungsbedingungen) sowie der zugehörigen „Produktkontrolle radioaktiver Abfälle, radiologische Aspekte“ (PK) verankert. Die Eignungsfeststellung für eine Be-hälterbauart ist gleichzeitig die Grundlage für eine Behälterserienfertigung entsprechend den im Prüfzeugnis veran-kerten Spezifikationen und Randbedingungen.
Mit den Gesetzen zur Neuordnung der Organisationsstruktur im Bereich der Endlagerung (Mitte 2016) und zur Neuordnung der Verantwortung in der kerntechnischen Entsorgung (Mitte 2017) mit der Finanzierung des Kern-energieausstiegs wurden wesentliche Weichenstellungen im Hinblick auf den anstehenden Rückbau der bereits stillgelegten und in den kommenden Jahren noch stillzulegenden deutschen Kernkraftwerke vorgenommen. Bezüg-lich der nicht Wärme entwickelnden radioaktiven Abfälle führt dies zu einer spürbaren Intensivierung der Anstren-gungen zur Bereitstellung qualifizierter Gebinde für das Endlager Konrad, das nach aktueller Planung bis 2027 sei-nen Einlagerungsbetrieb aufnehmen soll. Dies wiederum führt zu einer erheblichen Verdichtung der Verfahren zur Behälterbauartprüfung, die allen Seiten (Antragsteller, BGE, Gutachter) erhebliche Anstrengungen abfordert.
Die Bundesanstalt für Materialprüfung und –forschung (BAM) ist auf Grundlage des Kap. 7 der o. g. „Produktkon-trolle …“ (PK) von der BGE mit den Behälterbauartprüfungen für das Endlager Konrad beauftragt. Hierbei ist eine Vielzahl von Anforderungen zu berücksichtigen, wozu neben den Anforderungen an Abfallbehälter gemäß Kap. 5 der Endlagerungsbedingungen weitere Anforderungen an die Verpackung (Kap. 3.2.2 PK), Kenngrößen (Kap. 3.5.1 PK) und schließlich die eigentliche Prüfung von Behältern/Verpackungen zählt (Kap. 7 PK). Letzteres beinhaltet die umfassende Behälterbeschreibung und –spezifikation, die Behälterauslegung, die thermischen und mechanischen Baumusterprüfungen (z.B. Brand- und Fallprüfungen), und schließlich die qualitätssichernden Maßnahmen für Her-stellung und Betrieb der Behälter. Neben der klassischen Bauartprüfung neuer Behältertypen spielt auch die Prü-fung bereits hergestellter Behälter, sog. Altbehälter, eine wesentliche Rolle, da sich etliche tausend Gebinde bereits in der Zwischenlagerung befinden und nach Möglichkeit für das Endlager Konrad qualifiziert werden sollen.
Dieser Beitrag berichtet aktuell über den Umfang und Stand der laufenden Bauartprüfungen bei der BAM unter Be-rücksichtigung der besonderen Herausforderungen und der zuletzt erzielten Fortschritte. Dabei erfordert die paral-lele Bearbeitung der zahlreichen Verfahren einen verstärkten Koordinierungsbedarf hinsichtlich vergleichbarer fach-licher Aspekte sowie hinsichtlich Priorisierung und Ressourceneinsatz. Bei den experimentellen Nachweisen (Fall- und Brandversuche) betrifft das hinsichtlich der Nutzung der Versuchseinrichtungen bei der BAM die Koordination mit anderen Prüfaufträgen, wie z. B. verkehrsrechtliche Baumusterprüfungen. Schließlich erfordern diverse Fach-fragen zur Interpretation der Anforderungen aus Endlagerungsbedingungen und Produktkontrolle intensive Abstim-mungsprozesse zwischen BAM, BGE und Antragstellern. Wichtige Ergebnisse mit übergeordneter Bedeutung wer-den in Form erläuternder Fachnotizen durch die BGE veröffentlicht und können so bei zukünftigen Antragsverfahren berücksichtigt werden.
T2 - KONTEC 2019
CY - Dresden, Germany
DA - 27.03.2019
KW - Endlager
KW - Container
KW - Bauartprüfung
KW - Konrad
PY - 2019
SP - Paper 017, 205
EP - 212
PB - Kontec GmbH
CY - Hamburg
AN - OPUS4-47667
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Marquardt, J.
A1 - Gurieva, G.
A1 - Stephan-Scherb, Christiane
A1 - Schorr, S.
T1 - The Effect of Copper Vacancies on the Anion Position of Chalcopyrite Type CuGaS2
N2 - The prediction of structural parameters and optoelectronic properties of compound semiconductors is very important. However, calculations often neglect chemical variability and structural defects. In chalcopyrite type semiconductors one of the major defects are copper vacancies (V Cu). The four cation neighbors of the anion determine its position in the chalcopyrite type structure expressed by the Wyckoff position 8d (x, 1/4, 1/8). Intrinsic point defects like V
Cu and anti-sites may cause variations of the Anion position in the middle of the cation tetrahedron, especially in the Anion position Parameter x. For stoichiometric chalcopyrite type compounds a formalism according to the principle of conservation of tetrahedral bonds (CTB) can be applied to calculate the anion position parameter, but it fails in the case of off-stoichiometric chalcopyrites. This case study of chalcopyrite type CuGaS 2 and Mn-substituted GuGaS 2
shows that the experimentally determined anion position Parameter x
deviate from values calculated by CTB approach. The systematic investigation of off-stoichiometric CuGaS 2 and Mn-substituted GuGaS
2 demonstrates the effect of copper vacancies on the average radii of the cation sites (Wyckoff positions 4a and 4b) as well as on the anion position Parameter x. By applying an elaborated CTB Approach implementing copper vacancies an agreement between experimental and calculated anion position Parameter x can be obtained.
KW - Chalcogenides
KW - Neutron diffraction
KW - Copper vacancies
PY - 2019
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.201800882
VL - 216
IS - 15
SP - 1800882
PB - Wiley
AN - OPUS4-47748
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Stand bei den Behälterbauartprüfungen für das Endlager Konrad
N2 - Die Verfügbarkeit von Behältern für die Entsorgung nicht Wärme entwickelnder radioaktiver Abfälle im Endlager Konrad stellt ein wesentliches Element des nationalen Entsorgungskonzeptes für diese Abfallart dar. Grundlage für die Verfügbarkeit geeigneter Behälter sind typspezifische Bauartprüfungen, auf deren Grundlage eine Eignungs-feststellung in Form eines Prüfzeugnisses durch die Bundesgesellschaft für Endlagerung mbH (BGE), vormals Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (BfS), erfolgt. Die Prüfgrundlagen sind in den durch das BfS (heute BGE) veröffent-lichten „Anforderungen an endzulagernde radioaktive Abfälle“ (Endlagerungsbedingungen) sowie der zugehörigen „Produktkontrolle radioaktiver Abfälle, radiologische Aspekte“ (PK) verankert. Die Eignungsfeststellung für eine Behälterbauart ist gleichzeitig die Grundlage für eine Behälterserienfertigung entsprechend den im Prüfzeugnis verankerten Spezifikationen und Randbedingungen.
Mit den Gesetzen zur Neuordnung der Organisationsstruktur im Bereich der Endlagerung (Mitte 2016) und zur Neuordnung der Verantwortung in der kerntechnischen Entsorgung (Mitte 2017) mit der Finanzierung des Kern-energieausstiegs wurden wesentliche Weichenstellungen im Hinblick auf den anstehenden Rückbau der bereits stillgelegten und in den kommenden Jahren noch stillzulegenden deutschen Kernkraftwerke vorgenommen. Bezüg-lich der nicht Wärme entwickelnden radioaktiven Abfälle führt dies zu einer spürbaren Intensivierung der Anstren-gungen zur Bereitstellung qualifizierter Gebinde für das Endlager Konrad, das nach aktueller Planung bis 2027 sei-nen Einlagerungsbetrieb aufnehmen soll. Dies wiederum führt zu einer erheblichen Verdichtung der Verfahren zur Behälterbauartprüfung, die allen Seiten (Antragsteller, BGE, Gutachter) erhebliche Anstrengungen abfordert.
Die Bundesanstalt für Materialprüfung und –forschung (BAM) ist auf Grundlage des Kap. 7 der o. g. „Produktkon-trolle …“ (PK) von der BGE mit den Behälterbauartprüfungen für das Endlager Konrad beauftragt. Hierbei ist eine Vielzahl von Anforderungen zu berücksichtigen, wozu neben den Anforderungen an Abfallbehälter gemäß Kap. 5 der Endlagerungsbedingungen weitere Anforderungen an die Verpackung (Kap. 3.2.2 PK), Kenngrößen (Kap. 3.5.1 PK) und schließlich die eigentliche Prüfung von Behältern/Verpackungen zählt (Kap. 7 PK). Letzteres beinhaltet die umfassende Behälterbeschreibung und –spezifikation, die Behälterauslegung, die thermischen und mechanischen Baumusterprüfungen (z.B. Brand- und Fallprüfungen), und schließlich die qualitätssichernden Maßnahmen für Her-stellung und Betrieb der Behälter. Neben der klassischen Bauartprüfung neuer Behältertypen spielt auch die Prü-fung bereits hergestellter Behälter, sog. Altbehälter, eine wesentliche Rolle, da sich etliche tausend Gebinde be-reits in der Zwischenlagerung befinden und nach Möglichkeit für das Endlager Konrad qualifiziert werden sollen.
Dieser Beitrag berichtet aktuell über den Umfang und Stand der laufenden Bauartprüfungen bei der BAM unter Be-rücksichtigung der besonderen Herausforderungen und der zuletzt erzielten Fortschritte. Dabei erfordert die paral-lele Bearbeitung der zahlreichen Verfahren einen verstärkten Koordinierungsbedarf hinsichtlich vergleichbarer fach-licher Aspekte sowie hinsichtlich Priorisierung und Ressourceneinsatz. Bei den experimentellen Nachweisen (Fall- und Brandversuche) betrifft das hinsichtlich der Nutzung der Versuchseinrichtungen bei der BAM die Koordination mit anderen Prüfaufträgen, wie z. B. verkehrsrechtliche Baumusterprüfungen. Schließlich erfordern diverse Fach-fragen zur Interpretation der Anforderungen aus Endlagerungsbedingungen und Produktkontrolle intensive Abstim-mungsprozesse zwischen BAM, BGE und Antragstellern. Wichtige Ergebnisse mit übergeordneter Bedeutung wer-den in Form erläuternder Fachnotizen durch die BGE veröffentlicht und können so bei zukünftigen Antragsverfahren berücksichtigt werden.
T2 - KONTEC 2019
CY - Dresden, Germany
DA - 27.03.2019
KW - Endlager
KW - Container
KW - Bauartprüfung
KW - Konrad
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-47668
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
A1 - Babutzka, Martin
A1 - Trappe, Volker
T1 - Vorstellung des Aktivitätsfelds Erneuerbare Energie
N2 - Auf der Beiratssitzung des TF Energie wurde das Aktivitätsfeld Erneuerbare Energien in seinem breiten Spektrum (aber selektive Auswahl) vorgestellt.
T2 - Beiratssitzung TF Energie
CY - BAM Berlin-Adlershof, Germany
DA - 09.04.2019
KW - Erneuerbare Energien
KW - Windenergie
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-47751
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Büttner, C.
T1 - Anwendung seismischer Abbildungsverfahren auf Ultraschallecho-Daten von Verschlussbauwerken unter Tage
N2 - Ein Endlager für radioaktive Abfälle muss auf Dauer vor dem Eindringen von Wasser geschützt werden. Aus diesem Grund errichtete die Bundesgesellschaft für Endlagerung (BGE) ein Verschlussbauwerk als InSitu Versuch im Endlager Morsleben. Hierfür wurde eine bergmännische Auffahrung mit Salzbeton verfüllt.
Zusätzliche in regelmäßigen Abständen eingebaute Trennbleche sollen der Ausbreitung eventueller Risse entgegenwirken.
Das Versuchsobjekt wurde mit Ultraschallmessungen bezüglich der Lage und Orientierung möglicher Risse untersucht. Diese Messungen wurden an der Stirnfläche des Salzbetonkörpers durchgeführt. Für die Datenakquisition fand ein neuartiges Messsystem Anwendung, mit welchem ein seismisches Akquisitionsschema realisiert werden kann. Dieses setzt sich aus mehreren Prüfköpfen zusammen, welche sowohl als Sender als auch als Empfänger fungieren. Somit lassen sich auch größere Sender-Empfänger-Abstände realisieren.
Vor der Bearbeitung der realen Messdaten wurde ein realitätsnahes synthetisches Modell erstellt, mit welchem die Abbildung eines Risses, eines eingebauten Monitoring-Instruments sowie des ersten Trennbleches in einer Tiefe von 8 m untersucht wurden. Die generierten synthetischen Daten wurden nach minimaler Preprozessierung mittels Kirchhoff-Prestack-Tiefenmigration sowie Reverse Time Migration (RTM) in Tiefensektionen umgewandelt. Insbesondere bei der Abbildung steilstehender Reflektoren lieferte die RTM hier ein besseres Ergebnis.
Im Anschluss wurden reale Messdaten in der gleichen Weise bearbeitet. Zusätzlich wurden die Ergebnisse mit denen der Synthetic-Aperture-Focusing-Technique (SAFT) verglichen. Dieses Verfahren ist der Kirchhoff-Migration sehr ähnlich und findet in der zerstörungsfreien Werkstoffprüfung routinemäßig Anwendung. Es stellte sich heraus, dass der RTM Algorithmus in einigen Fällen ein realitätsnäheres Abbild liefert. Die Resultate von Kirchhoff-Migrationund SAFT-Rekonstruktion sind hingegen sehr ähnlich. Alle Verfahren lokalisierten in gleicher Weise Risse in verschiedenen Tiefenlagen, welche hauptsächlich oberflächenparallel orientiert sind. Diese werden auch von Bohrungen bestätigt. Besonders herauszustellen ist die deutliche Abbildung des Trennbleches in großer Tiefe, was bisher noch nicht eindeutig gelungen war.
T2 - Jahrestagung der Deutschen geophysikalischen Gesellschaft
CY - Brunswick, Germany
DA - 03.03.2019
KW - Ultraschall
KW - Verschlussbauwerk
KW - Endlagerung
KW - RTM
KW - Kirchhoff
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-47705
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Yin, Huajie
A1 - Chapala, P.
A1 - Bermeshev, M.
A1 - Pauw, Brian Richard
A1 - Schönhals, Andreas
A1 - Böhning, Martin
T1 - Influence of Trimethylsilyl Side Groups on the Molecular Mobility and Charge Transport in Highly Permeable Glassy Polynorbornenes
N2 - Superglassy polymers with a large fractional free volume have emerged as novel materials with a broad range of applications, especially in the field of membrane separations. Highly permeable addition-type substituted polynorbornenes with high thermal resistance and chemical stability are among the most promising materials. The major obstacle for extending the practical membrane application is their strong tendency to physical aging, leading to a partial decline in their superior transport performance over time. In the present study, broadband dielectric spectroscopy with complementary X-ray scattering techniques were employed to reveal changes in microporous structure, molecular mobility, and conductivity by systematic
comparison of two polynorbornenes with different numbers of trimethylsilyl side groups. Their response upon heating (aging) was compared in terms of structure, dynamics, and charge transport behavior. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of the observed
Maxwell−Wagner−Sillars polarization at internal interfaces provides unique information about the microporous structure in the
solid films. The knowledge obtained from the experiments will guide and unlock potential in synthesizing addition-type polynorbornenes with versatile properties.
KW - Dielectric spectroscopy
KW - Molecular mobility
KW - Electrical conductivity
KW - Gas separation membranes
PY - 2019
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.9b00092
SN - 2637-6105
VL - 1
IS - 4
SP - 844
EP - 855
PB - ACS
CY - Washington DC
AN - OPUS4-47838
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Stoll, M.
A1 - Huber, F. M.
A1 - Trumm, M.
A1 - Enzmann, F.
A1 - Meinel, Dietmar
A1 - Wenka, A.
A1 - Schill, E.
A1 - Schäfer, T.
T1 - Experimental and numerical investigations on the effect of fracture geometry and fracture aperture distribution on flow and solute transport in natural fractures
N2 - The impact of fracture geometry and aperture distribution on fluid movement and on non-reactive solute transport was investigated experimentally and numerically in single fractures. For this purpose a hydrothermally altered and an unaltered granite drill core with axial fractures were investigated. Using three injection and three extraction locations at top and bottom of the fractured cores, different dipole flow fields were examined. The conservative tracer (Amino-G) breakthrough curves were measured using fluorescence spectroscopy. Based on 3-D digital data obtained by micro-computed tomography 2.5-D numerical models were generated for both fractures by mapping the measured aperture distributions to the 2-D fracture geometries (x-y plane). Fluid flow and tracer transport were simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics®.
By means of numerical simulations and tomographic imaging experimentally observed breakthrough curves can be understood and qualitatively reproduced. The experiments and simulations suggest that fluid flow in the altered fracture is governed by the 2-D fracture geometry in the x-y plane, while fluid flow in the unaltered fracture seems to be controlled by the aperture distribution. Moreover, we demonstrate that in our case simplified parallel-plate models fail to describe the experimental findings and that pronounced tailings can be attributed to complex internal heterogeneities. The results presented, implicate the necessity to incorporate complex domain geometries governing fluid flow and mass transport into transport modeling.
KW - Natural fracture geometry
KW - Solute transport experiments
KW - Micro-computed tomography
PY - 2019
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2018.11.008
SN - 0169-7722/
VL - 221
SP - 82
EP - 97
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-47863
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Auersch, Lutz
T1 - Compliance and damping of piles for wind tower foundation in nonhomogeneous soils by the finite-element boundary-element method
N2 - A combined finite-element boundary-element method for the dynamic interaction of the soil with flexible structures such as single piles or complete wind energy towers has been developed. Flexible piles in different soils are analysed in frequency domain. The different parameters such as the stiffness of the soil, the bending stiffness and the radius of the hollow pile are analysed for their influence on the complex compliances. The results have been determined as specific power laws which are different for the different load cases (horizontal, rocking, coupling) and for the different soil models (Winkler, continuum with constant, root-parabolic and proportional-linear stiffness variation). The strongest influence of the soil stiffness can be found for the homogeneous soil and the horizontal component. Winkler soils have a weaker influence than the corresponding continuous soils. An offshore wind energy tower has been modeled and calculated for wind and wave loads.
KW - Pile foundation
KW - Finite-element boundary-element method
KW - Pile bending stiffness
KW - Soil stiffness
KW - Continuously inhomogeneous soils
KW - Layered soils
KW - Wind energy tower
PY - 2019
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.12.005
SN - 0267-7261
VL - 120
IS - 5
SP - 228
EP - 244
PB - Elsevier
CY - London
AN - OPUS4-47891
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Stajanca, Pavol
T1 - Niches of fiberoptic sensing: from large-strain applications to acoustic emission monitoring
N2 - Fibreoptic sensors (FOS) represent sensing technology with small footprint, low invasiveness, electromagnetic passivity and immunity, plus potential for remote and real-time monitoring. Modern FOS techniques allow truly temporally- and spatially-continuous monitoring over extended distances; a feature not attainable with any other sensing technology. Moreover, depending on their particular material composition and design, optical fibres can be made resistant to high temperatures, chemicals and ionizing radiation. Due to this unique combination of advantageous properties, ever since their emergence, FOS have been attracting considerable attention for monitoring tasks in harsh, hazardous and difficult-to-access locations. The potential of FOS has been recognized also in the field of radioactive waste management and fibreoptic sensors belong to the most promising technologies for nuclear waste repositories (NWR) monitoring.
Vast majority of distributed fibreoptic sensor applications rely on use of silica-based optical fibres as sensing elements. At the same time, distributed measurement of local temperature and strain along the fibre are the most common monitoring tasks addressed by fibreoptic sensors. Nevertheless, FOS offer much larger flexibility both in terms of utilized sensing fibre as well as targeted measurand. In this contribution, we will review some of more alternative implementations of FOS that are being explored at “Fibre Optic Sensors” division of Federal Institute for Material Research and Testing (BAM), in Berlin. The main focus will be twofold. On one side, we will address FOS applications with polymer optical fibres (POF), that may enable monitoring of large strains (>100%) and high-sensitivity radiation detection. On the other side, we will present our activities in the area of distributed acoustic sensing (DAS); one of the most recent developments in the fibreoptic sensing field enabling highly-dynamic vibration sensing with nanostrain sensitivity. We will introduce the principles of the addressed FOS technologies, present application examples from our case studies, discuss advantages and limitations of the techniques and highlight their potential for NWR monitoring.
T2 - Modern 2020 Final Conference
CY - Paris, France
DA - 09.04.2019
KW - Fiberoptic sensors
KW - Nuclear waste disposal
KW - Polymer optical fibers
KW - Distributed acoustic sensing
KW - Distributed radiation monitoring
PY - 2019
UR - http://www.modern2020.eu/final-conference/programme.html
AN - OPUS4-47789
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Oesch, Tyler
T1 - Application of ultrasonic techniques for quality assurance of salt concrete engineered barriers: Shape, cracks and delamination
N2 - The closure of underground nuclear waste disposal facilities requires reliable gas- and water-tight engineered barriers. In Germany, barriers made from salt concrete have been evaluated in full scale. While the barriers seem to fulfill the requirements regarding permeability, some unexpected cracks have been detected at the surface and at depth. In cooperation between the Federal Company for Radioactive Waste Disposal (BGE) and the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), several experiments have been carried out to evaluate the applicability for ultrasonic measurements in crack detection and general quality assurance. Both commercial instruments and specially developed devices have been tested on site.
Using commercial ultrasonic echo devices designed for concrete inspection it was possible to detect cracks and objects in salt concrete up to a depth of 2 m. The check for delamination in shotcrete is another field of application. A unique device available at BAM, the wide aperture, deep penetration instrument LAUS, was able to locate cracks and objects up to a depth of 8 m so far, which is thought to be a record for ultrasonic echo measurements in concrete. Adapted imaging procedures, partly adopted from geophysics, helped to reveal 3D structure at depth.
In addition, we have developed ultrasonic probes to be deployed in boreholes, currently at up to 20 m depth. They can collect information on cracks and other features in a radius of about 1.5 m around the borehole in the current version and might be used in echo or transmission mode. Evaluation experiments have been performed at an experimental barrier at the ERAM site in Morsleben, Germany. The results showed several empty and injected cracks as well as built-in instrumentation. The results have been verified using borehole endoscopy as well as core examination and will be used to set up a reliable quality assurance system for engineered barriers. All instruments are based on ultrasonic shear wave transducers with a frequency range between 25 kHz and 100 kHz. Current research focuses on the improvement of the hardware (e. g. optimization of array characteristics) and imaging techniques such as Reverse Time Migration, both aiming at the improvement of depth of penetration, resolution and probability of detection.
T2 - 2nd International Conference on Monitoring in Geological Disposal of Radioactive Waste
CY - Paris, France
DA - 09.04.2019
KW - Morsleben Repository (ERAM)
KW - Engineered Barrier System (EBS)
KW - Large Aperture Ultrasonic System (LAUS)
KW - Ultrasonic-Echo Borehole Probe
KW - Reverse Time Migration (RTM)
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-47781
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Oesch, Tyler
T1 - Proposed Project SealWasteSafe: Materials Technology, Quality Assurance and Monitoring Techniques for Safe Sealing Systems in Underground Repositories
N2 - The proposed BAM project SealWasteSafe will advance the state of the art for the construction and monitoring of safe sealing systems for underground repositories of radioactive or toxic waste. During this project, a novel salt concrete exhibiting neither significant cracking nor shrinkage will be optimized for use in the sealing systems. The composition of this material will be based on alkali-activated materials, which are characterized by particularly small thermal deformations during the hardening reaction. Quality assurance and continuous monitoring systems developed during this project will be demonstrated not only for high reliability, but also for resistance to highly alkaline environments and to water intrusion along cables or at sensor locations. A variety of sensors will be used in combination with wireless Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology to record moisture, temperature, and, if necessary, corrosion activity within the sealing system. Distributed Fibre Optic Sensor (FOS) technology will also be used for strain, temperature, and moisture content measurement. Ultrasound-based measuring methods will be utilized for the detection of cracks and delaminations. Additionally, digital image correlation and acoustic emission analysis will be used for deformation measurements and crack detection. A novel borehole probe and advanced ultrasound imaging techniques will be further developed to track cracks and delaminations within the host rock in 3D. The surface-based Large Aperture Ultrasound System (LAUS) will also be utilized to detect cracks and delaminations deep below the exterior surface of the sealing system. Although the focus of this project will be on the host rock salt, the resulting technologies will be intentionally developed in a way that facilitates their adaptation to other host rocks.
T2 - 2nd International Conference on Monitoring in Geological Disposal of Radioactive Waste
CY - Paris, France
DA - 09.04.2019
KW - SealWasteSafe
KW - Radioactive Waste Disposal
KW - Underground Repositories
KW - Alkali-Activated Material
KW - Monitoring
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-47776
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CHAP
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
A1 - Völzke, Holger
A1 - Bevilacqua, A.
A1 - Alejano, C.
A1 - Conde, J.M.
A1 - Einziger, R.E.
A1 - Fukuda, S.-I.
A1 - González Espartero, A.
A1 - Gouzy-Portaix, S.
A1 - Haddad Andalaf, R.E.
A1 - Hambley, D.
A1 - Issard, H.
A1 - Kessler, J.
A1 - Kurpaska, L.
A1 - Legat, A.
A1 - Qureshi, A.H.
A1 - Ruiz, J.
A1 - Shirai, K.
A1 - Šmaižys, A.
A1 - Verrastro, C.A.
ED - González Espartero, A.
T1 - Demonstrating performance of spent fuel and related storage system components during very long term storage - Final report of a coordinated research project
N2 - This publication summarizes the work carried out during an IAEA coordinated research project (CRP) on safe and reliabe management of spent nuclear fuel. This work contributes to the overall goal of demonstrating the performance of spent nuclear fuel and related storage systems components over long durations, and facilitates the transfer of this knowledge to Member States. The technical areas addressed by the CRP participants were related to potential degradation mechanisms in metal casks and concrete overpacks, such as stress corrosion cracking; long term integrity and performance of the fuel cladding; thermo-mechanical behaviour of the metal seals; and long term gamma and neutron shielding capability. The participants also considered past and ongoing demonstration programmes. For each technical topic addressed the main conclusions have been drawn, including information on the development of specific monitoring and inspection techniques as well as future opportunities for closing relevant data gaps. A major achievement is also the establishment of a worldwide network of experts working on current research projects to demonstrate the long term performance of spent fuel in dry storage systems.
KW - Spent fuel
KW - Storage system components
KW - Very long term storage
PY - 2019
UR - https://www.iaea.org/publications/13553/demonstrating-performance-of-spent-fuel-and-related-storage-system-components-during-very-long-term-storage
SN - 978–92–0–103319–2
SN - 1011–4289
VL - 1878
SP - 1
EP - 198
PB - IAEA Publishing Section
CY - Vienna, Austria
AN - OPUS4-48519
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schumacher, David
A1 - Ou, D.
A1 - Ghafafian, Carineh
A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe
A1 - Trappe, Volker
T1 - Wind turbine rotor blade testing by dual-energy laminography
N2 - Modern wind turbine rotor blades consist of sandwich shell segments made from glass fiber reinforced polymers. During manufacturing, defects can arise which could lead to failure of the whole component under dynamic mechanical and thermal loads. Hence during operation defects can arise which, if detected, can be repaired locally and in-situ by applying repair patches instead of taking the whole rotor blade down and repair it remotely. This method is much more time and cost effective, since the shut-down time of the energy converter is limited to a minimum. These repair patches can, however, also lead to new defects if not applied optimally. Therefore, it is necessary to control the quality of the repair patches to ensure the best possible restoration of structural integrity of the component. As a rotor blade is an object with a large aspect ratio, X-ray laminography is predestined to provide 3D information of the objective volume. To enhance the amount of information gained from laminographic reconstruction, we use in this study a photon counting and energy discriminating X-ray detector and apply a material decomposition algorithm to the data. By inherently separating the incident spectra within the detection process into two distinct energy bins, the basis material decomposition can provide material resolved images. Choosing glass and epoxy resin as basis materials and numerically solving the inverse dual-energy equation system, the reconstructed laminographic datasets contain highly valuable information about the distribution of the basis materials within the structure. Furthermore, cross- artifacts arising from the limited angle of the projection data can be reduced by this method which allows to investigate structures that were hidden underneath the artefacts.
T2 - International Symposium on Digital Industrial Radiology and Computed Tomography – DIR2019
CY - Fürth, Germany
DA - 02.07.2019
KW - Laminography
KW - Wind energy
KW - Fiber reinforced polymer
KW - Photon counting detector
KW - Repair patch
PY - 2019
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-484380
UR - https://www.dir2019.com/portals/dir2019/bb/Tu.3.A.1.pdf
SN - 978-947971-06-0
SP - 1
EP - 13
AN - OPUS4-48438
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kullolli, Borana
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo
A1 - Rica, S.
A1 - Rackwitz, F.
T1 - An enhanced interface model for friction fatigue problems of axially loaded piles
N2 - The shaft bearing capacity often plays a dominant role for the overall structural behaviour of axially loaded piles in offshore deep foundations. Under cyclic loading, a narrow zone of soil at the pile-soil interface is subject to cyclic shearing solicitations. Thereby, the soil may densify and lead to a decrease of confining stress around the pile due to microphenomena such as particle crushing, migration and rearrangement. This reduction of radial stress has a direct impact on the shaft capacity, potentially leading in extreme cases to pile failure. An adequate interface model is needed in order to model this behaviour numerically. Different authors have proposed models that take typical Interface phenomena in account such as densification, grain breakage, normal pressure effect and roughness. However, as the models become more complex, a great number of material parameters need to be defined and calibrated. This paper proposes the adoption and transformation of an existing soil bulk model (Pastor- Zienkiewicz) into an interface model. To calibrate the new interface model, the results of an experimental campaign with the ring shear device under cyclic loading conditions are here presented. The constitutive model shows a good capability to reproduce typical features of sand behaviour such as cyclic compaction and dilatancy, which in saturated partially-drained conditions may lead to liquefaction and cyclic mobility phenomena.
T2 - Conference: OMAE
CY - Glasgow, Scotland, UK
DA - 09.06.2019
KW - Soil-structure interaction
KW - Interface
PY - 2019
VL - 2019
SP - Article Number: UNSP V001T10A013
PB - ASME
CY - Glasgow, Scotland
AN - OPUS4-48444
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Hydrogen diffusion in creep-resistant 9%-Cr P91 steel weld metal
N2 - 9 %-Cr steel P91 is widely used in power plants due to the excellent creep-resistance. Components of this steel are typically welded and demand for careful welding fabrication, whereas a so-called post weld heat treatment (PWHT), must be conducted to increase the toughness and decrease the hardness of the martensitic as-welded (AW) microstructure. Before the PWHT, a hydrogen removal (or dehydrogenation) heat treatment is necessary as hardened AW martensitic microstructure is generally prone to delayed hydrogen assisted cracking (HAC). The microstructure and temperature dependent hydrogen diffusion is an important issue as it determines how long a potential crack-critical hydrogen concentration could remain in the microstructure. In this context, reliable hydrogen diffusion coefficients of P91 weld metal are rare. Hence, the diffusion behavior of P91 multi-layer weld metal was investigated in two different microstructure conditions: AW and further PWHT (760 °C for 4 h). Two different experimental techniques were used to cover a wide range of hydrogen diffusion temperatures: the electrochemical permeation technique (PT) at room temperature and the carrier gas hot extraction (CGHE) for a temperature range from 100 to 400 °C. From both techniques typical hydrogen diffusion coefficients were calculated and the corresponding hydrogen concentration was measured. It was ascertained that both heat treatment conditions show significant differences in hydrogen diffusivity. The biggest deviations were identified for room temperature. In this case, the AW condition shows significant hydrogen trapping and up to seven times lower diffusion coefficients. Additionally, PT investigations showed a preferred diffusion direction of hydrogen in the weld metal expressed by the diffusion coefficients and the permeability for both heat treatment conditions. The CGHE generally revealed lower diffusion coefficients for the AW microstructure up to 200 °C. In addition, the AW condition showed hydrogen concentrations up to 50 ml/100 g (considering electrochemical charging). Nonetheless, this hydrogen was not permanently (reversibly) trapped. Nonetheless, this temperature is approximately 100 °C below recommended dehydrogenation heat treatment (DHT). This has two main consequences: (I) in case of welding is interrupted or no DHT is conducted, a HAC susceptibility of hardened martensitic P91 weld metal cannot be excluded and (II) DHT can be conducted at temperatures around 200 °C below the recommended temperatures.
T2 - IIW Annual Assembly, Meeting of Commission IX-C "Creep and heat resistant welds"
CY - Bratislava, Slovakia
DA - 07.07.2019
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Diffusion
KW - Weld metal
KW - Microstructure
KW - Post weld heat treatment
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48449
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kullolli, Borana
T1 - An enhanced interface model for friction fatigue problems of axially loaded piles
N2 - The shaft bearing capacity often plays a dominant role for the overall structural behaviour of axially loaded piles in offshore deep foundations. Under cyclic loading, a narrow zone of soil at the pile-soil interface is subject to cyclic shearing solicitations. Thereby, the soil may densify and lead to a decrease of confining stress around the pile due to microphenomena such as particle crushing, migration and rearrangement. This reduction of radial stress has a direct impact on the shaft capacity, potentially leading in extreme cases to pile failure. An adequate interface model is needed in order to model this behaviour numerically. Different authors have proposed models that take typical Interface phenomena in account such as densification, grain breakage, normal pressure effect and roughness. However, as the models become more complex, a great number of material parameters need to be defined and calibrated. This paper proposes the adoption and transformation of an existing soil bulk model (Pastor- Zienkiewicz) into an interface model. To calibrate the new interface model, the results of an experimental campaign with the ring shear device under cyclic loading conditions are here presented. The constitutive model shows a good capability to reproduce typical features of sand behaviour such as cyclic compaction and dilatancy, which in saturated partially-drained conditions may lead to liquefaction and cyclic mobility phenomena.
T2 - Konferenz
CY - Glasgow, Scotland, UK
DA - 09.06.2019
KW - Soil-structure interaction
KW - Interface
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48445
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Qiao, Linan
T1 - Three-dimensional finite element analysis of O-ring metal seals considering manufacture tolerances
N2 - Metal seals are widely used in various industrial branches with severe working conditions (e.g. high pressure, high temperature, corrosion, or radioactive radiation). For example, O-ring metal seals are applied in the closure lid system of transport and storage casks for radioactive materials to guarantee an approved specified leak-tightness and the safe enclosure of the radioactive inventory. Within safety assessments of those casks under normal or accident conditions during transport and long-term interim storage for several decades, numerical simulations of the thermo-mechanical behavior of metal seals by using finite element (FE) analyses are suitable and effective.
In general, finite element codes provide the possibility to construct a complex three-dimensional (3D) modelling of metal seals with solid elements, cf., where all components of the metal seals are modeled in detail. This modelling is complex but allows the consideration of underlying physical effects such as elastic-plastic deformation, thermal expansion, creep/relaxation, friction and possible local damage. Therefore, this approach permits the investigation and understanding of the complex behavior of metal seals in detail which can hardly be measured for all seal components.
In a prior work, the complex 3D modelling approach was applied to investigate the influence of each seal component on the global seal force by considering varying material properties and different seal diameters. In the present contribution, the influence of manufacturing tolerances is discussed. At first, the results of prior work are summarized. After that, the manufacturing tolerances of the studied O-ring metal seal types are described and the corresponding FE model with all individual components is introduced. Finally, the influence of varying manufacturing tolerances of each seal component on the global seal force is analyzed and discussed.
T2 - The 2019 EMI International Conference
CY - Lyon, France
DA - 3. July 2019
KW - Finite element method
KW - Metal seals
KW - Material properties
KW - Manufacturing tolerances
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48448
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kullolli, Borana
T1 - Modelling and calibration for cyclic soil-structure interface behavior
N2 - The structural performance of many geotechnical systems (e.g. axially-loaded pile foundations), depends on the shearing resistance at the soil interface, which may govern the load bearing capacity of the foundation. Experimental investigations have shown that this interaction is mainly localised within a narrow shear band next to the structure. Under cyclic loading, a contraction of the soil at the interface may arise (net volume loss), possibly leading to a stress relaxation and thus to a reduction of the load bearing capacity (the so-called friction fatigue). Based on the constitutive similarities between soil continua and interfaces, we propose here the adaption of a Generalized Plasticity model for sandy soils for the numerical analysis of interface problems. In this contribution, the results of an experimental campaign for the parameter calibration of the constitutive model are presented. The tests have been conducted with a ring shear device involving different normal stresses, roughness of the steel plates as well as cyclic loading. The new modelling approach shows promising results and has the additional practical advantage that the interface zone and the soil continuum can both be described with the same constitutive model in general boundary value problems.
T2 - Konferenz :International Symposium of Geomaterials
CY - Glasgow, Scotland, UK
DA - 26.06.2019
KW - Offshore foundations
KW - Soil-structure interaction
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48446
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schumacher, David
T1 - Wind turbine rotor blade testing by dual-energy laminography
N2 - Modern wind turbine rotor blades consist of sandwich shell segments made from glass fiber reinforced polymers. During manufacturing, defects can arise which could lead to failure of the whole component under dynamic mechanical and thermal loads. Hence during operation defects can arise which, if detected, can be repaired locally and in-situ by applying repair patches instead of taking the whole rotor blade down and repair it remotely. This method is much more time and cost effective, since the shut-down time of the energy converter is limited to a minimum. These repair patches can, however, also lead to new defects if not applied optimally. Therefore, it is necessary to control the quality of the repair patches to ensure the best possible restoration of structural integrity of the component. As a rotor blade is an object with a large aspect ratio, X-ray laminography is predestined to provide 3D information of the objective volume. To enhance the amount of information gained from laminographic reconstruction, we use in this study a photon counting and energy discriminating X-ray detector and apply a material decomposition algorithm to the data. By inherently separating the incident spectra within the detection process into two distinct energy bins, the basis material decomposition can provide material resolved images. Choosing glass and epoxy resin as basis materials and numerically solving the inverse dual-energy equation system, the reconstructed laminographic datasets contain highly valuable information about the distribution of the basis materials within the structure. Furthermore, cross- artifacts arising from the limited angle of the projection data can be reduced by this method which allows to investigate structures that were hidden underneath the artefacts.
T2 - 1st International Symposium on Photon Counting Technologies & Applications
CY - München, Germany
DA - 05.07.2019
KW - Laminography
KW - Wind energy
KW - Fiber reinforced polymer
KW - Photon counting detector
KW - Dual-energy
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48440
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Palkowski, Carsten
T1 - Dynamic Test Method for Heat Pumps
N2 - Vorstellung der Dynamischen Wärmepumpenprüfung beim CEN/TC 113/WG 7
N2 - Presentation of the dynamic test method for the determination of the seasonal performance of heat pumps at CEN/TC 113/WG 7.
T2 - Meeting of CEN/TC 113/WG 7
CY - Stockholm, Sweden
DA - 23.04.2019
KW - Heat pump
KW - Energy label
KW - Seasonal performance
KW - Coefficient of performance
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48308
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Palkowski, Carsten
A1 - Schwarzenberg, S.
A1 - Simo, Anne
T1 - Seasonal cooling performance of air conditioners: The importance of independent test procedures used for MEPS and labels
N2 - Minimum energy performance standards and labels are commonly used tools to reduce the household energy use thus mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. However, the technical foundation for minimum energy performance standards and labels are test procedures for rating and testing of appliances. To de- termine the seasonal cooling performance of air conditioners, the current test standards require fixing of the compressor speed of the units to achieve steady-state conditions; this way of operation, how- ever, differs from real-life use. To make the seasonal cooling performance testing better reflect the real use conditions, this study proposes a compensation method which can be conducted independently from manufacturer data and still allows modulation of the tested units. Our results show that the tested units behave differently under part-load conditions, which results in a lower energy efficiency rating for some of the tested devices.
KW - Air conditioner
KW - Independent test method
KW - Real use behavior
KW - Seasonal energy efficiency ratio
KW - Minimum energy performance standards
KW - Energy label
PY - 2019
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-485813
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2019.05.021
SN - 0140-7007
VL - 104
SP - 417
EP - 425
PB - Elsevier
AN - OPUS4-48581
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Geißler, Peter
A1 - Schwarz, Johannes
A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo
A1 - Hüsken, Götz
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
A1 - Kühne, Hans-Carsten
A1 - Morrone, C.
T1 - Compaction grouting to improve the pile bearing capacity in non-cohesive soil
N2 - The aim of an ongoing research project is to develop a design approach for typical offshore driven piles (e.g. Jacket piles) based on the application of injections by compaction grouting directly at the pile shaft. The paper aims to present the results of laboratory and in-situ tests, which reveal the efficiency and the promising potential of the optimised foundation concept for a more economic dimensioning of pile foundations and to increase their bearing capacity in non-cohesive soil at any moment after installation.
T2 - Twenty-ninth International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference
CY - Honolulu, HI, USA
DA - 16.06.2019
KW - Offshore Pile Foundation
KW - Compaction Grouting
KW - Grout
KW - Injection Sequence
KW - Tensile Capacity
PY - 2019
SN - 978-1-880653-85-2
SN - 1098-6189
VL - II
SP - 2178
EP - 2184
PB - International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE)
CY - Cupertino, California, USA
AN - OPUS4-48505
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
T1 - Ageing management issues for extended SF and HLW dry storage in Germany – Challenges, approach, examples
N2 - In this presentation, the history and actual situation of the German nuclear waste management policy of spent fuel (SF) and high-level waste (HLW) is reported. Beside the description of the restructuration of responsible authorities and organizations in Germany, the principle of dry interim storage of SF and HLW in dual purpose casks is explained. The need for extended interim storage towards disposal implicates additional challenges for the nuclear waste management strategy in Germany. (Extended)interim storage, subsequent transportation, and final disposal are closely linked. Integrated approaches concerning waste package designs and operations are supposed to be beneficial for the establishment of efficient long-term SF and HLW management strategies. Knowledge management and staff recruiting, education and training during phase out and beyond nuclear power plant operation are major issues.
T2 - IAEA - Second Coordinate Research Meeting and Consultancy Meeting on Ageing Management Programmes for Spent Fuel Dry Storage Systems
CY - Lemont, IL, USA
DA - 29.04.2019
KW - Ageing Management
KW - Extended Storage
KW - Spent Nuclear Fuel
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48514
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo
T1 - A GPU-based micromechanical simulation model for submerged geotechnical problems
N2 - Driven steel piles are commonly used as deep foundations for a wide range of engineering structures, particularly in the offshore branch. They are also an interesting example among the broad spectrum of geotechnical applications where the fluid-solid interaction at the pore-scale can play a major role for the macromechanical behaviour of the whole system.
In the context of the geotechnical practice for offshore wind-farm structures, both the industrial design and the actual dimensions of the large piles used as foundations in the seabed are often driven by factors such as the soil resistance to driving (SRD), which are still not well understood and often estimated based on mere empirical correlations or overly simplified one-dimensional models. In particular, the role of the micromechanical effects during the installation process (e.g. local dilatancy or contractancy) and their consequences on the pore pressure levels at the pile-tip and on the effective resistance to driving, are generally either disregarded or at most assumed to be covered by the simplified engineering “black-box” solutions.
Here, we propose a general framework to address such local aspects of a geotechnical application involving fluid-saturated soils while retaining the focus on the micro-scale phenomena. We advocate for an approach that combines the relative simplicity of the Discrete Element Method (DEM) for the solid mechanics with the capabilities of the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) for the fluid dynamics. In this sense, we aim to compile some useful techniques and practical recommendations for an efficient GPU-based implementation of a micromechanical LBM-DEM simulation tool.
T2 - DEM8, the 8th International Conference on Discrete Element Methods
CY - University Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
DA - 20.07.2019
KW - Offshore geotechnics
KW - Micromechanical modelling
KW - GPU parallel computation
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48588
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Geißler, Peter
T1 - Compaction grouting to improve the pile bearing capacity in non-cohesive soil
N2 - The increasing use of renewable energies leads to a constant search for optimised foundation concepts aiming to reduce the costs for offshore wind turbines. In an ongoing research project, we are developing a design approach for typical offshore driven piles based on the application of injections by compaction grouting directly at the pile shaft. Compaction grouting as a ground improvement technique has been used widely as a countermeasure against liquefaction, settlement and low bearing capacity of soil under new or already existing structures. It is performed by forcing highly viscous grout into the soil to displace and compact the surrounding soil without fracturing or penetrating it. Regarding this injection method, this paper gives a brief overview about general aspects such as appropriate soil characteristics and grouting parameters, grouting equipment and fields of application particularly in the offshore sector. This indicates the ability of our optimisation concept to provide an economic alternative to larger pile dimensions and a retrofitting technique, which is available during the entire lifetime of the foundation and can be deployed only in case of necessity (e.g. excessive deformations or insufficient structural stiffness after an extreme load event).
Besides the material feasibility and the constructive realisation of this improvement measure, the development of a corresponding verification concept is crucial in order to ensure the safety and durability of the retrofitted offshore piles. Here we will examine various verification concepts with their respective limitations in the framework of the limit state design. Furthermore, we will present the experimental findings from field tests in sand indicating the advantages of several local injections by compaction grouting for the enhancement of the load bearing behaviour of pile foundations. The test results were also used to validate a numerical model, developed with the finite element program PLAXIS, aiming to predict the expected bearing capacity for different injection scenarios (e.g. grout volume, location of injection points) along a pile shaft.
T2 - Twenty-ninth International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference
CY - Honolulu, HI, USA
DA - 16.06.2019
KW - Offshore Pile Foundation
KW - Compaction Grouting
KW - Grout
KW - Injection Sequence
KW - Tensile Capacity
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48504
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Blaeß, Carsten
T1 - Effects of microstructure on crack healing in glass matrix composites
N2 - Crack healing in glass ceramic solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) sealants is of utmost importance as cracks caused by thermal cycling remain a bottleneck in developing durable SOFC. Whereas no or low crystal volume fraction seems most favorable for viscous crack healing, it does not for load bearing and undesired diffusion. On the other hand, crystals or filler particles can make the sealant less prone to these disadvantages but it could increase the effective composite viscosity and retard crack healing.
Against this background, the influence of crystal volume fraction, phi, on viscous crack healing in glass matrix composites prepared from soda lime silicate glass and zirconia filler particles was studied. Vickers indention induced radial cracks were healed isothermally during interrupted annealing steps and monitored with optical microscopy. Due to the slow crystallization of the glass under study, phi could be kept constant during crack healing.
For bulk glass samples (phi = =), the decrease in radial crack length was retarded by an initial increase in crack width due to crack rounding. Up to phi = 0.15 the increase in effective viscosity retarded this crack broadening thereby yielding faster crack healing. For phi > 0.15, crack broadening was progressively suppressed but the same was true for crack healing, which was fully prevented above phi = 0.3. Results indicate that optimum micro structures can prevent crack broadening limited by the global effective composite viscosity and this way promote crack healing limited by local glass viscosity.
T2 - 93. Glastechnische Tagung
CY - Nürnberg, Germany
DA - 12.05.2019
KW - Crack healing
KW - Glass matrix composite
KW - Vickers indentation
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48543
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Yin, Huajie
A1 - B, Yang
A1 - Chua, Y. Z.
A1 - Szymoniak, Paulina
A1 - Carta, M
A1 - Malpass-Evans, R
A1 - McKeown, N
A1 - Harrison, W
A1 - Budd, P
A1 - Schick, C
A1 - Böhning, Martin
A1 - Schönhals, Andreas
T1 - Effect of backbone rigidity on the glass transition of polymers of in-trinsic microporosity probed by fast scanning calorimetry
N2 - Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity (PIMs) of high performance have developed as materials with a wide application range in gas separation and other energy-related fields. Further optimization and long-term behavior of devices with PIMs require an understanding of the structure-property relationships including physical aging. In this context the glass transi-tion plays a central role, but with conventional thermal analysis a glass transition is usually not detectable for PIMs be-fore their thermal decomposition. Fast scanning calorimetry provides evidence of the glass transition for a series of PIMs, as the time scales responsible for thermal degradation and for the glass transition are decoupled by employing ultrafast heating rates of tens of thousands K s-1. The investigated PIMs were chosen considering the chain rigidity. The estimated glass transition temperatures follow the order of the rigidity of the backbone of the PIMs.
KW - Polymers of intrinsic microporosity
KW - Fast scanning calormetry
PY - 2019
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00482
SN - 2161-1653
VL - 8
IS - 8
SP - 1022
EP - 1028
PB - ACS Publications
AN - OPUS4-48617
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Knieschewski, Arno
A1 - Stamminger, R.
A1 - Simo, Anne
T1 - Cost analysis of screening methods to find non-compliant models using the example of tumble dryers
N2 - The European energy label was established to reduce energy consumption in Europe. All classes and values on the energy label are stated by the supplier. The task of market surveillance is to ensure correct labels and to validate their values through compliance tests. However, this can only be done for a small fraction of all models on the market, since physical tests are expensive. Screening methods can be used to narrow down the number of critical products before compliance tests are done to decrease the costs of finding non-compliant models.
This study shows a mathematical approach to analyze the cost benefits of screening methods to find non-compliant models. Furthermore, the analysis presented has been applied to 18 screening methods for tumble dryers. The performance test for tumble dryers consists of seven test runs. All screening methods evaluated are composed of a reduced number of test runs. The most efficient screening method reduces the surveillance costs by 40 %.
KW - Screening method
KW - Market surveillance
KW - Tumble dryer
KW - Energy label
PY - 2019
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-486762
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-019-09805-y
SN - 1570-646X
SN - 1570-6478
VL - 12
IS - 7
SP - 1707
EP - 1715
PB - Springer
CY - Dordrecht
AN - OPUS4-48676
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schönfelder, Thorsten
A1 - Müller, Lars
A1 - Komann, Steffen
A1 - Wille, Frank
ED - Schönfelder, Thorsten
T1 - Design assessment of a dual purpose cask for damaged spent nuclear fuel
N2 - German package design approvals were granted recently for dual purpose casks (DPC) intended for loading with encapsulated damaged spent nuclear fuel (DSNF). Comprehensive assessment procedures were carried out by the authority BAM with respect to the mechanical and thermal package design, the activity release of radioactive material and quality assurance aspects for manufacturing and operation of each packaging. The objective of each procedure was to verify the Package Design Safety Report (PDSR) and the relevant guidelines fulfils the requirements of the IAEA regulations.
Previous approvals of German SNF package designs consider mainly standard fuel assemblies with defined specifications and properties for transport and interim storage. Due to the nuclear power phase-out in Germany all kinds of SNF, e.g. damaged spent fuel rods shall be packed in DPC now. Therefore specific requirements shall be considered in accordance with international experiences including IAEA technical reports. The main requirement for DSNF is a tight encapsulation with specific defined properties under transport and storage conditions.
Due to the interim storage period of currently up to 40 years the encapsulation with DSNF in the casks shall also be long term durable. Thus specific loading and drying procedures are necessary and had to be qualified during the approval process. BAM assessed these drying procedures and could confirm the long-term behaviour of the encapsulation and the suitability of the drying equipment. This special equipment was qualified in a “cold handling”. In addition, it was shown that the behaviour of the test equipment used in the qualification process was comparable with the original equipment, e.g. test fuel rods or test encapsulation. In the development of the drying process, experience was obtained in how to put the requirements of the IAEA regulations and related IAEA technical reports into practice.
The paper gives an overview of approval assessment and testing experience made by BAM and point out the main resulting requirements on drying processes for these kinds of encapsulations with DSNF.
T2 - Proceedings of the 19th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials PATRAM 2019
CY - New Orleans, USA
DA - 04.08.2019
KW - Assessment
KW - Dual purpose cask
KW - Spent nuclear fuel
PY - 2019
SP - Paper 1204, 1
EP - 10
AN - OPUS4-48685
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
T1 - Ultrasonic methods for quality assurance and condition assessment in nuclear concrete structures – lessons learned
N2 - Ultrasonic non-destructive testing methods have found various applications in quality assurance and condition assessment of nuclear concrete structures. This includes but is not limited to the localization of construction features (thickness measurements, reinforcement, tendon ducts, and others) and damage detection (e. g. corrosion or cracks). However, there are still limitations, e. g. limited penetration depth and resolution, issues when testing hybrid steel/concrete structures as well as absence of standards and regulations.
This presentation will show progress in some of these issues and will focus on advanced instrumentation and validation of ultrasonic NDT for concrete structures.
Ultrasonic echo testing has been limited to a penetration depth of less than one meter in reinforced concrete. The development of the LAUS (Large Aperture Ultrasonic System), using a large array of ultrasonic transducers and wider offsets between transmitter and receiver, allows to reach up to 5 m in reinforced concrete and 9 m in unreinforced concrete. This capability has been demonstrated by collecting data from an engineered salt concrete barrier in an underground nuclear waste storage facility. Due to an increasingly competitive environment, commercial manufacturers will continue to develop equipment with enhanced penetration and/or increased resolution.
To quantify the capabilities and reliability of ultrasonic tests, validation mockups with engineered flaws are required. EPRI and BAM have built a large-scale mockup at a test site close to Berlin (BAM-TTS, Horstwalde) using a design which is repeated at other places. This presentation will also cover the methods deployed on engineered flaws and the repeatability of the test results.
T2 - NDE in Nuclear
CY - Charlotte, NC, USA
DA - 25.7.2019
KW - Concrete
KW - Nuclear Structures
KW - Ultrasound
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48690
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schönfelder, Thorsten
T1 - Design Assessment of a Dual Purpose Cask for Damaged Spent Nuclear Fuel
N2 - German package design approvals were granted recently for dual purpose casks (DPC) intended for loading with encapsulated damaged spent nuclear fuel (DSNF). Comprehensive assessment procedures were carried out by the authority BAM with respect to the mechanical and thermal package design, the activity release of radioactive material and quality assurance aspects for manufacturing and operation of each packaging. The objective of each procedure was to verify the Package Design Safety Report (PDSR) and the relevant guidelines fulfils the requirements of the IAEA regulations.
Previous approvals of German SNF package designs consider mainly standard fuel assemblies with defined specifications and properties for transport and interim storage. Due to the nuclear power phase-out in Germany all kinds of SNF, e.g. damaged spent fuel rods shall be packed in DPC now. Therefore specific requirements shall be considered in accordance with international experiences including IAEA technical reports. The main requirement for DSNF is a tight encapsulation with specific defined properties under transport and storage conditions.
Due to the interim storage period of currently up to 40 years the encapsulation with DSNF in the casks shall also be long term durable. Thus specific loading and drying procedures are necessary and had to be qualified during the approval process. BAM assessed these drying procedures and could confirm the long-term behaviour of the encapsulation and the suitability of the drying equipment. This special equipment was qualified in a “cold handling”. In addition, it was shown that the behaviour of the test equipment used in the qualification process was comparable with the original equipment, e.g. test fuel rods or test encapsulation. In the development of the drying process, experience was obtained in how to put the requirements of the IAEA regulations and related IAEA technical reports into practice.
The paper gives an overview of approval assessment and testing experience made by BAM and point out the main resulting requirements on drying processes for these kinds of encapsulations with DSNF.
T2 - Proceedings of the 19th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials - PATRAM 2019
CY - New Orleans, LA, USA
DA - 04.08.2019
KW - Assessment
KW - Dual purpose cask
KW - Spent nuclear fuel
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48692
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Feldkamp, Martin
T1 - Experimental investigation of heat flux into a fire reference package and determination of propane gas fire characteristics
N2 - In order to investigate the heat fluxes over a wide range of surface temperatures during a propane gas fire test and to get information about local fire impact a fire reference package, representing the outer geometry of a specific type of transport cask for radioactive waste, was designed. A closed steel sheet cylinder with a wall thickness of 10 mm was chosen as fire reference package. The cylinder was filled with refractory insulation material and instrumented with thermocouples distributed all over the cylinder. The local steel sheet temperatures measured allow the determination of local as well as global heat fluxes as a function of time and surface temperature.
With this fire reference package three open-air propane gas fire tests were performed at BAM’s open air fire test stand. The flame exposure time period was changed for the different fire tests. Furthermore, the wind conditions changed between and during the tests. Test stand parameters like wind shield location and propane gas volume flow were chosen constant for the three tests. The test results were used to determine the changes of heat flux into the fire reference package in relation to the package surface temperature. This data also allows the calculation of local characteristics of the propane gas fire as there are the flame temperature, the fire convection coefficient and the radiation exchange coefficient in a first approach. The recently conducted tests provide an initial picture of local fire characteristics of the propane gas fire test facility. The test shows that the propane gas fire covers the IAEA-fire over a wide range of surface temperatures with the chosen test stand parameters.
T2 - Workshop BAM – Sandia National Laboratories
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 01.07.2019
KW - Thermal testing
KW - Fire testing
KW - Propane gas fire
KW - IAEA
KW - Convection
KW - Radiation
KW - Slug
KW - Calorimeter
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48597
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
T1 - Embrittlement of spent fuel claddings during long-term dry interim storage - Current approach at BAM
N2 - In this presentation, the actual situation of long-term dry interim storage of spent nuclear fuel in Germany is reported. An extension of the interim storage period between 40 and 100 years for at least a relevant number of casks is foreseeable. To demonstrate the integrity of fuel rods and cladding tubes throughout the extended dry interim storage, a potential cladding embrittlement should be investigated. The current approach at BAM is a research project on experimental and numerical investigations of sudden failure of unirradiated pre-hydrided cladding tubes after hydride reorientation at small deformation under Ring Compression Test conditions. A fracture mechanics based failure analysis and suggested failure criteria for a potential brittle failure of spent fuel claddings after long-term dry interim storage under mechanical loads are discussed.
T2 - IAEA - Second Coordinate Research Meeting and Consultancy Meeting on Ageing Management Programmes for Spent Fuel Dry Storage Systems
CY - Lemont, IL, USA
DA - 29.04.2019
KW - Ageing Management
KW - Extended Storage
KW - Spent Nuclear Fuel
KW - Cladding Embrittlement
KW - Ring Compression Test
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48745
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Abad Andrade, Carlos Enrique
A1 - Florek, S.
A1 - Becker-Ross, H.
A1 - Huang, M.-D.
A1 - Lopez-Linares, F.
A1 - Poirier, L.
A1 - Jakubowski, Norbert
A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian
A1 - Panne, Ulrich
T1 - Shake, shut, and go – A fast screening of sulfur in heavy crude oils by highresolution continuum source graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry via GeS molecule detection
N2 - A fast and simple method for sulfur quantification in crude oils was developed by using high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS). For this, heavy crude oil samples were prepared as microemulsion (shake) and injected into a graphite furnace (shut). Finally, the concentration of sulfur was determined by monitoring in situ the transient molecular spectrum of GeS at wavelength 295.205nm after adding a germanium solution as molecular forming agent (and go). Zirconium dioxide in the form of nanoparticles (45–55nm) was employed as a permanent modifier of the graphite furnace. Calibration was done with an aqueous solution standard of ammonium sulfate, and a characteristic mass (m0) of 7.5ng was achieved. The effectiveness of the proposed method was evaluated analizing, ten heavy crude oil samples with Sulfur amounts ranging between 0.3 and 4.5% as well as two NIST standard reference materials, 1620c and 1622e. Results were compared with those obtained by routine ICP-OES analysis, and no statistical relevant differences were found.
KW - Heavy crude oil
KW - Sulfur
KW - HR-CS-MAS
KW - Germanium sulfide
KW - Microemulsion
PY - 2019
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2019.105671
SN - 0584-8547
VL - 160
SP - 105671
PB - Elsevier B.V.
CY - Amsterdam, Netherlands
AN - OPUS4-48747
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Linnemann, Konrad
A1 - Müller, Lars
A1 - Schönfelder, Thorsten
A1 - Komann, Steffen
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Authority Experience during Design Approval Procedure for Packages Loaded with Special Encapsulations for Damaged Spent Nuclear Fuel
N2 - The first German package design approval certificate for a dual purpose cask intended for loading with damaged spent nuclear fuel was issued recently. BAM as part of the competent authority system in Germany carried out a comprehensive assessment procedure with respect to the mechanical and thermal design, the release of radioactive material and the quality assurance aspects of manufacturing and operation. Packages for the transport and storage of radioactive material have been assessed by BAM for many years, thus the common assessment procedure is well-known and good practice. Up to now only SNF without defects or HLW with well-defined properties were designated for long-term Interim storage and transports afterwards. Due to Germany’s nuclear phase out all other kinds of spent nuclear fuel in particular damaged spent nuclear fuel shall be packed as well. Damaged spent nuclear fuel needs a tight closure with Special encapsulations and clearly defined properties in Germany. In addition, these encapsulations shall be long-term durable, because they are not accessible after loading in a packaging within periodical inspections. The main difference to Standard package components is that encapsulations with a permanent closure achieve their specified conditions not after manufacturing but only during operation, after loading and closing. To ensure compliance with the specific conditions, special measures for quality assurance are necessary during operation of each encapsulation, e.g. drying and sealing, which were assessed by BAM. The present paper gives an overview of the conducted assessment from BAM and point out the findings concerning to the special closure lid of the approved encapsulation, which is screwed and welded. A wide verification concept is necessary to show the specific tightness under transport conditions. Together with quality assurance measures during first operation steps these encapsulations with damaged spent nuclear fuel can be handled like standard fuel assemblies in approved package designs.
T2 - International Conference on the Management of Spent Fuel from Nuclear Power Reactors
CY - Vienna, Austria
DA - 24.06.2019
KW - Transport package
KW - Design approval
KW - Spent nuclear fuel
KW - Special encapsulation
PY - 2019
SP - 1
EP - 9
AN - OPUS4-48749
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Linnemann, Konrad
T1 - Authority Experience during Design Approval Procedure for Packages Loaded with Special Encapsulations for Damaged Spent Nuclear Fuel
N2 - The first German package design approval certificate for a dual purpose cask intended for loading with damaged spent nuclear fuel was issued recently. BAM as part of the competent authority system in Germany carried out a comprehensive assessment procedure with respect to the mechanical and thermal design, the release of radioactive material and the quality assurance aspects of manufacturing and operation. Packages for the transport and storage of radioactive material have been assessed by BAM for many years, thus the common assessment procedure is well-known and good practice. Up to now only SNF without defects or HLW with well-defined properties were designated for long-term Interim storage and transports afterwards. Due to Germany’s nuclear phase out all other kinds of spent nuclear fuel in particular damaged spent nuclear fuel shall be packed as well. Damaged spent nuclear fuel needs a tight closure with Special encapsulations and clearly defined properties in Germany. In addition, these encapsulations shall be long-term durable, because they are not accessible after loading in a packaging within periodical inspections. The main difference to Standard package components is that encapsulations with a permanent closure achieve their specified conditions not after manufacturing but only during operation, after loading and closing. To ensure compliance with the specific conditions, special measures for quality assurance are necessary during operation of each encapsulation, e.g. drying and sealing, which were assessed by BAM. The present paper gives an overview of the conducted assessment from BAM and point out the findings concerning to the special closure lid of the approved encapsulation, which is screwed and welded. A wide verification concept is necessary to show the specific tightness under transport conditions. Together with quality assurance measures during first operation steps these encapsulations with damaged spent nuclear fuel can be handled like standard fuel assemblies in approved package designs.
T2 - International Conference on the Management of Spent Fuel from Nuclear Power Reactors
CY - Vienna, Austria
DA - 24.06.2019
KW - Transport package
KW - Spent nuclear fuel
KW - Design approval
KW - Special encapsulation
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48750
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Liehr, Sascha
T1 - Wavelength-scanning distributed acoustic sensing for structural monitoring and seismic applications
N2 - We introduce wavelength-scanning coherent optical time domain reflectometry (WS-COTDR) for dynamic vibration sensing along optical fibers. The method is based on spectral shift computation from Rayleigh backscatter spectra. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are used for fast and high-resolution strain computation from raw measurement data. The applicability of the method is demonstrated for vibration monitoring of a reinforced concrete bridge. We demonstrate another application example for quasi-static and dynamic measurement of ground deformation and surface wave propagation along a dark fiber in a telecommunication cable.
T2 - 7th International Symposium on Sensor Science
CY - Napoli, Italy
DA - 09.05.2019
KW - Optical fiber sensor
KW - Distributed acoustic sensor (DAS)
KW - Optical time domain reflectometry
KW - Rayleigh scattering
KW - Artificial neural networks
KW - Structural health monitoring
KW - Seismic measurement
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48774
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schneider, Ronald
T1 - Effect of repair models on risk based optimal inspection strategies for support structures of offshore wind turbines
N2 - Owners or operators of offshore wind farms perform inspections to collect information on the condition of the wind turbine support structures and perform repairs if required. These activities are costly and should be optimized. Risk-based methods can be applied to identify inspection and repair strategies that ensure an optimal balance between the expected total service life cost of inspection and repair, and the achieved risk reduction. Such an optimization requires explicit modeling of repairs. In this paper, the impact of different repair models on the results of a risk-based optimization of inspection and repair strategies is quantified in a numerical example considering a jacket-type steel frame subject to high-cycle fatigue. The example showed that, in this specific application, there is no need for detailed modeling of the behavior of repaired welded connections.
T2 - 5th International Conference on Smart Monitoring, Assessment and Rehabilitation of Civil Structures (SMAR 2019)
CY - Potsdam, Germany
DA - 27.08.2019
KW - Risk
KW - Reliability
KW - Inspection planning
KW - Offshore wind turbines
PY - 2019
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-488297
UR - https://www.smar2019.org/Portals/smar2019/bb/Th.2.A.4.pdf
SP - Paper Th.2.A.4, 1
EP - 8
AN - OPUS4-48829
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hüsken, Götz
A1 - Shamsuddoha, Md
A1 - Thiele, Marc
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
A1 - Kühne, Hans-Carsten
T1 - Comparison of cracks formed in scaled grouted connection of offshore energy structures under static and cyclic loads
N2 - Global energy consumption will increase in the future necessitating both fossil fuels and renewable energy choices - especially wind energy. Such high energy demand requires installation of offshore energy structures, rigs, platforms and towers, which are susceptible to adverse environmental conditions along with maintenances. Due to their large size and remote locations, cylindrical grouted joints are often adopted between substructure and foundation in these offshore platforms and wind structures such as monopiles. However, these connections are composite structures with exterior sleeve, interior pile and infill mortar. Degradation and settlements were reported inside similar connections, which were installed in last three decades. Besides, grouting in the offshore sites were proven difficult to obtain ideal load bearing capacity. In-situ loading conditions were also found to be affecting the failure mechanism inside such connections. This study aims at characterizing the nature of cracks generated in these grouted connections under both static and cyclic loading. Scaled grouted joints were manufactured using a novel reusable mold, and connections were loaded to failure to visualize the main failure patterns. An assessment between failure under these two types of load is drawn along with comparison to previously available literature.
T2 - 5th International Conference on Smart Monitoring, Assessment and Rehabilitation of Civil Structures
CY - Potsdam, Germany
DA - 27.08.2019
KW - Grouted connection
KW - Crack formation
KW - Crack pattern
KW - Static load
KW - Cyclic load
PY - 2019
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-487961
SP - Th.2.A.1-1
EP - Th.2.A.1-9
AN - OPUS4-48796
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Feldkamp, Martin
A1 - Quercetti, Thomas
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Fire reference test for IAEA package thermal testing in a propane gas fire test facility
N2 - Packages for the transport of radioactive material shall withstand severe accidents. Therefore, the IAEA Regulations define different test scenarios to cover severe hypothetical accident conditions. One of these tests defined in detail is the thermal test, mainly consisting of a 30 minute fully engulfing 800 °C pool fire or an equally severe fire test. The heat fluxes into the package are of significant importance and depend substantially on the fire characteristics and the surface temperature of the package.
In order to investigate the heat fluxes over a wide range of surface temperatures during a propane gas fire test and to get information about local fire impact a fire reference package, representing the outer geometry of a specific type of transport cask for radioactive waste, was designed. A closed steel sheet cylinder with a wall thickness of 10 mm was chosen as fire reference package. The cylinder was filled with refractory insulation material and instrumented with thermocouples distributed all over the cylinder. The local steel sheet temperatures measured allow the determination of local as well as global heat fluxes as a function of time and surface temperature.
With this fire reference package three open-air propane gas fire tests were performed at BAM’s open air fire test stand. The flame exposure time period was changed for the different fire tests. Furthermore, the wind conditions changed between and during the tests. Test stand parameters like wind shield location and propane gas volume flow were chosen constant for the three tests. The test results were used to determine the changes of heat flux into the fire reference package in relation to the package surface temperature. This data also allows the calculation of local characteristics of the propane gas fire as there are the flame temperature, the fire convection coefficient and the radiation exchange coefficient in a first approach. The recently conducted tests provide an initial picture of local fire characteristics of the propane gas fire test facility. The test shows that the propane gas fire covers the IAEA-fire over a wide range of surface temperatures with the chosen test stand parameters.
T2 - 19th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials PATRAM 2019
CY - New Orleans, LA, USA
DA - 04.08.2019
KW - Fire test
KW - Propane gas
KW - Calorimetric test
KW - IAEA fire testing
PY - 2019
SP - Paper 1141, 1
EP - 10
AN - OPUS4-48840
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Ghafafian, Carineh
T1 - Restoration of structural integrity – Repairs for wind turbine blade shells
N2 - Wind turbine rotor blade shells are manufactured as sandwich structures with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) due to the material’s high specific stiffness and strength. With a growing renewable energy industry and thereby a spread of wind energy farms, especially in offshore applications, the need to fully utilize turbines through their designed lifespan is becoming increasingly essential. However, due to imperfections during manufacturing, which are then propagated by harsh environmental conditions and a variety of loads, blades often fail before their projected lifespan. Thus, the need for localized repair patch methods for the outer shell portions of the blades has become of greater interest in recent years, as it is crucial to the optimal compromise between continuation of wind energy production, cost efficiency, and restoration of structural performance. To increase the understanding of the effect on the fatigue life of the rotor blades, this study tests localized repair patch methods and compares them to each other as well as to reference, non-repaired specimens. Manufactured with the vacuum-assisted resin infusion process, the shell test specimens are produced as a curved structure with glass FRP sandwiching a polyvinyl chloride foam core to best represent a portion of a rotor blade shell. Patch repairs are then introduced with varying layup techniques, and material properties are examined with cyclic fatigue tests. The intermediate scale test specimens allow for the observation of material as well as structural variables, namely of interest being the stiffness and strength restoration due to the repair patches. Damage onset, crack development, and eventual failure are monitored with in-situ non-destructive testing methods to develop a robust understanding of the effects of repair concepts.
T2 - 5th International Conference on Smart Monitoring, Assessment and Rehabilitation of Civil Structures
CY - Potsdam, Germany
DA - 27.08.2019
KW - Wind turbine blade shells
KW - Fiber reinforced polymers
KW - Sandwich structures
KW - Fatigue
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48859
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Babutzka, Martin
T1 - Investigation of the salinization in marine and offshore environment - test methods and challenges
N2 - Salinization and contamination of metal surfaces by chloride-containing aerosols is of great importance with regard to corrosion phenomena in the maritime sector and in offshore applications. Especially Offshore Wind Turbines are exposed to extreme corrosive conditions due to high chloride concentrations in the atmosphere and the resulting high chloride deposition rates. It is of great importance to evaluate to what extent salinization of the surface influences the corrosion protection of coatings and pitting occurrence on stainless steels under atmospheric conditions to evaluate the durability of metallic building structures in offshore and marine environments. The evaluation of the scientific literature and regulatory guidelines has shown that there are still many open questions regarding the contamination of metal surfaces by chlorides. This contribution will discuss how salinization of metal surfaces is evaluated and monitored according to current standards and guidelines. Future challenges concerning test methods and the application of evaluated salinization values and deposition rates will be discussed.
T2 - 5th International Conference on Smart Monitoring, Assessment and Rehabilitation of Civil Structures
CY - Potsdam, Germany
DA - 27.08.2019
KW - Maritime Atmosphäre
KW - Versalzung
KW - Maritime atmosphere
KW - Salinization
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48787
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hüsken, Götz
T1 - Comparison of cracks formed in scaled grouted connection of offshore energy structures under static and cyclic loads
N2 - Global energy consumption will increase in the future necessitating both fossil fuels and renewable energy choices - especially wind energy. Such high energy demand requires installation of offshore energy structures, rigs, platforms and towers, which are susceptible to adverse environmental conditions along with maintenances. Due to their large size and remote locations, cylindrical grouted joints are often adopted between substructure and foundation in these offshore platforms and wind structures such as monopiles. However, these connections are composite structures with exterior sleeve, interior pile and infill mortar. Degradation and settlements were reported inside similar connections, which were installed in last three decades. Besides, grouting in the offshore sites were proven difficult to obtain ideal load bearing capacity. In-situ loading conditions were also found to be affecting the failure mechanism inside such connections. This study aims at characterizing the nature of cracks generated in these grouted connections under both static and cyclic loading. Scaled grouted joints were manufactured using a novel reusable mold, and connections were loaded to failure to visualize the main failure patterns. An assessment between failure under these two types of load is drawn along with comparison to previously available literature.
T2 - 5th International Conference on Smart Monitoring, Assessment and Rehabilitation of Civil Structures
CY - Potsdam, Germany
DA - 27.08.2019
KW - Grouted connection
KW - Crack formation
KW - Crack pattern
KW - Static load
KW - Cyclic load
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48797
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
T1 - Laser-induced periodic surface structures: from nanoscaled light localization to applications
N2 - In this contribution the current state in the field of Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS) is reviewed. This includes the mechanisms of formation and current applications, particularly the colorization of technical surfaces, the control of surface wetting properties, the tailoring of surface colonization by bacterial biofilms, and the improvement of the tribological performance of nanostructured metal surfaces.
T2 - PHOTONICA 2019 - The Seventh International School and Conference on Photonics
CY - Belgrade, Serbia
DA - 26.08.2019
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Femtosecond laser
KW - Surface functionalization
PY - 2019
UR - http://www.photonica.ac.rs/docs/PHOTONICA2019-Book_of_abstracts.pdf
AN - OPUS4-48836
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schneider, Ronald
T1 - Effect of repair models on risk based optimal inspection strategies for support structures of offshore wind turbines
N2 - Owners or operators of offshore wind farms perform inspections to collect information on the condition of the wind turbine support structures and perform repairs if required. These activities are costly and should be optimized. Risk-based methods can be applied to identify inspection and repair strategies that ensure an optimal balance between the expected total service life cost of inspection and repair, and the achieved risk reduction. Such an optimization requires explicit modeling of repairs. In this paper, the impact of different repair models on the results of a risk-based optimization of inspection and repair strategies is quantified in a numerical example considering a jacket-type steel frame subject to high-cycle fatigue. The example showed that, in this specific application, there is no need for detailed modeling of the behavior of repaired welded connections.
T2 - 5th International Conference on Smart Monitoring, Assessment and Rehabilitation of Civil Structures (SMAR 2019)
CY - Potsdam, Germany
DA - 27.08.2019
KW - risk, reliability, inspection planning, offshore wind turbines
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48830
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
T1 - Brittle failure of spent fuel claddings during long-term dry interim storage
N2 - The current research project BRUZL (Fracture mechanical analysis of spent fuel claddings during long-term dry interim storage) is presented. General aim of the project is the development of methods for risk assessment and identification of boundary conditions to prevent potential sudden brittle failure of spent fuel claddings at small deformation during long-term dry interim storage and subsequent transportation. The project is funded by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) under contract no. 1501561.
T2 - 3rd GRS Workshop on Safety of Extended Dry Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel
CY - Garching, Germany
DA - 05.06.2019
KW - Ageing Management
KW - Cladding Embrittlement
KW - Extended Storage
KW - Ring Compression Test
KW - Spent Nuclear Fuel
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48867
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
T1 - Brittle failure of spent fuel claddings under long-term dry interim storage conditions – Preliminary analysis
N2 - The evaluation of cladding integrity is a major issue to be demonstrated in Germany for extended interim storage periods up to 100 years and subsequent transportation considering operational and accidental conditions with respect to reactor operation, cask drying and dry interim storage. The chemical reaction between the zirconium fuel cladding and the cooling water in water-cooled reactors produces hydrogen and zirconium oxide. Hydrogen diffuses into the cladding and precipitates as zirconium hydrides when the solubility limit is reached, preferably oriented in hoop direction. At high temperatures during vacuum drying procedures, the hydrides can dissolve. Over a succeeding period of slow cooling with existing hoop stress the hydrides precipitate again, but partly reoriented along the radial direction of the cladding. This change of microstructure in combination with a decreasing temperature (0.5...2 K/year) during (extended) interim storage and additional mechanical load by handling procedures or under accident conditions could lead to a potential cladding embrittlement and consequently increased failure probability. The current research project BRUZL (Fracture mechanical analysis of spent fuel claddings under long-term dry interim storage conditions) has been launched by BAM to investigate potential sudden brittle failure of spent fuel claddings at small deformation under long-term dry interim storage conditions and is presented.
T2 - IAEA International Conference on the Management of Spent Fuel from Nuclear Power Reactors
CY - Vienna, Austria
DA - 24.06.2019
KW - Ageing Management
KW - Cladding Embrittlement
KW - Extended Storage
KW - Ring Compression Test
KW - Spent Nuclear Fuel
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48868
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
A1 - Simbruner, Kai
A1 - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Brittle failure of spent fuel claddings under long-term dry interim storage conditions – Preliminary analysis
N2 - The evaluation of cladding integrity is a major issue to be demonstrated in Germany for extended interim storage periods up to 100 years and subsequent transportation considering operational and accidental conditions with respect to reactor operation, cask drying and dry interim storage. The chemical reaction between the zirconium fuel cladding and the cooling water in water-cooled reactors produces hydrogen and zirconium oxide. Hydrogen diffuses into the cladding and precipitates as zirconium hydrides when the solubility limit is reached, preferably oriented in hoop direction. At high temperatures during vacuum drying procedures, the hydrides can dissolve. Over a succeeding period of slow cooling with existing hoop stress the hydrides precipitate again, but partly reoriented along the radial direction of the cladding. This change of microstructure in combination with a decreasing temperature (0.5...2 K/year) during (extended) interim storage and additional mechanical load by handling procedures or under accident conditions could lead to a potential cladding embrittlement and consequently increased failure probability. The current research project BRUZL (Fracture mechanical analysis of spent fuel claddings under long-term dry interim storage conditions) has been launched by BAM to investigate potential sudden brittle failure of spent fuel claddings at small deformation under long-term dry interim storage conditions and is presented.
T2 - IAEA International Conference on the Management of Spent Fuel from Nuclear Power Reactors
CY - Vienna, Austria
DA - 24.06.2019
KW - Ageing Management
KW - Cladding Embrittlement
KW - Extended Storage
KW - Ring Compression Test
KW - Spent Nuclear Fuel
PY - 2019
SP - Paper IAEA-CN-272/49, 1
EP - 8
AN - OPUS4-48869
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Palkowski, Carsten
A1 - von Schwarzenberg, Stefan
A1 - Simo, Anne
T1 - Dynamic testing to better reflect real use for the seasonal performance of air conditioners
N2 - In this contribution, a dynamic test method to determine the seasonal performance of invertertype air conditioners has been developed and verified. In comparison to current test standards, where test modes for fixing the compressor speed are required, a dynamic approach is applied with unfixed compressor speed and thus better reflects the performance of air conditioners under real operating conditions. The dynamic tests are conducted in two calorimeter chambers. The indoor chamber is kept at a constant temperature whereas the outdoor chamber is subjected to a temperature profile based on the climate BIN-distribution, representing the reference cooling demand. The proposed dynamic test considers the dynamic control of an air conditioner and delivers results which could indicate the units' performance in the field.
T2 - 25th International Congress of Refrigeration 2019
CY - Montréal, Canada
DA - 25.09.2019
KW - Seasonal Performance Factor
KW - Inverter-type Air Conditioner
KW - Dynamic Test Method
KW - Real Use Behavior
PY - 2019
SN - 978-2-36215-035-7
SN - 1025-9031
SP - 672, 3891
EP - 3899
PB - International Institute of Refrigeration IIR
CY - Paris
AN - OPUS4-48865
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Akkerman, Floris
T1 - Die Ökodesign-Richtlinie - geltendes Recht und neue Entwicklungen
N2 - Überblick zur Ökodesignrichtlinie und zur Energieverbrauchskennzeichnung mit den Schwerpunkten Elektromotoren und Ressourceneffizienzanforderungen.
T2 - Umwelt-Workshop der IHK Reutlingen
CY - Reutlingen, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
DA - 09.09.2019
KW - Ökodesign
KW - Energieeffizienz
KW - Ressourceneffizienz
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48904
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo
T1 - Wind energy challenges. An offshore perspective and some possible solutions
N2 - This talk provides a brief introduction on general engineering challenges for the offshore (marine) wind energy production, focusing on material, structural and hydromechanical aspects.
The talk begins with a broad overview on general trends for offshore wind-farms, with insights on some characteristic structural features and their associated loads. Then, some particular open issues for the foundation of the offshore wind turbines into the seabed are introduced. Here, different research approaches are discussed, from experimental investigations to coupled computational analysis at micro- and macroscopic scales.
In the second part of the seminar, both the hydromechanical Wave–Tower interaction and some general aspects of the windfarm aerodynamics (wake analysis) are discussed. Some modelling possibilities in the frame of CFD (computational fluid dynamics) are introduced and the relevance of such analyses for a proper windfarm layout optimization is pointed out.
Summing up, this seminar aims to show that: i) Numerical analysis of the turbine’s interaction with wind/waves and with the seabed is both useful and affordable. ii) Simplified models can provide an insight into windfarm aerodynamics. iii) Turbulent wake analysis is very relevant for the windfarm layout.
T2 - Bad Honnef Physics School „Energy Science – an interdisciplinary challenge“
CY - Physikzentrum Bad Honnef, Bad Honnef, Germany
DA - 01.09.2019
KW - Offshore wind energy
KW - Mechanical challenges
KW - Offshore foundations
KW - Soil-water-structure interaction
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48873
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Palkowski, Carsten
T1 - Dynamic testing of air conditioners to better reflect real use
N2 - In this contribution, a dynamic test method to determine the seasonal performance of invertertype air conditioners has been developed and verified. In comparison to current test standards, where test modes for fixing the compressor speed are required, a dynamic approach is applied with unfixed compressor speed and thus better reflects the performance of air conditioners under real operating conditions. The dynamic tests are conducted in two calorimeter chambers. The indoor chamber is kept at a constant temperature whereas the outdoor chamber is subjected to a temperature profile based on the climate BIN-distribution, representing the reference cooling demand. The proposed dynamic test considers the dynamic control of an air conditioner and delivers results which could indicate the units’ performance in the field.
T2 - 25th International Congress of Refrigeration 2019
CY - Montréal, Canada
DA - 25.09.2019
KW - Seasonal Performance Factor
KW - Inverter-type Air Conditioner
KW - Dynamic Test Method
KW - Real Use Behavior
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48864
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Simo, Anne
T1 - Webcrawler - Hilfsmittel zur Kontrolle spezieller Informations-
oder Kennzeichnungspflichten im Internet
N2 - Webcrawler - Hilfsmittel zur Kontrolle spezieller Informations-
oder Kennzeichnungspflichten im Internet
T2 - 9. Jahrestagung Marktüberwachung BW
CY - Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
DA - 04.06.2019
KW - Marktüberwachung Onlinehandel Webcrawler
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48884
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Simo, Anne
T1 - Webcrawler
N2 - Entwicklung eines Webcrawlers
zur Überwachung des Onlinelabels
T2 - 5. Praxisworkshop Marktüberwachung EVPG/EnVKG
CY - Landshut, Germany
DA - 15.05.2019
KW - Marktüberwachung Onlinehandel Webcrawler
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48882
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
T1 - Fracture mechanical analysis of a cylindrical cast iron cask
N2 - The safety evaluation of cask components made of ductile cast iron includes investigations to prevent brittle fracture. Generally, ductile cast iron is endangered by brittle fracture especially at low temperatures (down to -40°C) and in combination with existing crack-like material defects. An applicable method is the assessment of fracture resistance using fracture mechanics according to the IAEA guidelines. The approach is based on the prevention of fracture initiation. For application of these principles for drop loads, account must be taken both of dynamic stresses within the component and dynamic material behavior. Basically, the dynamic stress intensity factor of postulated pre-existing crack-like defects is compared with the dynamic fracture toughness of the material. Applicable numerical and experimental methods for the safety assessment of cask components are demonstrated for the case of an artificially pre-cracked cylindrical cast iron cask which undergoes dynamic loading conditions as result of the hard impact between the cask and a concrete target. The proposed evaluation procedure is a combination of numerical and experimental steps. Exemplarily, the calculated stress intensity factor is compared with measured fracture toughness values from single edge notched bending specimens.
T2 - 19th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials (PATRAM 2019)
CY - New Orleans, LA, USA
DA - 04.08.2019
KW - Ductile Cast Iron
KW - Brittle Fracture
KW - Cylindrical Cask
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48915
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
T1 - Stress wave propagation with finite element mesh transitions
N2 - A reliable finite element analysis presupposes a qualified model of the object to be analyzed. The finite element mesh density may significantly vary throughout a model. A transition between dissimilar meshes can be accomplished by a gradual change of element size or by an interface with constraint conditions. Some issues may arise from such mesh transitions. Generally, a finer mesh can transmit signals of higher frequency than a coarser mesh. Stress wave propagation through the model could be affected by the transition region or the artificially induced interface. Stress waves generated within the fine mesh could be partly encapsulated by the surrounding coarse mesh. Therefore poor mesh transitions could result in reflections or shape changes of stress waves. A thin rod is investigated to demonstrate the effects.
This study supports the development of the ASME Guidance Document "Use of Explicit Finite Element Analysis for the Evaluation of Nuclear Transport and Storage Packages in Energy-Limited Impact Events".
T2 - 19th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials (PATRAM 2019)
CY - New Orleans, LA, USA
DA - 04.08.2019
KW - Stress Wave Propagation
KW - Thin Rod
KW - Finite Element Mesh Transition
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48916
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kullolli, Borana
A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
A1 - Stutz, H. H.
T1 - Modelling and calibration for cyclic soil-structure interface behaviour
N2 - The structural performance of many geotechnical systems (e.g. axially-loaded pile foundations), depends on the shearing resistance at the soil interface, which may govern the load bearing capacity of the foundation. Experimental investigations have shown that this interaction is mainly localised within a narrow shear band next to the structure. Under cyclic loading, a contraction of the soil at the interface may arise (net volume loss), possibly leading to a stress relaxation and thus to a reduction of the load bearing capacity (the so-called friction fatigue). Based on the constitutive similarities between soil continua and interfaces, we propose here the adaption of a Generalized Plasticity model for sandy soils for the numerical analysis of interface problems. In this contribution, the results of an experimental campaign for the parameter calibration of the constitutive model are presented. The tests have been conducted with a ring shear device involving different normal stresses, roughness of the steel plates as well as cyclic loading. The new modelling approach shows promising results and has the additional practical advantage that the interface zone and the soil continuum can both be described with the same constitutive model in general boundary value problems.
T2 - Konferenz 7th International Symposium on Deformation Characteristics of Geomaterials
CY - Glasgow, Scotland
DA - 26.06.2019
KW - Soil-structure interaction
KW - Offshore foundations
PY - 2019
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-489096
DO - https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199213007
VL - 92
SP - 13007
EP - 13013
PB - EDP Sciences
CY - Glasgow, Scotland
AN - OPUS4-48909
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Babutzka, Martin
T1 - Investigation of the salinization in marine and offshore environment - test methods and challenges
N2 - Salinization and contamination of metal surfaces by chloride-containing aerosols is of great importance with regard to corrosion phenomena in the maritime sector and in offshore applications. Especially Offshore Wind Turbines are exposed to extreme corrosive conditions due to high chloride concentrations in the atmosphere and the resulting high chloride deposition rates. It is of great importance to evaluate to what extent salinization of the surface influences the corrosion protection of coatings and pitting occurrence on stainless steels under atmospheric conditions to evaluate the durability of metallic building structures in offshore and marine environments. The evaluation of the scientific literature and regulatory guidelines has shown that there are still many open questions regarding the contamination of metal surfaces by chlorides. This contribution will discuss how salinization of metal surfaces is evaluated and monitored according to current standards and guidelines. Future challenges concerning test methods and the application of evaluated salinization values and deposition rates will be discussed.
T2 - 5th International Conference on Smart Monitoring, Assessment and Rehabilitation of Civil Structures
CY - Potsdam, Germany
DA - 27.08.20019
KW - Maritime Atmosphäre
KW - Versalzung
KW - Maritime atmosphere
KW - Salinization
PY - 2019
SP - Th.2.A.5, 1
EP - 8
PB - SMAR 2019
AN - OPUS4-48905
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
A1 - Qiao, Linan
A1 - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Fracture mechanical analysis of a cylindrical cast iron cask
N2 - The safety evaluation of cask components made of ductile cast iron includes investigations to prevent brittle fracture. Generally, ductile cast iron is endangered by brittle fracture especially at low temperatures (down to -40°C) and in combination with existing crack-like material defects. An applicable method is the assessment of fracture resistance using fracture mechanics according to the IAEA guidelines. The approach is based on the prevention of fracture initiation. For application of these principles for drop loads, account must be taken both of dynamic stresses within the component and dynamic material behavior. Basically, the dynamic stress intensity factor of postulated pre-existing crack-like defects is compared with the dynamic fracture toughness of the material. Applicable numerical and experimental methods for the safety assessment of cask components are demonstrated for the case of an artificially pre-cracked cylindrical cast iron cask which undergoes dynamic loading conditions as result of the hard impact between the cask and a concrete target. The proposed evaluation procedure is a combination of numerical and experimental steps. Exemplarily, the calculated stress intensity factor is compared with measured fracture toughness values from single edge notched bending specimens.
T2 - 19th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials (PATRAM 2019)
CY - New Orleans, LA, USA
DA - 04.08.2019
KW - Ductile Cast Iron
KW - Brittle Fracture
KW - Cylindrical Cask
PY - 2019
SP - Paper 1209, 1
EP - 7
AN - OPUS4-48914
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Heuser, Lina
T1 - Sintering of silver-glass composites
N2 - High conductive silver metallization pastes are key components in advanced electronics and photovoltaics. Increasing demands on efficiency, miniaturization and ever shorter time-to-market require tailored glass-silver-pastes. In these pastes, low-melting glasses act as a sintering aid achieving better sintering, adhesion and contact formation for solar cells. Yet, the related liquid phase sintering of silver-glass-composites and the underlying mechanism of silver dissolution, transport and reprecipitation are rarely investigated. In this study, systematically varied low melting alkaline zinc borate, alkaline earth borate, and Pb- and Bi-glasses are investigated. Glass transition and crystallization are studied with dilatometry, DTA and XRD. Sintering of the pure glasses, pure silver and silver-glass-composites is analyzed with Hot Stage Microscopy, optical and electron microscopy. Since oxygen dissolved in silver powders can affect the silver dissolution as silver oxide in the matrix oxide glasses, the O2-content of silver powders is determined by Vacuum Hot Extraction. The glass transition temperature of the glasses under study varies between 370 °C and 590 °C whereas the sinter onset largely ranges between 400 °C and 600 °C. On the other hand, it scattered between 200 °C and 450 °C for selected commercial Ag-powders of different particle size and morphology.
T2 - 93rd Annual Meeting of DGG in Conjunction with the Annual Meeting of USTV
CY - Nuremberg, Germany
DA - 13.05.2019
KW - Silver glass paste
KW - Sintering
KW - Microstructure
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48906
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Internationale Forschung zur langfristigen trockenen Zwischenlagerung bestrahlter Brennelemente
N2 - Der Vortrag adressiert die internationalen Forschungsprogramme und -schwerpunkte im Zusammenhang mit der Notwendigkeit einer deutlich verlängerten Zwischenlagerung Wärme entwickelnder radioaktiver Abfälle.
T2 - BGZ - Workshop Zwischenlagerung
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 22.10.2019
KW - Zwischenlagerung
KW - Radioaktive Abfälle
KW - Behälter
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49619
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Cuéllar, Pablo
T1 - Erosion and soil mechanics for civil constructions. Applications and opportunities of micromechanical modelling
N2 - This presentation provides an overview on general issues related to erosive failures in civil constructions like hydraulic infrastructures and offshore foundations. A brief introduction to the related research activities of BAM in the field of offshore wind energy is first provided, and the general possibilities for micromechanical modelling approaches are outlined. Finally, the ongoing DFG-ANR research project COMET is introduced.
T2 - Vortrag am Lehrstuhl "System simulation" an der FAU
CY - Friedrich–Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
DA - 16.10.2019
KW - Micromechanical analysis
KW - Offshore wind energy foundations
KW - Erosion
KW - Earthen hydraulic infrastructures
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49311
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Akkerman, Floris
T1 - Ökodesign und EnvK - Entwicklung, geltendes Recht und Ausblick - Schwerpunkt Haushaltsgeräte
N2 - Folien zum Vortrag beim HEA-Fachausschuss effiziente Haushaltsgeräte zu den Themen Ökodesign und EnVK
T2 - Sitzung des Fachausschusses effiziente Haushaltsgeräte der HEA
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 16.10.2019
KW - Energieverbrauchskennzeichnung
KW - Energieeffizeinz
KW - Ökodesign
KW - Ressourceneffizienz
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49370
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Akkerman, Floris
T1 - Ökodesign und EnvK - Entwicklung, geltendes Recht und Ausblick - Schwerpunkt Gebäudetechnik
N2 - Folien zum Vortrag beim HEA-Fachausschuss FA Effiziente
Gebäudeenergieversorgung, HEA
T2 - Sitzung des Fachausschusses effiziente Gebäudeenergieversorgung, HEA
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 16.10.2019
KW - Energieverbrauchskennzeichnung
KW - Energieeffizeinz
KW - Ökodesign
KW - Ressourceneffizienz
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49373
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wang, Bin
T1 - Determination of Distribution Function used in MCS on Safety Analysis of Hydrogen Pressure Vessel
N2 - The test data of static burst strength and load cycle strength of composite pressure vessels are often described by GAUSSian normal or WEIBULL distribution function to perform safety analyses. The goodness of assumed distribution function plays a significant role in the inferential statistics to predict the population properties by using limited test data. Often, GAUSSian and WEIBULL probability nets are empirical methods used to validate the distribution function; Anderson-Darling and KolmogorovSmirnov tests are the mostly favorable approaches for Goodness of Fit. However, the different approaches used to determine the parameters of distribution function lead mostly to different conclusions for safety assessments. In this study, six different methods are investigated to show the variations on the rates for accepting the composite pressure vessels according to GTR No. 13 life test procedure. The six methods are: a) NormLog based method, b) Least squares regression, c) Weighted least squares regression, d) A linear approach based on good linear unbiased estimators, e) Maximum likelihood estimation and f) The method of moments estimation. In addition, various approaches of ranking function are considered. In the study, Monte Carlo simulations are conducted to generate basic populations based on the distribution functions which are determined using different methods. Then the samples are extracted randomly from a population and evaluated to obtain acceptance rate. Here, the “populations” and “samples” are corresponding to the burst strength or load cycle strength of the pressure vessels made from composite material and a plastic liner (type 4) for the storage of hydrogen. To the end, the results are discussed, and the best reliable methods are proposed.
T2 - ICHS2019 Conference
CY - Adelaide, Australia
DA - 24.09.2019
KW - Monte-Carlo Simulation
KW - Distribution function
KW - Weibull Distribution
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49652
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
T1 - Quo vadis LIPSS? – Applications of Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures
N2 - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS, ripples) are a universal phenomenon that can be observed on almost any material after the irradiation by linearly polarized laser beams, particularly when using ultrashort laser pulses with durations in the femtosecond to picosecond range. During the past years significantly increasing industrial and research activities have been reported in the field of LIPSS, since their generation in a single-step process provides a simple way of nanostructuring and surface functionalization towards the control of optical, mechanical, biological, or chemical surface properties. In this contribution the mechanisms of formation and current trends and applications of LIPSS are reviewed, including the colorization of technical surfaces, the control of surface wetting properties, the mimicry of the natural texture of animals, the tailoring of surface colonization by bacterial biofilms, the advancement of leadless medical pacemakers, and the improvement of the tribological performance of nanostructured metal surfaces.
T2 - 11. Mittweidaer Lasertagung
CY - Mittweida, Germany
DA - 13.11.2019
KW - Femtosecond laser ablation
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Surface functionalization
KW - Applications
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49655
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Duffner, Eric
T1 - Kolloquium der Abt. 3 - Schallemissionsprüfung an Faserverbund-Druckbehältern
N2 - Übersicht über die Aktivitäten auf dem Gebiet der Schallemissionsprüfung an Faserverbunddruckbehältern in der Abteilung 3.
T2 - Abteilungskolloquium der Abteilung 3
CY - BAM, Berlin, Germany
DA - 13.11.2019
KW - Schallemission
KW - Schallemissionsprüfung
KW - Faserverbundbehälter
KW - Druckbehälter
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49625
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Babutzka, Martin
T1 - Offshore-Windenergieanlagen – Ist ein dauerhafter und gleichzeitig “sauberer” Korrosionsschutz möglich?
N2 - Der Vortrag verdeutlicht am Beispiel von Offshore-Windenergieanlagen, welchen Beitrag ein geeigneter Korrosionsschutz zu Fragen der Wirtschaftlichkeit, der Gesundheitstechnik und der Sicherheit leistet. Die Umweltverträglichkeit von Korrosionsschutzmaßnahmen wird anhand der Emission von chemischen Substanzen und Verbindungen beleuchtet.
T2 - 29. Berliner Gesundheitstechnische Tagung - 70 Jahre Gesundheitstechnische Gesellschaft
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 08.11.2019
KW - Offhsore-Windenergieanlagen
KW - Umweltverträglichkeit
KW - Korrosion
KW - Korrosionsschutz
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49560
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Fedelich, Bernard
T1 - Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der rechnerischen Bewertung der Lebensdauer von Bauteilen unter TMF: Viskoplastische Modelle
N2 - In diesem Vortrag wird auf einige noch offene Frage zur Anwendung der viskoplastischen Modellierung bei Hochtemperaturermüdung. Insbesondere auf das Problem der Parameterbestimmung wird eingegangen.
T2 - Workshop "Konstitutive Viskoplastische Materialmodelle"
CY - Institut für Werkstoffkunde (IfW), Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany
DA - 06.11.2019
KW - TMF
KW - Viskoplastisch
KW - Modell
KW - Hochtemperaturermüdung
KW - LCF
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49611
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Nerger, Deborah
T1 - Post-impact evaluation at RC plates with planar tomography and FEM
N2 - The aim of the work is to develop experimental investigation strategies to determine damage quantities and the liquid Intrusion behaviour of containment structures in case of aircraft collision.
T2 - 36th Danubia Adria Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics
CY - Pilsen, Czech Republik
DA - 24.09.2019
KW - Impact
KW - Damage characterization
KW - Planar tomography
KW - Numeric simulation
KW - Reinforced concrete structure
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49542
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schaumann, P.
A1 - Schürmann, K.
A1 - Pittner, Andreas
A1 - Rethmeier, Michael
T1 - Automatically Welded Tubular X-Joints - Welding Procedure and Prediction of the Technical Fatigue Crack Location
N2 - To increase the competitiveness of jacket substructures compared to monopiles a changeover from an individual towards a serial jacket production based on automated manufactured tubular joints combined with standardized pipes has to be achieved. Therefore, this paper ad-dresses the welding process of automated manufactured tubular X-joints. Additionally, fatigue tests of the automatically welded tubular joints are presented focusing on the location of the technical fatigue crack. The detected location of the technical crack is compared to numerical investigations predicting the most fatigue prone notch con-sidering the structural stress approach as well as the notch stress ap-proach.
T2 - 29th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference
CY - Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
DA - 16.06.2019
KW - Notch stress approach
KW - Tubular X-joints
KW - Automated manufacturing
KW - Fatigue tests
KW - Structural stress approach
PY - 2019
SN - 978-1-880653-85-2
SP - 4098
EP - 4105
AN - OPUS4-51848
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schaumann, P.
A1 - Schürmann, K.
A1 - Pittner, Andreas
A1 - Rethmeier, Michael
T1 - Prediction of the Initial Fatigue Crack Location of Automatically Welded Tubular Joints for Jacket Support Structures
N2 - To increase the competitiveness of jacket substructures compared to monopiles a changeover from an individual towards a serial jacket production based on automated manufactured tubular joints com-bined with standardized pipes has to be achieved. Therefore, this paper addresses fatigue tests of automatical-ly welded tubular X-joints focusing on the location of the technical fatigue crack. For this X-joint, the detect-ed location of the technical crack is then compared to numerical investigations predicting the most fatigue prone notch considering the structural stress approach as well as the notch stress approach. Additionally, the fatigue prone hot spot according to both approaches is compared for a typical offshore jacket double-K-joint to emphasize the significance of the presented outcomes for the existing offshore structures. Besides, the welding process of the automated manufactured tubular X-joints is presented.
T2 - 7th International Conference on Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation (SEMC)
CY - Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA
DA - 02.09.2019
KW - Lightweight Design
KW - Jacket Support Structures
KW - Arc Welding Automation
KW - Fatigue
KW - Offshore Wind
PY - 2019
SN - 978-1-138-38696-9
DO - https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429426506-100
VL - 2019
SP - 575
EP - 580
AN - OPUS4-51847
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schaumann, P.
A1 - Schürmann, K.
A1 - Pittner, Andreas
A1 - Rethmeier, Michael
T1 - Automatically Welded Tubular X Joints for Jacket Substructures – Prediction of the Technical Fatigue Crack Location
N2 - To increase the competitiveness of jacket substructures compared to monopiles a changeover from an individual towards a serial jacket production based on automated manufactured tubular joints combined with standardized pipes has to be achieved. Therefore, this paper addresses fatigue tests of automatically welded tubular X-joints focusing on the location of the technical fatigue crack. The detected location of the technical crack is compared to numerical investigations predicting the most fatigue prone notch considering the structural stress approach as well as the notch stress approach. Besides, the welding process of the automated manufactured tubular X-joints is presented.
T2 - Nordic Steel 2019
CY - Copenhagen, Denmark
DA - 18.09.2019
KW - Automated arc welding
KW - Fatigue tests
KW - Tubular X-joints
KW - Technical crack detection
KW - Local fatigue approaches
PY - 2019
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-518490
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/cepa.1140
VL - 3
IS - 3-4
SP - 823
EP - 828
PB - Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH on behalf of Ernst & Sohn Verlag für Architektur und technische Wissenschaften GmbH & Co. KG
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-51849
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Linnemann, Konrad
T1 - Experimentelle und numerische Untersuchungen zur Bewertung der Integrität abgebrannter Brennelemente unter Transportbedingungen
N2 - Packages for the transport of spent nuclear fuel shall meet the International Atomic Energy Agency regulations to ensure safety under different transport conditions. The physical state of the spent fuel and the fuel rod cladding as well as the geometric configuration of fuel assemblies are important inputs for the evaluation of the package capabilities under these conditions. The mechanical behavior of spent fuel assemblies shall be analyzed with regard to the assumptions which are used in the containment and criticality safety analysis. The package as a mechanical system is characterized by a complex set of interactions, e. g. between the fuel rods within the assembly as well as between the fuel assemblies, the basket, and the cask containment. This complexity makes it difficult to assume appropriate mechanical loads for the spent fuel inside the package. Another challenge is the assumption of material properties which represent the variation of the fuel rods regarding cladding material, burn-up and the operation history sufficiently. The objective of this paper is to give an overview about the current approaches and research for the evaluation of spent fuel behavior within the package design approval procedure. In this context, analytical, numerical and experimental results are discussed. The presented work is achieved within a collaboration of BAM with national and international partners.
T2 - BGZ Fachworkshop Zwischenlagerung
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 22.10.2019
KW - Transportbehälter
KW - Radioaktive Stoffe
KW - Brennelementverhalten
KW - FE-Berechnungen
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-51174
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schürmann, K.
T1 - Fatigue resistance of automatically welded tubular X-joints for jacket support structures
N2 - To increase the competitiveness of jacket substructures compared to monopiles a changeover from an individual towards a serial jacket production based on automated manufactured tubular joints com-bined with standardized pipes has to be achieved. Therefore, this paper addresses fatigue tests of automatical-ly welded tubular X-joints focusing on the location of the technical fatigue crack. For this X-joint, the detect-ed location of the technical crack is then compared to numerical investigations predicting the most fatigue prone notch considering the structural stress approach as well as the notch stress approach. Additionally, the fatigue prone hot spot according to both approaches is compared for a typical offshore jacket double-K-joint to emphasize the significance of the presented outcomes for the existing offshore structures. Besides, the welding process of the automated manufactured tubular X-joints is presented.
T2 - 9th International Conference Offshore Foundations
CY - Bremen, Germany
DA - 09.07.2019
KW - Notch stress approach
KW - Fatigue tests
KW - Automated manufacturing
KW - Tubular X-joints
KW - Structural stress approach
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-51874
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schürmann, K.
T1 - Prediction of the Initial Fatigue Crack Location of Automatically Welded Tubular Joints for Jacket Support Structures
N2 - To increase the competitiveness of jacket substructures compared to monopiles a changeover from an individual towards a serial jacket production based on automated manufactured tubular joints com-bined with standardized pipes has to be achieved. Therefore, this paper addresses fatigue tests of automatical-ly welded tubular X-joints focusing on the location of the technical fatigue crack. For this X-joint, the detect-ed location of the technical crack is then compared to numerical investigations predicting the most fatigue prone notch considering the structural stress approach as well as the notch stress approach. Additionally, the fatigue prone hot spot according to both approaches is compared for a typical offshore jacket double-K-joint to emphasize the significance of the presented outcomes for the existing offshore structures. Besides, the welding process of the automated manufactured tubular X-joints is presented.
T2 - 7th International Conference on Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation (SEMC)
CY - Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA
DA - 02.09.2019
KW - Arc welding automation
KW - Fatigue tests
KW - Tubular X-joints
KW - Technical crack detection
KW - Local fatigue approaches
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-51872
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schürmann, K.
T1 - Automatically Welded Tubular X-Joints –Welding Procedure and Prediction of the Technical Fatigue Crack Location
N2 - To increase the competitiveness of jacket substructures compared to monopiles a changeover from an individual towards a serial jacket production based on automated manufactured tubular joints combined with standardized pipes has to be achieved. Therefore, this paper ad-dresses the welding process of automated manufactured tubular X-joints. Additionally, fatigue tests of the automatically welded tubular joints are presented focusing on the location of the technical fatigue crack. The detected location of the technical crack is compared to numerical investigations predicting the most fatigue prone notch considering the structural stress approach as well as the notch stress approach.
T2 - ISOPE-2019 Honolulu Conference The 29th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference
CY - Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
DA - 16.06.2019
KW - Notch stress approach
KW - Tubular X-joints
KW - Automated manufacturing
KW - Fatigue tests
KW - Structural stress approach
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-51870
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schürmann, K.
T1 - Automatically Welded Tubular X-Joints for Jacket Substructures – Prediction of the Technical Fatigue Crack Location
N2 - To increase the competitiveness of jacket substructures compared to monopiles a changeover from an individual towards a serial jacket production based on automated manufactured tubular joints combined with standardized pipes has to be achieved. Therefore, this paper addresses fatigue tests of automatically welded tubular X-joints focusing on the location of the technical fatigue crack. The detected location of the technical crack is compared to numerical investigations predicting the most fatigue prone notch considering the structural stress approach as well as the notch stress approach. Besides, the welding process of the automated manufactured tubular X-joints is presented.
T2 - Nordic Steel 2019
CY - Copenhagen, Denmark
DA - 18.09.2019
KW - Arc welding automation
KW - Tubular X-joints
KW - Fatigue tests
KW - Technical crack detection
KW - Local fatigue approaches
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-51871
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Al-Neshawy, F.
A1 - Ferreira, M.
A1 - Bohner, E.
A1 - Ojala, T.
A1 - Sjöblom, V.
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
A1 - Effner, Ute
A1 - Puttonen, J.
T1 - Design, Construction and NDT of a Mock-up for Reinforced Concrete Walls in NPP
N2 - Construction methods, environmental stressors, and aging factors are the main causes for defects of reinforced concrete in nuclear power plants (NPP). These defects are typically occurred as corrosion of reinforcement steel, delamination, cracks, malfunction of post-tensioning or steel composite systems etc. Some of the challenges for assessing the performance of these structures by nondestructive testing methods (NDT) are that the assessment could be performed only during the annual overhauls when testing is time-limited and uncertainty of the accuracy and reliability of the available NDT testing devices combined with the lack of the international uniformity of the methods used for NDT tests. To overcome these challenges, a mock-up wall representing a section of the concrete containment of the NPP was built. The mock-up wall included simulated defects, which mimic the most common types of defects in NPP concrete structures such as dimensional errors, honeycombing, delamination, defects adjacent to the steel liner and voids in grouted tendon ducts for the post-tensioned structures. This paper introduces the design and construction of the wall including the concrete properties, reinforcement, tendon ducts and the types of the simulated defects. The paper also introduces the NDT methods and techniques that are suitable for assessing the condition of the mock-up wall under the real environmental conditions. These techniques include mechanical methods as rebound hammer, ultrasonic and electromagnetic methods. This mock-up wall will enable to investigate reliably available NDT methods and experts’ skills providing also an important and very much need educational platform for future NDE experts.
T2 - SMIRT-25
CY - Charlotte, NC, USA
DA - 04.08.2019
KW - NDE
KW - Defects
KW - Thick-walled
KW - Concrete
KW - Deterioration
KW - Steel liner
PY - 2019
SP - 1
EP - 12
AN - OPUS4-48965
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Thiele, Marc
T1 - Fatigue in Concrete
N2 - The current knowledge about fatigue behavior of concrete is still incomplete. This concerns especially the progress of fatigue which precedes the fatigue failure. An overview on the fatigue behaviour in concrete is given. Therefore, the process of fatigue itself under cyclic compressive loading was investigated in a systematic and comprehensive way. The aim of this investigation was to obtain a deeper insight and to provide a better understanding of the damage process occurring within the material during fatigue loading.
T2 - 1st Infrastar Training School
CY - IFSTTAR, Nantes, France
DA - 08.04.2019
KW - Fatigue
KW - Concrete
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48945
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
A1 - Maak, Stefan
A1 - Mielentz, Frank
A1 - Effner, Ute
A1 - Strangfeld, Christoph
A1 - Timofeev, Juri
T1 - Review of recent developments in ultrasonic echo testing of concrete
N2 - Ultrasonic methods are used in concrete investigations since decades. While being limited to transmission testing in the laboratory for a while, in-situ echo measurements for structural investigations and condition assessment have made their way into practical application in the past 20 years. However, several challenges remain. On one side, there are technical issues as limitations in depth of penetration, resolution and imaging capabilities. On the other side there are still gaps in validation, standardization and certification, which are limiting the applicability in condition/load capacity assessment.
This review reports a couple of developments which will help to overcome these issues. This includes technical developments as new devices which are easier to handle on site or giving a much deeper penetration depth (e.g. the LAUS device at BAM) as well as improvements in imaging by hardware update (e. g. air coupled ultrasound or coded signals) or new software (e. g. RTM imaging). To foster the application in real world projects we are as well working on standardization by developing new reference specimen with international partners which will ensure world-wide comparability of ultrasonic and other methods and quality assurance codes. Further, non-destructive methods are being used to update probabilistic models used for the reassessment of existing structures to support the structural engineer’s decisions.
T2 - SMAR 2019
CY - Potsdam, Germany
DA - 27.08.2019
KW - Engineered Barrier System (EBS)
KW - Ultraschall
KW - NDT
KW - Re-assessment of exiting bridges
PY - 2019
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-489686
SP - 1
EP - 6
AN - OPUS4-48968
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Babutzka, Martin
T1 - Prüfverfahren zur Bewertung der kathodischen Enthaftung bei organischen Beschichtungen – Eine kritische Betrachtung
N2 - Zum Schutz vor Korrosionsprozessen werden metallene Werkstoffe in der Automobilindustrie üblicherweise mit komplexen Beschichtungssystemen versehen. Durch eine Beschädigung des Beschichtungssystems kann bei Zutritt von Feuchtigkeit und korrosionsstimulierenden Ionen das Metallsubstrat korrodieren und unter Umständen die Beschichtung im Bereich neben der Verletzung enthaften. Dabei gibt es verschiedene Mechanismen, die zu einer Unterwanderung und Enthaftung der Beschichtung führen können. In jedem Fall wird aber die Dauerhaftigkeit des Korrosionsschutzes negativ beeinflusst und die Lebensdauer des Bauteils herabgesetzt.
Die Industrie versucht deshalb, Beschichtungssysteme zu entwickeln, die dem Vorgang der kathodischen Enthaftung bestmöglich widerstehen können. Einen kritischen Entwicklungs- und Qualifizierungsschritt stellt dabei die geeignete Prüfung auf kathodische Unterwanderung und Enthaftung dar, da eine Prüfung der Beschichtung möglichst schnell und kosteneffizient zu belastbaren Ergebnissen führen soll. Neben den industriell üblichen Salzsprühnebeltests kommen häufig elektrochemische Polarisationstests zur Anwendung. Verschiedene Automobilherstellerhaben verwenden jeweils angepasste Tests, die sich bezüglich der Prüfparameter unterscheiden. Bei allen Testvarianten wird aber versucht, durch Verschärfung der Prüfparameter kurze Prüfzeiträume zu erreichen. Dabei kann es aber dazu kommen, dass die real ablaufenden Mechanismen der Unterwanderung beeinflusst und verändert werden und das Prüfergebnis von Ergebnissen im Feld zum Teil stark abweicht.
Im Vortrag werden mit Blick auf die geltenden Regelwerke und Normen die Unterschiede verschiedener Prüfmethoden zur kathodischen Enthaftung bei organischen Beschichtungen vorgestellt und deren Aussagekraft kritisch betrachtet. Am Beispiel von systematischen Versuchsreihen an einem ausgewählten Kurzzeittest werden die Grenzen einiger Methoden herausgearbeitet und die Anwendbarkeit für Qualitätsprüfungen betrachtet. Durch den Ansatz der statistischen Versuchsplanung wird der Einfluss einzelner Prüfparameter auf die Enthaftung und das Ergebnis des Kurzzeittests gezeigt.
T2 - ZVO-Oberflächentage
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 11.09.2019
KW - Kathodische Enthaftung
KW - Korrosionsprüfung
KW - Organische Beschichtungen
KW - Cathodic delamination
KW - Corrosion testing
KW - Organic coatings
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48960
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
T1 - Application of ultrasonic techniques for quality assurance of salt concrete engineered barriers: Shape, cracks and delamination
N2 - The closure of underground nuclear waste disposal facilities requires reliable gas- and watertight engineered barriers. In Germany, barriers made from salt concrete have been evaluated in full scale. While the barriers seem to fulfill the requirements regarding permeability, some unexpected cracks have been detected at the surface and at depth. In cooperation between the Federal Company for Radioactive Waste Disposal (BGE) and the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), several experiments have been carried out to evaluate the applicability for ultrasonic measurements in crack detection and general quality assurance. Both commercial instruments and specially developed devices have been tested on site. Using commercial ultrasonic echo devices designed for concrete inspection it was possible to detect cracks and object in salt concrete up to a depth of 2 m. The check for delamination in shotcrete is another field of application. A unique device available at BAM, the wide aperture, deep penetration instrument LAUS, was able to locate cracks and objects up to a depth of 8 m so far, which is thought to be a record for ultrasonic echo measurements in concrete. Adapted imaging procedures, partly adopted from geophysics, helped to reveal 3D structure at depth. In addition, we have developed ultrasonic probes to be deployed in boreholes, currently at up to 20 m depth. They can collect information on cracks and other features in a radius of about 1.5 m around the borehole in the current version and might be used in echo or transmission mode. Evaluation experiments have been performed at an experimental barrier at the ERAM site in Morsleben, Germany. The results showed several empty and injected cracks as well as built in instrumentation. The results have been verified using borehole endoscopy as well as core examination and will be used to set up a reliable quality assurance system for engineered barriers. All instruments are based on ultrasonic shear wave transducers with a frequency range between 25 kHz and 100 kHz. Current research focuses on the improvement of the hardware (e. g. optimization of array characteristics) and imaging techniques as Reverse Time Migration, both aiming at the improvement of depth of penetration, resolution and probability of detection.
T2 - Modern 2020, 2nd International Conference about Monitoring in Geological Disposal of Radioactive Wast
CY - Paris, France
DA - 09.04.2019
KW - REverse Time Migration (RTM)
KW - Engineered Barrier System (EBS)
KW - Non-Destructive Testing
KW - Ultrasonic Echo
KW - Large Aperture Ultrasonic System (LAUS)
KW - Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique (SAFT)
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48974
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Thiele, Marc
T1 - Comparison of fatigue crack detection methods for high-cyclic loaded steel structures
N2 - At present, to produce renewable energy offshore wind farms play an important role. The available space combined with the more valuable wind conditions make offshore locations very attractive for wind powered energy production. In Europe a significant number of offshore wind farms already exist, especially in the North and Baltic Sea. In future this trend will continue, and further offshore wind farms will be built. The majority of offshore wind turbines are mounted on steel foundation structures. Due to the high-cyclic loading by wind and waves fatigue stress plays a substantial role regarding structural safety.
Besides the consideration of fatigue within the design process, to monitor existing steel structures for potential fatigue cracks during their life time is a major topic and a challenge.
For the structures of the offshore wind turbines are large and partially under water effective reliable methods for the detection of fatigue cracks are required.
This contribution presents investigations on different crack detection methods applied at high-cycle fatigue tests on small-scale welded steel samples as well as on large-scale welded steel components. The tests were conducted at the BAM laboratories. For crack detection mainly three different methods were used and compared. The first method regards to the measurement of strain by conventionally strain gauges. Secondly, the crack luminescence was used as a new and effective optical method for surface monitoring. And finally, crack detection by pressure differentials of the inner and outer section of tubular steel elements was investigated. A comparison study will emphasize the advantages and disadvantages of the different methods and show which of the described methods is potentially more suitable for an application on real offshore wind structures.
T2 - 5th International Conference on Smart Monitoring, Assessment and Rehabilitation of Civil Structures
CY - Potsdam, Germany
DA - 27.08.2019
KW - Fatigue
KW - Steel structures
KW - Crack detection
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48944
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schröder, Volkmar
A1 - Molnarne, M.
T1 - Hazardous properties of hydrogen and hydrogen containing fuel gases
N2 - The paper provides a summary of safety characteristics of hydrogen and hydrogen fuel gases. The inves-tigations focus on water electrolysis, the feeding of hydrogen into the natural gas grid and the use ofhydrogen for the fermentation process in biogas plants. The safety characteristics of hydrogen such as avery low minimum ignition energy, very large explosion range and high flame velocity with the resultingrapid pressure increase of hydrogen explosions are of particular importance for explosion protection andthey differ strongly from those of natural gas. Explosion ranges of hydrogen-methane-carbon dioxidemixtures have been measured for the use of hydrogen in biomethane production. The paper also showsand discusses explosion ranges of hydrogen and hydrogen-natural gas mixtures. Pressure and tempera-ture dependencies of the explosion limits of mixtures were investigated. Furthermore, pressure rise rates(KGvalues) were measured with regard to constructive explosion protection. The maximum experimen-tal safe gaps were determined for the classification of the mixtures and assignment to explosion groupsaccording to the European ATEX directives. It was found that admixture of 10% hydrogen to natural gashas only a minor influence on the safety characteristics of gas explosions.
KW - Hydrogen safety
KW - Biogas
KW - Renewable energy
KW - Natural gas mixtures
KW - Flammability
PY - 2019
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2019.07.012
SN - 0957-5820
VL - 130
SP - 1
EP - 5
PB - Elsevier
AN - OPUS4-49032
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Weber, Mike
A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor
A1 - Wille, Frank
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
T1 - Numerical approach to determine a package dependent bar length for the iaea pin drop test
N2 - The Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) is assessing the mechanical and thermal safety performance of packages for the transport of radioactive materials. Drop testing and numerical calculations are usually part of the safety case concepts, where BAM is performing the regulatory tests at their own test facility site.
Among other mechanical tests the 1 meter drop onto a steel puncture bar shall be considered for accident safe packages. According to the IAEA regulations “the bar shall be of solid mild steel of circular section, 15.0 ± 0.5 cm in diameter and 20 cm long, unless a longer bar would cause greater damage…”.
Particularly with regard to the German transport- and storage cask designs, often made from ductile cast iron, an accurate determination of the puncture bar length to guarantee a load impact covering the worst case scenario can be imperative. If the fracture mechanical proof for the cask material shall be provided by a test, small deviations in the concentrated load applied can be decisive for the question if the cask fails or not.
The most damaging puncture bar length can be estimated by iterative procedure in numerical simulations. On the one hand, a sufficient puncture bar length shall guarantee that shock absorbers or other attachments do not prevent or reduce the local load application to the package, on the other hand, a longer and thus less stiff bar causes a smaller maximum contact force. The contrary influence of increasing puncture bar length and increasing effective drop height shall be taken into account if a shock absorber is directly placed in the target area. The paper presents a numerical approach to identify the bar length that causes maximum damage to the package. Using the example of two typical package masses the sensitivity of contact forces and puncture bar deformations to the initial length are calculated and assessed with regard to the international IAEA package safety requirements.
T2 - PATRAM 2019
CY - New Orleans, LA, USA
DA - 04.08.2019
KW - IAEA
KW - 1-m-punch-bar-drop-test
KW - Numerical approach
KW - Bar length
KW - Finite element analysis
PY - 2019
UR - https://www.inmm.org/INMM-Resources/Proceedings-Presentations/PATRAM-Proceedings.aspx
SP - 1
EP - 10
AN - OPUS4-49016
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rolle, Annette
A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor
A1 - Neumeyer, Tino
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Application of leakage rates measured on scaled cask or component models to the package containment safety assessment
N2 - The containment systems of transport and storage casks for spent fuel and highlevelradioactive waste usually include bolted lids with metallic or elastomeric seals. The mechanical and thermal loadings associated with the routine, normal and accident conditions of transport can have a significant effect on the leak tightness of such containment system.
Scaled cask models are often used for providing the required mechanical and thermal tests series.Leak tests have been conducted on those models.
It is also common practice to use scaled component tests to investigate the influence of deformations or displacements of the lids and the seals on the standard leakage rate as well as to study the temperature and time depending alteration of the seals.
In this paper questions of the transferability of scaled test results to the full size design of the containment system will be discussed.
T2 - 19th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials PATRAM 2019
CY - New Orleans, LA, USA
DA - 04.08.2019
KW - Leakage rate
KW - Transport packages
KW - Seals
KW - Radioaktive
PY - 2019
SP - Paper 1147, 1
AN - OPUS4-49053
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Weber, Mike
T1 - Numerical approach to determine a package dependent bar length for the iaea pin drop test
N2 - The Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) is assessing the mechanical and thermal safety performance of packages for the transport of radioactive materials. Drop testing and numerical calculations are usually part of the safety case concepts, where BAM is performing the regulatory tests at their own test facility site.
Among other mechanical tests the 1 meter drop onto a steel puncture bar shall be considered for accident safe packages. According to the IAEA regulations “the bar shall be of solid mild steel of circular section, 15.0 ± 0.5 cm in diameter and 20 cm long, unless a longer bar would cause greater damage…”.
Particularly with regard to the German transport- and storage cask designs, often made from ductile cast iron, an accurate determination of the puncture bar length to guarantee a load impact covering the worst case scenario can be imperative. If the fracture mechanical proof for the cask material shall be provided by a test, small deviations in the concentrated load applied can be decisive for the question if the cask fails or not.
The most damaging puncture bar length can be estimated by iterative procedure in numerical simulations. On the one hand, a sufficient puncture bar length shall guarantee that shock absorbers or other attachments do not prevent or reduce the local load application to the package, on the other hand, a longer and thus less stiff bar causes a smaller maximum contact force. The contrary influence of increasing puncture bar length and increasing effective drop height shall be taken into account if a shock absorber is directly placed in the target area. The paper presents a numerical approach to identify the bar length that causes maximum damage to the package. Using the example of two typical package masses the sensitivity of contact forces and puncture bar deformations to the initial length are calculated and assessed with regard to the international IAEA package safety requirements.
T2 - PATRAM 2019
CY - New Orleans, LA, USA
DA - 04.08.2019
KW - IAEA
KW - 1-m-punch-bar-drop-test
KW - Numerical approach
KW - Bar length
KW - Finite element analysis
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49013
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rolle, Annette
T1 - Application of leakage rates measured on scaled cask or component models to the package containment safety assessment
N2 - The containment systems of transport and storage casks for spent fuel and highlevelradioactive waste usually include bolted lids with metallic or elastomeric seals. The mechanical and thermal loadings associated with the routine, normal and accident conditions of transport can have a significant effect on the leak tightness of such containment system.
Scaled cask models are often used for providing the required mechanical and thermal tests series.Leak tests have been conducted on those models.
It is also common practice to use scaled component tests to investigate the influence of deformations or displacements of the lids and the seals on the standard leakage rate as well as to study the temperature and time depending alteration of the seals.
In this paper questions of the transferability of scaled test results to the full size design of the containment system will be discussed.
T2 - PATRAM 2019
CY - New Orleans, USA
DA - 04.08.2019
KW - Leakage rate
KW - Transport packages
KW - Seals
KW - Radioaktive
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49052
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Komann, Steffen
T1 - Design assessment by BAM of a new package design for the transport of SNF from a German research reactor
N2 - For disposal of the German research reactor of the Technical University Munich FRM II a new transport and storage cask design was under approval assessment by the German authorities. The Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) assessed the mechanical and thermal package safety and performed drop tests. The activity release approaches and subjects of quality assurance and surveillance for manufacturing and operation of the package were assessed by BAM as well.
The cask body is made of ductile cast iron and closed by two bolted lid systems with metal seals. The material of the lids is stainless steel. On each end of the cask a wood-filled impact limiter is installed to reduce impact loads to the cask under drop test conditions. In the cavity of the cask a basket for five spent fuel assemblies is arranged.
For the safety case a combination of experimental testing and analytical/numerical calculations were applied. In total, four drop tests were carried out at the BAM large drop test facility. Two tests were carried out as a full IAEA drop test sequence consisting of a 9m drop test onto an unyielding target and a 1m puncture bar drop test. The other two drop test were performed as single 9m drop tests and completed by additional analyses for considering the effects of an IAEA drop test sequence.
The main objectives of the drop tests were the investigation of the integrity of the package and its safety against release of radioactive material as well as the test of the fastening system of the impact limiters. Furthermore, the acceleration and strain signals measured during the tests were used for the verification of Finite-Element-Analysis (FEA) used for the safety analysis of the package design.
The finite-element models incorporated in the package design safety report include the cask body, the lid system, the inventory and the impact limiters with the fastening system. In this context special attention was paid to the modeling of the encapsulated wood-filled impact limiters.
Additional calculations using the verified numerical models were done by the applicant and assessed by BAM to investigate e.g. the brittle fracture of the cask body made of ductile cask iron within the package design approval procedure.
This paper describes the package design assessment from the view of the competent authority BAM including the applied assessment strategy, the conducted drop tests and the additional calculations by using numerical and analytical methods.
T2 - PATRAM 2019
CY - New Orleans, USA
DA - 04.08.2019
KW - Numerical modelling
KW - Drop test
KW - Assessment method
KW - Ductile cast iron
KW - Package design
KW - Experimental testing
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49044
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Komann, Steffen
A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor
A1 - Quercetti, Thomas
A1 - Scheidemann, Robert
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Design assessment by bam of a new package design for the transport of snf from a german research reactor
N2 - For disposal of the German research reactor of the Technical University Munich FRM II a new transport and storage cask design was under approval assessment by the German authorities. The Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) assessed the mechanical and thermal package safety and performed drop tests. The activity release approaches and subjects of quality assurance and surveillance for manufacturing and operation of the package were assessed by BAM as well.
The cask body is made of ductile cast iron and closed by two bolted lid systems with metal seals. The material of the lids is stainless steel. On each end of the cask a wood-filled impact limiter is installed to reduce impact loads to the cask under drop test conditions. In the cavity of the cask a basket for five spent fuel assemblies is arranged.
For the safety case a combination of experimental testing and analytical/numerical calculations were applied. In total, four drop tests were carried out at the BAM large drop test facility. Two tests were carried out as a full IAEA drop test sequence consisting of a 9m drop test onto an unyielding target and a 1m puncture bar drop test. The other two drop test were performed as single 9m drop tests and completed by additional analyses for considering the effects of an IAEA drop test sequence.
The main objectives of the drop tests were the investigation of the integrity of the package and its safety against release of radioactive material as well as the test of the fastening system of the impact limiters. Furthermore, the acceleration and strain signals measured during the tests were used for the verification of Finite-Element-Analysis (FEA) used for the safety analysis of the package design.
The finite-element models incorporated in the package design safety report include the cask body, the lid system, the inventory and the impact limiters with the fastening system. In this context special attention was paid to the modeling of the encapsulated wood-filled impact limiters.
Additional calculations using the verified numerical models were done by the applicant and assessed by BAM to investigate e.g. the brittle fracture of the cask body made of ductile cask iron within the package design approval procedure.
This paper describes the package design assessment from the view of the competent authority BAM including the applied assessment strategy, the conducted drop tests and the additional calculations by using numerical and analytical methods.
T2 - 19th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials PATRAM 2019
CY - New Orleans, LA, USA
DA - 04.08.2019
KW - Numerical modelling
KW - Drop test
KW - Assessment method
KW - Ductile cast iron
KW - Package design
KW - Experimental testing
PY - 2019
SP - Paper 1176, 1
AN - OPUS4-49054
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Auster, Jürgen
A1 - Müller, Karsten
A1 - Gründer, K.-P.
T1 - Dynamic impact tests on materials & components of RAM packages - Advanced experimental and measurement methods
N2 - In accident scenarios of transport packages or hypothetical crashes of containers in a storage facility or repository, the materials resistance against dynamic failure of the involved components is a deciding factor for package and container integrity during the handling, transport and storage for each type of radioactive material. For example, different dynamic impact tests on containers and components like lid sealing systems and specimens made of ductile cast iron and shock-absorbing materials are carried out by BAM. In order to perform dynamic impact tests with packages and its parts BAM operates two free-fall drop test facilities with maximum capacities of 200 t and 55 t, and a test bench for guided drop tests. This latter drop test machine enables a clearly specified component loading by a precisely positioned test object or drop weight and has been used recently for numerous investigations. The paper gives an overview of the wide range of experimental testing methods carried out within guided Impact and bending tests. Examples of methodological challenges are presented, especially such experimental analysis of dynamic impact conditions. In addition to known applied methods of dynamic, non-contact displacement measurements like high-speed 3-D surface deformation a recently patented 2-D tracking method is presented. By means of in-situ determination of fracture parameters with relevance to the materials stress intensity factor, the method has been successfully applied for a typical specimen geometry. Also shown are the possibility of detecting in-situ He-leakage rates on laterally impact loaded lid sealing systems as well as a method of acceleration sensor-temperature control under test conditions in the low temperature range.
T2 - 18th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials PATRAM 2019
CY - New Orleans, LA, USA
DA - 04.08.2019
KW - Dynamic impact tests
KW - Materials
KW - RAM packages
KW - Advanced experimental
KW - Measurement methods
PY - 2019
SP - Paper 1374, 1
EP - 10
AN - OPUS4-49067
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Neumann, Martin
A1 - Schilling, O.
A1 - Kuschke, Christian
A1 - Darnstädt, A.
A1 - Schubert, Sven
A1 - Günther, U.
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Requirements for management systems for manufacturing of transport packages: the new revision of BAM-GGR 011 guideline
N2 - In accordance with IAEA SSR-6 para 306 a management system shall be established and implemented to ensure compliance with the relevant provisions of the IAEA regulations. BAM has issued an update of the guideline: the BAM-GGR 011. The new revision describes necessary quality assurance measures for design, manufacture, testing, documentation, use, maintenance and inspection of packagings for package designs requiring competent authority approval for the transport of radioactive material.
The measures can be categorised as system-related and design-related. They are independently approved and monitored by the German competent authority BAM and its authorised expert (BAM/T). The qualification of the organisation applying for the design approval certificate is reviewed in the context of the design approval procedure. The quality assurance measures for manufacture consist of three main steps. Pre-assessment of manufacturing documents such as quality plans, specifications etc., Manufacturing inspections according the pre-assessed documents and inspection before commissioning including documentation review. Periodic inspections during operation as well as relevant specifications for use and maintenance ensure that the properties specified in the approval certificate are preserved over the package life time. Special provisions for the return on
experience regarding operational feedback for design, manufacture, use, maintenance and inspection are given. Special focus shall be given here to the rearranged and meanwhile established system of manufacturing inspections. This includes more transparent roles for a) the Producers authorised inspection 11282 representative, b) the independent inspection expert (S), acting on behalf of the manufacturer with acceptance of BAM, and c) BAM or its authorised expert (BAM/T). Additional attention shall be drawn to the management of deviations during manufacturing and provisions for maintenance and periodic inspections.
T2 - 19th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials PATRAM 2019
CY - New Orleans, LA, USA
DA - 04.08.2019
KW - Quality assurance
KW - Transport
KW - Manufacturing
KW - Surveillance
KW - Radioactive material
PY - 2019
SP - Paper 1128, 1
AN - OPUS4-49059
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Müller, Karsten
A1 - Quercetti, Thomas
A1 - Borch, Jörg-Peter
T1 - Fire tests of RAM packages and containers under high thermal load
N2 - Fire testing is an essential part of the hypothetical, cumulative mechanical and thermal test conditions that shall guarantee package safety in severe accidents. Within regulatory approval of transport or storage packages for radioactive material, specific thermal load tests are required in accordance to licensing conditions and international standards, respectively. The specifications of these thermal tests are based on test conditions with equivalent heat input to that of a hydrocarbon fuel fire. In the past, light heating oil, diesel or kerosene was mostly used as the fuel to generate the pool fire. In accordance with IAEA regulations for a fire in an accident, the temperature of 800 °C over a period of 30 minutes must be fulfilled. Furthermore, the delivery acceptance criteria for containers in nuclear waste repositories could reach for example average temperatures of 800 °C during a period of one hour in combination with defined requirements on activity release. BAM as a scientific and technical German federal government institute operates an open air Technical Safety Test Site for experimental investigations of dangerous good and its containment. In this areal a large fire test facility is under operation. Liquid Propane is utilized as fuel which is pumped via pipelines from a central storage tank to the fire exposed test facility areas. In the ring burner system, the gas is released from nozzles, and ignited by ignition burners. The paper includes examples of fire test performance with prototypes of a transport package and a storage container, respectively. In preparation of the thermal load, calorimeter tests have been performed using test specimens of appropriate size and behavior. For the fire test scenario is demonstrated that the IAEA thermal test requirements are fulfilled.
T2 - 19th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials PATRAM 2019
CY - New Orleans, LA, USA
DA - 04.08.2019
KW - IAEA Thermal Test
KW - Thermal package testing
KW - Transport package
KW - Container for radioactive waste
PY - 2019
SP - Paper 1298, 1
EP - 6
AN - OPUS4-49093
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Neumann, Martin
T1 - Requirements for management systems for manufacturing of transport packages: the new revision of BAM-GGR 011 guideline
N2 - In accordance with IAEA SSR-6 para 306 a management system shall be established and implemented to ensure compliance with the relevant provisions of the IAEA regulations. BAM has issued an update of the guideline: the BAM-GGR 011. The new revision describes necessary quality assurance measures for design, manufacture, testing, documentation, use, maintenance and inspection of packagings for package designs requiring competent authority approval for the transport of radioactive material.
The measures can be categorised as system-related and design-related. They are independently approved and monitored by the German competent authority BAM and its authorised expert (BAM/T). The qualification of the organisation applying for the design approval certificate is reviewed in the context of the design approval procedure. The quality assurance measures for manufacture consist of three main steps. Pre-assessment of manufacturing documents such as quality plans, specifications etc., Manufacturing inspections according the pre-assessed documents and inspection before commissioning including documentation review. Periodic inspections during operation as well as relevant specifications for use and maintenance ensure that the properties specified in the approval certificate are preserved over the package life time. Special provisions for the return on experience regarding operational feedback for design, manufacture, use, maintenance and inspection are given.
Special focus shall be given here to the rearranged and meanwhile established system of manufacturing inspections. This includes more transparent roles for a) the producers authorised inspection 11282 representative, b) the independent inspection expert (S), acting on behalf of the manufacturer with acceptance of BAM, and c) BAM or its authorised expert (BAM/T). Additional attention shall be drawn to the management of deviations during manufacturing and provisions for maintenance and periodic inspections.
T2 - 19th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials PATRAM 2019
CY - New Orleans, LA, USA
DA - 04.08.2019
KW - Quality assurance
KW - Transport
KW - Manufacturing
KW - Surveillance
KW - Radioactive material
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49056
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Müller, Karsten
T1 - Fire tests of RAM packages and containers under high thermal load
N2 - Fire testing is an essential part of the hypothetical, cumulative mechanical and thermal test conditions that shall guarantee package safety in severe accidents. Within regulatory approval of transport or storage packages for radioactive material, specific thermal load tests are required in accordance to licensing conditions and international standards, respectively. The specifications of these thermal tests are based on test conditions with equivalent heat input to that of a hydrocarbon fuel fire. In the past, light heating oil, diesel or kerosene was mostly used as the fuel to generate the pool fire. In accordance with IAEA regulations for a fire in an accident, the temperature of 800 °C over a period of 30 minutes must be fulfilled. Furthermore, the delivery acceptance criteria for containers in nuclear waste repositories could reach for example average temperatures of 800 °C during a period of one hour in combination with defined requirements on activity release. BAM as a scientific and technical German federal government institute operates an open air Technical Safety Test Site for experimental investigations of dangerous good and its containment. In this areal a large fire test facility is under operation. Liquid Propane is utilized as fuel which is pumped via pipelines from a central storage tank to the fire exposed test facility areas. In the ring burner system, the gas is released from nozzles, and ignited by ignition burners. The paper includes examples of fire test performance with prototypes of a transport package and a storage container, respectively. In preparation of the thermal load, calorimeter tests have been performed using test specimens of appropriate size and behavior. For the fire test scenario is demonstrated that the IAEA thermal test requirements are fulfilled.
T2 - 19th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials PATRAM 2019
CY - New Orleans, LA, USA
DA - 04.08.2019
KW - IAEA Thermal Test
KW - Thermal package testing
KW - Transport package
KW - Container for radioactive waste
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49092
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Auster, Jürgen
T1 - Dynamic impact tests on materials & components of RAM packages - Advanced experimental and measurement methods
N2 - In accident scenarios of transport packages or hypothetical crashes of containers in a storage facility or repository, the materials resistance against dynamic failure of the involved components is a deciding factor for package and container integrity during the handling, transport and storage for each type of radioactive material. For example, different dynamic impact tests on containers and components like lid sealing systems and specimens made of ductile cast iron and shock-absorbing materials are carried out by BAM. In order to perform dynamic impact tests with packages and its parts BAM operates two free-fall drop test facilities with maximum capacities of 200 t and 55 t, and a test bench for guided drop tests. This latter drop test machine enables a clearly specified component loading by a precisely positioned test object or drop weight and has been used recently for numerous investigations. The paper gives an overview of the wide range of experimental testing methods carried out within guided Impact and bending tests. Examples of methodological challenges are presented, especially such experimental analysis of dynamic impact conditions. In addition to known applied methods of dynamic, non-contact displacement measurements like high-speed 3-D surface deformation a recently patented 2-D tracking method is presented. By means of in-situ determination of fracture parameters with relevance to the materials stress intensity factor, the method has been successfully applied for a typical specimen geometry. Also shown are the possibility of detecting in-situ He-leakage rates on laterally impact loaded lid sealing systems as well as a method of acceleration sensor-temperature control under test conditions in the low temperature range.
T2 - 18th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials PATRAM 2019
CY - New Orleans, USA
DA - 04.08.2019
KW - Dynamic impact tests
KW - Materials
KW - RAM packages
KW - Advanced experimental
KW - Measurement methods
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49062
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wille, Frank
A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor
A1 - Apel, Andreas
A1 - Kuschke, Christian
A1 - Moutarde, M.
A1 - Desnoyers, B.
A1 - Kalinina, E.
A1 - Ammerman, D.
T1 - ISO-Standard and IAEA guidance material for package load attachment Points - Current approaches and developments
N2 - For transport package design and operation according to the IAEA regulations, the package shall be securely stowed and its retention system shall be capable to withstand load conditions of routine transport. The supporting IAEA Advisory Material SSG-26 provides information how to do that.
Up to now package designers in different countries use other load factors for the design of attachment points than those specified in the IAEA guidance material. In particular the acceleration values vary between different countries and lead to difficulties during the validation of foreign approval certificates. Therefore the IAEA started a discussion process to review the existing guidance text. An international working group was constituted in 2013. Representatives came from different stakeholders, e.g. transport operators, competent authorities and modal organizations. The discussions concluded especially on the transport conditions which has to be considered for stowage design, including on the one hand the relevance of the load factors used for strength and fatigue analysis and on the other hand the criteria which have to be considered for the attachment points.
The proposed acceleration values will be compared to those measured during recent multi-modal testing by Sandia National Laboratories that measured the acceleration levels experienced by a spent fuel flask during heavy-haul truck, sea, and rail transport.
The ISO standard 10276 is dealing with the load attachment systems of packages as well. This standard considers the trunnion design, manufacturing and operational aspects. The regular standard revision phase started in 2017. An expert group discussed new state-of-the-art technology, different analysis approaches for strength and fatigue analysis and proposed revised text for the ISO standard for international discussion. The finite-element analysis approach incl. appropriate acceptance criteria are described and referenced.
The paper describes relevant tie-down aspects, gives background argumentation relevant to analysis approaches, and tries to support harmonized application of the revised IAEA guidance material and the future revised ISO standard.
T2 - 19th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials PATRAM 2019
CY - New Orleans, LA, USA
DA - 04.08.2019
KW - Load attachment
KW - Stowage
KW - Trunnion
KW - Bolt design
KW - Retention
KW - Acceleration
KW - Transport
KW - Load cycles
PY - 2019
SP - Paper 1130, 1
EP - 10
AN - OPUS4-49095
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wille, Frank
A1 - Debruyne, M.
A1 - Eckert, B.
A1 - Gauthier, F.
A1 - Ben Ouaghrem, K.
A1 - Le Bars, I.
A1 - Jouve, A.-C.
A1 - Cordier, N.
T1 - Assessment of safety demonstrations relative to packages containing UF6
N2 - The safety demonstrations realized by applicants in the case of approval request for the package designs containing enriched UF6 have to take into account some specific technical issues. Concerning the shipment of enriched UF6, the package designs consist in general of a filled 30B cylinder surrounded by an overpack.
The description of the content, considering the UF6 origin, i.e. natural or reprocessed, shall be clearly justified especially when the UF6 isotopic composition exceeds the limits specified in ASTM standards.
Concerning the containment of the UF6, the applicant shall demonstrate in all conditions of transport the leak-tightness of the valve and plug of the cylinders filled with enriched UF6. In this regard, when mechanical justifications are based on numerical calculations, the absence of contact between these components of the cylinder and the internal surfaces of the overpack after the regulatory drop tests shall be shown to respect the IAEA regulations.
Furthermore, the representativeness of the ballast used to simulate the behaviour of the UF6 loaded within the cylinder shall be justified if drop tests are performed. The representativeness of the ballast should also be justified for numerical calculations.
In addition, the applicant shall demonstrate that the melting temperature of the valve and the plug, including the tinned joint, will not be exceeded during the regulatory fire test.
Finally, specific provisions relative to the use of plugs and the maintenance of cylinders should be included in the safety analysis report.
T2 - 19th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials PATRAM 2019
CY - New Orleans, LA, USA
DA - 04.08.2019
KW - Valve
KW - Fire test
KW - Content simulation
KW - UF6
KW - Intumescent material
PY - 2019
SP - Paper 1208, 1
EP - 8
AN - OPUS4-49094
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
T1 - Femtosecond laser-induced periodic surface structures: from light localization to applications
N2 - This presentation reviews the current state in the field of Laser-induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS). These surface nanostructures are a universal phenomenon and can be generated on almost any material by irradiation with intense linearly polarized laser radiation. LIPSS are formed in a “self-ordered” way and are often accompanying material processing applications. They can be produced following a single-step process and enable surface functionalization through the adaption of optical, mechanical and chemical surface properties. Their structural sizes typically range from several micrometers down to less than 100 nanometers exhibiting a clear correlation with the polarization direction of the laser radiation. Various types of surface structures are classified, relevant control parameters are identified, and their material specific formation mechanisms are analyzed for different types of inorganic solids, i.e., metals, semiconductors, and dielectrics, through time-resolved optical experiments and theoretical simulations. Finally, technological applications featuring surface functionalization in the fields of optics, fluidics, medicine, and tribology are discussed.
T2 - International Conference on Advanced Laser Technologies (ALT'19)
CY - Prague, Czech Republic
DA - 15.09.2019
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures, LIPSS
KW - Femtosecond laser
KW - Surface functionalization
KW - Electromagnetic scattering
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49098
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Komann, Steffen
A1 - Reiche, I.
A1 - Ramsay, J.
A1 - Pilecki, L.
A1 - Hirose, M.
A1 - Fukuda, T.
A1 - Moutarde, M.
A1 - Fiaccabrino, V.
A1 - Malesys, P.
A1 - Nöring, R.
T1 - Development of the IAEA safety guide_format and content of the package design safety report_PDSR for the transport of radioactive material
N2 - Since 2005, several European countries, coordinated by the European Association of Competent Authorities (EACA), have been developing a guide on contents and structure of the documentation demonstrating the compliance with the regulations for packages for the transport of radioactive material (package design safety report, PDSR). This guide has been periodically improved, considering feedback from Designers and authorities.
Taking into account the successful application of this guide in Europe, in 2013 the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) decided to establish a similar guide as an IAEA document for promotion of worldwide use. The development of this IAEA guide started from the latest version of the European PDSR guide. In 2016/2017, during a 120-day review period, comments on the draft were received from member states and international organizations. These were incorporated into the draft in a series of meetings in 2017.
In another meeting in December 2018 the draft was updated to be in line with the latest revision of the IAEA Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material (SSR-6).
In this process the draft has been improved significantly, regarding structure as well as implementation of a graded approach depending on the package type, and clarified.
This paper points to the major considerations in developing the guide and important improvements over the last version of the European PDSR guide.
T2 - 19th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials PATRAM 2019
CY - New Orleans, LA, USA
DA - 04.08.2019
KW - IAEA
KW - Safety report
KW - Radioactive material
KW - European Guide
KW - Guidance material
KW - Package types
KW - Package design
PY - 2019
SP - Paper 1172, 1
EP - 7
AN - OPUS4-49097
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - ISO-Standart and IAEA guidance material for package load attachment points
N2 - For transport package design and operation according to the IAEA regulations, the package shall be securely stowed and its retention system shall be capable to withstand load conditions of routine transport. The supporting IAEA Advisory Material SSG-26 provides information how to do that.
Up to now package designers in different countries use other load factors for the design of attachment points than those specified in the IAEA guidance material. In particular the acceleration values vary between different countries and lead to difficulties during the validation of foreign approval certificates. Therefore the IAEA started a discussion process to review the existing guidance text. An international working group was constituted in 2013. Representatives came from different stakeholders, e.g. transport operators, competent authorities and modal organizations. The discussions concluded especially on the transport conditions which has to be considered for stowage design, including on the one hand the relevance of the load factors used for strength and fatigue analysis and on the other hand the criteria which have to be considered for the attachment points.
The proposed acceleration values will be compared to those measured during recent multi-modal testing by Sandia National Laboratories that measured the acceleration levels experienced by a spent fuel flask during heavy-haul truck, sea, and rail transport.
The ISO standard 10276 is dealing with the load attachment systems of packages as well. This standard considers the trunnion design, manufacturing and operational aspects. The regular standard revision phase started in 2017. An expert group discussed new state-of-the-art technology, different analysis approaches for strength and fatigue analysis and proposed revised text for the ISO standard for international discussion. The finite-element analysis approach incl. appropriate acceptance criteria are described and referenced.
The paper describes relevant tie-down aspects, gives background argumentation relevant to analysis approaches, and tries to support harmonized application of the revised IAEA guidance material and the future revised ISO standard.
T2 - 19th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials PATRAM 2019
CY - New Orleans, LA, USA
DA - 04.08.2019
KW - Load attachment
KW - Stowage
KW - Trunnion
KW - Bolt design
KW - Retention
KW - Acceleration
KW - Transport
KW - Load cycles
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49096
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schneider, I.
A1 - Kebelmann, Katharina
A1 - Risse, S.
A1 - Dieguez-Alonso, A.
A1 - Schartel, Bernhard
A1 - Strecker, C.
A1 - Behrendt, F.
T1 - Hydroliquefaction of Two Kraft Lignins in a Semibatch Setup under Process Conditions Applicable for Large-Scale Biofuel Production
N2 - Hydroliquefaction is a possible pathway to produce liquid transportation fuels from solid feedstocks like coal or biomass. Though much effort has been put into the investigation of maximizing the oil yield using expensive catalysts and pasting oils in batch setups, little is known about how to commercialize the process. This work aims at the demonstration of lignin hydroliquefaction under conditions interesting for commercial operation. The results from hydroliquefaction experiments of two different lignin types using a cheap iron-based catalyst and anthracene oil as the pasting oil in a semibatch system are presented here. Oil yields of above 50% are reached without observing coke formation. Extensive analyses of the feedstocks and product oils were performed. The process supplies high-quality oil, while differences in the decomposition path of both lignin types are observed. An high heating value of 39 400 J/g and H/C and O/C ratios of up to 1.6 and 0.1, respectively, are detected for the produced bio-oils.
KW - Lignin
KW - Hydroliquefaction
KW - Biofuel
PY - 2019
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b02572
SN - 0887-0624
SN - 1520-5029
VL - 33
IS - 11
SP - 11057
EP - 11066
PB - ACS
AN - OPUS4-50102
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Florian, Camilo
A1 - Kirner, Sabrina V.
A1 - Krüger, Jörg
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
T1 - Surface functionalization by laser-induced periodic surface structures
N2 - In recent years, the improved understanding of the formation of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) has led to an emerging variety of applications that modify the optical, mechanical and chemical properties of many materials. Such structures strongly depend on the laser beam polarization and are formed usually after irradiation with ultrashort linearly polarized laser pulses. The most accepted explanation for the origin of the structures is based on the interference of the incident laser radiation with electromagnetic surface waves that propagate or scatter at the surface of the irradiated materials. This leads to an intensity modulation that is finally responsible for the selective ablation in the form of parallel structures with periods ranging from hundreds of nanometers up to some micrometers. The versatility when forming such structures is based on the high reproducibility with different wavelength, pulse duration and repetition rate laser sources, customized micro- and nanometric spatial resolutions, and the compatibility with industrially relevant processing speeds when combined with fast scanning devices. In this contribution, we review the latest applications in the rapidly emerging field of surface functionalization through LIPSS, including biomimetic functionalities on fluid transport, control of the wetting properties, specific optical responses in technical materials, improvement of tribological performance on metallic surfaces and bacterial and cell growth for medical devices, among many others.
T2 - 38th International Congress on Applications of Lasers & Electro-Optics
CY - Orlando, FL, USA
DA - 07.10.2019
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Laser processing
KW - Surface functionalization
KW - Applications
PY - 2019
SN - 978-1-940168-1-42
SP - Paper Nano 404
AN - OPUS4-50070
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Grenzen der Sicherheitsbewertung von Druckgefäßen für Wasserstoff als Energieträger
N2 - Druckbehälter aus Verbundwerkstoffen (sog. Composites) werden vielfältig zur Speicherung von Wasserstoff in und auf Fahrzeugen eingesetzt: auf Bus- und Zugdächern, im Pkw und auf für den Transport von Wasserstoff in sog. Batteriefahrzeugen. Alleine dort haben die neuen Composite-Speicher zu einer Gewichtsreduktion und damit Steigerung der Transporteffizienz von 10 auf 35 kg Wasserstoff pro Tonne Fahrzeuggewicht geführt.
Mit der dadurch gestiegenen Menge von Wasserstoff im Fahrzeug und auch der Anzahl der Fahrzeuge ist es hilfreich, die Risiko-Aspekte genauer zu betrachten. Die Druckwelle von Wasserstoff ist zwar bei gleichem Druck-Volumen-Produkt (pV-Produkt) von geringerer Konsequenz, aber absolut dennoch erheblich. Kombiniert man diese Betrachtung mit der Risikogrenze, wie diese in der GGR 021 auf Basis der Eintrittswahrscheinlichkeit und des pV-Produkts festgelegt ist, lässt sich das Risiko zukunftsfest steuern.
Zieht man als Beispiel den Schweitzer Ansatz zur Seveso-II- Richtlinie hinzu, kommt man z.B. über die Anzahl der Toten zu einer Obergrenze der Konsequenz, die unabhängig vom Risiko kritisch wird. Sobald im Katastrophenfall keine adäquaten Maßnahmen mehr ergriffen werden können, können die entsprechenden Konsequenzen zur mehr unter erheblichen Auflagen akzeptiert werden.
Da ein solcher Ansatz für den Gefahrguttransport von (zukünftigen) Massengütern wie Wasserstoff nicht akzeptabel ist, muss bei der Zulassung von Wasserstoffspeichern im Transport auf ein maximales pV-produkt von 1.5 Mio bar-Liter (Prüfdruck) bzw. 1 Mio bar-Liter (Nennbetriebsdruck) geachtet werden.
Diese Betrachtung hat bereits zu erheblichen Begrenzungen des Geltungsbereichs in Normungsprojekten geführt.
T2 - 17. Gefahrguttechniktage Verpackungen
CY - BAM, Berlin, Germany
DA - 07.11.2019
KW - Druck-Volumen-Produkt
KW - Katastrophe
KW - Risiko
KW - Konsequenz
KW - Druckwelle
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-50091
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Saul, Herbert
A1 - Wang, Bin
T1 - Safety criteria for the transport of hydrogen in permanently mounted composite pressure vessels
N2 - The recent growing of the net of hydrogen fuelling stations increases the demands to transport compressed hydrogen on road by tube-trailers in composite pressure vessels. As transport regulation the ADR is applicable in Europe and adjoined regions and used for national transport in EU. This regulation provides requirements based on the burst pressure of each individual pressure vessel, regardless the capabilities of the transported hydrogen and relevant consequences resulting from worst case scenarios. In 2012, BAM (German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing) introduced consequence-dependent requirements and established them in national requirements concerning the “UN service life checks” etc.) to consider the transported volume and pressure of gases. However, this results in a stringent requirement in case of using large pressure vessels (tubes) on tube-trailers. In the studies presented here, the key safety factors for using hydrogen trailers are identified and reviewed through some safety measures from some countries like Japan, USA and China. Subsequently, the risk, chance, failure consequences of using trailers are evaluated, in addition, the difficulties for approving huge pressure vessels (large tubes) are addressed. There, a maximum acceptable pressure-volume product is defined. Finally, a performance-based criterion for the balance of chance and risk of hydrogen trailers is suggested to add into regulations and consequently into standards for hydrogen trailers.
T2 - ICHS (International Conference on Hydrogen Safety) 2019
CY - Adelaide, Australia
DA - 24.09.2019
KW - Battery vehicle
KW - Pressure-volume product
KW - Maximum acceptable consequence
KW - Catastrophe
KW - F-N-curve
KW - Pressure wave
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-50088
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Burst strength as safetycriteria for type 4 composite pressure vessels
N2 - Safety aspects of the storage containments of hydrogen are independent from the kind of usage: The main criteria is the resistance against the pressure load. On the 2nd level there are aspects specific to the usage as e.g. crash loads etc.
Safety is achieved when the probability (frequency) of a failure during the service life is acceptable!
But an aspect common for all usages is the scatter of properties resulting from the material and the production. Therefore, it is worth to have a look on the current approach of minimum burst ratios from an unknown point of view: the basic populations of a product – based on exemplarily assessments.
According to this approach, several diagrams with Monte-Carlo generated basic populations in new and aged conditions have been shown. Thus, it has been demonstrated that not the conditions at the begin of life are the critical ones. No, the end of life properties are the critical ones.
This has been combined with the acceptance rate of borderline basic populations. The approach of minimum burst ratios leads to the acceptance rate of 40 % and higher for the approval of critical basic populations – critical due to their production scatter.
This problem becomes much more critical when taking into account the unknown effects of degradation and in-service ageing.
Therefore, we cannot support the proposed reduction of minimum burst ratio without having a stronger assessment of production scatter.
T2 - 7. Sitzung der UN-ECE WP.29 Taskforce Revision der GTR 13
CY - Stuttgart, Germany
DA - 06.11.2019
KW - Minimum burst ratio
KW - Basic population
KW - Scatter
KW - Monte-Carlo experiment
KW - Maximum service pressure
KW - Production scatter
KW - Failure rate
PY - 2019
UR - https://wiki.unece.org/display/trans/GTR13-2-7th+session
AN - OPUS4-50095
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kriegsmann, Andreas
T1 - WP5 - System validation phase and safety aspects - PSB meeting #3
N2 - Objectives, tasks, achievements, ongoing work and next steps within WP5 in the TAHYA Project from month 18 to 24.
T2 - TAHYA PSB meeting 3
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 28.11.2019
KW - TAHYA project
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-50113
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Aristia, G.
A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
A1 - Roth, C.
T1 - The Effect of Different Polyaniline Types in Silicon Dioxide Containing Coatings for Carbon Steel Protection in Artificial Geothermal Brines
N2 - According to the results of the experiments carried out, the following points can be concluded:
1. Exposure tests showed that specimens with the addition of SiO2 particles and polyaniline particles exhibit better corrosion resistance than specimens with the addition of only polyaniline particles or binder only.
2. Open circuit potential measurements showed that in the beginning of the experiments, both coatings had an open circuit potential 100 mV higher than carbon steel. Within one day of immersion, the potential of carbon steel increased significantly, indicating the formation of oxide layer. After extended exposure the carbon steel potential sat between PS1 (which had higher potential) and PS2 (which had a lower potential) and all three were in the range –600 mV to –500 mV vs Ag/AgCl.
3. Both coatings PS-1 and PS-2 were degraded with increasing exposure time, shown by the decrease of absolute impedance value at low frequency range after 2, 4, and 6 days exposure.
4. Potentiodynamic test was performed after 3 hours and 6 days exposure, and it was shown that the coating in the initial stage exhibited more passive behavior than the specimens exposed for 6 days.
T2 - NACE International Corrosion Conference 2019
CY - Nashville, TN, USA
DA - 24.03.2019
KW - Geothermal
KW - Coating
KW - Polyaniline
KW - Corrosion
PY - 2019
SP - 13121-1
EP - 13121-14
PB - NACE International
CY - Houston
AN - OPUS4-47913
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Duffner, Eric
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Munzke, Dorit
A1 - Szczepaniak, Mariusz
A1 - Schukar, Marcus
T1 - Lebensdauerversuche an Faserverbund-Druckbehältern überwacht mittels Schallemissionsprüfung und optischen Fasern
N2 - Kurzfassung. Die meisten Faserverbundbehälter, die in Europa für den Transport gefährlicher Stoffe oder als Speicherbehälter für Wasserstoff oder Erdgas in Fahrzeugen Verwendung finden, werden für eine nicht begrenzte Lebensdauer ausgelegt. In regelmäßigen Abständen sind für diese Druckbehälter wiederkehrende Prüfungen vorgeschrieben, die in der Regel aus visuellen Inspektionen und hydraulischen Innendruckprüfungen bestehen. Die wiederkehrenden Prüfungen sind jedoch weder geeignet, die sichere Betriebsdauer festzulegen noch den Alterungszustand der Druckbehälter zu beurteilen. Aufgrund des weiter steigenden Drucks zur Kosten- und Gewichtsreduktion von Faserverbundbehältern und der damit einhergehenden Ausnutzung der existierenden Sicherheitsmargen gewinnen Methoden zur Beurteilung des Alterungsverhaltens dieser Druckbehälter immer mehr an Bedeutung.
Vor diesem Hintergrund wurde in der BAM das Vorhaben „Alterungsverhalten von Composite-Druckgefäßen mit Carbonfaser-Compositen unter gekoppelten Beanspruchungen (COD-AGE)“ gestartet, um die Alterung von Faserverbundbehältern mittels verschiedener zerstörungsfreier Prüfverfahren zu untersuchen. Die hier vorgestellten Ergebnisse wurden an einem Typ 4 Hybridbehälter mit Kunststoffliner gewonnen, in den im Rahmen des Herstellungsprozesses optische Glasfasern in verschiedenen Schichten integriert wurden. Der Behälter wurde mittels hydraulischem Innendruck und erhöhter Umgebungstemperatur zyklisch bis zum Lebensende belastet. Zwischen den einzelnen Lastsequenzen erfolgte eine an die wiederkehrende Prüfung im Betrieb angelehnte hydraulische Druckbelastung.
Sowohl die hydraulische Alterung als auch die Druckrampen wurden mittels Schallemissionsprüfung (SEP) und verteilter faseroptischer Sensorik mit dem Ziel einer frühzeitigen Versagensvorhersage überwacht. Durch die Schallemissionsanalyse sollte untersucht werden, ob zum Lebensende hin ein signifikanter Anstieg der Schallemissionsaktivität und -intensität, unterteilt in verschiedene Lastbereiche, beobachtet werden kann. Zusätzlich zum kontinuierlichen Monitoring der Zyklierung sollten die Druckrampen separat untersucht werden, um hier Potenziale für die wiederkehrende Prüfung zu erkennen.
T2 - 22. Kolloquium Schallemission und 3. Anwenderseminar Zustandsüberwachung mit geführten Wellen
CY - Karlsruhe, Germany
DA - 27.03.2019
KW - Faserverbund
KW - Druckbehältern
KW - Lebensdauerversuche
KW - Schallemissionsprüfung
PY - 2019
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-479534
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - DGZfP
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-47953
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
T1 - Factors Influencing Droplet Corrosion in Dense Phase CO2
N2 - This work examined the factors that influence the droplet corrosion of CO2 pipeline steels caused by oxyfuel flue gases in dense phase CO2 at 278 K, simulating the underground transport conditions. The wetting properties were studied by contact angle measurement, revealing pH and time dependency on the reactive wetting behaviors of carbon steel X70. Exposure tests with CO2 saturated water droplet on steel surface showed that the impurities (220 ppmv SO2 and 6700 ppmv O2) diffused into the droplet and then reacted with metal surfaces in dense phase condition, forming the corrosion products. The corrosion rate was confirmed strongly depending on the droplet volume as well as the SO2 concentration. Condensation experiments carried out on freshly polished coupons in CO2 with 200 ppmv H2O, 220 ppmv SO2 and 6700 ppmv O2, showed that the formation and aggregation of droplets is time and temperature dependent. At 278 K, condensation happened stronger and the corrosion products, mainly consisted of dense hydrated FeSO3/FeSO4. While at 288 K, more fluffy corrosion products consisting of iron oxide/hydroxide and hydrated FeSO3/FeSO4 were found. Further exposure tests on carbon steel coupons with different surface roughness did not reveal the difference in weight loss/gain and therefore the corrosion rate.
T2 - NACE International Corrosion Conference 2019
CY - Nashville, TN, USA
DA - 24.03.2019
KW - Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS)
KW - Supercritical/dense phase CO2
KW - Carbon steel
KW - Droplet corrosion
KW - Condensation
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-47916
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Duffner, Eric
T1 - Lebensdauerversuche an Faserverbund-Druckbehältern überwacht mittels Schallemissionsprüfung und optischen Fasern
N2 - Kurzfassung. Die meisten Faserverbundbehälter, die in Europa für den Transport gefährlicher Stoffe oder als Speicherbehälter für Wasserstoff oder Erdgas in Fahrzeugen Verwendung finden, werden für eine nicht begrenzte Lebensdauer ausgelegt. In regelmäßigen Abständen sind für diese Druckbehälter wiederkehrende Prüfungen vorgeschrieben, die in der Regel aus visuellen Inspektionen und hydraulischen Innendruckprüfungen bestehen [1]. Die wiederkehrenden Prüfungen sind jedoch weder geeignet, die sichere Betriebsdauer festzulegen noch den Alterungszustand der Druckbehälter zu beurteilen. Aufgrund des weiter steigenden Drucks zur Kosten- und Gewichtsreduktion von Faserverbundbehältern und der damit einhergehenden Ausnutzung der existierenden Sicherheitsmargen gewinnen Methoden zur Beurteilung des Alterungsverhaltens dieser Druckbehälter immer mehr an Bedeutung.
Vor diesem Hintergrund wurde in der BAM das orhaben „Alterungsverhalten von Composite-Druckgefäßen mit Carbonfaser-Compositen unter gekoppelten Beanspruchungen (COD-AGE)“ gestartet, um die Alterung von Faserverbundbehältern mittels verschiedener zerstörungsfreier Prüfverfahren zu untersuchen. Die hier vorgestellten Ergebnisse wurden an einem Typ 4 Hybridbehälter mit Kunststoffliner gewonnen, in den im Rahmen des Herstellungsprozesses optische Glasfasern in verschiedenen Schichten integriert wurden. Der Behälter wurde mittels hydraulischem Innendruck und erhöhter Umgebungstemperatur zyklisch bis zum Lebensende belastet. Zwischen den einzelnen Lastsequenzen erfolgte eine an die wiederkehrende Prüfung im Betrieb angelehnte hydraulische Druckbelastung.
Sowohl die hydraulische Alterung als auch die Druckrampen wurden mittels Schallemissionsprüfung (SEP) und verteilter faseroptischer Sensorik mit dem Ziel einer frühzeitigen Versagensvorhersage überwacht. Durch die Schallemissionsanalyse sollte untersucht werden, ob zum Lebensende hin ein signifikanter Anstieg der Schallemissionsaktivität und -intensität, unterteilt in verschiedene Lastbereiche, beobachtet werden kann. Zusätzlich zum kontinuierlichen Monitoring der Zyklierung sollten die Druckrampen separat untersucht werden, um hier Potenziale für die wiederkehrende Prüfung zu erkennen.
T2 - 22. Kolloquium Schallemission und 3. Anwenderseminar Zustandsüberwachung mit geführten Wellen
CY - Karlsruhe, Germany
DA - 27.03.2019
KW - Faserverbund
KW - Druckbehältern
KW - Lebensdauerversuche
KW - Schallemissionsprüfung
KW - Optische Fasern
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-47955
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Duffner, Eric
T1 - Vorhaben Restlebensdauer von Composite-Atemluftflaschen
N2 - Vorstellung möglicher Inhalte für ein geplantes Atemschutzvorhaben mit der BG RCI
T2 - ESA-Tagung 2019
CY - Lübeck, Germany
DA - 02.04.2019
KW - Atemschutz
KW - Restlebensdauer
KW - Thermische Betriebsbelastungen
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-47956
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Bäßler, Ralph
T1 - Book review: Materials and processes for CO2 capture, conversion and sequestration
N2 - This book provides an overview on research‐topics who need to be investigated when dealing with this topic, basing on the symposium in 2014. It addresses the key challenges involved in CCS materials design, processing and modelling. Readers can get an overview on topics one should consider when working in these field and selecting current Journal articles.
KW - CCS
KW - CO2-Corrosion
KW - Microstructure
PY - 2019
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002 maco.201970044
SN - 0947-5117
SN - 1521-4176
VL - 70
IS - 04
SP - 751
EP - 752
PB - WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA
CY - Weinheim
AN - OPUS4-47909
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Jacobasch, Stefan
A1 - Duffner, Eric
A1 - Goedecke, Thomas
A1 - Portella, Pedro Dolabella
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Schendler, Thomas
A1 - Gradt, Thomas
A1 - Askar, Enis
A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias
A1 - Schröder, Volkmar
A1 - Maiwald, Michael
A1 - Holtappels, Kai
A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico
A1 - Neumann, Patrick P.
T1 - Unser Beitrag zum Thema Wasserstoff
N2 - Die BAM ist nahezu über die gesamte Wertschöpfungskette hinweg wissenschaftlich tätig. Von der sicheren und effizienten Wasserstofferzeugung (POWER-to-GAS), über die (Zwischen-)Speicherung von Wasserstoff in Druckgasspeichern bis hin zum Transport bspw. mittels Trailerfahrzeug zum Endverbraucher.
Komplettiert werden die Aktivitäten der BAM durch die sicherheitstechnische Beurteilung von wasserstoffhaltigen Gasgemischen, die Verträglichkeitsbewertung von Werkstoffen bis hin zur Detektion von Wasserstoffkonzentrationen über geeignete Sensorik, auch mittels ferngesteuerter Messdrohnen (sog. UAV-Drohnen).
Zudem untersucht die BAM proaktiv Schadensrisiken und Unfallszenarien für die Sicherheitsbetrachtung, um mögliche Schwachstellen aufzeigen und potenzielle Gefährdungen erkennen zu können.
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Wasserstofferzeugung
KW - Energiespeicherung
KW - Gasdetektion
KW - Risikoanalyse
KW - Power-to-Gas
KW - Explosionsschutz
KW - Tribologie
KW - Druckgasspeicher
KW - Glasspeicher
KW - Gassensorik
KW - Mini-UAV
PY - 2019
SP - 1
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-47960
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Krautz, M.
A1 - Beyer, M.
A1 - Jäschke, C.
A1 - Schinke, L.
A1 - Waske, Anja
A1 - Seifert, J.
T1 - A Magnetocaloric Booster Unit for Energy-Efficient Air-Conditioning
N2 - A concept for the application of a magnetocaloric device in energy-efficient air conditioners is introduced. In order to evaluate this concept, a test stand has been developed equipped with a magnetic field source providing about a 1.5-T flux density change into which different Regenerator geometries can be implemented and evaluated. A processing route for the production of profiled magnetocaloric LaFeSiMn-based composite plates by tape casting is presented. The processed plates show a maximum isothermal entropy change of about 3.8 J kg−1 K−1 at a magnetic field change of 1.5 T at 285 K. The hydraulic and thermal performance of regenerator geometries that can be realized by profiled plates is assessed by calculations.
KW - Magnetocaloric effect
KW - Regenerator
KW - Air-conditioning
KW - Solid state cooling
KW - Tape casting
PY - 2019
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-480926
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst9020076
VL - 9
IS - 2
SP - 76
EP - 91
PB - MDPI
AN - OPUS4-48092
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Böhning, Martin
T1 - Characterization of high-performance membrane polymers for gas separation using broadband dielectric spectroscopy
N2 - In recent years superglassy polymers exhibiting intrinsic microporosity established a new perspective for a number of applications, especially for gas separation membranes as These polymers Combine extremely high permeabilities with attractive selectivities. The essential factor governing the structure Formation in the solid film or layer is either a contorted rigid Backbone (polymers of intrinsic microporosity - PIMs) or extremely bulky side groups (polynorbornenes and polytricyclonenenes).
For a deeper understanding of both types of such high-Performance polymers for gas separation membranes and their further development broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) can provide a substantial contribution.
BDS addresses molecular relaxations characterizing the dynamics of the solid polymer as a major factor determining the gas transport properties but also the physical aging behavior which is an essential issue for such polymers.
BDS is applied on PIMs where fluctuations of molecular dipoles connected to the backbone can be directly monitored. Furthermore, also polynorbornenes were investigated which carry no dipole moment in their repeat unit - the high resolution of modern equipment allows for the detailed analysis also for very small dielectric losses originating from partially oxidized moieties or marginal catalyst residues.
Additionally, from interfacial polarization phenomena, such as Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars (MWS) polarization due to blocking of charge carriers at internal interfacial boundaries on a mesoscopic length scale, valuable information on the intrinsic microporosity and its changes induced by physical aging can be obtained.
Finally, also conductivity can be characterized in detail in such polymeric systems revealing contributions of interactions of aromatic moieties (π-π-stacking) or the drift motion of charge carriers. These features also determine the structure formation in the solid state.
T2 - 257th ACS National Meeting - Symposium "Transport in Polymer Membranes"
CY - Orlando, FL, USA
DA - 31.03.2019
KW - polymers
KW - gas separation membranes
KW - polynorbornenes
KW - polymers of intrinsic microporosity
KW - dielectric spectroscopy
KW - molecular mobility
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48142
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hüllmann, Dino
A1 - Kohlhoff, Harald
A1 - Erdmann, Jessica
A1 - Neumann, Patrick P.
ED - Pastramă, Ş. D.
ED - Constantinescu, D. M.
T1 - Control of a spherical parallel manipulator
N2 - In mobile robot applications, some sensors such as open-path gas detectors or laser rangefinders need to be aimed at specific targets in order to get the desired measurements. To do this in a fast and elegant manner, we present a spherical parallel manipulator with three degrees of freedom. Compared to typical serial manipulators, it offers superior dynamics and structural stiffness, which are important parameters for this type of task. We present the mechanical design and derive kinematic equations both to compute set-points for the desired orientation and to estimate the current state of the system. A PID controller is used to generate control signals.
T2 - 35th Danubia-Adria Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics
CY - Sinaia, Romania
DA - 25.09.2018
KW - Spherical parallel manipulator
KW - Sensor orientation
KW - Sensor alignment
KW - Sensor aiming
PY - 2019
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.03.145
SN - 2214-7853
VL - 12
IS - 2
SP - 423
EP - 430
PB - Elsevier
CY - Amsterdam, Netherlands
AN - OPUS4-48044
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Gesell, Stephan
T1 - Betriebsfestigkeit von Composite-Wasserstoffspeichern – Ansatz zur Simulation der Auswirkung der erstmaligen Prüfung
N2 - Druckbehälter werden vor ihrer Inbetriebnahme obligatorisch einer hydraulischen Prüfung bis zum sog. Prüfdruck belastet. Damit sollen fehlerhaft gefertigte Individuen erkannt und ausgesondert werden. Mit dieser Prüfung werden aber auch diejenigen Einzelbehälter ausgesondert, die ohne einem nachvollziehbaren Fertigungsfehler, nur auf Basis der statistischen Streuung ggf. eine Festigkeit unterhalb des Prüfdrucks aufweisen.
Da der Prüfdruck im Fall der Wasserstoffspeicher mindestens 20% über dem maximal zulässigem Betriebsdruck liegt, wäre damit ein Versagen im Betrieb ausgenommen, gäbe es die verschiedenen Alterungs- bzw. Ermüdungseffekt nicht.
Um den Einfluss der erstmaligen Prüfung auf eine angenommene ausfallfreie Zeit bewerten zu können, wird hier die Alterung und die erstmalige Prüfung in Kombination analysiert. Hierzu wird auf Basis der Restfestigkeitsdaten aus einer umfangreichen Prüfkampagne ein Ansatz für die Beschreibung der Alterung ermittelt und auf andere Lastzustände übertragen.
So kann für das Baumuster, das der o.g. Prüfkampagne zugrunde lag, mithilfe einer Monte-Carlo-Simulation gezeigt werden, dass mindestens 10.000 LW vor einem ersten Alterungsversagen mit 1 aus 1 Mio. In Abhängigkeit der Anzahl der Individuen, die bei der erstmaligen Prüfung versagen, und der Streuung der gesamten Population, kann diese Mindestfestigkeit auf realistisch 50.000 Lastwechsel steigen.
Damit ist gezeigt, dass aufgrund der erstmaligen Prüfung eine Mindestfestigkeit erzeugt wird, die stark vom Alterungsverhalten abhängt. Im Ergebnis heißt dies, dass in den Vorschriften aktuell die Bedeutung des Mindestberstdrucks in der Baumusterprüfung überschätzt und die möglichst betriebsbegleitende Erfassung der Alterung unterschätzt sind.
T2 - 29. Tagung Technische Zuverlässigkeit- 2019 (02TA502019)
CY - Nürtingen bei Stuttgart, Germany
DA - 07.05.2019
KW - Mindedestberstdruck
KW - Alterung
KW - Betriebsfestigkeit
KW - Restberstfestigkeit
KW - Aussonderugnsrate
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48023
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Stajanca, Pavol
T1 - Neue Entwicklungen im Bereich der faseroptischen Sensorik für Anwendungen in der Kerntechnik
N2 - Fiberoptic sensors found numerous applications in various areas of nuclear industry. In this presentation, an overview of state-of-the art of fiberoptic sensors for monitoring tasks in radiation environments is given.
T2 - Workshop mit Gesellschaft für Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) GmbH
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 09.05.2019
KW - Fiberoptic sensors
KW - Nuclear waste disposal
KW - Radiation monitoring
KW - Distributed sensing
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-47968
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Musolff, Andre
T1 - Analysis of RAM Packages Drop Testing under Kinematic Aspects
N2 - BAM is the German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing and the competent authority for mechanical and thermal safety assessment of transport packages for spent fuel and high level waste. In context with safety assessment of RAM packages BAM performed numerous drop tests in the last decades. The tests were mostly accompanied by extensive and various measurement techniques especially by instrumented measurements with strain gages and accelerometers.
The procedure of drop testing and the resulting measurement analysis are the main methods to evaluate the safety against mechanical test conditions. Measurement techniques are dedicated to answer questions in regard to the structural integrity of a RAM package, the mechanical behaviour of the prototype as well as of its content under impact conditions.
Test results like deceleration-time functions constitute a main basis for the validation of assumptions in the safety analysis and for the evaluation of numerical calculations. In this context the adequate selection of accelerometers and measurement systems for the performance of drop tests is important. Therefore it is not only necessary to find suitable positions for the accelerometers at the test specimens, but also to consider technical boundary conditions as e.g. temperature. Accelerometers are widely used for the measuring of motion i.e. velocity or the displacement of the rigid cask body, vibration and shock events.
Acceleration measurements as well as their analysis are often very complex and extensive also because they are in turn embedded in complex drop test experiments having to consider difficult boundary conditions as for example very low specimen temperatures, large drop heights and sophisticated drop orientations of the specimen. In every case special instruments and adequate technical equipment is required to accelerations under these and transient shock conditions which are characterized in our case by impact times in the range of a few milliseconds up to perhaps 100 Milliseconds naturally depending on container design and drop test conditions as drop height and target.
The paper gives an overview of drop tests under kinematic aspects performed with RAM packages. Furthermore, experimental advancements of accelerometer instrumentation within drop testing, e.g. the characteristics and possibilities of accelerometers, behavior of accelerometers and various influence factors are shown.
T2 - International High-Level Radioactive Waste Management 2019 (IHLRWM 2019)
CY - Knoxville, TN, USA
DA - 14.04.2019
KW - Accelerometer
KW - Radioactive
KW - Packages
KW - Drop test
KW - Kineatic aspects
KW - Measurement
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48039
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico
T1 - Möglichkeiten sicherheitstechnischer Untersuchungen zu Lithium-Batterien
N2 - Der Beitrag stellt die aktuellen Aufgaben und bisherigen Aktivitäten zur Sicherheit von Lithiumbatterien vor. Weiterhin werden die Versuchsmöglichkeiten auf dem BAM TTS und die derzeit im Aufbau befindlichen messtechnischen Systeme dargestellt.
T2 - MEET/BAM-Workshop "Elektronische Energiespeicher - Sicherheit und Analytik"
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 16.05.2019
KW - Lithiumbatterien
KW - Rauchgasanalytik
KW - BAM TTS
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48109
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Ghafafian, Carineh
A1 - Popiela, Bartosz
A1 - Nielow, Dustin
A1 - Trappe, Volker
T1 - Restoration of structural integrity – a comparison of various repair concepts for wind turbine rotor blade shells
N2 - Localized patches are a cost- and time-effective method for repairing fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) sandwich wind turbine rotor blade shells. To increase the understanding of their effect on the fatigue of the blades, this study examines the effect of various layup methods of localized repair patches on the structural integrity of composite sandwich structures. Manufactured with the vacuum-assisted resin infusion (VARI) process, the shell test specimens are produced as a curved structure with glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) sandwiching a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) foam core. Patch repairs are then introduced with varying layup techniques, and material properties are examined with cyclic fatigue tests. The transition region between patch and parent material is studied in greater detail with finite element method (FEM) simulations, with a focus on the effect of fiber orientation mismatch. Damage onset, crack development, and eventual failure are monitored with in-situ non-destructive testing methods to develop a robust understanding of the effects of repair concepts on material stiffness and strength.
T2 - SMAR 2019 - 5th International Conference on Smart Monitoring, Assessment and Rehabilitation of Civil Structures
CY - Potsdam, Germany
DA - 27.08.2019
KW - Lightweight materials
KW - Glass fiber reinforced polymers
KW - Sandwich
KW - Wind turbine blades
PY - 2019
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-482170
SP - 1
EP - 8
PB - German Society for Non-Destructive Testing (DGZfP e.V.)
AN - OPUS4-48217
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Stang, Johann-Christoph
T1 - Nicht nur „unter Strom“ Ökodesign in der Kreislaufwirtschaft
N2 - Zusammenfassung der Chronologie der Aktivitäten der Europäischen Kommission hinsichtlich Kreislaufwirtschaft unter der Ökodesign-Richtlinie sowie entsprechende Beispiele in kürzlich verabschiedeten Verordnungen (Winterpaket 2018/2019)
T2 - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Abfallwirtschaft „Nachhaltige Produkte – versorgungssicher – recyclinggerecht – kostengünstig“
CY - Solingen, Germany
DA - 28.05.2019
KW - Ökodesign
KW - Kreislaufwirtschaft
KW - Ressourceneffizienz
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48205
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wolf, Michael
T1 - Sicherer Transport von Lithium- und Lithium-Ionen-Batterien
N2 - Sicherer Transport von Lithium- und Lithium-Ionen-Batterien. Wie ist der Vorschriftenstand ADR 2019. Unter welchen Bedingungen können Lithiumbatterien transportiert werden.
T2 - 12. Thüringer Gefahrgutforum
CY - Gera, Germany
DA - 11.06.2019
KW - Lithiumbatterien
KW - Transport
KW - ADR 2019
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48216
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
T1 - A survey of surface functionalization through laser-induced periodic surface structures
N2 - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS, ripples) are a universal phenomenon that can be observed on almost any material after the irradiation by linearly polarized laser beams, particularly when using ultrashort laser pulses with durations in the femtosecond to picosecond range.
During the past few years significantly increasing research activities have been reported in the field of LIPSS, since their generation in a single-step process provides a simple way of nanostructuring and surface functionalization towards the control of optical, mechanical, biological, or chemical surface properties. In this contribution the mechanisms of formation and current applications of LIPSS are reviewed, including the colorization of technical surfaces, the control of surface wetting properties, the mimicry of the natural texture of animal integuments, the tailoring of surface colonization by bacterial biofilms, the advancement of medical pacemakers, and the improvement of the tribological performance of nanostructured metal surfaces.
T2 - Seminar, ALPhANOV - Centre Technologique Optique et Lasers
CY - Talence, France
DA - 07.06.2019
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures, LIPSS
KW - Surface functionalization
KW - Applications
KW - Femtosecond laser
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48199
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Jansson, P.
T1 - EURAD: SFC WP Spent fuel characterisation and evolution until disposal
N2 - The European Joint Programme on Radioactive Waste Management (EURAD) has been launched to coordinate activities on agreed priorities of common interest between European partners. The main actions include scientific and technical activities on radioactive waste characterization and processing, interim storage of radioactive waste as well as predisposal and disposal solutions. As part of the programme, the work package on Spent Fuel Characterization and Evolution until Disposal (SFC) was proposed and accepted by the European Commission. The objectives of this work package include the development of beyond-state-of-the-art characterization techniques for spent nuclear fuel during its evolution from reactor unloading until disposal, the understanding of the spent fuel performance during prolonged storage, transport and emplacement in a deep geological repository, the understanding of the behaviour of fuel, cladding, pellet-cladding interaction and ageing effect under normal and postulated accident scenarios until disposal, and contributions to operational safety concepts for fuel handling at spent nuclear fuel packaging facilities.
T2 - EURADWASTE '19
CY - Pitesti, Romania
DA - 04.06.2019
KW - Radioactive waste
KW - Interim storage
KW - Transport
KW - Disposal
KW - Spent fuel characterisation
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48211
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Palkowski, Carsten
T1 - Quick Seasonal Performance Testing for Heat Pumps
N2 - To determine the seasonal performance of heat pumps for energy labelling this study proposes a two-point-method that could conceivably be an alternative to the European standard EN 14825 and similar test standards such as ISO 13256. Heat pumps were tested in line with the EN 14825. The reduction of measurement points, from between five to seven (EN 14825) to only two (two-point-method), leads to 60 % savings in cost and time. It is shown that the shortened method can be used to determine the seasonal energy efficiency of heat pumps with the same degree of precision compared to EN 14825.
T2 - ECEEE Summer Study 2019
CY - Hyerès, France
DA - 03.06.2019
KW - Heat pump
KW - Energy label
KW - Testing
KW - Coefficient of performance
KW - Screening
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48274
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Palkowski, Carsten
A1 - Simo, Anne
T1 - Quick Seasonal Performance Testing for Heat Pumps
N2 - To determine the seasonal performance of heat pumps for energy labelling this study proposes a two-point-method that could conceivably be an alternative to the European standard EN 14825 and similar test standards such as ISO 13256. Heat pumps were tested in line with the EN 14825. The reduction of measurement points, from between five to seven (EN 14825) to only two (two-point-method), leads to 60 % savings in cost and time. It is shown that the shortened method can be used to determine the seasonal energy efficiency of heat pumps with the same degree of precision compared to EN 14825.
T2 - ECEEE Summer Study 2019
CY - Hyerès, France
DA - 03.06.2019
KW - Heat pump
KW - Energy label
KW - Testing
KW - Coefficient of performance
KW - Screening
PY - 2019
SP - 1547
EP - 1552
AN - OPUS4-48275
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
T1 - Laser-induced periodic surface nanostructures
N2 - This presentation reviews the current state in the field of Laser-induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS). These surface nanostructures are a universal phenomenon and can be generated on almost any material by irradiation with intense linearly polarized radiation. LIPSS are formed in a “self-ordered” way and are often accompanying material processing applications. They can be produced in a single-step process and enable surface functionalization through the adaption of optical, mechanical and chemical surface properties. Their structural sizes typically range from several micrometers down to less than 100 nanometers and show a clear correlation with the polarization direction of the laser radiation. Various types of surface structures are classified, relevant control parameters are identified, and their material specific formation mechanisms are analyzed for different types of inorganic solids, i.e., metals, semiconductors, and dielectrics, through time-resolved optical experiments and theoretical simulations. Finally, technological applications featuring surface functionalization in the fields of optics, fluidics, medicine, and tribology are discussed.
T2 - International Symposium “Fundamentals of Laser Assisted Micro- and Nanotechnologies” (FLAMN-19)
CY - St. Petersburg, Russia
DA - 30.06.2019
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures, LIPSS
KW - Femtosecond laser
KW - Surface functionalization
KW - Ultrafast scattering
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48420
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tiebe, Carlo
A1 - Majewski, J.
T1 - Ansprechzeiten von Wasserstoff-Sensoren
N2 - Die Effizienz von Gassensoren zur sicheren Verwendung von Wasserstoff hängt wesentlich von der Reaktion des Sensors auf eine Änderung der Wasserstoffkonzentration ab. Daher wurde die Ansprechzeit von fünf im Handel erhältlichen Wasserstoffsensoren unterschiedlichen Messprinzips bestimmt. Experimente haben gezeigt, dass alle Sensoren die Anforderungen der Norm ISO 26142 übertreffen; es wurden Ansprechzeiten im Bereich (t90-Zeiten) von 2 s bis 16 s ermittelt. Die Ergebnisse können mit Exponential- oder Sigmoidalfunktionen approximiert werden. Es kann gezeigt werden, dass die Ergebnisse zum transienten Verhalten sowohl von den Betriebsparametern der Sensoren und Prüfverfahren als auch von den experimentellen Bedingungen wie Gaswechselrate sowie Konzentrationssprung abhängen.
T2 - 7. HYPOS-Dialog - Innovative Wasserstoffsensorik
CY - Halle (Saale), Germany
DA - 19.06.2019
KW - Wasserstoffsensor
KW - Ansprechzeit
KW - t90-Zeit
KW - Prüfverfahren
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48397
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rütter, H.
T1 - Combining CO2 streams from different emitters ‐ a challenge for pipeline transportation
N2 - Depending on the CO2 generating and the capture process as well as on consecutive purification steps applied, CO2 streams from different emitters may differ in their composition. When CO2 streams with different compositions are fed into a larger pipeline network, there are several aspects that must be considered: i) chemical reactions, such as acid formation, may occur within the joint CO2 stream; ii) there may be a variation of mass flow rate and CO2 stream composition within the pipeline network if the feed-in behavior of different CO2 sources changes with time. Potential impacts of changing CO2 stream compositions and mass flow rates in CCS cluster systems were investigated in the collaborative project "CLUSTER" (see also www.bgr.bund.de/CLUSTER). In this presentation, we focus on the experimental investigations of formation and condensation of strong acids and their impacts on the corrosion of pipeline steels. When SO2, NO2, O2 and H2O are present simultaneously in CO2 streams chemical cross-reactions may occur leading to the formation of strong acids such as sulfuric and nitric acid. To prevent this acid formation the concentration of at least one of these four impurities must be kept very low (e.g., Rütters et al., 2016). At temperatures below the acid dew point temperature, acids will condense, e.g., on pipeline steel surfaces. In turn, these acid condensates may trigger steel corrosion. To better understand the process of acid formation and condensation and its implications for steel corrosion, exposure tests were performed on pipeline steel X70 in dense CO2 with varying SO2, NO2 and O2 concentration under high pressure and at 278 K in an observable autoclave, in which water was added as droplets or as vapor. Further, electrochemical tests were carried out with X70 specimens immersed in 500 mL CO2-saturated synthetic condensate solution or in droplets of the same solution on the specimen’s surface. Depending on impurity concentrations in the CO2 streams, condensates consisting of different relative amounts of nitric and sulfuric acid were formed. In condensates containing both nitric and sulfuric acid, corrosion rates were higher than the sum of those of the individual acids. In addition, corrosion products and forms depended on the condensate composition. Investigations of water droplets on steel surfaces in impurity-containing dense-phase CO2 revealed the diffusion of SO2 and NO2, followed by cross-reactions forming corresponding acids. An increase in droplet size (from 1 to 5 µl) lead to higher corrosion rates. However, in comparison to measurements in bulk solution, corrosion reactions in droplets resulted in thick, high-resistance corrosion products and observed droplet corrosion rates were significantly lower. In addition, the possibility of acid droplet formation and growth in impure liquid CO2 is influenced by the wetting behavior of the acid droplet on the steel surface. Thus, the contact angle between a water droplet and the surface steel specimens in a CO2 atmosphere was investigated in a high pressure view cell following the sessile drop method. The contact angle wasand found to be larger at higher CO2 pressures (studied from 5 to 20 MPa) and at higher temperatures (e.g. 278 K to 333 K). Further, measured contact angles were larger on rough than on smooth metal surfaces. In addition, acid formation reduced the contact angle, i.e. lead to better wetting, thereby stimulating condensation that was followed by a corrosion process. These detailed insights on the complex interplay of acid formation, condensation, wetting behavior and corrosion allow a better assessment of material suitability for pipeline transportation of impure CO2 streams
T2 - TCCS-10 The 10th Trondheim Conference on Carbon Capture, Transport and Storage
CY - Trondheim, Norway
DA - 17.06.2019
KW - arbon capture
KW - utilization, and storage (CCUS) technology
KW - corrosion
KW - condensate
KW - electrochemical characterization
KW - pitting corrosion
KW - impurities
KW - carbon steel
PY - 2019
UR - https://www.sintef.no/globalassets/project/tccs-10/dokumenter/tccs10---book-of-abstracts.pdf
AN - OPUS4-48369
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Nagelschmidt, Sven
A1 - Herbrich, Uwe
A1 - Qiao, Linan
T1 - Applicability of developed calculation models to predict long-term behavior of metal seals – Necessary scope of tests
N2 - The long-term sealing behavior of metal seals, assembled in the lid system of casks for transportation and storage of radioactive materials, has been investigated. For that purpose, phenomenological models describing the time- and temperature dependent behavior have been introduced by BAM since 2016, e.g. by using the time-temperature superposition principle. Results have shown that these models describe the relaxation behavior adequately and are suitable for extrapolations. In this work, the applicability of these models is checked by analyzing the necessary scope of tests, which must be carried out to get sufficient information about the long-term behavior of metal seals based on short-term tests.
T2 - Waste Management Conference
CY - Phoenix, Arizona, USA
DA - 03.03.2019
KW - Metal seal
KW - Time-temperature superposition principle
KW - Transportation and storage cask
KW - Long-term interim storage
PY - 2019
SP - 19311, 1
EP - 6
AN - OPUS4-48353
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Akkerman, Floris
T1 - One step back, two steps forward - resource efficiency requirements within ecodesign
N2 - Resource efficiency is a much discussed topic in terms of improving
the sustainability of energy related and energy non-related
products. Resource efficiency aspects such as the availability
of spare parts, the ability to dismantle, etc. have been included
in draft working documents in the revision of several already
existing Ecodesign regulations as a first step. However, often
these aspects are not consistent with the current technology and
design of these products. A possible reason could be a lack of
sufficient consultation or of a methodology which is sufficiently
tailored for this topic. The established strategies and tools, used
by policymakers, such as the Methodology for the Ecodesign
of Energy-related Products (MEErP), do not seem to deal with
these aspects appropriately. Draft requirements need to be very
well developed before being discussed with member states and
other related stakeholders, because including resource efficiency
parameters could lead to additional, very wide-ranging effects
on society. This topic cannot be covered well with legislative
tools developed primarily for energy aspects. In this paper, a
method is presented which can be used to combine products’
properties with crucial resource efficiency indicators. The method
can be used to develop a set of draft legislative requirements
and to pre-evaluate these requirements by target groups which
would be affected by additional legal requirements. These include:
market surveillance authorities, standardization organizations,
manufacturers and their associations, environmental
organizations and research facilities. The method incorporates
stakeholders’ feedback to identify potential resource efficiency
measures for materials and/or products, their impact on the
European ecology, economy and society. Based on this it would
help to develop legislative requirements which are feasible and
desirable. The results can then be fed into the formal legislative
process, probably speeding it up.
T2 - ECEEE 2019 Summer Study on Energy Efficiency
CY - Belambra Presqu'île de Giens, France
DA - 03.06.2019
KW - Circular economy
KW - Ecodesign
KW - Energy policy
KW - Resources
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48427
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schönhals, Andreas
T1 - Vibrational density of states and molecular mobility in a polymer with intrinsic microporosity PIM-1 as revealed by inelastic neutron scattering
N2 - Polymers with intrinsic microporosity are promising candidates for the active separation layer in gas separation membranes. Here, by means of inelastic neutron scattering, the vibrational density of states (VDOS) and the molecular mobility were investigated for PIM-1, the prototypical polymer with intrinsic microporosity. The results are compared to data measured for a more conventional high-performance polyimide used in gas separation membranes (Matrimid).
The measured data show the characteristic low frequency excess contribution to the VDOS above the Debye sound wave level, generally known as the Boson peak in glass-forming materials. In comparison to the Boson peak of Matrimid, that of PIM-1 is shifted to lower frequencies. This shift is discussed considering the microporous, sponge-like structure of PIM-1 as providing a higher compressibility at the molecular scale than for conventional polymers.
Elastic fixed window scans were measured on a neutron backscattering spectrometer to have an overview about the molecular dynamics at a time scale of ca. 1 ns. The temperature dependence of the estimated mean squared displacement shows a step-like increase in the temperature range from 100 K to 250 K indicating the onset of some molecular mobility. The nature of this motional process was analyzed in detail by quasielastic neutron scattering combining Time-of-Flight and backscattering where the data are discussed with regard to both the q- and the temperature dependence.
T2 - 7. European Conference on Neutron Scattering 2019
CY - Saint Petersburg, Russia
DA - 30.06.2019
KW - Neutron Scattering
KW - Polymer of intrinsic microporosity
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48421
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
A1 - Katzenbach, R.
A1 - Hillmann, S.
A1 - Schallert, M.
A1 - Unseld, H.
A1 - Willmes, M.
ED - Bullock, P.
ED - Verbeek, G.
ED - Paikowsky, S.
ED - Tara, D.
T1 - A Framework for Nondestructive Testing Used in Foundation Reuse Projects
N2 - The reuse of existing foundations is considered in various construction Projects to save time and costs while avoiding unnecessary interference with other underground objects. Because the design and as-built drawings might not be complete and questions may arise regarding the condition of the foundations, a detailed investigation is a prerequisite for the planning process in most cases. Nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques are a core part of this endeavor.
The processes and procedure for foundation reuse planning are not yet standardized, and the possibilities and limitations of NDT methods are not known to many planners and stakeholders. The German research Project REFUND (2014–2016) has developed charts for the planning and Investigation process that consider available standards and the current state of the art in NDT.
These charts are separately available for single and strip, slab, and pile foundations. Available NDT methods have been compiled and evaluated for specific tasks at these foundation types, including their respective limitations.
The procedures have been successfully tested in two real-world projects. The results from these projects enable planners to improve the reliability of the process while potentially saving significant resources. This paper discusses the procedures for pile foundations and demonstrates the use of various NDT methods in a project on the reuse of electrical tower foundations.
KW - Foundation reuse
KW - Pile integrity testing
KW - Parallel seismic
PY - 2019
SN - 978-0-8031-7667-6
DO - https://doi.org/10.1520/STP161120170159
VL - 1611
SP - 238
EP - 253
PB - ASTM International
CY - West Conshohoken, PA, USA
AN - OPUS4-48795
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Weise, Frank
T1 - AKR an Betonfahrbahndecken – ausgewählte Einflussgrößen und neuartige AKR-Vermeidungsstrategie
N2 - In den letzten Jahren sind im deutschen Bundesautobahnnetz vermehrt Schäden an vor 2005 hergestellten Betonfahrbahndecken aufgetreten, die mit einer Alkali-Kieselsäure-Reaktion (AKR) in Verbindung gebracht werden. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden in diesem Beitrag zunächst die Voraussetzungen und ausgewählte Einflussgrößen für eine schädigende AKR aufgezeigt. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wird dabei der Rolle des Tausalzeintrags durch den Winterdienst bei Betonfahrbahndecken geschenkt. So wird mit Löseversuchen in 1 M KOH-Lösung zweier Gesteinskörnungen bei 80 °C gezeigt, dass mit zunehmender NaCl-Zugabe die Löslichkeit von SiO2 zunimmt und die von Al2O3 eine Verminderung erfährt. Basierend auf dem so exemplarisch erbrachten Nachweis für die Verstärkung der schädigenden AKR durch das Tausalz wird die Notwendigkeit und Richtigkeit der Durchführung von AKR-Betonversuchen mit Alkalizufuhr im ARS 04/2013 zur zukünftigen Vermeidung von AKR-Schäden an Betonfahrbahndecken im Rahmen von Neubau- und Erneuerungsmaßnahmen im Bundesfernstraßennetz belegt. Zusätzlich durchgeführte WS-Grundprüfungen nach dem ARS 04/2013 mit den beiden Gesteinskörnungen der Löseversuche veranschaulichen, dass die nach der Alkali-Richtlinie des DAfStb als unbedenklich eingestuften Gesteinskörnungen bei den Betonversuchen mit Alkalizufuhr durchaus als alkaliempfindlich bewertet werden können. Dies wiederum führt zu einer Verminderung der für den Betonstraßenbau verfügba-ren Gesteinskörnungen. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird nach neuartigen AKR-Vermeidungsstrategien gesucht, die auch eine Verwendung der als grenzwertig alkaliemp-findlich eingestuften Gesteinskörnungen erlaubt. Einen möglichen Lösungsansatz stellt in diesem Kontext die Innenhydrophobierung des Fahrbahndeckenbetons dar. Es soll so durch die Behinderung des Feuchte- und Tausalzeintrags in den Beton der AKR-Schädigungsprozess signifikant vermindert werden. Für die Bewertung der Leistungsfähigkeit der Innenhydrophobierung zur Vermeidung bzw. Verminderung einer schädigenden AKR in Betonfahrbahndecken wird zurzeit im Auftrage der BASt an der BAM ein Forschungsvorha-ben bearbeitet. Im Rahmen dieses Beitrags werden erste Ergebnisse dieses Projekts vorge-stellt. So wird exemplarisch an einem Oberbeton (D > 8)/Unterbeton und einem Oberbeton 0/8 mit einer alkaliempfindlichen Gesteinskörnung der Einfluss zweier Hydrophobierungsmit-tel auf die Frisch- und Festbetoneigenschaften ganzheitlich aufgezeigt und bewertet. Bei Letz-teren stehen zunächst die mechanischen und hygrischen Parameter sowie der Frost-Tausalzwiderstand im Vordergrund. In einem weiteren Schritt wird der Einfluss beider Hydro-phobierungsmittel auf die schädigende AKR mittels AKR-Betonversuchen mit Alkalizufuhr beleuchtet. Dabei gelangen ergänzend zur Beurteilung des Tausalzeintrags die Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) und zur Bewertung der Ausprägung der AKR und sekundä-ren Ettringitbildung (SEB) die Dünnschliffmikroskopie zum Einsatz.
T2 - 9. Betonfachtagung
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 12.11.2019
KW - AKR, Betonfahrbahndecke, Tausalzeintrag, Innenhydrophobierung
PY - 2019
SN - 978-3-7640-0633-4
SP - 159
EP - 175
PB - Verlag Bau + Technik GmbH
CY - Erkrath
AN - OPUS4-51563
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Munzke, Dorit
T1 - Monitoring of type IV composite pressure vessels with multilayer fully intregrated optical fibre based distributed strain sensing
N2 - We present the results of distributed fibre optic strain sensing for condition monitoring of a hybrid type IV composite fully wrapped pressure vessel using multilayer integrated optical fibres. During load cycle tests material fatigue could be localised and monitored 17,000 load cycles before burst. Results have been validated by acoustic emission analysis.
T2 - 12th International Conference on Composite Science and Technology
CY - Sorrento, Italy
DA - 08.05.2019
KW - Hybrid composite pressure vessel
KW - Distributed fibre optic sensing
KW - Acoustic emission analysis
KW - Structural health monitoring
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-47995
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kömmling, Anja
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
T1 - Revealing effects of chain scission during ageing of EPDM rubber using relaxation and recovery experiment
N2 - Both chain scission and crosslinking reactions occur during ageing of EPDM rubber. However, with many conventional polymer analysis methods such as hardness and DMA, it is hardly possible to obtain information about the contribution of each reaction type to the measured data. For example, hardness and Tg both increase during ageing of EPDM, indicating crosslinking during ageing, but it is not clear whether this is partly counterbalanced by chain scission reactions which would lower hardness and Tg. An indication that chain scission reactions probably counteract the hardness or Tg increase by crosslinking is given by Compression Set (CS) measurements. CS exhibits a higher change than hardness or Tg, as CS increases additively through both chain scission and crosslinking reactions. In order to elucidate the share of chain scission reactions in the total degradation, a method testing relaxation and recovery behaviour using DMA equipment was applied. The method revealed the strong influence of chain scissions, leading to more pronounced relaxation and higher residual strain after compression.
KW - Compression set
KW - DMA
KW - Nnetwork
KW - Crosslinking
PY - 2016
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2016.10.026
SN - 0142-9418
SN - 1873-2348
IS - 56
SP - 261
EP - 268
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-38012
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kömmling, Anja
T1 - Lifetime Prediction of Elastomeric O-Ring Seals
N2 - BAM is the federal institute for materials research and testing in Germany. One of our tasks is to evaluate the safety of casks designed for transport and/or storage of radioactive waste. As elastomeric seals are used in the containers as safety-relevant parts, it is our goal to be able to evaluate the service lifetime of the seals with regard to the requirements for long-term safety (40 years and more) of the containers. For this reason, an accelerated ageing programme with selected rubbers often used for seals (HNBR, EPDM and FKM) was started. Ageing was performed at four different temperatures (75 °C, 100 °C, 125 °C and 150 °C) for up to 2 years. For assessing properties related to the sealability, O-rings were aged in compression by 25 % (corresponding to the compression during service) between plates. For comparison, uncompressed O-rings were aged as well. The aged materials were characterized with conventional polymer analysis methods such as hardness and tensile tests, but also with more seal-specific methods such as compression stress relaxation (CSR, reflecting the loss of sealing force of a compressed seal over time), and compression set (CS, representing the recovery behaviour of a seal after release from compression). CS is chosen as the property for lifetime prediction as it is both sensitive to degradation and related to the seal performance. CS data is extrapolated to 60 °C, which yields lifetimes of approximately 5 years for HNBR and 64 years for EPDM for a criterion of 85 % CS respectively, and approx. 40 years for FKM for a criterion of 65 % CS (the highest value measured so far).
T2 - Herbsttagung DKG Bezirksgruppe Süd-Südwest
CY - Würzburg, Germany
DA - 06.10.2016
KW - Rubber
KW - Ageing
KW - EPDM
KW - HNBR
KW - FKM
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-38010
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kömmling, Anja
T1 - Lifetime Prediction of Elastomeric O-Ring Seals
N2 - BAM is the federal institute for materials research and testing in Germany. One of our tasks is to evaluate the safety of casks designed for transport and/or storage of radioactive waste. As elastomeric seals are used in the containers as safety-relevant parts, it is our goal to be able to evaluate the service lifetime of the seals with regard to the requirements for long-term safety (40 years and more) of the containers. For this reason, an accelerated ageing programme with selected rubbers often used for seals (HNBR, EPDM and FKM) was started. Ageing was performed at four different temperatures (75 °C, 100 °C, 125 °C and 150 °C) for up to 2 years. For assessing properties related to the sealability, O-rings were aged in compression by 25 % (corresponding to the compression during service) between plates. For comparison, uncompressed O-rings were aged as well. The aged materials were characterized with conventional polymer analysis methods such as hardness and tensile tests, but also with more seal-specific methods such as compression stress relaxation (CSR, reflecting the loss of sealing force of a compressed seal over time), and compression set (CS, representing the recovery behaviour of a seal after release from compression). CS is chosen as the property for lifetime prediction as it is both sensitive to degradation and related to the seal performance. CS data is extrapolated to 60 °C, which yields lifetimes of approximately 5 years for HNBR and 64 years for EPDM for a criterion of 85 % CS respectively, and approx. 40 years for FKM for a criterion of 65 % CS (the highest value measured so far).
T2 - Vortrag bei der Uni der Bundeswehr
CY - Munich, Germany
DA - 06.10.2016
KW - Rubber
KW - Ageing
KW - EPDM
KW - HNBR
KW - FKM
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-38007
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kömmling, Anja
T1 - Lifetime Prediction of Elastomeric O-Ring Seals
N2 - The ageing of polymers, including elastomers, is an undesirable but inevitable process leading to a limited lifetime of rubber products such as seals. In order to investigate the degradation of material properties of elastomers used as seals, an ageing programme was started with hydrogenated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR), ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) and fluorocarbon rubber (FKM) [1-3]. Sheets of 2 mm thickness were aged at four different temperatures (75 °C, 100 °C, 125 °C and 150 °C) for time periods of 1 day up to 1 year. The aged samples were examined using standard analytical methods such as hardness, dynamic-mechanical analysis (DMA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), mass loss, density and tensile tests. Additionally, DMA equipment was used to investigate relaxation and recovery behaviour which is more sensitive to degradation effects and can help to correctly interpret data from hardness and DMA measurements. The results show e.g. an increase in hardness and glass transition temperature for HNBR and, less pronounced, for EPDM. This confirms ageing mechanisms described in the literature, e.g. dominant crosslinking reactions in HNBR and both chain scissions and crosslinking for EPDM. FKM, which is very heat resistant, exhibits only minor degradation. Where possible, shift factors for time-temperature data sets were determined. The values obtained from different methods are compared and discussed.
T2 - Modification, Degradation and Stabilization of Polymer (MoDeSt) Conference
CY - Cracow, Poland
DA - 04.09.2016
KW - Rubber
KW - Ageing
KW - EPDM
KW - HNBR
KW - FKM
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-38006
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
T1 - Long-term behavior of elastomer seals and polymers for neutron shielding
N2 - The long time-frame of the necessary safe enclosure of radioactive waste in containers gains interna-tionally an increasing attention. As well extended storage periods as a usually necessary subsequent transportation after storage have to be evaluated.
In Germany, the concept of dry interim storage in dual purpose metal casks before disposal is being pursued for spent nuclear fuel (SNF) and high level waste (HLW) management. The initially planned and established dry interim storage license duration of up to 40 years will be too short and its exten-sion will become necessary since there is no repository available in due time.
The main safety relevant components are the thick-walled dual purpose metal casks. These casks consist e.g. of a monolithic cask body with integrated neutron shielding components (polymers, e.g. polyethylene) and a monitored double lid barrier system equipped with metal and elastomer seals. The metal seals of this bolted closure system guarantee the required leak-tightness whereas the elastomer seals allow for leakage rate measurement of the metal seals.
At BAM we focus on the long-term performance of the sealing system and neutron shielding materials as their application conditions have to be concerned as rather demanding.
Therefore, BAM began to investigate the overall function and long-term behavior of elastomer and metal seals and also the irradiation influence on neutron shielding materials.
Recently a new project was initiated to expand our investigations to get more and in some context better applicable data.
This paper describes the approach of our new research project with the aim of further closure of existing knowledge gaps and presents an overview of investigations concerning the low temperature behavior of elastomer seals, of running long-term tests on elastomer seals at different temperatures under static conditions and the influence of gamma irradiation on neutron shielding materials.
T2 - 18th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials (PATRAM) 2016
CY - Kobe, Japan
DA - 18.09.2016
KW - Aging
KW - Irradiation
KW - Neutron shielding
KW - Elastomer seal
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37554
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kömmling, Anja
T1 - Discoloration effects of high-dose γ-irradiation and long-term thermal ageing of (U)HMW-PE
N2 - Two polyethylene types with ultra high (UHMWPE) and high molecular weight (HMWPE), which are used as neutron radiation shielding materials in storage casks for radioactive waste, were subjected to gamma irradiation doses up to 600 kGy and subsequent thermal ageing at 125 °C for up to one year. One material was a medical grade UHMWPE and the other a HMWPE containing an antioxidant. Degradation effects in the materials were characterized using colorimetry, UV-Vis spectroscopy, MIR and FTIR measurements, DSC and, in the case of HMWPE, insoluble content determination. Both materials exhibited a yellowing upon irradiation. The discoloration of UHMWPE disappeared again after thermal ageing, which is why it was attributed to annealable color centers in the form of free radicals entrapped in the crystalline regions of the polymer that recombine during thermal ageing. Furthermore, oxidation species were observed with MIR and FTIR spectroscopy. For HMWPE, the yellowing occurred during both irradiation and thermal ageing and was correlated to antioxidant decomposition. Additionally, black spots were observed after thermal ageing of HMWPE that were attributed to reaction products of antioxidant derivatives and catalyst residues. While only little evidence of oxidation species was found in the light material parts, oxidation is expected to concentrate in the black spots as the catalyst residue promotes hydroperoxide decomposition and thus radical formation that initiate polymer oxidation
T2 - Ionizing Radiation and Polymers Conference
CY - Giens, France
DA - 25.09.2016
KW - Polyethylene
KW - Gamma-irradiation
KW - Yellowing
KW - Degradation
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-38001
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
ED - Brown, R.
ED - Gedde, U.
ED - Jaunich, Matthias
T1 - Polymer Testing - Editorial
N2 - Conferences and trade fairs as meeting points for technical people concerned with testing of polymers.
KW - conferences
KW - editorial
KW - trade fair
PY - 2016
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2016.06.020
SN - 0142-9418
VL - 2016/53
IS - 1
SP - A1
PB - Elsevier Sci Ltd.
CY - Oxford, UK
AN - OPUS4-37361
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
T1 - Polymer Testing - Editorial
N2 - Thoughts about getting started as Associate Editor for Polymer Testing.
KW - Editorial
KW - Getting started
KW - Polymer Testing
PY - 2016
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9418(16)30279-3
SN - 0142-9418
VL - 2016/51
IS - 1
SP - III
PB - Elsevier Sci. Ltd.
CY - Oxford, UK
AN - OPUS4-37362
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
A1 - Grelle, Tobias
A1 - Kömmling, Anja
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
A1 - Völzke, Holger
ED - Stuke, M.
T1 - Long-term evaluation of sealing systems for radioactive waste packages
N2 - The investigation of the long-term performance of sealing systems employed in containers for radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel is one research focus area for division 3.4 “Safety of Storage Containers” at the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM). Our investigations comprise investigations on metallic and elastomeric seals and covers experimental investigations to get a database on the component/material behaviour, work on analytical descriptions and numerical analysis. Our aim is to understand the long-term behaviour of the sealing systems for evaluation of their performance during possible extended interim storage and subsequent transportation.
T2 - 3rd Workshop on Safety of Extended Dry Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel
CY - Garching, Germany
DA - 05.06.2019
KW - Seal performance
KW - Rubber seal
KW - Metallic seal
KW - Ageing
PY - 2019
SP - 57
EP - 62
AN - OPUS4-48225
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CHAP
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
A1 - Kömmling, Anja
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
ED - Grellmann, W.
ED - Langer, B.
T1 - Investigations of elastomeric seals – Low temperature performance and aging behavior
N2 - Due to their simple and reliable application, elastomers are used for many tasks. Many fields of application like transport, aviation and process technology, entail low temperatures where proper functionality of the employed seals has to be ensured. Therefore, understanding the low temperature behavior of elastomeric seals is important for safe seal operation to restrict the temperature application range.
For all areas of application, the question of seal lifetime is also important for replacement or maintenance intervals. The lifetime is especially important in applications that allow no seal replacement. Since the seal can determine the lifetime of storage in such cases, reliable lifetime estimation is necessary for these applications, and requires an extensive knowledge of the specific aging behavior.
KW - Seal
KW - Rubber
KW - Ageing
KW - Replacement
PY - 2017
SN - 978-3-319-41877-3
SN - 978-3-319-41879-7
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41879-7_30
SN - 0933-033X
SN - 2196-2812
VL - 247
SP - 431
EP - 443
PB - Springer Verlag
AN - OPUS4-41167
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
T1 - Characterisation of degradation and determination of end-of-lifetime criterion for O-ring seals
N2 - The ageing of polymers, including elastomers, is an undesirable but inevitable process leading to a limited lifetime of rubber products such as seals. Independent of the application, as e.g. automotive, piping or container applications, a long lifetime or at least a timely exchange of a seal before occurence of critical failure is desired.
In order to investigate the degradation of material properties and to determine the lifetime of elastomers used as seals, an ageing programme was started with hydrogenated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR), ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) and fluorocarbon rubber (FKM) [1-3]. Both O-ring seals (uncompressed and compressed by 25 %) with a cord diameter of 10 mm as well as sheets with a thickness of 2 mm were aged at 75 °C, 100 °C, 125 °C and 150 °C for up to two years. The changes of material properties during ageing were characterised for each material using the sheets by means of e.g. dynamic-mechanical analysis and tensile tests, while sealing properties such as compression stress relaxation (CSR), compression set (CS) and leakage rate were determined on O-rings. The experimental results indicate that while material properties, CSR and CS show considerable degradation effects, the static leakage rate stays constant or even decreases before failure occurs quite suddenly at advanced degradation levels. This reveals that static leakage rate has only limited sensitivity for the degradation of the seal material.
Our approach to determine a suitable end of lifetime criterion, which involves a partial decompression of the seal during the leakage test, is presented and discussed.
T2 - RubberCon 2017
CY - Prague, Czech Republic
DA - 23.05.2017
KW - Rubber seal
KW - Ageing
KW - Leakage
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-40381
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Grelle, Tobias
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
A1 - Probst, Ulrich
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
A1 - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Component and material investigations on metal seals for high level radioactive waste containers
N2 - Long-term investigations performed at BAM look to extend the state of knowledge on safety-related components of interim storage containers. Metal seals act as the primary sealing barrier in the bolted double lid closure system of the containers. The behaviour of metal seals has been investigated for ageing times up to 8.5 years and for various temperatures. The main cause for reduction in useable resilience overtime was due to creep deformation of the outer jacket of the seal.
KW - Metal seal
KW - Radioactive waste containers
KW - Creep
KW - Long-term behaviour
PY - 2018
SN - 1745-2058
SP - 32
EP - 34
PB - Nuclear Institute
CY - London
AN - OPUS4-48206
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kömmling, Anja
T1 - Comparison of different test methods for lifetime prediction of O-ring seals
N2 - Elastomeric O-ring seals are used in a wide range of applications due to their excellent elasticity. However, like all polymers, elastomers degrade under the influence of e.g. time, temperature, oxygen, radiation and mechanical stress. Especially in applications where a replacement of seals after a certain time is hard or almost impossible, it is important to know the seal lifetime. Therefore, an extensive ageing programme with elastomers made of EPDM, HNBR and other materials was started with the aim of determining suitable methods for accelerated ageing and lifetime prediction.
In order to determine the lifetime of polymeric parts, the time-temperature superposition principle is commonly used to shift property changes obtained by accelerated ageing at higher temperatures to lower temperatures. If the shift factors yield a straight line in an Arrhenius diagram, a corresponding activation energy can be determined. However, we have found that the shift factors and thus the predicted lifetime depends on the test method that yielded the shifted data. For example, the shift factor between 125 °C and 150 °C ageing temperature was roughly the same (5/5/4.5 respectively) for hardness, density and maximum of loss factor tan measured on HNBR, but different for elongation at break (8) and compression set (2.2, excluding DLO-affected data). A possible explanation might be that while the different oxidation reactions proceed with a fixed activation energy, they have differing impact on the measured properties. For example, hardness is lowered by chain scission reactions, and increases by crosslinking reactions during ageing. As usually both chain scission and crosslinking reactions occur during ageing, the measured hardness increase reflects only the net effect of both reaction types. On the other hand, compression set is influenced additively by both reaction types: chain scission leads to an increase of the remaining deformation, as broken chains lose their recovery potential, and crosslinking reactions during ageing fix the compressed geometry, which also leads to less recovery. Thus, compression set reflects the total number of changes in the network and shows degradation effects much faster, which results in lower shift factors and lower activation energy. This phenomenon was observed for EPDM as well.
In order to verify our hypotheses and to gain further insights, temperature-dependent oxygen consumption measurements are currently being performed and results will be presented at the conference. The shift factors and activation energy determined by oxygen consumption measurements are expected to be close to the values for compression set.
T2 - Polymer Degradation Discussion Group Conference
CY - Malta
DA - 01.09.2019
KW - Compression set
KW - Time-temperature superposition
KW - Arrhenius
KW - HNBR
KW - EPDM
KW - FKM
KW - Activation energy
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48907
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Feldkamp, Martin
T1 - Ongoing research & development about metal and elastomer seals at BAM
N2 - Packages for the transport and storage of radioactive materials are often sealed with elastomer or metal seals. These seals are basic components to meet the leak tightness criteria for these kind of packages. An overview over ongoing research and development concerning metal and elastomer seals is given in the presentation. Introductions in the fundamental functionality of elastomer and metal seals are presented. Ageing processes are shown for both components regarding to different ageing effects.
T2 - IRSN Conference on Safe Transport of Radioactive Material
CY - Fontenay aux Roses, France
DA - 13.11.2018
KW - Seal
KW - Seals
KW - Metal seal
KW - Elastomer seal
KW - Long term investigation
KW - Helical spring
KW - Aluminum seal
KW - Silver seal
KW - Component test
KW - Useable resilience
KW - Leakage rate
KW - Compression set
KW - Low temperature investigation
KW - Ageing
KW - Radioactive
KW - Transport
KW - Storage
KW - IAEA
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-46881
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zaghdoudi, Maha
T1 - How to test the Arrhenius validity of elastomers during ageing
N2 - The main task of the division "Safety of Storage Containers" at BAM is the safety assessment of storage containers for radioactive waste. A sufficient sealing of bolted lid systems for the safe containment of the waste for transport, storage and disposal is very important. Extensive knowledge of the change of the elastomer’s properties during ageing and the availability of reliable end-of-lifetime criteria is mandatory to guarantee long term safe enclosure.
In a long-term test programme over 5 years we have studied the degradation and the change of sealing properties of several elastomers, including EPDM, at four different ageing temperatures (75 °C, 100 °C, 125 °C and 150 °C). Compression stress relaxation (CSR) and compression set (CS) experiments were carried out. It has been found that when the data does not cover a sufficient time frame necessary for the evolution of the degradation of a chosen property, a curvature in the Arrhenius relationship is observed. For CSR, the curvature was observed for samples aged up to 186 days. As for CS experiments, the curvature was detected for sample aged up to 2 years. To cover the possible lack of experimental long-term data at low temperatures, a numerical model for CSR was developed and longer ageing times for the simulation were adopted. A degradation-rate based model for the evolution of degradative processes is proposed. The main advantage of the model is the possibility to quickly validate the interpolation at lower temperatures within the range of slower chemical processes without forcing an Arrhenius straight-line extrapolation. The model was also applied to CS experiments and validated by the 5 years experimental results where the curvature was gone, and the degradation property has followed an Arrhenius relationship. In the figure the contribution of the two degradative processes are shown over CS and CSR respectively.
T2 - 2nd advanced material science world congress
CY - Online meeting
DA - 14.06.2021
KW - Arrhenius
KW - Processes
KW - Compression set
KW - Compression stress relaxation
KW - Modelling
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52825
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kömmling, Anja
T1 - Analysis of O-ring seal failure in the context of radioactive waste containers
N2 - At BAM, which is a federal institute for materials research and testing in Germany, it is one of our tasks to evaluate the safety of casks designed for transport and/or storage of radioactive material. This includes assessment of elastomeric seals applied in the casks. Besides examining the low-temperature behaviour and irradiation effects of elastomeric seals, it is our goal to estimate the service lifetime of the seals with regard to the requirements for long-term safety (40 years and more) of the containers. Therefore, we started an accelerated ageing programme with selected rubbers often used for seals (HNBR, EPDM and FKM) which are aged at four different temperatures (75 °C, 100 °C, 125 °C and 150 °C) up to five years. In order to assess sealability, O-rings were aged in compression by 25 % (corresponding to the compression during service) between plates as well as in flanges that allow leakage rate measurements. For comparison, uncompressed O-rings were aged as well. Further methods characterising seal performance are compression stress relaxation (CSR) reflecting the loss of sealing force of a compressed seal over time, and compression set (CS) which represents the recovery behaviour of a seal after release from compression. Additionally, material properties such as hardness, elastic modulus, glass transition temperature and viscoelastic loss factor as well as relaxation and recovery behaviour are examined in order to understand the underlying ageing mechanisms in each material. For obtaining results closely related to practical conditions, O-rings with a full-scale cord diameter of 10 mm were aged. However, this set-up can lead to heterogeneous aging caused by diffusion-limited oxidation (DLO) effects, resulting in distorted bulk properties such as compression stress relaxation and compression set. However, if DLO-affected data is excluded, extrapolations of CS data are possible using time-temperature shifts and Arrhenius graphs.
For selecting an appropriate end-of-lifetime criterion, leakage rate measurements were performed, since leakage rate is the only characteristic directly correlated to the performance of the sealing system. A significant increase in leakage rate was considered as the end of the lifetime. However, the O-rings remained leak tight under static conditions and even exhibited an improved, i.e. decreased leakage rate while other properties already indicated strong deterioration. These tests were extended by seal tests with fast partial decompression.
Overall an update will be given on the current investigations and results and the planned activities.
T2 - Kautschuk Herbst Kolloquium 2022
CY - Online meeting
DA - 08.11.2022
KW - Seal
KW - Ageing
KW - Compression set
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56397
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Voss, Heike
T1 - Picosecond laser processing of hierarchical micro-nanostructures on Ti-alloy upon pre- and post-anodization
N2 - Recent publications indicate that the order of electrochemical anodization (before or after the laser-processing step) plays an important role for the response of boneforming osteoblasts – an effect that can be utilized for improving permanent dental- or removable bone-implants. For exploring these different surface functionalities, multi-method chemical and structural characterizations were performed for two different characteristic micro-spikes covered by nanometric laserinduced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) on Ti-6Al-4V upon irradiation with nearinfrared ps-laser pulses (1030 nm wavelength, ~1 ps pulse duration, 66 & 80 kHz pulse repetition rate) at two distinct sets of laser fluence and beam scanning parameters. This involves morphological and topographical investigations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and white light interference microscopy (WLIM), near-surface chemical analysis by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES), as well as structural material examination via X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. The results allow to qualify the laser ablation depth, assess the spike geometry and surface roughness parameters, and provide detailed insights into the near-surface oxidation that may cause the different cell growth behavior for pre- or post-anodized medical implants.
T2 - E-MRS Spring Meeting 2023
CY - Strasbourg, France
DA - 29.05.2023
KW - Hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES)
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Ti6Al4V alloy
KW - Hierarchical micro-nanostructures
KW - Ultrashort laser processing
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-60344
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Weber, Mike
T1 - Coefficients of Friction in Dependence on Aging State of Elastomers – Experimental Identification and Numerical Simulation of the Experiment
N2 - Elastomer seals are mounted as barrier seals in lid systems of containers designed for transport and disposal of negligible heat generating radioactive waste and as auxiliary seals in spent fuel storage and transportation casks (dual purpose casks (DPC)). When the behavior of mounted seals under normal and hypothetical accident conditions of disposal and transport is to be simulated, a comprehensive knowledge of their complex mechanical properties at every state of aging is necessary. In previous works, BAM’s efforts in experimental investigations on specimen artificially aged at different temperatures and times and the implementation of the found results in finite element material models were presented. Additionally, our approaches to reproduce the aging process itself and to extrapolate the results of artificially accelerated aging to longer times were presented. Numerical simulations have shown that the behavior of the seal during mounting and one-sided pressurizing and the resulting performance values such as leakage rate strongly depend on the coefficient of friction (COF) between flange and seal. The friction coefficient, in turn, depends on the aging state of the elastomer material as several publications suggest (see below).
Dynamic COF between an exemplary ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) material and a stainless steel ball were determined by using a self-designed linear oscillation tribometer. Unaged and artificially aged EPDM specimen stored for 30 days and 100 days at a temperature of 150 °C were tested. A stainless steel ball (d=10 mm) is brought in contact with the specimen’s surface und loaded by normal forces of 2.5 N, 5 N, 10 N and 20 N. During a reciprocating movement of the EPDM sheet, the horizontal force/friction force is continuously measured, and the COF can be derived.
It is well known that friction is a complex phenomenon especially in soft materials. It cannot be excluded that the measured friction force is influenced by additional force components, resulting from the ball’s grooving through the elastomer’s surface. This force depends on the penetration depth of the ball and on the resistance of the elastomer in its different states of aging. The latter results from microstructural changes i.e., chain scission and additional crosslinking that occur during aging which in turn influence the softening or hardening of the material.
A finite element (FE) ABAQUS® model was developed to reproduce the measurement process. It should help to better understand the physical mechanisms and to quantify the percentage of measured forces resulting from real friction on the one hand and forces resulting from unintended side effects that could falsify the result on the other hand. The behavior of the elastomer in its different states of aging is reproduced by a FE material model already presented in previous works of BAM.
T2 - ASME 2022 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference (PVP2022)
CY - Las Vegas, NV, USA
DA - 17.07.2022
KW - Radioactive Waste
KW - Elastomers
KW - Aging
KW - Experiment
KW - Seal Behavior
KW - Numerical Simulation
KW - Leakage Rate
KW - Coefficient of Friction
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-57095
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Olbricht, Jürgen
T1 - Cyclic mechanical performance and microstructure evolution of P92 under LCF and TMF conditions
N2 - 9-12% Cr ferritic-martensitic stainless steels are widely used as high temperature construction materials in fossil fueled power plants due to their excellent creep and oxidation resistance, but changes in electricity markets during the last two decades have considerably changed the typical working conditions of these facilities. The growing contribution of renewable energy sources in power generation forces most of these plants into flexible operation with frequent load shifts or shutdowns. These cyclic operation profiles constitute a major lifetime issue, raising the question which fundamental processes govern the reaction of ferritic-martensitic steels to cyclic load and temperature variations.
The present contribution reports on current findings obtained in a multidisciplinary project funded by German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) which combines cyclic mechanical and cyclic oxidation testing of different 9-12% Cr grades with detailed microstructural analyses and related micromechanical modeling.
In this contribution, an overview will be given on the results obtained in the mechanical testing programme of the project. Mechanical analyses were carried out on P91 and (mainly) P92 steel grades, particularly looking at softening phenomena and lifetimes obtained in isothermal cyclic loading (low cycle fatigue, LCF), non-isothermal cyclic loading (thermo-mechanical fatigue, TMF), and service-like combinations of fatigue and creep/relaxation periods. For this purpose, cylindrical specimens were extracted from thick-walled steam pipes, orthogonal to the pipe axis, and subjected to strain controlled cyclic loading (± 0.2 to ±0.5 % mechanical strain). Temperature intervals of TMF tests were chosen as either 300-620°C or 500-620°C, resembling so-called warm or hot start conditions of a power plant.
The test results will be presented and discussed with a focus on the impact of hold periods during testing (combined creep/relaxation-fatigue conditions) on mechanical softening, lifetime and formation of cracks. The findings will be complemented by results on the modification of the hierarchical ferritic-martensitic microstructure under different loading scenarios.
T2 - 4th International Workshop on Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue 2019
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 13.11.2019
KW - Power plant
KW - Tempered martensite ferritic steels
KW - Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue
KW - Microstructure modification
KW - EBSD
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-50053
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Radnik, Jörg
A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan
T1 - Morpho-Chemical Characterisation of Me-TiO2 Nanoparticles for Enhanced Photocatalytical Activity
N2 - The conversion of solar energy into electricity and solar fuels is of crucial importance for a green and sustainable future. Water splitting using semiconductor photo-catalysts is considered a sustainable method to produce clean hydrogen (H2) fuel. Nevertheless, H2 photo-production efficiency remains still low, although extensive research works to understand better the mechanisms of the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) and the Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) are being carried out. In this respect, TiO2 is a key photoactive material, usually employed with a co-catalyst deposited onto the surface to enhance charge carriers’ separation and catalyze surface charge transfer reactions. The deposition of a co-catalyst on the TiO2 nanoparticle surface represents one successful way to enhance the activity of the photocatalyst through a modification of its surface and redox properties. In this context, high-resolution scanning electron microscopy coupled with elemental analysis by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) is fundamental for studying and understanding the effect of the nanoparticle morphology on the functional properties of shape-controlled TiO2 crystals (bipyramides, platelets, and elongated particles). Different types of metal-semiconductor combinations, TiO2 shapes and dopant metals (Ag, Pt, etc) and metal concentrations will be discussed.
T2 - ECASIA 2022
CY - Limerick, Ireland
DA - 29.05.2022
KW - Titania nanoparticles
KW - Photocatalysis
KW - Scanning electron microscopy
KW - Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-54977
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Research at BAM on Metal Seal Performance and Fuel Rod Integrity
N2 - The presentation provides an update on preliminary results from research projects in the area of long term performance of metal seals and fuel rod integrity as safety relevant components of spent fuel transport and storage casks for spent nuclear fuel.
T2 - Extended Storage Collaboration Program (ESCP) Winter Meeting 2020
CY - Online meeting
DA - 09.11.2020
KW - Metal seal
KW - Safety
KW - Interim storage
KW - Spent nuclear fuel
KW - Fuel rod
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-51615
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Olbricht, Jürgen
T1 - Performance of 9-12%Cr steels under cyclic loading and cyclic oxidation conditions
N2 - 9-12% Cr ferritic-martensitic stainless steels are widely used as high temperature construction materials in power plants due to their excellent creep and oxidation resistance. The growing share of renewable energy sources in power generation forces many of these plants into more flexible operation with frequent load shifts or shutdowns. These cyclic operation profiles constitute a major lifetime issue.
The present contribution reports on current findings obtained in a multidisciplinary project which combines cyclic mechanical and cyclic oxidation testing with detailed microstructural analyses. Mechanical analyses are carried out on P92 and P91 steel grades to give an overview of softening phenomena and lifetimes obtained in isothermal cyclic loading (low cycle fatigue, LCF), non-isothermal cyclic loading (thermo-mechanical fatigue, TMF), and service-like combinations of creep and fatigue periods (creep-fatigue interaction).
Oxidation testing focuses on the grades P92 and VM12 with the intention of clarifying the impact of frequent passes through intermediate temperature levels on the kinetics of steam-side oxidation and the characteristics of the evolving oxide scales. An attempt is made to evaluate their composition, strength, integrity and adhesion after up to 250 temperature cycles. Flat coupons as well as curved tube sections are tested to assess the mutual influence of geometry on oxide scale integrity.
Complementary microstructural investigations by scanning and transmission electron microscopy plus EBSD are used for phase identification and substrate/oxide interface characterisation. The evolutions of grain size and dislocation density under different test conditions are quantified.
T2 - International Conference on Power Plant Operation & Flexibility
CY - London, UK
DA - 04.07.2018
KW - Ferritic-martensitic steels
KW - Low cycle fatigue
KW - Thermo-mechanical fatigue
KW - Cyclic oxidation
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-47115
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
T1 - A closer look at elastomer O-ring seals - Interesting aspects of these typical machine elements and ways to evaluate their performance -
N2 - For many sealing applications rubber O-rings are applied due to their special properties and easy use. In many applications as e.g. in aviation, traffic or process technology the material can be exposed to a variety of conditions during operation as e.g. low temperatures, elevated temperatures and different media. Therefore, it is important to know the material behaviour and the seal performance under those conditions. Additionally ageing of seals is an important factor which has an influence on the long term reliability.
In this contribution we would like to discuss different aspects affecting the seal performance, lifetime estimation and address open questions which should be addressed to come to a deeper understanding of these seals commonly understood as typical machine elements.
Results of running investigations at the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Division 3.4 “Safety of Storage Containers” are presented and discussed.
T2 - Technomer 2019
CY - Chemnitz, Germany
DA - 07.11.2019
KW - Seal
KW - Machine element
KW - Rubber
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49981
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Nitz, Phillip D. H.
A1 - Rosaz, Paul
A1 - Kreysina, Daniela
A1 - Kasprzak, Dawid
A1 - Qi, Naiyu
A1 - Baller, Johannes
A1 - Graeber, Gustav
T1 - Water-in-Salt Electrolytes Embedded in Polyacrylamide Hydrogels: A First Step toward Deformable Sodium-Ion Batteries
N2 - The development of flexible, safe, and sustainable Energy storage systems is critical for next-generation technologies, including wearable electronics, biomedical devices, and soft robotics. In this work, we provide a systematic investigation of sodium perchlorate-based water-in-salt (WIS) electrolytes embedded in polyacrylamide (PAM) hydrogels as a potential platform for deformable sodium-ion batteries or aqueous supercapacitors. Using Raman spectroscopy, we track the transition from free to intermediate water states with increasing salt concentration, identifying the onset of the WIS regime around 10 mol kg−1. Electrochemical measurements reveal that both the aqueous and hydrogel-based electrolytes exhibit a broadened electrochemical stability window (ESW) at higher salt concentrations, reaching up to 2.75 V. Impedance spectroscopy shows that while aqueous electrolytes achieve higher peak conductivity (156 mS cm−1), hydrogel-based electrolytes offer greater stability across a range of concentrations. This observation was supported by cyclic voltammetry, as it showed enhanced electrochemical stability of the PAM hydrogel compared to the aqueous electrolyte. This comprehensive and systematic study demonstrates that highly concentrated WIS electrolytes can be successfullyembedded into PAM hydrogels, while preserving good electrochemical stability and ionic conductivity. This could make them a promising foundation for all-hydrogel, sodium-based energy storage devices that are safe, sustainable, and mechanically compliant.
KW - Battery
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-653156
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.5c03031
SN - 2637-6105
SP - 1
EP - 8
PB - American Chemical Society (ACS)
AN - OPUS4-65315
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Priebe, J.
A1 - Radnik, Jörg
A1 - Kreyenschulte, C.
A1 - Lennox, A.
A1 - Junge, H.
A1 - Beller, M.
A1 - Brückner, A.
T1 - H2 Generation with (Mixed) Plasmonic Cu/Au-TiO2 Photocatalysts: Structure–Reactivity Relationships Assessed by in situ Spectroscopy
N2 - Monometallic Cu and bimetallic Cu/Au-TiO2 catalysts were prepared by impregnation (IM) and reductive precipitation (RP)methods in sequential (SP) and simultaneous mode (CP) and tested for photocatalytic H2 generation from H2O/Methanol mixtures with visible (400–700 nm) and UV/Vis light (320– 500 nm). Comprehensive studies by high-resolution (HR)-STEM, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and different in situ methods (X-ray Absorption near-edge structure (XANES), UV/Vis, and EPR spectroscopy) revealed that IM leads to dispersed surface Cu species with no clear particle formation, which is poorly active under visible light, whereas plasmonic Cu0 nanoparticles formed by RP are about three times more active under the same conditions. In Cu/Au-TiO2 catalysts prepared by RP-SP, highly dispersed Cu surface species boost H2 production under UV/Vis light, owing to the effective separation within TiO2 and electron trapping by Cu, whereas small Cu0 and Au0 particles remain widely separated. When Cu/Au-TiO2 catalysts are prepared by RP-CP, mixed Cu/Au particles of uniform size (4–8 nm) provide the highest H2 evolution rates under visible light, owing to effective surface plasmon resonance absorption.
KW - Water splitting
KW - In situ spectroscopy
KW - Photocatalysis
PY - 2017
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201601361
SN - 1867-3880
SN - 1867-3899
VL - 9
IS - 6
SP - 1025
EP - 1031
AN - OPUS4-39586
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Radnik, Jörg
T1 - Synchrotron radiation as a tool in applied catalytic research
N2 - Synchrotron Radiation with its high intensity and the opportunity to tune the wavelength offers unique possibilities to investigate real catalysts, even under industry-like conditions.
A good example is a XAFS study performed at supported Ni catalysts used for the dimerization of butene at elevated temperature and pressure. Another example are investigations at titania supported Pd based catalyst elucidating the role of co-components (e.g. Sb, Co, Mn and Au) which are necessary to get the desired promising performance in the gas phase acetoxylation of toluene to benzyl acetate, an environmentally benign alternative for the conventional process using chlorine.
Furthermore, investigations about the redox properties of different Cu catalysts will be presented. It could be shown that the redox properties of Cu have a great impact on the performance of such catalysts, not only in some gas phase reactions, but also in photocatalytic applications, e.g. water splitting.
T2 - EMIL Seminar
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 23.01.2017
KW - Catalysis
KW - Synchrotron radiation
KW - Nanochemistriy
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-39026
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
T1 - Low temperature performance of rubber seals - Influence of crystallite formation on seal performance
N2 - Rubbers are widely used as sealing materials in various applications. In many fields the function of seal materials at low temperatures is necessary. Therefore, the understanding of failure mechanisms that lead to leakage at low temperatures is of high importance.
It is known that rubbers possess strongly temperature dependent material properties. At low temperatures high changes in the material properties are observed which can be caused by the rubber-glass transition (abbr. glass transition) or for some rubbers also by partial crystallisation at lower temperatures. During continuous cooling the material changes during rubber-glass transition from rubber-like entropy-elastic behaviour to stiff energy-elastic behaviour. In case of (thermal-) crystallisation the formed crystallites act as additional (physical) crosslinks within the material but the molecules in the amorphous phase can still behave like a rubber. Hence, rubbers are normally used above rubber-glass transition and (thermal-) crystallization temperature but the minimum working temperature limit is heavily depending on the application conditions. Therefore, the lower operation temperature limit of rubber seals is under investigation.
In the past we have investigated material properties and sealing behaviour of rubber seals at low temperatures. As the initial work was dedicated to purely static sealing conditions we started to investigate the effect of a small partial release of rubber seals at low temperatures to study the influence of dynamic events on leak tightness. In addition, other groups report on the influence of counterpart surface and adhesion.
In this contribution we focus on the difference between purely amorphous elastomers and elastomers which become partially crystalline at low temperatures. The influence of partial crystallization on the low temperature performance of rubber seals is discussed.
T2 - Fall Rubber Colloquium 2018
CY - Hannover, Germany
DA - 06.11.2018
KW - Seal
KW - Low temperature
KW - Rubber
KW - Partial crystalline
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-46553
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
A1 - Grelle, Tobias
A1 - Goral, Milan
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
ED - Gehde, M.
ED - Wagenknecht, U.
ED - Bloß, P.
T1 - Further investigations on the low temperature performance of rubber seals
N2 - For many sealing applications low temperature performance is required. The overall understanding of the relevant influences on low temperature performance of rubber seals are summarized and the currently running investigations described.
The correlation of the physical material properties with seal performance is studied. This includes as well purely static sealing applications as the performance during/after fast partial relief of seals at low temperatures.
T2 - Technomer 2017
CY - Chemnitz, Germany
DA - 09.11.2017
KW - Seal
KW - Low temperature
KW - Rubber
KW - Recovery
PY - 2017
SN - 978-3-939382-13-3
VL - 2017
SP - 40
EP - 40
AN - OPUS4-42845
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Arfi, W.
A1 - Khan, A.
A1 - Moulai, F.
A1 - Agroui, K.
A1 - Baretta, C.
A1 - Oreski, G.
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
ED - Munday, J.
ED - Bermel, P.
ED - Kempe, M.
T1 - Optical and thermal analysis of PVB encapsulant polymer functionalized with luminescent organic dyes
N2 - This work focused on the technology of luminescent down shift (LDS), with a primary aim to identify and investigate a methodology to introduce the luminescent organic dye into PVB polymer encapsulant as emergent material for photovoltaic application. For this goal, we propose to study the feasibility to implement the LDS functionality and to identify suitability of available luminescent to be incorporated into the host polymer encapsulant material. The first step to this direction was through a comprehensive optical study of Violet 570 (V) organic dye in ethanol solvent. The methodology and experimental conditions such as laboratory polymer preparation and luminescence dye concentration were presented. Also, the emergent polymer encapsulant sheets were characterized by using optical and thermal analysis techniques. The absorption spectrum of the prepared PVB material shifts towards longer wavelengths, with increasing organic dye concentration.
T2 - New Concepts in Solar and Thermal Radiation Conversion and Reliability
CY - San Diego, California, United States
DA - 19.08.2018
KW - Photovoltaic
KW - Encapsulation
KW - Luminescence
PY - 2018
SN - 9781510620902
DO - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2318428
SN - 1996-756X
SP - Paper OH, 1
PB - SPIE
CY - Bellingham, Washington, USA
AN - OPUS4-47165
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
T1 - Ageing behaviour of elastomer seals
N2 - The current results of the ongoing ageing investigations performed at BAM 3.4 are presented.
T2 - ElastoMER 2017
CY - Merseburg, Germany
DA - 27.09.2017
KW - Ageing
KW - Seal
KW - Degradation
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-42476
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Sun, F.
A1 - Wang, C.
A1 - Osenberg, M.
A1 - Dong, K.
A1 - Zhang, S.
A1 - Yang, C.
A1 - Wang, Y.
A1 - Hilger, A.
A1 - Zhang, J.
A1 - Dong, S.
A1 - Markötter, Henning
A1 - Manke, I.
A1 - Cui, G.
T1 - Clarifying the Electro-Chemo-Mechanical Coupling in Li10SnP2S12 based All-Solid-State Batteries
N2 - A fundamental clarification of the electro-chemo-mechanical coupling at the solid–solid electrode|electrolyte interface in all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) is of crucial significance but has proven challenging. Herein, (synchrotron) X-ray tomography, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), and finite element analysis (FEA) modeling are jointly used to decouple the electro-chemo-mechanical coupling in Li10SnP2S12-based ASSBs. Non-destructive (synchrotron) X-ray tomography results visually disclose unexpected mechanical deformation of the solid electrolyte and electrode as well as an unanticipated evolving behavior of the (electro)chemically generated interphase. The EIS and TOFSIMS probing results provide additional information that links the interphase/electrode properties to the overall battery performance. The modeling results complete the picture by providing the detailed distribution of the mechanical stress/strain and the potential/ionic flux within the electrolyte.
Collectively, these results suggest that 1) the interfacial volume changes induced by the (electro)chemical reactions can trigger the mechanical deformation of the solid electrode and electrolyte; 2) the overall electrochemical process can accelerate the interfacial chemical reactions; 3) the reconfigured interfaces in turn influence the electric potential distribution as well as charge transportation within the SE. These fundamental discoveries that remain unreported until now significantly improve the understanding of the complicated
electro-chemo-mechanical couplings in ASSBs.
KW - All-solid-state batteries
KW - Lithium metal batteries
KW - Solid electrolytes
KW - Sulfide solid electrolytes
KW - Synchrotron X-ray tomography
PY - 2022
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202103714
SN - 1614-6832
SP - 2103714
PB - Wiley VHC-Verlag
AN - OPUS4-54431
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Göbel, M.
A1 - Kirsch, S.
A1 - Schwarze, L:
A1 - Schmidt, L.
A1 - Scholz, H.
A1 - Haußmann, J.
A1 - Klages, M.
A1 - Scholta, J.
A1 - Markötter, Henning
A1 - Alrwashdeh, S.
A1 - Manke, I.
A1 - Müller, Bernd R.
T1 - Transient limiting current measurements for characterization of gas diffusion layers
N2 - The water management in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) is strongly influenced by the design of the gas diffusion layers (GDL). Limiting current measurements in small-scale cells operating at high stoichiometries are useful to determine the oxygen transport resistance. The oxygen transport resistance increases, once water condenses inside the GDL. In this study a new electrochemical method for voltage loss estimation of GDL induced oxygen transport losses are presented. This new method, referred to as “transient limiting current” (TLC), is compared with the literature method. TLC allows a direct estimation of oxygen transport resistance at an arbitrarily conditioned state. This study also presents a case study of liquid water visualization of a PEM fuel cell with varying GDLs types.
With the help of quasi in-situ synchrotron X-ray computed tomography and time resolved radiography measurements we investigate appearance and distribution of liquid water inside the GDLs under limiting current conditions.
KW - In-situ characterization of GDLs
KW - In-situ synchrotron X-ray computed tomography
KW - In-situ synchrotron X-ray radiography
KW - BAMline
PY - 2018
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.09.003
SN - 0378-7753
SN - 1873-2755
VL - 402
SP - 237
EP - 245
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-46552
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Ziesche, R.F.
A1 - Hack, J.
A1 - Rasha, L.
A1 - Maier, M.
A1 - Tan, C.
A1 - Heenan, T.M.M.
A1 - Markötter, Henning
A1 - Kardjilov, N.
A1 - Manke, I.
A1 - Kockelmann, W.
A1 - Brett, D.J.L.
A1 - Shearing, P.R.
T1 - High-speed 4D neutron computed tomography for quantifying water dynamics in polymer electrolyte fuel cells
N2 - In recent years, low-temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cells have become an increasingly important pillar in a zero-carbon strategy for curbing climate change, with their potential to power multiscale stationary and mobile applications. The performance improvement is a particular focus of research and engineering roadmaps, with water management being one of the major areas of interest for development. Appropriate characterisation tools for mapping the evolution, motion and removal of water are of high importance to tackle shortcomings.
This article demonstrates the development of a 4D high-speed neutron imaging technique, which enables a quantitative analysis of the local water evolution. 4D visualisation allows the time-resolved studies of droplet formation in the flow fields and water quantification in various cell parts. Performance parameters for water management are identified that offer a method of cell classification, which will, in turn, support computer modelling and the engineering of next-generation flow field designs.
KW - Neutron imaging
KW - Tomography
KW - Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-545978
DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-29313-5
VL - 13
IS - 1
SP - 1616
PB - Nature Publishing Group UK
CY - London
AN - OPUS4-54597
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - John, Sebastian
A1 - Auster, Jürgen
A1 - Widjaja, Martinus Putra
A1 - Duffner, Eric
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - NIP II - Forschungsvorhaben „DELFIN“
N2 - Überblick über Projektinhalte und -ergebnisse aus dem Forschungsvorhaben Delfin „Erforschung alternativer Materialien und Fertigungsprozesse für kosten- und gewichtsreduzierte Druckbehälter aus endlosfaserverstärkten Kunststoff“
T2 - SAMPE Kolloquium
CY - Online meeting
DA - 15.01.2022
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Druckbehälter
KW - Impact
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-58064
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Markötter, Henning
T1 - Tomographic Imaging Capabilities with hard X-Rays at BAMline (Bessy II)
N2 - The BAMline at the synchrotron X-ray source BESSY II (Berlin, Germany) is supporting researchers especially in materials science. As a non-destructive characterization method, synchrotron X-ray imaging, especially tomography with hard X-Rays, plays an important role in structural 3D characterization. The imaging capabilities allow for in-situ and operando experiments. In this presentation the equipment, data handling pipeline as well as various examples from material science are presented.
T2 - Correlative Materials Characterization Workshop 2023
CY - Brno, Czech Republic
DA - 09.11.2023
KW - Tomography
KW - X-ray imaging
KW - Li-ion battery
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58958
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - John, Sebastian
A1 - Widjaja, Martinus Putra
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Modalanalyse als Werkzeug zur Lebensdauerabschätzung bei Composite-Druckbehältern
N2 - Hochbeanspruchte Bauteile wie Druckbehälter bergen im Falle eines Versagens ein erhebliches Gefährdungspotential für Mensch und Umgebung. Trotz der Auslegung mit hohen Sicherheitsfaktoren kommt es durch die hauptsächlich bei mobilen Anwendungen eingesetzten Leichtbauwerkstoffe und Materialkombinationen zu komplexen Degradations- und Schädigungsvorgängen, welche unter ungünstigen Umständen zu einem frühzeitigen Versagen führen können. Die hier vorgestellten Untersuchungen beziehen sich auf Typ IV-Gasspeicher, die als Wasserstofftanks in KFZ zur Anwendung kommen. Durch den Einsatz eines Messverfahrens auf Basis einer experimentellen Modalanalyse (EMA) sollen Schädigungs- und Degradationsgrad künftig zerstörungsfrei erfasst und auch einsatzbegleitend überwacht werden können.
T2 - DAGA 2021 - 47. Jahrestagung für Akustik
CY - Wien, Österreich
DA - 15.08.2021
KW - Impact
KW - Modalanalyse
KW - Druckbehälter
PY - 2021
VL - 47
SP - 1202
EP - 1205
AN - OPUS4-53626
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Okeke, Joseph
T1 - In situ and operando imaging, spectroscopy and tomography of batteries
N2 - The development of more powerful and more efficient lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is a key area in battery research, aiming to support the ever-increasing demand for energy storage systems. To better understand the causes and mechanisms of degradation, and thus the diminishing cycling performance and lifetime often observed in LIBs, in operando techniques are essential, because battery chemistry can be monitored non-invasively, in real time. Moreover, there is increasing interest in developing new battery chemistries. Beyond LIBs, sodium ion batteries (NIBs) have gained increasing interest in recent years, as they are a promising candidate to complement LIBs, owing to their improved sustainability and lower cost, while still maintaining high energy density.[1] Initial phases of NIB commercialisation have occurred in the past year. However, for the widespread commercialisation of NIBs, there are still challenges that need to be overcome in developing optimized electrode materials and electrolytes. For the development of such materials and greater understanding of sodium storage mechanisms, solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formation and stability, and degradation processes, in operando methodologies are crucial.
Among the techniques available for in operando analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and imaging (MRI) are becoming increasingly used to characterize the chemical composition of battery materials, study the growth and distribution of dendrites, and investigate battery storage and degradation mechanisms. In situ and in operando 1H, 7Li and 23Na NMR and MRI have recently been used to study LIBs and NIBs, identifying chemical changes in Li and Na species respectively, in metallic, quasimetallic and electrolytic environment as well as directly and indirectly studying dendrite formation in both systems.[2-4] The ability of NMR and MRI to probe battery systems across multiple environments can further be complemented by the enhanced spatial resolution of micro-computed X-ray tomography (μ-CT) which can provide insight into battery material microstructure and defect distribution.
Here, we report in operando 1H and 7Li NMR and MRI experiments that investigate LIB performance, and the identification of changes in the Li signal during charge cycling, as well as the observation of signals in both 1H and 7Li NMR spectra that we attribute to diminishing battery performance, capacity loss and degradation. Additionally, recent operando methodology are adapted and implemented to study Sn based anodes in NIBs. 23Na spectroscopy is performed to monitor the formation and evolution of peaks assigned to stages of Na insertion into Sn, while 1H MRI is used to indirectly visualize the volume expansion of Sn anodes during charge cycling. Battery operation and degradation is further explored in these NIBs, using μ-CT, where the anode is directly visualized to a higher resolution and the loss of electrolyte in the cell, during cycling is observed
T2 - 17th International Conference on Magnetic Resonance Microscopy
CY - Singapore
DA - 27.08.2023
KW - Sodium ion battery
KW - Lithium ion battery
KW - NMR
KW - MRI
KW - Tomography
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58421
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Tang, F
A1 - Wu, Z
A1 - Yang, C
A1 - Osenberg, M
A1 - Hilger, A
A1 - Dong, K
A1 - Markötter, Henning
A1 - Manke, I
A1 - Sun, F
A1 - Chen, L
A1 - Cui, G
T1 - Synchrotron X-ray tomography for rechargeable battery research: Fundamentals, setups and applications
N2 - Understanding the complicated interplay of the continuously evolving electrode materials in their inherent 3D states during the battery operating condition is of great importance for advancing rechargeable battery research.
In this regard, the synchrotron X-ray tomography technique, which enables non-destructive, multi-scale, and 3D imaging of a variety of electrode components before/during/after battery operation, becomes an essential tool to deepen this understanding. The past few years have witnessed an increasingly growing interest in applying this technique in battery research. Hence, it is time to not only summarize the already obtained battery-related Knowledge by using this technique, but also to present a fundamental elucidation of this technique to boost future studies in battery research. To this end, this review firstly introduces the fundamental principles and experimental Setups of the synchrotron X-ray tomography technique. After that, a user guide to ist application in battery research and examples of its applications in Research of various types of batteries are presented. The current review ends with a discussion of the future opportunities of this technique for next-generation rechargeable batteries research. It is expected that this review can enhance the reader’s understanding of the synchrotron X-ray tomography technique and stimulate new ideas and opportunities in battery research.
KW - 3D imaging
KW - Batteries
KW - Synchrotron X-Ray
KW - Tomography
PY - 2021
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202100557
VL - 5
IS - 9
SP - 2100557
PB - Wiley-VCH
AN - OPUS4-53394
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Widjaja, Martinus Putra
A1 - Joannes, S.
A1 - Bunsell, A.
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Thionnet, A.
T1 - The Application of a Reduced Volume Method for the Simulation of the Characterisation of a Carbon Fibre Pressure Vessel
N2 - The developed model has certain limitations of the element size to be used in the simulation to characterise the strength of composite materials. A reduced volume method is proposed in order to reduce the number of degree of freedom of the finite element simulation.This study has revealed certain configuration to be followed to speed up the computation time.
T2 - The 18th European Conference on Composite Materials
CY - Athens, Greece
DA - 24.06.2018
KW - Composite pressure vessel
KW - Fibre break
KW - Integral range
KW - Representative volume element
PY - 2018
SP - 1193-892
AN - OPUS4-48927
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Al-Falahat, A.
A1 - Kardjilov, N.
A1 - Markötter, Henning
A1 - Kupsch, Andreas
A1 - Woracek, R.
A1 - Alrwashdeh, S.
A1 - Manke, I.
T1 - Investigation of detector backlighting and other effects in neutron darkfield images
N2 - Neutron imaging can provide unique contrast mechanisms. In order to yield reliable and reproducible attenuation coefficients for quantification, one needs to fully understand and characterize the experimental set-up. One effect that has been largely overlooked in scintillator-camera based neutron imaging systems is the backlight scattering or back illumination in the detection system which can significantly affect the quantification of attenuation coefficients and lead to severe errors and image artifacts. Herein, backlighting is investigated by varying the illuminated detector area and the magnitude of the attenuation. The attenuation coefficient of multiple metal plates was determined by polychromatic neutrons bu the CONRAD V7 instrument. The strength of the back illumination strongly depends upon the sample absorption. While it is relatively moderate (a few percent) for weak absorbing samples, it can be severe when the sample is a strong absorber or thick.
KW - Attenuation coefficient
KW - Neutron imaging
KW - Neutron scattering
KW - Polycromatic neutrons
KW - Scintillator
PY - 2024
SN - 1073-9149
DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/10739149.2024.2380772
SP - 1
EP - 11
PB - Taylor & Francis
AN - OPUS4-60752
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kömmling, Anja
A1 - von der Ehe, Kerstin
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
T1 - Effect of high-dose gamma irradiation on (U)HMWPE neutron shielding materials
N2 - High and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylenes were gamma-irradiated with doses up to 600 kGy. The changes in the material properties were analysed using DSC, DMA, IR spectroscopy, as well as measurements of density and insoluble content. The irradiation led to an increase of the degree of crystallinity because of chain scissions during irradiation, leading to shorter and thus more mobile chains. Both the plateau value of the shear modulus G′ and the insoluble content increased with Irradiation dose, indicating the formation of additional crosslinks. Furthermore, IR spectroscopy revealed irradiation induced oxidation and the formation of double bonds, indicating that some of the hydrogen atoms responsible for the neutron shielding capability have been released.
KW - Ultra high molecular weight
KW - Polyethylene
KW - Gamma irradiation
KW - Crosslinking
KW - Oxidation
PY - 2018
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2017.02.014
SN - 0969-806X
VL - 142
SP - 29
EP - 33
PB - Elsevier
AN - OPUS4-42941
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
T1 - Long-term evaluation of sealing systems for radioactive waste packages
N2 - The investigation of the long-term performance of sealing systems employed in containers for radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel is one research focus area for division 3.4 “Safety of Storage Containers” at the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM). Our investigations comprise investigations on metallic and elastomeric seals and covers experimental investigations to get a database on the component/material behaviour, work on analytical descriptions and numerical analysis. Our aim is to understand the long-term behaviour of the sealing systems for evaluation of their performance during possible extended interim storage and subsequent transportation.
T2 - 3rd Workshop on Safety of Extended Dry Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel
CY - Garching, Germany
DA - 05.06.2019
KW - Seal performance
KW - Rubber seal
KW - Metallic seal
KW - Ageing
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48224
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Jürgens, Maria
A1 - Olbricht, Jürgen
A1 - Fedelich, Bernard
A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit
T1 - FLEXIKON - Teil 2: Ermüdungsverhalten, Schädigungsentwicklung und Lebensdauer von 9-12% Cr-Stählen im zyklischen Kraftwerksbetrieb
N2 - Schnelle Lastwechsel führen v.a. in dickwandigen Kraftwerksbauteilen zu starken thermischen und mechanischen Beanspruchungen, da sich hohe Temperaturgradienten über der Wand des Bauteils einstellen. Es ergeben sich komplexe Lastkollektive aus zeitlich veränderlichen Spannungen/Dehnungen und Temperaturen, die formal einer Kombination aus Kriechbeanspruchung, Kriechermüdung und thermomechanischer Ermüdung (TMF) entsprechen.
T2 - 47. Kraftwerkstechnisches Kolloquium
CY - Dresden
DA - 13.10.2015
KW - TMF
KW - LCF
KW - P91
KW - P92
PY - 2015
AN - OPUS4-35613
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
A1 - Böhning, Martin
A1 - Braun, Ulrike
A1 - Teteris, G.
A1 - Stark, W.
T1 - Investigation of the curing state of ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) for photovoltaic applications by gel content determination, rheology, DSC and FTIR
N2 - The cure behaviour of a specific ethylene vinyl acetate material as used for encapsulation of photovoltaic modules was analysed by rheometer, differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to test for a suitable replacement for the laborious determination of gel content. The results show that all applied methods are capable of describing the effects of the cross-linking process. Some provide results very similar to those yielded by analysis of the insoluble content, but the question remains as to whether indirect methods should be preferred over the direct measurement of physical properties, e.g. as performed by the curemeter. A material stored for one year was also tested to demonstrate the effect of extended storage on cure behaviour and how this is detected by different methods. This complements the other methods, which were clearly able to detect the different cure behaviour of the aged EVA, whereas determination of the gel content could not.
KW - Photovoltaic cell encapsulation
KW - EVA
KW - Incoming goods control
KW - Insoluble content
KW - Rheometer
PY - 2016
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2016.03.013
SN - 0142-9418
VL - 52
IS - 1
SP - 133
EP - 140
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
CY - Oxford, UK
AN - OPUS4-35918
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
T1 - Untersuchungen der BAM zum Langzeitverhalten von Metall- und Elastomerdichtungen sowie an Polymeren zur Neutronenmoderation
N2 - Ein wesentliches sicherheitstechnisches Kriterium für Transport und Lagerbehälter ist das Langzeitverhalten von verschraubten Deckel-Dichtsystemen unter Verwendung von Metall- und Elastomerdichtungen sowie von im Behälterkörper integrierten Polyethylenen zur Neutronen¬abschirmung.
Die ordnungsgemäße Funktion der Metalldichtungen ist Voraussetzung für die Einhaltung der geforderten Dichtheit des Deckelsystems, während die Elastomerdichtungen für die Messung der Leckagerate an den Metalldichtungen benötigt werden. Darüber hinaus kommen Elastomer-dichtungen als Primärdichtungen in Behältern für radioaktive Abfälle mit vernachlässigbarer Wärmeentwicklung zum Einsatz.
Zur Bewertung des Dichtungsverhaltens sind die alterungsabhängige verbleibende Rückstellkraft für die Metall- und Elastomerdichtungen sowie die sog. nutzbare Rückfederung bei Metalldichtungen von entscheidender Bedeutung. Für Elastomerdichtungen ist zusätzlich eine radiologisch bedingte Materialdegradation zu bewerten.
In Bezug auf das Alterungsverhalten von Polyethylen zur Neutronenabschirmung sind neben zeit- und temperaturabhängigen Materialveränderungen insbesondere auch durch Gammastrahlung induzierte Degradationseffekte wie Wasserstoffabspaltung, Vernetzung und Abbau der Polymer¬moleküle zu berücksichtigen. Über die eigentliche Bewertung der Abschirmeigenschaften hinaus sind somit zusätzlich Auswirkungen von Degradationsprodukten auf andere Behälterkomponenten zu diskutieren.
Die an der BAM im Fachbereich 3.4 Sicherheit von Lagerbahältern durchgeführten und aktuell laufenden Untersuchungen werden vorgestellt und diskutiert.
T2 - 5. RAM-Behältersicherheitstage
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 16.03.2016
KW - Alterung
KW - Dichtung
KW - Degradation
KW - Zwischenlagerung
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-35915
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Agroui, K.
T1 - Analysis techniques of polymeric encapsulant materials for photovoltaic modules: Situation and perspectives
N2 - The properties of the encapsulant are critical to the long-term performance of photovoltaic (PV) modules under the influence of sunlight including UV, elevated temperature, humidity and diffusion of oxygen. Encapsulation process represents about 40% of the whole PV module cost. The introduction of new non-EVA encapsulant material type “Low-Cost, High-Performance” should provide a solution to outdoor yellowing degradation problems. The emerging encapsulant materials exhibit a good compatibility with emerging PV solar cells for long term durability. This new generation of encapsulant materials has the advantage to improve the PV module performances and long term durability for specific climate like desert regions. This scientific contribution presents an overview of the different encapsulant materials currently on the market, the general requirements of the emerging encapsulant materials and characterizations techniques for degradation, diagnostic and reliability lifetime estimation in the framework of Algerian renewable energy strategy.
T2 - Africa-EU Symposium on Renewable Energy Research and Innovation
CY - Tlemcen, Algeria
DA - 08.03.2016
KW - solar cells
KW - PV module
KW - polymer encapsulant
KW - encapsulation
KW - analysis techniques
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-35916
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Weber, Mike
T1 - Testing and numerical simulation of elastomeric seals under consideration of time dependent effects
N2 - Due to delays in the siting procedure to establish a deep geological repository for spent nuclear fuel and high level waste and in construction of the already licensed Konrad repository for low and intermediate level waste, extended periods of interim storage will become more relevant in Germany. BAM is involved in most of the cask licensing procedures and is responsible for the evaluation of cask-related long-term safety issues. Elastomeric seals are widely used as barrier seals for containers for low and intermediate level radioactive waste. In addition they are also used as auxiliary seals in spent fuel storage and transportation casks (dual purpose casks (DPC)).
To address the complex requirements resulting from the described applications, BAM has initiated several test programs for investigating the behavior of elastomeric seals. These include experiments concerning the hyperelastic and viscoelastic behavior at different temperatures and strain rates, the low temperature performance down to -40°C, the influence of gamma irradiation and the aging behavior.
The first part of the paper gives an overview of these tests, their relevant results and their possible impact on BAM’s work as a consultant in the framework of approval and licensing procedures.
The second part presents an approach of the development of a finite element model using the finite element code ABAQUS®. The long-term goal is to simulate the complex elastomeric behavior in a complete lid closure system under specific operation and accident conditions.
T2 - ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference (PVP2016)
CY - Vancouver, BC, Canada
DA - 17.07.2016
KW - Elastomeric seals
KW - Testing
KW - Low temperature behavior
KW - Aging
KW - Simulation
KW - Time dependent effects
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37048
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
T1 - Investigations to predict the long term performance of polymeric components of storage casks for radioactive waste
N2 - As a Federal institute for materials research and testing it is part of our tasks to evaluate the safety of casks designed for transport and/or storage of radioactive material. This includes the investigation of elastomeric seals and polymeric neutron shielding materials used in the containers.
In this contribution we would like to present our research focused on the long term performance and associated changes of material properties of elastomeric seals (e.g. EPDM, FKM) and neutron shielding materials ((Ultra) High Molecular Weight Polyethylene) employed in storage casks. Our approach comprises accelerated ageing investigations at elevated temperatures and to some extent investigations of irradiated materials.
As the requirements for the extended use of cables in nuclear power plants and for the long term use of cask components are to a certain extent similar, our work might be of interest for the workshop on “Cables ageing in nuclear power plants; R&D current status and forecast”.
T2 - Cables ageing in nuclear power plants; R&D current status and forecast
CY - Rez, Czech Republic
DA - 24.05.2016
KW - Ageing
KW - Lifetime evaluation
KW - Rubber seal
KW - Neutron shielding
KW - Storage cask
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-36337
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kömmling, Anja
T1 - Influence of ageing on sealability of HNBR, EPDM and FKM O-rings
N2 - At BAM, which is a federal institute for materials research and testing in Germany, it is our responsibility to evaluate the safety of casks designed for transport and/or storage of radio-active material. This includes assessment of the elastomeric seals applied in the containers. Besides examining the low-temperature behaviour of elastomeric seals, it is our goal to evaluate the service lifetime of the seals with regard to the requirements for long-term safety (40 years and more) of the containers. Therefore, we started an ageing programme with selected rubbers (HNBR, EPDM and FKM) which are oven-aged at four different temperatures (75 °C, 100 °C, 125 °C and 150 °C) up to 1.5 years. In order to assess sealability, O-rings are aged in compression by 25 % (corresponding to the compression during service) between plates as well as in flanges that allow leakage rate measurements. For comparison, uncompressed O-rings are aged as well. Further methods characterising seal performance are compression stress relaxation (CSR) reflecting the loss of sealing force of a compressed seal over time, and compression set (CS) which represents the recovery behaviour of a seal after release from compression. Many other properties, e.g. hardness or glass transition temperature, are influenced in opposite directions by crosslinking and chain scission reactions during ageing. By contrast, CSR and CS are influenced additively by each reaction type, as crosslinking leads to the formation of network chains that are in equilibrium with the compressed geometry, and broken chains lose their recovery potential and their contribution to the sealing force. The experimental results indicate that while CSR and CS show considerable degradation effects, the leakage rate stays constant or even decreases until shrinkage and the loss of resilience of the aged sample leads to the formation of a leak path.
T2 - PolyMerTec 2016
CY - Merseburg, Germany
DA - 15.07.2016
KW - Degradation
KW - Elastomer
KW - Seal
KW - Compression
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-36993
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
T1 - Use of rubber seals at low temperatures
N2 - Rubber is widely used as sealing material in various applications. In many fields the function of seal materials at low temperatures is necessary. Therefore, the understanding of failure mechanisms that lead to leakage at low temperatures is of high importance.
It is known that the material properties of rubbers are strongly temperature dependent. At low temperatures this is caused by the rubber-glass transition (abbr. glass transition). During continuous cooling, due to the glass transition the material changes from rubber-like entropy-elastic behaviour to stiff energy-elastic behaviour, that allows nearly no strain or retraction. Hence, rubbers are normally used above their glass transition. But as the minimum working temperature limit of elastomers cannot be defined globally and precisely, the lower operation temperature limit of rubber seals should be determined in dependence of the application conditions and the most relevant material properties.
In this paper, wesummarize results of our temperature dependent investigation of seal material properties by classical thermal analysis as Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA), combined with measurements of standardized tests as compression set and the seal performance determined in component tests. To reduce the test time of compression set tests a faster technique was developed and applied.
To study the influence of dynamic events on the seal performance and to enhance the understanding of occurring seal failure, a setup for a fast partial seal release was designed.
T2 - RubberCon 2016
CY - Tampere, Finland
DA - 08.06.2016
KW - O-Ring
KW - Compression set
KW - Leakage rate
KW - Low temperature
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-36514
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hertwig, Andreas
T1 - Measurement of Porous TiO2 Layers with spectroscopic ellipsometry – a multi-method study
N2 - By means of an effective medium (EMA) based approach, it is possible to use spectroscopic ellipsometry to determine the mixing ratios between air and material in porous dielectrics and calculate a quantitative value of the porosity for these materials. As this method is model-based, it is very difficult to provide a quantitative measure for the accuracy of porosity values determined by this method. Valuable additional information can often be obtained by combining ellipsometry with other complementary methods. In the present study, the ellipsometry results were validated by Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA) with the option of layer analysis (by the socalled “STRATAGem” approach), gravimetry, and electron microscopy. We analysed porous TiO2 thin layers synthesised by means of a template synthesis approach (evaporation induced self assembly).
Ellipsometry measurements on porous samples are difficult to analyse due to the complexity of the models necessary. Often it is difficult to decide if the measured data contains enough information to successfully determine the target quantities (mixing ratio, dielectric function of the matrix material). One method to decrease the complexity of the fit and therefore use the measurement data most efficiently is a multi-sample analysis. In the present case, multi-sample analysis was used for determining the porosity factors of the individual layers while using one common set of dielectric function values for the matrix in all cases.
While the results of the fit analysis in this case can be used to show the feasibility and also the limitations of the multi-method approach, the porosity values themselves show a promising agreement between the independent methods. It can therefore be concluded that determining porosity values with ellipsometry is in accordance to other methods to the level of accuracy provided by the complementary methodologies.
T2 - International conference on spectroscopic ellipsometry (ICSE-7)
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 06.06.2016
KW - Spectroscopic Ellipsometry
KW - Electron Microscopy
KW - Multi-method Metrology
KW - Porous Materials
KW - Thin Films
KW - Titanium Dioxide
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37202
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Olbricht, Jürgen
T1 - Development of TMF testing – a little look back
N2 - This presentation shortly outlines the timescale on which thermal and thermo-mechanical fatigue have developed both in academic research and industry.
T2 - 3rd International Workshop on Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 27.04.2016
KW - History
KW - Thermal fatigue/shock
KW - Thermo-mechanical fatigue
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-36055
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
T1 - Long-term behavior of metal and elastomer seals as well as polyethylene as safety relevant components of transport and storage casks for radioactive materials (LaMEP)
N2 - In Germany, the concept of dry interim storage in dual purpose metal casks before disposal is being pursued for spent nuclear fuel (SNF) and high level waste (HLW) management. The main safety relevant components are the thick-walled dual purpose metal casks. These casks consist e.g. of a monolithic cask body with integrated neutron shielding components (polymers, e.g. polyethylene) and a monitored double lid barrier system equipped with metal and elastomer seals. The metal seals of this bolted closure system guarantee the required leak-tightness whereas the elastomer seals allow for leakage rate measurement of the metal seals.
This presentation provides an overview of BAM proactive R&D projects related to the long-term behavior and degradation effects of metal seals, elastomer seals and polyethylene used as neutron shielding material. Particular attention is paid to the approach and first results of the third-party-founded research project LaMEP with the aim of further closure of existing knowledge gaps of safety relevant aging effects of such cask components.
T2 - Symposium Verlängerte Zwischenlagerung
CY - Garching (Munich), Germany
DA - 22.06.2017
KW - Metal seals
KW - Elastomer seals
KW - Neutron shielding material
KW - Aging
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-41312
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Jürgens, Maria
A1 - Sonntag, Nadja
A1 - Olbricht, Jürgen
A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit
T1 - Cyclic operation performance of 9-12% Cr ferritic-martensitic steels part 1: Cyclic mechanical behavior under fatigue and creep-fatigue loading
N2 - The current competitive situation on electricity markets forces power plants into cyclic operation regimes with frequent load shifts and starts/shutdowns. In the present work, the cyclic mechanical behavior of ferritic-martensitic 9-12 % Cr steels under isothermal and thermomechanical loading was investigated for the example of grade P92 material. A continuous softening was observed under all loading conditions. The introduction of hold periods to the applied cycles reduced material lifetime, with most prominent effects at technologically relevant small strain levels. The microstructural characterization reveals a coarsening of the original “martensitic” lath-type microstructure to a structure with polygonal subgrains and reduced dislocation density. The microstructural data forms the input for a physically-based modelling approach, both of which are presented in “Part 2: Microstructural Evolution during Cyclic Loading and its Representation in a Physically-based Micromechanical Model“.
T2 - 45. MPA-Seminar
CY - Leinfelden-Echterdingen, Germany
DA - 01.10.2019
KW - Tempered Martensite Ferritic Steels
KW - P92
KW - Low Cycle Fatigue
KW - Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue
KW - Creep-Fatigue
PY - 2019
SP - 75
EP - 79
PB - MPA (Materialprüfungsanstalt Universität Stuttgart)
CY - Stuttgart
AN - OPUS4-50051
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zaghdoudi, Maha
T1 - Oxidative ageing of elastomers: experiment and modelling
N2 - During an extensive test programme at the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und prüfung, material property changes of EPDM O-rings were investigated at different ageing times and an ageing temperature of 125 °C. To exclude possible diffusion limited oxidation (DLO) effects that can distort the data, IRHD micro hardness measurements were performed over the cross-section of compressed O-rings. Continuous stress relaxation measurements were conducted on samples free of DLO effects. The additional effect of physical processes to irreversible chemical ones during a long-term thermal exposure is quantified by the analysis of compression set measurements under various test conditions. By combining the different experimental methods, characteristic times relative to the degradation processes were determined. On the basis of experimental data, a microphysically motivated model that takes into account reversible and irreversible processes was developed. The parameter identification strategy of the material model is based on our experimental investigations on homogeneously aged elastomer O-rings. The simulated results are in good agreement with the experiments.
T2 - ACEX-14th International Conference on Advanced Computational Engineering and Experimenting
CY - Malta
DA - 04.07.2021
KW - Compression stress relaxation
KW - Compression set
KW - IRHD micro hardness
KW - Modelling
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52968
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Radnik, Jörg
T1 - Morphological and surface analytical long-term investigations of a CH3NH3PbI3/TiO2 perovskite solar cell
N2 - Long-term investigations over 20 weeks of a organic-inorganic hybrid solar cell with SEM/EDX and XPS will be presented.
T2 - Kratos User Meeting 2017
CY - Stuttgart, Germany
DA - 17.10.2017
KW - Perovskite solar cell
KW - SEM with EDX
KW - XPS
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-42626
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Grelle, Tobias
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
A1 - Probst, Ulrich
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
A1 - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Component and material investigations on metal seals for high level radioactive waste containers
N2 - In Germany casks for interim storage of spent nuclear fuel and high level radioactive waste are equipped with Helicoflex® metal seals as main sealing barrier of the double lid system. The long-term behaviour of those seals is investigated at Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) in order to evaluate the safety function of the containment at different temperatures over storage periods of 40 years or more in case extended interim storage becomes necessary.
Long-term investigations have been done for ageing times of up to 8.5 years at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 150 °C. It was found that the seal force and useable resilience decrease over time, which is mainly caused by creep deformation of the aluminium (or silver) outer jacket of the seals. This effect becomes stronger with increasing temperature.
The ageing processes of the seal material and the overall seal behaviour is under investigation in order to derive analytical descriptions for the long-term seal performance. Thus, standardized tests on the basic seal materials, with focus on aluminium, and additional investigations on the seals as a component are conducted. The current investigations include compression and tension creep measurements as well as tensile testing. Furthermore, ageing of seal segments provides information on the development of the contact area width, jacket thickness and microstructural changes in dependence of time and temperature. The obtained data are used for the development of material models and an analytical approach to describe and predict the time and temperature dependent sealing behaviour in the long-term.
T2 - 11th International Conference on the Transport, Storage and Disposal of Radioactive Materials
CY - London, UK
DA - 15.05.2018
KW - Metal seal
KW - Creep
KW - Long-term behavior
PY - 2018
SP - 18535, 1
EP - 6
AN - OPUS4-45452
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
T1 - An update on metal seal tests performed at BAM and implications for interim storage
N2 - The investigation of the long-term performance of sealing systems employed in containers for radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel is one research focus area for division 3.4 “Safety of Storage Containers” at the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung. Metallic seals are in use in interim storage casks for used fuel and high active waste. Their change in performance over time is of high importance for maintaining safe enclosure. Therefore, investigations on these systems were started at BAM to get a general understanding of the relevant processes. Our investigations comprise investigations on different parameters which influence the seal performance and the main part is focussed on the time and temperature dependent behaviour.
In this contribution an update on the performed tests and their respective results will be given in respect to the overview presented in 2020.
The understanding of the long-term behaviour of the sealing systems and the performance evaluation during interim storage and subsequent transportation are our goals.
T2 - SEDS-Workshop: Sicherheit der längerfristigen trockenen Zwischenlagerung
CY - Garching, Germany
DA - 15.05.2024
KW - Metal seals
KW - Ageing
KW - Leakage rate
KW - Creep
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60640
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Olbricht, Jürgen
T1 - Interaction of thermo-mechanical fatigue, creep and cyclic oxidation in 9-12% Cr steels
N2 - In recent years, the performance of heat resistant ferritic-martensitic steels under cyclic oxidation and cyclic mechanical loading has gained considerable attention. The growing contributions of renewable energy sources to electricity generation have triggered a shift from continuous (baseload) operation of conventional power plants towards cyclic or “flexible” operation, which is needed to stabilize the electric grids by balancing the highly variable renewable’s input.
Compared to the impressive amount of data on isothermal oxidation/corrosion and static
mechanical loading (creep) that was compiled over decades, only little and sometimes
contradictory information is so far available on the reaction of these alloys to cyclic
conditions. The latter may involve frequent transients or holds at intermediate temperatures, as well as shut-downs and start-ups with high temperature rates which result in cyclic mechanical loads (thermo-mechanical fatigue, TMF) and thermo-cyclic oxidation at variable temperature.
Our contribution will report on recent findings obtained within the framework of a junior
research group which investigates the oxidation and fatigue of the ferritic-martensitic grades P91, P92 and VM12 SHC under thermo-cyclic conditions. Cyclic oxidation tests are carried out in steam using different sample shapes (flat coupons, U-segments and rings taken from heat exchanger tubes). Special attention is paid to changes in the kinetics and the integrity and possible delamination/spalling of the oxide layers. Mechanical tests are carried out on material from real steam pipes with a focus on the softening behaviour and lifetime issues resulting from combined creep/TMF loadings. All experiments are carried out in the 300-620°C regime with temperature and load profiles that resemble typical loading scenarios in power plants and are complemented by detailed microstructural characterisation.
T2 - IUTAM-Symposium Multi-scale Fatigue, Fracture & Damage of Materials in Harsh Environments
CY - Galway, Ireland
DA - 28.08.2017
KW - Low cycle fatigue
KW - Thermo-mechanical fatigue
KW - Creep-fatigue
KW - Steam oxidation
KW - Power plants
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-42654
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mrkwitschka, Paul
T1 - Correlative analysis with electron microscopy applied in different operating modes (SEM, STEM-in-SEM and TEM) for the accurate morphological characterisation of non-spherical fine nanoparticles
N2 - Electron microscopy applied in different operating modes, e.g., SEM, TEM or STEM-in-SEM, is the gold standard method to investigate the exact size and shape of individual nanoparticles. However, when fine nanoparticles with a non-monodisperse size distribution and non-spherical shapes are analysed, achieving an accurate result is challenging. Deviations in size measurements of more than 10% may occur. Understanding of the contrasts and sensitivities characteristic to the individual operating modes of an electron microscope is key in interpreting and evaluating quantitatively the measurement uncertainties needed for an eventual certification of specific nanoparticles via traceable results. Further, beyond the pure measurement, the other components in the analysis workflow with significant impact on the overall measurement uncertainties are the sample preparation and the image segmentation. In the present study the same areas of selected iron oxide fine nanoparticles (<25 nm) as reference nanomaterial (candidate) prepared on substrate for electron microscopy imaging are analysed correlatively with SEM, STEM-in-SEM and TEM with respect to their size and shape distribution. Individual significant measurement uncertainties are discussed, e.g., the sensitivity of secondary electron detectors of InLens-type to the surface morphology, particularly to the presence of an ultrathin organic coating or signal saturation effects on the particle edges, to electron beam exposure, to surface contamination, or the selection of the threshold for image segmentation. Another goal of this study is to establish a basis of analysis conditions which shall guarantee accurate results when both manual and particularly (semi-)automated segmentation approaches are applied. Advantages as well as limitations of the use of different electron microscopy operating modes, applied individually and correlatively, are highlighted.
T2 - E-MRS 2024 Spring Meeting
CY - Strasbourg, France
DA - 27.05.2024
KW - Nanoparticles
KW - Electron Microscopy
KW - Metrology
KW - Imaging
KW - Reference materials
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60436
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
T1 - Investigations on the low temperature performance of rubber seals
N2 - For many sealing applications rubbers are applied due to their special material properties and easy use. In many applications as e.g. in aviation, traffic or process technology the material can be exposed to low temperatures during operation. Therefore, it is important to know the material behaviour at those low temperatures to determine the temperature range that allows a safe operation of the seal.
In this work, we focus on the behaviour of elastomer seals at low temperatures with regard to potential decrease of leak-tightness or catastrophic seal failure of O-ring rubber seals. This is required as material properties of rubbers are strongly temperature dependent but their temperature application range is not always clearly defined.
Based on previous investigations which considered the physical material properties and the seal behaviour under purely static conditions we widen the focus on the sealing performance after a fast partial relief of compressed seals and additional materials.
For the investigations, different typical rubber seal materials were used as e.g. fluorocarbon (FKM), ethylene propylene diene (EPDM) and hydrogenated acrylonitrile-butadiene (HNBR) rubber.
The correlation of the physical material properties with seal performance is studied. This includes as well purely static sealing applications as the Performance during/after fast partial relief of seals at low temperatures.
T2 - Technomer 2017
CY - Chemnitz, Germany
DA - 09.11.2017
KW - Seal
KW - Rubber
KW - Low temperature
KW - Recovery
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-42839
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Müller, Kai
A1 - Mirabella, Francesca
A1 - Knigge, Xenia
A1 - Mezera, Marek
A1 - Weise, Matthias
A1 - Sahre, Mario
A1 - Wasmuth, Karsten
A1 - Voss, Heike
A1 - Hertwig, Andreas
A1 - Krüger, Jörg
A1 - Radnik, Jörg
A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
T1 - Chemical and topographical changes upon sub-100-nm laser-induced periodic surface structure formation on titanium alloy: the influence of laser pulse repetition rate and number of over-scans
N2 - Titanium and its alloys are known to allow the straightforward laser-based manufacturing of ordered surface nanostructures, so-called high spatial frequency laser-induced periodic surface structures (HSFL). These structures exhibit sub-100 nm spatial periods – far below the optical diffraction limit. The resulting surface functionalities are usually enabled by both, topographic and chemical alterations of the nanostructured surfaces. For exploring these effects, multi-method characterizations were performed here for HSFL processed on Ti–6Al–4V alloy upon irradiation with near-infrared ps-laser pulses (1030 nm, ≈1 ps pulse duration, 1–400 kHz) under different laser scan processing conditions, i.e., by systematically varying the pulse repetition frequency and the number of laser irradiation passes. The sample characterization involved morphological and topographical investigations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), tactile stylus profilometry, as well as near-surface chemical analyses hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) and depth-profiling time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). This provides a quantification of the laser ablation depth, the geometrical HSFL characteristics and enables new insights into the depth extent and the nature of the non-ablative laser-induced near-surface oxidation accompanying these nanostructures. This allows to answer the questions how the processing of HSFL can be industrially scaled up, and whether the latter is limited by heat-accumulation effects.
T2 - 2023 E-MRS Spring Meeting, Symposium L "Making light matter: lasers in material sciences and photonics"
CY - Strasbourg, France
DA - 29.05.2023
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Ultrashort laser pulses
KW - Laser processing
KW - Hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES)
KW - Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS)
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-589902
UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/pssa.202300719
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.202300719
SN - 1862-6319
VL - 221
IS - 15
SP - 1
EP - 12
PB - Wiley-VCH GmbH
CY - Weinheim
AN - OPUS4-58990
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Rossi, Andrea
A1 - Alladio, Eugenio
A1 - Drobne, Damjana
A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan
A1 - Jurkschat, Kerstin
A1 - Kononenko, Veno
A1 - Madbouly, Loay Akmal
A1 - Mrkwitschka, Paul
A1 - Novak, Sara
A1 - Radnik, Jörg
A1 - Saje, Špela
A1 - Santalucia, Rosangela
A1 - Sordello, Fabrizio
A1 - Pellegrino, Francesco
T1 - Publisher correction: Development of a one-pot synthesis of rGO in water by optimizing Tour’s method parameters
N2 - This is a publisher's correction to the original article "Development of a one-pot synthesis of rGO in water by optimizing Tour’s method parameters" that was published online on 27th September 2024 in "Scientific reports" (DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-73606-2).
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-617590
DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-77468-6
SN - 2045-2322
VL - 14
IS - 1
SP - 1
PB - Springer Nature
CY - London
AN - OPUS4-61759
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Dang, Thi Thuy Hanh
A1 - Seeburg, Dominik
A1 - Radnik, Jörg
A1 - Kreyenschulte, Carsten
A1 - Atia, Hanan
A1 - Vu, Thi Thu Ha
A1 - Wohlrab, Sebastian
T1 - Influence of V-sources on the catalytic performance of VMCM-41 in the selective oxidation of methane to formaldehyde
N2 - VMCM-41 catalysts from two different tetravalent Vanadium sources, hydrothermally synthesized after a mild gelation step at room temperature, were used as catalysts for the selective oxidation of methane to formaldehyde.
Vanadyl acetylacetonate as VMCM-41 precursor, facilitates highest VOx density with predominance of monomeric and a small portion of low-oligomeric VOx species. It produces CH2O in high yield and the highest space time yield (STYCH2O) reaches 5.3 kgCH2O·kgcat −1·h−1 at 600 °C (rate of formation, rCH2O of 363 h−1).
VMCM-41 synthesized from vanadyl sulfate hydrate precursor contains a more significant portion of low-oligomeric species. With a lower V loading, these VOx species are significantly less active resulting in a Maximum STYCH2O of 2.7 kgCH2O·kgcat −1·h−1 at 625 °C (rCH2O of 243 h−1).
KW - VOx catalyst
KW - Methane
KW - Formaldehyde
PY - 2018
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2017.09.004
SN - 1566-7367
VL - 103
SP - 56
EP - 59
PB - Elsevier Science
AN - OPUS4-42820
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Jürgens, Maria
ED - Skrotzki, Birgit
ED - Olbricht, Jürgen
T1 - Creep fatigue behavior of P91/P92
N2 - 9-12% Cr ferritic-martensitic stainless steels are widely used as high temperature construction materials in power plants due to their excellent creep resistance and good oxidation resistance. Creep resistance is considered as the primary parameter in material selection for base-load power plants, but the growing share of renewable energy sources in power generation forces many installations into more "flexible" operation with frequent load reductions and shutdowns. Under cyclic operation of power plants, temperature gradients occur especially in thick-walled components. Locally, these gradients lead to complex time- and temperature-dependent loading scenarios which may result in superimposed creep deformation/damage, creep-fatigue and thermo-mechanical fatigue. The combination of different damage processes may seriously reduce the lifetimes of respective components. A fundamental understanding of the damage evolution in ferritic-martensitic steels under combined static and cyclic loading is therefore required.
In the present contribution, the creep-fatigue behavior of two different 9% Cr steel grades (P91 and P92) was investigated. Standard creep-tests as well as LCF/TMF tests with hold time have been carried out to study the material behavior of the new loading scenarios. Microstructural investigations help to identify the observed deformation characteristics and the dominating damage mechanisms under different loads. The test programme is complemented by cyclic creep-tests (temperature change) and creep-tests under atmospheres. In a next step, the experimental results will be used for parameter identification of a deformation and lifetime model to predict the material behavior.
T2 - ECCC 2017
CY - Düsseldorf, Germany
DA - 10.09.2017
KW - Near-service testing
KW - Power plant
KW - Ferritic-martensitic steels
KW - P91
KW - P92
KW - Creep-Fatigue
PY - 2017
SN - 978-3-514-00832-8
SP - 1
EP - 5
AN - OPUS4-42270
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Jürgens, Maria
T1 - Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue Behavior of P92
N2 - In the present contribution, the thermo-mechanical fatigue and creep-fatigue behavior of two different 9% Cr steel grades (P91 and P92) was investigated. Standard LCF/TMF-tests as well as near-service loading tests with different hold times have been carried out to study the material behavior of the new loading scenarios. Microstructural investigations help to identify the observed deformation characteristics (like e.g. pronounced softening) and the dominating damage mechanisms under different loads. The test programme is complemented by selected tests on service-aged material which demonstrate possible reactions of older components in existing plants to changes in operation profiles. In a next step, the experimental results will be used for parameter identification of a deformation and lifetime model to predict the material behavior.
T2 - LCF08
CY - Dresden, Germany
DA - 27.06.2017
KW - Near-service testing
KW - Power plant
KW - Ferritic-martensitic steels
KW - P91
KW - P92
KW - Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-42267
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Zaghdoudi, Maha
A1 - Kömmling, Anja
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
T1 - Übersicht über laufende Untersuchungen zur Langzeitalterung von Elastomerdichtungen
N2 - Eine Aufgabe des Fachbereichs 3.4 Sicherheit von Lagerbehältern der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) ist es, die Sicherheit von Behältern zur Lagerung von radioaktivem Abfall mit vernachlässigbarer Wärmeentwicklung zu bewerten. Da solche Behälter vor der Entsorgung transportiert und gelagert werden, ist während dieser Zeit ein sicherer Einschluss des radioaktiven Inhalts von größter Bedeutung. Zur Abdichtung dieser Behälter sind Elastomer-O-Ringe weit verbreitet. Um für solche, wie auch für viele andere Anwendungen, eine Voraussage über die Lebensdauer dieser Komponenten treffen zu können, ist es unerlässlich zu verstehen, welchen Einfluss der durch Alterung hervorgerufene Abbau auf Dauer auf die Elastomerdichtungen hat. In einem Langzeittest wurden drei Kautschukarten (EPDM und FKM, die für die Anwendung relevant sind, und HNBR als Vergleich) über mehrere Jahre untersucht. Dabei wurden die Veränderungen der mechanischen Eigenschaften (z. B. Härte und Bruchdehnung) bei vier verschiedenen Alterungstemperaturen (75 °C, 100 °C, 125 °C und 150 °C) sowie das Dichtungsverhalten betrachtet. Um den Einfluss von Vernetzung und Kettenspaltung auf die beobachteten Alterungseffekte zu bestimmen, wurden Messungen zur kontinuierlichen und intermittierenden Druckspannungsrelaxation durchgeführt. Dadurch konnten Erkenntnisse über Kinetik und Mechanismus der Abbaureaktionen
gewonnen werden. Zur Einschätzung des Dichtungsverhaltens wurden Durckverformungsrest und Leckagerate gemessen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die O-Ringe unter statischen Bedingungen auch dann dicht halten, wenn die Werte für Druckverformungsrest, Druckspannungsrelaxation und mechanische Eigenschaften schon auf einen fortgeschrittenen Alterungsabbau hindeuten. Aus diesem Grund wurde ein modifizierter Dichtigkeitsversuch mit einer geringen und schnellen teilweisen Entlastung der Dichtung entwickelt, mit dessen Hilfe sich ein Lebensdauerkriterium bestimmen lässt, das eine Sicherheitsspanne für thermische Schrumpfung und Vibrationen beinhaltet.
KW - Alterung
KW - O-ring
KW - Elastomer Dichtung
PY - 2020
SN - 0176-1625
VL - 73
IS - 07-08
SP - 326
EP - 332
PB - Gupta
CY - Ratingen
AN - OPUS4-51207
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zaghdoudi, Maha
A1 - Kömmling, Anja
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
A1 - Albouy, P.-A.
A1 - Häcker, Ralf
A1 - Stock, Daniel
T1 - Overview of ongoing research and future prospects on polyethylene neutron shielding materials at bam
N2 - The extension of the interim storage period of radioactive waste before disposal will cause additional challenges for the nuclear waste management in Germany, so that an extensive knowledge of the long-term performance of casks, including their components and inventories, will be required for future extended storage licenses.
Ultra-high and high molecular weight polyethylenes ((U)HMW-PE) are used for neutron shielding purposes in casks for storage and transport of spent fuel and high-level waste due to their extremely high hydrogen content. During their service life of several decades as cask components, the PE materials are exposed to neutron and gamma radiation from the radioactive inventory of the casks, mechanical assembling stresses and temperature. All these combined effects affect the material properties of such components which in turn may be crucial for some possible accident scenarios.
At the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), the effects of high temperature exposure in combination with subsequent or previous irradiation were investigated with a comprehensive aging program including thermal aging at 125 °C for different aging periods up to 5 years and irradiation with doses ranging from 50 to 600 kGy.
This contribution provides an overview of the ongoing research related to the structural changes of (U)HMW-PE induced by gamma irradiation and high temperature exposure and focuses on current research perspectives at BAM with regard to the prediction of the dynamic behavior of the material during extended interim storage in case of an accident scenario. First results of the coupled effect of temperature, radiation and mechanical loading will be presented. The effect of microstructural changes induced by gamma irradiation and high temperature on the mechanical behavior of (U)HMW-PE will be assessed.
T2 - PATRAM22
CY - Juan-Les-Pins, Antibes, France
DA - 11.06.2023
KW - (U)HMWPE
KW - Ageing
KW - Irradiation
KW - WAXD
KW - SHPB
PY - 2023
SP - 1
EP - 10
AN - OPUS4-57707
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Grelle, Tobias
T1 - Material investigation and long-term sealing behavior of Helicoflex® metal seals used in containers for spent nuclear fuel
N2 - In Germany spent nuclear fuel is stored and transported in casks that possess bolted lid systems equipped with double jacket metal seals of Helicoflex® type in order to enable safe enclosure. A dry interim storage period of 40 years was planned and the casks are licensed for that time. However, due to political reasons and delayed disposal projects this time period is expected to increase significantly. It is therefore necessary to evaluate the long-term sealing behavior of the casks exceeding 40 years of operating time. In this paper, we discuss our approach to investigate the aging behavior of such metal seals, and to predict the long term sealing behavior.
Accelerated aging component tests with seals are performed at temperatures up to 150°C to investigate the course of seal force, useable resilience and leakage rate. Even though these tests have already shown a significant decrease in seal force and useable resilience after aging times of less than 1 year, for most seals the leakage rate stayed better than the specified value. However, observation of the leakage rate has to be continued to determine the effect of the influenced seal properties. As a main influence on the seal long-term behavior the increasing permanent deformation of the outer jacket has been recognized. It is made of aluminum or silver which means that the temperatures that are relevant for the aforementioned application in casks lead to creep deformation.
For further investigation of seal behavior a comprehensive research program concerning the material characteristics and aging behavior of the individual seal components, with an emphasis on the outer jacket material, has been launched. The aim is to get a better understanding of the time and temperature dependent creep mechanisms and deformation. The examinations are separated into tests on seal segments and tests on standardized specimen.
In order to be able to study the aging process, seal segments are compressed in flanges and stored at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 150°C. After defined time intervals the segments are analyzed by using standardized tests including structure investigation and creep tests. The results are compared with the behavior of the basic raw material for the specimen. This is done to ensure the comparability of the thin jacket material and additional material used for standardized tests. Thus, the prediction of component changes after different ageing times at different temperatures can be made. As a result forecasts on the long term seal behavior are intended.
T2 - Waste Management Symposia
CY - Phoenix, AZ, USA
DA - 05.03.2017
KW - Metal seal
KW - Creep
KW - Long-term behavior
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-39891
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
T1 - The average number of references per article published in Polymer Testing over the years
N2 - This Editorial is focussed on the changes in the number of references per article published in Polymer Testing from 1980 until today. To set in into context with other changes a comparison with the impact factor of Polymer Testing is presented.
KW - Reference
KW - Editorial
KW - Impact factor
KW - Changes with time
PY - 2018
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2018.05.034
SN - 0142-9418
VL - 68
SP - A1
EP - A2
PB - Elsevier
AN - OPUS4-45212
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Olbricht, Jürgen
A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo
A1 - Jürgens, Maria
A1 - Roohbakhshan, Farshad
A1 - Fedelich, Bernard
A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit
T1 - Cyclic loading performance and related microstructure evolution of ferritic-martensitic 9-12% Cr steels
N2 - The current competitive situation on electricity markets forces power plants into cyclic operation regimes with frequent load shifts and starts/shutdowns. In the present work, the cyclic mechanical behavior of ferritic-martensitic 9-12 % Cr steels under isothermal and thermomechanical loading was investigated for the example of grade P92 material. A continuous softening was observed under all loading conditions. The introduction of hold periods to the applied cycles reduced material lifetime, with most prominent effects at technologically relevant small strain levels. The microstructural characterization reveals a coarsening of the original “martensitic” lath-type microstructure to a structure with polygonal subgrains and reduced dislocation density. The microstructural data forms the input for a physically-based modelling approach.
T2 - 44th MPA-Seminar
CY - Leinfelden/Stuttgart, Germany
DA - 17.10.2018
KW - Ferritic-martensitic steels
KW - Cyclic loading
KW - Microstructure evolution
PY - 2018
SP - 259
EP - 265
AN - OPUS4-47118
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Subramani Bhagavatheswaran, E.
T1 - Aging study and electrical resistance based stress-monitoring of rubber seals
N2 - Elastomer seals are widely used as barrier seals in containers for low and intermediate level radioactive waste. In addition, they are also used in waste fuel storage and transportation casks as auxiliary seals. Depending on the area of use, the rubber materials have to demonstrate proper sealing performance with respect to mechanical, thermal and environmental conditions as well as irradiation during the entire operation period. A fundamental understanding of the structure property relationship and their changes during aging can help to evaluate the long-term sealing performance.
In the present study, specific materials are investigated to study the structure-property and seal performance-correlation. Fluoro-elastomer (FKM), silicone rubber (VMQ) and ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) were chosen as base rubbers. Comparable mechanical properties for these seals, especially in terms of a comparable compression behavior were achieved by careful control of base rubber formulation, i.e., by opting for the right filler and its concentration, amount of crosslinking chemicals, and with the assistance of process oils. Moreover, with the same rubber, similar mechanical properties were achieved by varying the filler concentration and crosslinking degree, which shall enable to correlate the particular influence on the structure property dependency of the seals in detail. The materials are investigated under pristine and aged conditions to evaluate the influence of aging, e.g. on the stress relaxation or recovery behavior. These values appear to be suitable parameters to judge the expected sealing performance.
Due to the electrically conducting nature of some fillers used to reinforce rubbers (such as carbon blacks, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), Graphene, etc.) it is possible to obtain current information about mechanical and visco-elastic properties by monitoring the electrical conductivity or resistivity. A simple relation that relates electrical resistance with mechanical stress was derived and the stress values were theoretically predicted from the electrical resistance values, which showed good correlation with experimental results.
T2 - 192nd Technical Meeting of the ACS Rubber Division
CY - Cleveland, OH, USA
DA - 09.10.2017
KW - Ageing
KW - Structure-property relationship
KW - Rubber
KW - Seal
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-42846
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Grelle, Tobias
T1 - Investigation program for evaluation and prediction of the long-term behaviour of Helicoflex® metal seals
N2 - In Germany, for the transport and storage of spent nuclear fuel, casks with double closure lid systems are used, which are equipped with Helicoflex® metal seals. The original interim storage period for these casks was planned to be 40 years. However, recent developments indicate that a storage time of more than 80 years might be necessary. Therefore, the current licensing has to be renewed, which requires extended knowledge of the long-term behaviour of all cask components.
At the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), metal seals have been aged at temperatures of up to 150 °C for up to 7 years. At regular intervals the seals have been tested for leakage rate as well as their mechanical properties. From these tests pronounced influence of ageing could be shown which results in the decrease of the seal force and the useable resilience. The main reason attributed to these performance changes is the increasing permanent deformation of the outer seal component due to creep. So far, an explicit analytical description of the long-term behavior that could be used for predictions exceeding the tested ageing times was not suitable.
In addition to the component tests that were already conducted, a comprehensive research program has been started. The aim is to gain information applicable for the prediction of the seal behaviour for an extended period of time under a certain temperature regime.
The individual seal components are tested regarding different material characteristics including creep, deformation and microstructural properties. The comparability of the material characterization is ensured by comparing the basic raw material of the specimen with the actual component material.
Furthermore, detailed examinations of the time and temperature dependent deformation behaviour are realized by ageing seal segments at multiple temperatures for different periods of time and employing standardized tests.
By analyzing the newly acquired data in combination with the long-term component tests analytical forecasts of the long-term behavior of the seals are intended.
T2 - Annual Meeting on Nuclear Technology (AMNT)
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 16.05.2017
KW - Metal seal
KW - Creep
KW - Long-term behavior
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-40956
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kömmling, Anja
T1 - Aging of elastomer seals for nuclear waste containers – Methods and lifetime prediction
N2 - At BAM, which is a federal institute for materials research and testing in Germany, it is one of our tasks to evaluate the safety of casks designed for transport and/or storage of radioactive material. This includes assessment of elastomeric seals applied in the casks. One of the aims is to identify a suitable method for estimating the service lifetime of the seals with regard to the requirements for long-term safety (40 years and more) of the containers. Therefore, we started an accelerated ageing programme with selected rubbers often used for seals (HNBR, EPDM and FKM) which are aged at four different temperatures (75 °C, 100 °C, 125 °C and 150 °C) for up to five years. In order to assess sealability, O-rings were aged in compression by 25 % (corresponding to the compression during service) between plates as well as in flanges that allow leakage rate measurements. For comparison, uncompressed O-rings were aged as well. In order to understand the underlying ageing mechanisms in each material, material properties such as hardness, density and tensile properties were examined. Additionally, compression set (CS), which represents the recovery behaviour of a seal after release from compression, is measured. For obtaining results closely related to practical conditions, O-rings with a full-scale cord diameter of 10 mm were aged. However, this set-up can lead to heterogeneous ageing caused by diffusion-limited oxidation (DLO) effects especially for HNBR, resulting in distorted bulk properties such as compression set. However, if DLO-affected data is excluded, extrapolations of CS data are possible using time-temperature shifts.
For selecting an appropriate end-of-lifetime criterion, leakage rate measurements were performed, since leakage rate is the only characteristic directly correlated to the performance of the sealing system. A significant increase in leakage rate was considered as the end of the lifetime. However, the O-rings remained leak tight under static conditions even though material properties had already degraded strongly. For this reason, a modified, more demanding leakage test involving a fast small decompression of the seal was developed that allowed determining a more conservative end-of-lifetime criterion with a safety margin for EPDM seals. FKM, which is a very heat and oxidation resistant material, exhibited only little degradation, even though it had the smallest activation energy.
T2 - Polymers in nuclear applications
CY - Espoo, Finland
DA - 27.11.2019
KW - rubber
KW - leakage
KW - degradation
KW - HNBR
KW - EPDM
KW - FKM
PY - 2019
UR - https://www.energiforsk.se/media/27280/agingseals_kommling_bam.pdf
AN - OPUS4-49918
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zaghdoudi, Maha
T1 - Overview of ongoing research and future prospects on polyethylene neutron shielding materials at BAM
N2 - The extension of the interim storage period of radioactive waste before disposal will cause additional challenges for the nuclear waste management in Germany, so that an extensive knowledge of the long-term performance of casks, including their components and inventories, will be required for future extended storage licenses.
Ultra-high and high molecular weight polyethylenes ((U)HMW-PE) are used for neutron shielding purposes in casks for storage and transport of spent fuel and high-level waste due to their extremely high hydrogen content. During their service life of several decades as cask components, the PE materials are exposed to neutron and gamma radiation from the radioactive inventory of the casks, mechanical assembling stresses and temperature. All these combined effects affect the material properties of such components which in turn may be crucial for some possible accident scenarios.
At the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), the effects of high temperature exposure in combination with subsequent or previous irradiation were investigated with a comprehensive aging program including thermal aging at 125 °C for different aging periods up to 5 years and irradiation with doses ranging from 50 to 600 kGy.
This contribution provides an overview of the ongoing research related to the structural changes of (U)HMW-PE induced by gamma irradiation and high temperature exposure and focuses on current research perspectives at BAM with regard to the prediction of the dynamic behavior of the material during extended interim storage in case of an accident scenario. First results of the coupled effect of temperature, radiation and mechanical loading will be presented. The effect of microstructural changes induced by gamma irradiation and high temperature on the mechanical behavior of (U)HMW-PE will be assessed.
T2 - PATRAM22
CY - Juan-les-Pins, France
DA - 11.06.2023
KW - (U)HMWPE
KW - Ageing
KW - Irradiation
KW - WAXD
KW - SHPB
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57708
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kömmling, Anja
T1 - Aging of elastomer O-rings and PE neutron shielding materials for radioactive waste containers
N2 - Our institution BAM in Berlin, Germany is concerned with research and testing of materials in the context of safety in chemistry and technology. Our working group is involved in the licensing procedures of casks for radioactive waste. Besides, we’re doing research on aging and lifetime prediction of elastomer O-rings and investigate degradation and thermal expansion of PE neutron shielding materials.
T2 - Polymers in nuclear applications
CY - Online meeting
DA - 01.12.2021
KW - Rubber
KW - Polyethylene
KW - Thermal expansion
KW - Lifetime
KW - Degradation
PY - 2021
UR - https://energiforsk.se/media/30631/bam_material_aging_analysis.pdf
AN - OPUS4-54191
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Liu, Y.
T1 - Cooperation in Advanced Technologies Associated with the Back End of Nuclear Fuel Cycle
N2 - A Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between Argonne National Laboratory (Argonne) and the German Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) was signed in October 2014. Its objectives are to promote cooperation among scientists and specialists at Argonne and BAM and establish a framework for collaboration in advanced technologies associated with the back end of the nuclear fuel cycle. Collaborative activities involving Argonne and BAM may be implemented through the promotion of joint research activities and scientific workshops and conferences; exchange of technical information; and visits by scientists, specialists, and graduate, postgraduate, and Ph.D. students. The MOU was renewed in January 2020 for another five years. Highlights of the progress and achievements are provided in identified topical areas for collaboration on ageing management guidance, storage, transportation and disposal R&D, joint conference activities, and conclude with the benefits of the MOU in fostering Argonne and BAM collaboration.
T2 - 26th International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology - SMiRT 26
CY - Potsdam, Germany
DA - 10.07.2022
KW - Nuclear fuel cycle
KW - Back end
KW - Spent fuel performance
KW - Storage
KW - Transportation
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55862
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
T1 - Tests of metallic seals at Bam 3.4 performed over more than 15 years
N2 - The investigation of the long-term performance of sealing systems employed in containers for radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel is one research focus area for division 3.4 “Safety of Storage Containers” at the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) in Germany. The time dependant behaviour of metallic seals, which are employed in interim storage casks for used fuel and high active waste, is of high importance for ensuring safe enclosure. Therefore, investigations on these systems were started at BAM to get a general understanding of the relevant processes. Our investigations comprise investigations on different parameters which influence the seal performance and the main part is focussed on the time and temperature dependent behaviour.
In this contribution an overview of the performed tests and their respective results will be given.
T2 - 5th sealing workshop by Maestral
CY - Avignon, France
DA - 05.11.2024
KW - Metal seal
KW - Aging
KW - Interim storage
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62048
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Weber, Mike
T1 - Reproducing and discussion of mechanisms in the contact area between metallic seals and flange during aging by finite element analysis (FEA)
N2 - When the first site-specific interim storage licenses for DPCs (dual purpose casks), loaded with spent nuclear fuel or vitrified high-level waste from reprocessing were issued, a duration of 40 years was considered for interim storage license application and the long-term safety assessment of casks. In the meantime, the availability of a final repository is further delayed by several decades and thus interim storage for more than a century becomes a necessity.
To assess the long-term performance of the typically used metal seals (e.g. Helicoflex), consisting of a helical spring (Nimonic), an inner stainless steel liner and an outer liner made from silver or aluminum, several experimental programs were conducted and are still ongoing. The investigated metal seals are typically mounted in mock-up flange systems and stored at increased temperatures to accelerate the aging process. In certain intervals the remaining seal force, the useable resilience and the corresponding leakage rate are determined. BAM has accompanied such programs for many years and started independent investigations in 2009. Although the remaining seal force is often used as “…one of the key parameters regarding sealing performances over time…” the presented results so far have shown that the courses of the leakage rate and the remaining seal force do not always correlate as expected.
In 2016 BAM firstly published results of seals with aluminum liners where the measured leakage rate started to rise after a quite short time period (< 1 year) at 150 °C, although the seal force decreased only slightly compared to the previous measurement. After exceeding the required leakage rate of 10-8 Pa*m3/s it decreased again to acceptable values in the further course of aging.
With reference to already published works, BAM has developed a new detailed ABAQUS finite-element (FE) model to represent the behavior of the seal mounted in the mock-up flange during aging, mainly characterized by the creeping of the outer liner. The main goal of the numerical simulation is to reproduce and understand the changing distribution of contact stresses (outer liner/flange) during aging and to discuss if and how it could be causative for the observed early breach of the leak tightness criteria and its later recovery.
T2 - PATRAM 2025, 21st International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials
CY - San Antonio, Texas, USA
DA - 27.07.2025
KW - Finite element analysis
KW - Metallic seals
KW - Aging
KW - Contact area
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63883
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sagradov, Ilja
T1 - Long-term tests on metal seals using continuous force measurement in compressed state
N2 - In Germany, spent fuel and heat generating radioactive waste is stored in casks for transport and storage (DPCs). The storage licenses were granted for up to 40 years. Due to the delay in identifying a final repository site for such radioactive waste, the storage periods are to be extended significantly. The objective of our research work is to collect additional material data for metal seals in order to be able to better assess the long-term safety of the sealing system of the casks for a period of up to 100 years.
A principal safety consideration for the DPCs is the long-term performance of bolted lid sealing systems utilizing metal seals to ensure the safe enclosure of the radioactive inventory during interim storage. To assess the sealing behavior, it is necessary to examine the aging-dependent residual restoring force for the metal seals and the usable resilience. By investigating the change in these values as a function of time and temperature, further insight can be gained into the assessment of long-term safety for extended interim storage.
In the present study, the restoring force of metal seals with an outer aluminum jacket and a torus diameter of 9.9 mm was measured continuously. For this purpose, a specially designed device equipped with a load cell was used under isothermal conditions. As part of the investigation, the level and rate of decrease of the restoring seal force were recorded over test periods of one and two months. The seal temperature was set to 35 °C, 75 °C, 100 °C, 125 °C, and 150 °C, respectively. A direct correlation was observed between the temperature of the seal, the level of the restoring force after compressing and heating the seal, and the drop-off characteristics of the restoring force. It was found that in our test device the force level immediately after reaching the respective temperature is lower for higher seal temperatures, while the drop rate of the restoring force is higher. This paper describes the experimental setting and discusses first results in comparison with our long-term discontinuous measurements.
T2 - 21st International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials - PATRAM 2025
CY - San Antonio, TX, USA
DA - 27.07.2025
KW - Long-Term Safety Assessment
KW - Extended Interim Storage
KW - Metal Seal Aging
KW - Restoring Force Degradation
KW - Temperature-Dependent Performance
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63880
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan
T1 - Energy Dispersive X Ray Spectrometry (EDS) on GR2Ms for Routine/Standardized Elemental Analysis
N2 - The elemental analysis of solid matter by means of the Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry (EDS) is meanwhile posible as a quick (seconds!) and more and more accurate analysis via standardsless (instantaneous) quantification. The sensitivity & quantification accuracy for light elements (C, O,..) has significantly increased in the recent years. The availability via table-top SEMs with incorporated EDS is also enhanced.
Further, the EDS analysis at an SEM is well-standardized, see ISO/TC 202 Microbeam Analysis & VAMAS/ TWA 37 Quantitative Microstructural Analysis in good liaisonships with ISO/TC 229 Nanotechnologies.
It is demostrated that key parameters such as oxygen-to-carbon atomic-% ratio and impurities can be realibly measured, with XPS as a reference method. Various EDS spectrometers and analysis conditions are tested and the validity of the EDS quantification of an ionic liquid of well-defined chemical composition is demonstrated.
Next steps are: launch of a corresponding VAMAS interlaboratory comparison and discussions within ISO/TC 202 Microbeam Analysis.
T2 - ISO/TC 229 Nanotechnologies Meeting Week
CY - Stockholm, Sweden
DA - 19.05.2025
KW - Graphene-related 2D materials (GR2M)
KW - Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry (EDS)
KW - Elemental analysis
KW - Quantification
KW - ISO/TC 229 Nanotechnologies
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63190
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Jürgens, Maria
T1 - Ermüdungsverhalten des warmfesten Stahls P92
N2 - Hochwarmfeste ferritisch-martensitische Stähle mit 9-12 Gew.-% Chromgehalt werden wegen ihrer hohen Kriechfestigkeit und ihres gleichzeitig guten Oxidationswiderstands erfolgreich als Konstruktionswerkstoff für Hochtemperaturbauteile in Kraftwerken eingesetzt. Die zunehmend zyklische Fahrweise konventioneller Kraftwerke im lastflexiblen Betrieb führt zu häufigen Last- und Temperaturwechseln, die von den Bauteilen sicher ertragen werden müssen. Schnelle Lastwechsel verursachen vor allem in dickwandigen Bauteilen erhebliche thermische und mechanische Beanspruchungen. Während unter stationären Betriebs¬bedingungen der Lebensdauerverbrauch von der Werkstoffschädigung durch Kriechen dominiert wurde, verstärkt sich im zyklischen Betrieb die Schädigung durch Ermüdungsprozesse.
In der hier vorgestellten Arbeit wird am Beispiel des ferritisch-martensitischen Stahls P92 untersucht, welche Auswirkungen zyklische Fahrweisen auf die Schädigungsprozesse und Lebensdauern dieser Stähle haben. Das Versuchsprogramm kombiniert deshalb Standardtests mit betriebsnahen mechanischen Versuchen unter überlagerter Kriech-, Ermüdungs- und Temperaturwechselbeanspruchung. Diese werden im vorliegenden Beitrag anhand erster Versuchsergebnisse vorgestellt. Ziel der Arbeiten ist, die auftretenden mechanischen Effekte darzustellen und die zugrunde liegenden Schadensmechanismen durch umfangreiche mikroanalytische/fraktographische Nachuntersuchungen des Probenmaterials zu identifizieren.
T2 - DGM-AK-Sitzung Mechanisches Verhalten bei hoher Temperatur
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 20.09.2017
KW - P92
KW - LCF
KW - RF
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-42272
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
A1 - Hagenow, Peter
A1 - Kasparek, Eva Maria
A1 - Kömmling, Anja
A1 - Noack, Volker
A1 - Völzke, Holger
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
T1 - Requirements for the use of elastomer seals in casks for final disposal of low and intermediate level waste
N2 - Elastomer seals are widely used as barrier seals in containers for low and intermediate level radioactive waste and in some countries for spent fuel transportation casks. Depending on the area of use, the rubber materials have to demonstrate proper sealing performance with regard to mechanical, thermal and environmental conditions as well as irradiation during the entire operation period.
In Germany the low and intermediate level radioactive waste is planned to be disposed in the Konrad repository in standardized containers. Many of these containers use an elastomer seal between lid and container body. Depending on the radiactive inventory and a possible containment of the waste in inner barrels and/or concrete structures, such containers may require a specific leak tightness. In such cases, specified leakage rates are shall not be exceeded by the the seals to keep potential activity releases from the inventories well below defined limits.
Generally, all waste containers have to fulfill the waste acceptance criteria for the Konrad repository as defined by the reports BfS SE-IB-29/08 and SE-IB-30/08. From these criteria several requirements for seal performance are derived. The seals have to:
- ensure full functionality until final container disposal,
- maintain its function in case of a thermal or mechanical accident,
- ensure encapsulation also at -20 °C.
This combination of requirements is challenging especially as a seal exchange, which is typical for many other applications, is hardly possible and thus a sound understanding of how to perform safety evaluation of containers is required. Therefore BAM has initiated investigations on elastomer seal behaviour. This work focuses on low temperature behaviour and sealing performance concerning static conditions as well as partial loss of compression and ageing of elastomer seals. Concerning ageing, property changes caused by long-term thermooxidative conditions as well as gamma irradiation are investigated.
This contribution presents an overview and explanation of the aims of the ongoing research and gives an update of the most relevant results.
T2 - 13th Internationales Symposium "Konditionierung radioaktiver Betriebs- und Stillegungsabfälle
CY - Dresden, Germany
DA - 22.03.2017
KW - Disposal
KW - Konrad repository
KW - Seal
PY - 2017
SP - 595
EP - 601
AN - OPUS4-39870
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kömmling, Anja
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
A1 - Pourmand, P.
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
A1 - Gedde, U.W.
T1 - Influence of ageing on sealability of elastomeric O-rings
N2 - At BAM, which is the federal institute for materials research and testing in Germany, it is one of our tasks to evaluate the safety of casks designed for transport and/or storage of radioactive material. This includes the assessment of the service lifetime of elastomeric seals that are part of the container lid system with regard to the requirements for long-term safety (40 years and more) of the containers. Therefore, we started an accelerated ageing programme with selected rubbers often used for seals (HNBR, EPDM and FKM) which are aged at four different temperatures (75 °C, 100 °C, 125 °C and 150 °C) up to 1.5 years. In order to assess sealability, O-rings are aged in compression by 25 % (corresponding to the compression during service) between plates as well as in flanges that allow leakage rate measurements. For comparison, uncompressed O-rings are aged as well. Further methods characterising seal performance are compression stress relaxation (CSR) reflecting the loss of sealing force of a compressed seal over time, and compression set (CS) which represents the recovery behaviour of a seal after release from compression. Additionally, hardness is measured for information about the change of mechanical properties. The experimental results indicate that while hardness, CSR and CS show considerable degradation effects, the leakage rate stays relatively constant or even decreases until shrinkage combined with the loss of resilience of the aged seal leads to leakage. This demonstrates that static leakage rate, which is the only available direct seal performance criterion, has only limited sensitivity towards the degradation of the seal material. CS data is extrapolated using time-temperature shifts and Arrhenius graphs. An exemplary CS of 50 % would be reached after approx. 1.2, 17 and 29 years at 60 °C for HNBR, EPDM and FKM respectively.
T2 - PolymerTec 2016
CY - Merseburg, Germany
DA - 15.06.2016
KW - Compression
KW - Leakage
KW - Degradation
KW - Rubber
KW - Lifetime
PY - 2017
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/masy.201600157
SN - 1022-1360
SN - 1521-3900
VL - 373
IS - 1
SP - UNSP 1600157, 1
EP - 10
PB - WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
CY - Weinheim
AN - OPUS4-40958
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan
T1 - Role of Sample Preparation for Accurate and Automated Morphological Analysis of Nanoparticles proven in Interlaboratory Comparison Exercises
N2 - Traceable morphological and chemical characterization of nanomaterials with respect to the various possible sizes, size distributions, shapes, and concentrations of real-world nanoparticles (NPs) is a challenging task. Particularly for the nonspherical, non-monodisperse nanoparticles – as typically for most of the commercial particles, including their strong tendency to agglomerate, there is a lack of standard operation procedures providing accurate nanoparticle characterisation.
In the framework of the pre-standardisation framework of VAMAS (Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards, www.vamas.org) two interlaboratory comparison (ILC) studies are being carried out under the Technical Working Area (TWA) 34 “Nanoparticle Populations”:i) Project #15 addresses the analysis of the size and shape distribution of TiO2 bipyramidal NPs by traceable imaging methods such as TEM, SEM, STEM-in-SEM, AFM as well as with SAXS as an ensemble method. This ILC is thought as the next level development of the case studies exemplified in the published ISO standards ISO 21363 and ISO 19749. It was agreed to complete the first ILC with the NPs already prepared according to the same procedure on a TEM grid, and, at a later stage, to carry out second ILCs with the same NPs distributed to the participants as liquid suspensions together with protocols for the uniform NP deposition on suited substrates - as developed and optimized within the European project nPSize. Once having good deposition protocols available, the door for automated image analysis gets opened. Corresponding image analysis protocols and reporting templates have been distributed to the ILC participants, too.
ii) Project #16: two spherical SiO2 NP samples with bi-modal size distributions in two nominal relative number concentrations were prepared and distributed also as liquid suspensions accompanied by sample preparation, measurement, and image analysis protocols and reporting templates. Here, the NP concentration is the primary parameter to be measured. For the imaging methods it is targeted to
measure the relative nanoparticle concentrations (relative populations of the two modes).
The results of all the participating laboratories, in both ILCs, compiled in comparative representations will be shown and discussed for the first time. The reduction of the measurement uncertainties associated to the size, shape and number-concentration results induced by the significant improvement of the sample preparation on substrates (as single particles with a high-density coverage), combined with welldefined image analysis procedures will be highlighted.
T2 - MaterialsWeek 2024
CY - Limassol, Cyprus
DA - 17.06.2024
KW - Nanoparticles
KW - VAMAS
KW - Interlaboratory comparison
KW - Sample preparation
KW - Nanoparticle concentration
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60453
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
T1 - O-ring seals: Material degradation, seal performance and determination of end-of-lifetime criterion
N2 - Ageing of O-ring seals to evaluate the probable lifetime is an important task for long term applications. In this contribution the material degradation of O-ring seals is studied and a suitable end-of-lifetime criterion is determined under consideration of the application conditions.
T2 - VDI Fachtagung Dichtungstechnik
CY - Schweinfurt, Germany
DA - 27.06.2017
KW - O ring
KW - Ageing
KW - Lifetime criterion
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-40957
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kömmling, Anja
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
A1 - Goral, Milan
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
T1 - Insights for lifetime predictions of O-ring seals from five-year long-term aging tests
N2 - O-rings made of HNBR, EPDM and FKM were aged in the compressed and uncompressed state at 150 °C, 125 °C, 100 °C, 75 °C, 60 °C and 23 °C for aging times of up to five years. Hardness was measured and increased with aging time and temperature for HNBR and EPDM, but it remained practically constant for FKM. Indenter modulus measurements were performed on the lateral O-ring surface (that was free of DLO effects) to assess an influence of the compression during aging, but none was detected. The equilibrium compression set (CS) exhibited faster and stronger degradation than hardness and was used for lifetime predictions using the time-temperature superposition (TTS) principle. With an end-of-lifetime criterion of 70 % CS, lifetimes of 4.5 years, 50 years and 526 years at 75 °C were estimated for HNBR, EPDM and FKM, respectively. The activation energies derived from an Arrhenius plot of the shift factors from the TTS were 85 kJ/mol, 99 kJ/mol and 78 kJ/mol for HNBR, EPDM and FKM, respectively, revealing that a higher activation energy does not necessarily mean that the material has a higher lifetime at lower temperatures. Furthermore, the measured lifetime of EPDM O-rings at 100 °C (5 years) was compared to that predicted on the basis of the lifetime at 150 °C as well as 125 °C using the corresponding shift factors. The error of the prediction was only ± 4 %. However, this precise prediction could only be achieved using the five-year long-term aging data. When using only data from aging times up to 0.5 years and 2 years, the lifetime of EPDM O-rings at 100 °C was underestimated by 31 % and 22 %, respectively.
KW - HNBR
KW - EPDM
KW - FKM
KW - DLO
KW - Hardness
KW - Compression set
KW - Rubber
KW - Elastomer
KW - Degradation
PY - 2020
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109278
VL - 179
SP - 109278
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-51060
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
A1 - Kömmling, Anja
A1 - Horn, Jutta
A1 - Völzke, Holger
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
T1 - Long-Term Performance of Elastomer seals - From Aging Tests to Lifetime Estimations
N2 - Elastomers show a high versatility which makes them ideal materials for sealing applications in various fields. Especially under changing application conditions the high recovery potential of this class of material is beneficial to compensate temperature or pressure fluctuation, and geometrical changes resulting from mechanical loads in e.g. accident conditions. Out of these reasons elastomers are also used in containers for low and intermediate level radioactive waste and for spent fuel transportation casks. In casks designed for low and intermediate level waste elastomer seals can act as primary seal responsible for the containment function whereas in spent fuel storage and transportation casks (dual purpose casks (DPC)) elastomer seals are used as auxiliary seals to allow leakage rate measurements of metal barrier seals. An inherent prerequisite for this kind of application is the Long time-scale of operation without or with limited possibility of seal replacement. In Germany an interim storage license for DPC`s is typically issued for 40 years, a timeframe which might increase in the future due to challenges of the final repository siting procedure. For low and intermediate level waste, also long time periods are required before final disposal can be achieved. Therefore, the performance of elastomer seals over extended time periods is, as for other applications, of high importance.
A typical approach to ensure long-term functionality is to perform accelerated aging tests to calculate an estimated lifetime by assuming e.g. Arrhenius like equations for the timetemperature relationship. This approach requires a suitable end of life criterion considering the application of interest. This often can represent a challenge on its own.
As BAM is involved in most of the cask licensing procedures and especially responsible for the evaluation of cask-related long-term safety issues we initiated several test programs for investigating the behavior of elastomer seals. Experiments concerning the low temperature performance down to -40 °C and the influence of gamma irradiation have been started first.
Currently the thermal aging behavior of elastomer seals, which is the topic of this contribution, is examined. For our aging investigations we use a broad approach to first determine the property changes in different elastomer materials due to thermo-oxidative aging at elevated temperatures and secondly, we test how the typical methods of lifetime extrapolation can be applied to these results. This Approach enables us to detect and exclude undesired side effects which very often influence lifetime estimations. In this contribution, our recent results are extended. The results show that lifetime estimation based on single material properties can be misleading and therefore a combination of several methods is recommended.
T2 - ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference
CY - Prague, Czech Republic
DA - 15.07.2018
KW - Seal performance
KW - Rubber
KW - Ageing
PY - 2018
VL - PVP2018
SP - 84631-1
EP - 84631-8
AN - OPUS4-46346
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Zaghdoudi, Maha
A1 - Kömmling, Anja
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
T1 - Erroneous or Arrhenius: A Degradation Rate-Based Model for EPDM during Homogeneous Ageing
N2 - To improve the predictive capability of long-term stress relaxation of elastomers during thermo-oxidative ageing, a method to separate reversible and irreversible processes was adopted.
The separation is performed through the analysis of compression set after tempering. On the Basis of this separation, a numerical model for long-term stress relaxation during homogeneous ageing is proposed. The model consists of an additive contribution of physical and chemical relaxation.
Computer simulations of compression stress relaxation were performed for long ageing times and the results were validated with the Arrhenius treatment, the kinetic study and the time-temperature superposition technique based on experimental data. For chemical relaxation, two decay functions are introduced each with an activation energy and a degradative process. The first process with the lower activation energy dominates at lower ageing times, while the second one with the higher activation energy at longer ageing times. A degradation-rate based model for the evolution of each process and ist contribution to the total system during homogeneous ageing is proposed. The main advantage of the model is the possibility to quickly validate the interpolation at lower temperatures within the range of slower chemical processes without forcing a straight-line extrapolation.
KW - Kinetic study
KW - Arrhenius
KW - TTS
KW - Modeling
KW - Chemical processes
KW - Stress relaxation
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-512931
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12092152
SN - 2073-4360
VL - 12
IS - 9
SP - 1
EP - 21
AN - OPUS4-51293
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Goral, Milan
A1 - Kömmling, Anja
A1 - Probst, Ulrich
A1 - Wossidlo, Peter
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
A1 - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Langzeitversuche über 10 Jahre an Federkern-Metalldichtungen mit Aluminium- bzw. Silberummantelungen
N2 - Federunterstützte Metalldichtungen mit Aluminium(Al)- oder Silber(Ag)-Ummantelung werden u.a. in Behältern für Wärme entwickelnde radioaktive Abfälle eingesetzt, da diese Dichtungen eine sehr gute Dichtheit gewährleisten sowie Langlebigkeit und Beständigkeit gegenüber erhöhten Temperaturen und radioaktiver Strahlung aufweisen. Auch wenn die Sicherheit solcher Behälter und der verwendeten Dichtungen vielfach belegt wurde, sind sie Gegenstand andauernder Forschung, etwa im Hinblick auf eine absehbar benötigte verlängerte Zwischenlagerdauer. Aus diesem Grund werden an der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) im Fachbereich 3.4 „Sicherheit von Lagerbehältern“ seit über 20 Jahren Versuche an solchen Metalldichtungen durchgeführt. Dabei sollen zusätzliche Erkenntnisse hinsichtlich der Sicherheitsreserven der Dichtungen in unterstellten Störfallszenarien (axiale Bewegung des Deckelsystems bzw. Aufweitung der Nutgeometrie) und insbesondere detailliertere Erkenntnisse zum Langzeitverhalten gewonnen werden.
KW - Federunterstützte Metalldichtungen
KW - Transport- und Lagerbehälter für radioaktive Stoffe
KW - Langzeitversuche
KW - Alterung
KW - Dichtheit
KW - Leckagerate
KW - Helium-Dichtheitsprüfung
PY - 2023
VL - 2023
SP - 43
EP - 63
PB - ISGATEC GmbH
CY - Mannheim
AN - OPUS4-56399
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Grelle, Tobias
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
A1 - Probst, Ulrich
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
A1 - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Investigation programme for evaluation and prediction of the long-term behaviour of Helicoflex® metal seals
N2 - In Germany, for the transport and storage of spent nuclear fuel, casks with double closure lid systems are used, which are equipped with Helicoflex® metal seals. The original interim storage period for these casks was planned to be 40 years. However, recent political developments indicate that a storage time of more than 80 years might be necessary. Therefore, the current storage licenses have to be renewed in due course, which requires extended knowledge of the long-term behaviour of all cask components.
At the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), metal seals have been investigated after ageing at temperatures between room temperature and 150 °C for up to 7 years. At regular intervals the seals have been tested for leakage rate as well as for their mechanical behaviour. From these tests pronounced influence of ageing could be shown which results in the decrease of the seal force and the useable resilience. The main reason attributed to these performance changes is the increasing permanent deformation of the outer layer of the seal due to creep. So far, an explicit analytical description of the long-term behaviour that could be used for predictions exceeding the tested ageing times and temperatures was not suitable.
In addition to the component tests that were already conducted, a comprehensive investigation programme has been started to describe the mechanical behaviour of the individual seal components.
The individual seal components are tested regarding different material characteristics including creep, deformation and microstructural properties. The comparability of the material characterization is ensured by comparing the basic raw material of the specimen with the actual component material.
Furthermore, detailed investigations of the time and temperature dependent deformation behaviour are realized by ageing seal segments at multiple temperatures for different periods of time and employing standardized tests.
By analysing the acquired data in combination with the ongoing long-term component tests a dataset for analytical prediction of the long-term behaviour of the seals is intended for an extended period of time under a certain temperature regime.
T2 - 48th Annual Meeting on Nuclear Technology (AMNT 2017)
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 16.05.2017
KW - Metal seal
KW - Creep
KW - Long-term behavior
PY - 2017
SP - 1
EP - 7
AN - OPUS4-43418
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Grelle, Tobias
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
A1 - Probst, Ulrich
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
A1 - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Material investigation and long-term sealing behavior of Helicoflex® metal seals used in containers for spent nuclear fuel
N2 - In Germany spent nuclear fuel is stored and transported in casks that possess bolted lid systems equipped with double jacket metal seals of Helicoflex® type in order to enable safe enclosure of the radioactive inventory. A dry interim storage period of 40 years was planned and the casks are licensed for that time span. However, due to political reasons and delayed disposal projects this time span is expected to increase significantly. It is therefore necessary to evaluate the long-term sealing behavior of the casks exceeding 40 years of operating time. In this paper, we discuss our approach to investigate the aging behavior of such metal seals, and to predict the long-term sealing behavior.
Accelerated aging component tests with seals are performed at temperatures up to 150°C to investigate the course of seal force, useable resilience and leakage rate. Even though these tests have already shown a significant decrease in seal force and useable resilience after aging times of less than 1 year, for most seals the leakage rate stayed better than the specified value. However, observation of the leakage rate has to be continued to determine the aging effect on the seal properties. As a main influence on the seal long-term behavior the increasing permanent deformation of the outer jacket has been recognized. It is made of aluminum or silver which means that the temperatures that are relevant for the aforementioned application in casks lead to creep deformation.
For further investigation of seal behavior a comprehensive research program concerning the material characteristics and aging behavior of the individual seal components, with an emphasis on the outer jacket material, has been launched. The aim is to get a better understanding of the time and temperature dependent creep mechanisms and deformation. The examinations are separated into tests on seal segments and tests on standardized specimen.
In order to be able to study the aging process, seal segments are compressed in flanges and stored at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 150°C. After defined time intervals the segments are analyzed by using standardized tests including structure investigation and creep tests. The results are compared with the behavior of the specimen basic raw material. This is done to ensure comparability of the thin jacket material and additional sheet material used for standardized tests. Thus, the prediction of component changes after different aging times at different temperatures can be made. As a result forecasts on the long term seal behavior are intended.
T2 - Waste Management Symposia
CY - Phoenix, AZ, USA
DA - 05.03.2017
KW - Metal seal
KW - Creep
KW - Long-term behavior
PY - 2017
SN - 978-0-9828171-6-2
SP - Article 17135, 1
EP - 8
AN - OPUS4-40611
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kömmling, Anja
A1 - Chatzigiannakis, E.
A1 - Beckmann, Jörg
A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker
A1 - von der Ehe, Kerstin
A1 - Braun, Ulrike
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
A1 - Schade, U.
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
T1 - Discoloration Effects of High-Dose gamma-Irradiation and Long-Term Thermal Aging of (U) HMW-PE
N2 - Two polyethylene types with ultra-high (UHMWPE) and high molecular weight (HMW-PE) used as neutron radiation shielding materials in casks for radioactive waste were irradiated with doses up to 600 kGy using a 60Co gammasource. Subsequently, thermal aging at 125∘C was applied for up to one year. Degradation effects in the materials were characterized using colorimetry, UV-Visspectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and DSC. Both materials exhibited a yellowing upon irradiation.The discoloration of UHMW-PE disappeared again after thermal aging.Therefore, the yellowing is assumed to originate fromannealable color centers in the formof free radicals that are trapped in the crystalline regions of the polymer and recombine at elevated temperatures. For the antioxidantcontaining HMWPE, yellowing was observed after both irradiation and thermal aging. The color change was correlated mainly to decomposition products of the antioxidant in addition to trapped radicals as in UHMW-PE. Additionally, black spots appeared after thermal aging of HMW-PE.
KW - Irradiation
KW - UHMWPE
KW - Colour center
KW - Yellowness index
PY - 2017
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-423992
DO - https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1362491
SN - 1687-9422
VL - 2017
IS - Article ID 1362491
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - Hindawi
AN - OPUS4-42399
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Alrwashdeh, S. S.
A1 - Markötter, Henning
A1 - Haußmann, J.
A1 - Hilger, A.
A1 - Klages, M.
A1 - Müller, Bernd R.
A1 - Kupsch, Andreas
A1 - Riesemeier, Heinrich
A1 - Scholta, J.
A1 - Manke, I.
T1 - Investigation of water transport in newly developed micro porous layers for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells
N2 - In this investigation, synchrotron X-ray imaging was used to investigate the water distribution inside newly developed gas diffusion media in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. In-situ radiography was used to reveal the relationship between the structure of the microporous layer (MPL) and the water flow in a newly developed MPL equipped with randomly arranged holes. A strong influence of these holes on the overall water transport was found. This contribution provides a brief overview to some of our recent activities on this research field.
KW - Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell
KW - Microporous layer
KW - Water distribution
KW - Radiography
KW - Synchrotron X-ray imaging
PY - 2017
DO - https://doi.org/10.9729/AM.2017.47.3.101
SN - 2287-4445
SN - 2287-5123
VL - 47
IS - 3
SP - 101
EP - 104
AN - OPUS4-43356
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kupsch, Andreas
A1 - Trappe, Volker
A1 - Nielow, D.
A1 - Schumacher, David
A1 - Lange, A.
A1 - Hentschel, M.P.
A1 - Redmer, Bernhard
A1 - Ewert, U.
A1 - Bruno, Giovanni
T1 - X-ray laminographic inspection of sandwich shell segments for wind turbine rotor blades
N2 - 3D structural investigations are described by X-ray laminography studies of sandwich shell segments, made of a PVC foam core, covered by non-crimp fabric glass fibre composite lay-ups processed by vacuum assisted resin infusion of epoxy. The specific scope of this study is to image transversal flaws within the foam core (joints) and of single ply overlaps. Test flaws were purposely implemented in order to simulate typical failure under cyclic load. In a dedicated test rig for shell structures, the flaw evolution/propagation is monitored by thermography and optical 3D inspection of deformation. Due to the unfavourable preconditions for classical computed tomography as of large aspect ratio, the samples were investigated by coplanar translational laminography. Its limited range of observation angles of ± 45°, results in anisotropic artefacts about the normal to the sample surface, but the typical flaws are well visualized in the as-prepared state, in a state of early damage, and in the repaired state.
T2 - 12th European conference on Non-Destructive Testing
CY - Gothenburg, Sweden
DA - 11.06.2018
KW - X-ray laminography
KW - Wind turbine
KW - Rotor blade
PY - 2018
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-453931
SN - 978-91-639-6217-2
SP - 1
EP - 8
AN - OPUS4-45393
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Dayani, Shahabeddin
A1 - Markötter, Henning
A1 - Schmidt, Anita
A1 - Widjaja, Martinus Putra
A1 - Bruno, Giovanni
T1 - Multi-level X-ray computed tomography (XCT) investigations of commercial lithium-ion batteries from cell to particle level
N2 - Adopting X-ray computed tomography (XCT) for ex-situ characterization of battery materials has gained interest in the past decade. The main goal of this paper is to demonstrate the effectiveness of several X-ray computer tomography techniques to study commercial batteries. General guidelines are provided to select the most suitable imaging equipment and parameters for investigations of lithium-ion batteries, spanning the length scales from cell to electrode, down to particle level. Relevantly, such parameters would also be suitable for operando experiments.
Safety mechanisms and manufacturing inconsistencies at cell level as well as defects and inhomogeneity in cathode and anode is illustrated and quantified. Furthermore, relation of beam energy and sample-detector-distance on contrast retrieved from attenuation and phase shift is inspected using Synchrotron XCT.
KW - Non-destructive testing
KW - X-ray computed tomography
KW - Synchrotron X-ray computed tomography
KW - Lithium-ion battery
PY - 2023
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.107453
SN - 2352-152X
VL - 66
SP - 107453
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-57512
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Ziesche, R.
A1 - Robinson, J.
A1 - Kok, M.
A1 - Markötter, Henning
A1 - Kockelmann, W.
A1 - Kardjilov, N.
A1 - Manke, I.
A1 - Brett, D.
A1 - Shearing, P.
T1 - Editors’ Choice—4D Neutron and X-ray Tomography Studies of High Energy Density Primary Batteries: Part I. Dynamic Studies of LiSOCl2 during Discharge
N2 - The understanding of dynamic processes in Li-metal batteries is an important consideration to enable the full capacity of cells to be utilised. These processes, however, are generally not directly observable using X-ray techniques due to the low attenuation of Li; and are challenging to visualise using neutron imaging due to the low temporal resolution of the technique. In this work, complementary X-ray and neutron imaging are combined to track the dynamics of Li within a primary Li/SOCl2 cell. The temporal challenges posed by neutron imaging are overcome using the golden ratio imaging method which enables the identification of Li diffusion in operando. This combination of techniques has enabled an improved understanding of the processes which limit rate performance in Li/SOCl2 cells and may be applied beyond this chemistry to other Li-metal cells.
KW - Nneutron imaging
KW - X-ray imaging
KW - Tomography
KW - Primary Battery
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-515802
DO - https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abbbbc
SN - 1945-7111
VL - 13
IS - 167
SP - 130545
PB - IOP Publishing
AN - OPUS4-51580
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Radnik, Jörg
T1 - ToF-SIMS at advanced materials - from nano to energy
N2 - The basic principles of ToF-SIMS will be explained. Examples of the use of ToF-SIMS for the investigation of titania and core-shell nanoplastic will be given. Furhtermore, 3d reconstruction is explained for nanoparticle research and energy-related materials.
T2 - BUA Summer School Mass Spectrometry
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 04.10.2022
KW - ToF-SIMS
KW - Nanomaterials
KW - Imaging
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55897
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Sachse, René
A1 - Pfüger, Mika
A1 - Velasco-Vélez, Juan-Jesús
A1 - Sahre, Mario
A1 - Radnik, Jörg
A1 - Bernicke, Michael
A1 - Bernsmeier, Denis
A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan
A1 - Krumrey, Michael
A1 - Strasser, Peter
A1 - Kraehnert, Ralph
A1 - Hertwig, Andreas
T1 - Assessing optical and electrical properties of highly active IrOx catalysts for the electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction via spectroscopic ellipsometry
N2 - Efficient water electrolysis requires highly active electrodes. The activity of corresponding catalytic coatings strongly depends on material properties such as film thickness, crystallinity, electrical conductivity, and chemical surface speciation. Measuring these properties with high accuracy in vacuum-free and nondestructive methods facilitates the elucidation of structure−activity relationships in realistic environments. Here, we report a novel approach to analyze the optical and electrical properties of highly active oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts via spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). Using a series of differently calcined, mesoporous, templated iridium oxide films as an example, we assess the film thickness, porosity, electrical resistivity, electron concentration, electron mobility, and interband and intraband transition energies by modeling of the optical spectra. Independently performed analyses using scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, ellipsometric porosimetry, X-ray reflectometry, and absorption spectroscopy indicate a high accuracy of the deduced material properties. A comparison of the derived analytical data from SE, resonant photoemission spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy with activity measurements of the OER suggests that the intrinsic activity of iridium oxides scales with a shift of the Ir 5d t2g sub-level and an increase of p−d interband transition energies caused by a transition of μ1-OH to μ3-O species.
KW - Spectroscopic ellipsometry
KW - Electrocatalysis
KW - Oxygen evolution reaction
KW - Mesoporous iridium oxide films
KW - Non-destructive ambient analysis
KW - Intrinsic OER activity
KW - Complementary methodology and metrology
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-516288
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.0c03800
SN - 2155-5435
VL - 10
IS - 23
SP - 14210
EP - 14223
PB - American Chemical Society
AN - OPUS4-51628
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Agroui, K.
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
A1 - Hadj Arab, A.
T1 - Analysis techniques of polymeric encapsulant materials for photovoltaic modules: situation and perspectives
N2 - The properties of the encapsulant are critical to the long-term performance of photovoltaic (PV) modules under the influence of sunlight including UV, elevated temperature, humidity and diffusion of oxygen. Encapsulation process represents a bout 40% of the whole PV module cost. The introduction of new non-EVA encapsulant material type "Low-Cost, High-Performance" should provide a solution to outdoor yellowing degradation problems. The emerging encapsulant materials exhibit a good compatibility with emerging PV solar cells for long term durability. This new generation of encapsulant materials has the advantage to improve e the PV module performances and long term durability for specific climate like desert regions. This scientific contribution presents an overview of the different encapsulant materials currently on the market, the general requirements of the emerging encapsulant materials and characterizations techniques for degradation, diagnostic and reliability lifetime estimation in the framework of Algerian renewable energy strategy.
T2 - Africa-EU Renewable Energy Re search and Innovation Symposium, RERIS 2016
CY - Tlemcen, Algeria
DA - 08.03.2016
KW - Solar cell
KW - Polymer encapsulant
KW - PV module
KW - Encapsulation process
KW - Analysis technique
PY - 2016
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-377186
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.07.171
SN - 1876-6102
VL - 2016
IS - 93
SP - 203
EP - 210
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-37718
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
T1 - Aktueller Stand des Forschungsprojekts LaMEP
N2 - Ergebnispräsentation zum Forschungsprojekt "Langzeitverhalten von Metall- und Elastomerdichtungen sowie Moderator-materialien als sicherheitsrelevante Komponenten von TLB für radioaktive Stoffe“ (LaMEP).
T2 - BGZ Fachworkshop Zwischenlagerung
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 22.10.2019
KW - Metalldichtung
KW - Elastomerdichtung
KW - Neutronen Abschirmmaterial
KW - Alterung
KW - Degradation
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49429
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Beckmann, Jörg
T1 - Photolytically and Thermally Initiated Destruction
N2 - Casks for storage and transportation of used fuel rods of radioactive material are equipped with polyethylene (PE) for improved neutron flux shielding. The embedded PE structures are additionally exposed to gamma radiation and heat flow due to the specific high activity of the fission products. 60Co γ-radiation and heat load experiments at 125°C has been performed to evaluate PE degradation during the ageing process. FAR-FTIR-experiments were subsequently performed at differently aged PE test samples to characterize the oxidation process and morphological changes in the samples during the ageing at 125°C.
T2 - 11'th Joint BER II and BESSY II User Meeting
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 04.12.2019
KW - FTIR
KW - High Molecular Polyethylene
KW - Ageing
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49988
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Weber, Mike
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
A1 - Goral, Milan
A1 - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Reproducing and discussion of mechanisms in the contact area between metallic seals and flange during aging by finite element analysis (FEA)
N2 - When the first site-specific interim storage licenses for DPCs (dual purpose casks), loaded with spent nuclear fuel or vitrified high-level waste from reprocessing were issued, a duration of 40 years was considered for interim storage license application and the long-term safety assessment of casks. In the meantime, the availability of a final repository is further delayed by several decades and thus interim storage for more than a century becomes a necessity.
To assess the long-term performance of the typically used metal seals (e.g. Helicoflex), consisting of a helical spring (Nimonic), an inner stainless steel liner and an outer liner made from silver or aluminum, several experimental programs were conducted and are still ongoing. The investigated metal seals are typically mounted in mock-up flange systems and stored at increased temperatures to accelerate the aging process. In certain intervals the remaining seal force, the useable resilience and the corresponding leakage rate are determined. BAM has accompanied such programs for many years and started independent investigations in 2009. Although the remaining seal force is often used as “…one of the key parameters regarding sealing performances over time…” the presented results so far have shown that the courses of the leakage rate and the remaining seal force do not always correlate as expected.
In 2016 BAM firstly published results of seals with aluminum liners where the measured leakage rate started to rise after a quite short time period (< 1 year) at 150 °C, although the seal force decreased only slightly compared to the previous measurement. After exceeding the required leakage rate of 10-8 Pa*m3/s it decreased again to acceptable values in the further course of aging.
With reference to already published works, BAM has developed a new detailed ABAQUS finite-element (FE) model to represent the behavior of the seal mounted in the mock-up flange during aging, mainly characterized by the creeping of the outer liner. The main goal of the numerical simulation is to reproduce and understand the changing distribution of contact stresses (outer liner/flange) during aging and to discuss if and how it could be causative for the observed early breach of the leak tightness criteria and its later recovery.
T2 - PATRAM 2025, 21st International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials
CY - San Antonio, Texas, USA
DA - 27.07.2025
KW - Finite element analysis
KW - Metallic seals
KW - Aging
KW - Contact area
PY - 2025
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - INMM
CY - Indianopolis, Indiana, USA
AN - OPUS4-63882
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
A1 - Kömmling, Anja
A1 - Böhning, Martin
A1 - Silbernagl, Dorothee
T1 - Comparison of ageing behavior of O-ring seals under hydrogen and air
N2 - Elastomeric seals are essential components in the infrastructure which prevent leakage of gas and ensure proper function of technical devices and are therefore highly safety relevant. For proper function a remaining resilience and tolerance to pressure changes is required.
The ageing of elastomers is an undesirable but inevitable process leading to a limited lifetime of rubber products such as seals. Independent of the application, as e.g. automotive, piping or container applications, a long lifetime or at least a timely exchange of a seal before occurrence of critical failure is desired.
Hydrogen is a key element for the energy turnaround and therefore the compatibility of seals with hydrogen is essential. In addition to the effect of hydrogen uptake and release, which might also cause destructive effects such as rapid gas decompression, ageing at high temperature under hydrogen atmosphere is of interest too. Most of the existing work is addressing the performance of new materials and comprises only very limited investigations concerning long-term use and the behaviour of aged materials in contact with hydrogen. As ageing can lead to substantial changes of material properties, it must be evaluated whether these changes are beneficial or deteriorating for the component function.
In this work we present and compare results of the characterization of three sealing materials (EPDM, HNBR, FKM) after ageing at high temperature under hydrogen and air. Despite the common assumption that ageing under hydrogen atmosphere should be less severe for the material in comparison to air ageing, this is not the case for every material.
T2 - ASME PVP2025, Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference
CY - Montreal, Quebec, Canada
DA - 20.07.2025
KW - Aging
KW - Seal
KW - Compression set
KW - Atomic force microscopy
PY - 2025
SP - 1
EP - 7
AN - OPUS4-63889
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
T1 - Investigation of the low-temperature performance of rubber seals
N2 - For many sealing applications rubbers are applied due to their special material properties and easy use. In many applications as e.g. in aviation, traffic or process technology the material can be exposed to low temperatures during operation. Therefore, it is important to know the material behaviour at those low temperatures to determine the temperature range that allows a safe operation of the seal.
In this work, we focus on the behaviour of elastomer seals at low temperatures with regard to potential decrease of leak-tightness or catastrophic seal failure of O-ring rubber seals. This is required as material properties of rubbers are strongly temperature dependent but their temperature application range is not always clearly defined.
Based on previous investigations which considered the physical material properties and the seal behaviour under purely static conditions we widen the focus on the sealing performance after a fast partial relief of compressed seals and additional materials.
For the investigations, different typical rubber seal materials were used as e.g. fluorocarbon (FKM), ethylene propylene diene (EPDM) and hydrogenated acrylonitrile-butadiene (HNBR) rubber.
The correlation of the physical material properties with seal performance is studied. This includes as well purely static sealing applications as the performance during/after fast partial relief of seals at low temperatures.
T2 - Polymertec 2018
CY - Merseburg, Germany
DA - 13.06.2018
KW - Seal
KW - Low temperature
KW - Leakage
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-45214
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
T1 - Comparison of ageing behaviour of O-ring seals under hydrogen and air
N2 - Elastomeric seals are essential components in the infrastructure which prevent leakage of gas and proper function of technical devices and are therefore highly safety relevant. For proper function a remaining resilience and tolerance to pressure changes is required.
The ageing of elastomers is an undesirable but inevitable process leading to a limited lifetime of rubber products such as seals. Independent of the application, as e.g. automotive, piping or container applications, a long lifetime or at least a timely exchange of a seal before occurrence of critical failure is desired.
Hydrogen is a key element for the energy turnaround and therefore the compatibility of seals with hydrogen is essential. In addition to the effect of hydrogen uptake and release, which might also cause destructive effects such as rapid gas decompression, ageing at high temperature under hydrogen atmosphere is of interest too. Most of the existing work is addressing the performance of new materials and comprises only very limited investigations concerning long-term use and the behaviour of aged materials in contact with hydrogen. As ageing can lead to substantial changes of material properties, it must be evaluated whether these changes are beneficial or deteriorating for the component function.
In this work we present and compare results of the characterisation of three sealing materials (EPDM, HNBR, FKM) after ageing at high temperature under hydrogen and air. Despite the common assumption that ageing under hydrogen atmosphere should be less severe for the material in comparison to air ageing, this is not the case for every material.
T2 - RubberCon 2023
CY - Edinburgh, Scotland
DA - 09.05.2023
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Ageing
KW - Seal
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58178
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kömmling, Anja
A1 - Simbruner, Kai
A1 - Grelle, Tobias
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa
A1 - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Research at BAM for evaluating long term safety of container systems and components
N2 - Safety of long term containment and storage of radioactive waste is an essential issue, which is increasingly gaining international attention. Extending interim storage beyond initial license periods is one of the major challenges worldwide.
BAM has been involved in all kinds of radioactive waste container safety evaluation for storage and transportation including their long term performance from the very beginning. Today, all work related to the safe management of radioactive waste is linked by the activity field “Nuclear Waste Management” within the Focus Area “Energy” at BAM and in conjunction with a research strategy and agenda. Most recently, the working group “Long Term Safety of Container Systems and Components” was established to launch and perform research projects related to safety issues concerning the extended interim storage of radioactive waste.
For example, within our project LaMEP, we investigate ageing effects of metal and elastomer seals as well as polymeric neutron shielding materials, which are container components that fulfil major safety functions. The results of the experiments help to understand the long term behaviour of these components. Likewise, our project BRUZL started at BAM in 2018 with the aim of developing a fracture mechanics approach to understand and describe a potential brittle failure mechanism of fuel cladding during long-term interim storage. BAM also contributes to the GRS project “Development of methods and models and international exchange for safety evaluation in the frame of interim storage of radioactive waste”. Additionally, BAM is involved in several international research programmes dealing with extended interim storage, such as the European Joint Programme on Radioactive Waste Management (EURAD), the Extended Storage Collaboration Program (ESCP) and IAEA Coordinated Research Projects.
The present contribution provides a comprehensive overview of BAM research activities contributing to national and international gap analyses and to filling knowledge gaps regarding the safe long term management of radioactive waste.
T2 - Annual Meeting on Nuclear Technology 2019
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 07.05.2019
KW - Radioactive Waste
KW - Long-term safety
PY - 2019
SN - 978-3-926956-95-8
SP - 1
EP - 5
AN - OPUS4-51486
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kömmling, Anja
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
T1 - Characterisation of degradation and determination of end-of-lifetime criterion for O-ring seals
N2 - The ageing of polymers, including elastomers, is an undesirable but inevitable process leading to a limited lifetime of rubber products such as seals. Independent of the application, as e.g. in automotive, piping or container applications, a long lifetime or at least a timely exchange of a seal before occurrence of critical failure is desired.
In order to investigate the degradation of material properties and to determine the lifetime of elastomers used as seals, an ageing programme was started with hydrogenated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR), ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) and fluorocarbon rubber (FKM) [1-3]. Both O-ring seals (uncompressed and compressed by 25 %) with a cord diameter of 10 mm as well as sheets with a thickness of 2 mm were aged at 75 °C, 100 °C, 125 °C and 150 °C for up to two years. The changes of material properties during ageing were characterised for each material using samples from the sheets by means of e.g. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis and tensile tests, while sealing properties such as leakage rate were determined on O-rings. The experimental results indicate that while material properties show considerable degradation effects, the static leakage rate stays constant or even decreases before failure occurs quite suddenly at advanced degradation levels. This reveals that static leakage rate has only limited sensitivity for the degradation of the seal material.
Our approach to determine a suitable end of lifetime criterion, which involves a partial decompression of the seal during the leakage test, is presented and discussed.
T2 - RubberCon 2017
CY - Prague, Czech Republic
DA - 23.05.2017
KW - Life time prediction
KW - Ageing
KW - Rubber seal
KW - Leakage
PY - 2017
SN - 978-80-906662-0-7
SP - 65
EP - 72
AN - OPUS4-40391
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Grelle, Tobias
A1 - Probst, Ulrich
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
A1 - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Investigations on the long-term behavior of metal seals for dual purpose casks
N2 - In Germany, spent nuclear fuel and high active waste from reprocessing is stored in transport and storage containers with double lid systems that are equipped with metal seals completing the primary sealing barrier. The tasks of the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) within the interim storage licensing procedures ruled by the German Atomic Energy Act include the long-term safety evaluation of the container design regarding the permanently safe enclosure of the inventory. In order to generate a knowledge base for the safety evaluation, research regarding the long-term behavior of the critical components is performed. So far, the containers are licensed for an interim storage period of 40 years. However, due to significant delays in establishing a final repository, the required time span for interim storage is expected to increase significantly. Thus, a widespread investigation program is run to gain systematic data on the long-term behavior of the seals and to develop prediction models.
Long-term seal investigations consider the development of their restoring seal force, their useable resilience and their achievable leakage rate caused by aging at temperatures ranging from room temperature up to 150 °C. This year, the total time span of the tests reaches 10 years. Furthermore, seal segments are aged at the selected temperatures for up to 300 days. From these segments additional information on the sealing behavior, changes of the seal contact and the material behavior is gained.
This contribution deals with the current results of the long-term seal investigations at BAM. Furthermore, insights of the more in-depth component and material investigations of the metal seals with focus on the seal contact development are discussed and the ongoing work aiming for an analytical description of the thermo-mechanical aging effects on metal seals are presented.
T2 - 19th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials PATRAM 2019
CY - New Orleans, LA, USA
DA - 04.08.2019
KW - Metal seal
KW - Radioactive waste containers
KW - Creep
KW - Long-term behaviour
PY - 2019
SP - 1
EP - 6
AN - OPUS4-49019
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CHAP
A1 - Kömmling, Anja
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
ED - van Breugel, K.
ED - Koleva, D.
ED - Beek, T.
T1 - Investigation of long-term behaviour of elastomeric seals for transport and storage packages
N2 - Elastomers are widely used as the main sealing materials in Containers for low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste and as an additional component fo metal seals in spent-fuel and high-level waste containers. According to appropriate guidelines and regulations, safe enclosure of the radioactive container contents has to be guaranteed for lengthy storage periods of at least 40 years. Therefore, the understanding of seal ageing behaviour is of high importance and has to be considered with regard to possible dynamic events taking place during transport after storage. An accelerated ageing approach for compressed seals is presented, as well as some first results.
KW - O Ring
KW - Ageing
KW - Rubber seal
PY - 2018
SN - 978-3-319-70192-9
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70194-3_2
SP - 17
EP - 25
PB - Springer
AN - OPUS4-43248
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Habibimarkani, Heydar
A1 - Radnik, Jörg
A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan
A1 - John, Elisabeth
T1 - Probing Surface Changes in Fe–Ni Oxide Nanocatalysts with a ToF-SIMS-Coupled Electrochemistry Setup and Principal Component Analysis
N2 - Understanding catalyst surface dynamics under operating conditions is essential for improving electrocatalytic performance. Here, we present a novel approach combining electrochemical treatment with contamination-free transfer to Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), followed by principal component analysis (PCA), to probe surface and interfacial changes in Ni–Fe oxide nanoparticles stabilized by polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) during the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The surface analysis at three distinct treatment stages revealed distinct chemical fingerprints across pristine nanoparticles, after exposure to 1 M KOH electrolyte, and after cyclic voltammetry treatment. The results highlight a progressive transition from ligand-rich to ligand-depleted interfaces, with PVP-related fragments dominant in the early stages and metal- and electrolyte-derived species emerging after activation. Complementary ToF-SIMS analysis of electrolyte deposited on Si wafers after each treatment step confirms the concurrent leaching of PVP and Fe–Ni-based fragments during OER. These findings underscore the dynamic nature of catalyst–electrolyte interfaces and demonstrate a robust strategy for monitoring surface-sensitive chemical changes associated with the nanoparticles, especially during the initial cycles of the OER.
KW - Fe-Ni oxide
KW - Nanocatalysts
KW - ToF-SIMS
KW - Electrochemistry
KW - PCA (principal component analysis)
KW - OER
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-652667
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.5c03894
SN - 0003-2700
SP - 1
EP - 8
PB - American Chemical Society (ACS)
AN - OPUS4-65266
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
T1 - Investigations at BAM on Fuel Cladding Integrity and DPC Seal Performance
N2 - The presentation provides an update on preliminary results from research projects in the area of long term performance of metal seals and fuel rod integrity as safety relevant components of spent fuel transport and storage casks for spent nuclear fuel.
T2 - Extended Storage Collaboration Program (ESCP) winter meeting 2022
CY - Charlotte, NC, USA
DA - 07.11.2022
KW - Metal seal
KW - Fuel cladding
KW - Ring compression test
KW - Brittle failure
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56400
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Grelle, Tobias
T1 - Investigations on the Long-term Behavior of Metal Seals for Dual Purpose Casks
N2 - In Germany, spent nuclear fuel and high active waste from reprocessing is stored in transport and storage containers with double lid systems that are equipped with metal seals completing the primary sealing barrier. The tasks of the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) within the interim storage licensing procedures ruled by the German Atomic Energy Act include the long-term safety evaluation of the container design regarding the permanently safe enclosure of the inventory. In order to generate a knowledge base for the safety evaluation, research regarding the long-term behavior of the critical components is performed. So far, the containers are licensed for an interim storage period of 40 years. However, due to significant delays in establishing a final repository, the required time span for interim storage is expected to increase significantly. Thus, a widespread investigation program is run to gain systematic data on the long-term behavior of the seals and to develop prediction models.
Long-term seal investigations consider the development of their restoring seal force, their useable resilience and their achievable leakage rate caused by aging at temperatures ranging from room temperature up to 150 °C. This year, the total time span of the tests reaches 10 years. Furthermore, seal segments are aged at the selected temperatures for up to 300 days. From these segments additional information on the sealing behavior, changes of the seal contact and the material behavior is gained.
This contribution deals with the current results of the long-term seal investigations at BAM. Furthermore, insights of the more in-depth component and material investigations of the metal seals with focus on the seal contact development are discussed and the ongoing work aiming for an analytical description of the thermo-mechanical aging effects on metal seals are presented.
T2 - 19th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials PATRAM 2019
CY - New Orleans, LA, USA
DA - 04.08.2019
KW - Metal seal
KW - Radioactive waste containers
KW - Creep
KW - Long-term behaviour
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49018
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
T1 - Editorial
N2 - Dear Readers, a new year started for all of us (as I write these lines, possibly it was already some time ago when these lines are finally available) and this is the time for the so-called New Year’s resolutions. Setting goals and changing our behavior as well in a private as in a professional context.
For Scientists the resolutions may comprise tasks like finalizing a longago started publication, picking up the loose ends of an application for funding or just bringing the running projects in a greater structure.
KW - Editorial
KW - Polymer Testing
PY - 2019
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2019.01.010
SN - 0142-9418
VL - 74
SP - A1
PB - Elsevier
AN - OPUS4-47406
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Weber, Mike
A1 - Kömmling, Anja
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
A1 - Völzke, Holger
A1 - Schulze, Dietmar
A1 - Probst, Ulrich
T1 - Testing and Numerical Simulation of Elastomers - From Specimen Tests to Simulation of Seal Behavior under Assembly Conditions
N2 - Due to delays in the siting procedure to establish a deep geological repository for spent nuclear fuel and high level radioactive waste as well as in construction of the already licensed Konrad repository for low and intermediate level radioactive waste, extended periods of interim storage become more relevant in Germany. BAM is involved in most of the cask licensing procedures and especially responsible for the evaluation of cask-related long-term safety issues.
The long-term performance of elastomer seals for lid systems of transport and storage casks, whether used as auxiliary seals in spent fuel casks or as primary seals for low and intermediate level waste packages, is an important issue in this context. The polymeric structure of these seals causes a complex mechanical behavior with time-dependent sealing force reduction.
The results of a comprehensive purpose-designed test program consisting of basic compression and tension tests as well as relaxation tests on unaged specimens of representative types of elastomers (fluorocarbon rubber (FKM) and ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM)) at different temperatures and strain rates are presented. They were used to identify the constitutive behavior and to obtain parameters for finite element material models provided by the computer code ABAQUS®. After estimating the influence of uncertainties such as Poisson’s ratio and friction coefficient by sensitivity analyses, the chosen parameters had to prove their suitability for the finite element simulation of the specimen tests themselves.
Based on this preliminary work the simulation of a specific laboratory test configuration containing a typical elastomer seal with circular cross section is presented. The chosen finite element material model and the implemented parameters had to show that they are able to represent not only the specimen behavior under predominantly uniaxial load but also the more complex stress states in real components. Deviations between the measured and calculated results are pointed out and discussed.
For the consideration of long-term effects in the simulation of elastomer behavior, test results of aged specimens are needed. First information about a new test program, started recently and planned to provide these data, are given.
T2 - ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference (PVP2017)
CY - Waikoloa, Hawaii, USA
DA - 16.07.2017
KW - Time dependent effects
KW - Low temperature behavior
KW - Elastomeric seals
KW - Aging
KW - Simulation
KW - Testing
PY - 2017
SN - 978-0-7918-5802-8
VL - 7
SP - Article UNSP V007T07A035, 1
EP - 8
AN - OPUS4-41841
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
T1 - Low temperature properties of elastomer seals - Comparison between purely static and partially released seals -
N2 - Rubber is widely used as sealing material in various applications. In many fields the function of seal materials at low temperatures is necessary.
Therefore the understanding of failure mechanisms that lead to leakage at low temperatures is of high importance.
It is known that the material properties of rubbers are strongly temperature dependent. At low temperatures this is caused by the rubber-glass transition (abbr. glass transition). During continuous cooling the material changes from rubber-like entropy-elastic behaviour to stiff energy-elastic behaviour, that allows nearly no strain or retraction, due to the glass transition. Hence rubbers are normally used above their glass transition but the minimum working temperature limit is not defined precisely, what can cause problems during application. Therefore the lower operation temperature limit of rubber seals should be determined in dependence of the material properties.
In the past we investigated the material properties and sealing behaviour of elastomeric seals at low temperatures. Additionally we started to study the effect of a small partial release of elastomer seals at low temperatures. To study the influence of dynamic events on seal performance and to enhance the understanding of occurring seal failure, a setup for a fast partial seal release was designed.
In this contribution we focus on the correlation of material properties and component behaviour under different application conditions. It is desired to widen the understanding of the process of seal failure at low temperature.
T2 - 12. Kautschuk Herbst Kolloquium
CY - Hannover, Germany
DA - 22.11.2016
KW - Seal behaviour
KW - Partial release
KW - Low temperature
KW - Leakage rate
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-38500
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Weber, Mike
A1 - Kömmling, Anja
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
A1 - Völzke, Holger
A1 - Schulze, Dietmar
T1 - Testing and numerical simulation of elastomeric seals under consideration of time dependent effects
N2 - Due to delays in the siting procedure to establish a deep geological repository for spent nuclear fuel and high level waste and in construction of the already licensed Konrad repository for low and intermediate level waste, extended periods of interim storage will become more relevant in Germany. BAM is involved in most of the cask licensing procedures and is responsible for the evaluation of cask-related long-term safety issues. Elastomeric seals are widely used as barrier seals for containers for low and intermediate level radioactive waste. In addition they are also used as auxiliary seals in spent fuel storage and transportation casks (dual purpose casks (DPC)).
To address the complex requirements resulting from the described applications, BAM has initiated several test programs for investigating the behavior of elastomeric seals. These include experiments concerning the hyperelastic and viscoelastic behavior at different temperatures and strain rates, the low temperature performance down to -40°C, the influence of gamma irradiation and the aging behavior.
The first part of the paper gives an overview of these tests, their relevant results and their possible impact on BAM’s work as a consultant in the framework of approval and licensing procedures.
The second part presents an approach of the development of a finite element model using the finite element code ABAQUS®. The long-term goal is to simulate the complex elastomeric behavior in a complete lid closure system under specific operation and accident conditions.
T2 - ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference (PVP2016)
CY - Vancouver, BC, Canada
DA - 17.07.2016
KW - Elastomeric seals
KW - Testing
KW - Low temperature behavior
KW - Aging
KW - Simulation
KW - Time dependent effects
PY - 2016
SN - 978-0-7918-5045-9
VL - 7
SP - Paper 63192, 1
EP - 10
AN - OPUS4-37046
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Zaghdoudi, M.
A1 - Kömmling, Anja
A1 - Böhning, Martin
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
T1 - Ageing of elastomers in air and in hydrogen environment - A comparative study
N2 - EPDM, HNBR and FKM materials were exposed at 150 ◦C to air under atmospheric pressure and to hydrogen at 50 bar for different ageing times. All measurements after hydrogen exposure were conducted on samples in degassed condition to assess irreversible effects resulting from that exposure and to compare them to those after ageing in air. Density, hardness, tensile properties, compression set, and hydrogen permeability of all samples were analysed. In both ageing environments, HNBR exhibited the most significant changes of material properties.
However, for both EPDM and HNBR, considerably less severe ageing effects were observed under hydrogen in comparison to ageing in air. On the other hand, FKM showed about the same low level of deterioration in both ageing environments but exhibited poor resistance against damage due to rapid gas decompression in hydrogen environment that can lead to seal failure. The obtained results may serve as a guidance toward a better understanding for design and utilisation of elastomeric materials in future hydrogen infrastructure components.
KW - Rapid gas decompression
KW - Condensed matter physics
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Sustainability and the environment
KW - Rubber sealing
KW - Renewable energy
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-597417
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.03.053
SN - 0360-3199
SN - 1879-3487
VL - 63
SP - 207
EP - 216
PB - Elsevier
CY - Oxford
AN - OPUS4-59741
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zaghdoudi, Maha
A1 - Weber, Mike
A1 - Kömmling, Anja
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
T1 - Numerical Modelling of Compression Stress Relaxation and Compression Set of Elastomer O-Ring During Aging
N2 - Elastomer seals are used in many industrial applications due to their excellent mechanical properties at a wide range of temperatures. Their high versatility and recovery potential under several load conditions make them well suitable for the application in containers designed for transport, storage and/or disposal of radioactive materials. In containers for low and intermediate level radioactive waste, elastomer seals are used as barrier seals, and as auxiliary seals in storage and transportation casks (dual purpose casks) for heat generating radioactive waste, such as spent fuel and high-level waste. While a seal exchange at defined intervals is typical in many conventional applications, it is impossible or at least hard to perform when principles of minimization of radiation exposure have to be considered and prohibit an unnecessary cask handling. An extensive knowledge of the change of the elastomer’s properties during aging and the availability of reliable end-of-lifetime criteria to guarantee the permanent safe enclosure of the radioactive material is mandatory. As BAM is involved in most of the national cask licensing procedures and in the evaluation of cask-related long-term safety issues, great efforts have been already made and are still planned to scientifically support this task.
Compression stress relaxation and compression set were identified as key indicators of elastomer long-term performance and quantitatively investigated in comprehensive test programs. Among other representative types of elastomers, specimens made from ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) were tested before, during and after aging to capture the most important of their complex mechanical properties.
In the presented study, exemplary results were used to simulate the compression stress relaxation and the compression set of elastomer O-rings during aging. Regarding the influence of temperature, the time-temperature superposition principle is applied in the relaxation analysis of elastomer O-rings. The proposed model is implemented in the commercial finite element software ABAQUS/Standard® [1] with a sequential temperature displacement coupling. Numerical results match the experimental compression stress relaxation measurements well. The prediction of compression set values after long-term aging shows a relatively good agreement with the experimental results. Nevertheless, all input parameters derived from the specimen tests, additional assumptions concerning boundary conditions and modeling strategy are discussed with regard to the identified slight discrepancies.
The possibility to extend the finite element model to represent the O-ring seal’s ability to recover after a (fast) partial release is taken into account.
T2 - ASME 2020 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference (PVP2020)
CY - Online meeting
DA - 03.08.2020
KW - Compression Set
KW - O-ring
KW - Simulation
KW - Sequential analysis
KW - Ageing
KW - stress relaxation
PY - 2020
SN - 978-0-7918-8388-4
DO - https://doi.org/10.1115/PVP2020-21270
SP - PVP2020-21270
PB - ASME
AN - OPUS4-51490
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Subramani Bhagavatheswaran, E.
A1 - Wießner, S.
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
T1 - Einfluss der Alterung auf dichtungsrelevante Eigenschaften von FKM-, VMQ- und EPDM-Elastomeren
N2 - Da Elastomere in vielfältigen Dichtungsanwendungen eingesetzt werden und dabei teilweise großen Einfluss auf die Funktionsfähigkeit und Sicherheit haben, ist der Einfluss der Alterung auf dichtungsrelevante Eigenschaften relevant. Eine strukturierte Untersuchung des Einflusses von verschiedenen Mischungsrezepturen auf die Bauteileigenschaften, das Alterungsverhalten und die Funktion wird vorgestellt.
T2 - Technomer 2017
CY - Chemnitz, Germany
DA - 09.11.2017
KW - Dichtung
KW - Alterung
KW - Struktur-Eigenschaftsbeziehung
KW - Elastomer
PY - 2017
SN - 978-3-939382-13-3
VL - 2017
SP - 41
EP - 41
AN - OPUS4-42844
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Wollschläger, Nicole
A1 - Häusler, Ines
A1 - Ortel, Erik
A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan
A1 - Palasse, L.
A1 - Dirscherl, K.
T1 - Characterization of porous, TiO2 nanoparticle films using on-axis TKD in SEM – a new nano-analysis tool for a large-scale application
N2 - A combined methodical approach is tested with respect to the characterization of the inner structure of porous TiO2 layers as typically used in modern dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC). Their performance is directly linked to the surface area of the pore network. The micrometer thick layer employed was manufactured by screen-printing of a starting TiO2 powder constituted of shape-controlled, bipyramidal anatase nanoparticles on FTO/glass substrates. The analytical methods exploited in our study are Focused Ion Beam (FIB) slicing followed by 3D reconstruction as well as the new approach transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD) technology in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Size and shape distribution of the TiO2 NPs within the layer can be extracted. SEM in transmission mode and atomic force microscopy (AFM) have been used to verify the dimensional data obtained by the new combined methodical approach. Its analytical benefits but also the challenges and limitations are highlighted.
KW - TiO2
KW - TKD
KW - Particle size distribution
KW - Nanoparticles
KW - Porous film
PY - 2017
UR - https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/8A8B29335A2F4D0CB6922F6F5A19C5DC/S1431927617003397a.pdf/characterization_of_porous_tio2_nanoparticle_films_using_onaxis_tkd_in_sem_a_new_nanoanalysis_tool_for_a_largescale_application.pdf
DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927617003397
VL - 23
IS - S1 (July)
SP - 542
EP - 543
PB - Cambridge University Press
CY - New York, NY, U.S.A.
AN - OPUS4-41924
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Zaghdoudi, M.
A1 - Kömmling, Anja
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
ED - Altenbach, H.
ED - Hitzler, L.
ED - Johlitz, M.
ED - Merkel, M.
ED - Öchsner, A.
T1 - Analysis of Heterogeneous Ageing of HNBR O-Rings
N2 - Abstract Hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR) elastomer was thermo-oxidatively aged at different temperatures up to 150 °C. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), compression stress relaxation (CSR) and international rubber hardness degree (IRHD) microhardness were used to characterise the chemo-mechanical changes of HNBR O-rings during thermo-oxidative ageing. FTIR shows the development of carbonyl, methyl and ester groups but the nitrile content was not affected by ageing. The effect of sample geometry during CSR was investigated. CSR data were converted through integrated kinetic laws. The conversion has proven its sensibility to detect heterogeneous ageing. This was confirmed by the IRHD measure-ments across the section of O-rings. The influence of compression during ageing was assessed through IRHD measurements across the section of compressed and uncom-pressed aged O-rings. The DLO effect was more pronounced in compressed O-rings. By applying the model of Wise et al., theoretical IRHD and oxidation profiles were determined on the basis of IRHD experimental data of compressed O-rings. Good agreements between the experimental and the theoretical IRHD profiles in the core region were obtained. However, near the edge, the theoretical IRHD values were overestimated.
KW - Ageing
KW - Rubber seals
KW - Stress relaxation
KW - Modelling
PY - 2024
SN - 978-3-031-49042-2
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-49043-9
SN - 1869-8433
SP - 331
EP - 348
PB - Springer Nature
CY - Cham, Switzerland
AN - OPUS4-59769
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Beckmann, Jörg
T1 - Photolytically and Thermally Initiated Destruction on the Stability of (Ultra)High Molecular Polyethylene
N2 - THz and mid IR spectroscopy of high-molecular PE (HMW) and ultra high-molecular PE (UHMW) reveals modifications of the molecular structure. Characteristic absorption bands are changed if the two materials are exposed by γ-Co60 radiation up to 600 kGy and subsequently stored at an annealing temperature of 398 K until for 729 days. UHMW-PE and HMW-PE behave differently during the ageing process because of their molecular weight and inherent structure distinctions. The spectroscopic data offer characteristic absorption bands, which have been used to describe the complete ageing process in more detail. For instance, the integral absorption in the B1u THz-region can be used to describe quantitatively the reduction of crystallinity. The formation of trans vinylene unsaturation and the decay of vinyl during ageing can be observed in detail in the mid IR range.
T2 - 9th International Workshop on Terahertz Technology and Applications
CY - Kaiserslautern, Germany
DA - 03.03.2020
KW - Degradation
KW - MID IR Spectroscopy
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-50555
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kömmling, Anja
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
T1 - Ageing and lifetime prediction of O-ring seals made of HNBR, EPDM and FKM
N2 - BAM is the federal institute for materials research and testing in Germany. One of our tasks is to evaluate the safety of casks designed for transport and/or storage of radioactive waste. As elastomeric seals are used in the containers as safety-relevant parts, it is our goal to be able to evaluate the service lifetime of the seals with regard to the requirements for long-term safety (40 years and more) of the containers. For this reason, an accelerated ageing programme with selected rubbers often used for seals (HNBR, EPDM and FKM) was started. Ageing was performed at four different temperatures (75 °C, 100 °C, 125 °C and 150 °C) for up to 2 years. For assessing properties related to the sealability, O-rings were aged in compression by 25 % (corresponding to the compression during service) between plates. For comparison, uncompressed O-rings were aged as well. The aged materials were characterized with conventional polymer analysis methods such as hardness and tensile tests, but also with more seal-specific methods such as compression stress relaxation (CSR, reflecting the loss of sealing force of a compressed seal over time), and compression set (CS, representing the recovery behaviour of a seal after release from compression). CS is chosen as the property for lifetime prediction as it is both sensitive to degradation and related to the seal performance. CS data is extrapolated to 60 °C, which yields lifetimes of approximately 5 years for HNBR and 64 years for EPDM for a criterion of 85 % CS respectively, and approx. 40 years for FKM for a criterion of 65 % CS (the highest value measured so far).
T2 - 12. Kautschuk Herbst Kolloquium
CY - Hanover, Germany
DA - 22.11.2016
KW - Rubber
KW - Compression set
KW - Extrapolation
KW - Degradation
PY - 2016
SN - 9783981407648
VL - 2016
AN - OPUS4-38483
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Grelle, Tobias
A1 - Probst, Ulrich
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
T1 - Creep investigations on aluminum seals for application in radioactive waste containers
N2 - In Germany spent nuclear fuel and high level radioactive waste is stored in interim storage containers with double lid systems. Those lids are equipped with metal seals (e.g. Helicoflex®) that ensure the safe enclosure of the inventory. The used metal seals consist of three components as can be seen in the cross-sectional view in Figure 1. The innermost part is a helical spring that is surrounded by an inner jacket made of stainless steel. The outer jacket that is made of a softer material which in case of assembly in the aforementioned storage containers is silver or aluminum (i.e. Al 99.5). During application the seal is compressed and due to the restoring force of the helical spring, the outer jacket is plastically deformed and adapts to the sealing surface. Hence, leakage paths are closed and the sealing function is generated. In Germany the above-mentioned containers are licensed for up to 40 years of interim storage, which in case extended storage becomes necessary before a final repository is available will have to be extended to even longer periods. Therefore, the evaluation of the long-term behavior of the seals is necessary, taking into account storage conditions, decay heat and possible mechanical loads as well.
At Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) long-term investigations are being conducted in which seals are assembled in test flanges and aged at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 150°C for accelerated aging. The aged seals are tested semi-annually (after the first 6 months in which the seals are tested more frequently) regarding the sealing performance, the remaining seal force, and the useable resilience upon decompression. Results of these investigations have been published over the past years (e.g. Grelle, Wolff, Probst, Jaunich, & Völzke, 2017; Völzke, Wolff, Probst, Nagelschmidt, & Schulz, 2014). It was found that the seal force and the useable resilience decrease with time and temperature, which is in agreement with the result of other studies (Sassoulas et al., 2006; Wataru et al., 2016) as well. Geometry change of the outer jacket has been identified as the main reason for this seal behavior. At the prevailing operating temperatures and stresses the aluminum is subjected to creep deformation leading to a thinning of the outer jacket. Since the seal groove depth remains unchanged the helical spring expands, which in turn leads to a decrease of the generated spring and seal force.
Although the main reason for the change of seal parameters over time and temperature is known, a detailed characterization of the seal behavior and a reliable prediction of the parameter development for aging times that exceed the experimental time frame have not been possible, yet.
For deeper understanding of the aging processes, an Investigation program, which is covered in this contribution, is conducted at Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) that focusses on the behavior of the aluminum jacket and its influence on the long-term sealing performance. The program investigates properties of material samples as well as the behavior of the seal as a component.
Original sheet material of the same aluminum that is used for manufacturing of the seals is investigated in compression creep tests. For this, a DMA (dynamic mechanical analysis) machine is employed (here used for static tests) that allows for a measurement of the specimens deformation under forces of up to 500 N. The advantage of this method is that the original material can be tested in the same shape as used for the seals which is 0.5 mm thick sheet material. For investigation of tensile creep standard specimens are used, that were machined from surrogate material of the same composition and annealing condition.
Furthermore, aluminum seals that are cut into smaller segments are assembled in flanges and placed in heating chambers at temperatures ranging from 23°C to 150°C. After different periods of time from 3 days to 300 days the segments are taken out of the flanges and are investigated, thus giving information on different states of aging. Measurements of the development of the seal contact width and the aluminum jacket thickness are done with an optical microscope. Further investigations on the segments will include metallography and hardness measurements.
From the detailed material and component behavior including the results of the long-term seal force and useable resilience investigations a better understanding of the overall seal behavior can be gained. The aim is to contribute to the development of material models and analytical approaches for the prediction of the sealing behavior in dependence of time and temperature.
T2 - International Conference on Aluminum Alloys
CY - Montreal, Canada
DA - 17.06.2018
KW - Metal seal
KW - Creep
KW - Long-term behavior
PY - 2018
SN - 978-1-926872-41-4
SP - 1
EP - 2
AN - OPUS4-45844
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Dhamo, Lorena
A1 - Carulli, F.
A1 - Nickl, Philip
A1 - Wegner, Karl David
A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan
A1 - Würth, Christian
A1 - Brovelli, S.
A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute
T1 - Efficient luminescent solar concentrators based on environmentally friendly Cd-free ternary AIS/ZnS quantum dots
N2 - Luminescent solar concentrators (LSC) allow to obtain renewable energy from building integrated photovoltaic systems. As promising efficient and long-term stable LSC fluorophores semiconductor nanocrystals like Quantum dots (QDs) with size and composition tunable optoelectronic properties have recently emerged. The most popular II/VI or IV/VI semiconductor QDs contain, however, potentially hazardous cadmium or lead ions, which is a bottleneck for commercial applications. A simple aqueous based, microwaveassisted synthesis for environmentally friendly and highly emissive AgInS2/ ZnS QDs is developed using 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) and glutathione (GSH) and their incorporation into polylaurylmethacrylate (PLMA) polymer slabs integrable in LSC devices (10.4 × 10.4 × 0.2 cm3, G = 12.98).
With this simple approach, optical power efficiencies (OPE) of 3.8% and 3.6% and optical quantum efficiencies (OQE) of 24.1% and 27.4% are obtained, which are among the highest values yet reported.
KW - Solar energy
KW - Solar concentrator
KW - Quantum dots
KW - Advanced material
KW - Quantum yield
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-529735
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.202100587
SN - 2195-1071
SN - 0935-9648
VL - 9
IS - 17
SP - 1
EP - 8
PB - Wiley-VCH
CY - Weinheim
AN - OPUS4-52973
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo
A1 - Nolze, Gert
A1 - Roohbakhshan, Farshad
A1 - Fedelich, Bernard
A1 - Olbricht, Jürgen
A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit
T1 - Cyclic operation performance of 9-12% Cr ferritic-martensitic steels part 2: Microstructural evolution during cyclic loading and its representation in a physically-based micromechanical model
N2 - The current competitive situation on electricity markets forces conventional power plants into cyclic operation regimes with frequent load shifts and starts/shutdowns. In the present work, the cyclic mechanical behavior of ferritic-martensitic 9-12 % Cr steels under isothermal and thermomechanical loading was investigated for the example of grade P92 material. A continuous softening was observed under all loading conditions. The introduction of hold periods to the applied cycles reduced material lifetime, with most prominent effects at technologically relevant small strain levels. The microstructural characterization reveals a coarsening of the original “martensitic” lath-type microstructure to a structure with polygonal subgrains and reduced dislocation density. The microstructural data forms the input for a physically-based modelling approach.
T2 - 45. MPA-Seminar
CY - Leinfelden-Echterdingen, Germany
DA - 01.10.2019
KW - Tempered Martensite Ferritic Steels
KW - P92
KW - TEM
KW - EBSD
KW - Micromechanical model
PY - 2019
SP - 80
EP - 85
PB - MPA (Materialprüfungsanstalt Universität Stuttgart)
CY - Stuttgart
AN - OPUS4-50052
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Sachse, René
A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan
A1 - Kraehnert, R.
A1 - Hertwig, Andreas
T1 - Multilevel effective material approximation for modeling ellipsometric measurements on complex porous thin films
N2 - Catalysts are important components in chemical processes because they lower the activation energy and thus determine the rate, efficiency and selectivity of a chemical reaction. This property plays an important role in many of today’s processes, including the electrochemical splitting of water. Due to the continuous development of catalyst materials, they are becoming more complex, which makes a reliable evaluation of physicochemical properties challenging even for modern analytical measurement techniques and industrial manufacturing.
We present a fast, vacuum-free and non-destructive analytical approach using multi-sample spectroscopic ellipsometry to determine relevant material parameters such as film thickness, porosity and composition of mesoporous IrOx–TiOy films. Mesoporous IrOx–TiOy films were deposited on Si wafers by sol–gel synthesis, varying the composition of the mixed oxide films between 0 and 100 wt%Ir. The ellipsometric modeling is based on an anisotropic Bruggeman effective medium approximation (a-BEMA) to determine the film thickness and volume fraction of the material and pores. The volume fraction of the material was again modeled using a Bruggeman EMA to determine the chemical composition of the materials. The ellipsometric fitting results were compared with complementary methods, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) as well as environmental ellipsometric porosimetry (EEP).
KW - Electrochemical catalysts
KW - Mixed metal oxide
KW - Multi-sample analysis
KW - Spectroscopic ellipsometry
KW - Thin mesoporous films
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-551026
DO - https://doi.org/10.1515/aot-2022-0007
SN - 2192-8584
SN - 2192-8576
VL - 11
IS - 3-4 (Topical issue: Ellipsometry)
SP - 137
EP - 147
PB - De Gruyter
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-55102
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Zaghdoudi, Maha
A1 - Kömmling, Anja
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
T1 - Understanding the recovery behaviour and the degradative processes of EPDM during ageing
N2 - Recovery is an important measure for seal applications representing to which extent the elastomer regains its initial shape after deformation and release of an applied force. Compression set (CS) indicates the degree of recovery. Ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) was aged at 75 ◦C, 100 ◦C, 125 ◦C and 150 ◦C for different ageing times up to five years and compression set measurements were performed at different times after disassembly and after additional tempering. Short- and long-term recovery up to one year after release for samples aged at 125 ◦C and 150 ◦C was also studied. To assess the curvature in the Arrhenius diagram that may occur due to non-sufficiently aged specimens, a degradation-rate based model was fitted to the CS data after tempering. For each ageing temperature, two decay fit functions were proposed, each with an activation energy and a corresponding degradative process. The influence of ageing on the leak-tightness after fast small partial release is investigated and estimated through the analysis of the shift factors from time temperature superposition (TTS) of CS measurements at different times after disassembly. Shift factors of CS measurement after 1 s and after additional tempering are in good agreement.
KW - Compression set
KW - Ageing
KW - Recovery
KW - Degradative processes
KW - Leakage rate
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-573699
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2023.107987
SN - 0142-9418
VL - 121
SP - 107987
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-57369
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Zaghdoudi, Maha
A1 - Kömmling, Anja
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
T1 - Oxidative ageing of elastomers: Experiment and modelling
N2 - During an extensive test programme at the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und prüfung, material property changes of EPDM O-rings were investigated at different ageing times and two ageing temperatures of 125∘C and 150∘C. To exclude possible diffusion-limited oxidation (DLO) effects that can distort the data, IRHD microhardness measurements were taken over the cross section of compressed O-rings. Continuous stress relaxation measurements were taken on samples free of DLO effects. The additional effect of physical processes to irreversible chemical ones during a long-term thermal exposure is quantified by the analysis of compression set measurements under various test conditions. By combining the different experimental methods, characteristic times relative to the degradation processes were determined. On the basis of experimental data, a microphysically motivated model that takes into account reversible and irreversible processes was developed. The parameter identification strategy of the material model is based on our experimental investigations on homogeneously aged elastomer O-rings. The simulated results are in good agreement with the experiments.
KW - Compression stress relaxation
KW - Compression set
KW - IRHD microhardness
KW - Modelling
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-545910
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00161-022-01093-9
SN - 1432-0959
SP - 1
EP - 9
PB - Springer
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-54591
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
A1 - Goral, Milan
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
A1 - Völzke, Holger
ED - Krüssenberg, A.
T1 - Overview of metal seal tests performed at BAM and implications for extended interim storage
N2 - The investigation of the long-term performance of sealing systems employed in containers of radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel is one research focus area for division 3.4 \Safety of Storage Containers" at the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung. The behaviour of metallic seals, which are employed in interim storage casks for spent nuclear fuel and high active waste, over time is of high importance for ensuring safe enclosure. Therefore, investigations on these systems were started at BAM to get a general understanding of the relevant processes. Our investigations comprise investigations on different parameters which influence the seal Performance and the main part is focussed on the time and temperature dependent behaviour. Our aim is to understand the longterm behaviour of the sealing systems for evaluation of their performance during possible extended interim storage and subsequent transportation. In this contribution an overview of the performed tests and their respective results is given. A focus lies on a comparison between seals with large torus diameter in comparison to small diameters.
T2 - Safety of Extended Dry Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel SEDS2020: International online-workshop
CY - Online meeting
DA - 03.06.2020
KW - Metal seal
KW - Seal performance
KW - Long-term investigation
KW - Ageing
PY - 2020
DO - https://doi.org/10.3139/124.200071
SN - 0932-3902
VL - 85
IS - 6
SP - 440
EP - 443
PB - Carl Hanser Verlag
CY - München
AN - OPUS4-51833
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Subramani Bhagavatheswaran, E.
A1 - Wießner, S.
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
T1 - Aging study and electrical resistance based stress-monitoring of rubber seals
N2 - Elastomer seals are widely used as barrier seals in containers for low and intermediate level radioactive waste. In addition, they are also used in waste fuel storage and transportation casks as auxiliary seals. Depending on the area of use, the rubber materials have to demonstrate proper sealing performance with respect to mechanical, thermal and environmental conditions as well as irradiation during the entire operation period. A fundamental understanding of the structure property relationship and their changes during aging can help to evaluate the long-term sealing performance.
In the present study, specific materials are investigated to study the structure-property and seal performance-correlation. Fluoro-elastomer (FKM), silicone rubber (VMQ) and ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) were chosen as base rubbers. Comparable mechanical properties for these seals, especially in terms of a comparable compression behavior were achieved by careful control of base rubber formulation, i.e., by opting for the right filler and its concentration, amount of crosslinking chemicals, and with the assistance of process oils. Moreover, with the same rubber, similar mechanical properties were achieved by varying the filler concentration and crosslinking degree, which shall enable to correlate the particular influence on the structure property dependency of the seals in detail. The materials are investigated under pristine and aged conditions to evaluate the influence of aging, e.g. on the stress relaxation or recovery behavior. These values appear to be suitable parameters to judge the expected sealing performance.
Due to the electrically conducting nature of some fillers used to reinforce rubbers (such as carbon blacks, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), Graphene, etc.) it is possible to obtain current information about mechanical and visco-elastic properties by monitoring the electrical conductivity or resistivity. A simple relation that relates electrical resistance with mechanical stress was derived and the stress values were theoretically predicted from the electrical resistance values, which showed good correlation with experimental results.
T2 - 192nd Technical meeting of the ACS Rubber Division
CY - Cleveland, OH, USA
DA - 09.10.2017
KW - Seal
KW - Rubber
KW - Degradation
KW - Structure-property relationship
KW - Ageing
PY - 2017
VL - 2017
SP - 1
EP - 25
AN - OPUS4-42849
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Jürgens, Maria
A1 - Olbricht, Jürgen
A1 - Fedelich, Bernard
A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit
T1 - Low Cycle Fatigue and Relaxation Performance of Ferritic–Martensitic Grade P92 Steel
N2 - Due to their excellent creep resistance and good oxidation resistance, 9–12% Cr ferritic–martensitic stainless steels are widely used as high temperature construction materials in power plants. However, the mutual combination of different loadings (e.g., creep and fatigue), due to a “flexible” operation of power plants, may seriously reduce the lifetimes of the respective components. In the present study, low cycle fatigue (LCF) and relaxation fatigue (RF) tests performed on grade P92 helped to understand the behavior of ferritic–martensitic steels under a combined loading. The softening and lifetime behavior strongly depend on the temperature and total strain range. Especially at small strain amplitudes, the lifetime is seriously reduced when adding a hold time which indicates the importance of considering technically relevant small strains.
KW - Ferritic–martensitic steel
KW - P92
KW - Low cycle fatigue
KW - Relaxation fatigue
KW - Cyclic softening
PY - 2019
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-473905
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/met9010099
VL - 9
IS - 1
SP - 99, 1
EP - 25
PB - MDPI
AN - OPUS4-47390
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - THES
A1 - Kömmling, Anja
T1 - Alterung und Lebensdauervorhersage von O-Ring-Dichtungen
T1 - Aging and lifetime prediction of O-ring seals
N2 - Für Anwendungen, bei denen Elastomerdichtungen ihre Dichtheit über sehr lange Zeiträume (z. B. Jahrzehnte) behalten müssen, ohne dass ein Austausch praktikabel wäre, ist es nötig, die Lebensdauer solcher Dichtungen zuverlässig bestimmen zu können. Aus diesem Grund wurden Alterungsversuche an O-Ring-Dichtungen sowie Flachproben auf Basis von hydriertem Acrylnitril-Butadien-Kautschuk (HNBR), Ethylen-Propylen-Dien-Kautschuk (EPDM) und Fluorkautschuk (FKM) über bis zu zwei Jahre bei mehreren Temperaturen durchgeführt. Zur Untersuchung der auftretenden Eigenschaftsveränderungen wurden u. a. Härtemessungen, Zugversuche, dynamisch-mechanische und thermogravimetrische Analysen durchgeführt. Zur Beurteilung des Relaxations- und Rückstellverhaltens der alternden Dichtungen wurden außerdem Druckspannungsrelaxations- und Druckverformungsrestmessungen durchgeführt. Darüber hinaus wurde die Leckagerate gemessen, um ein Versagen der Dichtung zu detektieren. Durch die Untersuchung der gealterten Proben wurden sowohl die auftretenden Eigenschaftsveränderungen charakterisiert wie auch die damit zusammenhängenden Alterungsmechanismen diskutiert. Anhand der großen Datenmenge aus Ergebnissen von verschiedenen Untersuchungsmethoden, die für mehrere Alterungszeiten und -temperaturen durchgeführt wurden, sollte zusätzlich die günstigste Vorgehensweise für Lebensdauervorhersagen ermittelt werden. Dies beinhaltete auch die Bestimmung eines Lebensdauerkriteriums, das mit dem Auftreten von Leckage und damit dem Versagen der Dichtung zusammenhängt. Hinsichtlich der Eigenschaftsänderungen und Alterungsmechanismen wurde beim HNBR eine starke Versprödung aufgrund dominanter Vernetzungsreaktionen während der Alterung festgestellt. Diese resultierten auch darin, dass die Sauerstoffpermeabilität abnahm, so dass der Sauerstofftransport ins Innere der Probe (hauptsächlich bei den dickeren O-Ringen) behindert wurde. Dies führte dazu, dass diffusionsbegrenzte Oxidationseffekte (DLO-Effekte) auftraten, d. h. dass das Probeninnere weniger stark alterte als oberflächennahe Bereiche. Während der Alterung von EPDM traten sowohl Kettenspaltungen wie auch Vernetzungsreaktionen auf, was sich vor allem in einer Verschlechterung der Zugeigenschaften und einer Abnahme der Druckkraft sowie in einem steigenden Druckverformungsrest äußerte. Bei sehr stark gealterten Proben dominierten ebenfalls Vernetzungsreaktionen, was sich auch in deutlichen DLO-Effekten äußerte. Aufgrund seiner ausgeprägten Oxidations- und Hochtemperaturbeständigkeit wies FKM vergleichsweise geringe Degradationserscheinungen auf. Nur mit Druckspannungsrelaxation und Druckverformungsrest waren nennenswerte Änderungen ersichtlich. Messungen der statischen Leckagerate ergaben, dass die O-Ringe erst bei sehr weit fortgeschrittener Degradation undicht wurden und bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt kein allmählicher Anstieg der Leckagerate beobachtet werden konnte. Aus diesem Grund wurden Leckagemessungen mit einem modifizierten Versuchsaufbau durchgeführt, bei dem die Dichtung während der Messung leicht entlastet wird. Da dieser Test eine dynamische Rückstellung der Dichtung erfordert und damit höhere Ansprüche an die Dichtung stellt, wurde am geprüften EPDM-O-Ring ein früheres Versagen beobachtet. Der entsprechende Alterungszeitpunkt wurde als Versagenszeitpunkt definiert. Dieser wurde anhand der Daten verschiedener Messmethoden mit dem Degradationszustand korreliert und entspricht beispielsweise einem Druckverformungsrest von 80 %. Auf der Grundlage dieses Kriteriums konnten Lebensdauern mittels Zeit-Temperatur-Verschiebung bestimmt werden. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden zahlreiche Erkenntnisse darüber gewonnen, worauf bei beschleunigten Alterungsversuchen und Lebensdauerprognosen von O-Ringen zu achten ist und welche Fehlerquellen vermieden werden sollten. Dies wird zusammen mit Empfehlungen für eine bestmögliche Versuchsdurchführung ausführlich diskutiert.
N2 - In some applications, elastomer seals have to remain leak tight over extended time periods (up to several decades) as an exchange of the seals is not practical. Therefore, it is necessary to be able to predict the lifetime of such seals reliably. For this reason, ageing experiments with O-rings and sheets based on hydrogenated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR), ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) and fluorocarbon rubber (FKM) were performed over up to two years at different temperatures. For investigating the changes of material properties during ageing, measurements of i.a. hardness and tensile behaviour as well as dynamic-mechanical and thermogravimetric analyses were conducted. For assessing the relaxation and recovery behaviour of the ageing seals, compression stress relaxation and compression set experiments were performed. Furthermore, leakage rate was measured to detect seal failure. By examining the aged samples, both the property changes and the responsible degradation mechanisms were characterised. Additionally, the most suitable approach for lifetime predictions should be determined using the large database of results from different test methods performed at several ageing times and temperatures. This included identifying an end-of-lifetime criterion that correlates with leakage and thus seal failure. Regarding the property changes and degradation mechanisms of HNBR, a pronounced embrittlement was observed due to dominant crosslinking reactions during ageing. These also resulted in a decrease of oxygen permeability, leading to a reduction of the oxygen transport into the interior sample (mainly of the thicker O-rings). This resulted in diffusion-limited oxidation effects (DLO effects), meaning that the interior of the sample aged less strongly than regions close to the surface. During ageing of EPDM, both chain scission and crosslinking occurred, which became noticeable in deteriorated tensile properties and decreased compression force as well as an increase of compression set. For strongly aged samples, crosslinking dominated as well and also led to pronounced DLO effects. Due to its excellent heat and oxidative stability, FKM exhibited comparatively minor degradation effects. Only compression stress relaxation and compression set showed notable changes. Measurements of static leakage rate revealed that O-rings became untight only after advanced degradation and that no gradual increase of leakage rate could be observed before failure. For this reason, additional leakage measurements were performed using a modified experiment that enabled a small decompression of the seal during the measurement. As this test requires a dynamic recovery of the seal and is thus more demanding, the tested EPDM O-ring failed earlier compared to the purely static test. The corresponding ageing state was defined as the point of failure and correlated to data from other test methods, corresponding e.g. to a compression set of 80 %. Based on this criterion, the lifetimes could be determined using the time-temperature superposition approach. During this work, a number of findings regarding the best way to conduct accelerated ageing experiments and lifetime predictions of O-rings, and how to avoid possible error sources, were collected and are discussed in detail.
KW - Elastomer
KW - Gummi
KW - Degradation
KW - Leckage
KW - Verpressung
KW - Rubber
KW - Aging
KW - Lifetime prediction
KW - Leakage
PY - 2017
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-397374
DO - https://doi.org/10.14279/depositonce-5827
SP - 1
EP - 121
PB - Technische Universität
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-39737
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kömmling, Anja
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
A1 - Pourmand, P.
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
A1 - Hedenqvist, M.
T1 - Analysis of O-ring seal failure under static conditions and determination of end-of-lifetime criterion
N2 - Determining a suitable and reliable end-of-lifetime criterion for O-ring seals is an important issue for long-term seal applications. Therefore, seal failure of ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) and hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR) O-rings aged in the compressed state at 125 °C and at 150 °C for up to 1.5 years was analyzed and investigated under static conditions, using both non-lubricated and lubricated seals. Changes of the material properties were analyzed with dynamic-mechanical analysis and permeability experiments. Indenter modulus measurements were used to investigate DLO effects. It became clear that O-rings can remain leak-tight under static conditions even when material properties have already degraded considerably, especially when adhesion effects are encountered. As a feasible and reliable end-of-lifetime criterion for O-ring seals under static conditions should include a safety margin for slight dimensional changes, a modified leakage test involving a small and rapid partial decompression of the seal was introduced that enabled determining a more realistic but still conservative end-of-lifetime criterion for an EPDM seal.
KW - EPDM
KW - HNBR
KW - Seal failure
KW - Leak-tightness
KW - DLO
KW - Oxygen permability
KW - DMA
KW - Indenter modulus
PY - 2019
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-486125
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11081251
SN - 2073-4360
VL - 11
IS - 8
SP - 1251, 1
EP - 19
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel, CH
AN - OPUS4-48612
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Frei, Vivian
A1 - Thiele, Marc
A1 - Pirskawetz, Stephan
A1 - Meng, Birgit
A1 - Rogge, Andreas
T1 - Characterizing the Fatigue Behavior of High-Performance Concrete for Wind Energy Structures
N2 - Severe mechanical fatigue conditions for worldwide proliferating windfarms are a Major challenge for high-performance concrete in towers, connecting joints and foundations of wind turbines. High-performance concrete offers potential for the application in offshore windfarms, not only regarding its good mechanical, but also chemical resistivity due to low diffusivity in the highly densified microstructure. For a more reliable fatigue assessment, monitoring based on nondestructive testing can be a valuable complement to design rules. Both approaches demand reliable experimental data, information about scalability and the development of standardized testing methods. This article presents results of an ongoing research program of BAM (Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung), which is a part of a joint national project (WinConFat) funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy. The subproject implemented by BAM examines the fatigue behavior in dependence of size and slenderness for varying concrete strength at different stress levels. Besides fatigue strength, nondestructive testing is carried out additionally.
Methods used are strain measurement and ultrasonic testing. The change of strain, stiffness and ultrasonic pulse velocity in the fatigue process is discussed. Results disclose a deeper insight into the damage process under cyclic loading of high-performance concrete and contribute to improve nondestructive monitoring.
T2 - LORCENIS - Long Lasting Reinforced Concrete fpr Energy Infrastructure under Severe Operating Conditions
CY - Ghent, Belgium
DA - 10.09.2019
KW - Compressive Cyclic loading
KW - Fatigue
KW - High-strength concrete
KW - Non destructive testing
KW - Ultrasonic testing
PY - 2019
SN - 978-9-463-88638-3
SP - 1
EP - 4
AN - OPUS4-49500
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schönhals, Andreas
T1 - Vibrational density of states and molecular mobility in a polymer with intrinsic microporosity PIM-1 as revealed by inelastic neutron scattering
N2 - Polymers with intrinsic microporosity are promising candidates for the active separation layer in gas separation membranes. Here, by means of inelastic neutron scattering, the vibrational density of states (VDOS) and the molecular mobility were investigated for PIM-1, the prototypical polymer with intrinsic microporosity. The results are compared to data measured for a more conventional high-performance polyimide used in gas separation membranes (Matrimid).
The measured data show the characteristic low frequency excess contribution to the VDOS above the Debye sound wave level, generally known as the Boson peak in glass-forming materials. In comparison to the Boson peak of Matrimid, that of PIM-1 is shifted to lower frequencies. This shift is discussed considering the microporous, sponge-like structure of PIM-1 as providing a higher compressibility at the molecular scale than for conventional polymers.
Elastic fixed window scans were measured on a neutron backscattering spectrometer to have an overview about the molecular dynamics at a time scale of ca. 1 ns. The temperature dependence of the estimated mean squared displacement shows a step-like increase in the temperature range from 100 K to 250 K indicating the onset of some molecular mobility. The nature of this motional process was analyzed in detail by quasielastic neutron scattering combining Time-of-Flight and backscattering where the data are discussed with regard to both the q- and the temperature dependence.
T2 - JCNS Workshop for Neutron Scattering
CY - Tutzing at Munich, Germany
DA - 07.10.2019
KW - Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity
KW - Neutron Scattering
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49271
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Florian, Camilo
T1 - Applications on Surface Functionalization by Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS)
N2 - In recent years, the understanding on the formation of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) has led to an emerging variety of applications that modify the optical, mechanical and chemical properties of many materials. Such structures strongly depend on the used polarization and are formed usually after irradiation with ultrashort linearly polarized laser pulses. Some specific formation mechanisms to explain every situation are still to be uncovered, but the most accepted explanation relies on the interference of the incident laser beam with electromagnetic surface waves that propagate or scatter at the surface of the irradiated materials. This leads to an intensity modulation that is finally responsible for the selective ablation in the form of parallel structures with periodicities ranging from hundreds of nanometers up to some micrometers. The versatility when forming such structures is based on the high reproducibility with different wavelength, pulse duration and repetition rate laser sources, customized micro- and nanometric spatial resolutions and compatibility with industrially relevant processing speeds when combined with fast scanning devices. In this contribution, we review the latest applications in the rapidly emerging field of surface functionalization through LIPSS, including biomimetic functionalities on fluid transport, control of the wetting properties, specific optical responses in technical materials, improvement of tribological performance on metallic surfaces and bacterial and cell growth for medical devices among many others.
T2 - 38th International Congress on Applications of Lasers and Electro Optics (ICALEO 2019)
CY - Orlando, FL, USA
DA - 07.10.2019
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures, LIPSS
KW - Femtosecond laser ablation
KW - Surface functionalization
KW - Applications
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49473
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Duffner, Eric
A1 - Wang, Bin
A1 - Kriegsmann, Andreas
T1 - WP8 RCS standardisation work, Probabilistic safety assessment & statistic
N2 - Achievements within WP8 in the TAHYA Project during the first 18 month, including ongoing work and next steps.
Including safety definition, introduction to probabilistic Approach, failure rate, consequence and risk Definition, introduction monte-carlo-Simulation.
T2 - TAHYA Midterm review meeting
CY - Brüssel, Belgium
DA - 26.09.2019
KW - TAHYA project
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49191
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Frei, Vivian
T1 - Characterizing the Fatigue Behavior of High-Performance Concrete for Wind Energy Structures
N2 - Severe mechanical fatigue conditions for worldwide proliferating windfarms are a Major challenge for high-performance concrete in towers, connecting joints and foundations of wind turbines. High-performance concrete offers potential for the application in offshore windfarms, not only regarding its good mechanical, but also chemical resistivity due to low diffusivity in the highly densified microstructure. For a more reliable fatigue assessment, monitoring based on nondestructive testing can be a valuable complement to design rules. Both approaches demand reliable experimental data, information about scalability and the development of standardized testing methods. This article presents results of an ongoing research program of BAM (Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung), which is a part of a joint national project (WinConFat) funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy. The subproject implemented by BAM examines the fatigue behavior in dependence of size and slenderness for varying concrete strength at different stress levels. Besides fatigue strength, nondestructive testing is carried out additionally.
Methods used are strain measurement and ultrasonic testing. The change of strain, stiffness and ultrasonic pulse velocity in the fatigue process is discussed. Results disclose a deeper insight into the damage process under cyclic loading of high-performance concrete and contribute to improve nondestructive monitoring.
T2 - LORCENIS - Long Lasting Reinforced Concrete for Energy Infrastructue under Severe Operating Conditions
CY - Gent, Belgium
DA - 10.09.2019
KW - Compressive Cyclic loading
KW - Fatigue
KW - High-strength concrete
KW - Non destructive testing
KW - Ultrasonic testing
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49474
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Nerger, Deborah
T1 - Improved tomographic investigation for impact damage characterization
N2 - Reinforced concrete (RC) is used as structural material in most diverse civil engineering applications. For the variability of its physical properties it is still an engineering challenge to meet all necessary requirements for the prediction of dynamic effects under impact loading. In this paper, investigations are shown within the scope of quantifying and evaluating the damage caused by an impact. The experimental investigations are performed in the field of low- and medium-velocity impact. The chosen flat nose shape results in small penetrations on the top side and scabbing on the bottom side. The plate is scanned with an adapted planar tomographic examination after the impact, and the damage is analysed, afterwards. Cracks and spalling are made visible with a reconstruction. The numerical model validated on the tomographic results justifies the application for further predictions of the damage description.
T2 - 25th International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology - SMIRT25
CY - Charlotte, NC, USA
DA - 04.08.2019
KW - Impact
KW - Damage characterization
KW - Planar tomography
KW - Numeric simulation
KW - Reinforced concrete structure
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49540
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Linnemann, Konrad
A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor
A1 - Sterthaus, Jens
A1 - Rolle, Annette
A1 - Wille, Frank
A1 - Vlassopoulos, Efstathios
A1 - Papaioannou, Dimitrios
T1 - Numerical Simulation of Spent Fuel Segments under Transport Loads
N2 - Packages for the transport of spent nuclear fuel shall meet the International Atomic Energy Agency regulations to ensure safety under different transport conditions. The physical state of spent fuel and the fuel rod cladding as well as the geometric configuration of fuel assemblies are important inputs for the evaluation of package capabilities under these conditions. Generally, the mechanical behavior of high burn-up spent fuel assemblies under transport conditions shall be analyzed with regard to the assumptions which are used in the containment and criticality safety analysis. Considering the complexity of the interactions between the fuel rods as well as between the fuel assemblies, basket, and cask containment, the exact mechanical analysis of such phenomena is nearly impossible. The gaps in Information concerning the material properties of cladding and pellet behavior, especially for the high burn-up fuel, make the analysis more complicated additionally. As a result, enveloping analytical approaches are usually used by BAM within the safety assessment of packages approved for transport of spent nuclear fuel.
To justify the safety margins of such approaches additional analyses are necessary. In this paper, numerical simulations of a spent fuel assembly Segment are presented. The segment modeled represents the part of a generalized BWR fuel assembly between two spacers.
Dynamic and quasi-static finite element calculations are performed to simulate the spent fuel behavior under regulatory defined accident conditions of transport. Beam elements are used for the modeling of the fuel rods representing the compound consisting of claddings and fuel pellets. The dynamic load applied is gathered from an experimental drop test with a spent fuel cask performed at BAM. A hot cell bending test performed at JRC Karlsruhe is the basis for obtaining the material behavior of the fuel rods. The material properties are determined by simulating the test setup of JRC and optimizing the results to fit the experimental load deflection curve. The simulations of the fuel assembly segment are used to get a better understanding about the loads on fuel rods under accident conditions of transport.
T2 - 17th International High-Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference (IHLRWM 2019)
CY - Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
DA - 14.04.2019
KW - Spent Nuclear Fuel
KW - Finite Element Simulation
KW - Transport packages
PY - 2019
SN - 978-1-51088-669-8
SP - 1
EP - 7
AN - OPUS4-52046
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
T1 - Brittle failure of spent fuel claddings during long-term dry interim storage
N2 - In order to demonstrate the safety of both spent fuel and the storage system, a good understanding of the processes that might cause deterioration is required. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) continued the coordinated research on Spent Fuel Performance Assessment and Research (SPAR) into a fourth phase starting in 2015 to evaluate fuel and materials performance under wet and dry storage and to assess the impact of interim storage on associated spent fuel management activities (such as handling and transport). BAM’s understanding and experiences in the field of long-term storage of spent fuel and especially spent fuel characterization are presented to assist the preparation of the final project report.
T2 - IAEA CRP SPAR-IV Third Research Coordination Meeting (RCM3)
CY - Buenos Aires, Argentina
DA - 07.10.2019
KW - Fuel rod
KW - Cladding
KW - Radial hydrides
KW - Ring compression test
KW - Failure analysis
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-56006
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
T1 - Embrittlement of spent fuel claddings during long-term dry interim storage - Current approach at BAM
N2 - The integrity of fuel rods and cladding tubes must be demonstrated throughout the dry interim storage of spent nuclear fuel in Germany. For at least a relevant number of casks, an extension of interim storage between 40 and 100 years is foreseeable. The drying procedure for the fuel rods in conjunction with the thermomechanical storage conditions may change the microstructure of the cladding tubes and lead to their possible embrittlement. The failure probability might increase under mechanical load by handling procedures (transport after storage) on potentially embrittled cladding tubes of fuel rods especially at low temperatures after long-term storage. Results of ring compression tests on unirradiated pre-hydrided as well as irradiated samples with radial hydrides are investigated by finite element analyses to be able to describe the failure process and to identify failure criteria.
T2 - EPRI Extended Storage Collaboration Program (ESCP) Winter 2019 Meeting
CY - Charlotte, NC, USA
DA - 04.11.2019
KW - Fuel rod
KW - Cladding
KW - Radial hydrides
KW - Ring compression test
KW - Failure analysis
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-56005
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
T1 - Spent Fuel Characterization - Current Activities in Germany
N2 - The characterization of spent fuel and radioactive waste is essential in the evaluation of the ability of these materials to meet acceptance criteria. Prior to determining a method for spent fuel characterization, it is necessary to identify the type of data required to support safety and other analyses for the storage, transportation and final disposal of spent fuel. BAM’s understanding and capabilities in the field of spent fuel characterization are presented for the scope of a coordinated research project on the topic.
T2 - IAEA Technical Meeting on Spent Fuel Characterization for Management of Spent Fuel in the Back End of the Fuel Cycle
CY - Vienna, Austria
DA - 12.11.2019
KW - Nuclear fuel cycle
KW - Back end
KW - Spent fuel characterization
KW - Storage
KW - Transportation
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-55866
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Gröke, Carsten
A1 - Neumann, Martin
A1 - Komann, Steffen
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Anforderungen an die Bauartprüfung und Maßnahmen zur Qualitätssicherung für nicht zulassungspflichtige Versandstücke
N2 - Überblick über die Regelwerksanforderungen an die Bauarten von nicht zulassungspflichtigen Versandstücken, sowie die zu erfüllenden Maßnahmen zur Qualitätssicherung für die Auslegung, die Herstellung und den Betrieb.
T2 - KONTEC 2019
CY - Dresden, Germany
DA - 27.03.2019
KW - Radioaktiv
KW - Beförderung
KW - IP-2
KW - IP-3
KW - Typ A
KW - Anerkennung
KW - Bauartprüfung
PY - 2019
SP - 136
EP - 142
AN - OPUS4-56343
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Linnemann, Konrad
T1 - Numerical simulation of spent fuel segments under transport loads
N2 - Packages for the transport of spent nuclear fuel shall meet the International Atomic Energy Agency regulations to ensure safety under different Transport conditions. The physical state of spent fuel and the fuel rod cladding as well as the geometric configuration of fuel assemblies are important inputs for the evaluation of package capabilities under these conditions. Generally, the mechanical behavior of high burn-up spent fuel assemblies under Transport conditions shall be analyzed with regard to the assumptions which are used in the containment and criticality safety analysis. In view of the complexity of the interactions between the fuel rods as well as between the fuel assemblies, basket, and cask containment, the exact mechanical analysis of such phenomena is nearly impossible. The gaps in information concerning the material properties of cladding and pellet behavior, especially for the high burn-up fuel, make the analysis more complicated additionally. As a result, enveloping analytical approaches are usually used by BAM within the safety assessment of packages approved for transport of spent nuclear fuel.
To justify the safety margins of such approaches additional analyses are necessary. In this paper, numerical simulations of a segment of a spent fuel assembly are presented. The segment modeled represents the part of a generalized BWR fuel assembly between two spacers. Explicit dynamic finite element calculations are performed to simulate the spent fuel behavior under regulatory defined accident conditions of transport. A beam element formulation is used for the modeling of the fuel rods representing the compound consisting of claddings and fuel pellets. The load applied is gathered from experimental drop tests with spent fuel casks performed at BAM. A hot cell bending test performed at JRC Karlsruhe is the basis for obtaining the material behavior of the fuel rods. The material properties are determined by
simulating the test setup of JRC and optimizing the results to fit the
experimental load deflection curve. The simulations of the fuel Assembly segment are used to get a better understanding about the loads on fuel rods under accident conditions of transport.
T2 - 17th International High-Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference (IHLRWM 2019)
CY - Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
DA - 14.04.2019
KW - Spent Nuclear Fuel
KW - Finite Element Simulation
KW - Transport packages
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-52047
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Relevante Entwicklungen zu Speichern für Gase als Energieträger
N2 - Es werden die Zusammenhänge des Druckvolumenprodukts und der Konsequenz bei Druckgasen insbesondere für Wasserstoff dargestellt. Entsprechend werden Stellungnahmen zu verschiedenen Normungsprojekten abgeleitet und perspektivische Entwicklungen mit dem resultierenden Bedarf in der Normung dargestellt. Außerdem wird am Beispiel ein Problem in der praktischen Beurteilung von Speicherpopulationen für Batteriefahrzeuge diskutiert.
T2 - 26. BAM-DIN-IGV-DVFG-Gespräch 2019
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 27.02.2019
KW - Wasserstoffspeicher
KW - Konsequenzbegrenzung
KW - Normung
KW - Druck-Volumen-Produkt
KW - Katastrophe
KW - Akzeptanz
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-53145
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Gröke, Carsten
T1 - Requirements for Package Design Testing and Quality Assurance Measures for Packages not Requiring Competent Authority Design Approval
N2 - Übersicht über die gefahrgutrechtlichen Anforderungen zur Bauartprüfung und dem Qualitätsmanagement für Verpackungen für nicht zulassungspflichtige Versandstücke.
T2 - KONTEC 2019
CY - Dresden, Germany
DA - 27.03.2019
KW - Bauartprüfung
KW - Qualitätsmanagement
KW - Nicht zulassungspflichtig
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-56352
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Radnik, Jörg
T1 - Redox properties of Cu ions in molecular sieves
N2 - Molecular sieves as materials with defined pores offer new opportunities in the preparation of nanostructured materials for different applications in chemistry, medicine and biology. Typical examples for such materials are zeolites, porous glass, different silicas and active carbon. Introducing transition metal ions in such materials can widen the possibilities of these materials in terms of chemical activity. Especially, the opportunity to tailor the redox properties of the transition metal ions by varying the location of the ion in the sieves is a promising way to obtain catalysts with the desired properties.
For this purpose, Cu2+ ions were introduced into a SAPO-5 (silicoaluminaphosphate) by a hydrothermal method and by impregnation. As expected, the different preparation methods led to different locations of the Cu2+ ions: by the hydrothermal method the ions were incorporated in the SAPO-5 framework, by impregnation mononuclear Cu species randomly distributed in the pores of the support or CuO particles were formed depending on the Cu amount. These locations could be determined by Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure and Anomalous Small-Angle X-ray Scattering investigations. For investigating the redox properties of the Cu2+ ions the differently prepared sample were treated in Ar and H2 atmosphere until 550°C. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy was performed to study the valence states of Cu after each of such treatment. For a definite determination of the valence states, both Cu 2p and Cu LMM spectra must be recorded. Cu2+ exhibits a clear chemical shift and a typical satellite structure in Cu2p spectra, but between mono- and zerovalent Cu a differentiation is not possible. On the other hand, these two species show a clear shift in the Auger spectra. Whereas in H2 atmosphere in any case metallic Cu was formed, the treatment in Ar showed significant differences between the samples. Cu2+ incorporated in the framework could not be reduced by this treatment. In contrast, the mononuclear Cu2+ species were reduced to stable Cu+. Likewise, the CuO nanoparticles were reduced to the monovalent Cu, but this species can be much more easily reoxidized in air. The consequences for the catalytic properties will be discussed.
T2 - ECASIA 2017
CY - Montpellier, France
DA - 24.09.2017
KW - Catalysis
KW - X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
KW - Nanostructured materials
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-42323
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Müller, Jan P.
T1 - Applying a two-layer quadrupole model for quantitative thermography at overload-induced delaminations in GFRP
N2 - The applicability of 1D-quadrupole-model on the depth estimation of overload-induced delaminations is tested in this contribution. While classical 1D-methods like Pulsed Phase Transformation and Thermographic Signal Reconstruction determine the depth of a defect by one parameter, a two-layer quadrupole model provides two parameters: depth and thermal resistance. In addition, the convectional losses at the surfaces may be considered. The defect investigated is a large-scale delamination in glass fibre reinforced polymer generated by tension overload.
T2 - Advanced Infrared Technology & Applications (AITA)
CY - Florenz, Italy
DA - 16.9.2019
KW - Aktive Thermographie
KW - Nicht-lineare Regression
KW - 1D-Simulation
KW - GFK
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49133
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Herrmann, Ralf
T1 - Introduction and Current Research in Wind Energy
N2 - The EERA Wind is a Joint Program for coordination of research in wind energy. In the subprogram SP7 "Structures, materials and components" BAM introduces its current research topics in the field of on- and offshore wind energy and structural health monitoring.
T2 - EERA Joint Program Wind: SP7 WORKSHOP on Structures, Materials and Components
CY - Amsterdam, Niederlande
DA - 24.09.2019
KW - Offshore
KW - Wind energy
KW - EERA Joint Program
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49203
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Palkowski, Carsten
T1 - Dynamic Test Method for Heat Pumps and Air Conditioners
N2 - Die bisher üblichen Verfahren zur Bewertung der Effizienz einer Wärmepumpe durch Labormessungen berücksichtigen kaum transiente Zustände. Können dynamische Bewertungsverfahren im Labor ein realistischeres Verhalten im Feld wiederspiegeln und damit zu sinnvolleren Entscheidungen führen?
N2 - The commonly used methods for evaluating the seasonal performance of heat pumps in the laboratory do not consider transient conditions. Will dynamic test methods be able to better reflect real-life behavior in the field and thus lead to more appropriate decision-making?
T2 - EHPA MCO
CY - Brussels, Belgium
DA - 10.10.2019
KW - Heat pump
KW - Inverter-type air conditioner
KW - Seasonal performance
KW - Energy label
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49270
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Baeßler, Matthias
T1 - Stability and large deformations of slender structures supported by soil materials
N2 - Stabilitätsprobleme und große Deformationen schlanker, vorwiegend stahlbaulicher Strukturen sind in einigen Fällen stark von der Belastung und Stützung der Struktur durch den Baugrund abhängig. Der Vortrag verbindet Forschungsansätze zum Thema.
T2 - Colloquium on Geotechnical Engineering
CY - KIT Karlsruhe, Germany
DA - 26.09.2019
KW - Stability Buckling soil-structure-interaction piles offshore
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49162
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Duffner, Eric
A1 - Szczepaniak, Mariusz
A1 - Schoppa, Andre
T1 - Abteilung 3 und Arbeitsbereich „Themenfeld Energie Gase"
N2 - Vorstellung der Aufgaben-/Forschungs- und Prüfungsschwerpunkte des Arbeitsbereichs "Themenfeld Energie Gase"
T2 - Besuch Expertengruppe der BG RCI
CY - BAM Berlin, Germany
DA - 15.05.2019
KW - Arbeitsbereichs "Themenfeld Energie Gase"
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49199
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Müller, Jan P.
T1 - Ein Blick unter die Oberfläche von Windkraftanlagen durch Thermografie
N2 - Rotorblätter von Windkraftanlagen sind hohen Belastungen ausgesetzt. Nach Jahren der Nutzung können Klebeverbindungen unter der Oberfläche versagen. Thermografie soll die Zustandsüberwachung während der gesamten Lebensdauer verbessern.
N2 - Rotor blades of wind power generators are subject to high strains. After years of use, adhesive bonds under the surface may fail. Thermography is intended to improve condition monitoring during the entire service life.
T2 - Hannover Messe 2019
CY - Hanover, Germany
DA - 1.4.2019
KW - Wiederkehrende Prüfung
KW - Thermografie
KW - Klebeverbindungen
KW - Rotorblatt
KW - GFK
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49160
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Duffner, Eric
A1 - Kriegsmann, Andreas
T1 - WP8 - RCS standardisation work
N2 - Achievements and next steps within WP8 "RCS standardisation work" in the TAHYA Project.
T2 - TAHYA Meeting PSB#2
CY - Saarburg, Germany
DA - 11.06.2019
KW - TAHYA project
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49190
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Duffner, Eric
A1 - Szczepaniak, Mariusz
T1 - Pressure cylinders for the transport of dangerous goods
N2 - Introduction of the Department 3 and the competence and scientific focus of the working group focus area energy - gases for external visitors.
T2 - Besuch einer Studentengruppe der AGH Krakau
CY - BAM Berlin, Germany
DA - 23.09.2019
KW - Introduction Department 3
KW - Focus area energy gases
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49193
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Duffner, Eric
T1 - System validation and safety aspects
N2 - Overview of the achievements, issues and next steps with in TAHYA Project for WP5
T2 - TAHYA meeting PSB#2
CY - Saarburg, Germany
DA - 11.06.2019
KW - TAHYA Project
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49188
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Duffner, Eric
A1 - Kriegsmann, Andreas
A1 - Szczepaniak, Mariusz
T1 - WP5 - System validation phase and safety aspects
N2 - Objectives, tasks, achievements, ongoing work and next steps within WP5 in the TAHYA Project during the first 18 month
T2 - TAHYA Midterm review meeting
CY - Brüssel, Belgium
DA - 26.10.2019
KW - TAHYA project
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49192
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Saul, Herbert
A1 - Wang, Bin
T1 - Safety criteria for the transport of hydrogen in permanently mounted composite pressure vessels
N2 - The recent growing of the net of hydrogen fuelling stations increases the demands to transport compressed hydrogen on road by batterie vehicles or tube-trailers, both in composite pressure vessels. As transport regulation the ADR is applicable in Europe and adjoined regions and used for national transport in EU. This regulation provides requirements based on the burst pressure of each individual pressure vessel, regardless the capabilities of the transported hydrogen and relevant consequences resulting from worst case scenarios. In 2012, BAM (German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing) introduced consequence-dependent requirements and established them in national requirements concerning the “UN service life checks” etc. to consider the transported volume and pressure of gases. However, this results in a stringent requirement in case of using large pressure vessels (so called “tubes”) on vehicles. In the studies presented here, the safety measures for hydrogen road transport are identified and reviewed through some safety measures from some countries like Japan, USA and China. Subsequently, the failure consequences of using trailers, the related risks and chances are evaluated. Finally, a chance-related risk criterion is suggested to add into regulations and consequently to be defined as safety goal in standards for hydrogen transport vehicles and consequently for mounted pressure vessels.
T2 - ICHS International Conference on Hydrogen Safety) 2019
CY - Adelaide, Australia
DA - 24.09.2019
KW - pressure-volume product
KW - probabilistic approach
KW - hydrogen transport
KW - risk limit
KW - F-N-diagram
KW - maximum acceptable consequence
KW - chance-risk analysis
KW - specific risk value
PY - 2019
SP - 104-01
EP - 104-15
PB - International Association for Hydrogen Safety (HySafe)
CY - Adelaide
AN - OPUS4-50124
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wang, Bin
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Gesell, Stephan
T1 - Determination of Distribution Function used in MCS on Safety Analysis of Hydrogen Pressure Vessel
N2 - The test data of static burst strength and load cycle strength of composite pressure vessels are often described by GAUSSian normal or WEIBULL distribution function to perform safety analyses. The goodness of assumed distribution function plays a significant role in the inferential statistics to predict the population properties by using limited test data. Often, GAUSSian and WEIBULL probability nets are empirical methods used to validate the distribution function; Anderson-Darling and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests are the mostly favorable approaches for Goodness of Fit. However, the different approaches used to determine the parameters of distribution function lead mostly to different conclusions for safety assessments. In this study, six different methods are investigated to show the variations on the rates for accepting the composite pressure vessels according to GTR No. 13 life test procedure. The six methods are: a) Norm-Log based method, b) Least squares regression, c) Weighted least squares regression, d) A linear approach based on good linear unbiased estimators, e) Maximum likelihood estimation and f) The method of moments estimation. In addition, various approaches of ranking function are considered. In the study, Monte Carlo simulations are conducted to generate basic populations based on the distribution functions which are determined using different methods. Then the samples are extracted randomly from a population and evaluated to obtain acceptance rate. Here, the “populations” and “samples” are corresponding to the burst strength or load cycle strength of the pressure vessels made from composite material and a plastic liner (type 4) for the storage of hydrogen. To the end, the results are discussed, and the best reliable methods are proposed.
T2 - ICHS International Conference on Hydrogen Safety) 2019
CY - Adelaide, Australia
DA - 24.09.2019
KW - Monte-Carlo Simulation
KW - Distribution function
KW - Weibull Distribution
PY - 2019
SP - 103-1
EP - 103-16
AN - OPUS4-50383
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Gesell, Stephan
T1 - Betriebsfestigkeit von Composite-Wasserstoffspeichern Erster Ansatz zur Simulation der Auswirkung der erstmaligen Prüfung
N2 - Druckbehälter werden vor ihrer Inbetriebnahme obligatorisch einer hydraulischen Prüfung bis zum sog. Prüfdruck belastet. Damit sollen fehlerhaft gefertigte Individuen erkannt und ausgesondert werden. Mit dieser Prüfung werden aber auch diejenigen Einzelbehälter ausgesondert, die ohne einem nachvollziehbaren Fertigungsfehler, nur auf Basis der statistischen Streuung ggf. eine Festigkeit unterhalb des Prüfdrucks aufweisen.
Da der Prüfdruck im Fall der Wasserstoffspeicher mindestens 20% über dem maximal zulässigem Betriebsdruck liegt, wäre damit ein Versagen im Betrieb ausgenommen, gäbe es die verschiedenen Alterungs- bzw. Ermüdungseffekt nicht.
Um den Einfluss der erstmaligen Prüfung auf eine angenommene ausfallfreie Zeit bewerten zu können, wird hier die Alterung und die erstmalige Prüfung in Kombination analysiert. Hierzu wird auf Basis der Restfestigkeitsdaten aus einer umfangreichen Prüfkampagne ein Ansatz für die Beschreibung der Alterung ermittelt und auf andere Lastzustände übertragen.
So kann für das Baumuster, das der o.g. Prüfkampagne zugrunde lag, mithilfe einer Monte-Carlo-Simulation gezeigt werden, dass mindestens 10.000 LW vor einem ersten Alterungsversagen mit 1 aus 1 Mio. In Abhängigkeit der Anzahl der Individuen, die bei der erstmaligen Prüfung versagen, und der Streuung der gesamten Population, kann diese Mindestfestigkeit auf realistisch 50.000 Lastwechsel steigen.
Damit ist gezeigt, dass aufgrund der erstmaligen Prüfung eine Mindestfestigkeit erzeugt wird, die stark vom Alterungsverhalten abhängt. Im Ergebnis heißt dies, dass in den Vorschriften aktuell die Bedeutung des Mindestberstdrucks in der Baumusterprüfung überschätzt und die möglichst betriebsbegleitende Erfassung der Alterung unterschätzt sind.
T2 - 29. Fachtagung Technische Zuverlässigkeit 2019
CY - Nürtingen, Germany
DA - 07.05.2019
KW - Alterung
KW - Berstdruck
KW - Streuung
KW - Degradation
KW - statistische Auswertung
KW - ausfgallfreie Lastwechsel
PY - 2019
SN - 978-3-18-092345-1
SN - 0083-5560
SP - 223
EP - 234
PB - VDI-Verlag GmbH
CY - Düsseldorf
AN - OPUS4-50181
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Quercetti, Thomas
A1 - Scheidemann, Robert
A1 - Komann, Steffen
A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Package testing of a dual purpose cask for SNF from German research reactors
N2 - A new dual purpose cask design was developed for the safe transport and interim storage of spent fuel elements of German research reactors. In the framework of the safety assessment within the licensing procedure the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) as competent authority performed a series of drop tests according to the IAEA-Regulations [1]. The package consists of a cylindrical thick-walled ductile cast iron cask body closed by a double lid system with metallic seals. A lid and bottom sided impact limiter consisting of a wood/steel construction limit the mechanical impact loading. The full-scale test specimen was equipped with a basket and assembled with dummy-fuel elements. The package and test specimen, respectively have a total mass of approximately 24 metric tons.
The mechanical test program included three 9m free drop tests, in horizontal, vertical and oblique cask orientation onto the lid system. Additionally, a 1m-puncture drop test followed the horizontal drop test to consider an IAEA-test sequence. The horizontal and vertical drop tests were performed at a temperature of minus 40°C. During the oblique drop test the upper impact limiter was heated to +80°C. The tests were conducted onto an unyielding target, fulfilling the requirements of the IAEA regulations [1].
The test specimen was considerably instrumented with strain gauges and accelerometers. Transient strains at selected locations of the inner and outer container walls, of the primary and secondary lid, as well as of the corresponding lid bolts were measured during the drop tests. Furthermore, decelerations in different locations at the cask body and the lids were measured. The complex geometrical deformation of the impact limiters due to the impact were determined by optical 3d- measurements using the projected fringe method in combination with multi-image photogrammetry. Before and after the drop tests the leakage rate of the lid system was determined by helium leakage testing.
The experimental results contribute to the evaluation of the package response to mechanical tests, demonstrating safety under normal and accident conditions of transport. Especially to the verification of the dynamic finiteelement model of the package used in the package design safety report [2]. The paper describes the performance of the drop tests, selected test results focusing on the lid screws and the cask body and the deformation of the impact limiters as well as impact kinematics, respectively.
T2 - IHLRWM2019
CY - Knoxville, TN, USA
DA - 14.04.2019
KW - Drop test
KW - Package testing
KW - Dual purpose cask
PY - 2019
SN - 978-0-89448-761-3
VL - 2019
SP - paper 27283, 1
EP - 7
PB - ANS
AN - OPUS4-50619
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Quercetti, Thomas
T1 - Package testing of a dual purpose cask for SNF from german research reactors
N2 - A new dual purpose cask design was developed for the safe transport and interim storage of spent fuel elements of German research reactors. In the framework of the safety assessment within the licensing procedure the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) as competent authority performed a series of drop tests according to the IAEA-Regulations. The package consists of a cylindrical thick-walled ductile cast iron cask body closed by a double lid system with metallic seals. A lid and bottom sided impact limiter consisting of a wood/steel construction limit the mechanical impact loading. The full-scale test specimen was equipped with a basket and assembled with dummy-fuel elements. The package and test specimen, respectively have a total mass of approximately 24 metric tons.
The mechanical test program included three 9m free drop tests, in horizontal, vertical and oblique cask orientation onto the lid system. Additionally, a 1m-puncture drop test followed the horizontal drop test to consider an IAEA-test sequence. The horizontal and vertical drop tests were performed at a temperature of minus 40°C. During the oblique drop test the upper impact limiter was heated to +80°C. The tests were conducted onto an unyielding target, fulfilling the requirements of the IAEA regulations.
The test specimen was considerably instrumented with strain gauges and accelerometers. Transient strains at selected locations of the inner and outer container walls, of the primary and secondary lid, as well as of the corresponding lid bolts were measured during the drop tests. Furthermore, decelerations in different locations at the cask body and the lids were measured. The complex geometrical deformation of the impact limiters due to the impact were determined by optical 3d- measurements using the projected fringe method in combination with multi-image photogrammetry. Before and after the drop tests the leakage rate of the lid system was determined by helium leakage testing.
The experimental results contribute to the evaluation of the package response to mechanical tests, demonstrating safety under normal and accident conditions of transport. Especially to the verification of the dynamic finiteelement model of the package used in the package design safety report. The paper describes the performance of the drop tests, selected test results focusing on the lid screws and the cask body and the deformation of the impact limiters as well as impact kinematics, respectively.
T2 - Workshop ORNL/BAM
CY - Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN, USA
DA - 11.04.2019
KW - Package testing
KW - Drop test
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-50621
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Thomas, Sebastian
T1 - WP8 RCS standardisation work, probabilistic safety assessment & statistic - PSB meeting #3
N2 - Achievements within WP8 in the TAHYA Project during the month 18 to 24, including ongoing work and next steps.
Including safety definition, introduction to probabilistic Approach, failure rate, consequence and risk Definition, introduction monte-carlo-Simulation.
T2 - TAHYA PSB meeting 3
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 28.11.2019
KW - TAHYA project
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-50118
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - THES
A1 - Schumacher, David
T1 - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung mit photonenzählenden und spektralauflösenden Röntgenmatrixdetektoren am Beispiel von Werkstoffverbunden
N2 - Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den Eigenschaften der photonenzählenden und spektralauflösenden Detektortechnik und möglichen Anwendungsgebieten in der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung. Dabei wurden konventionelle und photonenzählende Detektortechniken hinsichtlich der Bildqualität und Anwendbarkeit bei unterschiedlichen Prüfaufgaben verglichen und untersucht, inwiefern sich die Energieschwellwertsetzung auf die erreichbare Bildqualität und eine Materialdiskriminierbarkeit bei verschiedenen radiographischen Verfahren auswirkt.
Anhand von Anwendungsbeispielen wurden diese Eigenschaften und deren Auswirkung auf das Messergebnis analysiert. Neben der Radiographie wurden auch dreidimensionale Verfahren wie CT und Laminographie berücksichtigt.
Als eine der wichtigsten Eigenschaften der photonenzählenden Detektortechnik wurden zunächst die Energieauflösung des photonenzählenden Detektors und die Homogenität der Energieantwort über größere Detektorbereiche bestimmt. Dabei stellte sich heraus, dass die Energieauflösung eines abgegrenzten Detektorbereichs ca. 32 % bei 60 keV beträgt und die Streuung in der Energieantwort der einzelnen Detektorbereiche ca. 12 % ausmacht, woraus sich eine Gesamtunsicherheit in der spektralen Detektorantwort von ca. 44 % ergibt. Die geringe Energieauflösung und das stark heterogene Verhalten der Detektorbereiche ergeben sich vor allem aus der Detektorelektronik, welche nur eine globale Energieschwellwertsetzung zulässt.
Trotz dieser Einschränkungen konnte demonstriert werden, dass auch konventionelle radiographische Verfahren, wie Radiographie oder CT, vom Einsatz der photonenzählenden Technik profitieren. So ist es mit dieser Technik möglich, bei sehr geringen Dosisleistungen (z.B. aufgrund der Durchstrahlung großer Wandstärken von dichten Materialien) noch sehr gute Bildqualitäten zu erreichen. Die hohe Dynamik und Kontrastempfindlichkeit dieser Technik begünstigen die Inspektion von Leichtbauwerkstoffen wie Faserverbunde, was anhand von Vergleichen mit herkömmlicher Detektortechnik und anderen ZfP-Verfahren gezeigt werden konnte. Daneben konnte durch den Einsatz der Energieschwellwertsetzung der Einfluss von nicht bildzeichnender Streustrahlung im Röntgenbild um bis zu 20 % reduziert werden. Die Auswirkungen von Aufhärtungseffekten in der CT konnten sogar um bis zu Faktor 1 000 (in der mittleren quadratischen Abweichung), im Vergleich zu herkömmlicher Detektortechnik, reduziert werden.
Der Einsatz von photonenzählender Detektortechnik mit Röntgenblitzröhren ist hingegen nicht sinnvoll, da aufgrund der hohen Photonendichte pro Puls und einer endlichen Totzeit des Detektors in der Größenordnung der Pulsbreite eines Blitzes nur ein geringes Signal detektiert werden kann.
Im Hinblick auf eine Materialdiskriminierbarkeit konnte demonstriert werden, dass im Fall einer Radiographie anhand der Energieschwellwertsetzung im Detektor eine materialstärkenunabhängige Diskriminierung zwischen zwei Materialien (hier: Al und Fe) erzielt werden kann. Unter Einsatz mehrerer Energiefenster und eines Verfahrens der explorativen und multivariaten Datenanalyse konnte eine materialaufgelöste CT eines Multi-Material-Phantoms erreicht werden, wobei die Schwächungskoeffizienten der enthaltenen Materialien im relevanten Energieberiech teilweise sehr dicht beieinander lagen.
Neben Radiographie und CT wurde auch die Möglichkeit einer materialaufgelösten Laminographie am Beispiel eines glasfaserverstärkten Rotorblatts untersucht. Anhand der Energieschwellwertsetzung war nicht nur eine eindeutige Trennung der Glasfasern von der Epoxidharzmatrix möglich, sondern auch eine signifikante Reduzierung der durch die Laminographie entstandenen Artefakte. Der damit verbundene Gewinn an Information führt zu einer verbesserten Aussagefähigkeit des Untersuchungsergebnisses, was letztendlich eine gesteigerte Betriebssicherheit zur Folge hat.
N2 - This thesis investigates the properties of photon counting and energy discriminating digital detector arrays and possible applications in the field of non-destructive testing. Conventional integrating detector technology was compared with photon counting technology in terms of image quality and applicability in different inspection tasks. The impact of internal energy thresholding on material discriminability and achievable image quality was investigated for different radiological methods.
The properties of photon counting detectors and their impact on the measurement result were analyzed for different applications including three-dimensional methods such as CT and laminography in addition to radiographic testing.
Energy resolution is one of the most important properties of photon counting technology. Therefore, energy resolution was initially determined in addition to the homogeneity of the energy Response across the detector. It was found that the energy resolution amounts to approx. 32 % for a 60 keV monoenergetic spectrum (241Am). In combination with the variance in the response of single detector tiles of approx. 12 % the total uncertainty in the detector energy response appears to approx. 44 %.
This low energy resolution and strongly heterogenous detector response result mainly from the detector electronics which only allow setting global energy thresholds.
Despite these limitations it was demonstrated that even conventional single energy techniques, such as radiography or CT, benefit from photon counting technology. Thus, this technology allows to gain high quality images even at very low dose rates which might occur e.g. at high wall thickness Penetration of dense materials. The high dynamic range and high contrast sensitivity facilitate the inspection of lightweight materials such as fiber composites which was shown by comparison with integrating technology and other NDT methods. Furthermore, the use of energy thresholding enables to reduce the influence of non-imaging scattered radiation within the X-ray image by about 20 %. The impact of beam hardening artefacts in CT was reduced even up to a factor of 1 000, compared to conventional integrating detector technology.
In contrast, the use of photon counting technology with x-ray flash tubes is not useful, since the high photon density within a single flash and a finite dead time of the detector only yield a very low signal.
In terms of material discriminability, it was shown that due to energy thresholding a thickness Independent material separation between two materials (here: Al and Fe) can be achieved in the case of a radiography. By using more than two energy windows in combination with multivariate methods of data analysis, a material resolved CT of a multi-material phantom was performed in which six materials were separated distinctly despite very close attenuation coefficients in the relevant energy range. In addition to radiography and CT, the possibility of a material resolved laminography was investigated by means of a glass fiber reinforced wind turbine blade. In addition to a distinct separation between glass fibers and resin matrix, a significant reduction of cross artefacts that inherently arise from the laminography could be achieved. This gain in information yields a higher significance of the measurement and hence an increased reliability of the component or the whole system.
T3 - BAM Dissertationsreihe - 165
KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung
KW - Photonenzählende Detektoren
KW - Radiographie
KW - Laminographie
KW - Computer-Tomographie
KW - Dual-Energy
KW - Nondestructive testing
KW - Photon counting detectors
KW - Radiography
KW - Laminography
KW - Computed tomography
KW - Dual energy
PY - 2019
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-500327
SN - 1613-4249
VL - 165
SP - 1
EP - 172
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-50032
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rica, S.
A1 - Van Baars, S.
A1 - Kullolli, Borana
ED - Ülgen, D.
ED - Saygili, A.
ED - Kahyaoglu, M. R.
ED - Durmaz, S.
ED - Toygar, O.
ED - Göcügenci, A.
T1 - The importance of the horizontal stresses on the bearing capacity of a foundation pile
N2 - In case one wants to predict or design the bearing capacity of a foundation pile and there are no possibilities to perform an in-situ test, such as a Cone Penetration Test, the pile bearing capacity is in most cases estimated with analytical formulas. The most known and used method is the Meyerhof method published some decades ago. There are also other design methods such as derived from a certain failure mechanism around the pile tip, which is, in most cases, wedge failure mechanism. This failure mechanism was originally developed for a shallow (infinite) strip foundation, though. Therefore, it represents a plane failure mechanism.
Numerical simulations on loaded foundation piles performed with the Plaxis software Show however, that the failure mechanism of a foundation pile represents a far more complex threedimensional failure mechanism around the pile tip.
In addition, the existing analytical methods for foundation piles are based on the vertical stresses in the soil, as if the failure mechanism is the same as of a shallow foundation. Numerical simulations, performed in Plaxis show that, not the vertical, but the horizontal stresses, play an important role on the pile bearing capacity. Plaxis represents the stresses in the soil by using the procedure. So, different horizontal soil stresses are obtained for different values of the lateral earth pressure coefficient. The results show that the pile tip bearing capacity depends strongly on the horizontal stresses in the soil, but only for. The same results were observed by using a Material Point Method (MPM). Consequently, the analytical methods should estimate the pile bearing.
T2 - 1st Mediterranean Young Geotechnical Engineers Conference
CY - Bodrum, Turkey
DA - 23.09.2019
KW - Analytical Design Methods
KW - Foundation Pile
KW - Horizontal stress
PY - 2019
UR - http://mygec2019.org/
VL - 2019
SP - 151
EP - 158
PB - 1st Mediterranean Young Geotechnical Engineers Conference
CY - Bodrum, Turkey
AN - OPUS4-49639
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Spode, Manfred
A1 - Wang, Bin
T1 - Monte Carlo simulation and evaluation of burst strength of pressure vessels
N2 - The simulation of strength experiments by the Monte-Carlo method enables the numerical generation of data representing a complete populations of composite pressure vessels. In the case of composite pressure vessels used for hydrogen storage, properties like burst strength or fatigue cycle strength are of interest. This paper provides comprehensive information on how populations are generated and how samples can be taken and evaluated; it also explains how to determine the acceptance rate of random samples from simulated populations for passing the approval test "minimum burst pressure". A word of caution is also expressed regarding the evaluation of acceptance rates from a small sample.
KW - Monte-Carlo simulation
KW - Polar method
KW - Composite cylinder
KW - Burst strength
KW - Acceptance rate
PY - 2019
SN - 0025-5300
VL - 61
IS - 12
SP - 1152
EP - 1156
PB - Carl Hanser Verlag
CY - München
AN - OPUS4-49870
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico
T1 - Forschungsergebnisse zum Verhalten von Lithiumbatterien und Erkenntnisse für die Regelwerksentwicklung
N2 - Die Sicherheit von Lithiumbatterien ist ein entscheidender Punkt beim Ausbau der Elektromobilität. Der Beitrag stellt zunächst sehr allgemein die Grundlagen von Lithiumbatterien als Energiespeicher dar sowie die Gefahren, welche von diesen ausgehen können. Weiterhin wird der Beitrag der BAM zur Sicherheit von Lithiumbatterien, sowohl im experimentellen Bereich als auch bei der Regelwerksentwicklung, vorgestellt.
T2 - 17. Gefahrgut-Technik-Tage
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 07.11.2019
KW - Lithiumbatterien
KW - Thermisches Durchgehen
KW - Gasanalytik
KW - BAM TTS
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49727
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Abad Andrade, Carlos Enrique
T1 - Simultaneous multielemental analysis of crude oils by high-resolutions absorption spectrometry
N2 - When crude oil arrives at a refinery it needs a lot of processing before it is suitable for cracking into lighter fractions. Sulfur has to be extracted to meet ultra-low sulfur legislation for most of the fuel grades, and desalination is a crucial process as chlorine within salts is corrosive to refinery equipment. Measuring the amounts of sulfur and chlorine within crude oil is the first step in a complex clean-up process.
Heavy metals, such as vanadium, nickel and iron need to be removed too. These metals can poison the catalyst used to crack the oil into lighter fractions. This is costly as it reduces the useful life of the catalyst. Like chlorine, heavy metals also have a corrosive effect on the plant. There is some evidence that the presence of some metals in the final product can reduce performance.
A fast determination of elements and size of suspended particles is vital for diagnosis and safeguard of refinery equipment. However, sample preparation for current analytical methods consumes precious time and lost particle size information.
High-resolution continuum source graphite furnace absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFAS) is proposed as a fast analytical method for elemental determination in crude oils and potentially for simultaneous multielement and particle size analysis. This HR-CS-GFAS instrumentation is coupled to a modular simultaneous echelle spectrometer (MOSES) and provides a full optical window with high resolution (from 180 to 900 nm with bandwidth λ/170,000). By using this set-up, it is possible to generate a multiparameter 3D spectral image (atomic and molecular lines, isotopic shift, atomization delay, and intensities). The generated spectral images can be analyzed by multivariate regressions for the elemental and particle size analysis. Additionally, if several atomic and molecular lines are simultaneously measured, they may be used in multi-energy calibration (MEC), a method based on the use of many wavelengths of the same absorbing/emitting entity to improve the accuracy in analytical atomic spectrometry. This MEC approach combined with multivariate image analysis allows the quantification of selected elements (Si, Al, Ni, Fe, V, S, and Cl) and overcomes matrix effects.
T2 - Chevron Seminar- Group Chemical Characterization and Atomic Spectroscopy
CY - Richmond, CA, USA
DA - 22.10.2019
KW - Crude oil
KW - Multielemental analysis
KW - HR-CS-AAS
KW - Optical spectroscopy
KW - MOSES
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49885
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Böhning, Martin
T1 - The glass transition temperature of Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity (PIMs) as determined by fast scanning calorimetry
N2 - Polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) have recently emerged as novel materials for a broad range of high-performance applications from gas separation to electronic devices. The very rigid, contorted polymer chains show only limited molecular mobility and therefore pack inefficiently giving rise to intrinsic microporosity with pore sizes generally smaller than 1 nm resulting in BET surface areas larger than 700 m2/g. Using conventional thermal analysis techniques, no glass transition temperature (Tg) of PIMs could be unambiguously detected up to now. Employing fast scanning calorimetry (FSC) based on a one chip sensor, decoupling the time scales responsible for the glass transition and the thermal decomposition is a reliable strategy to overcome this limitation. The FSC device is capable to heat and cool a small sample (ng-range) with ultrafast rates of several ten thousand K/s. Evidence of a glass transition is obtained for a series of PIMs with different chain rigidities. Local small-scale fluctuations are held responsible for the glass transition of highly rigid PIMs rather than segmental motions as in conventional polymers.
T2 - International Polymer Processing Society (PPS) - Europe-Africa 2019 Regional Conference (PPS2019)
CY - Pretoria, South Africa
DA - 18.11.2019
KW - Polymers
KW - Polymers of intrinsic microporosity
KW - Glass transition
KW - Fast scanning calorimetry
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49957
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Liehr, Sascha
T1 - Real-time dynamic strain sensing in optical fibers using artificial neural networks
N2 - The use of artificial neural networks (ANNs) is demonstrated for efficient real-time data processing in optical fiber sensing applications. Using ANN-based algorithms, two orders of magnitude improved computation time and improved measurement resolution is achieved for distributed strain sensing using the wavelength-scanning coherent optical time domain reflectometry technique.
T2 - WORKSHOP - Machine learning in optical analytics
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 13.11.2019
KW - Artificial neural networks
KW - Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS)
KW - Distributed vibration sensing
KW - Signal processing
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49869
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Qiao, Linan
A1 - Keller, Christian
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
A1 - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Three-dimensional finite element analysis of O-ring metal seals considering varying material properties and different seal diameters
N2 - Metal seals of O-ring form are often used in lid-systems of transport and storage casks for radioactive waste in Germany. To investigate their mechanical behaviour, three dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) models were created using solid elements for all of the seal components. The material behaviour of each component is described with a unified static elastic-plastic material model. The total strain is defined as the sum of linear elastic strain and plastic strain with power-law hardening. The model was carefully validated by comparison of Simulation results with experimental results. The influence of material fluctuation of each seal component due to varying properties and the sensitivity of different seal diameters on the seal force are analysed and discussed.
The results show that the material properties of helical spring have major influence on seal force and that the influence of seal diameters is negligible small in the studied range. This is very important to use the test results from seals with small diameter for the assessment of seal behaviour with larger diameter as used in transport and storage cask.
KW - Sensitivity analysis
KW - Transport and storage cask
KW - O-ring metal seal
KW - Lid-system
KW - Finite element analysis
KW - Stochastic variation of material properties
PY - 2019
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2019.103953
VL - 176
SP - 102953
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-49263
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Nerger, Deborah
A1 - Hille, Falk
A1 - Moosavi, Robabeh
A1 - Grunwald, Marcel
A1 - Redmer, Bernhard
A1 - Kühn, T.
A1 - Hering, M.
A1 - Bracklow, F.
T1 - Improved tomographic investigation for impact damage characterization
N2 - Reinforced concrete (RC) is used as structural material in most diverse civil engineering applications. For the variability of its physical properties it is still an engineering challenge to meet all necessary requirements for the prediction of dynamic effects under impact loading. In this paper, investigations are shown within the scope of quantifying and evaluating the damage caused by an impact. The experimental investigations are performed in the field of low- and medium-velocity impact. The chosen flat nose shape results in small penetrations on the top side and scabbing on the bottom side. The plate is scanned with an adapted planar tomographic examination after the impact, and the damage is analysed, afterwards. Cracks and spalling are made visible with a reconstruction. The numerical model validated on the tomographic results justifies the application for further predictions of the damage description.
T2 - 25th International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology - SMIRT25
CY - Charlotte, NC, USA
DA - 04.08.2019
KW - Impact
KW - Damage characterization
KW - Planar tomography
KW - Numeric simulation
KW - Reinforced concrete structure
PY - 2019
SP - Paper Div 5 S8, 1
EP - 9
AN - OPUS4-49541
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
T1 - Laser-induced periodic surface structures
N2 - This presentation reviews the current state in the field of Laser-induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS). These surface nanostructures are a universal phenomenon and can be generated on almost any material by irradiation with intense linearly polarized laser radiation. LIPSS are formed in a “self-ordered” way and are often accompanying material processing applications. They can be produced following a single-step process and enable surface functionalization through the adaption of optical, mechanical and chemical surface properties. Their structural sizes typically range from several micrometers down to less than 100 nanometers exhibiting a clear correlation with the polarization direction of the laser radiation. Various types of surface structures are classified, relevant control parameters are identified, and their material specific formation mechanisms are analyzed for different types of inorganic solids, i.e., metals, semiconductors, and dielectrics, through time-resolved optical experiments and theoretical simulations. Finally, technological applications featuring surface functionalization in the fields of optics, fluidics, medicine, and tribology are discussed.
T2 - Seminar
CY - Laser-Laboratorium Göttingen e.V., Germany
DA - 18.11.2019
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Surface functionalization
KW - Electromagnetic radiation
KW - Applications
KW - Femtosecond laser ablation
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49689
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
T1 - Quo vadis LIPSS? – Recent developments in theoretical modelling and technical applications
N2 - This presentation reviews current and expected developments in the field of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS, ripples). These surface nanostructures are a universal phenomenon and can be generated on almost any material by irradiation with intense linearly polarized radiation. LIPSS are formed in a “self-ordered” way and are often accompanying laser material processing applications. The structures can be produced in a single-step process and enable surface functionalization through the adaption of optical, mechanical and chemical surface properties. Their spatial periods typically range from several micrometers down to less than 100 nanometers, exhibiting a clear correlation with the polarization direction of the laser radiation used. Various types of LIPSS have been classified, relevant control parameters were identified, and material specific formation mechanisms are analyzed for different types of inorganic solids, i.e., metals, semiconductors, and dielectrics, through time-resolved optical experiments and theoretical simulations. Special attention will be paid to a comparison of the currently available formation theories for LIPSS with a discussion of their respective strengths and weaknesses. Currrently explored applications featuring surface functionalization in the fields of optics, surface wetting, medicine, and tribology will be discussed.
T2 - 9th International LIPSS Workshop
CY - Ljubljana, Slovenia
DA - 26.09.2019
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Surface functionalization
KW - Femtosecond laser ablation
KW - Modelling
KW - Applications
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49708
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Florian, Camilo
A1 - Kirner, Sabrina V.
A1 - Krüger, Jörg
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
T1 - Quo vadis LIPSS? – Applications of laser-induced periodic surface structures
N2 - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS, ripples) are a universal phenomenon that can be observed on almost any material after the irradiation by linearly polarized laser beams, particularly when using ultrashort laser pulses with durations in the femtosecond to picosecond range. During the past years significantly increasing industrial and research activities have been reported in the field of LIPSS, since their generation in a single-step process provides a simple way of nanostructuring and surface functionalization towards the control of optical, mechanical or chemical surface properties. In this contribution the mechanisms of formation and current trends and applications of LIPSS are reviewed, including the colorization of technical surfaces, the control of surface wetting properties, the mimicry of the natural texture of animals, the tailoring of surface colonization by bacterial biofilms, the advancement of leadless medical pacemakers, and the improvement of the tribological performance of nanostructured metal surfaces.
T2 - 11. Mittweidaer Lasertagung
CY - Mittweida, Germany
DA - 13.11.2019
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Femtosecond laser ablation
KW - Surface functionalization
KW - Applications
PY - 2019
VL - 3/1
SP - 41
EP - 43
PB - Hochschule Mittweida
CY - Mittweida
AN - OPUS4-49673
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico
T1 - Lithium Ion Batteries - Europe and Germany in general and BAM with safety aspects in particular
N2 - The article introduces the BAM as well as the experimental possibilities at the BAM TTS in the first part. The second part explains general aspects of the electromobility strategy and the research landscape on lithium batteries in Germany and Europe. In the last part of the presentation current investigations on the safety of lithium batteries as well as perspectives planned investigations of the BAM in this area are presented.
T2 - Workshop with KGS (Korea Gas Safety Corporation) and KEPCO (Korea Electric Power Corporation) Reserach Institute on Lithim Battery Safety
CY - Seoul, South Korea
DA - 11.11.2019
KW - Lithium battery
KW - Thermal runaway
KW - Gas analysis
KW - BAM TTS
KW - European Electromobility
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49725
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Florian, Camilo
T1 - Oxidation effects on the functionality and formation of laser-induced periodic surface structures
N2 - In the last decades, the formation of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) has been widely studied, not only to stablish a general understanding of the main mechanisms present during the irradiation with ultrashort laser pulses, but also to identify the main processing parameters for its fabrication on various technical materials. However, an important and almost always present effect that is typically set aside is the material oxidation during or after the laser processing. Usually, this leads to optical, chemical, structural and mechanical alterations that are seldomly studied in detail. Therefore, in this work we present a study that includes the formation of LIPSS on Ti6Al4V alloy for tribological applications were different oxidations layers are involved.
The material characterization using different techniques, such as energy dispersive X-ray analyses (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), micro Raman spectroscopy (µ-RS), and depth-profiling Auger electron microscopy (AEM), and other techniques, confirms the formation of a non-negligible superficial oxide layer – strongly dependent on the specific processing parameters. We perform tribological experiments on laser irradiated samples oxidized by alternative ways to have a comparison on its friction performance. The obtained results show significant differences that depend directly on the thickness and the quality of the oxidized layer. This may open a fertile research area until now barely explored with clear impact on LIPSS based applications.
T2 - 9th International LIPSS Workshop
CY - Ljubljana, Slovenia
DA - 26.09.2019
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49709
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Gräf, S.
T1 - Large-area fabrication of low- and high-spatial-frequency laser-induced periodic surface structures on carbon fibers
N2 - The properties of fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP) or concretes (ECC) strongly depend on the interface between the fiber and the surrounding matrix. Different methods such as plasma oxidation, chemical or electrolytic etching and chemical vapor deposition have been investigated to increase, for example, the bonding strength. The present study deals with the functionalization of the fiber surface based on laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS). They can be characterized as a modulation of the surface topography on the nano- and microscale that results from the irradiation of the surface with linearly polarized laser radiation close to the ablation threshold. According to their spatial period, LIPSS are classified into low-spatial frequency LIPSS (LSFL) and high-spatial frequency LIPSS (HSFL). The great potential of both types of LIPSS structures regarding functional surface properties was demonstrated in numerous investigations. The objective of the present study was the homogenous manufacturing of both types of LIPSS on large areas of carbon fiber arrangements without damage. The results are discussed based on a detailed analysis of the topographic and chemical surface properties.
T2 - 15th International Conference on Laser Ablation (COLA 2019)
CY - Hawaii, USA
DA - 08.09.2019
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Carbon fibers
KW - Femtosecond laser ablation
KW - Surface functionalization
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49676
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Nerger, Deborah
T1 - Post-impact evaluation at RC plates with planar tomography and FEM
N2 - Due to the many possible applications, the uncomplicated production and the high application range, reinforced concrete is a widely used building material. This large range of physical material properties still poses an engineering challenge in determining all necessary requirements for predicting dynamic effects under impact load.
Many aspects of impact have already been examined and some correlations have been studied intensively. Examples are the work of Lastunen and Booker, who studied the influence of projectile properties on the impact form. Li has also investigated the local effects of an impact. The field of detailed damage analysis has not been in focus so far.
This presentation shows some studies in medium-velocity impact with the focus on post-impact damage evaluation. The impactor is modified so that the test plates show low penetration on the top and scabbing on the bottom. With the unique tomography lab test stand at BAM the plate is scanned after the impact and the damage is analyzed. Cracks and scabbing are made visible with a reconstruction. The comparison of simulation and tomography allows to create prognosis models for damage characterization.
T2 - 36th Danubia Adria Symposium on Advances in Experimental Mechanics
CY - Pilsen, Czech Republic
DA - 24.09.2019
KW - Impact
KW - Damage characterization
KW - Planar tomography
KW - Numeric simulation
KW - Reinforced concrete structure
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49691
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Baer, Wolfram
T1 - Chunky graphite in ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron: Formation, prevention, characterization, impact on properties – An overview
N2 - Ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron (SGI) materials have a remarkable technical poten-tial and economic impact in modern industry. These features are closely related to the question of how the cast materials can be produced without structural defects and graphite degenerations such as for example chunky graphite. Although the chunky graphite degeneration superficially seems to be well known, its metallurgical background is still controversially discussed, appropriate field-tested non-destructive tools for its quantification in castings are lacking and the knowledge on its impact on material properties is fairly limited. Addressing this status, the article is providing a current overview on the subject. Existing theories on formation and growth mechanisms of chunky graphite are briefly reviewed. Furthermore, from a metallurgical point of view, causes for the appearance of chunky graphite as well as preventive measures are concisely summarized. Particular attention is paid to the morphology of chunky graphite and how it can be characterized by destructive and non-destructive techniques. Special emphasis was laid on providing a comprehensive overview on the impact of chunky graphite on strength, ductility, fatigue limit, fatigue crack growth rate as well as fracture tough-ness of ferritic SGI materials based on experimental data. Moreover, conclusions for the assessment of castings affected by chunky graphite are drawn.
KW - Characterization
KW - Ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron
KW - Chunky graphite
KW - Properties
KW - Formation
KW - Prevention
PY - 2019
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-499972
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-019-00363-8
SN - 1939-5981
SN - 2163-3193
VL - 14
IS - 2
SP - 454
EP - 488
PB - Springer Verlag
AN - OPUS4-49997
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Quercetti, Thomas
A1 - Scheidemann, Robert
A1 - Komann, Steffen
A1 - Ballheimer, Viktor
A1 - Wille, Frank
T1 - Drop Testing of a New Package Design for the Transport of SNF from German Research Reactors
N2 - A new dual purpose cask design was developed for the safe transport and interim storage of spent fuel elements of German research reactors. In the framework of the safety assessment within the package approval procedure the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) as competent authority performed a series of drop tests according with the IAEA Transport Regulations. The package consists of a cylindrical thick-walled ductile cast iron cask body closed by a bolted lid system with metallic seals. A lid and bottom sided impact limiter consisting of a wood/steel construction limit the mechanical impact loading. The full-scale test specimen was equipped with a basket and assembled with dummy-fuel elements. The package and test specimen, respectively have a total mass of approximately 24 metric tons. The mechanical drop test program included three 9m free drop tests, in horizontal, vertical and oblique cask orientation onto the lid system. Additionally, a 1m-puncture bar drop test followed the horizontal drop test to consider an IAEA-drop test sequence. The horizontal and vertical drop tests were performed at a temperature of minus 40°C. During the oblique drop test the upper impact limiter was heated up to +80°C. The tests were conducted onto an unyielding target, fulfilling the IAEA requirements. The test specimen was considerably instrumented with strain gauges and accelerometers. Transient strains at selected locations of the inner and outer container walls, of the primary and secondary lid, as well as of the corresponding lid bolts were measured during the drop tests. Furthermore, decelerations in different locations at the cask body and the lids were measured. The complex geometrical deformation of the impact limiters due to the impact were determined by optical 3D- measurements. Before and after the drop tests the leakage rate of the lid system was determined by helium leakage testing. The experimental results contribute to the evaluation of the package response to mechanical tests, demonstrating safety under normal and accident conditions of transport and especially to the verification of the dynamic finite-element model of the package used in the package design safety report.
T2 - PATRAM 2019
CY - New Orleans, LA, USA
DA - 04.08.2019
KW - SNF
KW - Drop testing
KW - New package design
PY - 2019
SP - Paper 19-A-1142,1
EP - 10
AN - OPUS4-50622
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schmidt, Anita
T1 - Alles über Lithiumbatterien (I)
N2 - Der Auftakt der Artikelserie beschäftigt sich mit den neuen Verpackungsvorschriften für defekte Lithiumbatterien, die beim Transport gefährlich reagieren können. Die Antworten auf die wichtigsten Fragestellungen.
KW - Gefahrgutverpackungen
KW - Lithiumbatterien
KW - Gefahrgut
KW - ADR
PY - 2019
SN - 0016-5808
VL - 2019
IS - 06
SP - 20
EP - 23
PB - Storck Verlag
CY - Hamburg
AN - OPUS4-50800
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Qiao, Linan
T1 - A New Time-Temperature Equivalent Formulation for the Description of Thermo-rheologically Complex Behaviour
N2 - Compared with the original time-temperature superposition (TTS) principle, an extended non-linear time-temperature equivalent (TTE) principle is suggested in this work. Results shown us, all application of TTS and most of the TTE parameters, for example, the Orr-Sherby-Dorn, Manson-Succop, Larson-Müller, Manson-Haferd, Mendelson-Roberts-Manson parameters and the more general ‘single metamodel’ from Haque–Stewart are special cases of the new suggested principle. The merits of this new method are discussed.
T2 - 4th International Conference on Rheology and Modeling of Materials
CY - Miskolc-Lillafüred, Hungary
DA - 07.10.2019
KW - Scale/shift factor and form/stretchFactor of time-temperature relation
KW - Time-temperature superposition/equivalent principle
KW - Thermo-rheologically simple/complex behaviour
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-50772
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schmidt, Anita
T1 - Aktuelle Forschung - Technik für sichere Gefahrguttransporte
N2 - Lithiumbatterien, Tanks und Druckgasflaschen: Ihnen ist gemeinsam, dass Gefahrguttransporte mit Ihnen sicher erfolgen müssen. Um dies zu gewährleisten, führt die BAM verschiedene Untersuchungen und Forschungsvorhaben durch.
T2 - 35. Internationale Gefahrgut-Tage Hamburg
CY - Hamburg, Germany
DA - 17.02.2019
KW - Lithiumbatterien
KW - Druckgefäße
KW - Gefahrguttransport
KW - ADR
KW - Sicherheit
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-50802
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schmidt, Anita
T1 - Aktuelles zur Sicherheit von Lithium-Ionen Akkus - Lagerung, Transporte, Brandschutzkonzepte
N2 - Sicherheitskonzepte werden für die verschiedenen Szenarien für Lithiumakkus benötigt: Vor allem für den Bereich der Lagerung gibt es im Moment nur wenige Vorgaben. Im Vortrag werden verschiedene Brandschutzkonzepte vorgestellt. Für die Lagerung werden Empfehlungen ausgesprochen, die teilweise an die Vorgaben der Transportvorschriften anknüpfen.
T2 - Forum 2019 zur Schadenverhütung der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Berlin Brandenburg (AGS) und AGBB Berlin e.V.
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 23.10.2019
KW - Lithiumbatterien
KW - Brandschutzkonzepte
KW - Lagerung
KW - Gefahrguttransport
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-50807
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schmidt, Anita
T1 - Zulassungsregeln für Verpackungen von Lithiumbatterien
N2 - Sicherer Transport defekter Batterien im Aufgabenbereich der BAM.
T2 - 12. Fachkonferenz Lithiumbatterien
CY - Frankfurt a.M., Germany
DA - 21.01.2019
KW - Lithiumbatterien
KW - ADR
KW - Gefahrguttransport
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-50803
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schmidt, Anita
T1 - New ADR regulations for critical lithium batteries
N2 - End of life batteries may be damaged or defective and may cause the risk of dangerous reactions. New ADR regulations allow them nevertheless to be tansported with the specifications of the national competent authority. BAM's approach.
T2 - End-of-Life Batteries from Electrified Vehicles
CY - Fredrikstad Oslo, Norway
DA - 13.06.2019
KW - Dangerous goods
KW - Defective Lithium batteries
KW - ADR
KW - Transport
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-50801
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Linnemann, Konrad
T1 - Experimental and numerical analyses of spent nuclear fuel behavior under transport conditions
N2 - Packages for the transport of spent nuclear fuel shall meet the International Atomic Energy Agency regulations to ensure safety under different transport conditions. The physical state of the spent fuel and the fuel rod cladding as well as the geometric configuration of fuel assemblies are important inputs for the evaluation of the package capabilities under these conditions. The mechanical behavior of spent fuel assemblies shall be analyzed with regard to the assumptions which are used in the containment and criticality safety analysis. The package as a mechanical system is characterized by a complex set of interactions, e. g. between the fuel rods within the assembly as well as between the fuel assemblies, the basket, and the cask containment. This complexity makes it difficult to assume appropriate mechanical loads for the spent fuel inside the package. Another challenge is the assumption of material properties which represent the variation of the fuel rods regarding cladding material, burn-up and the operation history sufficiently. The objective of this paper is to give an overview about the current approaches and research for the evaluation of spent fuel behavior within the package design approval procedure. In this context, analytical, numerical and experimental results are discussed. The presented work is achieved within a collaboration of BAM with national and international partners.
T2 - Abteilungskolloquium 3.3
CY - Berlin, BAM Fabeckstraße
DA - 02.10.2019
KW - Transportbehälter
KW - Radioaktive Stoffe
KW - Brennelementverhalten
KW - FE-Berechnungen
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-51173
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Quercetti, Thomas
T1 - Drop Testing of a New Package Design for the Transport of SNF from German Research Reactors
N2 - A new dual purpose cask design was developed for the safe transport and interim storage of spent fuel elements of German research reactors. In the framework of the safety assessment within the package approval procedure the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) as competent authority performed a series of drop tests according with the IAEA Transport Regulations. The package consists of a cylindrical thick-walled ductile cast iron cask body closed by a bolted lid system with metallic seals. A lid and bottom sided impact limiter consisting of a wood/steel construction limit the mechanical impact loading. The full-scale test specimen was equipped with a basket and assembled with dummy-fuel elements. The package and test specimen, respectively have a total mass of approximately 24 metric tons. The mechanical drop test program included three 9m free drop tests, in horizontal, vertical and oblique cask orientation onto the lid system. Additionally, a 1m-puncture bar drop test followed the horizontal drop test to consider an IAEA-drop test sequence. The horizontal and vertical drop tests were performed at a temperature of minus 40°C. During the oblique drop test the upper impact limiter was heated up to +80°C. The tests were conducted onto an unyielding target, fulfilling the IAEA requirements. The test specimen was considerably instrumented with strain gauges and accelerometers. Transient strains at selected locations of the inner and outer container walls, of the primary and secondary lid, as well as of the corresponding lid bolts were measured during the drop tests. Furthermore, decelerations in different locations at the cask body and the lids were measured. The complex geometrical deformation of the impact limiters due to the impact were determined by optical 3D- measurements. Before and after the drop tests the leakage rate of the lid system was determined by helium leakage testing. The experimental results contribute to the evaluation of the package response to mechanical tests, demonstrating safety under normal and accident conditions of transport and especially to the verification of the dynamic finite-element model of the package used in the package design safety report.
T2 - PATRAM 2019
CY - New Orleans, LA, USA
DA - 04.08.2019
KW - SNF
KW - Drop testing
KW - New package design
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-50623
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kreft, S.
A1 - Radnik, Jörg
A1 - Agostini, G.
A1 - Pohl, M.-M.
A1 - Gericke, E.
A1 - Hoell, Armin
A1 - Beller, M.
A1 - Junge, H.
A1 - Wohlrab, S.
T1 - Dye activation of heterogeneous Copper(II)-Species for visible light driven hydrogen generation
N2 - Heterogeneous Cu catalysts are widely used in photocatalytic hydrogen generation. The typical working mode includes the transfer of photo-induced charges from a semiconductor to CuO which itself is reduced to Cu2O to initiate the catalytic cycle. In this contribution a photosensitizer (dye), excited by visible light absorption, was used to transfer an electron to the CuO which after reduction catalyzes the water reduction to hydrogen. Several copper(II)-catalysts on high surface silica were prepared by impregnation or precipitation and applied in photocatalytic water reduction. The best catalyst CuO(Cl0.1)/SiO2, synthesized via incipient wetness impregnation of CuCl2 in MCM-41 and a following precipitation with NaOH, achieved a 6 times higher activity (1702 mmol h-1 g-1) compared to a previously investigated copper system (280 mmol h-1 g-1 for CuI) under the same reaction conditions. All materials were fully characterized by XRD, TEM and N2 sorption and further by magnetic resonance and X-ray methods EPR, ASAXS and XAS. In situ measurements evidenced a reduction of the initial Cu(II)-species, which confirms the (proposed) photocatalytic mechanism.
KW - Hydrogen generation
KW - CuO nanoparticles
KW - Molecular sieves
PY - 2019
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.04.006
VL - 44
IS - 53
SP - 28409
EP - 28420
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-49350
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico
T1 - Auswirkungen beim Versagen von Energiespeichern - Druckbehälter und Lithium-Ionen-Batterien
N2 - Immer wieder kommt es bei Bränden zum Bersten von Propan- und Acetylenflaschen. Im Falle eines Behälterversagens stellen diese eine enorme Gefährdung für die Einsatzkräfte dar. Die BAM beschäftigt sich seit vielen Jahren mit den Auswirkungen im Falle eines solchen Behälterversagens. Der erste Teil des Beitrages stellt die Arbeit der BAM auf diesem Gebiet vor und zeigt verschiedene Handlungsoptionen auf, um das Risiko für Einsatzkräfte zu verringern. Im zweiten Teil des Beitrages werden die aktuellen Aufgaben und bisherigen Aktivitäten zur Sicherheit von Lithiumbatterien vorgestellt. Weiterhin werden die Versuchsmöglichkeiten auf dem BAM TTS und die derzeit im Aufbau befindlichen messtechnischen Systeme zur Quantifizierung der Auswirkungen beim Versagen von Lithiumbatterien dargestellt.
T2 - Gemeinsame Fortbildungsveranstaltung der Fachvereinigung Arbeitssicherheit e. V. sowie der gesetzlichen Unfallversicherungen, Berufsgenossenschaften der Bauwirtschaft Berlin
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 24.10.2019
KW - Behälterversagen
KW - LPG
KW - Lithiumbatterien
KW - Alternative Antriebe
KW - Auswirkungsbetrachtung
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49476
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Mezera, M.
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
A1 - Römer, G.R.B.E.
T1 - Influence of Bulk Temperature on Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures on Polycarbonate
N2 - In this paper, the influence of the bulk temperature (BT) of Polycarbonate (PC) on the occurrence and growth of Laser-induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS) is studied. Ultrashort UV laser pulses with various laser peak fluence levels F_0 and various numbers of overscans (N_OS) were applied on the surface of pre-heated Polycarbonate at different bulk temperatures. Increased BT leads to a stronger absorption of laser energy by the Polycarbonate. For N_OS < 1000 High Spatial Frequency LIPSS (HSFL), Low Spatial Frequency LIPSS perpendicular (LSFL-I) and parallel (LSFL-II) to the laser polarization were only observed on the rim of the ablated tracks on the surface but not in the center of the tracks. For N_OS ≥ 1000 , it was found that when pre-heating the polymer to a BT close its glass transition temperature (T_g), the laser fluence to achieve similar LIPSS as when processed at room temperature decreases by a factor of two. LSFL types I and II were obtained on PC at a BT close to T_g and their periods and amplitudes were similar to typical values found in the literature. To the best of the author’s knowledge, it is the first time both LSFL types developed simultaneously and consistently on the same sample under equal laser processing parameters. The evolution of LIPSS from HSFL, over LSFL-II to LSFL I, is described, depending on laser peak fluence levels, number of pulses processing the spot and bulk temperature.
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Polycarbonate
KW - Bulk temperature
KW - Ultrashort laser pulses
PY - 2019
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-498242
UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/11/12/1947
DO - https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11121947
SN - 2073-4360
VL - 11
IS - 12
SP - 1947
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel, Switzerland
AN - OPUS4-49824
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Paulus, Daniel
A1 - Bresch, Sophie
A1 - Moos, Ralf
A1 - Schönauer-Kamin, Daniela
T1 - Powder aerosol deposited calcium cobaltite as textured P-type thermoelectric material with power factors approaching single crystal values
N2 - In this work, the thermoelectric material calcium cobaltite Ca3Co4O9 (CCO), a promising p-type conducting thermoelectric oxide with anisotropic properties, was processed by the powder aerosol deposition method (PAD) to form a dense ceramic CCO film with a thickness in the µm range. The prepared films were characterized regarding their microstructure and thermoelectric properties between room temperature and 900 °C. After heat treatment at 900 °C, the CCO PAD film in-plane shows excellent properties in terms of electrical conductivity (280 S/cm at 900 °C) and Seebeck coefficient (220 µV/K at 900 °C). The calculated power factor in-plane (ab) reaches with 1125 µW/(m K2) 40 % of the single crystal value, surpassing the known-properties of CCO bulk ceramics. Examination of the microstructure shows a strong fiber texture of the film as well as a strong coarsening of the grains during the first heat treatment up to 900 °C.
KW - thermoelectrics
KW - calcium cobaltite
KW - thermoelectric oxide
KW - aerosol deposition method (ADM)
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-606246
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2024.116717
SN - 0955-2219
VL - 44
IS - 15
SP - 1
EP - 8
PB - Elsevier BV
AN - OPUS4-60624
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Griesche, Axel
T1 - In situ bragg edge imaging with neutrons for crystallographic phase and temperature field mapping during tig welding
N2 - In Neutron-Bragg-Edge Imaging (NBEI) experiments, we studied the phase transition during butt-welding of martensitic Low Temperature Transformation (LTT) Steel [1]. Tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding was used with a moveable torch allowing for automated weldments. The austenitization in the heat affected zone (HAZ) underneath the welding head could be clearly visualized at λ = 0.39 nm, a wavelength smaller than the Bragg edge wavelengths of both austenite and martensite. Also, the re-transformation upon cooling from austenite into martensitic phase was detected. However, we observed an unexpected additional change in transmission at λ = 0.44 nm that is a wavelength larger than the wavelength of the Bragg edges of both the martensitic and austenitic phases. We attribute this change to the Deybe-Waller-Factor that describes the temperature dependence of coherent scattering at a crystal lattice [2]. The observed two-dimensional attenuation map corresponds well with a temperature distribution modelling by software macros in ANSYS [3]. Here, the absolute temperature values could be achieved by calibrating the modelled attenuation with help of a thermocouple placed at the steel sample plate. This allows in return for a direct two-dimensional temperature reading based on the Debye-Waller-relation between neutron attenuation and sample temperature.
T2 - MSE 2024
CY - Darmstadt, Germany
DA - 24.09.2024
KW - In situ neutron Bragg edge imaging
KW - Temperature field mapping
KW - Crystallographic phase mapping
KW - TIG welding
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61268
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bresch, Sophie
T1 - Reaction sintering and sintering additives for cost-effective production of thermoelectric oxides
N2 - Thermoelectric oxides attract much interest recently. Although their thermoelectric properties are inferior to non-oxides, they exhibit distinct advantages. Thermoelectric oxides are stable in air at higher temperatures, their raw materials are less toxic, and more abundant. To enhance attractivity of these materials for industrial applications, production costs need to be reduced.
Conventionally, the legs of thermoelectric generators are sintered from green bodies of previously synthesized powder. Reaction-sintering is a fabrication method without a powder synthesis step, as the final phase is formed during the sintering from a raw material mixture. Moreover, the reduction of chemical potential during reaction-sintering is effective as an additional driving force for sintering. We show that reaction-sintering increases the densification of CaMnO3 (n-type, Sm doped). Consequently, the electrical conductivities improved by about 100 % leading to superior power factors (PF = 230 µW/mK² for CaMnO3).
Another approach to reduce the production costs is to lower the sintering temperature by adding sinter additives. The addition of 4 wt% CuO to CaMnO3 lowers the sinter temperature from 1250 °C to 1050 °C. The achieved power factor PF = 264 µW/mK is more than two times higher as reported in literature for the same dopant.
T2 - Virtual Conference on Thermoelectrics (VCT)
CY - Online meeting
DA - 21.07.2020
KW - Thermoelectrics
KW - Reaction sintering
KW - Sintering additives
KW - Calcium manganate
KW - Calcium cobaltite
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-51070
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bresch, Sophie
T1 - Improved thermoelectric properties of CaMnO3 and Ca3Co4O9 by increasing the driving force for sintering
N2 - Thermoelectric materials can convert waste heat directly into electrical power by utilizing the Seebeck effect. Calcium cobaltite (Ca3Co4O9, p-type) and calcium manganate (CaMnO3, n-type) are two of the most promising oxide thermoelectric materials. The performance of these materials is evaluated by the power factor PF = S²∙σ and the figure of merit ZT = (PF ∙ T) / κ, demanding high Seebeck coefficient S, high electrical conductivity σ and low thermal conductivity κ. The latter two are increasing with increasing relative sinter density. According to theory, the relative density of ceramics can be improved by increasing the driving force for sintering. This study investigates different approaches to increase the driving force for sintering of Ca3Co4O9 and CaMnO3 to improve densities and thermoelectric properties.
The following approaches were applied: minimizing the energy input during powder synthesis by calcination, fine milling of the powder, using reaction-sintering without a powder synthesis step, and adding a transient liquid phase by sinter additives.
All different approaches led to an increased densification and thus higher electrical conductivity and higher PF. Thermal conductivity increased as well but not to the same extent. E.g. reaction-sintering increased the densification of Ca3Co4O9 (p-type) and CaMnO3 (n-type). Consequently, the electrical conductivities improved by about 100 % for both oxides leading to superior power factors (PF = 230 µW/mK² for CaMnO3). Although the thermal conductivity increased as well by 8 %, the figures of merit (ZT) were significantly higher compared to conventionally sintered bars. The addition of 4 wt% CuO as a sinter additive to CaMnO3 lowers the sinter temperature from above 1250 °C to below 1100 °C and increases the relative density. Due to the increased density, both electrical conductivity and PF increased by more than 200 % even though the sintering temperature was 150 K lower.
T2 - Electroceramics XVII
CY - Online meeting
DA - 24.08.2020
KW - Thermoelectrics
KW - Reaction sintering
KW - Sintering additives
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-51163
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Risse, S.
A1 - Juhl, A.
A1 - Mascotto, S.
A1 - Arlt, T.
A1 - Markötter, Henning
A1 - Hilger, A.
A1 - Manke, I.
A1 - Fröba, M.
T1 - Detailed and Direct Observation of Sulfur Crystal Evolution During Operando Analysis of a Li-S Cell with Synchrotron Imaging
N2 - Herein, we present a detailed investigation of the electrochemically triggered formation and dissolution processes of α- and β-sulfur crystals on a monolithic carbon cathode using operando high-resolution synchrotron radiography (438 nm/pixel).
The combination of visual monitoring with the electrical current response during cyclic voltammetry provides valuable insights into the sulfur formation and dissolution mechanism. Our observations show that the crystal growth process is mainly dictated by a rapid equilibrium between long-chain polysulfides on one side and solid sulfur/short-chain polysulfides on the other side, which is consistent with previous studies in this field. The high temporal and spatial resolution of synchrotron imaging enables the observation of different regimes during the sulfur formation and dissolution process. The appearance of short-chain polysulfides after the first anodic CV peak initiates a rapid dissolution process of α-sulfur crystals on the cathode. The increase in the long-chain lithium polysulfide concentration at the cathode surface during charge results in an increased crystal growth rate, which in turn produces imperfections in α- and β-sulfur crystals. There are strong indications that these defects are fluid inclusions, which may trap dissolved polysulfides and therefore reduce the electrochemical cell capacity.
KW - LiS battery
KW - Radiography
KW - Synchrotron Imaging
PY - 2020
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01284
VL - 11
IS - 14
SP - 5674
EP - 5679
AN - OPUS4-51100
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Influence of Internal Pressure Regulation During Filament Winding on Failure Mechnism in Type 4 Pressure Vessels: A Case Study
N2 - Hydrogen storage is a crucial part of the hydrogen value chain, particularly in terms of safety and social acceptance of hydrogen technologies. For on-board and transportation applications, hydrogen is commonly stored as a compressed gas in pressure vessels. Full composite wrapped Type 4 pressure vessels are especially beneficial due to their high weight-saving potential and their capability to withstand high working pressures. To maintain an appropriate safety level, the mechanical behavior of the composite structure has been the subject of investigation in numerous studies. In this study, the failure mechanisms of two designs of Type 4 cylinders are investigated. The two designs differ solely in the manufacturing process parameters, particularly the internal pressure applied during the filament winding process. Variations in internal pressure result in different residual stress states and changes in the quality of the composite structure. The stacking sequence, materials used, and other manufacturing parameters remain unchanged. The cylinders show different failure mechanisms in slow burst tests: one design fails in hoop windings, while the other one fails in helical windings, despite no stress exaggeration in the fiber direction being observed with embedded optical fibers or in numerical simulations. To explain the failure mechanisms, the quality of the cylinders is investigated. The results of X-ray computed tomography and pulse-echo investigation, highlight the complexity of the interactions between manufacturing process parameters, residual stresses, manufacturing quality, and the mechanical behavior of composite pressure vessels. Resin-rich areas in the composite material are identified as a possible cause of the differing failure mechanisms.
T2 - 11th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety ICHS 2025
CY - Seoul, Republic of Korea
DA - 22.09.2025
KW - omposite
KW - Pressure vessel
KW - Filament winding
KW - Slow burst test
KW - Failure mechanism
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64462
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Mohseninia, A
A1 - Eppler, M
A1 - Kartouzian, D
A1 - Markötter, Henning
A1 - Kardjilov, N
A1 - Wilhelm, F
A1 - Scholta, J
A1 - Manke, I
T1 - PTFE Content in Catalyst Layers and Microporous Layers: Effect on Performance and Water Distribution in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells
N2 - This work describes the effects of catalyst layers (CLs) consisting of hydrophobic PTFE on the performance and water management of PEM fuel cells. Catalyst inks with various PTFE contents were coated on Nafion membranes and characterized using contact angle measurements, SEX-EDX, and mercury porosimetry. Fuel cell tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were conducted under varying operating conditions for the prepared materials. At dry conditions, CLs with 5 wt.% PTFE were advantageous for cell performance due to improved membrane hydration, whereas under humid conditions and high air flow rates CLs with 10 wt.% PTFE improved the performance in high current density region. Higher PTFE contents (⩾20 wt.%) increased the mass transport resistance due to reduced porosity of the CLs structure. Operando neutron radiography was utilized to study the effects of hydrophobicity gradients within CLs and cathode microporous layer (MPLC) on liquid water distribution. More hydrophobic CLs increased the water content in adjacent layers and improved performance, especially at dry conditions. MPLC with higher PTFE contents increased the overall liquid water within the CLs and GDLs and escalated the water transfer to the anode side. Furthermore, the role of back-diffusion transport mechanism on water distribution was identified for the investigated cells.
KW - Neutron imaging
KW - Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell
KW - Catalyst Layer
KW - Microporous Layer
KW - Water Distribution
PY - 2021
DO - https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abec53
VL - 168
IS - 3
SP - 034509
PB - IOP Science
AN - OPUS4-52402
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Popiela, Bartosz
A1 - Günzel, Stephan
A1 - Sklorz, Christian
A1 - Widjaja, Martinus Putra
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Seidlitz, Holger
T1 - Application of the incremental hole-drilling method for residual stress determination in type 4 pressure vessels
N2 - Hole-drilling method is a standardized technique for obtaining residual stresses in isotropic structures. Previous studies provide a foundation that enables the use of this method to investigate orthotropic structures, such as fiber-reinforced composites. In this study, the incremental hole-drilling method was applied to investigate residual stresses in filament wound type 4 composite pressure vessels. The investigated composite cylinders were manufactured with different internal pressure functions during the winding process, to achieve distinct residual stress states. Additionally, the influence of the initial loading under sustained internal pressure and increased temperature on the stress distribution was investigated. It was shown that the residual stress state can be influenced by varying the internal pressure in the winding process. After testing at sustained load and increased temperature, a stress redistribution was observed, which took place due to creep phenomena. Finally, a discussion of the challenges for the application of the hole-drilling method to composite pressure vessels is provided.
KW - Hole-drilling method
KW - Filament winding
KW - Type 4 composite pressure vessels
KW - Residual stresses
KW - Stress redistribution
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-627765
DO - https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2024-0328
SN - 2195-8572
VL - 67
IS - 4
SP - 663
EP - 674
PB - Walter de Gruyter GmbH
AN - OPUS4-62776
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Bevilacqua, N.
A1 - Asset, T.
A1 - Schmid, M. A.
A1 - Markötter, Henning
A1 - Manke, I.
A1 - Atanassov, P.
A1 - Zeis, R.
T1 - Impact of catalyst layer morphology on the operation of high temperature PEM fuel cells
N2 - Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a well-established method to analyze a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). However, without further data processing, the impedance spectrum yields only qualitative insight into the mechanism and individual contribution of transport, kinetics, and ohmic losses to the overall fuel cell limitations. The distribution of relaxation times (DRT) method allows quantifying each of these polarization losses and evaluates their contribution to a given electrocatalyst's depreciated performances. We coupled this method with a detailed morphology study to investigate the impact of the 3D-structure on the processes occurring inside a high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC). We tested a platinum catalyst (Pt/C), a platinum-cobalt alloy catalyst (Pt3Co/C), and a platinum group metal-free iron-nitrogen-carbon (Fe–N–C) catalyst. We found that the hampered mass transport in the latter is mainly responsible for its low performance in the MEA (along with its decreased intrinsic performances for the ORR reaction). The better performance of the alloy catalyst can be explained by both improved mass transport and a lower ORR resistance. Furthermore, single-cell tests show that the catalyst layer morphology influences the distribution of phosphoric acid during conditioning.
KW - High-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell
KW - Platinum-free catalyst
KW - Mass transport
KW - Oxygen reduction reaction
KW - Distribution of relaxation times analysis
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-520917
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powera.2020.100042
VL - 7
SP - 100042
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-52091
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Ziesche, R. F.
A1 - Robinson, J. B.
A1 - Markötter, Henning
A1 - Bradbury, R.
A1 - Tengattini, A.
A1 - Lenoir, N.
A1 - Helfen, L.
A1 - Kockelmann, W.
A1 - Kardjilov, N.
A1 - Manke, I.
A1 - Brett, D. J. L.
A1 - Shearing, P. R.
T1 - Editors’ Choice—4D Neutron and X-ray Tomography Studies of High Energy Density Primary Batteries: Part II. Multi-Modal Microscopy of LiSOCl2 Cells
N2 - The ability to track electrode degradation, both spatially and temporally, is fundamental to understand performance loss during operation of lithium batteries. X-ray computed tomography can be used to follow structural and morphological changes in electrodes; however, the direct detection of electrochemical processes related to metallic lithium is difficult due to the low sensitivity to the element. In this work, 4-dimensional neutron computed tomography, which shows high contrast for lithium, is used to directly quantify the lithium diffusion process in spirally wound Li/SOCl2 primary cells. The neutron dataset enables the quantification of the lithium transport from the anode and the accumulation inside the SOCl2 cathode to be locally resolved. Complementarity between the collected neutron and X-ray computed tomographies is shown and by applying both methods in concert we have observed lithium diffusion blocking by the LiCl protection layer and identified all cell components which are difficult to distinguish using one of the methods alone.
KW - Lithium-ion battery
KW - Room-temperature
KW - Thermal runaway
KW - Gas evolution
KW - Cells
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-520890
DO - https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abbfd9
VL - 167
SP - 140509
PB - IOP Science
AN - OPUS4-52089
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Bresch, Sophie
A1 - Mieller, Björn
A1 - Schönauer-Kamin, D.
A1 - Moos, R.
A1 - Reimann, T.
A1 - Giovannelli, F.
A1 - Rabe, Torsten
T1 - Influence of pressure and dwell time on pressure‐assisted sintering of calcium cobaltite
N2 - Calcium cobaltite Ca3Co4O9, abbreviated Co349, is a promising thermoelectric material for high‐temperature applications in air. Its anisotropic properties can be assigned to polycrystalline parts by texturing. Tape casting and pressure‐assisted sintering (PAS) are a possible future way for a cost‐effective mass‐production of thermoelectric generators. This study examines the influence of pressure and dwell time during PAS at 900°C of tape‐cast Co349 on texture and thermoelectric properties. Tape casting aligns lentoid Co349. PAS results in a textured Co349 microstructure with the thermoelectrically favorable ab‐direction perpendicular to the pressing direction. By pressure variation during sintering, the microstructure of Co349 can be tailored either toward a maximum figure of merit as required for energy harvesting or toward a maximum power factor as required for energy harvesting. Moderate pressure of 2.5 MPa results in 25% porosity and a textured microstructure with a figure of merit of 0.13 at 700°C, two times higher than the dry‐pressed, pressureless‐sintered reference. A pressure of 7.5 MPa leads to 94% density and a high power factor of 326 µW/mK2 at 800°C, which is 11 times higher than the dry‐pressed reference (30 MPa) from the same powder.
KW - Hot pressing
KW - Texture
KW - Thermoelectric properties
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-515973
DO - https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.17541
SN - 0002-7820
VL - 104
IS - 2
SP - 917
EP - 927
PB - Wiley Periodicals LLC
AN - OPUS4-51597
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Yao, J.
A1 - Zhu, G.
A1 - Dong, K.
A1 - Osenberg, M.
A1 - Hilger, A.
A1 - Markötter, Henning
A1 - Ju, J.
A1 - Sun, F.
A1 - Manke, I.
A1 - Cui, G.
T1 - Progress and Perspective of Controlling Li Dendrites Growth in All-Solid-State Li Metal Batteries via External Physical Fields
N2 - Li dendrites penetration through solid electrolytes (SEs) challenges the development of solid-state Li batteries (SSLBs). To date, significant efforts are devoted to understand the mechanistic dynamics of Li dendrites nucleation, growth, and propagation in SEs, and various strategies that aim to alleviate and even inhibit Li dendrite formation have been proposed. Nevertheless, most of these conventional strategies require either additional material processing steps or new materials/layers that eventually increase battery cost and complexity. In contrast, using external fields, such as mechanical force, temperature physical field, electric field, pulse current, and even magnetic field to regulate Li dendrites penetration through SEs, seems to be one of the most cost-effective strategies. This review focuses on the current research progress of utilizing external physical fields in regulating Li dendrites growth in SSLBs. For this purpose, the mechanical properties of Li and SEs, as well as the experimental results that visually track Li penetration dynamics, are reviewed. Finally, the review ends with remaining open questions in future studies of Li dendrites growth and penetration in SEs. It is hoped this review can shed some light on understanding the complex Li dendrite issues in SSLBs and potentially guide their rational design for further development.
KW - Li dendrites
KW - Li dendrites penetration mechanisms
KW - Solid electrolytes
KW - Solid-state batteries
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-588331
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/aesr.202300165
SN - 2699-9412
SP - 1
EP - 44
PB - Wiley-VCH
CY - Weinheim
AN - OPUS4-58833
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Markötter, Henning
A1 - Müller, Bernd R.
A1 - Kupsch, Andreas
A1 - Evsevleev, Sergei
A1 - Arlt, T.
A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander
A1 - Dayani, Shahabeddin
A1 - Bruno, Giovanni
T1 - A Review of X-Ray Imaging at the BAMline (BESSY II)
N2 - The hard X-ray beamline BAMline at BESSY II (Berlin, Germany) has now been in service for 20 years. Several improvements have been implemented in this time, and this review provides an overview of the imaging methods available at the BAMline. Besides classic full-field synchrotron X-ray computed tomography (SXCT), also absorption edge CT, synchrotron X-ray refraction radiography (SXRR), and synchrotron X-ray refraction tomography (SXRCT) are used for imaging. Moreover, virtually any of those techniques are currently coupled in situ or operando with ancillary equipment such as load rigs, furnaces, or potentiostats. Each of the available techniques is explained and both the current and the potential usage are described with corresponding examples. The potential use is manifold, the examples cover organic materials, composite materials, energy-related materials, biological samples, and materials related to additive manufacturing. The article includes published examples as well as some unpublished applications.
KW - Material science
KW - Radiography
KW - Refraction
KW - Tomography
KW - X-ray imaging
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-572417
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202201034
SN - 1438-1656
SP - 1
EP - 22
PB - Wiley VHC-Verlag
AN - OPUS4-57241
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tiebe, Carlo
A1 - Mieller, Björn
A1 - Maiwald, Michael
A1 - Kipphardt, Heinrich
A1 - Tuma, Dirk
A1 - Prager, Jens
A1 - Schukar, Marcus
A1 - Strohhäcker, J.
T1 - Sensoren und Analytik für Sicherheit und Prozesskontrolle in Wasserstofftechnologien
N2 - Die Nutzung von Sensortechnologien, insbesondere im Bereich der Gasdetektion mit einem Schwerpunkt auf Wasserstoff, spielt eine entscheidende Rolle in verschiedenen Anwendungsbereichen der Wasserstofftechnologie. Sicherheitsüberwachung, Leckdetektion und Prozesskontrolle gehören zu den prominenten Anwendungsgebieten dieser Sensortechnologien. Ein zentrales Ziel ist die Erkennung von freigesetztem Wasserstoff sowie die genaue Bestimmung des Wasserstoff-Luftverhältnisses mithilfe von Gassensoren. Dies ist von entscheidender Bedeutung, um potenzielle Gefahren frühzeitig zu erkennen und angemessene Maßnahmen zu ergreifen.
Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt dieses Beitrags liegt auf der Analytik und der Verwendung zertifizierter Referenzmaterialien in Verbindung mit Metrologie für die Wasserstoffspeicherung. Dies gewährleistet eine präzise und zuverlässige Charakterisierung von Wasserstoff und unterstützt die Entwicklung sicherer Speichertechnologien. Im Rahmen des Euramet-Vorhabens Metrology for Advanced Hydrogen Storage Solutions (MefHySto) wird eine Kurzvorstellung präsentiert.
Der Vortrag stellt zwei zerstörungsfreie Prüfverfahren zum strukturellen Zustandsüberwachung (Structural Health Monitoring, SHM) für Wasserstofftechnologien vor. Insbesondere die Fehlstellenerkennung mittels geführter Ultraschallwellen spielt eine bedeutende Rolle bei der Lebensdauerüberwachung von Wasserstoffspeichern. Ein weiterer Aspekt ist die Anwendung faseroptischer Sensorik zur Schadensfrüherkennung von Wasserstoffspeichern. Diese zerstörungsfreien Prüfverfahren ermöglichen eine präzise und frühzeitige Identifizierung von Schäden, was die Sicherheit und Effizienz von Wasserstoffspeichersystemen entscheidend verbessert.
T2 - DVGW Kongress H2 Sicherheit
CY - Online meeting
DA - 15.11.2023
KW - H2Safety@BAM
KW - Gassensorik
KW - Metrologie
KW - zertifizierte Referenzmaterialien
KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung
KW - Ultraschall
KW - Faseroptik
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-59230
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Zhang, Z.
A1 - Dong, K.
A1 - Mazzio, K. A.
A1 - Hilger, A.
A1 - Markötter, Henning
A1 - Wilde, F.
A1 - Heinemann, T.
A1 - Manke, I.
A1 - Adelhelm, P.
T1 - Phase transformation and microstructural evolution of CuS electrodes in solid-state batteries probed by in situ 3D X-ray tomography
N2 - Copper sulfide shows some unique physico-chemical properties that make it appealing as a cathode active material (CAM) for solid-state batteries (SSBs). The most peculiar feature of the electrode reaction is the reversible formation of μm-sized Cu crystals during cycling, despite its large theoretical volume change (75%). Here, the dynamic microstructural evolution of CuS cathodes in SSBs is studied using in situ synchrotron X-ray tomography. The formation of μm-sized Cu within the CAM particles can be clearly followed. This process is accompanied by crack formation that can be prevented by increasing the stack pressure from 26 to 40 MPa. Both the Cu inclusions and cracks show a preferential orientation perpendicular to the cell stack pressure, which can be a result of a z-oriented expansion of the CAM particles during lithiation. In addition, cycling leads to a z-oriented reversible displacement of the cathode
pellet, which is linked to the plating/stripping of the Li counter electrode. The pronounced structural changes cause pressure changes of up to 6 MPa within the cell, as determined by operando stack pressure measurements. Reasons for the reversibility of the electrode reaction are discussed and are attributed to the favorable combination of soft materials.
KW - Copper sulfide
KW - Crack evolution
KW - Digital volume correlation
KW - Phase transformation
KW - Solid-state batteries
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-564577
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202203143
IS - 2203143
SP - 1
EP - 12
PB - Wiley VHC-Verlag
AN - OPUS4-56457
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Bouabadi, Bouchra
A1 - Hilger, André
A1 - Kamm, Paul H.
A1 - Neu, Tillmann R.
A1 - Kardjilov, Nikolay
A1 - Sintschuk, Michael
A1 - Markötter, Henning
A1 - Schedel‐Niedrig, Thomas
A1 - Abou‐Ras, Daniel
A1 - García‐Moreno, Francisco
A1 - Risse, Sebastian
T1 - Morphological Evolution of Sn‐Metal‐Based Anodes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries Using Operando X‐Ray Imaging
N2 - Sn‐based electrodes are promising candidates for next‐generation lithium‐ion batteries. However, it suffers from deleterious micro‐structural deformation as it undergoes drastic volume changes upon lithium insertion and extraction. Progress in designing these materials is limited to complex structures. There is a significant need to develop an alloy‐based anode that can be industrially manufactured and offers high reversible capacity. This necessitates a profound understanding of the interplay between structural changes and electrochemical performance. Here, operando X‐ray imaging is used to correlate the morphological evolution to electrochemical performance in foil and foam systems. The 3D Sn‐foam‐like structure electrode is fabricated in‐house as a practical approach to accommodate the volume expansion and alleviate the mechanical stress experienced upon alloying/dealloying. Results show that generating pores in Sn electrodes can help manage the volume expansion and mitigate the severe mechanical stress in thick electrodes during alloying/dealloying processes. The foam electrode demonstrates superior electrochemical performance compared to non‐porous Sn foil with an equivalent absolute capacity. This work advances the understanding of the real‐time morphological evolution of Sn bulky electrodes.
KW - Synchrotron radiation
KW - X-ray imaging
KW - Lithium-ion battery
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-640112
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202414892
SN - 2198-3844
VL - 12
IS - 10
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - Wiley
AN - OPUS4-64011
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Pfaff, Jonas
A1 - Schopferer, Sebastian
A1 - Markötter, Henning
A1 - Rack, Alexander
A1 - Bruno, Giovanni
A1 - Schmidt, Anita
A1 - Tichter, Tim
A1 - Böttcher, Nils
T1 - High-speed synchrotron radiography of nail penetration-induced thermal runaway: Understanding the explosive behavior of commercial sodium-ion batteries with NFM cathode
N2 - The dynamics of mechanically initiated thermal runaway (TR) events in cylindrical 18650 cells with NFM (Na(Ni1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3)O2), LFP (LiFePO4), and NMC532 (LiNi1/2Mn1/3Co1/5O2) cathode chemistries were investigated using high-speed synchrotron X-ray imaging. Structural similarity index measures (SSIM) were employed to identify and track rapid structural changes. In this manner, thermal decompositions and internal propagation dynamics, influencing the safety mechanisms of the cells, were studied. This lead to two major findings: (I) Among NFM, LFP, and NMC532 cells, the TR-characteristics differ significantly in temperature and internal propagation speed. Internal safety mechanisms appear, however, visually similar. Among all samples, LFP cells exhibit higher safety performance concerning the initiation of TR by nail penetration and the progression of TR. (II) The NFM cells used in this study displayed an almost explosive TR. This finding appears counterintuitive on a first glance, since sodium-ion batteries are usually considered safe. High-speed imaging revealed that the explosive TR is not necessarily caused by the thermochemical decomposition reactions, but rather by a failure of the venting mechanism. This results in a significant pressure buildup within the cell upon TR initiation and eventually a severely violent TR. These results underline that battery safety depends on many factors and not solely on optimized cell chemistries or materials.
KW - High-speed X-ray radiography
KW - Synchrotron X-rays
KW - 18650
KW - SIB
KW - Na-NFM
KW - Structure similarity index measure
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-642649
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powera.2025.100188
SN - 2666-2485
VL - 36
SP - 1
EP - 7
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-64264
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Erdmann, Maren
A1 - Kupsch, Andreas
A1 - Müller, Bernd R.
A1 - Hentschel, Manfred P.
A1 - Niebergall, Ute
A1 - Böhning, Martin
A1 - Bruno, Giovanni
ED - Erdmann, Maren
T1 - Diesel-induced transparency of plastically deformed high-density polyethylene
N2 - High-density polyethylene becomes optically transparent during tensile drawing when previously saturated with diesel fuel. This unusual phenomenon is investigated as it might allow conclusions with respect to the material behavior. Microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, density measurements are applied together with two scanning X-ray scattering techniques: wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and X-ray refraction, able to extract the spatially resolved crystal orientation and internal surface, respectively. The sorbed diesel softens the material and significantly alters the yielding characteristics. Although the crystallinity among stretched regions is similar, a virgin reference sample exhibits strain whitening during stretching, while the diesel-saturated sample becomes transparent. The WAXS results reveal a pronounced fiber texture in the tensile direction in the stretched region and an isotropic orientation in the unstretched region. This texture implies the formation of fibrils in the stretched region, while spherulites remain intact in the unstretched parts of the specimens. X-ray refraction reveals a preferred orientation of internal surfaces along the tensile direction in the stretched region of virgin samples, while the sample stretched in the diesel-saturated state shows no internal surfaces at all. Besides from stretching saturated samples, optical transparency is also obtained from sorbing samples in diesel after stretching.
KW - PE-HD Sorption
KW - Cavitation
KW - Diesel Fuel
KW - X-ray refraction
KW - WAXS
KW - Internal Surfaces
KW - Crystal Texture
PY - 2019
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-03700-8
SN - 1573-4803
SN - 0022-2461
VL - 54
IS - 17
SP - 11739
EP - 11755
PB - Springer US
CY - US
AN - OPUS4-48226
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Markötter, Henning
A1 - Dayani, Shahabeddin
T1 - Tomographic Imaging of Battery Materials at BAMline (Bessy II)
N2 - Different scientific questions in battery research can be addressed by synchrotron X-Ray imaging. The BAMline at the 3rd generation synchrotron X-ray source BESSY II has been supporting researchers in a wide range of research areas for over 20 years. Being a non-destructive characterization method, synchrotron X-ray imaging, in particular tomography (SXCT), plays a particularly important role in structural characterization. This poster gives few examples from battery research conducted at BAMline.
As a non-destructive characterization method, synchrotron X-ray imaging, especially tomography with hard X-Rays, plays an important role in structural 3D characterization. The upgraded dual multilayer monochromator offers flexibility by providing different energy spectra to optimize flux and energy resolution as desired. The upgraded detector (in white beam configuration, equipped with an sCMOS camera) allows the higher flux to be exploited with reduced readout times. Shorter tomographic acquisition times in the range of seconds are now possible. Hence, in-situ and operando examinations are routinely available. An integrated slip ring allows continuous rotation of the sample stage for ease of wiring. The pink beam option allows tomographic observation of processes occurring in the time domain of a few seconds with a resolution down to ~ 1 µm. The in-situ capabilities include electrochemical cycling, mechanical load (tension and compression) and heating up to 1100°C.
Ergebnisse
The method, equipment, data handling pipeline as well as various examples from battery research conducted at BAMline are presented and discussed. In particular, the 3D morphology and distribution of deposited Li within the widely used Celgard® 2325 polyolefin separator are visualized in situ, thus promoting the understanding of the short-circuiting process of Li metal batteries. In addition, we also visualized and quantified the spatial distribution of Li depositions inside a porous carbon host to unravel the deposition behavior that can hardly be probed by surface imaging techniques.
The Li electrodeposition behavior found here could help to promote the understanding and development of surface modifications related to Li anodes, separators as well as novel 3D geometry electrode designs for accommodation of Li depositions and alleviation of volumetric changes.
T2 - Batterieforum Deutschland
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 18.01.2023
KW - BAMline
KW - X-ray tomography
KW - Li-ion battery
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-56909
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bresch, Sophie
T1 - Texturing of calcium cobaltite for thermoelectric applications by pressure assisted sintering
N2 - Thermoelectric materials can convert waste heat directly into electrical power by using the Seebeck effect. Calcium cobaltite (CCO) is considered as a promising thermoelectric p-type oxide for energy harvesting applications at temperatures above 500 °C. The properties and morphology of single-crystal CCO are strongly anisotropic because of its crystal structure of alternating layers of CoO2 and Ca2CoO3. By aligning the plate-like grains, the anisotropic properties of the grains can be assigned to the poly-crystalline parts.
In this study, the combination of tape casting and pressure-assisted sintering is used to texture and densify large scale components (50 cm²). Thereby, the influence of powder preparation and applied pressure during sintering on texturing and thermoelectric properties is investigated.
The analysis of XRD pole figures revealed that tape casting already leads to highly textured CCO. By pressure variation during sintering, the microstructure of CCO can be tailored either toward maximum power factor as required for energy harvesting or toward maximum figure of merit as required for energy recovery. Low pressure lead to a porous microstructure and maximum figure of merit and higher pressure to full densification and maximum power factor. The electrical and thermal conductivity of CCO seem depending on both texture and sinter density.
T2 - KERAMIK 2021 / CERAMICS 2021
CY - Online meeting
DA - 19.04.2021
KW - Thermoelectrics
KW - Hot pressing
KW - Pole figures
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52490
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bresch, Sophie
T1 - Thermoelectric multilayer generators: development from oxide powder to demonstrator
N2 - Thermoelectric generators can be used for energy harvesting by directly transforming a temperature gradient into a voltage. Multilayer generators based on ceramic multilayer technology are an interesting alternative to conventional π-type generators. They exhibit several advantages like high filling factor, possibility of texturing, co-firing of all materials in one single-step, and reduction of production costs due to the high possible degree of automation. But, co-firing of promising oxide thermoelectric materials, Ca3Co4O9 (p-type) and CaMnO3 (n-type), is very challenging due to the large difference in sintering temperature (300 K).
In this work we show the material development of Ca3Co4O9, CaMnO3, and insulation for multilayer generators co-fired under uniaxial pressure at 900 °C. The materials are tailored regarding their sintering behavior, electrical performance and coefficients of thermal expansion. Tape-casting and pressure assisted sintering are applied to fabricate textured Ca3Co4O9. Compared to conventional sintering, pressure assisted sintering increases the strength by the factor 10 and the power factor by the factor of 20. The combination of sintering additives and uniaxial pressure is used to decrease the sintering temperature of CaMnO3 to 900 °C while maintaining acceptable thermoelectric properties.
Different generator designs (unileg and pn-type) were fabricated and analyzed regarding microstructure and thermoelectric performance. A lower level of complexity is beneficial for co-firing and performance. The unileg demonstrators reach 80% of the simulated output power and the power output is highly reproducible between the different demonstrators (99%).
T2 - Ceramics in Europe 2022
CY - Krakow, Poland
DA - 10.07.2022
KW - Thermoelectrics
KW - Multilayer technology
KW - Co-firing
KW - Texture
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55357
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Eddah, Mustapha
A1 - Markötter, Henning
A1 - Mieller, Björn
A1 - Sintschuk, Michael
A1 - Beckmann, Jörg
A1 - Bruno, Giovanni
T1 - Mitigation of DMM-induced stripe patterns in synchrotron X-ray radiography through dynamic tilting
N2 - In synchrotron X-ray radiography, achieving high image resolution and an optimal signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is crucial for the subsequent accurate image analysis. Traditional methods often struggle to balance these two parameters, especially in situ applications where rapid data acquisition is essential to capture specific dynamic processes. For quantitative image data analysis, using monochromatic X-rays is essential. A double multilayer monochromator (DMM) is successfully used for this aim at the BAMline, BESSY II (Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin, Germany). However, such DMMs are prone to producing an unstable horizontal stripe pattern. Such an unstable pattern renders proper signal normalization difficult and thereby causes a reduction of the SNR. We introduce a novel approach to enhance SNR while preserving resolution: dynamic tilting of the DMM. By adjusting the orientation of the DMM during the acquisition of radiographic projections, we optimize the X-ray imaging quality, thereby enhancing the SNR. The corresponding shift of the projection during this movement is corrected in post-processing. The latter correction allows a good resolution to be preserved. This dynamic tilting technique enables the homogenization of the beam profile and thereby effectively reduces noise while maintaining high resolution. We demonstrate that data captured using this proposed technique can be seamlessly integrated into the existing radiographic data workflow, as it does not need hardware modifications to classical X-ray imaging beamline setups. This facilitates further image analysis and processing using established methods.
KW - Double multilayer monochromators
KW - Synchrotron X-ray imaging
KW - Signal normalization
KW - BAMline
KW - Dynamic tilting
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-615049
DO - https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600577524008646
SN - 1600-5775
VL - 31
SP - 1551
EP - 1560
PB - International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
AN - OPUS4-61504
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Wu, Y.
A1 - Lu, X.
A1 - Cho, J.I.S.
A1 - Rasha, L.
A1 - Whiteley, M.
A1 - Neville, T. P.
A1 - Ziesche, R.
A1 - Kardjilov, N.
A1 - Markötter, Henning
A1 - Manke, I.
A1 - Zhang, X.
A1 - Shearing, P. R.
A1 - Brett, D. J. L.
T1 - Multi-length scale characterization of compression on metal foam flow-field based fuel cells using X-ray computed tomography and neutron radiography
N2 - The mechanical compression of metal foam flow-field based polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) is critical in determining the interfacial contact resistance with gas diffusion layers (GDLs), reactant flow and water management.
The distinct scale between the pore structure of metal foams and the entire flow-field warrant a multilength scale characterization that combines ex-situ tests of compressed metal foam samples and in-operando analysis of operating PEFCs using X-ray computed tomography (CT) and neutron radiography. An optimal ‘medium’ compression was found to deliver a peak power density of 853 mW/cm². The X-ray CT data indicates that the compression process significantly decreases the mean pore size and narrows the pore size distribution of metal foams. Simulation results suggest compressing metal foam increases the pressure drop and gas velocity, improving the convective liquid water removal. This is in agreement with the neutron imaging results that demonstrates an increase in the mass of accumulated liquid water with minimum compression compared to the medium and maximum compression cases. The results show that a balance between Ohmic resistance, water removal capacity and parasitic power is imperative for the optimal performance of metal foam based PEFCs.
KW - Fuel cell
KW - Compression effect
KW - Metal foam microstructure
KW - Neutron radiography
KW - X-ray CT
PY - 2021
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113785
VL - 239
SP - 10
EP - 113785
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-53842
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander
T1 - Skalenübergreifende Materialcharakterisierung basierend auf Computertomographiedaten
N2 - Die BAM präsentiert anhand ausgewählter Beispiele wie mithilfe von Computertomographiedaten dringende technische Fragestellungen zum Verständnis von Schädigungsmechanismen in verschiedensten Materialien und Komponenten, zum Beispiel in additiv gefertigten Metallen oder Batterien, beantwortet werden können.
T2 - VisiConsult Röntgen-Technologietag 2024 -- Transformation in der ZfP
CY - Stockelsdorf, Germany
DA - 10.10.2024
KW - Computertomographie
KW - Batterie
KW - Additive Fertigung
KW - Synchrotron
KW - BAMline
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61431
LA - mul
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bresch, Sophie
T1 - Thin-film capability of commercial LTCC
N2 - Low-temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) are used to fabricate multilayer circuits which are robust in harsh environments. Thick-film technology is well established for the metallization of circuit boards and microsystems. For specific sensor applications, the combination of LTCC and thin-film technology is advantageous to reach higher structure resolutions. Due to the high roughness of as-fired LTCC surfaces compared with silicon-wafers, the deposition of low-defect- films with narrowly specified properties is challenging. The deposited thin-films are structured either by lift-off or by etching. The latter is less error-prone and thus preferred in industry provided the selected materials allow it. There is spare literature about thin films on commercial LTCC comparing different material systems or sintering techniques. For developing thin-film sensors on multilayer circuits it is crucial to identify thin-film-compatible commercial LTCC material as well as the crucial surface properties. In this work we evaluate the thin-film capability of different LTCC compositions and surface qualities.
To evaluate the influence of the material composition on the thin film capability, 200 nm Ni-thin films were deposited on three different constrained-sintered LTCC (CT708, CT800 and DP951) by electron beam physical vapour deposition. The effect of surface quality was assessed by thin-film deposition on free-sintered, pressure-assisted sintered, and polished DP951. The thin-films were structured by covering corresponding sections with a UV-curable photo resin and subsequent etching of the uncovered surface, leaving behind the desired structure.
The etched Ni-thin films showed high difference in failure rate and sheet resistance regarding the used LTCC-material. DP951 had the lowest sheet resistance and no failure, whereas CT800 had a high sheet resistance and a failure rate of 40 %. These results are correlated with surface roughness of the LTCC, scanning electron micrographs of the deposited thin-films, and the chemical resistance of the LTCC against commonly used etching media. Contrary to the expectations, no correlation between roughness and thin-film capability was found. The LTCC with high failure rate showed a strong chemical attack by the used etching medium. Additionally, the adhesion of thin-films on DP951 is better than on CT708 and CT800.
T2 - XVIII EcerS Conference & Exhibition
CY - Lyon, France
DA - 02.07.2023
KW - Glass-ceramics
KW - Etching
KW - Resistance
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58019
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Widjaja, Martinus Putra
T1 - Effect of the time dependent loading of type IV cylinders using a multiscale model
N2 - Based on the burst test results conducted at BAM, loading rates will affect the strength of composite pressure vessels (CPV). The multiscale fibre-break model developed at Mines ParisTech is able to described this behaviour explained by the stress relaxation in the viscoelastic matrix. The experiment showed an increase of burst pressure when an extreme slow loading rate is used compare to the slow loading rate. Is is then discovered that the model could predict well for the slow loading rate but not for the extreme slow loading rate. It may have something to do with the fibre re-orientation of the hoop layer during the extreme slow loading rate test. Further investigation is required to discover this hypothesis.
T2 - International Conference on Hydrogen Safety
CY - Adelaide, Australia
DA - 24.09.2019
KW - Composite pressure vessels
KW - Fibre break
KW - Multiscale model
KW - Time dependent effect
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-50262
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Widjaja, Martinus Putra
A1 - Joannes, S.
A1 - Bunsell, A.
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Thionnet, A.
T1 - Defining a Reduced Volume Zone for the Simulation of Burst Test on a Composite Pressure Vessels
N2 - The random nature of fibre break in composite materials has to be modelled in all part of the structure as it may contain millions of fibres. The reduced volume method was introduced to determine a smaller zone where we could characterise the strength based on the accumulation of fibre break, hence increasing the computation time
T2 - The 8th International Conference on Structural Analysis of Advanced Materials
CY - Tarbes, France
DA - 28.08.2018
KW - Reduced volume method
KW - Composite structures
KW - Pressure vessels
KW - Finite element method
KW - Multiscale model
PY - 2018
SP - 217508
AN - OPUS4-48928
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Widjaja, Martinus Putra
T1 - Effect of input properties on the predicted failure of a composite pressure vessel using a multiscale model
N2 - The effect of different Weibull parameter from different carbon fibres to predict the failure of a type IV pressure vessel has been analysed. In addition, the effect of the shape and scale parameter has also been done. T700S fibres gave higher burst pressure prediction as it has higher scale parameter and higher stiffness of the fibres. When smaller scale parameter is introduced, lower burst pressure prediction was found and vice versa. Whereas, higher burst pressure prediction was observed when smaller shape parameter was used and vice versa. The latter must have something to do with the higher probability of stronger and weaker fibres in the smaller percentile.
T2 - FiBreMoD Conference
CY - Leuven, Belgium
DA - 11.12.2019
KW - Composite pressure vessel
KW - Fibre break
KW - Multiscale model
KW - Weibull parameters
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-50115
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bresch, Sophie
T1 - Development of textured multilayer thermoelectric generators based on calcium cobaltite
N2 - Thermoelectric generators can be used as energy harvesters for sensor applications. Multilayer thermoelectric generators (ML-TEGs) are a promising alternative to conventional π-type generators due to their high filling factor, high capability of automated production and the texturing potential during the production process. Calcium cobaltite is a promising thermoelectric oxide (p-type) with highly anisotropic properties. The following study shows the development of a textured unileg ML-TEG using ceramic multilayer technology.
Tape-casting and pressure assisted sintering are applied to fabricate textured calcium cobaltite. Compared to conventional sintering, pressure assisted sintering increases the strength by the factor 10. Thermoelectric properties can be tuned either towards maximum power factor or towards maximum figure of merit depending on the pressure level.
As electrical insulation material, a screen-printable glass-ceramic with high resistivity and adapted coefficient of thermal expansion is developed. From various commercial pastes a metallization with low contact resistance is chosen. The unileg ML-TEG is co-fired in one single step. The demonstrators reach 80% of the simulated output power and the power output is highly reproducible between the different demonstrators (99%). These results provide the first proof-of-concept for fabricating co-fired multilayer generators based on textured calcium cobaltite with high power factor, high density, and high strength.
T2 - Virtual Conference on Thermoelectrics 2021 (VCT)
CY - Online meeting
DA - 20.07.2021
KW - Thermoelectrics
KW - Multilayertechnik
KW - Screen printing
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52993
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Stargardt, Patrick
T1 - Analysis of reaction layers and cooling simulations of co-fired thermoelectric multilayers
N2 - Ceramic multilayer technology is an attractive approach for the cost-effective fabrication of thermoelectric generators. Therefore, efforts are being made to co-sinter two promising thermoelectric oxides, namely calcium cobaltite and calcium manganate. In this study, calcium cobaltite, calcium manganate and release tapes were pressure assisted sintered. A major challenge here is the cracking of calcium manganate during cooling. A relationship between the properties of the release tape used in pressure-assisted sintering and the cracking behavior was observed experimentally.
To understand the origin of failure, formed reaction layers in the multilayer were analyzed by EDX and grazing incident XRD. Based on this analysis, bulk samples were prepared, and thermal expansion and Young's modulus and were determined thereon, if they were not known from the literature. The biaxial strength of the thermoelectric oxides was determined by the ball on three ball method.
The thermal stresses during cooling of different multilayer designs were estimated by finite element simulations. The stresses caused by the reaction layers turned out to be negligible. The FEM study indicated further, and a validation experiment proved, that the thickness of the release tape has the main effect on thermal stresses during cooling in single material. For best performance, the design of a thermoelectric multilayer generator needs to consider thermoelectric performance and thermal stresses during cooling.
T2 - Virtual Conference on Thermoelectrics
CY - Online meeting
DA - 20.07.2021
KW - Ceramic multilayer
KW - Cooling simulations
KW - Thermal stress
KW - Thermoelectric
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52994
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Stargardt, Patrick
T1 - Comparison of design concepts for ceramic oxide thermoelectric multilayer generators
N2 - Multilayer thermoelectric generators are a promising perspective to the conventional π-type generators. Ceramic multilayer technology is well established for production of microelectronics and piezo-stacks. Key features of ceramic multilayer technology are full-automation, cost-effectiveness, and the co-firing of all materials in one single step. This requires similar sintering temperatures of all used materials. The development of multilayer thermoelectric generators is a subject of current research due to the advantages of this technology. One of the challenges is the compatibility of the different materials with respect to the specific design.
The presented study compares three different designs of multilayer generators based on a given set of material properties. Dualleg, unileg and transverse multilayer generators are compared to conventional π-type generators., the designs are evaluated regarding the expected maximum output power and power density using analytical calculations and FEM simulations. Additionally, the complexity of the production process and material requirements are assessed and design optimizations to simplify production are discussed.
Besides the theoretical aspects, unileg multilayer generator prototypes were produced by tape-casting and pressure-assisted sintering. These prototypes are compared to other multilayer generators from literature regarding the power factors of the used material system and the power density. Improvements of the power output by design optimizations are discussed
T2 - 18th European Conference on Thermoelectrics
CY - Barcelona, Spain
DA - 13.09.2022
KW - Thermoelectric oxides
KW - Thermoelectric generator design
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55820
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bresch, Sophie
T1 - Chemical resistance of commercial LTCC against thin film etching media
N2 - Low-temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) are used to fabricate robust multilayer circuits. Typically, thick-film technology is applied for metallization. For specific sensor applications, thin films are deposited directly on the as-fired LTCC-surface. These deposited thin films are structured either by lift-off or by etching. The latter is less error-prone and thus preferred in industry provided the selected materials allow it.
200 nm Ni-thin films were deposited on three different commercial constrained-sintered LTCC (CT708, CT800 and DP951) by electron beam physical vapour deposition. The thin-films were structured by covering corresponding sections with a UV-curable photo resisn and subsequent etching of the uncovered surface, leaving behind the desired structure. The etched Ni-thin film showed high difference in failure rate and sheet resistance regarding the used LTCC-material. DP951 had the lowest sheet resistance and no failure, whereas the CT800 had a failure rate of 40 %. The LTCC with high failure rate showed a strong chemical attack by the used etching medium. To address this phenomenon, the chemical resistance of the three different commercial LTCC (CT708, CT800 and DP951) against four different commonly used etching media (sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, aqua regia, and hydrofluoric acid) is investigated. The dissolved ions are analyzed by ICP-OES to correlate the LTCC-composition and its chemical resistance.
T2 - KERAMIK 2023 / 98. DKG-Jahrestagung
CY - Jena, Germany
DA - 27.03.2023
KW - Glass-ceramics
KW - Hydrogen sensors
KW - Acids
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57273
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Grelle, Tobias
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
T1 - Leakage behaviour of elastomer seals under dynamic unloading conditions at low temperatures
N2 - In technical applications, static seals are sometimes also subjected to dynamic loadings. Therefore, the leakage behaviour under dynamic conditions has to be evaluated as well. For this purpose, FKM elastomer seals have been tested by using newly designed equipment that allows for rapid partial release of the seal and simultaneous leakage rate measurement at a wide range of test temperatures. Furthermore, material characterisation was done by using Dynamic Mechanical Analysis, Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Compression Set. It was shown that, under static conditions, the leakage rate increased significantly during cooling at temperatures around 18 K lower than the glass transition range. On reheating, the seal’s functionality was restored in the high temperature region of the glass rubber transition. In the subsequent dynamic release tests, that comprised a reduction of the seal compression within 1 s from 25 % to 23 %, increased leakage rates were observed in the high temperature region of the glass transition range. It was shown that the temperature that is critical for increased leakage is significantly lower under static conditions compared to dynamic conditions. The obtained leakage rates for static tests and dynamic release tests at different temperatures were analysed with reference to results of the material characterisation.
KW - Sealing material
KW - Rubber
KW - Partial release
KW - Low temperature behaviour
KW - Leakage rate
PY - 2017
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2016.12.018
SN - 0142-9418
SN - 1873-2348
VL - 58
SP - 219
EP - 226
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
CY - Oxford, UK
AN - OPUS4-38911
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sachse, René
T1 - Operando electrochemical spectroscopic ellipsometry: Material properties of highly active mesoporous IrOx films revealed under realistic OER conditions
N2 - Hydrogen production via water electrolysis will be an essential cornerstone in development of sustainable, fossil-free fuel and chemical production on a global scale. The activity and stability of each catalyst is highly dependent on the properties of the coating, i.e., phase composition, crystallinity, accessible surface area, and many other factors. The key to developing improved catalysts is a better understanding of the relationships between their performance, stability, and physicochemical properties. However, these relationships can be complex and are also strongly influenced by the reaction environment. Therefore, operando analysis of the catalyst material during catalysis at realistic potentials and current densities is highly desirable. However, many analytical techniques cannot be applied in liquid environments at realistic potentials and current densities.
We propose environmental ellipsometric analysis in a dedicated electrochemical flow cell as a method to evaluate gas evolution reactions operando under realistic working conditions. Figure 1 illustrates schematically the developed technique. Key factors to success are highly active model-type catalysts, a suitable sample environment, and a deep understanding of the appropriate model development, as well as concise cross validation with numerous other analytical techniques.
The method was developed and validated by analyzing a calcination series (300 – 600 °C) of mesoporous templated IrOx films ex-situ and operando under oxygen evolution reaction (OER) conditions. The employed environmental electrochemical spectroscopic ellipsometric (ECSE) analysis revealed during OER the change of optical and electronic properties, i.e. the dielectric functions, resistivity and band-to-band transitions (p-d band transitions). Film thickness and porosity were validated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray reflectometry (XRR) or ellipsometric porosimetry (EP), electrical and electronic properties by means of conductivity measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) or UV-Vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy. The electronic structures of the catalysts from valence electron energy loss spectra (VEELS) derived from ε1 and ε2 from SE measurements reveal a direct correlation with electrochemical activities in OER.
In the presentation reversible and irreversible potential-dependent changes of the catalyst properties during operation will be discussed along with the dynamics of gas formation, transport and dissolution at different potentials.
T2 - 11th Workshop Ellipsometry (WSE 11)
CY - Steyr, Austria
DA - 06.09.2021
KW - Ectrocatalysis
KW - Mesoporous iridium oxide films
KW - Non-destructive operando analysis
KW - Oxygen evolution reaction
KW - Spectroscopic ellipsometry
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53915
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Zaghdoudi, M.
A1 - Kömmling, Anja
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
T1 - Oxidative ageing of elastomers: experiment and modelling
N2 - During an extensive test programme at the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und prüfung, material property changes of EPDM O-rings were investigated at different ageing times and two ageing temperatures of 125 ◦ C and 150 ◦ C. To exclude possible diffusion-limited oxidation (DLO) effects that can distort the data, IRHD microhardness measurements were taken over the cross section of compressed O-rings. Continuous stress relaxation measurements were taken on samples free of DLO effects. The additional effect of physical processes to irreversible chemical ones during a long-term thermal exposure is quantified by the analysis of compression set measurements under various test conditions. By combining the different experimental methods, characteristic times relative to the degradation processes were determined. On the basis of experimental data, a microphysically motivated model that takes into account reversible and irreversible processes was developed. The parameter identification strategy of the material model is based on our experimental investigations on homogeneously aged elastomer O-rings. The simulated results are in good agreement with the experiments.
KW - Compression Set
KW - Compression stress relaxation
KW - Modelling
KW - Ageing
KW - Microhardness
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-609332
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00161-022-01093-9
VL - 36
SP - 289
EP - 297
PB - Springer Nature
AN - OPUS4-60933
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
T1 - Overview of metal seal tests performed at BAM and implications for extended interim storage
N2 - The investigation of the long-term performance of sealing systems employed in containers for radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel is one research focus area for division 3.4 “Safety of Storage Containers” at the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung. The behaviour of metallic seals, which are employed in interim storage casks for used fuel and high active waste, over time is of high importance for ensuring safe enclosure. Therefore, investigations on these systems were started at BAM to get a general understanding of the relevant processes. Our investigations comprise investigations on different parameters which influence the seal performance and the main part is focussed on the time and temperature dependent behaviour.
In this contribution an overview of the performed tests and their respective results will be given. A focus will lie on a comparison between seals with large torus diameter in comparison to small diameters.
Our aim is to understand the long-term behaviour of the sealing systems for evaluation of their performance during possible extended interim storage and subsequent transportation.
T2 - 4th Workshop on Safety of Extended Dry Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel
CY - Online meeting
DA - 03.06.2020
KW - Seal performance
KW - Metal seal
KW - Leakage rate
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-50843
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kömmling, Anja
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
T1 - Influence of Ageing on Sealability of HNBR, EPDM and FKM O-rings
N2 - At BAM, which is the federal institute for materials research and testing in Germany, it is one of our tasks to evaluate the safety of casks designed for transport and/or storage of radioactive material. This includes assessment of elastomeric seals applied in the containers. Besides examining the low-temperature behaviour and irradiation effects of elastomeric seals, it is our goal to evaluate the service lifetime of the seals with regard to the requirements for long-term safety (40 years and more) of the containers. Therefore, we started an accelerated ageing programme with selected rubbers often used for seals (HNBR, EPDM and FKM) which are aged at four different temperatures (75 °C, 100 °C, 125 °C and 150 °C) up to 1 year. In order to assess sealability, O-rings are aged in compression by 25 % (corresponding to the compression during service) between plates as well as in flanges that allow leakage rate measurements. For comparison, uncompressed O-rings are aged as well. Further methods characterising seal performance are compression stress relaxation (CSR) reflecting the loss of sealing force of a compressed seal over time, and compression set (CS) which represents the recovery behaviour of a seal after release from compression. Additionally, hardness is measured for information about the change of mechanical properties. The experimental results indicate that while hardness, CSR and CS show considerable degradation effects, the leakage rate stays constant or even decreases until shrinkage and the loss of resilience of the aged seal leads to the formation of a leakage path. This indicates that static leakage rate, which is the only available direct seal performance criterion, has only limited sensitivity for the degradation of the seal material.
T2 - International Sealing Conference
CY - Stuttgart, Germany
DA - 12.10.2016
KW - Rubber
KW - Seal
KW - Degradation
PY - 2016
SN - 978-3-8163-0674-9
VL - 2016
SP - 551
EP - 563
PB - VDMA
AN - OPUS4-38014
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Weber, Mike
A1 - Zaghdoudi, Maha
A1 - Kömmling, Anja
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
T1 - A numerical approach to correlate compression stress relaxation and compression set of elastomer O-rings with tightness
N2 - The excellent mechanical properties of elastomer seals at a wide range of temperatures as well as their high versatility and recovery potential under several load conditions make these materials well suitable for the application in containers designed for transport and disposal of negligible heat generating radioactive waste. While a seal exchange at defined intervals is typical in many conventional applications, it is impossible or at least hard to perform when principles of minimization of radiation exposure have to be considered which prohibit an avoidable cask handling. An extensive knowledge of the change of the elastomer properties during aging and the availability of reliable end-of-lifetime criteria to guarantee the safe enclosure of the radioactive material for the required time are mandatory. As BAM is involved in most of the national cask licensing procedures and in the evaluation of cask-related long-term safety issues, great efforts have already been made and are still ongoing to scientifically support this task.
Among other representative types of elastomers, specimen made from ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) were tested before, during and after aging to capture the with respect to application most important of their complex mechanical properties.
Exemplary results of these investigations were used to calibrate material models implemented in the commercial finite element software ABAQUS/Standard®. The finite element model already presented in previous works uses a sequential temperature displacement coupling. The calculated compression stress relaxation (CSR) and compression set (CS) values do satisfactorily match the experimental results.
In many investigations performed at BAM both values (CSR and CS) were identified as key indicators of elastomer’s long-term performance.
However, the possibility to correlate these equivalent indicators with performance values such as tightness and leakage rate, measurable in the mounted state, is an important goal of our future work. In the presented study the ABAQUS® feature of “pressure penetration” is introduced in the suggested finite element model for this purpose. It provides the possibility to simulate the penetration of a gas into a possible gap between flange and O-ring causing an opening of a leakage path. Three dimensional and axis-symmetric finite element models were generated to represent flat and grooved flanges of different dimensions.
The sensitivity of the feature to several input parameters is investigated and the observed behavior of the O-ring is correlated with the results of performed leakage tests.
T2 - ASME 2021 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference (PVP2021)
CY - Online meeting
DA - 13.07.2021
KW - Elastomer
KW - Tightness
KW - Leakage
KW - Compression set
KW - Compression stress relaxation
PY - 2021
SN - 978-0-7918-8535-2
DO - https://doi.org/10.1115/PVP2021-61976
SP - 1
EP - 8
PB - American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
CY - New York, NY, USA
AN - OPUS4-54422
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Weber, Mike
T1 - A numerical approach to correlate compression stress relaxation and compression set of elastomer O-rings with tightness
N2 - The excellent mechanical properties of elastomer seals at a wide range of temperatures as well as their high versatility and recovery potential under several load conditions make these materials well suitable for the application in containers designed for transport and disposal of negligible heat generating radioactive waste. While a seal exchange at defined intervals is typical in many conventional applications, it is impossible or at least hard to perform when principles of minimization of radiation exposure have to be considered which prohibit an avoidable cask handling. An extensive knowledge of the change of the elastomer properties during aging and the availability of reliable end-of-lifetime criteria to guarantee the safe enclosure of the radioactive material for the required time are mandatory. As BAM is involved in most of the national cask licensing procedures and in the evaluation of cask-related long-term safety issues, great efforts have already been made and are still ongoing to scientifically support this task.
Among other representative types of elastomers, specimen made from ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) were tested before, during and after aging to capture the with respect to application most important of their complex mechanical properties.
Exemplary results of these investigations were used to calibrate material models implemented in the commercial finite element software ABAQUS/Standard®. The finite element model already presented in previous works uses a sequential temperature displacement coupling. The calculated compression stress relaxation (CSR) and compression set (CS) values do satisfactorily match the experimental results.
In many investigations performed at BAM both values (CSR and CS) were identified as key indicators of elastomer’s long-term performance.
However, the possibility to correlate these equivalent indicators with performance values such as tightness and leakage rate, measurable in the mounted state, is an important goal of our future work. In the presented study the ABAQUS® feature of “pressure penetration” is introduced in the suggested finite element model for this purpose. It provides the possibility to simulate the penetration of a gas into a possible gap between flange and O-ring causing an opening of a leakage path. Three dimensional and axis-symmetric finite element models were generated to represent flat and grooved flanges of different dimensions.
The sensitivity of the feature to several input parameters is investigated and the observed behavior of the O-ring is correlated with the results of performed leakage tests.
T2 - ASME 2021 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference (PVP2021)
CY - Online meeting
DA - 13.07.2021
KW - Elastomer
KW - Tightness
KW - Leakage
KW - Compression set
KW - Compression stress relaxation
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-54423
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
A1 - Grelle, Tobias
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
T1 - Low temperature properties of elastomer seals - Comparison between purely static and partially released seals -
N2 - Rubber is widely used as sealing material in various applications. In many fields the function of seal materials at low temperatures is necessary. Therefore the understanding of failure mechanisms that lead to leakage at low temperatures is of high importance. It is known that the material properties of rubbers are strongly temperature dependent. At low temperatures this is caused by the rubber-glass transition (abbr. glass transition). During continuous cooling the material changes from rubber-like entropy-elastic behaviour to stiff energy-elastic behaviour, that allows nearly no strain or retraction, due to the glass transition. Hence rubbers are normally used above their glass transition but the minimum working temperature limit is not defined precisely, what can cause problems during application. Therefore the lower operation temperature limit of rubber seals should be determined in dependence of the material properties. In the past we investigated the material properties and sealing behaviour of elastomeric seals at low temperatures. Additionally we started to study the effect of a small partial release of elastomer seals at low temperatures. To study the influence of dynamic events on seal performance and to enhance the understanding of occurring seal failure, a setup for a fast partial seal release was designed. In this contribution we focus on the correlation of material properties and component behaviour under different application conditions. It is desired to widen the understanding of the process of seal failure at low temperature.
T2 - 12. Kautschuk-Herbst-Kolloquium
CY - Hannover, Germany
DA - 22.11.2016
KW - Seal properties
KW - Low temperature
KW - Partial release
KW - Leakage rate
PY - 2016
SN - 9783981407648
SP - 34
AN - OPUS4-38501
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Zaghdoudi, Maha
A1 - Kömmling, Anja
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
T1 - Scission, cross-linking, and physical relaxation during thermal degradation of elastomers
N2 - Elastomers are susceptible to chemical ageing, i.e., scission and cross-linking, at high temperatures. This thermally driven ageing process affects their mechanical properties and leads to limited operating time. Continuous and intermittent stress Relaxation measurements were conducted on ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) and hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR) samples for different ageing times and an ageing temperature of 125 °C. The contributions of chain scission and cross-linking were analysed for both materials at different ageing states, elucidating the respective ageing mechanisms. Furthermore, compression set experiments were performed under various test conditions. Adopting the two-network model, compression set values were calculated and compared to the measured data. The additional effect of physical processes to scission and cross-linking during a long-term thermal exposure is quantified through the compression set analysis. The characteristic times relative to the degradation processes are also determined.
KW - Ageing
KW - Scission
KW - Cross-linking
KW - Compression set
KW - Physical relaxation
PY - 2019
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-486091
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11081280
SN - 2073-4360
VL - 11
IS - 8
SP - 1280, 1
EP - 12
PB - MDPI
AN - OPUS4-48609
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kömmling, Anja
A1 - Grelle, Tobias
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
A1 - Goral, Milan
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
T1 - Three-dimensional thermal expansion of neat and irradiated (U)HMWPE materials at elevated temperatures
N2 - The thermal expansion of polymeric parts can be an issue in many applications where the available space is limited, or exact dimensions of the part are required. For this study, a device was designed and built that allowed measuring the thermal expansion simultaneously in all three spatial directions on cubic samples with real-scale dimensions (78 mm edge length). The results are shown between 25 °C and 125 °C for two PE materials, one HMWPE and one tempered UHMWPE, for non-irradiated samples as well as cubes that have been irradiated with 100 and 400 kGy. The results measured with the new device were very similar to those measured with conventional thermo-mechanical analysis equipment and to literature data of UHMWPE. The HMWPE material shows a much larger thermal expansion coefficient in one direction compared to the other two directions during the first heating due to frozen stresses from the pressing step during material manufacturing. These stresses are mostly released by the expansion during the first heating, so that the expansion during the second heating is more uniform. The overall volumetric expansion is the same for both heating runs. By contrast, the tempered UHMWPE material shows no significant difference between first and second heating run, as the stresses from processing could already relax in the tempering step. The irradiation treatment does not affect the values significantly for the given test set-up.
KW - Lupolen
KW - Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene
KW - GUR
KW - Coefficient of thermal expansion
KW - High temperature
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-563987
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2022.107841
SN - 0142-9418
VL - 117
SP - 1
EP - 8
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-56398
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kömmling, Anja
T1 - Research at BAM for evaluating long term safety of container systems and components
N2 - Safety of long term containment and storage of radioactive waste is an essential issue, which is increasingly gaining international attention. Extending interim storage beyond initial license periods is one of the major challenges worldwide.
BAM has been involved in all kinds of radioactive waste container safety evaluation for storage and transportation including their long term performance from the very beginning. Today, all work related to the safe management of radioactive waste is linked by the activity field “Nuclear Waste Management” within the Focus Area “Energy” at BAM and in conjunction with a research strategy and agenda. Most recently, the working group “Long Term Safety of Container Systems and Components” was established to launch and perform research projects related to safety issues concerning the extended interim storage of radioactive waste.
For example, within our project LaMEP, we investigate ageing effects of metal and elastomer seals as well as polymeric neutron shielding materials, which are container components that fulfil major safety functions. The results of the experiments help to understand the long term behaviour of these components. Likewise, our project BRUZL started at BAM in 2018 with the aim of developing a fracture mechanics approach to understand and describe a potential brittle failure mechanism of fuel cladding during long-term interim storage. BAM also contributes to the GRS project “Development of methods and models and international exchange for safety evaluation in the frame of interim storage of radioactive waste”. Additionally, BAM is involved in several international research programmes dealing with extended interim storage, such as the European Joint Programme on Radioactive Waste Management (EURAD), the Extended Storage Collaboration Program (ESCP) and IAEA Coordinated Research Projects.
The present contribution provides a comprehensive overview of BAM research activities contributing to national and international gap analyses and to filling knowledge gaps regarding the safe long term management of radioactive waste.
T2 - Annual Meeting on Nuclear Technology 2019
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 07.05.2019
KW - Radioactive Waste
KW - Container Safety
KW - Metal Seals
KW - Elastomer Seals
KW - Fuel cladding
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48437
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Agroui, K.
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
A1 - Hadj Arab, A.
T1 - Analysis techniques of polymeric encapsulant materials for photovoltaic modules: Situation and perspectives
N2 - The properties of the encapsulant are critical to the long-term performance of photovoltaic (PV) modules under the influence of sunlight including UV, elevated temperature, humidity and diffusion of oxygen. Encapsulation process represents about 40% of the whole PV module cost. The introduction of new non-EVA encapsulant material type “Low-Cost, High-Performance” should provide a solution to outdoor yellowing degradation problems. The emerging encapsulant materials exhibit a good compatibility with emerging PV solar cells for long term durability. This new generation of encapsulant materials has the advantage to improve the PV module performances and long term durability for specific climate like desert regions. This scientific contribution presents an overview of the different encapsulant materials currently on the market, the general requirements of the emerging encapsulant materials and characterizations techniques for degradation, diagnostic and reliability lifetime estimation in the framework of Algerian renewable energy strategy.
T2 - Africa-EU Symposium on Renewable Energy Research and Innovation
CY - Tlemcen, Algeria
DA - 08.03.2016
KW - solar cells
KW - PV modules
KW - polymer encapsulant
KW - encapsulation
KW - analysis techniques
PY - 2016
SP - 27
EP - 27
PB - European Union Energy Initiative – Partnership Dialogue Facility (EUEI PDF)
CY - Eschborn, Germany
AN - OPUS4-35917
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo
A1 - Roohbakhshan, Farshad
T1 - Cyclic Operation Performance of 9-12% Cr Ferritic-Martensitic Steels. Part 2: Microstructural Evolution during Cyclic Loading and its Representation in a Physically-based Micromechanical Model
N2 - The current trend towards cyclic, “flexible” operation of fossil-fueled power plants constitutes a major issue regarding lifetime and operational safety of the respective installations and their components, as was outlined in our complementary contribution (Part 1). The present contribution reports on the investigation of the microstructure evolution in cyclically loaded ferritic-martensitic steels and its representation in a physically-based micromechanical model.
For this purpose, specimens of P92 steel grade from the mechanical test programme outlined in our companion contribution (Part 1) were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), including backscattered diffraction (EBSD) mapping, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A novel method was implemented to improve angular resolution of EBSD scans. Additionally, a correlative microscopy approach was developed and used to correlate EBSD and TEM measurements on the same locations of thick regions of electron transparent specimens. By applying these techniques, a detailed quantitative microstructure description of the as-received material condition, namely in terms of subgrain morphology and dislocation density/distributions, was established. Comparisons of as-received and cyclically loaded conditions from tests interrupted at different stages of lifetime indicate a rapid redistribution of in-grain dislocations with a strong interaction between mobile dislocations and low angle grain boundaries (LABs).
The proposed micromechanical model is formulated in a viscoplastic self-consistent (VPSC) scheme, which is a mean-field approach that allows us to include the crystal details at the level of slip systems while avoiding the considerable computational costs of full-field approaches (such as the classical crystal plasticity finite element analysis). Being physically-based, the model uses dislocation densities and includes the interaction between dislocations, e.g. annihilation of mobile dislocations, and evolution of microstructure, e.g. the grain coarsening. Particularly, the constitutive laws for dislocation evolution and interaction between dislocations and low angle boundaries are calibrated based on two-dimensional discrete dislocation dynamic (2D DDD) simulations, which are performed at a micro-/meso-scale. The results of the beforementioned EBSD experiments are considered as a direct input, involving e.g. the amount of geometrically necessary dislocations, average misorientations and grain characteristics.
T2 - 45th MPA-Seminar 2019
CY - Leinfelden-Echterdingen, Germany
DA - 01.10.2019
KW - Tempered martensite ferritic steel
KW - Dislocation
KW - Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD)
KW - Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
KW - Microstructure
KW - Physically based material model
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49346
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Bresch, Sophie
A1 - Mieller, Björn
A1 - Moos, R.
A1 - Rabe, Torsten
T1 - Lowering the sintering temperature of calcium manganate for thermoelectric applications
N2 - This study combines three different approaches to lower the sintering temperature of Sm-doped CaMnO3 to save energy in production and facilitate co-firing with other low-firing oxides or metallization. The surface energy of the powder was increased by fine milling, sintering kinetics were enhanced by additives, and uniaxial pressure during sintering was applied. The shrinkage, density, microstructure, and thermoelectric properties were evaluated. Compared to micro-sized powder, the use of finely ground powder allows us to lower the sintering temperature by 150 K without reduction of the power factor. By screening the effect of various common additives on linear shrinkage of CaMnO3 after sintering at 1100 ○C for 2 h, CuO is identified as the most effective additive. Densification at sintering temperatures below 1000 ○C can be significantly increased by pressure-assisted sintering. The power factor at room temperature of CaMnO3 nano-powder sintered at 1250 ○C was 445 μW/(m K2). Sintering at 1100 ○C reduced the power factor to 130 μW/(m K2) for CaMnO3 nano-powder, while addition of 4 wt.% CuO to the same powder led to ∼290 μW/(m K2). The combination of fine milling, CuO addition, and pressureassisted sintering at 950 ○C resulted in a power factor of ∼130 μW/(m K2). These results show that nano-sized powder and CuO addition are successful and recommendable strategies to produce CaMnO3 with competitive properties at significantly reduced temperatures and dwell times.
KW - Sintering additive
KW - Liquid phase sintering
KW - Pressure assisted sintering
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-555467
DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0098015
SN - 2158-3226
VL - 12
IS - 8
SP - 1
EP - 9
PB - American Institute of Physics (AIP)
CY - New York, NY
AN - OPUS4-55546
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Bresch, Sophie
A1 - Stargardt, Patrick
A1 - Moos, Ralf
A1 - Mieller, Björn
T1 - Co‐Fired Multilayer Thermoelectric Generators Based on Textured Calcium Cobaltite
N2 - Thermoelectric generators are very attractive devices for waste heat energy harvesting as they transform a temperature difference into electrical power. However, commercially available generators show poor power density and limited operation temperatures. Research focuses on high‐temperature materials and innovative generator designs. Finding the optimal design for a given material system is challenging. Here, a theoretical framework is provided that allows appropriate generator design selection based on the particular material properties. For high‐temperature thermoelectric oxides, it can be clearly deduced that unileg multilayer generators have the highest potential for effective energy harvesting. Based on these considerations, prototype unileg multilayer generators from the currently best thermoelectric oxide Ca3Co4O9 are manufactured for the first time by industrially established ceramic multilayer technology. These generators exhibit a power density of 2.2 mW/cm² at a temperature difference of 260 K, matching simulated values and confirming the suitability of the technology. Further design improvements increase the power density by a factor of 22 to facilitate practicable power output at temperature differences as low as 7 K. This work demonstrates that reasonable energy harvesting at elevated temperatures is possible with oxide materials and appropriate multilayer design.
KW - Optical and Magnetic Materials
KW - Electronic
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-596306
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.202300636
SN - 2199-160X
VL - 10
IS - 3
SP - 1
EP - 12
PB - Wiley VHC-Verlag
AN - OPUS4-59630
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Trogadas, P.
A1 - Cho, J. I. S.
A1 - Rasha, L.
A1 - Lu, X.
A1 - Kardjilov, N.
A1 - Markötter, Henning
A1 - Manke, I.
A1 - Shearing, P. R.
A1 - Brett, D. J. L.
A1 - Coppens, M. O.
T1 - A nature-inspired solution for water management in flow fields for electrochemical devices
N2 - A systematic, nature-inspired chemical engineering approach is employed to solve the issue of flooding in electrochemical devices. The mechanism of passive water transport utilized by lizards living in arid environments is leveraged to design flow-fields with a microchannel structure on their surface, through which capillary pressure rapidly removes the water generated in the electrochemical device. This water management strategy is implemented in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) with a lunginspired flow-field, which ensures uniform distribution of reactants across the catalyst layer. Jointly, this nature-inspired approach results in flood-free, stable operation at 100% RH and a B60% increase in current (B1.9 A cm-2) and peak power density (B650 mW cm−2) compared to current PEMFCs with a flood-prone, serpentine flow-field (B0.8 A cm-2 and 280 mW cm-2, respectively). This significant advance allows for PEMFC operation at fully humidified conditions.
KW - Neutron imaging
KW - X-ray tomography
KW - Fuel cell
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-596662
DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d3ee03666a
VL - 17
SP - 2007
EP - 2017
PB - Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
AN - OPUS4-59666
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Duan, K.
A1 - Zhu, L.
A1 - Li, M.
A1 - Xiao, L.
A1 - Bevilacqua, N.
A1 - Eifert, L.
A1 - Manke, I.
A1 - Markötter, Henning
A1 - Zhang, R.
A1 - Zeis, R.
A1 - Sui, P. -C.
T1 - Multiphase and Pore Scale Modeling on Catalyst Layer of High-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell
N2 - Phosphoric acid as the electrolyte in high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell plays an essential role in ist performance and lifetime. Maldistribution of phosphoric acid in the catalyst layer (CL) may result in performance degradation. In the present study, pore-scale simulations were carried out to investigate phosphoric acid’s multiphase flow in a cathode CL. A reconstructed CL model was built using focused ion beam-SEM images, where distributions of pore, carbon support, binder, and catalyst particles can be identified. The multi-relaxation time lattice Boltzmann method was employed to simulate phosphoric Acid invading and leaching from the membrane into the CL during the membrane electrode assembly fabrication process. The predicted redistribution of phosphoric acid indicates that phosphoric acid of low viscosity or low wettability is prone to leaching into the CL.
The effective transport properties and the active electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) were computed using a pore-scale model. They were subsequently used in a macroscopic model to evaluate the cell performance. A parametric study shows that cell performance first increases with increasing phosphoric acid content due to the increase of ECSA. However, further increasing phosphoric acid content results in performance degradation due to mass transfer limitation caused by acid flooding.
KW - Gas diffusion layers
KW - Lattice Boltzmann simulation
KW - Electrochemical impedance spectra
KW - Phosphoric acid
KW - HT-PEFC
PY - 2021
DO - https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abff03
VL - 168
IS - 5
SP - 054521
PB - IOP Science
AN - OPUS4-53836
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Tang, F.
A1 - Li, D.
A1 - Liu, X.
A1 - Huang, H.
A1 - Wu, C.
A1 - Hilger, A.
A1 - Markötter, Henning
A1 - Wilde, F.
A1 - Manke, I.
A1 - Sun, F.
A1 - Chen, L.
T1 - Exploring optimal Li composite electrode anodes for lithium metal batteries through in situ X-ray computed tomography
N2 - The uncontrolled Li dissolution/deposition dynamics and rapid Li pulverizations hinder the widespread deployment of Li metal batteries (LMB). Designing a Li composite electrode possessing a mechanically robust and lithiophilic three-dimensional (3D) framework represents a promising strategy to address these challenges. This study involves the preparation of three uniquely tailored Li-B-Mg composites using a combined metallurgical process of melting, casting, and rolling, along with the synergistic application of in situ X-ray computed tomography (CT) and post-mortem failure analysis to explore the most promising composite electrode candidate for LMBs. During the in-depth investigation, the optimal 70Li-B-Mg composite electrode stands out due to its robust skeleton fiber structure, uniform Li dissolution/deposition characteristics and high capacity of free-Li. Its promising prospects for enabling high-performance LMBs are showcased by the superior performance of the built Li||O2, Li||LiFePO4, Li||NCM622 and Li||NCM811 battery systems. This work offers a novel approach for exploring universally applicable and robust Li composite electrodes to realize high-performance LMBs using in situ CT analysis.
KW - Li metal batteries
KW - Li composite electrode
KW - X-ray computed tomography
KW - Li-B-Mg
PY - 2024
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2024.103746
VL - 72
SP - 12
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-61039
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bresch, Sophie
T1 - Pressure-assisted sintering of tape cast calcium cobaltite for thermoelectric applications
N2 - Thermoelectric materials can convert waste heat directly into electrical power by using the Seebeck effect. Calcium cobaltite Ca3Co4O9 is a promising p-type oxide thermoelectric material for applications between 600 °C and 900 °C in air. The properties and morphology of Ca3Co4O9 are strongly anisotropic because of its crystal structure of alternating layers of CoO2 and Ca2CoO3. By aligning the plate-like grains, the anisotropic properties can be assigned to the component. Pressure-assisted sintering (PAS), as known from large-scale production of low temperature co-fired ceramics, was used to sinter multilayers of Ca3Co4O9 green tape at 900 °C with different pressures and dwell times. In-situ shrinkage measurements, microstructural investigations and electric measurements were performed. Pressure-less sintered multilayers have a 2.5 times higher electrical conductivity at room temperature than dry pressed test bars with randomly oriented particles. The combination of tape casting and PAS induces a pronounced alignment of the anisotropic grains. Relative density increases from 57 % after free sintering for 24 h to 94 % after 2 h of PAS with 10 MPa axial load. By applying a uniaxial pressure of 10 MPa during sintering, the electrical conductivity (at 25°C) improves by a factor of 15 compared to test bars with randomly oriented particles. The high temperature thermoelectric properties show the same dependencies. The smaller the applied axial load, the lower the relative densities, and the lower the electrical conductivity. Longer dwell times may increase the density and the electrical conductivity significantly if the microstructure is less densified as in the case of a small axial load like 2 MPa. At higher applied pressures the dwell time has no significant influence on the thermoelectric properties. This study shows that PAS is a proper technique to produce dense Ca3Co4O9 panels with good thermoelectric properties similar to hot-pressed tablets, even in large-scale production.
T2 - Electroceramics XVI
CY - Hasselt, Belgium
DA - 09.07.2018
KW - Texturation
KW - Hot Press
KW - Calcination
KW - Multilayer
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-45491
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Bresch, Sophie
A1 - Mieller, Björn
A1 - Selleng, Christian
A1 - Stöcker, T.
A1 - Moos, R.
A1 - Rabe, Torsten
T1 - Influence of the calcination procedure on the thermoelectric properties of calcium cobaltite Ca3Co4O9
N2 - Calcium cobaltite is one of the most promising oxide p-type thermoelectric materials. The solid-state reaction (or calcination, respectively), which is well known for large-scale powder synthesis of functional materials, can also be used for the synthesis of thermoelectric oxides. There are various calcination routines in literature for Ca3Co4O9 powder synthesis, but no systematic study has been done on the influence of calcination procedure on thermoelectric properties. Therefore, the influence of calcination conditions on the Seebeck coefficient and the electrical conductivity was studied by modifying calcination temperature, dwell time, particle size of raw materials and number of calcination cycles. This study shows that elevated temperatures, longer dwell times, or repeated calcinations during powder synthesis do not improve but deteriorate the thermoelectric properties of calcium cobaltite. Diffusion during calcination leads to idiomorphic grain growth, which lowers the driving force for sintering of the calcined powder. A lower driving force for sintering reduces the densification. The electrical conductivity increases linearly with densification. The calcination procedure barely influences the Seebeck coefficient. The calcination procedure has no influence on the phase formation of the sintered specimens.
KW - Thermoelectrics
KW - Calcination
KW - Calcium Cobaltite
KW - Solid-State-Synthesis
KW - Reaction-sintering
PY - 2018
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10832-018-0124-3
SN - 1385-3449
SN - 1573-8663
VL - 40
IS - 3
SP - 225
EP - 234
PB - Springer
AN - OPUS4-44336
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kardjilov, N.
T1 - Quantification of hydrogen in metals applying neutron imaging techniques
N2 - Hydrogen interaction with metals is well known to have severe detrimental effects on their mechanical properties. The use of modern high-strength steels, which are attractive to improve fuel economy by reducing weight as well as candidates for H storage cylinders and other components, is currently being severely limited by the fact that the presence of H can cause embrittlement of the material. In addition to steel, several other metals and alloys used in the nuclear industry, like Ti and Zr, are susceptible to H degradation through hydride formation and subsequent cracking.
Microstructure-specific H mapping has been recognized as the most important challenge on the pathway towards a better understanding of the nature of H embrittlement in metallic alloys as well as the development of H storage solutions based on metal hydrides. Unfortunately, the characterization of H interactions with metals is an extremely challenging task and neutron-based techniques are of exceptional importance in this matter because – contrary to X-rays and electrons – thermal and cold neutrons interact strongly with the H nuclei, while the neutron beam is only weakly attenuated by the relevant metallic materials. Therefore, hydrogen distributions can be measured and quantified even in 3D by tomographic methods.
Here we present several neutron imaging investigations of embrittlement and cracking in Fe and Zr based metal alloys and optimization studies of hydrogen storage systems containing metal hydrides as an active substance. The advantages and the limitations of the experimental methods as well as the attempts for hydrogen quantification will be discussed in detail.
T2 - M&M 2022 Annual Meeting (Microscopy & Microanalysis)
CY - Portland, Oregon, USA
DA - 31.07.2022
KW - Neutron imaging techniques
KW - Hydrogen in metals
PY - 2022
DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927622006638
AN - OPUS4-55716
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mieller, Björn
T1 - Synthesis and testing of beta aluminate sodium electrolyte (BASE) for sodium ion battery development
N2 - Sodium beta aluminate, or beta aluminate solid electrolyte (BASE), is an established material for tubular electrolytes in NaNiCl2 and NaS batteries, and a promising candidate for planar electrolytes in safe all solid-state batteries. The synthesis of BASE with high ionic conductivity is still challenging due to process dependent formation of different phases in the sintered material. However, to drive forward the development of active materials for all solid-state sodium ion batteries, the fabrication of solid electrolyte specimens with reproducible performance is required. With respect to the various testing scenarios in the field, for example cell assembly for cycling, electrolyte parts are needed in various shapes, sizes, and thicknesses in the lab. Different ceramic shaping technologies can be applied to produce such geometries, including pressing combined with green or hard machining, or tape casting combined with punching. Typically, different shaping technologies require adapted pre-treatment of the powder which might affect the resulting properties and thus need to be investigated. In this contribution, starting from the raw materials mixture, aspects of milling, drying, aqueous slurry preparation for tape casting, and firing are discussed with respect to particle size distribution, stability, energy consumption and resulting material properties. Finally, the fabrication and cyclic testing of Na/electrolyte/Na coin cells is presented.
T2 - XIXth Conference of the European Ceramic Society / SBS6 International Sodium Battery Symposium
CY - Dresden, Germany
DA - 01.09.2025
KW - Ceramics
KW - Beta aluminate solid electrolyte
KW - Sodium ion battery
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64054
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Zheng, Y.
A1 - Zhang, S.
A1 - Ma, J.
A1 - Sun, F.
A1 - Osenberg, M.
A1 - Hilger, A.
A1 - Markötter, Henning
A1 - Wilde, F.
A1 - Manke, I.
A1 - Hu, Z.
A1 - Cui, G.
T1 - Codependent failure mechanisms between cathode and anode in solid state lithium metal batteries: mediated by uneven ion flux
N2 - An in-depth understanding of the degradation mechanisms is a prerequisite for developing the nextgeneration all solid-state lithium metal battery (ASSLMB) technology. Herein, synchrotron X-ray computed tomography (SXCT) together with other probing tools and simulation method were employed to rediscover the decaying mechanisms of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM)|Li6PS5Cl (LPSCl)|Li ASSLMB. It reveals that the detachment and isolation of NCM particles cause the current focusing on the remaining active regions of cathode. The extent of Li stripping and the likelihood of Li+ plating into LPSCl facing the active NCM particles becomes higher. Besides, the homogeneity of Li stripping/plating is improved by homogenizing the electrochemical reactions at the cathode side by LiZr2(PO4)3 (LZP) coating. These results suggest a codependent failure mechanism between cathode and anode that is mediated by uneven Li ion flux. This work contributes to establish a holistic understanding of the degradation mechanisms in ASSLMBs and opens new opportunities for their further optimization and evelopment.
KW - Current density distribution
KW - Lithium ion flux
KW - Solid-state lithium metal batteries
KW - Codependent failure mechanism
KW - Cathode deactivation
PY - 2023
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2023.03.021
SN - 2095-9273
VL - 68
IS - 8
SP - 813
EP - 825
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-57309
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Tötzke, C.
A1 - Gaiselmann, G.
A1 - Osenberg, M.
A1 - Arlt, Tobias
A1 - Markötter, Henning
A1 - Hilger, A.
A1 - Kupsch, Andreas
A1 - Müller, Bernd R.
A1 - Schmidt, V.
A1 - Lehnert, W.
A1 - Manke, I.
T1 - Influence of hydrophobic treatment on the structure of compressed gas diffusion layers
N2 - Carbon fiber based felt materials are widely used as gas diffusion layer (GDL) in fuel cells. Their transport properties can be adjusted by adding hydrophobic agents such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). We present a synchrotron X-ray tomographic study on the felt material Freudenberg H2315 with different PTFE finishing. In this study, we analyze changes in microstructure and shape of GDLs at increasing degree of compression which are related to their specific PTFE load. A dedicated compression device mimicking the channel-land pattern of the flowfield is used to reproduce the inhomogeneous compression found in a fuel cell. Transport relevant geometrical parameters such as porosity, pore size distribution and geometric tortuosity are calculated and consequences for media transport discussed. PTFE finishing results in a marked change of shape of compressed GDLs: surface is smoothed and the invasion of GDL fibers into the flow field channel strongly mitigated. Furthermore, the PTFE impacts the microstructure of the compressed GDL. The number of available wide transport paths is significantly increased as compared to the untreated material. These changes improve the transport capacity liquid water through the GDL and promote the discharge of liquid water droplets from the cell.
KW - Gas diffusion layer
KW - Synchrotron Tomography
KW - Compression
KW - Hydrophobic treatment
KW - Water transport
PY - 2016
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.05.118
SN - 0378-7753
VL - 324
SP - 625
EP - 636
PB - Elsevier
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-36918
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schulz, T.
A1 - Reimann, T.
A1 - Bochmann, A.
A1 - Vogel, A.
A1 - Capraro, B.
A1 - Mieller, Björn
A1 - Teichert, S.
A1 - Töpfer, J.
T1 - Sintering behavior, microstructure and thermoelectric properties of calcium cobaltite thickfilms for transversal thermoelectric multilayer generators
N2 - The sintering behavior and the thermoelectric performance of Ca3Co4O9 multilayer laminates were studied, and a multilayer thermoelectric generator was fabricated. Compacts and multilayer samples with anisotropic microstructure and residual porosity were obtained after conventional sintering at 920 °C, whereas dense and isotropic multilayer samples were prepared by firing at 1200 °C and reoxidation at 900 °C. A hot-pressed sample has a dense and anisotropic microstructure. Samples sintered at 920 °C exhibit low electrical conductivity due to the low density, whereas the Seebeck coefficient is not sensitive to preparation conditions. However, thermal conductivity of multilayers is very low, and, hence acceptable ZT values are obtained. A ransversal multilayer thermoelectric generator (TMLTEG) was fabricated by stacking layers of Ca3Co4O9 green tapes, AgPd conductor printing, and co-firing at 920 °C. The TMLTEG has a power output of 3 mW at ΔT =200 K in the temperature interval of 25 °C to 300 °C.
KW - Thermoelectric oxide
KW - Calcium cobaltite
KW - Pressure-assisted sintering
KW - Multilayer
PY - 2018
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2017.11.017
SN - 0955-2219
SN - 1873-619X
VL - 38
IS - 4
SP - 1600
EP - 1607
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-43983
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Widjaja, Martinus Putra
A1 - Alves, M.
A1 - Mavrogordato, M.
A1 - Joannes, S.
A1 - Bunsell, A.
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Thionnet, A.
T1 - Effect of the Time Dependent Loading of Type IV Cylinders Using a Multiscale Model
N2 - The Reduced Volume Method (RVM) has been used to evaluate the multiscale fibre break model developed at Mines ParisTech. It allows the model to be assigned only at certain part of the structures without necessarily compromising the final prediction. An attempt to model a simple unidirectional composite structure has also been carried out and gave a satisfying result. This paper deals with the application of the RVM to real scale type IV composite cylinders, where its stacking sequence was evaluated through micro-CT scans conducted with the collaboration of the University of Southampton. Two modelling geometries were evaluated and compared with the corresponding experimental results.
T2 - 8th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety (ICHS)
CY - Adelaide, Australia
DA - 24.09.2019
KW - Fibre break
KW - Multiscale modelling
KW - Type IV pressure vessel
KW - Time dependent loading
PY - 2019
SP - ID131
AN - OPUS4-49273
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Widjaja, Martinus Putra
T1 - General update of the PhD work for mid_term consortium meeting
N2 - Before the multiscale model is used to calculate real scale composite structures, a study to improve the effectiveness is required, especially the computation time. The reduced volume method has been studied and proved to be useful for the multiscale model of Mines ParisTech.
T2 - Mid_Term Consortium Meeting of FiBreMoD
CY - Imperial College London, United Kingdom
DA - 11.09.2018
KW - Reduced volume method
KW - Integral range
KW - Composite pressure vessels
KW - Multiscale model
KW - Fibre breaks
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-48570
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bresch, Sophie
T1 - Material development for oxide multilayer generators
N2 - Thermoelectric generators can be used for energy harvesting by directly transforming a temperature gradient into a voltage. Multilayer generators based on low-temperature co-fired ceramics technology (LTCC) are an interesting alternative to conventional π-type generators. They exhibit several advantages like high filling factor, possibility of texturing, co-firing of all materials in one single-step, and reduction of production costs due to the high possible degree of automation. Pressure-assisted sintering enables the theoretical possibility of co-firing two promising oxide thermoelectric materials: Ca3Co4O9 (p-type) and CaMnO3 (n-type). Due to the large difference in sintering temperature (300 K) the process is very challenging.
In this work we show the material development of Ca3Co4O9, CaMnO3, insulation and metallization for multilayer generators co-fired under pressure at 900 °C. The materials are tailored regarding their sintering behavior, electrical performance and coefficients of thermal expansion. Different generator designs (unileg and pn-type) were fabricated and analyzed regarding crack formation, interaction layers and thermoelectric performance. Simulated stresses during cooling in the multilayers are compared with actual crack formation for different sintering conditions. This study shows that a lower pressure level and a lower level of complexity are beneficial for co-firing and performance.
T2 - 45th International Conference and Expo on Advanced Ceramics and Composites (ICACC 2021 Virtual)
CY - Online meeting
DA - 08.02.2021
KW - Thermoelectrics
KW - Multilayer
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52462
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Spitzer, Stefan
A1 - Adamus, Wojciech
A1 - Askar, Enis
A1 - Benke, Alexander
A1 - D’Hyon, Sebastian
A1 - Dyduch, Zdzislaw
A1 - Dufaud, Olivier
A1 - Flemming, Friederike
A1 - Gehle, Nicole
A1 - Hohenberger, Michael
A1 - Jankuj, Vojtech
A1 - Jian, Wang
A1 - Krietsch, Arne
A1 - Kuracina, Richard
A1 - Mynarz, Miroslav
A1 - Norman, Frederik
A1 - Osborne, David
A1 - Prodan, Maria
A1 - Sandsta, Nelly
A1 - Toman, Adrian
A1 - Skjold, Trygve
A1 - Skrinsky, Jan
A1 - Szabova, Zuzana
A1 - Vignes, Alexis
A1 - Wingerden, Mattheus van
A1 - Zhong, Shenjung
T1 - Validation of a new standard for safety characteristics of hybrid mixtures: HYBRID II
N2 - Safety characteristics are used for the safe operation of processes. Designing protection measures requires explosion characteristics to be determined, namely the maximum explosion pressure and the maximum rate of pressure rise. Safety characteristics of single-phase components (solid, liquid or gas) can be determined according to standards that were developed 40 years ago and are continuously improved. For hybrid mixtures containing a flammable gas and a combustible dust there has been an approach in the 80s but it has never been improved nor applied ever since (ISO 6184-3). A new approach by four German research facilities and the German Institute for standardization (DIN) with the aim of developing a new standard was launched in 2019. In 2022 the key findings led to a first international round robin test with eleven participating facilities from seven countries. The dust component was corn starch and methane was chosen as gas component. In order to strengthen the data foundation before finalizing and publishing the new standard, a second round robin test was initiated with hydrogen as gas component and lycopodium as dust. The paper will summarize the findings and their influence on the new standard.
KW - Explosionsschutz
KW - Anlagensicherheit
KW - Konstruktiver Explosionsschutz
KW - Hybride Gemische
KW - Round robin tests
KW - Hybrid mixtures
KW - Industrial explosions
KW - Safety characteristics
PY - 2025
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105560
SN - 1873-3352
VL - 94
SP - 1
EP - 6
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-62486
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Martínez, E.
A1 - Lejeune, N.
A1 - Frechilla, J.
A1 - Porta-Velilla, L.
A1 - Forneau, E.
A1 - Angurel, L. A.
A1 - de la Fuente, G. F.
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
A1 - Silhanek, A. V.
A1 - Badía-Majós, A.
T1 - Laser engineered architectures for magnetic flux manipulation on superconducting Nb thin films
N2 - Custom shaped magnetic flux guiding channels have been fabricated on superconducting Nb thin films by laser nanopatterning of their surface. Preferential pathways are defined by suitable combination of imprinted anisotropic pinning domains through laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS). Generated by the selective energy deposition of femtosecond UV laser pulses, quasi-parallel ripple structures are formed under optimized irradiation conditions. On average, each domain is formed by grooves with a lateral period of 260–270 nm and a depth about 80 nm. By combination of scanning and transmission electron microscopy, magneto-optical imaging, and conductive atomic force microscopy techniques, we conclude that the boundaries of the LIPSS-covered domains play a prominent role in the magnetic flux diversion process within the film. This is confirmed by dedicated modeling of the flux dynamics, combined with the inversion of the magneto-optical signal. The created metasurfaces enable control of the flux penetration process at the microscale.
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Magnetic flux
KW - Magneto-optical imaging (MOI)
KW - Critical current density
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-611243
UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169433224019287
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2024.161214
SN - 1873-5584 (Online)
SN - 0169-4332 (Print)
VL - 679
SP - 1
EP - 12
PB - Elsevier
AN - OPUS4-61124
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Averin, Anton
T1 - Automated thermographic inspection of radioactive waste drums
N2 - In Germany, more than 130,000 cubic meters of low- and medium-level radioactive waste, comprising approximately 90% of the nation’s total radioactive waste, are stored in 200-liter drums. These waste drums, housed in interim storage facilities, are subject to human visual inspections for outer corrosion, while the final disposal site, the Konrad mine, is scheduled for completion in 2030. Manual inspections introduce the risk of human error, making the process less reliable and less safe.
The proposed study aims to automate these inspections by implementing remote and non-destructive testing (NDT) methods. The part of project specifically focuses on the application of infrared thermography to detect inner defects in the metallic drums, which could not have been detected so far using visual inspection alone. However, several challenges affect the accuracy of thermographic inspections, such as the presence of surface contaminants (scratches, dirt, stickers), multiple paint layers with low thermal conductivity, and barrel curvature, which disrupt heat distribution and obscure defect signals.
This study explores the effectiveness of various thermographic heat sources—flash lamps and laser—as well as techniques including conventional pulse thermography (PT), lock-in thermography. It explores various thermal data processing methods as principal component thermography (PCT), pulse-phase thermography (PPT) and thermal signal reconstruction (TSR). Additionally, machine learning models were estimated to process thermographic images, effectively filtering artifacts (e.g. surface contaminants). The findings suggest that combining advanced thermography techniques with machine learning improves defect detection, ensuring more reliable and automated inspection processes for radioactive waste storage.
T2 - SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing - Thermosense: Thermal Infrared Applications XLVII
CY - Orlando, FL, USA
DA - 13.04.2025
KW - Automated inspection
KW - Defect detection
KW - Infrared thermography
KW - Laser thermography
KW - Machine Learning
KW - Principal component thermography
KW - Pulse-phase thermography
KW - Thermal Data Processing
PY - 2025
UR - https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/13470/3052732/Automated-thermographic-inspection-of-radioactive-waste-drums/10.1117/12.3052732.short
DO - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3052732
SP - 1
EP - 19
PB - SPIE
AN - OPUS4-63285
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
ED - Saegusa, T.
ED - Sert, G.
ED - Völzke, Holger
ED - Wille, Frank
T1 - Basics of Transport and Storage of Radioactive Materials
N2 - Transport and storage of radioactive materials are performed in countries with policy of either closed or open nuclear fuel cycle. The related technologies have been established by accumulation of experiences and researches including demonstrative tests using full scale or scale models and analyses. Those are essential before commercialization, but are often costly and time consuming. Such demonstrative works should not be repeated meaninglessly, but can be shared through this kind of book and used by readers and the future generations to advance the technology effectively. This book systematically provides findings from lots of valuable researches on safety of transport and storage of radioactive materials under normal and accident conditions that have an impact on basis of safe regulations, designs, and operations.
KW - Drop testing
KW - Metal seals
KW - Transport safety
KW - Aging management
KW - Package
PY - 2018
SN - 978-981-323-405-5
SN - 978-981-323-404-8
SN - 978-981-323-403-1
DO - https://doi.org/10.1142/10820
SP - 1
EP - 376
PB - Worlds Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd
CY - Singapore
AN - OPUS4-44867
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Jankuj, V.
A1 - Spitzer, Stefan
A1 - Krietsch, Arne
A1 - Bernatik, A.
T1 - Safety of Alternative Energy Sources: a Review
N2 - The article summarizes a short review of the literature focused on safety in the field of alternative energy sources. With an increasing orientation towards sustainable and renewable energy sources, new technologies will come to the fore. These facts must be demonstrated in occupational health and safety. Several studies focused on alternative energy sources are mentioned and show the trends for the future. Especially in the area of hydrogen and battery technologies, systems should pay attention to acquisitions as a normal part of our lives.
Safety research is essential for the acceptance of cleaner, efficient, and sustainable future.
T2 - Loss Prevention
CY - Prag, Czechia
DA - 06.06.2022
KW - Safety
KW - Alternative Energy Sources
PY - 2022
DO - https://doi.org/10.3303/CET2290020
SN - 2283-9216
VL - 90
SP - 115
EP - 120
PB - AIDIC
CY - Milano
AN - OPUS4-55030
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
T1 - Laser Nanotexturierung von Metalloberflächen zur Reduktion von Reibung und Verschleiß
N2 - Die Reduktion von Reibung und Verschleiß in technischen Systemen bietet ein großes Potenzial zur Reduktion von CO2-Emissionen. Dieser Beitrag diskutiert die Erzeugung und tribologische Charakterisierung von Ultrakurzpuls-generierten Nanostrukturen auf Metallen (Stahl, Titan). Besonderes Augenmerk wird dabei auf die Rolle der laserinduzierten Oxidschicht im Zusammenspiel mit verschleißreduzierenden Additiven in ölbasierten Schmiermitteln gerichtet.
T2 - Internationale Bodensee Fachtagung „Wärmebehandlung und Oberflächentechnik zur Verbesserung von Tribologie und Verschleissbeständigkeit"
CY - Feldkirch, Austria
DA - 20.03.2025
KW - Additive
KW - Laser-induzierte periodische Nanostrukturen
KW - Reibungsreduktion
KW - Verschleißreduktion
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62757
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Lucaßen, J.
T1 - Bottom-up grown CISe micro absorber arrays: microstructure analysis and solar cell integration
N2 - A reduction of critical raw materials like indium and gallium in chalcopyrite thin-film solar cells is aimed for the micro-concentrator concept. Bottom-up grown micro absorbers for operation under light concentration on the micrometer scale allow improved heat dissipation.
T2 - 41st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EU PVSEC 2024)
CY - Vienna, Austria
DA - 23.09.2024
KW - Laser-assisted MO-CVD
KW - CISe micro-absorber
KW - Micro solar cell arrays
KW - Solar cell efficiency
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62075
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Koch, Claudia
T1 - Ensuring Quality Smarter with a digital Quality Infrastructure (Mexican-German Technical Exchange)
N2 - The presentation introduces the initiative QI‑Digital, which aims to holistically transform quality infrastructure across all its elements. To this end, a digital QI ecosystem is being developed that integrates digital QI tools with advanced methods for testing, inspection, and monitoring, and embeds them into the broader digital industrial ecosystem.
Sovereign and secure data sharing and management are enabled through technologies such as data spaces, the Asset Administration Shell, verifiable credentials, and the Digital Product Passport (DPP). Particular emphasis is placed on the role of artificial intelligence in quality assurance: Several use cases and ongoing projects from BAM are presented togetehr with the business benefits they enable. Ongoing activities on the use of AI for manageing quality-related documentation are also presentated that aim at establishing an agentic AI framework for QI.
The talk concludes with key lessons learned so far within the initiative.
T2 - Mexican-German Technical Exchange on QI Digital
CY - Mexico City, Mexico
DA - 23.01.2026
KW - Quality infrastructure
KW - Agentic AI
KW - Digital Ecosystem
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65411
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kulkarni, Kajol
A1 - Kemmler, Samuel
A1 - Schwartz, Anna
A1 - Gedik, Gülçin
A1 - Chen, Yanxiang
A1 - Papageorgiou, Dimitrios
A1 - Kavroulakis, Ioannis
A1 - Iakymchuk, Roman
T1 - Harvesting energy consumption on European HPC systems: Sharing Experience from the CEEC project
N2 - Energy efficiency has emerged as a central challenge for modern high-performance computing (HPC) systems, where escalating computational demands and architectural complexity have led to significant energy footprints. This paper presents the collective experience of the EuroHPC JU Center of Excellence in Exascale CFD (CEEC) in measuring, analyzing, and optimizing energy consumption across major European HPC systems. We briefly review key methodologies and tools for energy measurement as well as define metrics for reporting results. Through case studies using representative CFD applications (waLBerla, FLEXI/GALÆXI, Neko, and NekRS), we evaluate energy-to-solution and time-to-solution on diverse architectures, including CPU- and GPU-based partitions of LUMI, MareNostrum5, MeluXina, and JUWELS Booster. Our results highlight the advantages of accelerators and mixed-precision techniques for reducing energy consumption while maintaining computational accuracy. Finally, we advocate the need to facilitate energy measurements on HPC systems in order to raise awareness, teach the community, and take actions toward more sustainable exascale computing.
T2 - SCA/HPCAsiaWS 2026: SCA/HPCAsia 2026 Workshops: Supercomputing Asia and International Conference on High Performance Computing in Asia Pacific Region Workshops
CY - Osaka , Japan
DA - 26.01.2026
KW - Energy consumption
KW - eEergy measurement
KW - Energy-to-solution
KW - Mixed-precision
KW - HPC
KW - CFD
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-654175
DO - https://doi.org/10.1145/3784828.3785161
SP - 40
EP - 49
PB - ACM
CY - New York, NY, USA
AN - OPUS4-65417
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bresch, Sophie
T1 - Pressure assisted sintering of tape cast calcium cobaltite
N2 - Thermoelectric materials can convert waste heat directly into electrical power by utilizing the Seebeck effect. Calcium cobaltite Ca3Co4O9 is a promising p-type oxide thermoelectric material for applications between 600 °C and 900 °C in air. The properties and morphology of Ca3Co4O9 are strongly anisotropic because of its crystal structure of alternating layers of CoO2 and Ca2CoO3. The electrical conductivity is for example 13.5 times higher in a/b-direction than in c-direction. By aligning the plate-like grains, the anisotropic properties can be assigned to the component. Hot-pressing of tablets is a well-known technology for grain alignment of Ca3Co4O9 and increases the thermoelectric properties in a/b-direction remarkably. It also increases the relative density. However, hot-pressing of tablets is limited by the tablet size. An interesting alternative for larger components is the pressure assisted sintering of panels from tape casted layers. Tape casting already leads to a grain alignment during green body forming. By combining tape casting and pressure assisted sintering (50 kN maximum force) of Ca3Co4O9, high densities and high thermoelectric properties can be reached for large components up to 200 mm edge length.
Ca3Co4O9 was successfully tape casted with the doctor blade technique (binder: polyvinyl butyral, organic solvent). Several layers of tape were stacked and laminated to 5 cm x 5 cm panels. These panels were sintered with different applied pressures in a LTCC sintering press with combined in-situ shrinkage measurement. Pressure-less sintered panels have a 2.5 times higher electrical conductivity at room temperature than test bars with randomly orientated particles. By applying a uniaxial pressure of 10 MPa during sintering, the electrical conductivity increases by the factor of 6 compared to the pressure-less sintered panels. About 40 % linear shrinkage are reached in pressing direction. The Seebeck coefficient (S25 °C=146 μV/K) and the electrical conductivity (σ25 °C=15100 S/m) are in good agreement with the values published in literature for hot-pressed tablets.
T2 - 15th Conference & Exhibition of the European Ceramic Society
CY - Budapest, Hungary
DA - 09.07.2017
KW - Thermoelectrics
KW - Pressure assisted sintering
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-41026
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Theiler, Géraldine
T1 - Tribological behavior of polymeric materials in hydrogen
N2 - In this talk, an overview of BAM research activities related to Hydrogen is given with a brief presentation of the Competence Center H2Safety@bam. The second part focuses on current projects dealing with the tribological behavior of polymeric materials in Hydrogen. In particular, results regarding the performances of PTFE -free and sustainable materials are given and promising candidates are suggested along with friction mechanisms.
T2 - International Hydrogen Energy Development Forum & HYDROGENIUS SYMPOSIUM 2025
CY - Kyushu, Japan
DA - 17.12.2025
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Friction
KW - Wear
KW - PTFE-free
KW - Sustainable material
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65364
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Obenlüneschloß, Jorit
A1 - Boysen, Nils
A1 - Rönnby, Karl
A1 - Muriqi, Arbresha
A1 - Hoffmann, Volker
A1 - Abad Andrade, Carlos Enrique
A1 - Rogalla, Detlef
A1 - Brokmann, Ulrike
A1 - Rädlein, Edda
A1 - Nolan, Michael
A1 - Devi, Anjana
T1 - Ein seltener mononuklearer Lithium‐Carben‐Komplex für die Atomlagenabscheidung von lithiumhaltigen Dünnschichten
N2 - KurzfassungLithium ist das zentrale Element moderner Batterietechnologien, und die Herstellung von lithiumhaltigen Materialien mittels Atomlagenabscheidung (engl. Atomic Layer Deposition, ALD) bietet erhebliche Vorteile bei der Kontrolle der Schichtdicke und ‐zusammensetzung. In dieser Studie wird ein neuer mononuklearer, durch ein N‐heterocyclisches Carben (NHC) stabilisierter Lithiumkomplex, [Li(tBuNHC)(hmds)], als vielversprechender Präkursor für die ALD von lithiumhaltigen Dünnschichten vorgestellt. Die strukturelle Charakterisierung erfolgt durch den Vergleich von Dichtefunktionaltheorie (DFT) und Einkristall‐Röntgenbeugung (engl. Single‐Crystal X‐ray Diffraction, SC‐XRD), wobei die seltene mononukleare Struktur bestätigt wird. Thermogravimetrische Analysen (TGA) zeigen vorteilhafte thermische Eigenschaften für ALD‐Anwendungen. Die Verbindung weist einen niedrigen Schmelzpunkt, saubere Verdampfung und ermutigende Volatilitätsparameter im Vergleich zu anderen Lithium‐Präkursoren auf. ALD‐Experimente mit [Li(tBuNHC)(hmds)] und Ozon zeigen dessen Effektivität bei der Abscheidung von LiSixOy‐Filmen. Der ALD‐Prozess zeigt ein gesättigtes Wachstum pro Zyklus (engl. Growth per Cycle, GPC) von 0,95 Å. Die Zusammensetzung, analysiert mittels Rutherford‐Rückstreu‐Spektrometrie/Kernreaktionsanalyse (engl. Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry/Nuclear Reaction Analysis, RBS/NRA), Röntgenphotoelektronenspektroskopie (engl. X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, XPS) und Glimmentladungsspektroskopie (engl. Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectrometry, GD‐OES), bestätigt das Vorhandensein von Lithium und Silizium in den erwarteten Verhältnissen. Diese Arbeit stellt nicht nur einen neuen ALD‐Präkursor vor, sondern trägt auch zum Verständnis der Lithiumchemie bei und bietet Einblicke in die faszinierende Koordinationschemie und das thermische Verhalten von durch NHC‐Liganden stabilisierten Lithiumkomplexen.
KW - Atomlagenabscheidung
KW - N-heterozyklischer-Carben-(NHC)-stabilisierter Lithium-Präkursor
KW - Mononuklearer Li–Carben-Komplex
KW - Lithiumsilicat-Dünnfilme
KW - Filmanalytik/-Charakterisierung
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-644045
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.202513066
SN - 0044-8249
N1 - Es gibt eine parallele Sprachausgabe (englisch), ein Link befindet sich im Feld zugehöriger Identifikator - There is a parallel language edition (English), a link is in the field related identifier
SP - 1
EP - 12
PB - Wiley-VCH
CY - Weinheim
AN - OPUS4-64404
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Obenlüneschloß, Jorit
A1 - Boysen, Nils
A1 - Rönnby, Karl
A1 - Muriqi, Arbresha
A1 - Hoffmann, Volker
A1 - Abad Andrade, Carlos Enrique
A1 - Rogalla, Detlef
A1 - Brokmann, Ulrike
A1 - Rädlein, Edda
A1 - Nolan, Michael
A1 - Devi, Anjana
T1 - Rare Mononuclear Lithium-Carbene Complex for Atomic Layer Deposition of Lithium Containing Thin Films
N2 - Lithium is the core material of modern battery technologies and fabricating the lithium‐containing materials with atomic layer deposition (ALD) confers significant benefits in control of film composition and thickness. In this work, a new mononuclear N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) stabilized lithium complex, [Li(tBuNHC)(hmds)], is introduced as a promising precursor for ALD of lithium‐containing thin films. Structural characterization is performed, comparing density functional theory (DFT) and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (SC‐XRD), confirming a rare mononuclear structure. Favorable thermal properties for ALD applications are evidenced by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The compound exhibits a low melting point, clean evaporation, and its volatility parameters are encouraging compared to other lithium precursors. ALD trials using [Li(tBuNHC)(hmds)] with ozone demonstrate its effectiveness in depositing LiSixOy films. The ALD process exhibits a saturated growth per cycle (GPC) of 0.95 Å. Compositional analysis using Rutherford backscattering spectrometry/nuclear reaction analysis (RBS/NRA), X‐ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS), and glow discharge optical emission spectrometry (GD‐OES), confirms the presence of lithium and silicon in the expected ratios. This work not only presents a new ALD precursor but also contributes to the understanding of lithium chemistry, offering insights into the intriguing coordination chemistry and thermal behavior of lithium complexes stabilized by NHC ligands.
KW - Atomic layer deposition (ALD)
KW - N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands
KW - Lithium ALD precursor chemistry
KW - Mononuclear Li–carbene complex [Li(tBuNHC)(hmds)]
KW - Li-silicate thin films (LiSixOy)
KW - Thermal properties & TGA/volatility
KW - Compositional analysis (RBS/NRA, XPS, GD-OES)
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-643790
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202513066
SN - 1433-7851
N1 - Es gibt eine parallele Sprachausgabe (deutsch), ein Link befindet sich im Feld zugehöriger Identifikator - There is a parallel language edition (German), a link is in the field related identifier
SP - 1
EP - 11
PB - Wiley-VCH
CY - Weinheim
AN - OPUS4-64379
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Spitzer, Stefan
A1 - Abed, Arkan
A1 - Seifert, Alexander
A1 - Salzano, Ernesto
T1 - Risks from Hydrogen Carriers - Safety Characteristics of the LOHC System Toluene/Methylcyclohexane
N2 - Reversible liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs) seem to be a promising solution for the transportation of hydrogen. Since no pressure or cooling needs to be applied during the transport, it is considered easier, safer and cheaper compared to pressurized gas tanks or cryogenic hydrogen on long routes and is already applied in large quantities and long distances. One simple system is methylcyclohexane and toluene. Toluene gets shipped to countries with an excess of (preferably green) energy and is charged with hydrogen to form methylcyclohexane. This is then shipped back to the place with energy and/or hydrogen demand and split into hydrogen and toluene. For toluene, some safety characteristics are available, whereas methylcyclohexane is loosely analyzed, hence safety characteristics are the basis for an appropriate approach to tackle the hazards and for the risk assessment. This paper focuses on the safety characteristics of both substances, compares the differences and points out the crucial hazards of this system, especially if the same tanks for transportation are used.
T2 - 18th EFCE International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries
CY - Bologna, Italy
DA - 08.06.2025
KW - Explosion protection
KW - Rate of pressure rise
KW - Hydrogen transport
PY - 2025
DO - https://doi.org/10.3303/CET25116058
SN - 2283-9216
VL - 116
SP - 343
EP - 348
PB - AIDIC Servizi S.r.l.
CY - Italy
AN - OPUS4-63734
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wang, Bin
T1 - Introduction of numerical methods to simulate damage accumulations of composite pressure vessel
N2 - The development of hydrogen as a reliable energy sector is strongly connected to the performance and the level of safety of hydrogen storage system. Composite damage due to static, fatigue loading and ageing effect is a progressive process. The common failure modes of composite pressure vessels are majorly fibre break, then interface debonding, matrix cracking and delamination. The damages occur subsequently or even simultaneously, failure modes may interactive each other. These attributes make the composite fatigue more complex and difficult. The presentation here is to show how the numerical methods being developed to match this challenge, particularly the numerical model of composite pressure vessel developed by FibreMod research project is introduced. The potential role of numerical simulation in the certification process and the outlook for the further trend is also discussed.
T2 - Abteilungskolloquium
CY - BAM Berlin, Germany
DA - 10.05.19
KW - Fibre Break
KW - Composite Pressure
KW - Vessels
KW - Simulation
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48302
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Dayani, Shahabeddin
T1 - Quantification of Deep Discharge Mechanism in a Li-Ion Battery by operando X-ray Computed Tomography
N2 - Lithium-ion batteries connected in series are prone to an electrical abuse called over discharge. We present a comprehensive investigation of the over discharge abuse mechanism in lithium-ion batteries using operando non-destructive imaging. The study focuses on understanding the behavior of copper dissolution and deposition during over discharge, which can lead to irreversible capacity loss and internal short circuits. By utilizing synchrotron X-ray computed tomography (SXCT), the concentration of dissolved and deposited copper per surface area is quantified as a function of depth of discharge (DoD).
T2 - HZB user meeting
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 22.06.2023
KW - Non-destructive testing
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57793
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Markötter, Henning
T1 - Synchrotron X-Ray Tomography Techniques at BAMline
N2 - A recent upgrade of key equipment of the BAMline widens its imaging capabilities: shorter scan acquisition times are now possible, in situ and operando studies can now be routinely performed, and different energy spectra can easily be set up. In fact, the upgraded double-multilayer monochromator brings full flexibility by yielding different energy spectra to optimize flux and energy resolution as desired.
T2 - HZB User Meeting
CY - Online meeting
DA - 08.12.2022
KW - BAMline
KW - X-ray imaging
KW - Tomography
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56568
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hoffmann, H
A1 - Paulisch, M C
A1 - Gebhard, M
A1 - Osiewacz, J
A1 - Kutter, M
A1 - Hilger, A
A1 - Arlt, T
A1 - Kardjilov, N
A1 - Ellendorff, B
A1 - Beckmann, F
A1 - Markötter, Henning
A1 - Luik, M
A1 - Turek, T
A1 - Manke, I
A1 - Roth, C
T1 - Development of a Modular Operando Cell for X-ray Imaging of Strongly Absorbing Silver-Based Gas Diffusion Electrodes
N2 - Metal-based gas diffusion electrodes are utilized in chlor-alkali electrolysis or electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide, allowing the reaction to proceed at high current densities. In contrast to planar electrodes and predominantly 2D designs, the industrially required high current densities can be achieved by intense contact between the gas and liquid phase with the catalytically active surfaces. An essential asset for the knowledge-based design of tailored electrodes is therefore in-depth information on electrolyte distribution and intrusion into the electrode’s porous structure. Lab-based and synchrotron radiography allow for monitoring this process operando. Herein, we describe the development of a cell design that can be modularly adapted and successfully used to monitor both the oxygen reduction reaction and the electrochemical reduction of CO2 as exemplary and currently very relevant examples of gas-liquid reactions by only minor modifications to the cell set-up. With the reported cell design, we were able to observe the electrolyte distribution within the gas diffusion electrode during cell operation in realistic
conditions.
KW - X-Ray imaging
KW - Gas diffusion electrodes
KW - Operando cell
PY - 2022
DO - https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac6220
VL - 169
IS - 4
SP - 044508
PB - IOP science
AN - OPUS4-55027
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Widjaja, Martinus Putra
T1 - Accumulation of fibre breaks in racetrack specimens and type IV pressure vessels
N2 - The reduced volume method has been studied using the fibre break model from Mines ParisTech. This method allows less 3D finite elements to be used for predicting the failure of real scale composite structures. A favourable comparison results with racetrack specimens has been achieved. However, the comparison study with a type IV pressure vessels still requires more Evaluation.
T2 - Consortium Meeting FiBreMoD
CY - Toyota Motor Europe, Belgium
DA - 27.03.2019
KW - Reduced volume method
KW - Integral range
KW - Multiscale model
KW - Fibre break
KW - Composite pressure vessels
KW - Racetrack specimens
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-48571
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bresch, Sophie
T1 - Optimization of Solid-State-Reactions of Calcium Cobaltite Ca3Co4O9
N2 - Calcium cobaltite is a promising p-type oxide thermoelectric material for high temperature applications due to its high figure of merit between 600 °C and 900 °C in air. The solid-state-reaction is well known for large scale powder synthesis of functional materials. As a high temperature process, the powder synthesis consumes a lot of energy. In different studies, different synthesis conditions were used for the preparation of calcium cobaltite powder. This study showed that a higher energy input (elevated temperatures, longer dwell times, or repeated calcinations) during powder synthesis does not increase but decrease the Seebeck coefficient and the electrical conductivity. The same correlation was determined for the densification. As a higher energy input leads to a larger grain size and therefore to a reduced sinter activity, it can be concluded that the thermoelectric properties are correlated with the sinter activity of the powder. These results can be used to minimize the energy demand for the powder synthesis of Ca₃Co₄ O₉.
T2 - 14th European Conference on Thermoelectrics
CY - Lisbon, Portugal
DA - 20.09.2016
KW - Thermoelectrics
KW - Solid-State-Reaction
KW - Calcium cobaltite
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37543
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mieller, Björn
T1 - Sintering and interconnecting thermoelectric oxides for energy applications
N2 - Today, more than 12% of the primary energy is lost in the form of waste heat. Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) can convert waste heat directly into electrical power by utilizing the Seebeck effect. The performance of such a generator is defined by a dimensionless figure of merit ZT of the thermoelectric pairs and the resistance R of the metallic contacts between these pairs. The figure of merit of thermoelectric oxides is considerably smaller compared to semiconductors. Still, thermoelectric oxides like calcium cobaltite (Ca3Co4O9) are attractive for applications at elevated temperatures in air. In contrast to the established π-type architecture of common TEGs, tape casting and multilayer technology may be applied for cost-effective manufacturing of oxide TEGs. Promising demonstrations of multilayer TEGs have been published in the last years. Still, the development of reliable and scalable manufacturing processes and proper material combinations is necessary. The aim of our project is to evaluate the feasibility of low temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) technology for a practical manufacturing of oxide multilayer TEGs of Ca3Co4O9 (p-type) and calcium manganate (CaMnO3, n-type). Ca3Co4O9 exhibits an undesired phase decomposition at 926 °C. Because of that, the application of sintering strategies and interconnect concepts well known from LTCC technology is a promising approach. We present results of pressure-assisted sintering of Ca3Co4O9 multilayer at 900 °C and axial pressures of up to 7.5 MPa. Ca3Co4O9 was produced by solid state reaction of CaCO3 and cobalt(II,III)oxide at 900 °C. Green tapes were prepared by a doctor-blade process, manually stacked and laminated by uniaxial thermocompression. Sintering was conducted in a LTCC sintering press between SiC setter plates. The thickness shrinkage was recorded by an in-situ technique. After sintering under 7.5 MPa, the microstructure of the single phase material shows a high density of 95 % and an advantageous alignment of the platelet grains. This results in good electrical conductivity and a comparatively high ZT of 0.018 at room temperature. However, the lowering of CaMnO3 sintering temperature from above 1200 °C to below 920 °C remains a challenge. To select a proper metal paste for interconnections of an oxide TEG, several pastes have been investigated regarding contact resistance of internal and external (soldered) connections in a preliminary study. Commercial pastes containing Ag, Au, Au/Pt, Ag/Pd, and Ag/Pd/Bi were manually applied and post-fired on sintered test bars of Ca3Co4O9 and CaMnO3 at 900 °C for 2 h. All tested pastes formed mechanically stable metallization after firing. For resistance measurement, 4-wire method and a custom-made probe head were used. The contacts on Ca3Co4O9 exhibit significantly (2-sample t-test, α = 5%) higher resistance compared to contacts on CaMnO3. Pure silver paste exhibits the lowest resistance for internal contacts on both materials, lower than 5 mΩ on CaMnO3. Ag/Pd/Bi paste resulted in conspicuously high variance of resistance. EDX analyses clarified an enrichment of Bi in the thermoelectric material near the interface and thereby the formation of an oxide layer with probably high electrical resistance. The thickness of that layer varies with the thickness of metallization. In conclusion, the use of Bi containing pastes is not advisable. Pure Ag paste shows the best results regarding resistance and solderability.
T2 - CICMT 2018
CY - Aveiro, Portugal
DA - 18.04.2018
KW - Thermoelectric oxide
KW - Thermoelectric generator
KW - Multilayer technology
KW - Pressure-assisted sintering
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-44740
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bresch, Sophie
T1 - Lowering the sintering temperature of calcium manganate CaMnO3 for thermoelectric applications
N2 - Thermoelectric materials can convert waste heat directly into electrical power by utilizing the Seebeck effect. Calcium cobaltite (p-type) and calcium manganate (n-type) are two of the most promising oxide thermoelectric materials. The development of cost-effective multilayer thermoelectric generators requires the co-firing of these materials and therefore the adjustment of sintering temperatures. Calcium manganate is conventionally sintered between 1200 °C and 1350 °C. Calcium cobaltite exhibits an undesired phase transition at 926 °C but can be sintered to high relative density of 95 % at 900 °C under axial pressure of 7.5 MPa. Hence, co-firing at 900 °C would be favourable. Therefore, strategies for lowering the sintering temperature of calcium manganate have been investigated. Basically, two approaches are common: i) addition of low melting additives like Bi2O3-ZnO-B2O3-SiO2 (BBSZ) glass or Bi2O3, and ii) addition of additives that form low-melting eutectics with the base material, for example CuO. In this study, several low melting additives including BBSZ glass and Bi2O3, as well as CuO were tested regarding their effect on calcium manganate densification. Bi2O3 did not improve the densification, whereas BBSZ glass led to 10 % higher relative density at 1200 °C. An addition of 4 wt% CuO decreases the temperature of maximum sinter rate from above 1200 °C to 1040 °C. By reducing the particle size of the raw materials from 2 μm to 0.7 μm the maximum sinter rate could be further shifted 20 K towards lower temperatures and the sinter begin decreased from 920 °C to 740 °C. It is shown that eutectic phase formation is more effective in lowering sintering temperature and accelerating densification than low-melting additives.
T2 - 93. DKG-Jahrestagung und Symposium Hochleistungskeramik 2018
CY - Munich, Germany
DA - 10.04.2018
KW - Thermoelectrics
KW - Sinter additive
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-44818
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schmidt, Anita
T1 - Eine sichere Zukunft für Lithium-Ionen Batterien
N2 - Eine sichere Zukunft hat eine Technologie dann, wenn sie die Gesellschaft auch von ihrer Sicherheit überzeugen kann. Dies ist insbesondere für Lithiumbatterien von hoher Bedeutung. Die BAM trägt auf den verschiedene Ebenen auf vielfältige Art und Weise dazu bei, diese Sicherheit zu untersuchen und zu verbessern.
T2 - 4. Batterieforum Berlin Brandenburg
CY - Potsdam, Germany
DA - 22.11.2024
KW - LIthiumbatterien
KW - Sicherheit
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62328
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Widjaja, Martinus Putra
T1 - Accumulation of Fibre Breaks under Time Dependent Loads in CFRP Materials of Pressure Vessels
N2 - BAM has discovered that the reliability of tested composite pressure vessel will be altered when the loading speed is varied. The ageing of composite materials in general gives negative effect to the structure, however there might be positive effect occurs due to the load redistribution between the fibres. The study on the negative effect of ageing has been compared favourably with the fibre break model from Mines ParisTech. To improve the model's capability, this positive effect should also be implemented. The problem however to evaluate real scale model that might take extensive computation time. The reduced volume method then was proposed to improve the calculation time. The next study is then to check the approach on different loading condition and compare the result with experimental data provided by BAM.
T2 - PhD Day 2018
CY - Evry, France
DA - 20.06.2018
KW - Fibre Break Accumulation
KW - Carbon Fibre Pressure Vessels
KW - Time Effect
KW - Integral Range
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-45567
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Farhan, Muhammad
A1 - Schneider, Ronald
A1 - Thöns, Sebastian
A1 - Gündel, M.
T1 - Probabilistic cost modeling as a basis for optimizing inspection and maintenance of turbine support structures in offshore wind farms
N2 - The operational management of offshore wind farms includes inspection and maintenance (I&M) of the wind turbine support structures. These activities are complex and influenced by numerous uncertain factors that affect their costs. The uncertainty in the I&M costs should be considered in decision value analyses performed to optimize I&M strategies for the turbine support structures. In this paper, we formulate a probabilistic parametric model to describe I&M costs for the common case in which a wind farm is serviced and maintained using a workboat-based strategy. The model is developed based on (a) interviews with a wind farm operator, engineering consultants, and operation and maintenance engineers, as well as (b) scientific literature. Our methodology involves deriving the probabilistic models of the cost model parameters based on intervals representing a subjective expert opinion on the foreseeable ranges of the parameter values. The probabilistic cost model is applied to evaluate the total I&M costs, and a sensitivity analysis is conducted to identify the main cost drivers. The model can be utilized to optimize I&M strategies at the component, structural system, and wind farm level. To illustrate its potential use, we apply it in a numerical study in which we optimize I&M strategies at the structural system level and identify and demonstrate a simplified approach of capturing uncertain I&M costs in the optimization. The simplified approach is generalized and made available for maintenance cost optimization of offshore wind turbine structures.
KW - Inspection
KW - Maintenance
KW - Turbine support structures
KW - Offshore wind
KW - Costs
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-626144
DO - https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-461-2025
SN - 2366-7443
SN - 2366-7451
VL - 10
IS - 2
SP - 461
EP - 481
PB - Copernicus Publications
CY - Göttingen
AN - OPUS4-62614
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Spitzer, Stefan
A1 - Pandal, Adrián
A1 - Rodríguez, Manuel Velasco
A1 - Schmidt, Martin
A1 - Danzi, Enrico
A1 - Dufaud, Olivier
A1 - Janovsky, Bretislav
T1 - Investigations on different distribution systems for dusts inside the 20L-sphere
N2 - The determination of several safety characteristics for dusts requires the dispersion of it in air. This is normally conducted using two vessels, one with an overpressure holding the dust and dispersing it into the second one, where the explosion takes place, through a nozzle. This procedure has the disadvantage that some dusts cannot be conveyed through the nozzle properly. Another disadvantage is that the pressure balancing between the two vessels depends on the dust loading and especially for heavy dusts and high loadings the initial pressure inside the explosion vessel might be reduced.
Flocky dusts or dusts that might be dangerous to convey through a thin nozzle with an overpressure (nano powders, zirconium) are also difficult to test according to the existing standards and may not be tested with the standard nozzles, that are so far used for the determination of safety characteristics. One very recent example, testing nitrocellulose, raised the question, whether some dusts even pose a risk being distributed and pressed through a nozzle for the testing device and, in worst case, for the operator.
Previous researchers have developed alternative types of nozzles for specific types of dust, but provide limited evaluation of their performance relative to standard nozzles. Additionally, researchers have not provided sufficient geometry so that they can be reproduced by others. One alternative nozzle for the dispersion of flocky or coarse dusts is stated in the ISO standard but not described there either.
This article investigates four types of nozzles: The two standard ones that are widely used already, an alternative type, that got introduced into the international standard in 2016 but is still seldomly used and one that was constructed to overcome some of the observed disadvantages. The injection curves are compared with and without dust loadings as well as the explosion characteristics. Eventually, a suggestion is given for different types of dusts.
KW - Dust explosions
KW - Safety characteristics
PY - 2024
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105492
SN - 0950-4230
VL - 92
SP - 1
EP - 12
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-61697
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - BOOK
A1 - Stoian, R.
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
T1 - Ultrafast Laser Nanostructuring — The Pursuit of Extreme Scales
N2 - Long seen as “a solution seeking a problem,” laser pulses are nowadays – more than 60 years after their first practical demonstration – paramount in shaping and structuring matter. Harnessing their capabilities to direct intense beams of light, the number of scientific and technological developments and daily-life applications is continuously increasing. Today, the presence of lasers is ubiquitous in all sites of scientific and technological interest, from the most advanced research laboratories to industrial factories and medical hospitals.
The directionality of the laser beam determines equally a local character on lightmatter interaction and as such a local modification to a material target. Furthermore, the coherence of laser radiation enables near-field or far-field scattering and interference effects that widen significantly the capabilities of controlling and tracking laser-matter interactions in space and time. Already with the advent of lasers, powerful beams of light have been directed at solid materials for a variety of purposes, making this application as old as the laser itself. The roots of the major applications for laser structuring were developed already in the 1960s, setting the base of both theoretical and experimental studies on laser ablation, with the number of publications expanding explosively during the next decades.
Within this dynamic context, laser processing of materials experienced an impressive development over the years. Laser processing means specifically the capability to structure and tailor a material on its surface or even within its volume, rendering new functions and properties that are impacting the mechanical, electrical, or optical characteristics of the material. These properties are scaledependent, generating thus over the years an equally impressive quest for spatial or temporal resolution. Therefore, the developments in laser engineering with major breakthroughs, notably in pulse duration and power, always closely accompanied the efforts in material structuring with two milestones in sight: (1) yield and (2) resolution. Every step in shrinking the laser pulse duration led to a subsequent strong-impact development in process precision – particularly when the ultrashort pulse durations surpassed the fundamental electron-phonon relaxation times. Thus, minimizing heat diffusion, the advent of pulses with duration smaller than molecular or lattice vibration times has managed to confine the spatial resolution to the optical diffraction limit and sometimes even beyond. The nanoscale was already in sight at the turn of the millennium. An important question may be raised now; is there any fundamental limit in the processing resolution, a barrier defined by the intrinsic properties of light and matter? The answer has an inherently multidisciplinary nature, following the conversion of free-propagating electromagnetic radiation into
material-confined energy potentially usable to drive or transform matter, and will be the focus of the present book.
Relying on the experience and expertise of the leading researchers in the field, the present book intends to explore the current efforts in achieving laser processing resolution beyond the diffraction limit, laying down a perspective towards extreme laser nanostructuring. Following the most recent advances and developments, it puts forward a concept of extreme processing scales enabled by optical pulses that are able to bypass diffraction limits and achieve structuring characteristic scales beyond 100 nm. This objective can be achieved by a comprehensive understanding on how light can change matter and how, in turn, matter can change light, allowing jointly for actively controlling light and material processes. In order to give an extended perspective on the current state-of-the-art in the field of precision laser structuring, the book is divided into three main parts.
The first part of the book (Part I: Fundamental Processes) offers a perspective into the fundamentals of laser-matter interaction on extreme spatial scales, with a description of the most advanced modeling efforts in understanding energy deposition in matter, a plethora of material-relaxation pathways, as well as advanced concepts for probing and observing matter in motion. Roadmaps for energy localization will be developed, and the atomistic perspective of laser ablation visualized. Theoretical modelling enables in-depth insights on ultrafast quantum processes at the nanoscale. Laser-driven self-organization at surfaces will be dissected regarding the question of how light drives material periodic patterns down to the nanoscale, explored and transmitted to its ultimate limits of an atomic printer, and immediately complemented by the unprecedented capabilities of ultrafast in-situ observation approaches for tracking the laser-induced material response with extreme spatial and temporal resolution.
In the second part of the book (Part II: Concepts of Extreme Nanostructuring), distinct concepts will be developed and explored that allow confinement of light and harnessing of a material response restricted to nano- or mesoscopic scales at surfaces or in the volume of irradiated materials. A special focus will be on optical near-field related approaches for localizing light on scales even below the optical diffraction limit and plasmonic printing. Spatial and temporal beam-shaping and tailored interference techniques are discussed in the context of ultrashort laser pulses, and insights into some extreme states of matter realized by the tight confinement of laser energy are presented. The ultimate limits of writing waveguides in the bulk of dielectrics and for manifesting 3D-nanolithography are elucidated. Plasma-based surface treatments can significantly enhance the vertical precision of surface processing through etching processes.
Finally, the third part of the book (Part III: Applications) leads us to a number of resuming applications, unveiling the tremendous capabilities of surface functionalization through laser micro- and nanostructuring, assessing the 3D-writing of waveguides in the bulk of dielectrics or semiconductors for enabling new branches of integrated photonics, and summarizing related applications ranging from nanophotonics to nanofluidics and from optical sensing to biomedical applications, including the latest capabilities of refractive eye surgery. This part will analyze the applications’ compatibility in yield and reproducibility with current industrial requirements, costs, and intellectual property aspects. It expands the involved spatial scales by more than eight orders of magnitude, when extending extremely small structures featuring sizes of few tens of nanometers to larger dimensions in the meter range.
Thus, from surfaces to the bulk, from subtractive to additive manufacturing approaches, from advanced theoretical frames to practical technological processes – we invite the readers here to an exciting journey into the varicolored landscape of extreme laser nanostructuring.
The idea of this book project was seeded in early 2020. We were delighted about the numerous and extremely positive responses from the laser-processing community, quickly receiving commitments for more than 30 individual book chapters. About 2500 communications later, the book is published. We would like to thank all authors of this book project for their insightful and detailed chapters, reviewing and reporting on this fascinating topic of the pursuit of extreme scales in ultrafast laser nanostructuring. Moreover, we would like to acknowledge the professional help and guidance of the staff of Springer Nature. Finally, we hope you will enjoy reading this book as much as we have enjoyed putting it together.
Saint Etienne, France Razvan Stoian
Berlin, Germany Jörn Bonse
December 2022
KW - Laser nanostructuring
KW - Surface engineering
KW - Nonlinear lithography
KW - Self-organization
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures, LIPSS
PY - 2023
SN - 978-3-031-14752-4
SN - 978-3-031-14751-7
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14752-4
SN - 0342-4111
VL - 239
SP - 1
EP - 1245
PB - Springer Nature Switzerland AG
CY - Cham
ET - 1
AN - OPUS4-57294
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zaghdoudi, Maha
T1 - Numerical modelling of compression stress relaxation and compression set of elastomer O-rings during aging
N2 - Elastomer seals are used in many industrial applications due to their excellent mechanical properties at a wide range of temperatures. Their high versatility and recovery potential under several load conditions make them well suitable for the application in containers designed for transport, storage and/or disposal of radioactive materials. In containers for low and intermediate level radioactive waste, elastomer seals are used as barrier seals, and as auxiliary seals in storage and transportation casks (dual purpose casks) for heat generating radioactive waste, such as spent fuel and high-level waste. While a seal exchange at defined intervals is typical in many conventional applications, it is impossible or at least hard to perform when principles of minimization of radiation exposure have to be considered and prohibit an unnecessary cask handling. An extensive knowledge of the change of the elastomer’s properties during aging and the availability of reliable end-of-lifetime criteria to guarantee the permanent safe enclosure of the radioactive material is mandatory. As BAM is involved in most of the national cask licensing procedures and in the evaluation of cask-related long-term safety issues, great efforts have been already made and are still planned to scientifically support this task.
Compression stress relaxation and compression set were identified as key indicators of elastomer long-term performance and quantitatively investigated in comprehensive test programs. Among other representative types of elastomers, specimens made from ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) were tested before, during and after aging to capture the most important of their complex mechanical properties.
In the presented study, exemplary results were used to simulate the compression stress relaxation and the compression set of elastomer O-rings during aging. Regarding the influence of temperature, the time temperature superposition principle is applied in the relaxation analysis of elastomer O-rings. The proposed model is implemented in the commercial finite element software ABAQUS/Standard® [1] with a sequential temperature displacement coupling. Numerical results match the experimental compression stress relaxation measurements well. The prediction of compression set values after long-term aging shows a relatively good agreement with the experimental results. Nevertheless, all input parameters derived from the specimen tests, additional assumptions concerning boundary conditions and modeling strategy are discussed with regard to the identified slight discrepancies.
The possibility to extend the finite element model to represent the O-ring seal’s ability to recover after a (fast) partial release is taken into account
T2 - ASME 2020 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference (PVP2020)
CY - Online meeting
DA - 03.08.2020
KW - Stress relaxation
KW - Ageing
KW - Compression Set
KW - O-ring
KW - Sequential analysis
KW - Simulation
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-52135
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
T1 - Elastomer seals - overview and development
N2 - The talk summarizes the current and future investigations of elastomer seal materials in division 3.4.
T2 - IRSN-BAM Symposium Safety of Transport and Storage Packages
CY - Online meeting
DA - 19.11.2020
KW - Seal
KW - Degradation
KW - Ageing
PY - 2020
AN - OPUS4-51751
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sagradov, Ilja
T1 - Long-term tests and numerical simulations on metal seals based on continuous force measurement in compressed state
N2 - In Germany, the search for a disposal site for heat-generating radioactive waste will take decades longer than originally assumed. Transport and storage casks must therefore ensure safe containment for extended interim storage periods, possibly over 100 years. In order to maintain the required leak tightness, spring core metal seals with aluminum or silver cladding are used. As sealing force decreases over time, BAM has been conducting tests for over 15 years to prove their long-term reliability. This work - a joint project of BASE and BAM - aims to obtain additional material data using a new device for continuous measurement of compression force over time and temperature for lifetime prediction models and is supported by FEM simulations. Initial tests on aluminum and silver seals have been completed, and first results are presented.
T2 - safeND 2025
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 17.09.2025
KW - Interim storage
KW - Metal seal
KW - Restoring force
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64991
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Grelle, Tobias
T1 - Creep Investigations on Aluminum Seals for Application in Radioactive Waste Containers
N2 - In Germany spent nuclear fuel (SNF) and high level radioactive waste (HLW) are stored in interim storage containers with double lid systems. Those lids are equipped with metal seals (e.g. Helicoflex®) that ensure the safe enclosure of the inventory. Being licensed for up to 40 years of interim storage the evaluation of the long-term behavior of the seals is necessary, taking into account storage conditions, decay heat and possible mechanical loads.
T2 - International Conference on Aluminum Alloys
CY - Montreal, Canada
DA - 17.06.2018
KW - Metal seal
KW - Creep
KW - Long-term behavior
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-45843
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zaghdoudi, Maha
A1 - Weber, Mike
A1 - Kömmling, Anja
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
T1 - Simulation of compression set of epdm o-rings during aging
N2 - It is common practice in the application of finite element analysis to model compression set (CS) of elastomers during aging with two different material models according to the two-network theory of Tobolsky. The theory relies on the existence of two networks. The first one represents the original network after vulcanization and is sensitive to chain scission. The second network accounts for the formation of additional crosslinking during aging. Besides the use of user subroutines to describe the two-network model, an element overlay technique is also needed as the full set of both material behaviors did not exist for assignment to a single element. This element overlay technique is valuable for research and developmental purposes but makes extension to industrial usage quite challenging. Our goal is to simulate the CS of elastomers after long-term aging in a commercial finite element software with no need for extra subroutine codes or mesh superposition.
Ethylene propylene diene (EPDM) O-rings were aged in a compressed state at 75 °C, 100 °C, 125 °C and 150 °C for up to 183 days. Investigations of the experimental test results were used to identify material models and their parameters to develop a finite element model to simulate CS. The model was implemented in the finite element software ABAQUS/Standard® with a sequential temperature-displacement coupling.
Regarding the influence of temperature, the Arrhenius equation is adopted for the time-temperature relationship. The activation energy value that is required for the simulation is firstly determined from shifting the experimental CS results with the time-temperature superposition technique and plotting the shift factors in an Arrhenius diagram. The experiments were compared with the simulation results. Afterwards different activation energies were used in the simulation and discussed. A suitable choice of the activation energy value with regard to the reference temperature and the test temperature is presented. With the chosen activation energies, the match between numerical CS values after long-term aging and the experimental results was improved.
T2 - ASME 2022 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference
CY - Las Vegas, USA
DA - 17.07.2022
KW - Simulation
KW - Compression set
KW - EPDM
KW - Aging
PY - 2022
SP - 1
EP - 9
AN - OPUS4-57370
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
T1 - Chemical and structural changes at the surface of titanium materials upon irradiation with near-infrared ultrashort laser pulses
N2 - Due to its large strength-to-weight ratio and excellent biocompatibility, titanium materials are of paramount importance for medical applications, e.g. as implant material for protheses. In this work, the evolution of various types of laser-induced micro- and nanostructures emerging on titanium or titanium alloys upon irradiation by near-infrared ultrashort laser pulses (925 fs, 1030 nm) in air environment is studied for various laser fluence levels, effective number of pulses and at different pulse repetition rates (1 – 400 kHz). The morphologies of the processed surfaces were systematically characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy (OM, SEM). Complementary white-light interference microscopy (WLIM) revealed the corresponding surface topographies. Chemical and structural changes were analysed through depth-profiling time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. The results point towards a remarkable influence of the laser processing parameters on the surface topography, while simultaneously altering the near-surface chemistry via laser-induced oxidation effects. Consequences for medical applications are outlined.
T2 - E-MRS Spring Meeting 2022
CY - Online meeting
DA - 30.05.2022
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Surface functionalization
KW - ToF-SIMS
KW - Chemical analysis
KW - Titanium
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-54931
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
T1 - Dichtungsverhalten bei niedrigen Temperaturen - Untersuchung der unteren Temperatureinsatzgrenze von Elastomerdichtungen -
N2 - Elastomere werden vielfach in Produkten eingesetzt, die bei verschiedenen Temperaturen verwendet werden. O-Ringe sind kostengünstige Dichtelemente, die allerdings für die Funktionsfähigkeit und Sicherheit eines Produkts entscheidend sein können. Die untere Temperatur-einsatzgrenze ist dabei relevant und aus wissenschaftlicher Sicht nicht allgemein gültig zu definieren, da diese einerseits durch die Änderungen der Materialeigenschaften im Zuge des Gummi-Glas-Übergangs definiert werden, die Temperaturlage dieses Übergangs jedoch sehr stark von den jeweiligen Einsatzbedingungen (z.B. Frequenz) abhängt. Dadurch ergeben sich große Unterschiede zwischen statischen und dynamischen Anwendungen.
Verschieden Untersuchungen sollen vorgestellt und interpretiert werden, um das Auditorium auf verschiedene Herausforderungen aufmerksam zu machen und Lösungsansätze vorzustellen.
T2 - ISGATEC Forum Werkstoffe 2019
CY - Mannheim, Germany
DA - 03.12.2019
KW - Dichtung
KW - O-Ring
KW - Tiefe Temperaturen
KW - Versagenstemperatur
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49983
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sagradov, Ilja
T1 - Long-term tests on metal seals using continuous force measurement in compressed state
N2 - In Germany, spent fuel and heat generating radioactive waste is stored in casks for transport and storage (DPCs). The storage licenses were granted for up to 40 years. Due to the delay in identifying a final repository site for such radioactive waste, the storage periods are to be extended significantly. The objective of our research work is to collect additional material data for metal seals in order to be able to better assess the long-term safety of the sealing system of the casks for a period of up to 100 years.
A principal safety consideration for the DPCs is the long-term performance of bolted lid sealing systems utilizing metal seals to ensure the safe enclosure of the radioactive inventory during interim storage. To assess the sealing behavior, it is necessary to examine the aging-dependent residual restoring force for the metal seals and the usable resilience. By investigating the change in these values as a function of time and temperature, further insight can be gained into the assessment of long-term safety for extended interim storage.
In the present study, the restoring force of metal seals with an outer aluminum jacket and a torus diameter of 9.9 mm was measured continuously. For this purpose, a specially designed device equipped with a load cell was used under isothermal conditions. As part of the investigation, the level and rate of decrease of the restoring seal force were recorded over test periods of one and two months. The seal temperature was set to 35 °C, 75 °C, 100 °C, 125 °C, and 150 °C, respectively. A direct correlation was observed between the temperature of the seal, the level of the restoring force after compressing and heating the seal, and the drop-off characteristics of the restoring force. It was found that in our test device the force level immediately after reaching the respective temperature is lower for higher seal temperatures, while the drop rate of the restoring force is higher. This paper describes the experimental setting and discusses first results in comparison with our long-term discontinuous measurements.
T2 - 21st International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials - PATRAM 2025
CY - San Antonio, TX, USA
DA - 27.07.2025
KW - Temperature-Dependent Performance
KW - Extended Interim Storage
KW - Long-Term Safety Assessment
KW - Metal Seal Aging
KW - Restoring Force Degradation
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63891
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Sachse, René
A1 - Kotil, Leyla
A1 - Matjacic, Lidija
A1 - McMahon, Greg
A1 - Bernicke, Michael
A1 - Bernsmeier, Denis
A1 - Kraehnert, Ralph
A1 - Hertwig, Andreas
A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan
T1 - Morphological and Chemical Nanoscale Analysis of Mesoporous Mixed IrOx-TiOy Thin Films as Electrode Materials
N2 - orous films play an important role particularly in energy applications like photovoltaics, electrolysis or batteries. Thin film properties such as thickness, chemical composition, crystallinity of the framework, and porosity define the activity of the porous films. The accurate morpho-chemical characterisation of mesoporous thin films is a challenging analytical task which requires the consideration of new analytical approaches based on the combination of data of different methods able to address the structure and chemical composition at the nanoscale. In this contribution we characterise thin mesoporous iridium-titanium mixed oxide film properties by Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA) with Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) at an SEM applied in a dedicated “thin film analysis” approach (1). Thus, the film mass deposition, film thickness and the film density can be determined. Further, by dividing the measured film density to an assumed (theoretical) metal oxide framework (skeletal) density, the thin film porosity can be extracted, too.
In order to assess the homogeneity of the thin film properties like the chemical composition, Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and Auger Electron Spectrometry are applied in the depth profiling mode, so that possible in-depth gradients are detected. Lateral inhomogeneities in the chemical composition and structure of the thin mesoporous films are also identified by applying the same methods in the line-scan or mapping mode, which can be further combined with in-depth sputtering for 3D information. The role of the spatial resolution of the analytical methods considered, which can go down well below 100 nm, will be highlighted.
KW - Mesoporous thin films
KW - Imaging
KW - TiO2
KW - Ir oxid
KW - Auger electron spectroscopy
KW - ToF-SIMS
KW - SEM/EDX
PY - 2024
DO - https://doi.org/10.1093/mam/ozae044.252
VL - 30
IS - Supplement 1
SP - 541
EP - 542
PB - Oxford University Press (OUP)
AN - OPUS4-61185
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Olbricht, Jürgen
T1 - Cyclic loading and creep-fatigue performance of P92
N2 - 9-12% Cr ferritic-martensitic stainless steels are widely used as high temperature construction materials in power plants due to their excellent creep and oxidation resistance. The growing share of renewable energy sources in power generation forces many of these plants into more flexible operation with frequent load shifts or shutdowns. These cyclic operation profiles constitute a major lifetime issue. The present contribution reports on current findings obtained in a multidisciplinary project which combines cyclic mechanical and cyclic oxidation testing of different 9-12% Cr grades with detailed microstructural analyses.
Mechanical analyses are carried out on P92 and P91 steel grades to give an overview of softening phenomena and lifetimes obtained in isothermal cyclic loading (low cycle fatigue, LCF), non-isothermal cyclic loading (thermo-mechanical fatigue, TMF), and service-like combinations of creep and fatigue periods.
Complementary microstructural investigations by scanning and transmission electron microscopy plus EBSD are used for phase identification, substrate/oxide interface characterization and quantification of the microstructure evolution under cyclic conditions.
T2 - 44th MPA-Seminar
CY - Leinfelden/Stuttgart, Germany
DA - 17.10.2018
KW - Ferritic-martensitic steels
KW - Fatigue
KW - Creep-fatigue
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-47116
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zaghdoudi, Maha
T1 - Overview of ongoing long-term ageing investigations on elastomer seals
N2 - At the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) in Division 3.4 Safety of Storage Containers, one of our tasks is to evaluate the safety of containers designed for disposal of low and intermediate radioactive waste. As such containers might be transported before and stored until disposal, safe enclosure of the radioactive inventory is important for this time span.
Elastomer O-rings are widely used as barrier seals in these containers. Thus, as for many other applications, an understanding of the practical effects of ageing degradation on elastomer seals during long-term exposure is mandatory for predicting the lifetime of such components. According to a long-term test programme on three kinds of rubbers (EPDM and FKM (relevant for application), HNBR (for comparison)), over several years we have studied the degradation and the change of mechanical properties (e.g. hardness, strain at break) at four different ageing temperatures (75 °C, 100 °C, 125 °C and 150 °C) as well as the change of sealing properties. Continuous and intermittent compression stress relaxation (CSR) measurements were performed in order to investigate the respective contribution of crosslinking and chain scission to the observed degradation effects. Thus, the degradation kinetics and mechanisms could be resolved more clearly. For assessing the seal performance, compression set (CS) and leakage rate measurements were conducted. The experimental results showed that the O-rings remained leak-tight under purely static conditions even when CSR, CS and mechanical properties already indicated far advanced degradation. For this reason, a modified leakage test involving a small and rapid partial decompression of the seal was developed that enabled determining an end-of-lifetime criterion for O-rings with a safety margin for thermal shrinkage and vibrations.
T2 - IRC
CY - London, UK
DA - 03.09.2019
KW - Compression set
KW - Continuous compression stress relaxation
KW - Intermittent compression stress relaxation
KW - Leakage rate
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49073
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Grelle, Tobias
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
A1 - Probst, Ulrich
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
A1 - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Investigation of the time and temperature dependent behavior of metal seals in radioactive waste containers
N2 - The Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –Prüfung (BAM) runs an investigation program on the long-term behavior of multi-component metal seals. Such seals are used in a wide area of applications including transport and storage casks for spent nuclear fuel and high level radioactive waste.
The seal function is mainly based on the compression of the inner helical spring, which generates the necessary seal force to keep the sealing surfaces in close contact. This in turn leads to a plastic deformation of the outer jacket of the seal, comprised of highly ductile aluminum or silver that adapts to the sealing surfaces of cask body and bolted lid, thus providing high Level leak tightness. In Germany, those casks are licensed for Interim storage periods of up to 40 years or more if extended Interim storage would become necessary before a final repository is available. Thus, the sealing performance has to be evaluated, including factors like elevated temperature due to decay heat or mechanical loads due to transport under normal as well as accident conditions. Long-term investigations at BAM have been running over the last nine years to identify and evaluate the seal performance by measuring the remaining seal force, the useable resilience and the leakage rate after various time intervals at temperatures ranging from room temperature up
to 150 °C. It was found that the seal force and useable resilience decrease with time and temperature, caused by creep deformation of the outer jacket. In order to obtain an analytical description for the seal behavior and to achieve more information on the material behavior under application conditions a comprehensive investigation program with Focus on aluminum as outer jacket material was launched. The program includes material investigations such as compression and tension creep tests with representative basic materials. An additional test setup allows for the continuous measurement of the remaining seal force at temperatures of up to 150 °C. Furthermore, seal segments are compressed and stored in heating chambers, thus producing segments at different stages of the aging process. The segments are investigated regarding the development of the contact area width, jacket thickness and microstructural changes. This data will be used to develop material models and an analytical description of the time and temperature dependent long-term sealing behavior. This paper explains the current status of gained test results and modelling approaches and closes with an outlook to the future Project plans.
T2 - ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference
CY - Prague, Czech Republic
DA - 15.07.2018
KW - Metal seal
KW - Creep
KW - Long-term behavior
PY - 2018
SP - PVP2018-84584, 1
EP - 6
AN - OPUS4-46110
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Zaghdoudi, Maha
T1 - Analysis of heterogeneous ageing of hnbr o rings
N2 - Hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR) elastomer was thermo-oxidatively aged at different temperatures up to 150°C. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), compression stress relaxation (CSR) and IRHD microhardness were used to characterise the chemo-mechanical changes of HNBR O-rings during thermo-oxidative ageing. FTIR shows the development of carbonyl, methyl and ester groups but the nitrile content was not affected by ageing. The effect of sample geometry during CSR was investigated. CSR data were converted through integrated kinetic laws. The conversion has proven its sensibility to detect heterogeneous ageing. This was confirmed by the IRHD measurements across the section of O-rings. Oxidation profiles were determined by applying the model of Wise et al. to the IRHD experimental results.
T2 - The 2023 Postgraduate Seminar - Advanced Structured Materials
CY - Barcelona, Spain
DA - 20.02.2023
KW - HNBR
KW - Heterogeneous ageing
KW - IRHD
KW - FTIR
KW - CSR
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57057
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
T1 - Aging investigations of metal seals used in containers for interim storage of spent fuel
N2 - In Germany dual purpose containers with double lid systems are used for the transport and storage of spent fuel and high level radioactive waste. The bolted lids are equipped with metal seals (e.g. Helicoflex®) to ensure the safe enclosure of the inventory for the required time period. The used metal seals have a layered structure consisting of three components. In the center a helical spring is positioned that is surrounded by two C-shaped jackets. The helical spring is mainly responsible for generation of the required restoring force. The inner jacket is made of stainless steel and homogenizes the restoring force generated by the helical spring. The outer jacket is made of silver or aluminum. Both metals are soft in comparison to the contact partners (lid and container body). During bolting of the lid the seal is compressed between lid and container body. The generated restoring force of the helical spring causes a plastic deformation of the outer jacket which adapts to the surfaces of the lid and the container body. Hence, leakage paths are closed and the sealing function is caused.
Typical durations for existing interim storage licenses in Germany are 40 years, but due to the challenges in selection and construction of a final repository it can be expected that they have to be extended to longer periods. An extension of license periods requires knowledge of the long-term behavior of the seals. To meet this challenge long-term investigations have been started at Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) in 2009. These tests focus on seals assembled in test flanges which are stored at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 150 °C for accelerated aging. The aged seals are tested repeatedly after certain aging steps and the performance is evaluated in respect to the leakage rate, the remaining seal force, and the useable resilience upon decompression.
In this contribution an update on the running investigations in respect to earlier publications (Grelle et al. 2019, Goral et al. 2023) will be given and the implications of the results for resilient long-term safety will be presented. New activities will be addressed and their expected outcome be discussed.
T2 - PVP2024, Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference
CY - Bellevue, WA, USA
DA - 29.07.2024
KW - Metal seal
KW - Aging
KW - Interim storage
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61355
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Jürgens, Maria
A1 - Fedelich, Bernard
A1 - Olbricht, Jürgen
A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit
T1 - Thermo-mechanical fatigue behavior of P91/P92
N2 - 9-12% Cr ferritic-martensitic stainless steels are widely used as high temperature construction materials in power plants due to their excellent creep resistance and good oxidation resistance. Creep resistance is considered as the primary parameter in material selection for base-load power plants, but the growing share of renewable energy sources in power generation forces many installations into more "flexible" operation with frequent load reductions and shutdowns. Under cyclic operation of power plants, temperature gradients occur especially in thick-walled components. Locally, these gradients lead to complex time- and temperature-dependent loading scenarios which may result in superimposed creep deformation/damage, creep-fatigue and thermo-mechanical fatigue. The combination of different damage processes may seriously reduce the lifetimes of respective components. A fundamental understanding of the damage evolution in ferritic-martensitic steels under combined static and cyclic loading is therefore required.
In the present contribution, the thermo-mechanical fatigue and creep-fatigue behavior of two different 9% Cr steel grades (P91 and P92) was investigated. Standard LCF/TMF-tests as well as near-service loading tests with different hold times have been carried out to study the material behavior of the new loading scenarios. Microstructural investigations help to identify the observed deformation characteristics (like e.g. pronounced softening) and the dominating damage mechanisms under different loads. The test programme is complemented by selected tests on service-aged material which demonstrate possible reactions of older components in existing plants to changes in operation profiles. In a next step, the experimental results will be used for parameter identification of a deformation and lifetime model to predict the material behavior.
T2 - LCF08
CY - Dresden, Germany
DA - 27.06.2017
KW - Near-service testing
KW - Power plant
KW - Ferritic-martensitic steels
KW - P91
KW - P92
KW - Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue
PY - 2017
SN - 978-3-9814516-5-8
VL - 2017
SP - 101
EP - 105
PB - DVM
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-42268
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
T1 - Low temperature properties of rubber seals
N2 - Understanding the failure mechanisms that lead to leakage of rubber seals at low temperatures is important. Rubber properties are highly temperature dependent. Changes in behaviour at low temperatures can result from the rubber-glass transition and for some rubbers by partial crystallisation. Experimental results on the low temperature behaviour of different rubber seals were discussed to help understand seal failure processes.
T2 - Rubber in Engineering Group (RIEG) webinar an Elastomers at Low Temperatures
CY - Online meeting
DA - 11.09.2020
KW - Low temperature
KW - Rubber seal
KW - Compression set
KW - Glass transition
PY - 2020
UR - https://www.iom3.org/rubber-engineering-group/event/elastomers-low-temperatures
AN - OPUS4-51306
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sagradov, Ilja
T1 - Long-term tests on metal seals using continuous force measurement in compressed state
N2 - In Germany, spent fuel and heat generating radioactive waste is stored in casks for transport and storage (DPCs). The storage licenses were granted for up to 40 years. Due to the delay in identifying a final repository site for such radioactive waste, the storage periods are to be extended significantly. The objective of our research work is to collect additional material data for metal seals in order to be able to better assess the long-term safety of the sealing system of the casks for a period of up to 100 years.
A principal safety consideration for the DPCs is the long-term performance of bolted lid sealing systems utilizing metal seals to ensure the safe enclosure of the radioactive inventory during interim storage. To assess the sealing behavior, it is necessary to examine the aging-dependent residual restoring force for the metal seals and the usable resilience. By investigating the change in these values as a function of time and temperature, further insight can be gained into the assessment of long-term safety for extended interim storage.
In the present study, the restoring force of metal seals with an outer aluminum jacket and a torus diameter of 9.9 mm was measured continuously. For this purpose, a specially designed device equipped with a load cell was used under isothermal conditions. As part of the investigation, the level and rate of decrease of the restoring seal force were recorded over test periods of one and two months. The seal temperature was set to 35 °C, 75 °C, 100 °C, 125 °C, and 150 °C, respectively. A direct correlation was observed between the temperature of the seal, the level of the restoring force after compressing and heating the seal, and the drop-off characteristics of the restoring force. It was found that in our test device the force level immediately after reaching the respective temperature is lower for higher seal temperatures, while the drop rate of the restoring force is higher. This paper describes the experimental setting and discusses first results in comparison with our long-term discontinuous measurements.
T2 - 21st International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials - PATRAM 2025
CY - San Antonio, TX, USA
DA - 27.07.2025
KW - Long-Term Safety Assessment
KW - Extended Interim Storage
KW - Metal Seal Aging
KW - Restoring Force Degradation
KW - Temperature-Dependent Performance
PY - 2025
VL - 2025
SP - 1
EP - 10
CY - Indianapolis, IN, USA
AN - OPUS4-63881
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sachse, René
T1 - Operando electrochemical spectroscopic ellipsometry: Material properties of highly active mesoporous IrO IrOxfilms revealed under realistic OER conditions
N2 - Rising energy demand and the impending climate change require the development of a sustainable, fossil-free fuel and chemical production on a global scale. Hydrogen production via water electrolysis will be a fundamental cornerstone in this endeavor. The activity and stability of respective electrode coatings strongly depends on the coating's properties, i.e. phase composition, crystallinity, electrical conductivity, accessible surface, wettability and many other factors. The key to the development of improved catalysts is a better understanding of the relations between their performance, stability and physicochemical properties. However, those relations can be complex, and are strongly influenced also by the reaction environment. Hence, operando analysis of the catalyst material during catalysis at realistic potentials and current densities is highly desirable. Yet, many analytical techniques cannot be applied in liquid environments at realistic potentials and current densities.
We propose environmental ellipsometric analysis in a dedicated electrochemical flow cell as a new method to evaluate gas evolution reactions operando under realistic working conditions. Figure 1 illustrates schematically the developed technique. Key factors to success are highly active model-type catalysts with template-controlled porosity, a suitable sample environment, a deep understanding of the spectroscopic method and respective model development, as well as concise cross validation with numerous other analytical techniques.
The method was developed and validated by analyzing a calcination series (300 - 600°C) of mesoporous templated IrOx films ex-situ and operando under oxygen evolution reaction (OER) conditions. The employed environmental electrochemical spectroscopic ellipsometric analysis (ECSE) revealed during OER the change of optical and electronic properties, i.e. the dielectric functions (real ε1 and imaginary part ε2), electrical and electronic properties such as resistivity (ρ) and band-to-band transitions (p-d band transitions). Film thickness and porosity were validated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray reflectometry (XRR) or ellipsometric porosimetry (EP), electrical and electronic properties by means of conductivity measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) or UV-Vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy. The electronic structures of the catalysts from valence electron energy loss spectra (VEELS) derived from the real (ε1) and imaginary part (ε2) of the dielectric function from SE measurements reveal a direct correlation with electrochemical activities in OER.
In the presentation reversible and irreversible potential-dependent changes of the catalyst properties during operation will be discussed along with the dynamics of gas formation, transport and dissolution
T2 - E MRS 2021 SPRING MEETING
CY - Online meeting
DA - 31.05.2021
KW - Spectroscopic ellipsometry
KW - Ectrocatalysis
KW - Oxygen evolution reaction
KW - Mesoporous iridium oxide films
KW - Non-destructive operando analysis
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52929
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
T1 - Long-Term Performance of Elastomer seals - From Aging Tests to Lifetime Estimations
N2 - Elastomers show a high versatility which makes them ideal materials for sealing applications in various fields. Especially under changing application conditions the high recovery potential of this class of material is beneficial to compensate temperature or pressure fluctuation, and geometrical changes resulting from mechanical loads in e.g. accident conditions. Out of these reasons elastomers are also used in containers for low and intermediate level radioactive waste and for spent fuel transportation casks. In cask designed for low and intermediate level waste elastomer seals can act as primary seal responsible for the containment function whereas in spent fuel storage and transportation casks (dual purpose casks (DPC)) elastomer seals are used as auxiliary seals to allow leakage rate measurements of metal barrier seals. An inherent prerequisite for this kind of application is the long time-scale of operation without or with limited possibility of seal replacement. In Germany an interim storage license for DPC`s is typically issued for 40 years, a timeframe which might increase in future due to challenges of the final repository siting procedure. For low and intermediate level waste, also long time periods are required before final disposal can be achieved. Therefore, the performance of elastomer seals over extended time periods is, as for other applications, of high importance.
A typical approach to ensure long-term functionality is to perform accelerated aging tests to calculate an estimated lifetime by assuming e.g. Arrhenius like equations for the time-temperature relationship. This approach requires a suitable end of life criterion considering the application of interest. This often can represent a challenge on its own.
As BAM is involved in most of the cask licensing procedures and especially responsible for the evaluation of cask-related long-term safety issues we initiated several test programs for investigating the behavior of elastomer seals. Experiments concerning the low temperature performance down to -40°C and the influence of gamma irradiation have been started first. Currently the thermal aging behavior of elastomer seals, which is the topic of this contribution, is examined.
For our aging investigations we use a broad approach to first determine the property changes in different elastomer materials due to thermo-oxidative aging at elevated temperatures and secondly we test how the typical methods of lifetime extrapolation can be applied to these results. This approach enables us to detect and exclude undesired side effects which very often influence lifetime estimations. In this contribution, our recent results are discussed.
T2 - ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference 2018
CY - Prague, Czech Republic
DA - 15.07.2018
KW - Seal
KW - Rubber
KW - Degradation
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-45923
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Grelle, Tobias
T1 - Investigation of the time and temperature dependent behavior of metal seals in radioactive waste containers
N2 - The Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) runs an investigation program on the long-term behavior of multi-component metal seals. Such seals are used in a wide area of applications including transport and storage casks for spent nuclear fuel and high level radioactive waste. The seal function is mainly based on the compression of the inner helical spring, which generates the necessary seal force to keep the sealing surfaces in close contact. This in turn leads to a plastic deformation of the outer jacket of the seal, comprised of highly ductile aluminum or silver that adapts to the sealing surfaces of cask body and bolted lid, thus providing high level leak tightness. In Germany, those casks are licensed for interim storage periods of up to 40 years or more if extended interim storage would become necessary before a final repository is available. Thus, the sealing performance has to be evaluated, including factors like elevated temperature due to decay heat or mechanical loads due to transport under normal as well as accident conditions. Long-term investigations at BAM have been running over the last nine years to identify and evaluate the seal performance by measuring the remaining seal force, the useable resilience and the leakage rate after various time intervals at temperatures ranging from room temperature up to 150 °C. It was found that the seal force and useable resilience decrease with time and temperature, caused by creep deformation of the outer jacket. In order to obtain an analytical description for the seal behavior and to achieve more information on the material behavior under application conditions a comprehensive investigation program with focus on aluminum as outer jacket material was launched. The program includes material investigations such as compression and tension creep tests with representative basic materials. An additional test setup allows for the continuous measurement of the remaining seal force at temperatures of up to 150 °C. Furthermore, seal segments are compressed and stored in heating chambers, thus producing segments at different stages of the aging process. The segments are investigated regarding the development of the contact area width, jacket thickness and microstructural changes. This data will be used to develop material models and an analytical description of the time and temperature dependent long-term sealing behavior. This paper explains the current status of gained test results and modelling approaches and closes with an outlook to the future project plans.
T2 - ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference
CY - Prague, Czech Republic
DA - 15.07.2018
KW - Metal seal
KW - Creep
KW - Long-term behavior
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-45848
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
T1 - Chemical analyses of ps-laser generated LIPSS and Spikes on titanium alloy by HAXPES, XPS, and depth-profiling TOF-SIMS
N2 - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) and their combination with self-ordered microstructures forming hierarchical Spikes enable a large variety of different surface functionalizations for applications in the fields of optics, fluidics, tribology, or medicine. Moreover, high spatial frequency LIPSS (HSFL) provide an appealing and straightforward way for surface nanostructuring featuring spatial periods even below 100 nm – far beyond the optical diffraction limit. However, the imposed surface functionalities are usually caused by both, topographic and chemical surface alterations. For exploring these effects in detail, multi-method characterizations were performed here for HSFL and hierarchical Spikes processed on Ti-6Al-4V alloy upon irradiation with near-infrared ps-laser pulses (1030 nm wavelength, ~1 ps pulse duration, 1 – 400 kHz pulse repetition rate) under different laser and scan processing conditions. The following sample characterization involved morphological and topographical investigations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), stylus profilometry (SP), and white light interference microscopy (WLIM), as well as near-surface chemical analyses by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) and depth-profiling time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). The results allow to qualify the laser ablation depth, the geometrical HSFL/Spikes characteristics and provide detailed insights into the depth extent and the nature of the ps-laser-induced near-surface oxidation arising from the laser-processing in ambient air and into the relevance of heat-accumulation effects at high pulse repetition rates. Moreover, the direct comparison of the HAXPES and XPS data reveals the role of surface-covering organic contaminants adsorbed from the ambient atmosphere without the uncertainties and potential sputter reduction potentially caused by ion-sputter depth profiling.
T2 - 11th International LIPSS Workshop
CY - Madrid, Spain
DA - 27.09.2023
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Ultrafast laser processing
KW - Hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES)
KW - Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS)
KW - Ti6Al4V alloy
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58532
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Rossi, Andrea
A1 - Alladio, Eugenio
A1 - Drobne, Damjana
A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan
A1 - Jurkschat, Kerstin
A1 - Kononenko, Veno
A1 - Madbouly, Loay Akmal
A1 - Mrkwitschka, Paul
A1 - Novak, Sara
A1 - Radnik, Jörg
A1 - Saje, Špela
A1 - Santalucia, Rosangela
A1 - Sordello, Fabrizio
A1 - Pellegrino, Francesco
T1 - Development of a one-pot synthesis of rGO in water by optimizing Tour’s method parameters
N2 - Since its first synthesis in 2004, graphene has been widely studied and several different synthesis methods has been developed. Solvent exfoliation of graphite and the reduction of graphene oxide previously obtained through graphite oxidation are the most employed. In this work, we exploited synthesis conditions of a method usually employed for obtaining graphene oxide (the Tour’s method) for directly obtaining a very poorly oxidised material with characteristics like reduced graphene oxide. For the first time, a one-pot synthesis of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is reported avoiding the use of a post-synthesis chemical or thermal reduction of the graphene oxide that requires further reagents, heat and time.
KW - Graphene
KW - 2D-materials
KW - Tour's method
KW - rGO
KW - One-pot synthesis
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-611827
DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-73606-2
SN - 2045-2322
VL - 14
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - Springer Nature
CY - London
AN - OPUS4-61182
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Liu, Yung
A1 - Völzke, Holger
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
T1 - Cooperation in Advanced Technologies Associated with the Back End of Nuclear Fuel Cycle
N2 - A Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between Argonne National Laboratory (Argonne) and the German Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) was signed in October 2014. Its objectives are to promote cooperation among scientists and specialists at Argonne and BAM and establish a framework for collaboration in advanced technologies associated with the back end of the nuclear fuel cycle. Collaborative activities involving Argonne and BAM may be implemented through the promotion of joint research activities and scientific workshops and conferences; exchange of technical information; and visits by scientists, specialists, and graduate, postgraduate, and Ph.D. students. The MOU was renewed in January 2020 for another five years. Highlights of the progress and achievements are provided in identified topical areas for collaboration on ageing management guidance, storage, transportation and disposal R&D, joint conference activities, and conclude with the benefits of the MOU in fostering Argonne and BAM collaboration.
T2 - 26th International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology - SMiRT 26
CY - Potsdam, Germany
DA - 10.07.2022
KW - Nuclear fuel cycle
KW - Back end
KW - Spent fuel performance
KW - Storage
KW - Transportation
PY - 2022
SP - 1
EP - 10
AN - OPUS4-55861
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Roohbakhshan, Farshad
T1 - Dislocation-based modeling of high temperature deformation and fatigue in P92 ferritic-martensitic steels
N2 - The employment of renewable energy resources, which are naturally intermittent, for electricity generation has altered the working conditions of conventional power plants from continuous (baseload) to cyclic or flexible operation. For a long time, 9-12% Cr ferritic-martensitic stainless steels have been widely used in power plants due to their favorable characteristics such as high creep strength at high temperatures and oxidation and corrosion resistance. The components of power plants are subjected to long term cyclic loadings including fatigue and creep-fatigue at high temperatures. As ferritic-martensitic steels are known to exhibit cyclic softening when subjected to such loading scenarios, it is crucial to study the material response in such conditions. Since it is impossible to test the material behavior exactly as the operation conditions of power plants, due to technical difficulties and cost issues, it is necessary to develop physically-based material models that can predict the material behavior in more realistic situations.
In recent years, many material models have been proposed to describe the behavior of 9-12% Cr ferritic-martensitic stainless steels, which follow phenomenological or physically-based approaches. Phenomenological models provide a stress-strain relation based on empirical observations although they usually lack physical background. To alleviate this drawback and to allow for more flexibility and wider ranges of strain-rate and temperature, physically-based models are suggested. In this approach, microstructural evolution, dislocation movement and/or kinetics of plastic deformation processes are included. The physically-based models allow for a better extrapolation from the experiment results to other operation conditions and their material constants can be interpreted physically. Compared to the former approach, the material behavior can be described more accurately and flexibly and the number of material constants is less in general. In the presented work, the existing micromechanical models developed for P92 steel are compared and extended to allow for new dislocation-based strengthening/cyclic mechanisms. Their performance is assessed in the light of mechanical test data from creep-fatigue and thermo-mechanical fatigue experiments and detailed characterizations of the microstructure evolution in the fatigued material.
T2 - 12th International Fatigue Congress
CY - Poitiers, France
DA - 27.05.2018
KW - 9-12% Cr ferritic-martensitic steels
KW - Cyclic softening
KW - Micromechanical model
KW - Microstructural evolution
KW - P92 steels
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-47101
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kömmling, Anja
T1 - Ageing and lifetime prediction of O-ring seals made of HNBR, EPDM and FKM
N2 - BAM is the federal institute for materials research and testing in Germany. One of our tasks is to evaluate the safety of casks designed for transport and/or storage of radioactive waste. As elastomeric seals are used in the containers as safety-relevant parts, it is our goal to be able to evaluate the service lifetime of the seals with regard to the requirements for long-term safety (40 years and more) of the containers. For this reason, an accelerated ageing programme with selected rubbers often used for seals (HNBR, EPDM and FKM) was started. Ageing was performed at four different temperatures (75 °C, 100 °C, 125 °C and 150 °C) for up to 2 years. For assessing properties related to the sealability, O-rings were aged in compression by 25 % (corresponding to the compression during service) between plates. For comparison, uncompressed O-rings were aged as well. The aged materials were characterized with conventional polymer analysis methods such as hardness and tensile tests, but also with more seal-specific methods such as compression stress relaxation (CSR, reflecting the loss of sealing force of a compressed seal over time), and compression set (CS, representing the recovery behaviour of a seal after release from compression). CS is chosen as the property for lifetime prediction as it is both sensitive to degradation and related to the seal performance. CS data is extrapolated to 60 °C, which yields lifetimes of approximately 5 years for HNBR and 64 years for EPDM for a criterion of 85 % CS respectively, and approx. 40 years for FKM for a criterion of 65 % CS (the highest value measured so far).
T2 - Kautschuk Herbst Kolloquium / Fall Rubber Colloquium 2016
CY - Hanover, Germany
DA - 22.11.2016
KW - Rubber
KW - Compression set
KW - Extrapolation
KW - Leakage
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-38480
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Jürgens, Maria
T1 - Betriebsnahe LCF- und TMF-Untersuchungen an ferritsch-martensitischen Chromstählen
N2 - Betriebsnahe LCF- und TMF-Untersuchungen an P92, Vorstellung erster Versuchsergebnisse
T2 - DVM Arbeitskreis Bauteilverhalten bei thermomechanischer Ermüdung
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 06.04.2017
KW - P92
KW - TMF
KW - LCF
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-39831
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GOVDOC
A1 - Sterthaus, Jens
T1 - Leitlinie für numerisch geführte Sicherheitsnachweise im Rahmen der Bauartprüfung von Behältern für den Transport von radioaktiven Stoffen
N2 - Die Leitlinie dient der Unterstützung der Qualitätssicherung bei der Erstellung, Kontrolle und Beurteilung von Sicherheitsnachweisen, die auf einer numerischen Analyse von Problemstellungen basieren, welche zum Prüf- und Begutachtungsumfang von Behälterbauarten für den Transport radioaktiver Stoffe gehören. Sie soll insbesondere die Grundlage für die korrekte Durchführung der numerischen Analysen nach dem Stand der Technik bilden und die Prüfbarkeit des numerischen Sicherheitsnachweises unterstützen. Ihre Anwendung soll die Nachvollziehbarkeit des Berechnungsganges und der den Berechnungen zugrundeliegenden Voraussetzungen und Annahmen gewährleisten.
KW - Simulation
KW - Berechnung
KW - FEM
KW - Numerisch geführter Nachweis
KW - Verifikation
KW - Validierung
KW - Dokumentation
KW - Qualitätssicherung
KW - Bewertung
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-652145
VL - BAM-GGR 008
SP - 1
EP - 17
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
ET - Revision 1
AN - OPUS4-65214
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GOVDOC
A1 - Sterthaus, Jens
T1 - Guideline for numerical safety analyses in the context of type approval of packages for the transport of radioactive material
N2 - The guideline serves to support quality assurance in preparation, control and assessment of safety cases based on a numerical analysis of problems that are part of the scope of testing and assessment of package designs for the transport of radioactive materials. In particular, it is intended to form the basis for the correct performance of numerical analyses in accordance with the state of the art and to support the verifiability of the numerical safety case. Its application should ensure the traceability of the calculation procedure and the preconditions and assumptions on which the calculations are based.
KW - Simulation
KW - FEM
KW - Assessment
KW - Verification
KW - Validation
KW - Documentation
KW - Calculation
KW - Quality assurance
KW - Numerically verified proof
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-652167
VL - BAM-GGR 008
SP - 1
EP - 16
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
ET - Revision 1
AN - OPUS4-65216
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Jürgens, Maria
T1 - Creep fatigue behavior of P91/P92
N2 - 9-12% Cr ferritic-martensitic stainless steels are widely used as high temperature construction materials in power plants due to their excellent creep resistance and good oxidation resistance. Creep resistance is considered as the primary parameter in material selection for base-load power plants, but the growing share of renewable energy sources in power generation forces many installations into more "flexible" operation with frequent load reductions and shutdowns. Under cyclic operation of power plants, temperature gradients occur especially in thick-walled components. Locally, these gradients lead to complex time- and temperature-dependent loading scenarios which may result in superimposed creep deformation/damage, creep-fatigue and thermo-mechanical fatigue. The combination of different damage processes may seriously reduce the lifetimes of respective components. A fundamental understanding of the damage evolution in ferritic-martensitic steels under combined static and cyclic loading is therefore required.
In the present contribution, the creep-fatigue behavior of two different 9% Cr steel grades (P91 and P92) was investigated. Standard creep-tests as well as LCF/TMF tests with hold time have been carried out to study the material behavior of the new loading scenarios. Microstructural investigations help to identify the observed deformation characteristics and the dominating damage mechanisms under different loads. The test programme is complemented by cyclic creep-tests (temperature change) and creep-tests under atmospheres. In a next step, the experimental results will be used for parameter identification of a deformation and lifetime model to predict the material behavior.
T2 - ECCC 2017
CY - Düsseldorf, Germany
DA - 10.09.2017
KW - Near-service testing
KW - Power plant
KW - Ferritic-martensitic steels
KW - P91
KW - P92
KW - Creep-Fatigue
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-42269
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
T1 - Ageing under Hydrogen: effects on O-ring seals
N2 - In this work we present results for three typical sealing materials (EPDM, HNBR, FKM) after up to 100 days ageing at high temperature under hydrogen. To allow for a better evaluation of the occurring changes the results are compared with effects of ageing in air on the material properties. Despite the common assumption that ageing under hydrogen atmosphere is expected to be less severe for the material in com-parison to air ageing, this is not seen for every material.
T2 - Technomer 2023
CY - Chemnitz, Germany
DA - 09.11.2023
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Ageing
KW - Seal
KW - Compression set
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58818
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - THES
A1 - Jürgens, Maria
T1 - Verhalten des hochwarmfesten Stahles P92 unter zyklischen thermo-mechanischen Bedingungen in lastflexiblen Dampfkraftwerken
N2 - Die Erzeugung von Erneuerbaren Energien unterliegt starken Schwankungen, die von konventionellen Kraftwerken ausgeglichen werden müssen, um das Stromnetz stabil zu halten. Für die konventionellen Kraftwerke bedeutet dies eine zunehmend zyklische Fahrweise, die zu häufigeren Last- und Temperaturwechseln führt. Von den eingesetzten Werkstoffen fehlen Daten zum Verhalten unter zyklischer Fahrweise. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es daher, für P92, einen als Rohrleitungswerkstoff eingesetzten hochwarmfesten Stahl, zu untersuchen, welche Auswirkungen zyklische Fahrweisen auf die Schädigungsprozesse und Lebensdauern haben.
Da durch den zyklischen Betrieb eine verstärkte Schädigung durch Ermüdungsprozesse zu erwarten ist, wurden dehnungskontrollierte isotherme (LCF) und nicht-isotherme (TMF) Ermüdungsversuche mit und ohne Haltezeit bei verschiedenen Temperaturen bzw. Temperaturintervallen durchgeführt. Mit den Haltezeitversuchen soll dabei das Kriech-Ermüdungs-Verhalten untersucht werden. Bei den TMF-Versuchen wurde zusätzlich die Temperaturrate variiert, um näher an den realen Lastwechselgeschwindigkeiten zu prüfen. Schließlich wurden auf Basis der durchgeführten LCF- und TMF-Versuche betriebsnahe Versuchsprozeduren entwickelt, um unterschiedliche Betriebsmodi in einem Versuch abzubilden.
Die durchgeführten mechanischen Versuche stellen eine umfangreiche Basis zu Ermüdungsdaten an P92 dar. Neben der Abhängigkeit der Lebensdauer von Temperatur, Temperaturintervall und –rate, sowie Dehnung und Haltezeit, konnte auch das Entfestigungsverhalten genauer charakterisiert werden. Sowohl Haltezeiten als auch das Reduzieren der Temperaturrate können die Lebensdauer erheblich verringern. Dabei kommt es gerade bei vermeintlich kleinen Dehnungen, bei denen die Streckgrenze nur leicht überschritten wird, zu einer Lebensdauerreduzierung. Haltezeiten verstärken zudem die zyklische Entfestigung. Die fraktographische Analyse der Proben hat ergeben, dass es keinen direkten Zusammenhang zwischen der Entfestigung und der Bildung von Nebenrissen gibt. Stattdessen zeigen EBSD- und TEM-Untersuchungen, dass es zur Bildung einer Subkornstruktur kommt und die Entfestigung auf dem Verschwinden von Kleinwinkelkorngrenzen beruht. Während bei den LCF-Proben eine reine Ermüdungsschädigung vorliegt, konnte bei einigen TMF-Proben eine kriechdominierende Schädigung nachgewiesen werden. Die betriebsnahen Zyklen zeigen, dass sich mit den durchgeführten Versuchen das reale Betriebsverhalten gut abschätzen lässt. Da es jedoch auch Parameterkombinationen gibt, bei denen keine Änderung des Entfestigungs- und Lebensdauerverhaltens auftritt, sollte genau bekannt sein, welche Belastungen in einem Bauteil auftreten.
KW - P92
KW - LCF
KW - TMF
KW - Energiewende
KW - Kriechermüdung
KW - Energy transition
KW - Creep-fatigue
PY - 2020
DO - https://doi.org/10.14279/depositonce-10538
SP - 1
EP - 144
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-51571
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
T1 - Requirements for the use of elastomer seals in casks for final disposal of low and intermediate level waste
N2 - Elastomer seals are widely used as barrier seals in containers for low and intermediate level radioactive waste and in some countries for spent fuel transportation casks. Depending on the area of use, the rubber materials have to demonstrate proper sealing performance with regard to mechanical, thermal and environmental conditions as well as irradiation during the entire operation period.
In Germany the low and intermediate level radioactive waste is planned to be disposed in the Konrad repository in standardized containers. Many of these containers use an elastomer seal between lid and container body. Depending on the radiactive inventory and a possible containment of the waste in inner barrels and/or concrete structures, such containers may require a specific leak tightness. In such cases, specified leakage rates are shall not be exceeded by the the seals to keep potential activity releases from the inventories well below defined limits.
Generally, all waste containers have to fulfill the waste acceptance criteria for the Konrad repository as defined by the reports BfS SE-IB-29/08 and SE-IB-30/08. From these criteria several requirements for seal performance are derived. The seals have to:
- ensure full functionality until final container disposal,
- maintain its function in case of a thermal or mechanical accident,
- ensure encapsulation also at -20 °C.
This combination of requirements is challenging especially as a seal exchange, which is typical for many other applications, is hardly possible and thus a sound understanding of how to perform safety evaluation of containers is required. Therefore BAM has initiated investigations on elastomer seal behaviour. This work focuses on low temperature behaviour and sealing performance concerning static conditions as well as partial loss of compression and ageing of elastomer seals. Concerning ageing, property changes caused by long-term thermooxidative conditions as well as gamma irradiation are investigated.
This contribution presents an overview and explanation of the aims of the ongoing research and gives an update of the most relevant results.
T2 - 13th International Symposium "Conditioning of Radioactive Operational & Decomissioning Wastes"
CY - Dresden, Germany
DA - 22.03.2017
KW - Disposal
KW - Konrad repository
KW - Seal
KW - Ageing
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-39868
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
T1 - Comparison of Ageing Behavior of O-Ring Seals Under Hydrogen and Air
N2 - Elastomeric seals are essential components in the infrastructure which prevent leakage of gas and ensure proper function of technical devices and are therefore highly safety relevant. For proper function a remaining resilience and tolerance to pressure changes is required.
The ageing of elastomers is an undesirable but inevitable process leading to a limited lifetime of rubber products such as seals. Independent of the application, as e.g. automotive, piping or container applications, a long lifetime or at least a timely exchange of a seal before occurrence of critical failure is desired.
Hydrogen is a key element for the energy turnaround and therefore the compatibility of seals with hydrogen is essential. In addition to the effect of hydrogen uptake and release, which might also cause destructive effects such as rapid gas decompression, ageing at high temperature under hydrogen atmosphere is of interest too. Most of the existing work is addressing the performance of new materials and comprises only very limited investigations concerning long-term use and the behaviour of aged materials in contact with hydrogen. As ageing can lead to substantial changes of material properties, it must be evaluated whether these changes are beneficial or deteriorating for the component function.
In this work we present and compare results of the characterization of three sealing materials (EPDM, HNBR, FKM) after ageing at high temperature under hydrogen and air. Despite the common assumption that ageing under hydrogen atmosphere should be less severe for the material in comparison to air ageing, this is not the case for every material.
T2 - ASME PVP2025, Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference
CY - Montreal, Canada
DA - 20.07.2025
KW - Aging
KW - Seal
KW - Compression set
KW - Atomic force microscopy
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63888
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Jaunich, Matthias
T1 - Elastomerdichtungen für Wasserstoffanwendungen - Vergleich des Alterungsverhaltens in Luft und Wasserstoff
N2 - In diesem Beitrag soll ein Fokus auf das Alterungsverhalten von Elastomerdichtungen unter Wasserstoff gelegt werden. Hierfür wurden Untersuchungen bei einem mittleren Wasserstoffdruck über Alterungszeiten von bis zu 100 Tagen durchgeführt. Das Alterungsverhalten wird im Vergleich der Alterungseffekte unter thermooxidativen Bedingungen betrachtet und bewertet.
Die Annahme, dass der Alterungseffekt unter Wasserstoff stets weniger ausgeprägt ist als an Luft bestätigt sich nicht durch die Ergebnisse.
T2 - 4. O-Ring-Forum der Firma ISGATEC
CY - Bad Schönborn, Germany
DA - 15.05.2025
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Dichtung
KW - Thermische Alterung
KW - Elastomer
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63135
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schiaroli, Alice
A1 - Camplese, Davide
A1 - Scarponi, Giordano Emrys
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
A1 - Ustolin, Federico
A1 - Cozzani, Valerio
T1 - Modelling the behaviour of cryogenic liquid hydrogen tanks engulfed in fire
N2 - The safe use of liquid hydrogen as a clean fuel requires a deep understanding of its behaviour in accident scenarios. Among other scenarios, the possible involvement of cryogenic liquid hydrogen tanks in engulfing fires is of particular concern, due to the potentially severe consequences. This study proposes a computational fluid dynamic model suitable to simulate the behaviour of liquid hydrogen tanks equipped with multi-layer insulation (MLI) engulfed in fire. An original approach has been developed to assess the progressive degradation of the performance of the thermal insulation, that is crucial in determining the tank pressurization and failure. The model is validated against full-scale experimental fire tests. The outcomes of the model reproduce the progressive pressurization and the opening time of the pressure relief valve within 2 % error. The results demonstrate the importance of accounting for the dynamic evolution of the progressive degradation of the insulation when evaluating tank pressurization, and they highlight the limitations of empirical, simplified state-of-the-art approaches. Furthermore, the analysis evidences the key role of the fire temperature in governing tank response, stressing the need for proper fire characterization to support reliable modelling of fire scenarios and the development of emergency planning and mitigation strategies ensuring the structural integrity of liquid hydrogen tanks during fire attacks.
KW - LH2
KW - LNG
KW - Fire
KW - Tank
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-652920
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2025.108319
SN - 0957-5820
VL - 206
SP - 1
EP - 14
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-65292
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Müller, Kai
T1 - ToF-SIMS as a new tool for nano-scale investigation of ps-laser generated surface structures on Titanium substrates
N2 - The fabrication of laser-generated surface structures on titanium and titanium alloys has recently gained remarkable interests, being technologically relevant for applications in optics, medicine, fluid transport, tribology, and wetting of surfaces. The morphology of these structures, and so their chemistry, is influenced by the different laser processing parameters such as the laser fluence, wavelength, pulse repetition rate, the effective number of laser pulses per beam spot area, etc. A simple way to characterize laser-generated surface structures is by means of optical microscopy (OM) or white light interference microscopy (WLIM). The latter can address the surface topography, while having a lateral resolution limit of ~(lambda)/2 (lambda = illumination wavelength). To resolve morphologies with spatial periods significantly smaller than (lambda)/2, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is often used, taking benefit of the reduced de Broglie wavelength associated to the electrons of several keV energy. However, all the above-mentioned techniques lack the necessary depth-resolution to reveal and quantify sub-surface material modifications of these laser-generated structures. Time-of-Flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) represents a promising surface analytical technique for studying laser-induced chemical surface alterations since the method combines a high surface sensitivity with the capability to perform a depth-profiling of the laser-affected surface zone. In this study we combine WLIM and high-resolution SEM with ToF-SIMS to fully characterize the evolution of various types of laser-generated micro- and nanostructures formed on Ti-6Al-4V alloys upon irradiation by near infrared ultrashort laser pulses (1030 nm, 925 fs) at different laser fluence levels, effective number of pulses, and at different pulse repetition rates (1 – 400 kHz). We show how this combined surface analytical approach allows to evaluate alterations in the surface chemistry and topography of the laser-generated surface structures depending on the laser processing parameters
T2 - ECASIA 2022
CY - Limerick, Ireland
DA - 29.05.2022
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures
KW - Time of Flight - Secondary ion mass spectrometry
KW - White light interferometric microscopy
KW - Titanium alloy
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-54992
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan
T1 - Measurement of the Lateral Size of Graphene Oxide Flakes by SEM
N2 - The progress of the VAMAS interlaboratory comparison Project P13 "Lateral size of graphene oxide flakes by SEM" within the Technical Working Area 41 "Graphene and Related 2D Materials" is presented. The challenges at sample preparation on substrates for accurate measurement and image analysis as well as two different analysis approaches, containing exact guidance how to measure the main descriptors for the lateral size measurement of the imaged graphene oxide flakes with Scanning Electron Microscopy are highlighted. The size and shape distributions as measured by 17 laboratories are showed expressed in size and shape descriptors extracted from SEM images by using two proposed measurement approaches.
The implementation of the results into the corresponding ISO technical specification AWI/TS 23879 is discussed and planned, in relation with the AFM part.
T2 - ISO/TC 229 Nanotechnologies Meeting Week
CY - Stockholm, Sweden
DA - 19.05.2025
KW - Graphene oxide
KW - Interlaboratory comparison
KW - SEM
KW - Lateral size
KW - VAMAS
KW - ISO/TC 229 Nanotechnologies
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63189
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Sachse, René
A1 - Moor, Maëlle
A1 - Kraehnert, Ralph
A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan
A1 - Hertwig, Andreas
T1 - Ellipsometry-based approach for the characterization of mesoporous thin films for H2 technologies
N2 - Porous thin layer materials are gaining importance in different fields of technology and pose a challenge to the accurate determination of materials properties important for their function. In this work, we demonstrate a hybrid measurement technique using ellipsometry together with other independent methods for validation. Ellipsometry provides information about the porosity of different mesoporous films (PtRuNP/OMC = 45%; IrOx = 46%) as well as about the pore size (pore radius of ca. 5 nm for PtRuNP/OMC). In addition, the electronic structure of a material, such as intraband transitions of a mesoporous IrOx film, can be identified, which can be used to better understand the mechanisms of chemical processes. In addition, we show that ellipsometry can be used as a scalable imaging and visualization method for quality assurance in production. These require accurate and traceable measurements, with reference materials playing an important role that include porosity and other related properties. We show that our novel analytical methods are useful for improving analytical work in this entire field.
KW - Porous materials
KW - Electrolysis
KW - Spectroscopic ellipsometry
KW - Hybrid metrology measurement
KW - Electron microscopy
PY - 2021
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202101320
SP - 1
EP - 17
PB - Wiley-VCH
AN - OPUS4-53960
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Matthews, Lauren
T1 - Rapid Desease Monitoring with Resistive-Pulse Sensing in Nanopipettes
N2 - Following parts of the research project as proceeded at University of Birminngham are presented: Translocation, Experiments, Synthesis of DNA Structures, Antibody, Biomarker, Binding. Following works have been carried out at BAM: High Resolution Electron Microscopy, Dedicated Sample Preparation, Surface Analysis Methods.
T2 - UoB-BAM Chemistry Theme Meeting
CY - Online meeting
DA - 15.05.2024
KW - Nanopipettes
KW - Sensing
KW - Diagnosis
KW - Surface analysis
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60451
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan
T1 - Physical-chemical Characterization of Graphene-Related 2D Materials: Development of Approaches for Reliable Quantification
N2 - An accurate characterisation of the morphological, structural, and chemical properties of nano and advanced materials is key for the understanding of the material functionality and constitutes the basis for future optimisation or even prediction of the product performance. Further, the correlation of the physical-chemical properties with results from biological testing leads to an understanding of the potential toxicological effects so that a minimisation of the materials risks becomes possible.
The presentation will highlight with examples the importance of the selection of the relevant parameters/descriptors and particularly their measurement for the reliable characterisation of the morphology, structure, and chemistry of graphene-related 2D-materials (GR2M’s) [1-3]. One crucial aspect is also one of most challenging ones in the characterisation chain: the proper sample preparation, which shall be tailored to the accurate measurement of the defined analytical parameter. Practical examples of measurement of morphological descriptors of GR2M’s, such as equivalent circular diameter (ECD), minimum and maximum Feret, and aspect ratio with electron microscopy, or of the thickness with atomic force microscopy (AFM) will be showed, together with quantitative chemical characterisation with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and, newly, with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy with a scanning electron microscope (SEM/EDX) [4] by evaluating accurately the elemental content as the ratio of O/C and the composition of impurities.
Another relevant, but challenging part of the characterisation of GR2M’s, particularly as the final products containing mostly low amounts of GR2M’s, is the analysis of homogeneity of the chemical composition by sensitive imaging methods. Examples of successful analysis with secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), even if not quantitative, will be showed.
T2 - SaferWorldbyDesign Webinars
CY - Online meeting
DA - 25.03.2025
KW - Graphene-related 2D materials
KW - Standardisation
KW - Interlaboratory comparison
KW - Physico-chemical characterisation
PY - 2025
UR - https://saferworldbydesign.com/webinars/
AN - OPUS4-62791
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan
T1 - Measurement of Lateral Dimensions of Particles & Flakes (2D) by Imaging Methods
N2 - An overview with the basics of size and shape measurement of particles and 2D structures according to established methodologies (and popular imaging processing software packages) with imaging techniques is given. Main descriptors are explained based on practical cases are determined interactively at the flipchart.
T2 - MaterialsWeek 2024
CY - Limassol, Cyprus
DA - 17.06.2024
KW - Nanoparticles
KW - 2D materials
KW - Lateral dimensions
KW - ISO
KW - Imaging
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60454
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Stengel, Dominik
A1 - Thiele, K.
T1 - Measurements of downburst wind loading acting on an overhead transmission line in Northern Germany
N2 - Along an overhead transmission line in Northern Germany, a unique instrumentation of anemometers and force measurements is installed. Details of this test line with wind measurements along a horizontal axis are given. A recent event of a presumable downburst wind event is analyzed by means of available data and precedent works on thunderstorm analysis. The measured response of the conductors at the suspension tower is investigated and compared with time domain simulation of a finite element model.
T2 - X International Conference on Structural Dynamics, EURODYN 2017
CY - Rome, Italy
DA - 10.09.2017
KW - Non-synoptic wind event
KW - Downburst
KW - Overhead transmission line
KW - Finite element method
PY - 2017
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-421239
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.09.578
SN - 1877-7058
VL - 199
IS - Supplement C
SP - 3152
EP - 3157
PB - Elsevier
AN - OPUS4-42123
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mitzscherling, Steffen
A1 - Barth, Enrico
A1 - Götschel, S.
A1 - Homann, Tobias
A1 - Prager, Jens
A1 - Weiser, M.
T1 - Verbesserung und Qualifizierung der Ultraschallprüfung von Mischnähten im Primärkreis von KKW
N2 - Die im Primärkreislauf von Kernkraftwerken anzutreffenden austenitischen Schweiß- und Mischnähte sind nicht nur extrem sicherheitsrelevant, sondern stellen auch sehr hohe Anforderungen an die Materialprüfung. Neben der eingeschränkten Zugänglichkeit ist das makroskopische Gefüge der Schweißnaht für die Prüfung mit Ultraschall von höchster Bedeutung.
Um Materialfehler zuverlässig in Position und Größe bestimmen zu können, müssen die Kornorientierungen und die elastischen Konstanten des anisotropen Schweißnahtgefüges bekannt sein. Für die bildgebende Darstellung möglicher Materialfehler kommen folgende Arbeitsschritte zum Einsatz: Zunächst wird die Schweißnaht durchschallt, um mit einem inversen Verfahren wichtige Schweißnahtparameter wie beispielsweise die Kornorientierung bestimmen zu können. Auf der Basis dieser Parameter werden im nächsten Schritt die Schallwege mittels Raytracing (RT) simuliert. Zuletzt werden dieser RT-Simulation die Messdaten (A-Scans) von verschiedenen Sender- und Empfängerpositionen zugeordnet und nach der SAFT-Methode (Synthetic Aperature Focusing Technique) zeitaufgelöst überlagert. Die Kombination aus inversem Verfahren, RT und SAFT gewährleistet auch in anisotropen Werkstoffen eine ortsrichtige Visualisierung der Fehler.
Wir erläutern diese drei Verfahren und stellen die Prüfanordnung von Prüfkörpern mit künstlichen Testfehlern vor. Messdaten sowie deren Auswertung werden mit den Ergebnissen einer CIVA-Simulation verglichen.
T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2017
CY - Koblenz, Germany
DA - 22.05.2017
KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung
KW - Ultraschall
KW - SAFT
KW - Schweißnaht
KW - Austenit
PY - 2017
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-404329
SN - 978-3-940283-85-6
VL - DGZfP BB 162
SP - P16, 1
EP - 8
AN - OPUS4-40432
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
T1 - Forschungsprogramm 2015 - 2017
N2 - Globalisierung und die beschleunigte technologische Entwicklung bringen heute für die Industrieländer Herausforderungen im Hinblick auf Wachstum, Beschäftigung und Strukturwandel mit sich, denen nur mit einer entsprechenden Innovationsdynamik und -dichte begegnet werden kann. Grundvoraussetzung hierfür ist eine leistungsfähige Forschung und Entwicklung ebenso wie Wissens- und Technologietransfer zur Umsetzung von Forschungsergebnissen in marktfähige Produkte und Dienstleistungen. Europa hat sich im Rahmen des Lissabon-Prozesses zum Ziel gesetzt, den Anteil der Forschungsausgaben am Bruttoinlandsprodukt auf 3 % zu steigern. Um die Forschungsinfrastruktur in der Bundesrepublik zu stärken und global wettbewerbsfähig zu bleiben, hat die Bundesregierung mit der Hightech-Strategie einen weiteren wichtigen Schritt zur Förderung des wissenschaftlich-technischen Fortschritts in Deutschland getan.
Forschungsprogramme sind sowohl für Forschungseinrichtungen als auch für Mittelgeber ein wichtiges Instrument für die Darstellung und Steuerung ihrer Aktivitäten. Dies gilt auch für die Bundeseinrichtungen mit Forschungs- und Entwicklungsaufgaben, zu denen die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) zählt. Die BAM verfügt über einen klaren gesetzlichen Auftrag für die Sicherheit in Technik und Chemie. Ihre Forschung ist mit der Wahrnehmung öffentlicher Aufgaben verbunden. Das Forschungsprogramm zeigt Perspektiven im Bereich ihres Aufgabenfeldes sowie ihrer damit verbundenen Forschungsaktivitäten transparent und politisch nutzbar auf und dient darüber hinaus der Koordinierung der Ressortforschung. Das Forschungsprogramm der BAM wird alle zwei Jahre aktualisiert. Es gibt einen Überblick über die aktuellen und zukünftigen Forschungsthemen und die hierfür erforderlichen Rahmenbedingungen.
PY - 2015
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-421401
SP - 1
EP - 40
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-42140
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Pfennig, Anja
A1 - Kranzmann, Axel
T1 - Impact of saline aquifer water on surface and shallow pit corrosion of martensitic stainless steels during exposure to CO2 environment (CCS)
N2 - Pipe steels suitable for carbon capture and storage technology (CCS) require resistance against the corrosive environment of a potential CCS-site, e.g. heat, pressure, salinity of the aquifer, CO2-partial pressure. Samples of different mild and high alloyed stainless injection-pipe steels partially heat treated: 42CrMo4, X20Cr13, X46Cr13, X35CrMo4 as well as X5CrNiCuNb16-4 were kept at T=60 °C and ambient pressure as well as p=100 bar for 700 h - 8000 h in a CO2-saturated synthetic aquifer environment similar to possible geological on-shore CCS-sites in the northern German Basin. Main corrosion products are FeCO3 and FeOOH. Corrosion rates obtained at 100 bar are generally much lower than those measured at ambient pressure. Highest surface corrosion rates are 0.8 mm/year for 42CrMo4 and lowest 0.01 mm/year for X5CrNiCuNb16-4 in the vapour phase at ambient pressure. At 100 bar the highest corrosion rates are 0.01 mm/year for 42CrMo4, X20Cr13 (liquid phase), X46Cr13 and less than 0.01 mm/year for X35CrMo4 and X5CrNiCuNb16-4 after 8000 h of exposure with no regard to atmosphere. Martensitic microstructure offers good corrosion resistance.
T2 - 8th International Conference on Future Environment and Energy (ICFEE 2018)
CY - Phuket, Thailand
DA - 10.01.2018
KW - CCS
KW - CO2 corrosion
KW - Pipeline
PY - 2018
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-465896
DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/150/1/012012
VL - 150
SP - 81
EP - 90
PB - IOP Publ.
AN - OPUS4-46589
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Andrae, K.
A1 - Merkel, Stefan
A1 - Durmaz, V.
A1 - Fackeldey, K.
A1 - Köppen, Robert
A1 - Weber, M.
A1 - Koch, Matthias
T1 - Investigation of the ergopeptide epimerization process
N2 - Ergopeptides, like ergocornine and a-ergocryptine, exist in an S- and in an R-configuration. Kinetic experiments imply that certain configurations are preferred depending on the solvent. The experimental methods are explained in this article. Furthermore, computational methods are used to understand this configurational preference. Standard quantum chemical methods can predict the favored configurations by using minimum energy calculations on the potential energy landscape. However, the explicit role of the solvent is not revealed by this type of methods. In order to better understand its influence, classical mechanical molecular simulations are applied. It appears from our research that 'folding' the ergopeptide molecules into an intermediate state (between the S- and the R-configuration) is mechanically hindered for the preferred configurations.
KW - Ergopeptide
KW - Epimerization
KW - Hybrid monte carlo
KW - Molecular dynamics
KW - Conformation
KW - Quantum mechanics
PY - 2014
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-324632
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/computation2030102
SN - 2079-3197
VL - 2
IS - 3
SP - 102
EP - 111
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel
AN - OPUS4-32463
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Thöns, Sebastian
A1 - Faber, M. H.
A1 - Rücker, Werner
T1 - Ultimate limit state model basis for assessment of offshore wind energy converters
N2 - This paper establishes the model basis regarding the ultimate limit state consisting of structural, loading, and probabilistic models of the support structure of offshore wind energy converters together with a sensitivity study. The model basis is part of a risk based assessment and monitoring framework and will be applied for establishing the 'as designed and constructed' reliability as prior information for the assessment and as a basis for designing a monitoring system. The model basis is derived considering the constitutive physical equations and the methodology of solving these which then in combination with the ultimate limit state requirements leads to the specific constitutive relations. As a result finite element models based on shell elements incorporating a structural and a loading model are introduced and described in detail. Applying these models the ultimate capacity of the support structure and the tripod structure are determined with a geometrically and materially nonlinear finite element analysis. The observed failure mechanisms are the basis for the definition of the ultimate limit state responses. A probabilistic model accounting for the uncertainties involved is derived on the basis of literature review and measurement data from a prototype Multibrid M5000 support structure. In combination with the developed structural and loading models, sensitivity analyses in regard to the responses are performed to enhance the understanding and to refine the developed models. To this end, as the developed models necessitate substantial numerical efforts for the probabilistic response analysis predetermined designs of numerical experiments are applied for the calculation of the sensitivities using the Spearman rank correlation coefficient. With this quantification of the sensitivity of the random variables on the responses including nonlinearity the refinement of the model is performed on a quantitative basis.
KW - Condition monitoring
KW - Failure analysis
KW - Finite element analysis
KW - Offshore installations
KW - Probability
KW - Risk analysis
KW - Shells (structures)
KW - Structural engineering
KW - Wind power
KW - Model basis
KW - Offshore wind
KW - Support structure
KW - Sensitivity
KW - Ultimate limit state
PY - 2012
DO - https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4004513
SN - 0892-7219
VL - 134
IS - 3
SP - 1
EP - 9
PB - American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
CY - New York, NY
AN - OPUS4-26358
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Böttcher, Nils
T1 - Lithium und Natrium Ionen Batterien: Eine Frage der Sicherheit - Aktuelle und zukünftige Herausforderungen für die Kreislaufwirtschaft
N2 - Der Markt für Energiespeicher befindet sich in einer Phase intensiver technologischer Diversifizierung. Neben etablierten Lithium-Ionen-Batterien gewinnen neue Systeme wie Natrium-Ionen-Batterien und künftige Technologien, z.B. Festkörperbatterien, zunehmend an Bedeutung. Dies stellt neue Anforderungen an Handhabung, Logistik und insbesondere das Recycling respektiver Systeme. Gleichwohl die Batterieverordnung einen künftigen Einsatz von Rezyklat in bei der Herstellung von Batterien vorsieht, ist bislang wenig darüber bekannt, wie sich recycelte Materialien auf Batteriesicherheit-, Leistungsfähigkeit- und Lebensdauer auswirken. Alternativ zu einem direkten Recycling gewinnt ebenso die Verlängerung der Batterielebensdauer durch so genannte „Second-life Anwendungen“ zunehmend an Interesse. Durch verbesserte Methoden zur Vorhersage von Lebensdauer, Restlebensdauer und Betriebssicherheit könnten Batterien länger im Einsatz gehalten werden, was zunehmend Ressourcen schonen würde. Im Rahmen dieses Vortrages werden die o.g. Themen in einem umfassenden Kontext des Gesamtsystems „Batterie“ diskutiert und aktuelle Entwicklungen aus einem regulatorischen und wissenschaftlichen Blickwinkel zusammenfassend dargelegt.
T2 - TraWeBa-Kongress
CY - Leipzig, Germany
DA - 13.05.2025
KW - Recycling von Batterien
KW - Thermisches Durchgehen
KW - Second-Life Anwendungen
KW - Batteriekreisläufe
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65076
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schmidt, Anita
T1 - Neuartige Akku‘s/Batterien – Inhaltsstoffe und Reaktionsprodukte
N2 - Die Inhaltsstoffe von Batterien sowie die Reaktionsprodukte beim Thermischen Durchgehen werden vorgestellt.
T2 - 28. Sitzung der BfR-Kommission „Bewertung von Vergiftungen
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 04.04.2022
KW - Lithiumbatterien
KW - Inhaltsstoffe
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56755
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Pavlovic, Mato
A1 - Müller, Christina
A1 - Ronneteg, U.
T1 - Reliability Analysis of the Phased-Array Ultrasonic System used for the Inspection of Friction Stir Welds
N2 - The canister for the permanent storage of spent nuclear fuel used by SKB in Sweden consists of a cast iron insert surrounded by a five centimetre thick shell of copper. It is a safety critical component and in order to secure long-term structural integrity non-destructive methods are used to inspect 100% of the volume of each canister, before it is disposed of in the repository. One of the critical components that requires inspection is a sealing weld, joining the copper tube and the lid. The friction stir weld is inspected using an ultrasonic phased array system. The area of the weld is inspected with several inspection channels with different angles and varying coverage. To make sure that no defects that might occur in the weld are overseen, the reliability of the inspection must be quantified. The reliability of NDT is usually quantified with the probability of detection curves. The influence of the parameters that might influence the POD of the flaws in the weld is investigated analysing the experimental results, as well as with a help of a numerical simulation of the inspection.
T2 - 19th Wolrd Conference on Nondestructive Testing
CY - Munich, Germany
DA - 13.06.2016
KW - NDT
KW - Ultrasonic
KW - Reliability
KW - POD
KW - Copper
KW - FSW
KW - JLH
PY - 2016
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-366982
VL - 2016/158
SP - We.4.E.5
PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (DGZfP)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-36698
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - THES
A1 - Stengel, Dominik
T1 - Naturmessungen und numerische Simulationen zur Untersuchung von Freileitungsseilen im natürlichen Wind
N2 - Für Tragmasten von Freileitungen ist meist die Windeinwirkung bemessungsrelevant. Mit den großen Spannweiten der Hochspannungsebene trägt dabei die Windeinwirkung auf die Leiterseile einen maßgebenden Anteil zur Gesamtbeanspruchung dieser Tragstrukturen bei. Daher ist es offensichtlich, dass das Tragverhalten der Freileitungsseile eine wichtige Rolle für die zuverlässige Bemessung bei Neubauten oder der Bewertung der Zuverlässigkeit des Bestands spielt. Hierfür sind insbesondere die Extremwindereignisse, das sog. 50-Jahres-Windereignis von Bedeutung. Bei diesen hohen Windgeschwindigkeiten treten vor allem windinduzierte Schwingungen der Leiterseile auf.
Die für die Bemessung herangezogenen Konzepte basieren meist auf Übertragungsmodellen im Frequenzbereich. Diese setzen eine Linearisierung um den Arbeitspunkt der mittleren Verschiebung voraus, welche nur unter der Annahme von kleinen Schwingungsamplituden gerechtfertigt ist. Dabei kommt der Systemdämpfung eine wichtige Rolle zu. Zwar ist die Strukturdämpfung für Litzenseile vernachlässigbar gering, doch unter Windeinwirkung kann die aerodynamische Dämpfung aufgrund der Relativgeschwindigkeit zwischen Anströmung und Struktur zu beachtlicher Größe anwachsen.
Die Beschreibung des Tragverhaltens im Zeitbereich erlaubt es, das nichtlineare Verhalten der Kraftübertragung, sowie der großen Verformungen zu berücksichtigen. Damit lassen sich für die Bemessung relevante Parameter identifizieren und notwendige Annahmen zur Windeinwirkung, sowie zur quasistationären Kraftübertragung überprüfen. Gerade das Verhalten von Freileitungsseilen unter Extremwindereignissen, auf das es zu Extrapolieren gilt, kann so im Rahmen der getroffenen Annahmen simuliert werden.
Anhand von Naturmessungen werden die Übertragungsmodelle, sowie das Zeitbereichsmodell bei eher moderaten Windgeschwindigkeiten überprüft. Durch die Verteilung von Windsensoren entlang der Leitung kann die für die Belastung der Leiterseile maßgebende laterale Windverteilung annähernd erfasst werden. Bestehende Annahmen hierzu werden überprüft und erweitert. Für die Zeitbereichsrechnungen wird eine Methode zur Windfeldgenerierung dahingehend erweitert, dass die Windereignisse auch adäquat im Zeitbereich wiedergegeben werden können. Mit dem Ziel, eine zuverlässigere Bemessung von Freileitungen unter turbulenter Windbeanspruchung zu erreichen, werden sog. Spannweitenfaktoren abgeleitet und auf andere Leitungskonfigurationen übertragen, die die Mechanik der Leiterseile sowie die maßgebenden Eigenschaften der Windeinwirkung beinhalten.
N2 - Regarding suspension towers of overhead transmission lines, wind is the most critical load case in design. Wind action on conductors significantly contributes to the overall loading of those supporting structures in case of wide spanning cables used in high voltage level. Hence it is inherent that loadbearing characteristic of conductor cables plays an important role for reliable design of new constructions or evaluation of reliability level of existing structures. Therefor extreme wind situations, a so-called 50-years wind event is of particular interest. Under such high wind velocities, mainly wind induced vibrations of conductor cables occur.
Concepts employed for design purpose are mostly based on admittance functions in frequency domain. This implies linearization around the operating position of mean deflection, which is only valid for the assumption of small vibration amplitudes. Herein damping of the system becomes important. Structural damping of stranded wires is indeed negligible low, but in case of wind action aerodynamic damping increases significantly due to the relative velocity between acting wind flow and structure.
The description of loadbearing characteristics in time domain allows considering nonlinear behavior of force admittance as well of large displacements. Relevant parameters for design can thereby be identified and necessary assumptions on wind action as well as quasi-steady force admittance can be validated. Just by that the behavior of overhead transmission line cables under extreme wind events which need to be extrapolated, can be simulated by means of the assumptions made. Models of admittance as well as a model in time domain are validated by means of field measurements at rather moderate wind speeds. Distributing wind sensors along an overhead transmission line, the lateral distribution of wind which is decisive for the loading of conductor cables can be captured. Existing assumptions for this are validated and extended. For calculations in time domain, a method for generation of a wind field will be extended in order to reproduce wind events adequately also in time domain.
Aiming at a reliable design of overhead transmission lines under turbulent wind, so-called span reduction factors are derived and converted to other transmission line configurations which include the mechanics of overhead line conductors as well as the predominant characteristics of wind loading.
T3 - BAM Dissertationsreihe - 150
KW - Hochspannungsleiter
KW - Windbelastung
KW - Naturmessungen
KW - Windkanalversuche
KW - Finite Element Methode
PY - 2016
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-372171
SN - 978-3-9817853-7-1
SN - 1613-4249
VL - 150
SP - I
EP - 126
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-37217
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Henning, Ricky
A1 - Sturm, Patrick
A1 - Keßler, S.
A1 - Gluth, Gregor
T1 - Corrosion of hybrid alkaline cements in saline solution simulating evaporite rock – effect of the Portland clinker content
N2 - Two hybrid alkaline cements (HAC) based on Portland clinker, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), fly ash and sodium sulfate, as well as an alkali-activated GGBFS/fly ash blend and a Portland cement paste were exposed to a saturated saline solution for 70 days. The combined chemical attack of chloride, magnesium and sulfate ions and the associated changes of the phase assemblage of the materials were studied by X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis and spatially resolved X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The experimental results revealed dissolution of ettringite, C-N-A-S-H and calcite, and the formation of gypsum, Kuzel's salt and Friedel's salt; thermodynamic modeling indicated the formation of M-S-H. The resistance of the HAC against attack by the saline solution increased with Portland clinker fraction. The capacity of portlandite to maintain pH at values above 10 is found to be a major factor controlling the resistance of HAC against corrosion in the saline solution.
KW - Hybrid cements
KW - Alkali-activated materials
KW - Magnesium chloride
KW - Corrosion
KW - Salt attack
PY - 2023
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2023.107215
SN - 0008-8846
SN - 1873-3948
VL - 172
SP - 1
EP - 14
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-57638
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Bruna, F. G.
A1 - Prokop, M.
A1 - Bystron, T.
A1 - Loukrakpam, R.
A1 - Melke, J.
A1 - Lobo, C. M. S.
A1 - Fink, M.
A1 - Zhu, M.
A1 - Voloshina, E.
A1 - Kutter, M.
A1 - Hoffmann, H.
A1 - Yusenko, Kirill
A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana
A1 - Röder, B.
A1 - Bouzek, K.
A1 - Paulus, B.
A1 - Roth, C.
T1 - Following adsorbed intermediates on a platinum gas diffusion electrode in H3PO3‑containing electrolytes using in situ X‑ray absorption spectroscopy
N2 - One of the challenges of high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells is the poisoning of the Pt catalyst with H3PO4. H3PO4 is imbibed into the routinely used polybenzimidazole-based membranes, which facilitate proton conductivity in the temperature range of 120−200 °C. However, when leached out of the membrane by water produced during operation, H3PO4 adsorbs on the Pt catalyst surface, blocking the active sites and hindering the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR).
The reduction of H3PO4 to H3PO3, which occurs at the anode due to a combination of a low potential and the presence of gaseous H2, has been investigated as an additional important contributing factor to the observed poisoning effect. H3PO3 has an affinity toward adsorption on Pt surfaces even greater than that of H2PO4 −. In this work, we investigated the poisoning effect of both H3PO3 and H3PO4 using a half-cell setup with a gas diffusion electrode under ambient conditions. By means of in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy, it was possible to follow the signature of different species adsorbed on the Pt nanoparticle catalyst (H, O, H2PO4 −, and H3PO3) at different potentials under ORR conditions in various electrolytes (HClO4, H3PO4, and H3PO3). It was found that H3PO3 adsorbs in a pyramidal configuration P(OH)3 through a Pt−P bond. The competition between H3PO4 and H3PO3 adsorption was studied, which should allow for a better understanding of the catalyst poisoning mechanism and thus assist in the development of strategies to mitigate this phenomenon in the future by minimizing H3PO3 generation by, for example, improved catalyst design or adapted operation conditions or changes in the electrolyte composition.
KW - H3PO4 life cycle
KW - XAS
KW - In situ coupling
KW - High-temperature fuel cells
KW - Δμ XANES
KW - H3PO3
PY - 2022
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.2c02630
SN - 2155-5435
VL - 12
IS - 18
SP - 11472
EP - 11484
PB - ACS
CY - Washington, DC
AN - OPUS4-55815
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Lutz, C.
A1 - Hampel, S.
A1 - Ke, X.
A1 - Beuermann, S.
A1 - Turek, T.
A1 - Kunz, U.
A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana
A1 - Radtke, Martin
A1 - Fittschen, U.
T1 - Evidence for redox reactions during vanadium crossover inside the nanoscopic water-body of Nafion 117 using X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy
N2 - A major source of capacity fade of the common vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) is the vanadium ion transport through the separator. However, different transport models disagree significantly in the diffusion coefficient for the different V species and the influence of different transport mechanisms. The underlying hypothesis of this work is that reactions inside the membrane are partly responsible for these discrepancies. Accordingly, it was investigated if redox reactions inside the nanoscopic water body of Nafion 117 can occur. X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (XANES) was used to distinguish between the different V species inside hydrated Nafion 117 and novel PVDF-based membranes. It was validated that the speciation of vanadium can be performed using the pre-edge peak energy and intensity. The experiments were performed as follows: strips of the membrane were exposed from one site to a V3+ solution (green) and from the other site to a VO2+ solution (yellow). The ions could diffuse into the membrane from both sides. A change of color of the membrane strip was observed. The blue color in the middle of the strip indicated that VO2+ was formed where V3+ and VO2+ got in contact. Using XANES this reaction inside Nafion was proven.
KW - PVDF-Based membrane
KW - VRFB
KW - Vanadium speciation
KW - XANES
KW - Nafion 117
PY - 2020
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.229176
VL - 483
SP - 229176
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-51719
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Gluth, Gregor
T1 - Chemical resistance of hybrid cements against aggressive saline solutions
N2 - The safe storage of radioactive material in nuclear waste repositories is a major task of our societies. The sealing function of such repositories is depending on the ability of the applied construction materials to form and maintain a geotechnical barrier with the surrounding rock. Corrosion of the construction material can lead to leakage of radioactive compounds and must therefore be avoided or minimized. Since concretes based on conventional Portland cement have not been found suitable in this context, alternative binders must be evaluated.
One such class of binders are hybrid cements, which are blends of low fractions of Portland cement or Portland clinker and high fractions of supplementary cementitious materials, such as blast furnace slag and fly ash, activated by an alkali salt. Besides a low heat of hydration and a sufficient early compressive strength [1], chemical similarities with ancient Roman concrete suggest an excellent durability in saline environments [2], which makes these cements potentially suitable for applications in nuclear waste repositories in evaporite rock, such as the Morsleben repository in Germany.
In the present study, two previously designed and characterized [3] hybrid cements, an alkali-activated slag/fly ash blend, and an OPC paste were studied regarding their resistance against corrosion in an aggressive saline solution. The saline solution was designed by the Gesellschaft für Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) [Association for Facility and Reactor Safety] as a reference representing a solution forming as the result of contact of surface water with evaporite rock. The cement pastes were exposed to the saline solution up to 70 days and characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and spatially resolved X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. In addition, thermodynamic modelling was performed to simulate the alterations of the phase assemblage with increasing exposure to the saline solution and, thus, provide indications on the long-term durability of the cement pastes.
The experimental results revealed a correlation between the Portland clinker content of the cements and the resistance of the cement pastes against attack by the saline solution. This outcome was related to the formation of portlandite when sufficient clinker was available, which maintained the pore solution pH at ~12.5, and thus prevented the dissolution of cementitious phases. Once portlandite was consumed, C-N-A-S-H and ettringite dissolved and released calcium, aluminium, and hydroxide ions in the solution, maintaining the pH at ~10. In this pH range, the formation Cl-AFm phases was observed. At lower pH values, i.e., extended exposure durations, gypsum was the major corrosion product. The pH-dependent dissolution and formation of phases lead to pronounced zonation in the exposed cement pastes. Thermodynamic modelling indicated that the dissolved silicon from C-N-A-S-H reacts with magnesium ions in the saline solution to form M-S-H, and that long-term exposure eventually leads to a material rich in amorphous silica and brucite.
T2 - Joint 6th International Workshop on Mechanisms and Modelling of Waste / Cement Interactions & EURAD - WP CORI Workshop
CY - Prague, Czech Republic
DA - 20.11.2023
KW - Hybrid cement
KW - Corrosion
KW - Salt solution
KW - Magnesium chloride
KW - Evaporite rock
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58885
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - INPR
A1 - Liu, Yanchen
A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana
A1 - Alippi, Paola
A1 - Lee, Kug-Seung
A1 - Jeon, Taeyeol
A1 - Weißer, Kilian
A1 - Karlsen, Martin A.
A1 - Russo, Patrícia A.
A1 - Pinna, Nicola
T1 - FeNb2O6 as a high-performance anode for sodium-ion batteries enabled by structural amorphization coupled with NbO6 local ordering.
N2 - Pseudocapacitance-type transition metal oxides have been extensively investigated as anodes materials for lithium-ion batteries. Currently, they are also emerging as promising anodes for sodium-ion batteries due to their low volume change and safety. However, the potential electrochemical performance in sodium energy storage is not fully achieved, primarily due to the larger radius of the Na+-ions. Here, we report for the first time an iron niobate with columbite structure as a high-performance sodium storage anode. The presence of iron in the structure is vital to trigger the loss of long-range order through disorder of the FeO6 octahedra local structure, subsequently allowing reversible Na storage in an amorphous phase. Simultaneously, the formation of short-range ordered zigzag-chain structures within the NbO6 planes creates a “skeleton” that offers abundant active sites for pseudocapacitive ion storage and enhanced ion diffusion pathways. These characteristics of FeNb2O6 make it an effective intercalation host, offering high capacity along with fast Na+ insertion and extraction, as demonstrated through operando and ex-situ characterizations. It leads to an applicable reversible capacity ( 300 mAh g-1) with a favorable average voltage of ca. 0.6 V and excellent rate capability (180.4 mAh g-1 at a current density of 2 A g-1). This study provides insights into the development of intrinsically active transition metal oxides for Na+-ion intercalation.
KW - XAS
KW - Sodium-Ion-Batteries
KW - In-situ
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-631159
DO - https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv-2025-2gn7z
SP - 1
EP - 51
PB - American Chemical Society (ACS)
AN - OPUS4-63115
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Gluth, Gregor
A1 - Garel, S.
ED - Valente, I. B.
ED - Ventura Gouveia, A.
ED - Dias, S. S.
T1 - Calorimetry Study of the Influence of Portland Cement Content, Slag/Fly Ash Ratio, and Activator Type on the Early Hydration of Hybrid Cements
N2 - Hybrid cements (cements composed of Portland clinker, supplementary cementitious materials and an alkaline activator) potentially combine advantages of conventional cements with those of alternative binders, such as low heat of hydration and improved durability in some environments. While fly ash-based hybrid cements have been studied in considerable detail, slag-dominated hybrid cements appear to have received less attention. Here, the latter materials have been studied by isothermal calorimetry, X-ray diffraction and strength testing. The heat of hydration of these cements was as low as ~50% of that of an ordinary Portland cement, while their strength after 28-day curing was in the range 31–61 MPa. The phase assemblages after 28-day curing depended on the activator, with Na2SO4 leading to ettringite and Na2CO3 leading to hemicarbonate formation, respectively, besides C–A–S–H, portlandite and hydrotalcite. The U phase was identified when a high Na2SO4 dose and/or fly ash was employed. Na2SO4 accelerated the early reaction of the Portland clinker, while Na2CO3 appeared to decrease the extent of reaction of the clinker and led to a shift of the second hydration peak (likely related to slag reaction) to later hydration times, as did substitution of slag by fly ash. Increasing Na2SO4 dose from 4 to 6% did not lead to further acceleration of hydration or improved strength.
T2 - 3rd RILEM Spring Convention and Conference (RSCC 2020)
CY - Guimarães, Portugal
DA - 10.03.2020
KW - Hybrid cements
KW - Alkali-activated materials
KW - Calorimetry
KW - Early hydration
PY - 2021
SN - 978-3-030-76550-7
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76551-4_20
SP - 217
EP - 226
PB - Springer
CY - Cham
AN - OPUS4-53071
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Holtappels, Kai
T1 - Aufbau einer Testinfrastruktur für Wasserstoffsicherheit in Südbrandenburg
N2 - Im Rahmen des 6. Lausitzer Netzwerktreffens DurcH2atmen hat die BAM das Kompetenzzentrum H2Safety sowie aktuell drei große Projekte zur Schaffung einer Testinfrastruktur auf dem BAM TTS vorgestellt. Es handelt sich hierbei um die vom BMWK geförderten Projekte ModuH2Pipe (Modulare Pipelineanlage zur Untersuchung sicherheitstechnischer Fragestellungen beim Transport von Wasserstoff und Wasserstoff/Erdgasgemischen in Pipeline) und QI Digital "Usecase" Wasserstofftankstelle" sowie den Aufbau einer Höchstdruckinfrastruktur für die Bereitstellung von 1000 bar Wasserstoff in einem 5 m³-Behälter inkl. Peripherie.
T2 - Lausitzer Netzwerktreffen DurcH2atmen
CY - Schipkau, Germany
DA - 22.06.2022
KW - H2Safety@BAM
KW - Testinfrastruktur
KW - ModuH2Pipe
KW - Modulare Pipelineanlage
KW - QI Digital
KW - Wasserstofftankstelle
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55137
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana
T1 - The versatility of XAS@BAM for real-time in situ electrocatalysis in collaborative materials research
N2 - With the global push toward sustainable energy technologies, the development of efficient and durable electrocatalysts has become a research priority. Real-time in situ studies are essential to understand the dynamic behavior of catalysts under operational conditions. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) offers a unique, element-specific probe of electronic and structural changes at the active sites of electrocatalysts during electrochemical reactions.
At BAM, collaborative research efforts leverage the advanced capabilities of the BAMline at the Berlin Synchrotron BESSY-II to study electrocatalytic materials under realistic working conditions. As a dedicated materials research beamline, the BAMline enables in situ and operando XAS across different time and length scales, making it ideally suited for monitoring catalytic transformations in real time.
This presentation highlights the analytical strengths and sample environments developed for electrochemical cells at BAM, showcasing their application to electrocatalysis for energy conversion (e.g., water splitting, CO₂ reduction). Emphasis will be placed on how these insights contribute to the rational design and real-time optimization of functional materials for a sustainable energy future.
T2 - MATSUS Konferenz
CY - Valencia, Spanien
DA - 20.10.2025
KW - Operando
KW - XAS
KW - In situ
KW - Electrocatalysis
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64493
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Yun, Tae Gyu
A1 - Chen, Boqiang
A1 - Wells, Sarah
A1 - Lim, Younghwan
A1 - Kim, Jun Seop
A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana
A1 - Radtke, Martin
A1 - Waegele, Matthias M.
A1 - Risch, Marcel
A1 - Grimaud, Alexis
ED - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana
T1 - Extrinsic and Intrinsic Factors Governing the Electrochemical Oxidation of Propylene in Aqueous Solutions
N2 - The electrochemical synthesis of commoditychemicals such as epoxides and glycols offers a sustainablealternative to conventional methods that involve hazardouschemicals. Efforts to improve the yield and selectivity of propyleneoxidation using Pd-based catalysts have been shown to be highlysensitive to applied potential, pH, and electrochemical cell design.Record efficiencies and yields were obtained by substitution ofPdO by 4d or 5d transition metals, including Pt, with thus far littlerationale regarding the origin for the improvement. Throughelectrochemical analysis, scanning transmission electron micros-copy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and surface-enhanced infraredabsorption spectroscopy, we investigated the mechanism ofpropylene oxidation on Pd-based catalysts. We demonstrate thatadsorbates forming on PdO, where Pd adopts a square-planar coordination [PdO4], differ from that forming on the surface ofoxidized metallic Pd catalysts with an oxo intermediate mediating propylene oxidation on PdO. We further show that Pt substitutionin PdO does not modify this oxo intermediate. Varying pH, we found that the onset for propylene oxidation is pH independent,indicating a potential-determining step where the proton is not involved in and similar reaction pathway in acidic and near-neutralconditions. Finally, our work undoubtedly demonstrates that high Faradaic efficiency toward propylene glycol and propylene oxideformation, such as those previously reported in the literature, can be achieved by means of electrode engineering and mastery ofmass transport and local pH. Notably, we achieved ≈100% faradaic efficiency for propylene glycol at 1.7 V vs RHE in acidic mediausing a Pt-substituted PdO catalyst loaded onto a gas diffusion electrode.
KW - XAS
KW - Electrochemistry
KW - Popylene oxidation
KW - 4d metals
PY - 2025
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5c02585
SN - 0002-7863
VL - 147
IS - 14
SP - 12318
EP - 12330
PB - American Chemical Society (ACS)
AN - OPUS4-63112
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Law, D. W.
A1 - Sturm, Patrick
A1 - Gluth, Gregor
A1 - Gunasekara, C.
ED - Valente, I. B.
ED - Ventura Gouveia, A.
ED - Dias, S. S.
T1 - Effect of Curing Temperature on the Alkali Activation of German Brown Coal Fly Ash
N2 - Due to environmental concerns regarding the use of Portland cement as the principal binder material in concrete and mortar it is imperative to identify alternative materials that could reduce the carbon footprint of the construction industry. One alternative to address these issues is the use of alkali activated materials, in particular, when based on waste streams that currently have no or only limited industrial application. This paper reports a preliminary study into the synthesis of geopolymer mortar utilizing Brown Coal Fly Ash. The ash had a CaO content of ~39%, indicating that synthesis at ambient or low temperature may be feasible. The paper reports initial trials on the effect of curing temperature, ambient to 120 °C, on the mechanical properties of the mortars produced. The results showed that ambient cured mortar achieved a compressive strength of 6.5 MPa at 3 days. A curing temperature of 60 °C gave the optimum results with a compressive strength of almost 20 MPa and a flexural strength of 3.5 MPa obtained.
T2 - 3rd RILEM Spring Convention and Conference (RSCC 2020)
CY - Guimarães, Portugal
DA - 10.03.2020
KW - Alkali-activated materials
KW - Brown Coal Fly Ash
KW - Lignite Coal
PY - 2021
SN - 978-3-030-76550-7
SN - 978-3-030-76551-4
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76551-4_7
SP - 69
EP - 77
PB - Springer
CY - Cham
AN - OPUS4-53072
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - THES
A1 - Herbst, Tristan
T1 - Konzept zur ganzheitlichen Nachhaltigkeitsbewertung des Abbruchs und der Aufbereitung von Mauerwerk
N2 - Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde ein methodisches Konzept zur ganzheitlichen Nachhaltigkeitsbewertung des Abbruchs und der Aufbereitung von Mauerwerk bereitgestellt. Das Bewertungskonzept ermöglicht einen ganzheitlichen Vergleich verschiedener Szenarien für den Abbruch und die Aufbereitung von Mauerwerk unter Berücksichtigung der Anwendung von Mauerwerkbruch und aussortierter Fremdstoffe zur Verwertung. Es kombiniert die Kosten-Wirksamkeitsanalyse, die Stoffflussanalyse, die Ökobilanzierung, die Betrachtung sozialer Aspekte und Wirtschaftlichkeitsbetrachtungen bei gleichzeitiger Berücksichtigung der Materialqualitäten. Das Bewertungskonzept basiert im Kern auf der Kosten-Wirksamkeitsanalyse (KWA) mit der Erweiterung um das Gesamtwirksamkeitswert-Kosten-Verhältnis. Hiermit können sowohl monetäre als auch nicht monetäre Effekte beurteilt werden. Ausgangspunkt der KWA ist ein klar definiertes Zielsystem. Im vorliegenden Fall wurden aus der EU-Abfallrahmenrichtlinie, dem Kreislaufwirtschaftsgesetz und der EU-Bauproduktenverordnung die vier Generalziele „Mensch und Umwelt“, „Ressourcenschonung“, „Ausreichende Materialqualität“ sowie „Wirtschaftlichkeit“ abgeleitet. Die Generalziele "Mensch und Umwelt" und "Ressourcenschonung" wurden weiter in Hauptziele, Ziele und Unterziele unterteilt. Die Quantifizierung und Beurteilung dieser beiden Generalziele erfolgt im Rahmen der Wirksamkeitsanalyse. Zur Quantifizierung der abstrakten Ziele wurden konkrete und messbare Zielkriterien ausgewählt, die üblicherweise bei der Ökobilanzierung und sozialorientierten Betrachtungen verwendet werden, z. B. Umweltauswirkungen, Material- und Energieverbrauch.
Nach Ermittlung einer Gesamtwirksamkeit und den anfallenden Kosten für jedes Szenario wird das Gesamtwirksamkeit-Kosten-Verhältnis je Szenario errechnet. Dieses Verhältnis bildet die Grundlage für die abschließende Reihung der untersuchten Szenarien entsprechend ihrer nachhaltigkeitsbezogenen Wertigkeit im Sinne der europäischen und deutschen Kreislaufwirtschaft.
Mit dem Konzept wird zukünftigen Nutzern eine strukturierte und methodische Bewertungsgrundlage als Planungsinstrument für Abbruchprojekte an die Hand gegeben. Gleichzeitig werden die Nutzer für bestehende Gestaltungsvarianten für den Abbruch und die Aufbereitung von Mauerwerk sowie für die vielfältigen Anwendungsmöglichkeiten von Mauerwerkbruch sensibilisiert.
T3 - BAM Dissertationsreihe - 151
KW - Nachhaltigkeit
KW - Kosten- und Wirksamkeitsanalyse
KW - Mauerwerkbruch
KW - Abbruch
KW - Aufbereitung
PY - 2016
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-384853
SN - 978-3-9817853-8-8
SN - 1613-4249
VL - 151
SP - 1
EP - 146
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-38485
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - THES
A1 - Drzymala, Sarah
T1 - Instrumental analysis, metabolism and toxicity of cis- and trans-zearalenone and their biotransformation products
N2 - Trans-Zearalenone(ZEN)is a non-steroidal estrogenic mycotoxin which frequently contaminates cereal grains worldwide. Ingestion of food and feed containing ZEN causes numerous mycotoxicoses in animals and possibly humans with pronounced estrogenic effects. Due to the trans-configurated double bond, ZEN isomerizes to the cis-configuration upon the influence of light. This work investigates the instrumental analysis, metabolism and toxicity of ZEN and cis- ZEN. The first part focused on the determination of ZEN in edible oils. Due to a maximum level of 400 µg/kg ZEN in the European Union (EU), reliable analytical methods are needed. A comprehensive method comparison proved dynamic covalent hydrazine chemistry (DCHC) to be the most suitable approach. Thus, an automated solid phase extraction (SPE) coupled online to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed with the novelty of a covalent SPE step comprising the DCHC principle. The automated online system allows an accurate, selective and reliable quantification of ZEN in edible oils in compliance with EU performance criteria while significantly reducing workload and thereby personnel costs. In contrast to ZEN, reference standards and analytical methods are missing for cis- ZEN which causes a lack of data on the occurrence, fate and risks of cis-ZEN. Therefore, a native and an isotopically labeled cis-ZEN standard were synthesized and implemented in an existing stable isotope dilution analysis HPLC tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method. Using this method, a large extent of cis-ZEN formation was observed for ZEN contaminated maize germ oils when exposed to daylight which confirms that cis-ZEN can be a relevant food contaminant and should be considered in the analysis of food and feed. Furthermore, this work investigated the in vitro phase I metabolism of ZEN and cis-ZEN in rat and human liver microsomes by using HPLC-MS and -MS/MS analyses. The metabolic pathways of cis-ZEN were found to be essentially similar to ZEN including reduction and oxidation reactions generating α- and β-cis- zearalenol as well as 13- and 15-OH-cis-ZEN. A previously unidentified oxidative metabolic pathway for both isomers of ZEN results in the formation of cis-ZEN-11,12-oxide and ZEN-11,12-oxide in human liver microsomes. The estrogenicity of cis-ZEN and its reductive metabolites was assessed using the E-Screen assay. cis-ZEN proved to be slightly more estrogenic than ZEN. Biotransformation of cis-ZEN to β-cis-ZEL corresponds to a detoxification, whereas metabolism to α-cis-ZEL resembles a metabolic activation as its estrogenicity considerably exceeds that of cis-ZEN. The catecholic metabolites can be expected to show a decreased estrogenicity as demonstrated for 15-OH- ZEN. Independent of the estrogenic effects, the catecholic and epoxidic metabolites identified in this work can be expected to act genotoxic and carcinogenic. The epoxides in particular could fundamentally change the widely accepted view of ZEN causing adverse effects exclusively through endocrine disrupting actions.
T3 - BAM Dissertationsreihe - 152
KW - Hydrazinchemie
KW - Isotopenstandard
KW - SPE-HPLC Automatisierung
KW - Zearalenon
KW - Isomerisierung
PY - 2016
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-386016
SN - 978-3-9817853-9-5
SN - 1613-4249
VL - 152
SP - 1
EP - 160
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-38601
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Stajanca, Pavol
A1 - Krebber, Katerina
T1 - Radiation-induced attenuation of perfluorinated polymer optical fibers for radiation monitoring
N2 - Due to some of their unique properties, optical fiber dosimeters are attractive and extensively researched devices in several radiation-related areas. This work evaluates the Performance and potential of commercial perfluorinated polymer optical fibers (PF-POFs) for radiation Monitoring applications. Gamma radiation-induced attenuation (RIA) of two commercial PF-POFs is evaluated in the VIS spectral region. Influence of a dose rate and temperature on RIA measurement is investigated, along with defect stability and measurement repeatability. Co-extruded PF-POFs are identified as more suitable for radiation monitoring applications due to lower dose-rate dependence.
With co-extruded PF-POF, RIA measurement holds potential for highly-sensitive radiation Monitoring with good reproducibility. The results show that operation in the blue part of the spectrum provides most favorable performance in terms of the largest nominal Radiation sensitivity, lower temperature, and dose-rate dependence as well as higher defect stability. We demonstrate for the first time to our knowledge, that PF-POFs can be used for distributed detection of radiation with doses down to tens of Grays. The off-the-shelf, user-friendly PF-POF could be of interest as a cheap, disposable sensor for various applications, especially of a more qualitative nature.
KW - Perfluorinated polymer optical fiber
KW - Cytop
KW - Ionizing radiation
KW - Radiation-induced attenuation
KW - Gamma radiation monitoring
PY - 2017
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-419504
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/s17091959
SN - 1424-8220
VL - 17
IS - 9
SP - Article 1959, 1
EP - 12
PB - MDPI
AN - OPUS4-41950
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Bayat, Mehmet Emin
A1 - Kipphardt, Heinrich
A1 - Tiebe, Carlo
A1 - Tuma, Dirk
A1 - Engelhard, Carsten
T1 - Trace-Level Ammonia–Water Interactions in Hydrogen: Challenges in Gas Purity Analysis Using Optical-Feedback Cavity-Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy (OF-CEAS)
N2 - Ammonia is a critical impurity in hydrogen fuel due to its irreversible poisoning effect on proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Therefore, international standards (e.g., ISO 14687) set a stringent threshold of 100 nmol/mol. Furthermore, with the growing potential use of ammonia as a hydrogen carrier, its accurate quantification is becoming increasingly important. However, the presence of trace humidity poses analytical challenges, as ammonia may interact with water or interfaces, thereby affecting its detectability. Therefore, the goal of this work is to enable accurate trace ammonia quantification for hydrogen purity measurements through fundamental studies of the methodological challenges. Here, low-pressure sampling (ultra)long-path Optical-Feedback Cavity-Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy (OF-CEAS) was applied with an effective optical path length of approximately 6.17 km. We studied three average amounts of ammonia: (38.2 ± 0.8) nmol/mol, (74.8 ± 0.7) nmol/mol, and (112.1 ± 1.2) nmol/mol. Furthermore, these amounts were investigated at trace-humidity levels ranging from 0.8 to 8.5 ppmV. We observed a systematic, nonlinear, and humidity-dependent positive measurement bias of up to + (1.0 ± 0.2) nmol/mol at the maximum investigated trace-humidity volume fraction of 8.5 ppmV. This bias was not caused by spectral interference but rather by water-induced accumulation of ammonia within the optical cavity. Moreover, time-resolved measurements in the presence of trace ammonia showed that water desorption follows first-order kinetics, whereas water adsorption followed mixed-order kinetics with an apparent reaction order of 1.57 ± 0.03. Distinct hydration states of surface-bound ammonia were identified, whereas under dry conditions and with increasing amounts of ammonia, enhanced surface adhesion through intermolecular clustering was observed. In addition, the presence of ammonium species within the sorption layer was indirectly confirmed by our experiments. In conclusion, we provide a deeper insight into trace-level ammonia–water interactions and establish a framework for optimizing methodologies, particularly for (ultra)long-path optical gas measurement systems.
KW - Ammonia
KW - Hydrogen
KW - OF-CEAS
KW - Humidity
KW - Surface Interactions
KW - Adsorption
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-643627
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.5c00105
SN - 2694-250X
SP - 1
EP - 15
PB - American Chemical Society (ACS)
AN - OPUS4-64362
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
T1 - Systems With Cryogenic Liquefied Gases In Fire-Incidents
N2 - The volumetric energy density of a gas can be increased by liquefaction, which occurs when the gas is cooled below the saturation point. Liquefied gases of great importance to the energy transition are Liquefied Hydrogen (LH2) and Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), which can be liquefied at temperatures below 160°C. Systems for storing these gases typically must be overpressure resistant and require thermal super insulations (TSI) to hold cryogenic conditions and minimize boil-off losses from evaporation. TSI with vacuum and MLI or perlites are suitable for many applications involving LNG and LH2. Such systems are typically double-walled structures where the inner wall is in contact with the cryogenic liquefied gas. MLI or perlites are located in the gap between the inner and the outer wall, that is kept under vacuum conditions. This combination of insulations strongly reduces the heat transfer between the environment and the cryogenic liquefied gas. From an economic point of view the systems are well sophisticated. However, knowledge of the behavior of this kind of systems in a typical event such as a fire is limited, but necessary to evaluate the safety of the increasing number of applications.
The objective of the research is to determine how TSI behaves at different fire temperatures during fire exposure and afterwards. Special attention is paid to changes in the heat flux, the material properties and vacuum state over time. For this purpose, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) studies have been carried out. In addition, a test rig was developed that allows testing of TSI at temperatures up to 1000°C under realistic integration conditions and subsequent analysis of the TSI samples. In the test rig the double-wall with vacuum and MLI or perlites inside is simulated. The fire conditions are simulated on one side of the double-wall by adjustable electrical heating elements. This process allows the implementation of repeatable heat flows of up to 100 kW/m². On the other side of the double-wall, cold or cryogenic conditions are simulated with a heat exchanger through which water or the vapor of liquid nitrogen (approx. -196°C) flows. The heat exchanger is also used to determine the heat flux through the double-wall. Thus, the test rig allows thermal loading and performance analysis of TSI samples at the same time.
Compared to tests with real cryogenic systems, tests with this experimental setup have the advantage that, first, the instrumentation is easier to realize, and a higher repeatability is ensured. Second, the local heat flow can be determined over time, and the sample of a TSI can be taken non-destructively and thus analyzed. Third, the tests are less risky as well as time+ and material intensive, so that more tests and variants can be investigated with the same budget.
Preliminary results obtained considering several types of MLI under vacuum show that all observed typs of MLI can be damaged under strong thermal loading. The damages observed were outgassing, melting, shrinkage, cracking, lump formation, and concomitant local loss of the MLI's function as a radiation shield. However, the study also shows that a damage does not always have an extreme effect on the insulating performance.
T2 - IMECE2022
CY - Columbus, Ohio, USA
DA - 30.10.2022
KW - LH2
KW - LNG
KW - Safety
KW - Insulation
KW - Tank
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56445
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Holtappels, Kai
T1 - Safety and security challenges in the transformation of the future energy supply
N2 - For a sustainable decarbonization of the energy supply in Germany and Europe, a long-established supply system must be gradually transformed without fundamentally jeopardizing the energy supply. This transformation faces numerous challenges in the areas of safety and security including natural hazards.
A safe, reliable, decarbonized energy supply requires diversification and a combination of different climate-friendly energy carriers and storage systems that are tailored to the specific requirements of industry, households and transportation. However, each energy carrier must be specifically assessed in terms of safety regarding its production, storage, transport and use. Relevant safety aspects arise from the scale at which energy carriers such as hydrogen and ammonia, but also electrical energy storage systems, must be handled. Suitable transport and storage infrastructure must be established for each energy carrier and storage facility, leading to extreme safety, technological and regulatory challenges.
Central energy supplies are categorized as critical infrastructure. In the context of geopolitical conflicts, they are increasingly becoming the focus of digital or analog attacks by third parties, particularly with the aim of unsettling the respective population. The digitalization and automation of energy systems increases their vulnerability to such attacks. Geopolitical conflicts also lead to problems with the availability of raw materials and energy carriers. Also in this context, greater focus must be placed on diversification and resilience concepts. For the energy transition to succeed, traditional safety and security concepts must be interdisciplinary integrated with new aspects of resilience and crisis prevention. These concepts must be continuously developed to avoid outdated and expensive solutions. At the same time, it is reasonable to assume that the nature of threats will change more rapidly than in the past.
The presentation will highlight key challenges associated with the widespread introduction of various energy carriers and storage technologies. It covers a wide range of topics, from safety-related and material-related issues to infrastructural and digital requirements as well as to aspects of security.
T2 - PEMT 2025 - Annual Meeting of Process Engineering and Materials Technology
CY - Frankfurt, Germany
DA - 10.11.2025
KW - Safety
KW - Security
KW - Challenges
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64643
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Nattuveettil, Keerthana
A1 - Brunner, Nanine
A1 - Tiebe, Carlo
A1 - Thomas, Marcus
A1 - Melzer, Michael
A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias
A1 - Johann, Sergej
A1 - Neumann, Patrick P.
T1 - Digital approach of certification in Quality Infrastructure
N2 - QI-Digital is a joined project aiming at digitalising Quality Infrastructure (QI) processes involving standardization, conformity assessment, accreditation, metrology, and market surveillance [1]. Federal institute of material research and testing (BAM) is working on the creation of a digital calibration certifi-cate (DCC) to achieve digital metrological traceability and conformity assessment. The utilisation of machine readable and executable DCCs in the XML format is demonstrated on an example of a tem-perature measurement at a hydrogen refueling station. The certificates will be retrieved and analysed automatically at a Process Control System or at a Digital Twin.
T2 - SMSI 2023 Conference
CY - Nürnberg, Germany
DA - 08.05.2023
KW - Quality Infrastructure
KW - Digital Certificates
KW - Temperature calibration
KW - Digitalisation
KW - Hydrogen technology
PY - 2023
DO - https://doi.org/10.5162/SMSI2023/A3.4
SP - 51
EP - 52
PB - AMA Service GmbH
CY - Wunstorf
AN - OPUS4-57964
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Bock, Robert
A1 - Günzel, Stephan
A1 - Gesell, Stephan
T1 - Monte-Carlo-Analysis of Minimum Burst Requirements for Composite Cylinders for Hydrogen Service
N2 - For achieving Net Zero-aims hydrogen is an indispensable component, probably the main component. For the usage of hydrogen, a wide acceptance is necessary, which requires trust in hydrogen based on absence of major incidents resulting from a high safety level. Burst tests stand for a type of testing that is used in every test standard and regulation as one of the key issues for ensuring safety in use. The central role of burst and proof test is grown to historical reasons for steam engines and steel vessels but - with respect for composite pressure vessels (CPVs) - not due an extraordinary depth of outcomes. Its importance results from the relatively simple test process with relatively low costs and gets its importance by running of the different test variations in parallel. In relevant test und production standards (as e. g. ECE R134) the burst test is used in at least 4 different meanings. There is the burst test on a) new CPVs and some others b) for determining the residual strength subsequent to various simulations of ageing effects. Both are performed during the approval process on a pre-series. Then there is c) the batch testing during the CPVs production and finally d) the 100% proof testing, which means to stop the burst test at a certain pressure level. These different aspects of burst tests are analysed and compared with respect to its importance for the resulting safety of the populations of CPVs in service based on experienced test results and Monte-Carlo simulations. As main criterial for this the expected failure rate in a probabilistic meaning is used. This finally ends up with recommendations for relevant RC&S especially with respect to GTR 13.
T2 - 9th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety
CY - Online meeting
DA - 21.09.2021
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Burst test
KW - Composite pressure vessels
KW - Net zero
KW - Monte-Carlo-Analysis
PY - 2021
SP - 133
EP - 146
PB - IGEM
AN - OPUS4-55668
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bock, Robert
T1 - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung - Reallabor Wasserstofftankstelle
N2 - Die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) ist eine wissenschaftlich-technische Bundesoberbehörde mit Sitz in Berlin, die zum Geschäftsbereich des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz gehört. Unsere Hauptaufgabe besteht darin, durch Forschung, Prüfung und Beratung zum Schutz von Mensch, Umwelt und Sachgütern beizutragen. Dies umfasst die Bewertung der Sicherheit von Materialien, Stoffen und Produkten sowie die Entwicklung von Methoden und Standards in Bereichen wie Materialwissenschaft, Werkstofftechnik und Chemie. Wir forschen und prüfen an drei Standorten in Berlin, sowie auf unserem Testgelände Technische Sicherheit in Horstwalde in Brandenburg. Hier haben wir weitreichende Möglichkeiten, Versuche im Realmaßstab durchzuführen. Besonderes Augenmerk möchten wir heute auf das Reallabor Wasserstofftankstelle richten. Diese voll digitalisierte technische Anlage, die die Wertschöpfungskette von Wasserstoff abbildet, wurde gerade eröffnet und steht nun Partnern aus Industrie und Forschung sowie kleinen mittelständischen Unternehmen oder Start-Ups zum gemeinsamen Forschen und Erproben neuer Technologie zur Verfügung. Ihre Besonderheiten umfassen z.B. eine umfassende Prozessüberwachung nach Industrie 4.0, die dafür nötige IT/OT Infrastruktur, Digitale Zwillinge auf verschiedenen Ebenen, großflächige Aufstellung und baulicher Schutz, Gas-Probenahmestellen auf dem Weg durch die Anlage und H2-Sensornetzwerke zur frühzeitigen Erfassung und Ortung von Leckagen.
T2 - Wasserstoffforum Lausitz
CY - Senftenberg, Germany
DA - 03.11.2025
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Reallabor
KW - TTS
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64697
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schaad, C.
T1 - A Framework for Transforming Process Control System Data from a Hydrogen Fueling Station into HyCReD Data
N2 - Reliability data for hydrogen infrastructure components is essential for developing Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) for these technologies, which in turn is necessary for a safer deployment and expansion of the hydrogen market. However, there is currently a lack of hydrogen component reliability data available for these systems, thus limiting the usefulness of insights obtained from these QRA. The Hydrogen Component Reliability Database (HyCReD) has been proposed as a tool for reliability data collection and as a source for future QRAs. In this paper, we develop a digital tool that automatically processes data coming from Process Control System (PCS) in a hydrogen fueling station, detects the relevant failure events for hydrogen systems during its operation, and then logs the event information into HyCReD. To build this tool, we first categorized the station components in hydrogen service, their specific failure modes, and the specific failure mechanisms that are relevant to a QRA. Then, we identified the data available in the station PCS and the methods available for diagnosing the relevant failure events. The resulting tool is divided into three steps: (1) PCS data collection through an API, (2) data analysis for the detection and diagnosis of new failure events, and (3) logging that event into HyCReD. Finally, we discuss the potential for expanding the detection and diagnosis to more complex failure modes present in a hydrogen fueling station. This digital tool is set for implementation and validation on an experimental hydrogen fueling site. The goal for this digital tool is to be applicable to every kind of hydrogen fueling station and to be extendable to similar hydrogen technologies.
T2 - 35th European Safety and Reliability Conference (ESREL2025) and the 33rd Society for Risk Analysis Europe Conference (SRA-E 2025)
CY - Stavanger, Norway
DA - 15.06.2025
KW - Reliability data
KW - Hydrogen safety
KW - HyCReD
KW - Hydrogen Component Reliability Database
KW - Hydrogen fueling station
KW - Hydrogen refuelling station
KW - HRS
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63533
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schmidt, Anita
T1 - Second life für E-Akkus
N2 - Um die Nachhaltigkeit von Lithiumbatterien zu gewährleisten, kommt neben dem Recycling der Rohstoffe auch eine Weiternutzung von für die Erstanwendung nicht mehr ausreichend leistungsstarken Batterien aus der Erstanwendung in Frage. Dabei sind auch Sicherheitsaspekte zu beachten.
T2 - Berlin Science Week 2021
CY - Online meeting
DA - 10.11.21
KW - Lithium Batterien
KW - Recycling
KW - Second Life
KW - State of Safety
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-54178
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Tiebe, Carlo
A1 - Bayat, Mehmet E.
T1 - Sensorvalidierungen für die Sicherheit und Prozesskontrolle entlang der Wasserstoffwertschöpfungskette
N2 - Die Nutzung von Sensortechnologien, insbesondere zur Gasdetektion von Wasserstoff, ist essenziell für die Sicherheit und Prozesskontrolle von Wasserstofftechnologien. Anwendungen umfassen Sicherheitsüberwachung, Leckdetektion und Prozesskontrolle. Ziel ist die frühzeitige Erkennung freigesetzten Wasserstoffs und die Bestimmung des Wasserstoff-Luftverhältnisses. Dies dient der Gefahrenprävention und der Einleitung geeigneter Maßnahmen, z. B. Alarme. Als wichtiger Prozessschritt im Sicherheits- bzw. Qualitätsmanagement zählt auch eine präzise Charakterisierung von Wasserstoffanteilen in Luft bzw. im Prozessstrom. unterstützt die frühzeitige Schadensdetektion und erhöht die Systemsicherheit.
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Sensor
KW - Validierung
KW - Referenzmaterial
KW - Referenzverfahren
KW - Sensoren
KW - Gaschromatographie
KW - GC
PY - 2025
VL - 166
IS - 9
SP - 58
EP - 63
PB - Vulkan-Verlag GmbH
CY - Essen
AN - OPUS4-64119
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bayat, Mehmet
A1 - Kipphardt, Heinrich
A1 - Tiebe, Carlo
A1 - Engelhard, Carsten
T1 - Effect of Trace Humidity on Trace Ammonia Quantification
N2 - Hydrogen is receiving growing attention as a promising medium for energy storage and transportation. Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells are a key technology for energy conversion from hydrogen. However, high purity hydrogen is required for this technology, as described in standards such as ISO 14687:2019. A critical impurity that impairs PEM efficiency is ammonia, for which a limit value of 100 nmol/mol applies. In addition, the maximum amount of humidity is specified with 5 µmol/mol. The presence of humidity in hydrogen at levels up to 50 times higher than ammonia raises the critical question of whether ammonia can still be quantified accurately in the lower nmol/mol range without interference from water. In addition, the general question arises as to whether the critical analyte, ammonia, can still be detected at all, given the expected surface effects at such amounts of trace humidity. In this work, we describe the influence of trace humidity on the surface behavior of adsorbed ammonia on stainless steel. Samples with ammonia at approximately 100 nmol/mol in hydrogen, with trace humidity levels ranging from 3 µmol/mol to 10 µmol/mol, were carefully prepared using dynamic mixing. Humidification was conducted using an advanced saturation method. These samples were investigated under atmospheric conditions using low pressure sampling Optical Feedback Cavity Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy (OFCEAS). From the observed time-dependent signals, kinetics were determined and analyzed, yielding insights on the strength of the adsorption behavior of the analytes.
T2 - ANAKON 2025
CY - Leipzig, Germany
DA - 10.03.2025
KW - OF-CEAS
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Ammonia
KW - Water
KW - Humidity
KW - Kinetics
KW - Adsorption
PY - 2025
UR - https://veranstaltungen.gdch.de/microsite/index.cfm?l=11713&sp_id=2&selSiteID=vplanner
AN - OPUS4-64046
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Bock, Robert
T1 - Key points in compressed hydrogen storage
N2 - This presentation highlights some key points in hydrogen safety related to compressed HYDROGEN STORAGE. It explains some needs concerning the Market ramp-up: cost and safety related aspects like Risk-control by consequence and/or frequency limitation. Other aspects are the optimization of design and test standards by using Monte-Carlo based assessments and the Generation of probabilistic data as input for risk management tools during the design type approval and periodic inspection. Further safety aspects of design and manufacturing have to be taken into account as well as aspects of operational safety with material degradation, non-destructive testing and appropriate tools for operational files.
T2 - The opening of BAM hydrogen refueling station
CY - Horstwalde, Germany
DA - 03.07.2025
KW - Market ramp-up
KW - Consequence limitation
KW - Frequency limitation
KW - Accoustic emission
KW - Monte-Carlo
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63810
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schmidt, Anita
T1 - Handling and Transport of defective lithiumbatteries
N2 - Safe handling and transport of Lithiumbatteries is fundamental for their global trade and use. BAM is the German competent authority responsible for the transport of defective lithium batteries and as such approves transport conditions and packaging for the transport. Also BAM is providing the test protocol for fire testing of packagings. Results and topics around safe transport are described and discussed.
T2 - Sino-German Workshop on Dangerous Goods Packaging
CY - Online meeting
DA - 27.11.2024
KW - Lithium batteries
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62330
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Morcillo, Dalia
T1 - Study of Age-Induced Isotope Fractionation in Lithium-ion Batteries using Microwave-Induced Cold Nitrogen Plasma Mass Spectrometry
N2 - This study investigates the use of a microwave-induced cold nitrogen plasma ionization source, coupled with a single quadrupole mass analyzer, as a cost-effective alternative to multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) for analyzing lithium isotopic composition in lithium-ion batteries. The performance of both instruments was compared in measuring δ7Li values vs an isotopic standard in new and aged commercial lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) batteries. Results indicate that the microwave-induced ionization source, operating under cold plasma conditions at 800 W with an 8 mm torch depth position, achieves precision comparable to MC-ICP-MS, with δ7Li values ranging from 0.7 ‰ to 3.4 ‰. This method benefits from a dielectric resonator for uniform plasma, better ion velocity control, and higher energy efficiency [1-3]. Optimal settings were established as dwell times of 10 ms for 6Li and 1 ms for 7Li. The study found that 6Li migrates to the anode during multiple charge/discharge cycles, leading to the accumulation of 7Li at the cathode. This fractionation effect becomes more visible with repeated cycling. The microwave-induced ionization source offers a cost-effective and accurate alternative to MC-ICP-MS, with increased portability, facilitating further research into isotopic fractionation and aging of lithium-ion batteries.
T2 - Adlershofer Forschungsforum 2024
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 11.11.2024
KW - Cold nitrogen plasma
KW - Lithium isotope
KW - Battery
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62024
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tiebe, Carlo
T1 - Sensoren und Analytik für Sicherheit und Prozesskontrolle in Wasserstofftechnologien
N2 - Der Beitrag beinhaltet Themen vom H2Safety@BAM-Kompetenzfeld Sensorik, Analytik und zertifizierte Referenzmaterialien (SensRef) mit Fokus auf Mess- und Prüfverfahren mit verschiedenen Sensortechnologien und Ultraschallwellen:
Metrologie zur Wasserstoffspeicherung - Euramet-Vorhaben "MefHySto",
Erkennung von freigesetztem Wasserstoff sowie die Bestimmung des Wasserstoff-Luftverhälntisses mit Gassensoren, zerstörungsfreie Fehlstellenerkennung mit integriertem Zustandsüberwachungssystem basierend auf geführten Ultraschallwellen zur Lebensdauerüberwachung von Composite-Behältern (Wasserstoffspeicher) sowie faseroptische Sensorik zur Schadenfrüherkennung von Wasserstoffspeichern aufgrund erkennbarer Dehnungsänderungen an Druckbehältern.
T2 - DVGW Kongress H2 Sicherheit
CY - Online meeting
DA - 23.11.2022
KW - H2Safety@BAM
KW - SensRef
KW - Faseroptische Sensorik
KW - Gassensorik
KW - Geführte Ultraschallwellen
KW - Leckdetektion
KW - Metrologie zur Wasserstoffspeicherung
KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung
KW - Structural Health Monitoring (SHM)
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56683
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tiebe, Carlo
T1 - Sensoren und Analytik für Sicherheit und Prozesskontrolle in Wasserstofftechnologien
N2 - Der Beitrag behandelt verschiedene Themen aus dem H2Safety@BAM-Kompetenzfeld Sensorik, Analytik und zertifizierte Referenzmaterialien (SensRef) mit Schwerpunkt auf Mess- und Prüfverfahren, die verschiedene Analyseverfahren, Sensortechnologien und Ultraschallwellen nutzen. Ein Teil davon ist das Euramet-Vorhaben "MefHySto" zur Metrologie der Wasserstoffspeicherung. Des Weiteren werden Verfahren zur Erkennung von freigesetztem Wasserstoff und zur Bestimmung des Wasserstoff-Luftverhältnisses mithilfe von Gassensoren behandelt. Ein weiterer Aspekt ist die zerstörungsfreie Fehlstellenerkennung mit einem integrierten Zustandsüberwachungssystem, das auf geführten Ultraschallwellen basiert und zur Überwachung der Lebensdauer von Composite-Behältern (Wasserstoffspeicher) dient. Zudem wird die Anwendung faseroptischer Sensorik zur Schadenfrüherkennung an Wasserstoffspeichern diskutiert. Dabei werden erkennbare Dehnungsänderungen an Druckbehältern als Indikatoren genutzt.
T2 - DVGW-Kongress "H2 Sicherheit"
CY - Online meeting
DA - 15.03.2023
KW - Faseroptische Sensorik
KW - Gassensorik
KW - Geführte Ultraschallwellen
KW - Leckdetektion
KW - Metrologie zur Wasserstoffspeicherung
KW - Structural Health Monitoring (SHM)
KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung
KW - SensRef
KW - H2Safety@BAM
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57529
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schmidt, Anita
T1 - Beförderungsfragen im Zusammenhang mit Lithium-Batterien
N2 - Für den Transport von Lithium-Batterien sind verschiedene Vorschriften des Transportrechts zu beachten. Insbesondere für defekte und beschädigte Lithium-Batterien, die beim Transport gefährlich reagieren, in Brand geraten oder giftige Gase freisetzen können, werden in 2019 neue Regelungen anwendbar sein. Die BAM ist in Deutschland zuständige Behörde für deren Umsetzung.
T2 - Gefahrguttag des BMVI im Rahmen der IAA Nutzfahrzeuge
CY - Hannover, Germany
DA - 25.09.2018
KW - Lithium Batterien
KW - Gefahrgut Transport
KW - Verpackungen
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-47112
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schmidt, Anita
T1 - Damaged and defective batteries - Criteria for packagings under P911/LP906
N2 - Defective or damaged Lithium batteries may react dangerously during transport. Requirements for the safe transport of such batteries have been developed at UN level. They are adopted in the respective transport regulations. BAM as competent authority has the task to interpret those regulations and has developed procedures for testing and approval.
T2 - 23rd International Congress for Battery Recycling ICBR 2018
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 26.09.2018
KW - Lithium batteries
KW - Safe transport
KW - Defective lithium batteries
KW - Packaging
KW - Dangerous goods
KW - Thermal runaway
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-47111
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tiebe, Carlo
T1 - Prüf- und Messverfahren mit verschiedenen Sensortechnologien und Ultraschallwellen
N2 - Der Vortrag zum Mess- und Prüfverfahren mit verschiedenen Sensortechnologien und Ultraschallwellen beinhaltet die Themen:
Metrologie zur Wasserstoffspeicherung - Euramet-Vorhaben "MefHySto",
Erkennung von freigesetztem Wasserstoff sowie die Bestimmung des Wasserstoff-Luftverhälntisses mit Gassensoren, zerstörungsfreie Fehlstellenerkennung mit integriertem Zustandsüberwachungssystem basierend auf geführten Ultraschallwellen zur Lebensdauerüberwachung von Composite-Behältern (Wasserstoffspeicher) sowie faseroptische Sensorik zur Schadenfrüherkennung von Wasserstoffspeichern aufgrund erkennbarer Dehnungsänderungen an Druckbehältern.
T2 - DVGW Kongress H2 Sicherheit
CY - Online meeting
DA - 28.09.2021
KW - Leckdetektion
KW - Metrologie zur Wasserstoffspeicherung
KW - Gassensorik
KW - Structural Health Monitoring (SHM)
KW - Geführte Ultraschallwellen
KW - Faseroptische Sensorik
KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-54136
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tiebe, Carlo
T1 - Mess- und Prüfverfahren mit Sensorik
N2 - Mess- und prüftechnische Verfahren sind zur Prozesskontrolle und Sicherheitsüberwachung in Wasserstofftechnologien von hoher Bedeutung. Typische Anwendungsgebiete von Sensoren sind Sicherheitsüberwachung, Leckdetektion und Prozesskontrolle. In diesem Beitrag werden Themen zur Erkennung von freigesetztem Wasserstoff sowie die Bestimmung des Wasserstoff-Luftverhältnisses mit Gassensoren, Fehlstellenerkennung mit geführten Ultraschallwellen zur Lebensdauerüberwachung (Structural Health Monitoring) von Wasserstoffspeichern sowie der Einsatz faseroptischer Sensoren zur Überwachung des Dehnungs- und Alterungsverhaltens sowie zur Schadensfrüherkennung von Wasserstoffspeichern vorgestellt.
T2 - DVGW Kongress H2 Sicherheit
CY - Online meeting
DA - 27.01.2021
KW - Metrologie
KW - Gassensoren
KW - Structural Health Monitoring
KW - Faseroptische Sensoren
KW - Wasserstoff
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52141
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Bock, Robert
T1 - Burst strength and its scatter as key points of safety
N2 - Based on the preliminary presentations in this task force it is repeated how a basic population scatters and its degradation influences properties statistically. There is a remainder on the issue of accepting borderline populations due to the minimum burst ratio requirement.
Then it is explained in detail how the analysis of minimum requirements by a Monte-Carlo-simulation works. The result with respect to the further reduced minimum burst ratio of 2.0 is summarised and means a two-step approach of two scatter levels requiring two different minimum burst ratios.
The methods for evaluating batch tests are analysed. A proposal for integration a statistical analysis is described in detail.
Finally, the positive effect of proof testing is shown and its dependence from the real ageing is shown.
This ends in the recommendation to have a stronger and quantitative look on real ageing and to follow the 2 proposed sets of criteria for a safe usage of hydrogen storage systems.
T2 - 10th IWG on rev GTR 13
CY - Online meeting
DA - 28.06.2021
KW - Basic population
KW - Minimum burst ratio
KW - Monte-Carlo-simulation
KW - Borderline population
KW - Batch test
KW - Proof test
KW - Ageing
PY - 2021
UR - https://wiki.unece.org/download/attachments/128419731/GTR13-10-08%20BAM%20GTR%2013-2%20scatter%20criteria%20for%20min%20burst%202021-06-25.pdf?api=v2
AN - OPUS4-53149
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Solberg, S.
A1 - Zimmermann, P.
A1 - Wilhelmsen, Ø.
A1 - Lamb, J.
A1 - Bock, Robert
A1 - Burheim, O.
T1 - Heat to Hydrogen by Reverse Electrodialysis—Using a Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics Model to Evaluate Hydrogen Production Concepts Utilising Waste Heat
N2 - The reverse electrodialysis heat engine (REDHE) is a promising salinity gradient energy technology, capable of producing hydrogen with an input of waste heat at temperatures below 100 °C. A salinity gradient drives water electrolysis in the reverse electrodialysis (RED) cell, and spent solutions are regenerated using waste heat in a precipitation or evaporation unit. This work presents a non-equilibrium thermodynamics model for the RED cell, and the hydrogen production is investigated for KCl/water solutions. The results show that the evaporation concept requires 40 times less waste heat and produces three times more hydrogen than the precipitation concept. With commercial evaporation technology, a system efficiency of 2% is obtained, with a hydrogen production rate of 0.38 gH2 m−2h−1 and a waste heat requirement of 1.7 kWh g−1H2. The water transference coefficient and the salt diffusion coefficient are identified as membrane properties with a large negative impact on hydrogen production and system efficiency. Each unit of the water transference coefficient in the range tw=[0–10] causes a −7 mV decrease in unit cell electric potential, and a −0.3% decrease in system efficiency. Increasing the membrane salt diffusion coefficient from 10−12 to 10−11 leads to the system efficiency decreasing from 2% to 0.6%
KW - Non-equilibrium thermodynamics
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Waste heat
KW - RED
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-556677
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/en15166011
VL - 15
IS - 16
SP - 6011
PB - MDPI
AN - OPUS4-55667
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Holtappels, Kai
T1 - Competence Centre H2Safety@BAM - We build trust in hydrogen technologies
N2 - Der Beraterkreis Gase wird regelmäßig von der Berufsgenossenschaft Rohstoffe und chemische Industrie, Bereich Prävention, organisiert. Die Veranstaltung dient dem Austausch zwischen Wissenschaft und Wirtschaft zu aktuellen sicherheitstechnischen Fragestellungen rund um Sauerstoff und Wasserstoff. In diesem Zusammenhang hat die BAM einen Überblick über ihre verschiedenen Aktivitäten des Kompetenzzentrums H2Safety@BAM vorgestellt, die sich in der gesamten Wasserstoffwertschöpfungskette wiederfinden. Darüber hinaus wurden die Planungen für den Ausbau der Prüfinfrastruktur auf dem Testgelände Technische Sicherheit der BAM vorgestellt. Es wurden auch die Ergebnisse des Projekts DELFIN zur Sicherheit von Druckgasspeichern, den Freisetzungsuntersuchungen von Flüssigwasserstoff sowie die Unterfeuerung entsprechender Kryospeicher und die Planungen zum Projekt ModuH2Pipe@BAM präsentiert. Den Abschluss bildeten die aktuellen Empfehlungen des Forschungsnetzwerkes Wasserstoff.
N2 - The Gases Advisory Group is organized regularly by the Prevention Division of the German Employer's Liability Insurance Association for Raw Materials and the Chemical Industry. The event serves as an exchange between science and industry on current safety-related issues concerning oxygen and hydrogen. In this context, BAM presented an overview of its various activities of the competence center H2Safety@BAM, which are reflected in the entire hydrogen value chain. In addition, the plans for the expansion of the test infrastructure at BAM's Technical Safety Test Site were presented. The results of the DELFIN project on the safety of pressurized gas storage tanks, the release tests of liquid hydrogen as well as the underfiring of corresponding cryogenic storage tanks and the plans for the ModuH2Pipe@BAM project were also presented. The presentation concluded with the current recommendations of the Hydrogen Research Network.
T2 - BG RCI Beraterkreis Gase
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 25.04.2023
KW - Berufsgenossenschaft
KW - Sicherheit von Wasserstofftechnologien
KW - H2Safety@BAM
KW - modulare Pipelineanlage
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57398
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Günzel, Stephan
T1 - The maximum acceptable consequence limit as a control instrument
N2 - The presentation starts with the first agreement of making a national attempt for the introduction of a pV-limit for hydrogen transport. It explains aspects of the technical development, provides an impression of catastrophic incidents, and explains the difference between risk control and consequence limitation. Then the process of determining consequences and the result from the discussion at the UN-WG are explained. The next part summarises the approach for counting the number of impacted persons as a function of the model of pressure wave, the pressure peak, the limits of injured persons and the population density. Finally, the latest state of the discussion and the subsequent recommendations for a pV-value and the adequate phrases for explanation are introduced.
T2 - 29th BAM-DIN-IGV-DVFG-Meeting
CY - Online meeting
DA - 23.02.2022
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Pressure recepacles
KW - Consequence limit
KW - Risk control
KW - Population density
KW - Pressure wave
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-54608
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Holtappels, Kai
T1 - Education and Training Activities of the Competence Centre H2Safety@BAM
N2 - Green hydrogen is seen as a cornerstone of the energy transition and decarbonization efforts of industry, transportation and the utilities sectors. The binding goal of the EU and Germany to reduce net zero carbon emissions by 2045 will substantially increase the demand for green hydrogen as an important carbon-free substitute for fossil fuels. The World Energy Council expects an annual demand of 60 million tons (equivalent 2.000 TWh) hydrogen and its derivatives (especially ammonia and methanol) in the EU until 2050. lt is estimated that the EU can produce less than half of its needed hydrogen by 2050, and will need to import the rest. African coastal countries therefore have the opportunity to become net exporters of their carbon-free regenerative energy in the form of hydrogen and its derivatives and to enable better economic growth and generate wealth on the African continent. The large-scale production, transport and storage of green hydrogen will require large investments in the development of knowledge and training, logistics and capital goods - for both the EU and African countries.
BAM is already facing the lack of skilled workers and hydrogen experts. By bundling its expertise in the field of hydrogen technologies into a competence center H2Safety@BAM to create confidence in the technology The topic of hydrogen has been current at BAM for more than one hundred years and is also currently the focus of numerous research and cooperation activities. In order to transfer its expertise in this field BAM developed a number of education activities. The centre of all activities is the Graduate School “Trustworthy Hydrogen”, established in 2022 together with the BTU Cottbus. In the presentation all activities and especially those of the graduate school and details of the cooperation with the University of Namibia are shown.
T2 - German-African Green Hydrogen Forum
CY - Bernburg (Saale), Germany
DA - 23.05.2023
KW - H2Safety@BAM
KW - Graduate School
KW - Trustworthy Hydrogen
KW - Education
KW - Skilled workers
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57633
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Holtappels, Kai
T1 - Safety Aspects for Hydrogen Technologies - H2Safety@BAM
N2 - Hydrogen is a central component of the energy transition and the European Green Deal for a climate-neutral Europe. To be able to achieve the targets defined by 2045, the EU and the German government have drafted a framework for action and are making long-term investments in research, development and the rapid implementation of innovative hydrogen technologies.
The conditions for a successful energy transition and the economic use of green hydrogen as a clean energy carrier are Hydrogen readiness and a rapid market ramp-up, as well as the establishment of the necessary value chains in the national and European framework. Reliable quality and safety standards are the prerequisite for ensuring safety of supply and environmental compatibility and for creating trust in these technologies.
BAM has bundled its expertise in the field of hydrogen technologies into a competence center H2Safety@BAM to create confidence in the technology and to support the hydrogen strategies of the German government and the EU. The topic of hydrogen has been current at BAM for more than one hundred years and is also currently the focus of numerous research and cooperation activities. The competence centre H2Safety@BAM and its vision of “We build trust in hydrogen technologies” will be presented with its many safety-related topics, which can be found throughout the entire hydrogen value chain. Two deep dives will present the results on projects dealing with the design-to-cost issue of classical pressurized gas storage containments and the consequences of the release of liquid hydrogen, which will be roughly compared to the release of ammonia.
T2 - 25. Kalorimetrietage
CY - Braunschweig, Germany
DA - 31.05.2023
KW - H2Safety@BAM
KW - Safety
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Gas cylinders
KW - DELFIN
KW - LH2
KW - Hydrogen release
KW - Rapid phase transition
KW - Consequences
KW - Cyro storage tanks
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57629
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Krankenhagen, Rainer
A1 - Röllig, Mathias
A1 - Worzewski, Tamara
A1 - Doroshtnasir, Manoucher
T1 - Thermographic rotor blade inspection from larger distances – a promising tool for the maintenance of wind turbines
N2 - The permanently increasing number of wind turbines requires suited inspection and monitoring methods to ensure liability and security. Concerning the inspection of ro-tor blades, only manual inspections are state of the art. Thermographic Testing (TT) has the potential to detect typical failures and damages on rotor blades. The paper presents some results of onsite measurements carried out as “passive thermogra-phy”, i.e. without a defined heating procedure. Due the totally contactless meas-urement principle, TT can be applied to rotating blades as well as to resting blades. Both methods will be compared with respect to their possible realization.
T2 - WCNDT 2016
CY - Munich, Germany
DA - 13.06.2016
KW - Wind turbine rotor blade
KW - Thermographic inspection
KW - Passive thermography
KW - Nondestructive testing
PY - 2016
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-366331
SN - 978-3-940283-78-8
SP - We.4.D.4., 1
EP - 8
AN - OPUS4-36633
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schmidt, Anita
T1 - Lithiumbatterien: Anforderungen für die Beförderung von beschädigten Batterien und Überblick über die UN TDG Arbeitsgruppe zur gefahrenbasierten Klassifizierung
N2 - Lithiumbatterien: Anforderungen für die Beförderung von beschädigten Batterien und Überblick über die UN TDG Arbeitsgruppe zur gefahrenbasierten Klassifizierung BAM ist beteiligt in den Arbeitsgruppen und stellt eigene Prüfergebnisse vor.
T2 - IAA 2022 Transportation, Gefahrguttag des BMDV, "Aktuelle Entwicklungen im Gefahrgutrecht und Erhöhung der Sicherheit von Gefahrgutfahrzeugen"
CY - Hannover, Germany
DA - 21.09.2022
KW - Lithiumbatterien
KW - Energiespeicher
KW - UN TDG Lithiumbatterien
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56742
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schmidt, Anita
T1 - Herausforderung: Verpackungen von Lithiumbatterien
N2 - Je nach Zustand bestehen unterschiedliche Anforderungen an Verpackungen zum Transport von Lithiumbatterien. Hierbei sind bestimmte Prüfungen und Kriterien zu betrachten. Aktuell besteht insbesondere der Bedarf an Verpackungen für kritisch defekte Batterien. Innovative Lösungen sind gefordert.
T2 - Workshop AG Future Markets New Energy Packaging
CY - Online meeting
DA - 12.03.2021
KW - Lithium Batterien
KW - Gefahrgutverpackungen
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-54181
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Winckelmann, Alexander
T1 - Investigation of degradation of the aluminum current collector in lithium-ion batteries by glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopy
N2 - Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are one technology to overcome the challenges of climate and energy crisis. They are widely used in electric vehicles, consumer electronics, or as storage for renewable energy sources. However, despite innovations in batteries' components like cathode and anode materials, separators, and electrolytes, the aging mechanism related to metallic aluminum current collector degradation causes a significant drop in their performance and prevents the durable use of LIBs. Glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GD-OES) is a powerful method for depth-profiling of batteries' electrode materials. This work investigates aging-induced aluminum deposition on commercial lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) batteries' cathodes. The results illustrate the depth-resolved elemental distribution from the cathode surface to the current collector. An accumulation of aluminum is found on the cathode surface by GD-OES, consistent with results from energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) combined with focused ion beam (FIB) cutting. In comparison to FIB-EDX, GD-OES allows a fast and manageable depth-profiling. Results from different positions on an aged cathode indicate an inhomogeneous aluminum film growth on the surface. The conclusions from these experiments can lead to a better understanding of the degradation of the aluminum current collector, thus leading to higher lifetimes of LIBs.
T2 - Adlershofer Forschungsforum 2022
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 11.11.2022
KW - Lithium Ion Batteries
KW - GD-OES
KW - FIB
KW - SEM
KW - EDX
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56246
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Böttcher, Nils
T1 - Sicherheit von Lithium-und Natrium-Batterien - Brandprüfungen und Sicherheitsmaßnahmen
N2 - Die Präsentation gibt einen ganzheitlichen Überblick im sicheren Umgang mit elektrochemischen Energiespeichertechnologien. Ferner enthält diese Präsentation einen Überblick über die aktuell an der BAM durchgeführten Forschungsprojekte und hoheitlichen Aufgaben mit Bezug diesen Energiespeichern
T2 - Lehrgang "Moderne elektrochemische Energiespeicher" (905350)
CY - Mannheim, Germany
DA - 16.09.2024
KW - Lithiumbatterien
KW - Thermal Runaway
KW - Sicherheit
KW - Natriumbatterien
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62302
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tichter, Tim
T1 - Electroanalytical experiments at macroporous electrodes for redox-flow batteries
N2 - Macroporous carbon felts (CFs) are the prevalently used electrode material for redox-flow batteris. Owing to their large internal surface area, these structures can efficiently drive the Faradaic reactions in a RFB. However, the electrochemical characterization of novel CFs, or modified CF-materials is a cumbersome task. This is essentially related to the complex mass-transport phenomena which are convoluted with the electrode kinetics. This talk will focus on ex-situ cyclic voltammetry and operando electrochemical impedance spectroscopy as electroanalytical techniques for porous RFB electrodes. Common pitfalls in the voltammetric analysis of CFs are elucidated and recent strategies for modeling and evaluating CV experiments on porous structures are introduced. Finally, a method based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is introduced which allows for an operando fingerprinting of electrochemical reactions in a vanadium-based RFB.
T2 - Flow4U-Event
CY - Eindhoven, Netherlands
DA - 08.04.2024
KW - Porous Electrodes
KW - Redox-Flow Batteries
KW - Digital Simulation
KW - Convolutive modeling
KW - Impedance Spectroscopy
KW - Distribution of Relaxation Times
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62304
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tichter, Tim
T1 - The DSDC Algorithm - A Universal Strategy for Simulating Voltammetry of Rough and Porous Electrodes
N2 - Porous electrodes or electrodes with rough surfaces offer a multitude of tailored applications. The theoretical treatment of such structures is, however, challenging since their voltammetric profile is a convolution of the time-dependent current with an inherently random mass-transfer function. Since the latter quantity has no analytical solution, the classical convolutive techniques cannot be applied. Therefore, simulations have been based on severe simplifications of the diffusion space [1,2] or were performed by means of digital simulation. Unfortunately, the latter approach becomes computationally prohibitive when a large and/or highly resolved, three-dimensional diffusion space needs to be considered. To mitigate these problems, we introduce the digital simulation, deconvolution, convolution (DSDC) algorithm, consisting of four successive steps [3]. Firstly, the three-dimensional image of the electrode under investigation is extracted via micro X-ray computed tomography (µ-CT) or atomic-force microscopy (AFM). Subsequently, the purely mass-transfer controlled current of this spatial template is generated by means of digital simulation. In the third and fourth steps, the mass-transfer function is extracted for a set of discrete points in time by numerical deconvolution and finally used for classical convolutive simulations. In this manner, any simplification of the diffusion domain becomes obsolete and the advantages of digital simulation and convolutive modelling are most favourably combined. Finally, this DSDC-algorithm provides an interdisciplinary connection of ex-situ imaging and in-situ electrochemistry which results in excellent agreement of simulated and experimentally acquired data.
T2 - Bunsentagung 2024
CY - Aachen, Germany
DA - 25.03.2024
KW - Porous Electrodes
KW - Convolutive Modeling
KW - Digital Simulation
KW - Diffusion
KW - Redox-Flow Batteries
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62303
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rethmeier, Michael
T1 - Anwendung einer Kombination aus Laserhybrid- und Unterpulverschweißen zum Fügen dicker Bleche aus Schiffbaustahl EH36
N2 - In diesem Beitrag wird ein Schweißverfahren vorgestellt, mit dem 30 mm dicke Bleche aus Schiffbaustahl EH36 effizient und werkstoffgerecht gefügt werden können. Die wirtschaftlichen Vorteile des Verfahrens ergeben sich aus dem Wegfall der aufwendigen Kantenvorbereitung und der Reduzierung des Schweißzusatzbedarfs. Die Stumpfschweißnähte werden in einer Lagen-/Gegenlage-Technik durch Laserhybridschweißen und Unterpulverschweißen ausgeführt. Dabei erfolgt die Laserhybridschweißung als Einschweißung mit einer Tiefe von etwa 25 mm, während die Unterpulvernaht als zweiter Durchgang auf der gegenüberliegenden Seite des Bauteils mit einer Einschweißtiefe von 8 mm aufgebracht wird. Die Überlappung der beiden Lagen gewährleistet einen geschlossenen Nahtquerschnitt. Dank der partiellen Durchschweißung der Laserhybridnaht entfällt die Notwendigkeit zur Wurzelformierung. Darüber hinaus bietet die Prozesskombination eine höhere Toleranz gegenüber Ungenauigkeiten in der
Kantenvorbereitung, was die Prozesskomplexität reduziert. Der Einsatz dieses robusteren Verfahrens, das weniger von einer präzisen Kantenvorbereitung abhängig ist, erleichtert die Produktionsvorbereitung, minimiert die Fehleranfälligkeit und senkt die Nachbearbeitungskosten. Dies macht das Laserhybridschweißen besonders attraktiv für Anwendungen im Schiffbau.
T2 - 22. Tagung Schweißen in der maritimen Technik und im Ingenieurbau
CY - Hamburg, Germany
DA - 13.05.2025
KW - Kerbschlagbiegeversuch
KW - Laserhybridschweißen
KW - Unterpulverschweißen
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65073
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Leonhardt, Robert
T1 - Impedance-based characterization of the overstress-related degradationin alkali metal-ion cells
N2 - The successful repurposing of degraded alkali metal-ion batteries in second-life applications is a vital step towards achieving a circular economy. While reusing aged cells is a promising way of mitigating their overall environmental footprint, it is crucial to anticipate their future safety and performance characteristics. Unfortunately, predicting these properties is a cumbersome task, essentially caused by limited knowledge of the interference of different degradation modes in the cells’ first life.
To still enable estimating of these parameters from a current state, the present study systematically investigates the impact of abusive conditions in an early phase of the cells’ life on their subsequent degradation behavior. For this purpose, individual lithium-ion and sodium-ion cells are initially stressed by different measures such as deep-discharging, high-temperature conditions, and deliberate combinations of the aforementioned methods. Electrochemical performance indicators are monitored during subsequent cycling of the cells, which provides insights into the interdependencies of different degradation modes induced by specific stress conditions. In this manner, it is clarified whether or not the total degradation can be determined by a convolution or a superposition of individual deterioration effects and thus, be described as a multidimensional state function.
This knowledge will finally contribute to a better understanding of the performance and safety behavior of degraded batteries which can help to successfully implement them into second-life applications.
T2 - Doktorandenseminar der Technischen Universität Berlin
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 30.09.2025
KW - Alkali metal-ion batteries
KW - Electrochemical performance indicators
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65068
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Böttcher, Nils
T1 - Lithiumbatterien, Natrium-Ionen Batterien, Festkörperbatterien - Wohin geht die Regelwerksentwicklung?
N2 - Der Markt für Energiespeicher befindet sich in einer Phase intensiver technologischer Diversifizierung. Neben etablierten Lithium-Ionen-Batterien gewinnen neue Systeme wie Natrium-Ionen-Batterien und künftige Technologien wie Festkörperbatterien zunehmend an Bedeutung. Dies stellt jedoch neue Anforderungen an die Handhabung und Logistik respektiver Systeme und rückt die Klassifizierung von Batterien nach Gefährlichkeit stärker in den Fokus. In diesem Kontext gilt es Transportprozesse zu vereinfachen und simultan die Sicherheit zu erhöhen.
Im Rahmen dieses Vortrags werden aktuelle und kommende Batterietechnologien vorgestellt, die essenziellen Hürden bei deren Handhabung, Transport und Lagerung zusammenfassend dargestellt und ein umfassender Ausblick auf die Regelwerksentwicklung gegeben. Schwerpunkte liegen dabei auf I) der Entwicklung dedizierter Methoden für die Einordnung in Kategorien defekte und kritisch defekte Batteriesysteme, II) Passivierende Verfahren (thermisch und/oder elektrisch) für einen sicheren Transport und III) der Optimierung der Wertschöpfungskette des Gesamtsystems „Batterie“ durch effizientere Batteriekreisläufe und Recyclingverfahren.
T2 - Zweite Fachkonferenz Transport und Lagerung von Lithiumbatterien 2025
CY - Augsburg, Germany
DA - 03.07.2025
KW - Batteriesicherheit
KW - Gekühlter Transport von Batterien
KW - Tieftemperaturpassivierung
KW - Regelwerksentwicklung
KW - Wertschöpfungskette und Batterierecycling
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65078
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Böttcher, Nils
T1 - „Batterien“ Gefahrgutrechtliche Entwicklung für die Anwendung
N2 - Der Markt für Energiespeicher bietet eine kontinuierlich wachsende, technologische Vielfalt. Neben etablierten Lithium-Ionen-Batterien gewinnen alternative Systeme wie Natrium-Ionen-Batterien zunehmend an Bedeutung. Jene Entwicklung steigert aktuell die Anforderungen an Regularien für Logistik und Handhabung ebendieser Systeme und bedarf einer dedizierten jedoch gleichwohl praktikablem Klassifizierung unterschiedlicher Batterien nach deren Gefährlichkeit. Genau dies ist der Schwerpunkt der vorliegenden Präsentation. Ein besonderer Fokus liegt dabei auf dem sicheren Transport kritisch defekter Batteriesysteme durch thermische Passivierung und/oder gezieltes Tiefentladen. Explizit werden aktuelle und zukünftige Batterietechnologien vorgestellt, die wesentlichen Herausforderungen bei Handhabung, Transport und Lagerung zusammengefasst und ein umfassender Ausblick auf die Weiterentwicklung der relevanten Regelwerke gegeben.
T2 - 35. Münchner Gefahrgut-Tage
CY - Munich, Germany
DA - 26.05.2025
KW - Batteriesicherheit
KW - Thermisches Durchgehen
KW - Tieftemperaturpassivierung
KW - Initiale Reaktionstemperatur
KW - Gekühlter Transport von (kritisch) defekten Batterien
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65077
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Morcillo, Dalia
T1 - High-resolution absorption isotopic spectrometry as a tool for aging studies of Li-ion batteries
N2 - Lithium (Li) is the key element in the manufacturing of batteries. Isotopic study of Li may help to identify the causes of battery aging due to isotopic fractionation during charge/discharge cycles.
Isotopic ratio determination is based on monitoring the isotopic components of lithium by their spin-orbit coupling and its isotopic shift of about 15 pm for the 22P←22S electronic transition around 670.788 nm. In this work, we propose improvements to our previous work [1] by using a higher-resolution double echelle modular spectrometer (HR-DEMON II) coupled to a continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer (HR-CS-GF-AAS) for the isotopic analysis of Li.
The data analysis was carried out by using a decision-tree-based ensemble machine learning (ML) algorithm (XGBoost). A set of samples with 6Li isotope amount fractions ranging from 0.0004 to 0.99 mol mol-1 was used for the algorithm's training. Subsequently, the procedure was validated by a set of stock chemicals (Li2CO3, LiNO3, LiCl, and LiOH) and a BAM candidate reference material, a cathode material (NMC111). Finally, the ML model was applied to determine the isotope ratio of geological samples, including anorthosite, granite, soil, rhyolite, nepheline syenite, and basalt and battery samples. These samples were measured as digested without any further purification step.
Improvements in the optical resolution resolve the lithium isotopic components of the atomic spectra. In the studied geological samples, were found δ7Li values between -0.5 and 4.5 ‰ with a precision range of 1 to 2 ‰. In addition, the proposed method was validated with multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS), and these results are comparable and compatible.
T2 - Caltech-BAM Meeting
CY - Online meeting
DA - 10.08.2022
KW - Lithium isotope
KW - Machine learning
KW - Battery
KW - High-resolution absorption isotopic spectrometry
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56380
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Winckelmann, Alexander
T1 - Investigation of degradation of the aluminum current collector in lithium-ion batteries by glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopy
N2 - Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are one technology to overcome the challenges of climate and energy crisis. They are widely used in electric vehicles, consumer electronics, or as storage for renewable energy sources. However, despite innovations in batteries' components like cathode and anode materials, separators, and electrolytes, the aging mechanism related to metallic aluminum current collector degradation causes a significant drop in their performance and prevents the durable use of LIBs.[1] Glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GD-OES) is a powerful method for depth-profiling of batteries' electrode materials. This work investigates aging-induced aluminum deposition on commercial lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) batteries' cathodes. The results illustrate the depth-resolved elemental distribution from the cathode surface to the current collector. An accumulation of aluminum is found on the cathode surface by GD-OES, consistent with results from energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) combined with focused ion beam (FIB) cutting. In comparison to FIB-EDX, GD-OES allows a fast and manageable depth-profiling. Results from different positions on an aged cathode indicate an inhomogeneous aluminum film growth on the surface. The conclusions from these experiments can lead to a better understanding of the degradation of the aluminum current collector, thus leading to higher lifetimes of LIBs.
T2 - European Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry (EWCPS 2023)
CY - Ljubljana, Slovenia
DA - 29.01.2023
KW - Lithium-ion batteries
KW - Aging mechanisms
KW - Depth-profiling
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-56992
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Winckelmann, Alexander
T1 - Investigation of degradation of the aluminum current collector in lithium-ion batteries by GD-OES
N2 - Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are one technology to overcome the challenges of climate and energy crisis. They are widely used in electric vehicles, consumer electronics, or as storage for renewable energy sources. However, despite innovations in batteries' components like cathode and anode materials, separators, and electrolytes, the aging mechanism related to metallic aluminum current collector degradation causes a significant drop in their performance and prevents the durable use of LIBs. Glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GD-OES) is a powerful method for depth-profiling of batteries' electrode materials. This work investigates aging-induced aluminum deposition on commercial lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) batteries' cathodes. The results illustrate the depth-resolved elemental distribution from the cathode surface to the current collector. An accumulation of aluminum is found on the cathode surface by GD-OES, consistent with results from energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) combined with focused ion beam (FIB) cutting. In comparison to FIB-EDX, GD-OES allows a fast and manageable depth-profiling. Results from different positions on an aged cathode indicate an inhomogeneous aluminum film growth on the surface. The conclusions from these experiments can lead to a better understanding of the degradation of the aluminum current collector, thus leading to higher lifetimes of LIBs.
T2 - Empa Group Meeting
CY - Dübendorf, Switzerland
DA - 22.11.2022
KW - Lithium Ion Batteries
KW - GD-OES
KW - FIB
KW - SEM
KW - EDX
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56584
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Böttcher, Nils
T1 - A Journey From Formula Student to Research at BAM
N2 - In this presentation, the battery and cell test center of BAM is introduced to the Berlin Motion Lab. Points of intersection are identified, and interested students are familiarized with BAM’s research priorities in the field of batteries. The aim is to foster interaction and to inspire young researchers to engage with technologically relevant topics.
T2 - Berlin Deep Tech Nexus Meetup
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 26.02.2025
KW - Battery safety
KW - BAM-academy
KW - Qualification programme for PhD students at BAM
KW - Advanced (battery) safety topics
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65079
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Long, Lijia
A1 - Anh Mai, Q.
A1 - Morato, P. G.
A1 - Dalsgaard Sorensen, J.
A1 - Thöns, Sebastian
T1 - Information value-based optimization of structural and environmental monitoring for offshore wind turbines support structures
N2 - The use of load and structural performance measurement information is vital for efficient structural integrity management and for the cost of energy production with Offshore Wind Turbines (OWTs). OWTs are dynamically sensitive structures subject to an interaction with a control unit exposed to repeated cyclic wind and wave loads causing deterioration and fatigue. This study focuses on the quantification of the value of structural and environmental information on the integrity management of OWT structures, with the focus on fatigue of welded joints. By utilizing decision analysis, structural reliability methods, measurement data, as well as the cost-benefit models, a Value of Information (VoI) analysis can be performed to quantify the most beneficial measurement strategy. The VoI assessment is demonstrated for the integrity management of a butt welded joint of a monopile support structure for a 3 MW OWT with a hub height of approximately 71m. The conditional value of three-year measured oceanographic information and one-year strain monitoring information is quantified posteriori in conjunction with an inspection and repair planning. This paper provides insights on how much benefits can be achieved through structural and environmental information, with practical relevance on reliability-based maintenance of OWT structures.
KW - Structural health monitoring
KW - Offshore wind turbine
KW - Monopile support structure
KW - Value of information
KW - Weld fatigue
KW - Decision tree
KW - Dynamic Bayesian Network
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-514098
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.06.038
VL - 10
IS - 159
SP - 1036
EP - 1046
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-51409
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Thöns, Sebastian
A1 - Faber, M. H.
A1 - Rücker, Werner
T1 - Fatigue and serviceability limit state model basis for assessment of offshore wind energy converters
N2 - This paper develops the models for the structural performance of the loading and probabilistic characterization for the fatigue and the serviceability limit states for the support structure of offshore wind energy converters. These models and a sensitivity study are part of a risk based assessment and monitoring framework and will be applied for establishing the 'as designed and constructed' reliability as prior information for the assessment and the design of monitoring systems. The constitutive physical equations are introduced in combination with the fatigue and serviceability limit state requirements as the starting point for the development of the structural performance and loading models. With these models introduced in detail, several modeling aspects for both limit states are analyzed. This includes analyses of the influence on the hot spot stresses by applying a contact formulation for the pile guide brace connection and the application of a finite element formulation using solid elements. Further, the comparison of the natural frequencies of a discrete rotor model with a continuous rotor model is documented. To account for uncertainties associated with the structural and loading models, a probabilistic model is derived on the basis of literature review and measurement data from a prototype Multibrid M5000 support structure. The sensitivity study is based on the calculation of a nonlinear coefficient of correlation in conjunction with predetermined designs of experiments. This is conducted by a systematic analysis of the influence of the random variables on limit state responses and hence on the structural reliability. Integrating the analyses and sensitivity studies of the fatigue and serviceability limit state models developed in this paper as well as the ultimate limit state models in Thöns et al. ('Ultimate Limit State Model Basis for Assessment of Offshore Wind Energy Converters,' ASME J. Offshore Mech. Arct. Eng.), the model basis for the assessment is completed. The process of establishing and analyzing such a model basis contributes to a detailed understanding of the deterministic and probabilistic characteristics of the structure and provides valuable insights in regard to the significance of available data.
KW - Fatigue
KW - Finite element analysis
KW - Rotors
KW - Wind power
KW - Model basis
KW - Offshore wind
KW - Support structure
KW - Sensitivity
KW - Serviceability
PY - 2012
DO - https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4004514
SN - 0892-7219
VL - 134
IS - 3
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
CY - New York, NY
AN - OPUS4-26437
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kunkel, Benny
A1 - Seeburg, Dominik
A1 - Kabelitz, Anke
A1 - Witte, Steffen
A1 - Gutmann, Torsten
A1 - Breitzke, Hergen
A1 - Buntkowsky, Gerd
A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana
A1 - Wohlrab, Sebastian
T1 - Highly productive V/Zn-SiO2 catalysts for the selective oxidation of methane
N2 - The production of formaldehyde on industrial scale requires huge amounts of energy due to the involvement of reforming processes in combination with the demand in the megaton scale. Hence, a direct route for the transformation of (bio)methane to formaldehyde would decrease costs and puts less pressure on the environment. Herein, we report on the use of zinc modified silicas as possible support materials for vanadium catalysts and the resulting consequences for the performance in the selective oxidation of methane to formaldehyde. After optimization of the Zn content and reaction conditions, a remarkably high space-time yield of 12.4 kgCH2O⋅kgcat − 1 ⋅h− 1 was achieved. As a result of the extensive characterization by means of UV–vis, Raman, XANES and NMR spectroscopy it was found that vanadium is in the vicinity of highly dispersed zinc atoms which promote the formation of active vanadium species as supposed by theoretical calculations. This work presents a further step of catalyst development towards direct industrial methane conversion which may help to overcome current limitations in the future.
KW - Catalysis
KW - XANES
KW - Selective oxidation
PY - 2024
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2024.114643
SN - 0920-5861
VL - 432
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-60137
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Theiler, Geraldine
T1 - Tribologische Untersuchungen unter GH2 und LH2-Bedingungen
N2 - In diesem Beitrag werden Untersuchungen an Polymerwerkstoffen auf ihre Eignung für Reibsysteme in gasförmigem und flüssigem Wasserstoff vorgestellt. Dabei wird der Einfluss der Wasserstoffumgebung in Bezug auf die Materialzusammensetzung diskutiert. Weiterhin zeigen die Experimente in LH2 einen deutlichen Einfluss der Temperatur, der jedoch bei den verschiedenen Polymerverbundwerkstoffen unterschiedlich stark ausgeprägt ist.
T2 - DKV Tagung
CY - Hannover, Germany
DA - 23.11.2023
KW - Polymerwerkstoffe
KW - Reibung
KW - Verschleiß
KW - Gasförmiger Wasserstoff
KW - Flüssiger Wasserstoff
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-61963
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Theiler, Geraldine
T1 - Toward sustainable and hydrogen compatible sealing materials
N2 - Materialien auf PTFE-Basis werden in der Regel als Kolbenringe in Hochdruck- und/oder kryogenem Wasserstoff verwendet. In diesem Projekt werden neu formulierte und nachhaltigere Polymerwerkstoffe mit herkömmlichen Materialien verglichen. Auf Grundlage der tribologischen Ergebnisse werden vielversprechende Kandidaten zusammen mit Reibungsmechanismen sowohl bei Hochdruck- als auch bei Niedrigtemperatur-Wasserstoff vorgeschlagen.
T2 - 66. Tribologie-Fachtagung 2025
CY - Wernigerode, Germany
DA - 29.09.2025
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Reibung
KW - Verschleiß
KW - Kolbenring
KW - Dynamische Dichtung
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64313
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Theiler, Geraldine
T1 - Fretting wear of elastomer materials in hydrogen
N2 - This paper presents an experimental study on the fretting wear behavior of two types of cross-linked hydrogenated acrylonitrile butadiene rubbers against 316L steel ball in hydrogen environment. Furthermore, aging experiments were conducted for 7 days under static conditions in 100 MPa hydrogen. The influences of hydrogen pressure as well as the aging exposure on the fretting behavior are discussed by means of surface analyses and well as material properties.
T2 - WHEC-2022, 23rd World Hydrogen Energy Conference
CY - Istanbul, Turkey
DA - 26.06.2022
KW - Rubbers
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Fretting
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-62086
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Theiler, Geraldine
T1 - Polymer tribology in cryogenic hydrogen
N2 - In this presentation, an overview of polymer tribology in cryogenic hydrogen is given along comparison with other environments.
T2 - Hydrogenius Symposium 2024
CY - Kyushu University Ito Campus, Japan
DA - 12.09.2024
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Friction
KW - Wear
KW - Polymer materials
KW - Cryogenic
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61426
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Hajhariri, Aliasghar
A1 - Sklorz, Christian
A1 - Kriegsmann, Andreas
A1 - Müller, Karsten
T1 - A modular concept for protection against debris flight - Design, properties and usage
N2 - With advances in technological development, stationary and mobile storage units for compressed hydrogen are becoming larger and larger. Their number is also increasing. At the same time, their design has evolved from steel and aluminium to pressure vessels made of composite materials. For safety reasons the design approval of those composite cylinders requires fire engulfment tests, which are mainly organised as open-air tests always needs dedicated protection measures. Under some conditions those protections measures even reduce the effort for organisational safety measures if e.g. the emission of splinters can get totally prevented. Another aspect is the improved reproducibility of fire tests by reducing the influence of wind.
Between 2017 and 2019, BAM developed a stackable protective frame made of steel to safely capture splinters for the safe execution of high-energy impact tests. However, this frame was not flexible enough for the follow-up project, which led to a completely new protection concept for (potentially) destructive tests on gas-filled pressure vessels. This concept is based on very robust building blocks made from welded steel. Despite their considerable weight of around 500 kg p.p., they can be combined and stacked very easily like ‘Lego bricks’. The presentation will show the flexibility of the concept, some results of tests on the robustness against pressure waves and the effectiveness in wind attenuation. Finally, the interaction with a new, also modular burner concept for localised fires and full engulfment fires will be presented.
T2 - 11th International conference on hydrogen safety (ICHS 2025)
CY - Seoul, Republic of Korea
DA - 22.09.2025
KW - Splinter protection
KW - Pressure vessel testing
KW - Fire engulfment
KW - Destructive tests
KW - Rupture
KW - Gaseous tests
KW - Pressure wave
KW - Test equipment
KW - Precaution measures
PY - 2025
SN - 979-1-2243-0274-2
VL - 2025
SP - 1428
EP - 1439
AN - OPUS4-65100
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Welcome to BAM and the Competence Centre H2Safety@BAM
N2 - The presentation starts with general slides on BAM, its mission and focus areas. It provides the fields of activity in the focus area “Energy” and explains the structure of the competence Centre and its focus on building trust in hydrogen.
The next part shows the H2Safety@BAM’s Products“ in a nutshell and explains the main items with deep dives on the Living Lab “Hydrogen Networks”, the Living Lab „Hydrogen Refuelling Station“, on Reference Materials and Procedures, Storage of Liquid Hydrogen, Storage Systems for Compressed Gases and Material Compatibility.
T2 - Information Tour at the Invitation of the Federal Foreign Office The Hydrogen Economy in Germany
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 05.11.2025
KW - Living Lab “Hydrogen Networks”
KW - Living Lab „Hydrogen Refueling Station“
KW - Reference Materials and Procedures
KW - Storage of Liquid Hydrogen
KW - Storage Systems for Compressed Gases
KW - Material Compatibility
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65101
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sterr, Andrea
A1 - Schwarz, Irina
T1 - Valorization of Carbon Dioxide by Electrocatalytic Reduction Coupled to Acetogens via Multiple Electron Carriers (Ecat-Acetogens II)
N2 - A Bioelectrochemical approach for reducing CO2 to fuels or value-added chemicals allows overcoming the limitations of a pure biochemical or electrochemical approach. A Bioelectrochemical system (BES) for this application has been developed in cooperation with TUM in the first project phase. BAM's contribution to the research focuses on the electrochemical side of the setup, mainly on the development of a suitable CO2RR catalyst for reducing CO2 to CO, which is then consumed by actogenic bacteria to produce further products. Single-metal-atom catalysts in a nitrogen-doped carbon matrix (M-N-Cs) are a promising, sustainable alternative to expensive rare-metal catalysts like Ag and Au. In this work, the first-generation catalyst, a ZIF-8-based Co-N-C is compared to a Mg salt mix templated Ni-N-C. In the new catalysts, the activity for CO2RR as well as the stability during BES operation could be enhanced.
T2 - E-Biocat Statusupdate 2025
CY - Karlsruhe, Germany
DA - 01.04.2025
KW - CO2RR
KW - M-N-Cs
KW - Bioelectrochemical System
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65143
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - DE-JP Hydrogen Safety Cooperation - Contribution of H2Safety@BAM
N2 - The presentation starts with general slides on BAM, its location, mission, tasks and focus areas. It provides the fields of activity in the focus area “Energy” and explains the structure of the competence Centre and its focus on building trust in hydrogen. The test sides at TTS on hydrogen are explained in combination with the H2Safety@BAM’s products in a nutshell.
Then the major H2-applications of H2Safety@BAM are explained by deep dives on the Living Lab “Hydrogen Networks”, the Living Lab „Hydrogen Refuelling Station“, on Explosion Protection, on Reference Materials and Procedures, on Material Compatibility, on Storage Systems for Compressed Gases and Storage of Liquid Hydrogen as well as on the Training and Further Education.
The presentation ends with an overview about our international work on H2Safe-Collaboration.
T2 - KICK-OFF WORKSHOP: JAPANESE-GERMAN COOPERATION ON H2 SAFETY
CY - Online meeting
DA - 15.12.2025
KW - Living Lab
KW - Hydrogen Networks
KW - Hydrogen Refuelling Station
KW - Explosion Protection
KW - Material Compatibility
KW - Liquid Hydrogen
KW - Compressed Gases
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65151
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Scharf-Wildenhain, R.
T1 - Influence of build up height on residual stresses in additive repair and modification using DED Arc
N2 - Directed Energy Deposition (DED)-Arc is suitable for the hybrid additive manufacturing, modification and repair of large metal components with high deposition rates. Residual stresses and distortion are of central importance when characterizing the manufactured components and the sensitive transition area between AM component and semi-finished product. Residual stresses caused by the thermal cycles during the manufacturing process can impair the mechanical properties of the manufactured parts and can lead component failure. Therefore, understanding and controlling residual stresses, especially when combining different base and filler materials, is critical to improving the quality and efficiency of the hybrid DED-Arc process. This article deals with the influence of the build-up height on the residual stress distribution of additively manufactured components with a selected base and filler material combination. Using a robot-assisted DEDsystem and a controlled short arc, systematic step cancellation tests were carried out at a selected working temperature (200 C°) and heat input (600 kJ/m). In a 5-stage termination experiment, straight walls were produced using a one bead per layer strategy and selected increasing component heights between 15 mm and 300 mm. The influence of the build height on the longitudinal residual stress in the process direction was analyzed and discussed. All experiments showed a comparable stress distribution in the area of the substrate plate up to the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and the transition zone, regardless of the buliding height. However, the height showed a significant influence on the of residual stress distribution of the deposited AM-component. High positive stress gradients with a maximum range between 300 MPa to 400 MPa were always found in the last approx. 18 component layers (upper 40 mm), which can be explained by the shrinkage of the nonheat- treated top layer. Underlying layers, where present, showed a homogeneous residual stress distribution characterized by low compressive stresses. This can be explained by the process related tempering during the deposition of the upper layers. A constant boundary layer number was determined for all specimens. Once this number was exceeded, the distribution of residual stresses no longer changed, but merely shifted with the increasing height of the component in the direction of build-up. These correlations contribute to the understanding of residual stress development with increasing structure height. This study is part of a running research project on the properties of hybrid additive components and processes. It aims the stress optimized hybrid additive manufacturing of high-strength components and the necessary recommendations for application.
T2 - 78th IIW Annual Assembly and International Conference on Welding and Joining
CY - Genoa, Italy
DA - 22.06.2025
KW - DED-Arc
KW - Additive manufacturing
KW - Residual stress
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65192
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Ghaznavi, Ali
T1 - Machine Learning Approach for Robust Acoustic Emission-Based Damage Classification in Pressure Vessels
N2 - Accurate damage classification of Composite Pressure Vessels (CPVs) is crucial for understanding failure behaviour of hydrogen storage systems. Acoustic Emission (AE) monitoring is a non-destructive testing technique capable of detecting signals from different failure mechanisms such as fiber breakage and matrix cracking, supporting durability assessment of CPVs. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to combine AE and advanced deep learning techniques to develop a robust framework for automatic and accurate identification and classification of damage mechanisms across various CPVs.
The evolutionary Genetic Algorithms (GA) was used for feature selection, followed by unsupervised clustering to generate automatic labels for model training. Two different FCNN and CNN-LSTM architectures were used to train individual models based on different AE datasets. Later, Adaptive Transfer Learning (ATL) and Meta Ensemble Learning (MEL) techniques were applied to handle data variability and train predictive generalized model over varied AE datasets. The ATL fine-tunes a pre-trained models to leverage their knowledge, while MEL uses pre-trained models' predictions as meta features to train a meta model.
Experimental results demonstrate that while both generalized ATL and MEL trained models perform well across different AE datasets, the MEL framework outperforms ATL method in terms of evaluation metrics. The Mean-Accuracy score reaches 0.9026, and 0.9900 for ATL, and MEL, respectively. The most accurate multi-class classification results was achieved using MEL method in terms of the Mean-Accuracy and Recall metrics. The proposed framework provides a scalable, adaptive approach for automated damage classification using AE signals across diverse CPVs in real-world settings.
T2 - BAM Colloquium Abteilung 3
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 14.10.2025
KW - Acoustic Emission
KW - Machine Learning
KW - Sequential Neural Network
KW - Deep Learning
KW - Deep Neural Network
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65184
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
T1 - Wear resistance of modified Ni based claddings in relation to the resulting machinability via ultrasonic-assisted milling
N2 - In the field of plastics processing, extruder screws are subjected to significant wear stresses. The extruder screw is the main wear component in those production machines and is usually coated with intermetallic wear protection alloys composed of Ni-based alloys, specifically Colmonoy C56 PTA (NiMoCrSi). There is a growing demand for providing an economic machinability of these alloys to achieve defined contours with a sufficient surface integrity. Recent investigations exhibit promising results applying ultrasonic milling for such hard-to-cut materials. The Colmonoy C56 is modified by various alloying additions Ti, Nb, Mo, Hf, and Al, and then cladded on a steel S355 via Plasma Transferred Arc process. The effect of alloying additions on the microstructure is analyzed regarding their resistance to abrasive and adhesive wear. With Miller test ASTM G75 the influence of alloying elements on resistance to abrasive wear for two abrasive materials is investigated (high-grade corundum F220 and quartz powder). The wear loss is not increased for additions of Nb and Ti compared to the base material C56. Modifications with Hf or Al reduces the resistance to abrasive wear and significantly increases material loss. The extruder screw is also subject to adhesive wear, which can be quantified by means of the pin-roll test. It is demonstrated that the addition of Hf, for example, contributes to a reduction in wear loss. Aim of the investigations is to find suitable modifications for the wear claddings of C56 for a sufficient machineability, without compemising the wear resistant. The machinability is considerably affected by the alloy additions, and is determined using ultrasonic-assisted milling. The addition of hafnium reduces machinability, i.e. significantly increases cutting forces. The incorporation of Nb exhibits a significant reduction of cutting forces, and results in reduced tool wear and an enhanced of surface integrity (roughness, density of defects, residual stresses).
T2 - Wear of Materials 2025
CY - Sitges, Spain
DA - 13.04.2025
KW - Abrasive wear
KW - Adhesive wear
KW - Colmonoy C56
KW - PTA welding
KW - Service life and efficiency
KW - Substitution of critical raw materials
KW - Surface integrity
KW - Ultrasonic-assisted milling process
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65189
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Drexler, A.-K.
A1 - Konert, Florian
A1 - Nietzke, Jonathan
A1 - Hodžić, E.
A1 - Pastore, S.
A1 - Domitner, J.
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Sommitsch, C.
A1 - Böllinghaus, Thomas
T1 - Effect of Tensile Loading and Temperature on the Hydrogen Solubility of Steels at High Gas Pressure
N2 - The hydrogen solubility in ferritic and martensitic steels is affected by hydrostatic stress, pressure, and temperature. In general, compressive stresses decrease but tensile stresses increase the hydrogen solubility. This important aspect must be considered when qualifying materials for high‐pressure hydrogen applications (e.g., for pipelines or tanks) by using autoclave systems. In this work, a pressure equivalent for compensating the effect of compressive stresses on the hydrogen solubility inside of closed autoclaves is proposed to achieve solubilities that are equivalent to those in pipelines and tanks subjected to tensile stresses. Moreover, it is shown that the temperature effect becomes critical at low temperatures (e.g., under cryogenic conditions for storing liquid hydrogen). Trapping of hydrogen in the microstructure can increase the hydrogen solubility with decreasing temperature, having a solubility minimum at about room temperature. To demonstrate this effect, the generalized law of the hydrogen solubility is parameterized for different steels using measured contents of gaseous hydrogen. The constant parameter sets are verified and critically discussed with respect to the high‐pressure hydrogen experiments.
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Solubility
KW - Temperature
KW - Tensile loading
KW - Analytical calculation
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-586701
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202300493
SN - 1611-3683
SP - 1
EP - 9
PB - Wiley
AN - OPUS4-58670
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - THES
A1 - Sobol, Oded
T1 - Hydrogen assisted cracking and transport studied by ToF-SIMS and data fusion with HR-SEM
N2 - For almost 150 years it is known that hydrogen has a deleterious effect on the mechanical properties of metallic components. Nowadays, the problem of hydrogen assisted degradation is highly relevant in energy related fields due to the massive use of steel as a structural component in these applications and its sensitivity to hydrogen. Since the discovery of hydrogen assisted cracking (HAC), researchers studied intensively and suggested possible explanations and mechanisms in order to define how hydrogen is affecting the material. In general, it is considered that hydrogen changes the mechanical properties more in terms of ductility (deformation capacities) than in strength (load capacities). Hydrogen concentration is one of three crucial factors in the degradation process, together with the microstructure of the material and the internal/external mechanical load. The relatively high concentration of hydrogen resulting in this loss of ductility can originate during production or before service (e.g. welding processes) and during service (i.e. catholically protected systems to eliminate corrosion processes in sour environments).
In parallel to the theoretical work, tremendous efforts were, and are still, invested in searching for a proper method to elucidate, map and quantify the hydrogen in the microstructure, which is the basis for this work. For steels, the focus is mainly on the observations of diffusion processes and the interaction of hydrogen with the microstructure
in regions with high local stresses/strains (for example around evolving cracks). The challenge for reaching this goal arises from the fact that accurate indication of hydrogen by means of position, unlike heavier atoms, can be made only by mass spectrometry or by interaction with another element (e.g. silver decoration, special coating and resonant nuclear reaction by nitrogen). In addition to this, the difficulty recording the hydrogen behavior while it rapidly diffuses through the material, leaving only the unpredicted failure, should be taken into account.
Although using powerful characterization methods, models and computational simulations, the key to defining the mechanisms behind HAC is still under debate and not fully understood. The relationship between material and hydrogen is determined by three factors, i.e., the material structure and microstructure – determining the physical properties, the mechanical load applied on the material and the hydrogen concentration. It is well known that in order to have a complete definition of HAC these three factors must be examined locally with the minimal scale and the maximal resolution reachable. The major gap is the lack in such a characterization method or a technique by which one has the ability to detect and observe the hydrogen in the metallic microstructure. The commonly used techniques nowadays are capable of characterization of the microstructure without the ability to observe the hydrogen distribution. Global hydrogen concentration and localized hydrogen observation are possible by some techniques which are incapable of indicating a change in the structure or microstructure therefore a comprehensive overview can be gained only by combining several methods.
In the presented research, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) was adopted as the main tool to detect and locally map the hydrogen distribution in two types of duplex stainless steel grades: EN 1.4462 (standard 2205 duplex stainless steel) and EN 1.4162 (2101 lean duplex stainless steel). The term duplex stainless steel (DSS) refers to the austenitic-ferritic microstructure of the steel where the combination of physical and mechanical properties of the two phases is achieved. The DSS was selected as a case study for this work due to the wide use of this grade in many energy and the lack of knowledge on hydrogen behavior in two-phase containing microstructures. ToFSIMS was exploited in-situ and ex-situ in three experimental approaches during or following
an electrochemical charging procedure. This type of hydrogen charging was selected as it simulated a procedure of cathodic protection of most sub-water oil and gas extraction and delivery systems. The experimental procedures were:
1. Ex-situ charging followed by ToF-SIMS imaging for basic understanding of hydrogen distribution.
2. Ex-situ charging followed by in-situ mechanical loading to obtain information on hydrogen behavior around a propagating crack.
3. In-situ permeation of hydrogen through a steel membrane inside the ToF-SIMS to obtain information on diffusion behavior of hydrogen in a two-phase microstructure.
The comprehensive view of the effect of hydrogen on steel was gained by using supplementary methods, such as high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM), focused ion beam (FIB) and electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD). The state of the art in this work lies in applying both: in-situ experimental approaches and data treatment of the ToF-SIMS raw data. The data treatment includes the combination of data from several sources (data fusion).
The results for the ex-situ charging followed by static sample imaging and data fusion showed that when the analyzed surface is directly exposed to the electrolyte the degradation is pronounced differently in the ferrite, austenite and interface. The degradation mechanisms in the ferrite and austenite were reflected by the formation of cracks on the surface of both, where a high concentration of hydrogen was obtained. This result supports the assumption that hydrogen is attracted to highly deformed regions. The advantage of using in-situ charging/permeation in comparison to ex-situ charging is that the effect of hydrogen on the ferrite and austenite phases when the hydrogen is evolving from within the microstructure is realized, in comparison to when the analyzed surface is initially exposed directly to the electrolyte. In both experiments the ferrite was observed as a fast diffusion path for the hydrogen. The faster diffusion of hydrogen through the ferrite is expected due to the higher diffusion coefficient, however, a direct proof for the diffusion sequence in this scale was never shown. Most significant results were achieved by the ‘core’ experiments of this research. These experiments included the design of a novel dynamic mechanical loading device to apply an external load during SIMS imaging of a hydrogen precharged-notched sample. For the first time it was shown that plastic deformation induced by applying a mechanical load is resulting in a redistribution of hydrogen locally around the notch.
T3 - BAM Dissertationsreihe - 160
KW - Duplex stainless steels
KW - Hydrogen assisted cracking
KW - Time-of-Flight secondary ion mass spectrometry
KW - Data fusion
PY - 2018
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-447331
SN - 1613-4249
VL - 160
SP - I
EP - 180
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-44733
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Drexler, A
A1 - Konert, Florian
A1 - Sobol, Oded
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Domitner, J
A1 - Sommitsch, C
A1 - Böllinghaus, Thomas
T1 - Enhanced gaseous hydrogen solubility in ferritic and martensitic steels at low temperatures
N2 - Metals that are exposed to high pressure hydrogen gas may undergo detrimental failure by embrittlement. Understanding the mechanisms and driving forces of hydrogen absorption on the surface of metals is crucial for avoiding hydrogen embrittlement. In this study, the effect of stress-enhanced gaseous hydrogen uptake in bulk metals is investigated in detail. For that purpose, a generalized form of Sievert's law is derived from thermodynamic potentials considering the effect of microstructural trapping sites and multiaxial stresses. This new equation is parametrized and verified using experimental data for carbon steels, which were charged under gaseous hydrogen atmosphere at pressures up to 1000 bar. The role of microstructural trapping sites on the parameter identification is critically discussed.
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Thermodynamic modelling
KW - Pressure-dependent solubility
KW - Steel
KW - Trapping
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-559307
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.09.109
SN - 0360-3199
VL - 47
IS - 93
SP - 39639
EP - 39653
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-55930
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Campari, Alessandro
A1 - Konert, Florian
A1 - Sobol, Oded
A1 - Alvaro, Antonio
T1 - A comparison of vintage and modern X65 pipeline steel using hollow specimen technique for in-situ hydrogen testing
N2 - The transition toward a hydrogen-based economy requires a widespread transport and distribution network, and repurposed natural gas pipelines are a viable option. An assessment of the hydrogen-induced degradation of pipeline steels is needed to inject H2 gas into the existing infrastructure safely. The conservative and standardized method consists of in-situ tensile tests in an autoclave filled with high-pressure hydrogen gas. A proposed alternative method involves
using a hollow specimen as containment volume and applying the gas pressure in the inner cavity.
This technique has lower costs and shorter test preparation time but is not standardized yet. This study aims to evaluate and compare the tensile properties of API 5L X65 pipeline steel in two states: vintage and modern. The influence of the surface roughness is investigated through parallel tests with drilled and reamed specimens. Hydrogen tests are compared with reference tests in an inert environment. A significant hydrogen-induced decrease in tensile properties is observed, and no significant difference between vintage and modern X65 can be drawn. The reduction in tensile properties is more significant in specimens with higher inner surface roughness. The evaluation of surface conditions appears crucial when assessing the HE susceptibility of hydrogen transport and storage equipment.
KW - Hydrogen embrittlement
KW - Hollow specimen technique
KW - Pipeline steel
KW - SSRT
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-603013
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2024.108530
VL - 163
SP - 1
EP - 15
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-60301
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Nietzke, Jonathan
A1 - Konert, Florian
A1 - Poka, Konstantin
A1 - Merz, Benjamin
A1 - Sobol, Oded
A1 - Böllinghaus, Thomas
T1 - Comparison of hydrogen effects on additively manufactured and conventional austenitic steels
N2 - Hydrogen and its derivatives are promising energy carriers for future renewable energy supplies. Austenitic stainless steels, such as AISI 316L, are commonly used in hydrogen transportation systems. While often thought to be resistant to hydrogen embrittlement, studies have shown that 316L is susceptible under certain conditions. As demand for hydrogen applications grows, additive manufacturing (AM) technologies offer design flexibility and customisation benefits. However, data on AM parts behaviour in hydrogen environments is lacking. This study investigates the influence of hydrogen on mechanical properties using slow strain rate testing (SSRT) on conventional AISI 304L, 316L and AM 316L specimens. The results indicate a greater effect of hydrogen on 304L compared to 316L, with AM 316L showing increased susceptibility. However, the ductility of AM 316L remains comparable to conventional 316L due to its initial ductility. The study provides insights into the performance of conventional and AM austenitic stainless steels in gaseous hydrogen environments.
KW - Slow strain rate testing
KW - Hollow specimen
KW - Hydrogen embrittlement
KW - Additive manufacturing
KW - Austenitic steel
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-615919
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2024.109042
SN - 1350-6307
VL - 167
SP - 1
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-61591
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Grimault de Freitas, Tomás
A1 - Konert, Florian
A1 - Nietzke, Jonathan
A1 - Krzysch, Zephanja
A1 - Böllinghaus, Thomas
A1 - Michler, Thorsten
A1 - Wackermann, Ken
A1 - Oesterlin, Heiner
A1 - Tlili, Mohamed
A1 - Ruchti, Peter
A1 - Beitelschmidt, Denise
A1 - Elsen-Humberg, Stephan
A1 - Koenigs, Timo
A1 - Systermans, Thomas
A1 - Sobol, Oded
T1 - Tensile testing in high-pressure gaseous hydrogen using the hollow specimen method
N2 - Metallic materials, predominantly steels, are the most common structural materials in the various components along the hydrogen supply chain. Ensuring their sustainable and safe use in hydrogen technologies is a key factor in the ramp-up of the hydrogen economy. This requires extensive materials qualification, however, most of the accepted; and standardized test methods for determining the influence of gaseous hydrogen on metallic materials describe complex and costly procedures that are only available to a very limited extent worldwide. The hollow specimen technique is a simple, rapid, and economical method designed to overcome the limitations of the current methods for the qualification of metallic materials under high-pressure hydrogen gas. However, this technique is not yet standardized. The TransHyDE-H2Hohlzug project is presented in this article, along with the main steps required to optimize the hollow specimen technique. This includes closing knowledge gaps related to the specimen geometry, surface quality, and gas purity in dedicated working packages, thus contributing to a comprehensive standardization of the technique for tests in high-pressure hydrogen gas.
KW - High-pressure Gaseous Hydrogen
KW - Hydrogen Embrittlement
KW - Tensile Testing
KW - Hollow Specimen Technique
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-610557
DO - https://doi.org/10.1557/s43577-024-00776-9
VL - 49
SP - 1
EP - 9
PB - Springer Nature
AN - OPUS4-61055
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Konert, Florian
A1 - Nietzke, Jonathan
A1 - Grimault de Freitas, Tomás
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Sobol, Oded
A1 - Böllinghaus, Thomas
T1 - Investigation of resistance to gaseous hydrogen of a longitudinal weld seam in a X65 pipeline using the hollow specimen technique
N2 - The constantly increasing demand for renewable energy sources leads to the necessity of transporting large amounts of hydrogen. Since pipelines enable a cost-effective way for the distribution of gaseous hydrogen, the interaction of hydrogen and the pipeline materials must be carefully investigated as hydrogen can cause a degradation of the mechanical properties under certain conditions. Especially welds, which are assumed to be more susceptible to the degradation enhanced by hydrogen, are of great interest. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of gaseous hydrogen on the mechanical properties of an X65 pipeline, and the longitudinal submerged arc welding (SAW) welded joint. The tests are conducted using the hollow specimen technique on two types of specimens: one extracted from the base material (BM) and the other extracted as a cross-weld (CW) specimen consisting of BM and weld seam. The specimens are charged in situ under a pressure of 60 bar and tested using slow strain rate (SSR) tensile tests with a nominal strain rate of 10−5 s−1. The properties obtained of specimens tested in hydrogen atmosphere are compared to the properties of comparable specimen in inert argon atmosphere as a reference. The performed tests showed a decrease of the reduction of area (RA) from 72% in inert atmosphere to 52% in hydrogen atmosphere for the CW specimen and a decrease from 73% in inert atmosphere to 51% for the BM. Metallographic analyses showed the crack initiation between fine-grained heat-affected zone (FGHAZ) and BM for the specimens tested in hydrogen atmosphere as well as for the reference specimens. This leads to the conclusion that the location of the crack initiation does not change due to the presence of gaseous hydrogen.
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Hollow specimen technique
KW - Pipeline
KW - SSRT
KW - Hydrogen embrittlement
KW - Cross-weld specimen
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-624658
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-025-01953-3
SN - 0043-2288
SN - 1878-6669
VL - 69
IS - 3
SP - 861
EP - 870
PB - Springer
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-62465
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Hydrogen in Welded Microstructures of T24 Steel: Effect on Mechanical Properties and Corresponding Hydrogen Diffusion
N2 - Low-alloyed CrMoV steels, such as T24, are widely used for welded components in fossil power stations due to their excellent creep-strength. Spectacular failure cases in the recent years exhibited severe cracking in T24 welds. The results showed that hydrogen-assisted cracking (HAC) occurring up to 200 degree Celsius cannot be excluded. Hence, a basic understanding is necessary on how hydrogen affects the material properties of welded microstructures. In this regard, each weld microstructure (HAZ and weld metal) has influence on the HAC susceptibility and respective hydrogen diffusion. Thus, the present contribution summarizes different results obtained from experiments with grades T24 (CrMoV alloy) and T22 (CrMo) and thermally simulated HAZ. Tensile tests were conducted with hydrogen charged specimens and compared to hydrogen-assisted stress corrosion cracking results obtained from slow strain rate tests (SSRT) up to 200 degree Celsius. Electrochemical permeation and degassing experiments were performed to identify a particular weld microstructure influence on hydrogen diffusion and trapping (especially in the HAZ). The results showed that T24 base material has improved resistance to hydrogen-assisted degradation/cracking. In contrast, the as-welded HAZ had remarkably increased susceptibility (tesnile tests at hydrogen concentration of 1 to 2 ppm). SSRT experiments confirmed this at elevated temperatures for both the T24 and the T22. Hence, the evaluation of a particular degradation of the mechanical properties should be performed independently for each weld microstructure. In addition, the HAZ showed decreased diffusion coefficients (at room temperature) of approximately one magnitude compared to the base materials. Trapped hydrogen was determined in the T24 at temperatures up to 120 degree Celsius compared to 75 degree Celsius in the T22. This has to be considered in case of changing operational temperatures, e.g. in the case of start-up and shutdown processes of boiler components.
T2 - 10th Conference on Trends in Welding Research
CY - Tokyo, Japan
DA - 11.10.2016
KW - Degradation of Mechanical Properties
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Creep-resistant Steel
KW - Weld Joint
KW - Diffusion
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-37827
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Grimault de Freitas, Tomás
T1 - Hollow Specimen Method for Tests in High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas: The Role of Strain-Rate and Surface Quality
N2 - The hollow specimen technique is a simple and economical technique that has the potential to make materials qualification with pressurised gaseous hydrogen widely accessible to academia and industry.
This contribution focuses on the results obtained from assessing the influence of the specimen production and its response to hydrogen effects. Depending on the production method, different roughness and residual stresses can be expected on the inner hole surface of the specimens. This is relevant because an increase in stress concentration sites, e.g. notches, has been found to be associated with increased severity of hydrogen effects. The presence of strain-induced martensite caused by mechanical stress may also be detrimental and accelerate the embrittlement. To assess this influence, the inner hole of the hollow specimens was manufactured in two different ways: 1) only drilling; 2) EDM followed by honing.
A representative steel widely used in hydrogen technologies was assessed, X5CrNi18-10 (AISI 304). Roughness measurements, and electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis have been performed previous to mechanical testing to infer on the effect of the different production methods on the surface of the inner hole. Next, the specimens were mechanically tested via slow strain rate tensile tests in argon and in hydrogen, both at 150 bar and room temperature. Here, a strain-rate sensibility analysis was performed to investigate the influence of strain-rate on hydrogen degradation.
T2 - International Conference on Hydrogen Safety 2025
CY - Seoul, South Korea
DA - 22.09.2025
KW - Tensile Testing
KW - Hollow Specimen Technique
KW - High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas
KW - Hydrogen Embrittlement
KW - Surface Condition
KW - Strain Rate
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64286
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Grimault de Freitas, Tomás
T1 - Hollow Specimen Method for Tests in High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas: The TransHyDE - H2HohlZug Project
N2 - As the world moves towards a decarbonised economy, the demand for sustainable and low-carbon alternatives is growing rapidly. Hydrogen has an important role to play in this transition, but in order to make the most of hydrogen as an energy carrier, a comprehensive understanding of its impact on the integrity of structural materials is necessary. Metallic materials, mainly steels, are the most commonly used structural materials in various components throughout the hydrogen supply chain. Ensuring their sustainable and safe use in hydrogen technologies is a crucial factor in the development of the hydrogen economy. This is particularly important since hydrogen can promote crack formation and ultimately lead to premature failure in these materials when combined with mechanical load. This process is commonly known as Hydrogen Embrittlement and can occur in almost all the steels used for the hydrogen technologies. Extensive materials qualification is required for the rapid implementation of hydrogen technologies, however, most accepted, and standardised test methods for determining the effect of gaseous hydrogen on metallic materials describe complex and costly procedures that are only available to a very limited extent worldwide.
The hollow specimen technique is a simple and economical method that has the potential to overcome the limitations of the current methods and complement them for qualifying metallic materials under high-pressure hydrogen gas. Unlike the conventional autoclave technique, this method requires significantly lower amounts of hydrogen, resulting in fewer safety measures and no need for complex equipment or a specialised laboratory. The technique's low investment and testing costs, simple operation, and shorter testing time make it an optimal for widespread use around the world, thereby increasing the output of results.
Initial studies have demonstrated the feasibility of assessing hydrogen effects in metallic materials using the hollow specimen technique. This led to the establishment of an ISO committee to standardise the method. However, there are open questions that currently prevent the technique from being standardised for hydrogen testing. These open questions relate to specimen geometry, inner hole surface and gas quality and are being addressed in the H2HohlZug project, of which the overall aim is to systematically close the gaps towards a standard. This contribution presents the structure and milestones of the project, followed by initial results.
T2 - TransHyDE Vollversammlung 2025
CY - Leipzig, Germany
DA - 26.11.2025
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Hydrogen Embrittlement
KW - Hollow Specimen Technique
KW - High-Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen
KW - TransHyDE
KW - H2HohlZug
KW - Standardisation
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64938
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - El Harrab, Hayat
A1 - Askar, Enis
A1 - Franken, T.
A1 - Mauss, F.
T1 - Experimental and Kinetic Study of Lubrication Oil Composition on Hydrogen Auto-Ignition
N2 - Hydrogen internal combustion engines (H₂ ICEs) present a promising alternative to conventional fuels, but they face challenges such as pre-ignition, where lubricating oils play a critical role. This study investigates the auto-ignition behavior of two base oils — Group II (mineral) and Group V (Ester) — and three formulated oils (Oils A, B, and C) at 20 bar using a heated constant-volume autoclave. Oil A and Oil B share a Group II (mineral) base, with Oil A containing lower levels of calcium-based detergents and higher levels of phosphorus-based antioxidants compared to Oil B. In contrast, Oil C is formulated with a Group V (ester) base oil, incorporating magnesium-calcium detergents. The auto-ignition temperature was measured in both air and stoichiometric hydrogen-air mixtures to assess the influence of oil composition, additives, and hydrogen addition on ignition characteristics. Results show that hydrogen’s AIT at 20 bar is 460°C but drops to 270°C with the addition of 0.2 ml of base oil. Base oils exhibited similar AITs in air (260°C) and hydrogen-air mixtures (270°C), with reactivity differences linked to molecular composition — ester (Group V) displayed lower reactivity compared to mineral oil (Group II). Formulated oils demonstrated slightly higher AITs (up to 290°C), where phosphorus-based additives reduced reactivity, while lower calcium content further slowed ignition. Among the tested oils, the ester-based oil with a mixture of calcium and magnesium detergents exhibited the lowest reactivity, making it a promising candidate for hydrogen engines. Additionally, reduced oxygen availability increased AIT by 10°C and prolonged ignition delay. A chemical analysis was also performed to evaluate the ignition properties of Group II (mineral) and Group V (ester) oils under varying temperatures. These findings highlight the impact of lubricant composition on pre-ignition behavior in H₂ ICEs, offering valuable insights for optimizing lubricant formulations.
T2 - 12th European Combustion Meeting
CY - Edinburgh, United Kingdom
DA - 07.04.2025
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Pre-Ignition
KW - Group V Ester Oil
KW - Auto-Ignition Temperature
KW - Additive Effects
KW - Ignition Delay Time
KW - Group II Mineral Oil
KW - Lubricating Oil
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64761
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Fedelich, Bernard
T1 - Constitutive modeling and lifetime prediction for a conventionally cast Ni-base superalloy under TMF loading
N2 - Under cyclic thermomechanical loading, various effects such as strain accumulation, creep damage, ageing, fatigue etc. may occur in the material of a gas turbine blade. Depending on the loading conditions, all these effects contribute to reduce the lifetime of the component.
Subject of the present work is the development of a material model to describe the mechanical effects mentioned above and to subsequently predict lifetimes by using simulated stress strain data.
Starting point for deformation modeling is the well known viscoplastic model after Chaboche, which provides descriptions of isotropic and kinematic hardening, as well as dynamic and static recovery. The evolution equation for kinematic hardening model has been modified following the proposal of Ohno/Wang to better predict stress controlled cyclic strain accumulation, i.e. ratchetting. A damage variable has been included to represent tertiary creep according to the concept of Kachanov. Finally, the static recovery has been modified following Kindrachuk to account for strain induced ageing. The models parameters have been calibrated using isothermal test data only. The constitutive model has been validated by comparing experimental with predicted TMF stress-strain hystereses.
Lifetime prediction is done with the TMF lifetime model proposed by Riedel. The model assumes that fatigue life is controlled by the propagation of short cracks. Besides pure fatigue, it takes the local creep deformations at the crack tip into account. The model is applied to a broad variety of isothermal and non isothermal tests over temperatures up to 950°C and different loading conditions. The evaluation shows that throughout satisfying results can be achieved using a limited number of model parameters for the whole test data base.
T2 - 3rd International Workshop on Thermo-mechanical fatigue
CY - BAM, Berlin, Germany
DA - 27.04.2016
KW - TMF
KW - Nickel base superalloy
KW - Fatigue life assessment
KW - Constitutive law
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-35994
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Konert, Florian
T1 - Evaluation of hydrogen effect on hardened and annealed 100Cr6 steel
N2 - The use of hydrogen demands high safety requirements, since hydrogen can be absorbed by metallic materials and may cause hydrogen embrittlement (HE) under certain conditions. Slow strain rate (SSR) tensile testing is a widespread method to quantify the hydrogen-induced ductility loss of alloys. Here, the hollow specimen technique was used to evaluate the effect of 150 bar hydrogen on the tensile properties of solution annealed and hardened 100Cr6 steel, which is a common material for bearing systems. This technique reduces the required amount of hydrogen and minimizes the duration and costs of the tests performed compared to in-situ tensile tests in autoclaves.
T2 - EPRI Workshop on Hydrogen Embrittlement 2024
CY - Oxford, UK
DA - 23.06.2024
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Hydrogen Embrittlement
KW - Hollow Specimen Technique
KW - 100Cr6
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60476
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Nietzke, Jonathan
T1 - Influence of strain rate on the effect of hydrogen in pre-charged 316L stainless steel: A comparison of conventional and hollow specimen testing
N2 - The growing demand for hydrogen requires an expansion of testing capabilities to assess the performance of metallic materials under hydrogen exposure. Considering only gaseous atmospheres, there is a variety of in-situ and ex-situ methods used to investigate the material behavior while or after exposed to hydrogen, respectively.
Among these methods, a more conservative one is the in-situ testing at slow strain rates (SSRT) using conventional tensile specimens. While results obtained by a conservative procedure may be more applicable in many cases than those of ex-situ experiments, the tests are quite demanding, leading to limited testing capacities and high costs, especially for very slow strain rates. A possible solution that can enable in-situ testing at relatively low cost is the hollow specimen technique which gained increasing interest in the last decade. The main reasons are the minimal volume of hydrogen required and the elimination of a high-pressure hydrogen autoclave leading to significantly lower costs and enabling more laboratories worldwide to perform these tests. However, interpreting results from hollow specimens, especially when compared to conventional ones, remains a significant challenge.
To address this, an experimental study was conducted using conventional and hollow specimens, both uncharged and pre-charged. Pre-charging was achieved using pure hydrogen (5.0, i.e. 99.999 %) at 100 bar and 300 °C for around 21 days. In order to obtain suitable reference specimens, other specimens were stored in argon at 100 bar and 300 °C for the same period of time. The tests were performed at various strain rates, down to 1E-6 1/s.
While these ex-situ experiments are not directly comparable to in-situ tests with both types of specimens, they do provide some insights into the differences between the results of hollow and conventional specimens. Therefore, the elongation at fracture and reduction of area (RA) were compared, among other aspects. In addition, fractographical analyses were carried out using SEM images. Elongation at fracture was not significantly affected by hydrogen in conventional specimens, but it was slightly reduced in hollow specimens. RA, on the other hand, was lower for tests with hydrogen in both types of specimens across all strain rates. Moreover, the strain rate did not appear to influence hydrogen embrittlement in conventional specimens whereas in hollow specimens, tests conducted at higher strain rates (1E-4 1/s) showed a greater impact of hydrogen on elongation at fracture than those at lower strain rates (1E-6 1/s), which is contrary to the typical expectation.
These findings suggest that the influence of hydrogen differs between conventional and hollow specimens, possibly due to factors such as surface roughness and differing stress states. However, further experiments are needed to fully understand these differences, including in-situ experiments to understand potential differences in hydrogen absorption between the two specimen types.
T2 - EPRI Workshop on Hydrogen Embrittlement
CY - Oxford, England, United Kingdom
DA - 23.06.2024
KW - Stainless steel
KW - Hollow specimen
KW - Pre-charging
KW - Hydrogen
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60494
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Shikomba, Nikanor
A1 - Böllinghaus, Thomas
A1 - Konert, Florian
A1 - Sobol, Oded
A1 - Blasón Gonzalez, Sergio
A1 - Ohijeagbon, Idehai Olayemi
A1 - Krafft, Eike
A1 - Staudt, Thorsten
T1 - Resistance of welded low-alloyed pressure vessel and pipeline steels in gaseous hydrogen
N2 - Green hydrogen has become an essential energy carrier to achieve a climate-neutral economy. The production, storage, transport and usage of green hydrogen require safe and sustainable facilities and systems. The present contribution provides a procedure guideline to investigate the compatibility of steel welds for pressurised gaseous hydrogen applications under quasi-static mechanical loads, utilising the slow strain rate test and hollow specimen technique. Exemplarily, a weld of the low-alloyed steel P355NL1 was investigated and compared to an X65 weld. The results indicate that the base metal exhibits a higher ductility than the weld metal for both steels. Generally, hydrogen-exposed specimens exhibited a reduced strain, as compared to reference specimens. The hydrogen degradation, evaluated by the hydrogen embrittlement index, was more pronounced in the weld metal compared to the base P355NL1 material, whereas the X65 exhibited a larger hydrogen degradation of the base material than in the weld metal. Fractographic analysis of the test specimens revealed that hydrogen causes a transition from ductile to brittle features. Generally, the results of this study indicate a mild but significant degradation of the mechanical properties in terms of the ductility of the welds in the respective pressurised hydrogen atmosphere.
KW - Hydrogen-assisted cracking
KW - Welded joint
KW - Slow strain rate test
KW - Hollow Specimen
KW - Structural steel
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-634138
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-025-02074-7
SN - 0043-2288
SP - 1
EP - 15
PB - Springer
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-63413
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Junias, Josua Kondja
A1 - Holtappels, Kai
A1 - Liebner, Christian
A1 - Thewis, Max
A1 - Askar, Enis
A1 - Shaanika, Erasmus
T1 - Hydrogen Mixtures Flammability Limits Prediction using Machine Learning Models
N2 - Flammability characteristics of hydrogen mixtures have been extensively investigated at different initial conditions(temperature and pressure). Based on the available experimental datasets, empirical and semi-empirical models are commonly used to calculate flammability limits in dependance to initial conditions and mixture composition to reduce the experimental effort. However, unevenly distributed empirical data and the complex non-linear relationship characteristics of these data present significant challenges to empirical flammability limits prediction methods under various mixture initial conditions. Moreover, the empirical models and semi-empirical models only cover some influencing parameters, respectively. To address these issues, the present study adapts a machine learning (ML) approach for improving the hydrogen-air/oxygen-inert gas mixture flammability limits prediction at different conditions with a holistic approach. A Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) model was trained, validated, and tested using key input features such as flammability state, initial mixture temperature, equivalence ratio, inert gas concentration, adiabatic flame temperature, and Lewis numbers. Data augmentation techniques were conducted on experimental datasets to improve the predictive capability of the model. The models’ performance was compared with empirical flammability limit prediction methods. The goal is to deliver fast, reliable, and more accurate predictions across different scenarios with a single prediction model. Most importantly, the machine learning approach offers a cost-effective and robust alternative to existing empirical flammability limit prediction methods, thus also reducing the experimental effort for explosion limits determination.
T2 - 11th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety (ICHS) 2025
CY - Seoul, South Korea
DA - 22.09.2025
KW - Machine Learning
KW - Flammability Limits
PY - 2025
SN - 979 -12 -243 -0274 - 2
SP - 1389
EP - 1401
AN - OPUS4-64624
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Popiela, Bartosz
A1 - Günzel, Stephan
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Discussion of creep phenomena during initial loading of type 4 composite pressure vessels
N2 - To maintain the highest safety standards for compressed gas storage in composite pressure vessels, a deeper understanding of their ageing mechanism is required. In this study, two designs of type 4 cylinders were manufactured the only difference being the internal pressure function used during the filament winding process. Hence, their residual stress state and the quality of the composite layers varied. Ten pressure vessels were initially loaded under sustained pressure and increased temperature and later subjected to slow burst tests. Comparing the results with cylinders tested in a pristine state underlines a significant improvement in the performance of initially loaded cylinders of one of the designs. This phenomenon was caused by a significant decrease of the scattering of burst pressures within a sample. At the same time, a slight decrease of the burst pressures could be observed. An explanation of this behavior could be supported by strain measurements with fiber optic sensors, which were embedded in the composite material. The strains measured during the initial loading indicate a stress redistribution, which has an impact on the strength of the pressure vessel. Moreover, an increased stiffness during the slow burst tests after initial loading was observed that indicates a better exploitation of the individual layers of the composite structure. The study supports previous observations on the increased performance after initial loading and provides new insights into the strain development in creep effects in type 4 pressure vessels.
T2 - Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference PVP2025
CY - Montreal, Quebec, Canada
DA - 20.07.2025
KW - Type 4 pressure vessel
KW - Creep
KW - Fiber optic sensors
KW - Slow burst test
KW - Mechanics of composites
PY - 2025
SN - 978-0-7918-8907-7
VL - 2025
SP - 1
EP - 7
PB - ASME
AN - OPUS4-63897
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kromm, Arne
T1 - Werkstoffsichere Dickblechschweißung und KI
N2 - Der Vortrag zeigt, welche Herausforderungen beim Schweißen sogenannter Dickblechverbindungen bestehen und welche Strategien zur Lösung genutzt werden können. Ansätze zur Fehlerprävention werden vorgestellt. Es wird dargestellt, wie KI-basierte Methoden die Fehlererkennung erleichtern. Letztlich werden Potentiale zur effizienten Fehlerbeseitigung aufgezeigt und der Anwendernutzen herausgestellt.
T2 - Mitgliederversammlung der Forschungsvereinigung Stahlanwendung e. V.
CY - Essen, Germany
DA - 17.12.2025
KW - UP-Schweißen
KW - Eigenspannungen
KW - Künstliche Intelligenz
KW - Reparatur
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65210
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
T1 - Residual stress evaluation using the contour method of an additive manufactured high-strength steel solid cuboid
N2 - Direct Energy Deposition with Arc (DED-Arc) enables the weight-optimized and near-net-shape manufacturing of complex structures. Lightweight construction principles allow a reduction of CO2 emissions by saving time, costs, and resources. Further optimisations can be achieved by using high-strength steel. This allows for a reduction in wall thickness and optimisation of weight. However, manufacturing intricate geometries using high-strength steels poses challenges in managing residual stresses (RS), which are essential for ensuring the structural integrity of welded components. High residual stresses can increase the risk of cold cracking, arising from the complex interactions between material properties, process conditions, and component design. Despite the availability of suitable filler metals, the lack of comprehensive knowledge and guidelines on residual stress formation limits the industrial application.
Therefore, in the present study, the contour method (CM) was used to analyse the full field longitudinal residual stresses in an solid cuboid component (dimensions: 120 × 50 × 35 mm³) manufactured by DED-Arc. The CM enables the analysis of the two-dimensional map of residual stresses normal to a cutting plane using a finite element model. For this purpose, a solid cuboid component was welded fully automatically with a high-strength solid wire specially adapted for DED-Arc (yield strength > 790 MPa) onto conventionally manufactured substrates made of S690QL. The residual stresses from CM in the volume are compared with residual stress analyses using X-Ray diffraction on the surface. Additionally, comparative data from previous studies on hollow cuboid structures was included in order to identify similarities and differences in the resulting stress state, and to complement and validate the CM results. These results demonstrate the significant influence of the geometry on the residual stress profiles within the solid cuboid in relation to the open hollow.
T2 - 4th International Conference on Advanced Joining Processes 2026
CY - Coimbra, Portugal
DA - 16.10.2025
KW - Residual stress
KW - Contour method
KW - DED-Arc/M
KW - High-strength steel
KW - Filler metals
KW - Neutron diffraction
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65209
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Pittner, Andreas
A1 - Fabry, Cagtay
A1 - Thiele, Marc
A1 - Artinov, Antoni
A1 - Rethmeier, Michael
T1 - Automated Arc Welding and Sensor Based Quality Assessment for Enhancing Fatigue Strength and Structural Reliability of Offshore Wind Turbine Supports
N2 - Offshore wind energy plays a crucial role in achieving a carbon dioxide free industrial sector in the coming decades. However, foundation systems for offshore wind turbines significantly impact the overall installation process, posing technical and regulatory challenges. Adopting lightweight design principles in steel construction such as dissolved load bearing structures in jacket foundations offers substantial potential for reducing resource consumption, particularly steel usage. This presentation explores the complete digitalization of welding manufacturing and testing processes, enabling fully automated production and data driven quality assessment of tubular nodes, which are vital components of jacket foundations. The study also investigates the relationship between seam geometry and fatigue strength inspired by bionic design principles. The results demonstrate that tubular nodes can be welded entirely automatically, accommodating geometric tolerances, and that seam geometries ca n be precisely manufactured according to suggestions from e.g. numerical models or other sources . These advancements significantly enhance the fatigue strength and service life of offshore wind turbine support structures.
T2 - IIW Annual Assembly 2025
CY - Genova, Italy
DA - 23.06.2025
KW - Automated gas metal arc welding
KW - Quality assessment and control
KW - Support structures
KW - Fatigue
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65232
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Graebner, Maraike
A1 - Giese, Marcel
A1 - Lorenz, Svenja
A1 - Treutler, Kai
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Wesling, Volker
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Wear resistance of modified NiMoCrSi claddings in relation to the resulting surface machinability via ultrasonic-assisted milling
N2 - In the field of plastics processing, extruder screws are subjected to significant wear stresses. The extruder screw is the main wear component in those production machines and is usually coated with intermetallic wear protection alloys composed of Ni-based alloys, specifically Colmonoy C56 PTA (NiMoCrSi). There is a growing demand for providing an economic machinability of these alloys to achieve defined contours with a sufficient surface integrity. Recent investigations exhibit promising results applying ultrasonic milling for such hard-to-cut materials. The Colmonoy C56 is modified by various alloying additions Ti, Nb, Mo, Hf, and Al, and then cladded on a steel S355 via Plasma Transferred Arc process. The effect of alloying additions on the microstructure is analyzed regarding their resistance to abrasive and adhesive wear. With Miller test ASTM G75 the influence of alloying elements on resistance to abrasive wear for two abrasive materials is investigated (high-grade corundum F220 and quartz powder). The wear loss is not increased for additions of Nb and Ti compared to the base material C56. Modifications with Hf or Al reduces the resistance to abrasive wear and significantly increases material loss. The extruder screw is also subject to adhesive wear, which can be quantified by means of the pin-roll test. It is demonstrated that the addition of Hf, for example, contributes to a reduction in wear loss. Aim of the investigations is to find suitable modifications for the wear claddings of C56 for a sufficient machineability, without compemising the wear resistant. The machinability is considerably affected by the alloy additions, and is determined using ultrasonic-assisted milling. The addition of hafnium reduces machinability, i.e. significantly increases cutting forces. The incorporation of Nb exhibits a significant reduction of cutting forces, and results in reduced tool wear and an enhanced of surface integrity (roughness, density of defects, residual stresses).
KW - Colmonoy C56
KW - PTA welding
KW - Adhesive wear
KW - Abrasive wear
KW - Ultrasonic-assisted milling process
KW - Surface integrity
KW - Service life and efficiency
KW - Substitution of critical raw materials
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-651530
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2025.205830
SN - 0043-1648
VL - 571
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-65153
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Gluth, Gregor
T1 - Inhalt der Verordnungen für Heizungsanlagen - Überblick
N2 - Seit dem 26.09.2015 gelten in Deutschland Anforderungen an die umweltgerechte Gestaltung und die Energiekennzeichnung von Heizgeräten und Verbundanlagen mit Heizgeräten. Der Vortrag stellt die zugrundeliegenden EU-Verordnungen und die sich ergebenden Konsequenzen überblicksmäßig vor.
T2 - Kolloquium Marktüberwachung im Bereich Heizungsanlagen
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 06.04.2016
KW - Heizgeräte
KW - Verbundanlagen
KW - Umweltgerechte Gestaltung
KW - Ökodesign
KW - Energieverbrauchskennzeichnung
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-36924
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Askar, Enis
T1 - Hydrogen Safety - Explosion Protection for Hydrogen Applications
N2 - In this lecture the safety related properties og hydrogen compared to other fuel gases and the explosion protection measures of avoiding flammable mixtures, avoiding ignition sources and mitigating the consequences of explosions when handling hydrogen and hydrogen mixtures are presented.
The Joint European Summer School JESS 2021 addresses these issues by offering high quality graduate level courses on selected topics of vehicle technology, innovation & business development, safe handling of hydrogen, and modelling. The course content is tailored to the needs of a diverse audience: newcomers to the field, experienced students, and young professionals working at the forefront of fuel cell and hydrogen applications.
T2 - Joint European Summer School (JESS)
CY - Online meeting
DA - 06.09.2021
KW - Explosionsschutz
KW - Explosionsgrenzen
KW - Zündenergie
KW - Zündquellen
KW - Auswirkung von Explosionen
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53808
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Askar, Enis
A1 - Schröder, Volkmar
A1 - Seemann, A.
A1 - Schuetz, S.
T1 - Power-to-Gas: Safety Characteristics of Hydrogen/NaturalGas-Mixtures
N2 - Safety characteristics for explosion protection of natural gas/hydrogen mixtures relevant in connection with the Power2Gas technology were studied in this work. Lower explosion limits (LEL) and upper explosion limits (UEL), limiting oxygen concentrations (LOC), maximum experimental safety gaps (MESG), maximum explosion pressures (pmax) and maximum rates of pressure rise (dp/dt)max were determined experimentally in dependence of the hydrogen fraction. Adding hydrogen did mainly effect the UEL, LOC, MESG and (dp/dt)max. The mixtures become more "critical" concerning the explosion hazards with increasing hydrogen fraction. However, the dependency of the safety characteristics from the hydrogen fraction is mainly not linear. Adding up to 10% hydrogen to natural gas had nearly no effect on the safety characteristics. More significant effects on the safety characteristics were observed at hydrogen fractions of more than 25%. For example the explosion group changes from IIA to IIB. Considering the huge explosion region and very high (dp/dt)max of hydrogen compared to natural gas, even adding 50% hydrogen to natural gas has a rather small effect on these characteristics. Furthermore pmax of hydrogen/natural-gas mixtures can be calculated with good accuracy assuming ideal adiabatic conditions. EL and LOC of natural gas/hydrogen mixtures in ternary systems with inert gas and air were calculated in dependence of the type of inert gas with the so called “model of constant adiabatic flame temperature profiles”.
KW - Explosion protection
KW - Hydrogen safety
KW - Hydrogen enriched natural gas
KW - Energy storage
PY - 2016
SN - 78-88-95608-39-6
DO - https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1648067
SN - 2283-9216
VL - 2016/48
SP - 397
EP - 402
PB - AIDIC
AN - OPUS4-36788
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sobol, Oded
T1 - BAM’s role in materials science and hydrogen in metals: TOF-SIMS imaging
N2 - Due to its low mass and high diffusivity in presence of compositional, thermal and mechanical gradients, hydrogen within a metallic microstructure can result in severe loss in ductility even at low concentrations and might lead eventually to a catastrophic and unpredictable failure of structural components during service. In this context, hydrogen mapping at the microscale is still considered among the most important challenges on the pathway towards a better understanding of the hydrogen transport and assisted cracking phenomena in metals, specifically in structural components, e.g. steels.
Among the very few available techniques to localize hydrogen at the microscale, Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) was proven to be a reliable tool. Based on the assumption that deuterium influence the microstructure similarly to hydrogen, in the following contribution ToF-SIMS was applied as the main technique to detect and locally map the deuterium distribution in several alloys: lean 2101 and standard 2205 duplex stainless steel (DSS), AISI 304L austenitic stainless steel and titanium 6Al-4V alloy. These alloys were selected as case studies in this work due to the wide use of them in many applications and environments which frequently provide critical conditions for hydrogen absorption and assisted degradation.
The innovative design of in-situ and ex-situ experiments enabled us to elucidate the permeation, transport and trapping of deuterium in the microstructure in sub-micron resolution for the first time. In addition to the novel experimental setups, further progress was gained by applying computational multivariate data analysis (MVA) on the raw data and data fusion with high resolution structural characterization methods (scanning electron microscopy and electron back-scattered diffraction – SEM/EBSD). This combination allowed us to correlate the deuterium distribution and the influence on the microstructure.
T2 - 4th Symposium on Innovative Measurement and Analysis for Structural Materials
CY - Tokyo, Japan
DA - 13.11.2018
KW - ToF-SIMS
KW - Duplex stainless steel
KW - Austenitic stainless steel
KW - Principal Component Analysis
KW - Data-fusion
PY - 2018
UR - https://unit.aist.go.jp/tia-co/project/SIP-IMASM/sympo/2018/index.html
AN - OPUS4-46867
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Epishin, A. I.
A1 - Link, T.
A1 - Nolze, Gert
A1 - Svetlov, I. L.
A1 - Bokshtein, B. S.
A1 - Rodin, A. O.
A1 - Saliwan Neumann, Romeo
A1 - Oder, Gabriele
T1 - Diffusion processes in multicomponent nickel-base superalloy-nickel system
N2 - Optical and scanning electron microscopy, as well as electron microprobe analysis and electron backscatter diffraction, have been used to study diffusion processes that occur in a diffusion pair that consistsof a single-crystal CMSX-10 nickel-base superalloy and polycrystalline nickel, at temperatures of 1050–1250°C. It has been found that, in this system, the distributions of γ-stabilizing elements (Cr, Co, W, and Re) are described by the Boltzmann solution for diffusion between two semiinfinite plates of a binary alloy. The processing of these distributions has shown that the diffusion coefficients of Cr, Co, W, and Re in the multicomponent system are close to those in binary alloys of these elements with Ni. The diffusion redistribution of the elements leads to the dissolution of the γ′ phase in the nickel-base superalloy, growth of nickel grains toward the superalloy constituent of the diffusion pair, and the formation of porosity on both sides of the migrating interface, which is determined from a crystal misorientation of the alloy single crystal and nickel grains.
KW - Ni-base superalloy
KW - Interface
KW - Diffusion
KW - Phase transformation
KW - Porosity
PY - 2014
SN - 0031-918X
VL - 115
IS - 1
SP - 21
EP - 29
AN - OPUS4-37980
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Askar, Enis
T1 - Ignition Behaviour and Challenges for Hydrogen Safety
N2 - The presentation is divided in two parts. In the first part the significance of mechanical impacts as ignition source for hydrogen containing atmospheres is shown and recent results of a research project evaluating ignition probabilities under different conditions is presented. In the second part future challenges in the field of hydrogen safety are discussed. Finally, the German National Hydrogen Safety Alliance is introduced.
T2 - Hydrogen Online Workshop 2024
CY - Online meeting
DA - 05.06.2024
KW - Explosion protection
KW - Mechanical impacts
KW - Ignition source
KW - German National Alliance for Hydrogen Safety
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60288
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - RPRT
A1 - Schröder, Volkmar
A1 - Askar, Enis
A1 - Habib, Abdel Karim
A1 - Tashqin, T.
T1 - Sicherheitstechnische Eigenschaften von Erdgas-Wasserstoff-Gemischen
N2 - Bei der Power-to-Gas-Technologie wird überschüssiger Strom aus erneuerbaren Energien durch Elektroly-se von Wasser in Wasserstoff umgewandelt. Dieser Wasserstoff kann als „chemischer Energiespeicher“ dienen und rückverstromt werden oder aber in das Erdgasnetz eingespeist werden. Die BAM hat die Aus-wirkungen von Wasserstoffzusätzen zum Erdgas im Hinblick auf den Explosionsschutz untersucht und sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen für Erdgas-Wasserstoff-Gemische bestimmt.
Untersucht wurden die Explosionsgrenzen, die Sauerstoffgrenzkonzentrationen, die maximalen Explosi-onsdrücke, die KG-Werte und die Normspaltweiten. Für die Messungen sind zwei Modellgase eingesetzt worden, reines Methan und ein Modell-Erdgas mit Anteilen höherer Kohlenwasserstoffe. Sie repräsentie-ren die Bandbreite der in Deutschland eingesetzten Erdgase. Die Untersuchungen ergaben, dass bei einem Zusatz von bis zu 10 Mol-% Wasserstoff keine der untersuchten Kenngrößen relevant beeinflusst wird. Die Gemische haben nur geringfügig erweiterte Explosionsbereiche und bleiben, wie die reinen Erdgase, in der Explosionsgruppe IIA. Auch die maximalen Explosionsdrücke und die zeitlichen Druckanstiege bei den Gasexplosionen werden nur wenig beeinflusst.
Vergleichende Berechnungen zur Festlegung von explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen (Ex-Zonen) auf Basis von Gasausbreitungsberechnungen ergaben ebenfalls nur geringfüge Unterschiede im Rahmen der Fehler-toleranz für Erdgas und Erdgas-Wasserstoff-Gemische mit bis zu 10 Mol-% Wasserstoff. Die Berechnun-gen sind in der BAM nach einem Freistrahlmodell von Schatzmann und mit dem häufig bei Gasnetzbetrei-bern eingesetzten e.BEx-Tool® durchgeführt worden.
Der Einsatz von Gaswarngeräten, die für reines Erdgas geeignet sind, ist für Erdgas-Wasserstoff-Gemische mit bis zu 10 Mol-% Wasserstoff grundsätzlich möglich, erfordert aber eine gesonderte Sicher-heitsbewertung und ggf. eine Nachkalibrierung.
N2 - Power-to-Gas technology is used to convert excess power from renewable energies to hydrogen by means of water electrolysis. This hydrogen can serve as "chemical energy storage" and be converted back to elec-tricity or be fed into the natural gas grid. BAM has studied the addition of hydrogen to natural gas in view of explosion protection and has determined safety characteristics for natural gas-hydrogen mixtures.
BAM investigated the explosion limits, the limiting oxygen concentrations, the maximum explosion pres-sures, KG values and the MESG. Two model gases have been investigated, pure methane and a model gas with portions of higher hydrocarbons. They represent the range of natural gases which are used in Germa-ny. The investigations have shown that none of the examined characteristics is affected significantly by the addition of up to 10 mol% hydrogen. The explosion ranges are increased only slightly and the mixtures remain in explosion group IIA; as is pure natural gas. Also the maximum explosion pressure and the rates of pressure rise of gas explosions are almost unaffected.
Comparative calculations – on the basis of gas dispersion calculations – to determine hazardous areas (explosion zones) for pure natural gas and natural gas-hydrogen mixtures with up to 10 mol% hydrogen, also revealed only minor differences within the margin of error of the calculation methods. The calcula-tions were executed at BAM according to the free jet model from Schatzmann and with the e.BEx-Tool®, often applied by gas grid operators.
In principle, gas detectors that are suitable for natural gas can be used for natural gas-hydrogen mixtures with a maximum of 10 mol% hydrogen. However, this requires a separate safety assessment and, if nec-essary, a recalibration.
KW - Power-to-Gas
KW - Erneuerbare Energien
KW - Energiespeicherung
KW - Wasserstofftechnologie
KW - Explosionsschutz
KW - Erdgas-Wasserstoff-Gemische
PY - 2016
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-372977
SP - 1
EP - 36
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-37297
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schröder, Volkmar
A1 - Askar, Enis
A1 - Tashqin, T.
T1 - Sicherheitstechnische Eigenschaften von Gemischen aus Wasserstoff und Erdgas
N2 - Bei der Power-to-Gas-Technologie wird überschüssiger Strom aus erneuerbaren Ener-gien durch Elektrolyse von Wasser in Wasserstoff umgewandelt. Dieser Wasserstoff kann als „chemischer Energiespeicher“ dienen und rückverstromt werden oder aber in das Erdgasnetz eingespeist werden. Die BAM hat die Auswirkungen von Wasserstoffzu-sätzen zum Erdgas im Hinblick auf den Explosionsschutz untersucht und sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen für Erdgas-Wasserstoff-Gemische bestimmt.
Von besonderem Interesse waren dabei die Explosionsgrenzen, die Sauerstoffgrenzkonzentration, die maximalen Explosionsdrücke, die KG-Werte und die Normspaltweiten. Für die Messungen sind zwei Modellgase eingesetzt worden, reines Methan und ein Modell-Erdgas mit Anteilen höherer Kohlenwasserstoffe. Sie repräsentieren die Bandbreite der in Deutschland eingesetzten Erdgase.
Die Untersuchungen ergaben, dass bei einem Zusatz von bis zu 10 Mol-% Wasserstoff keine der untersuchten Kenngrößen signifikant beeinflusst wird. Die Gemische haben nur geringfügig erweiterte Explosionsbereiche und bleiben, wie die reinen Erdgase, in der Explosionsgruppe IIA. Auch die maximalen Explosionsdrücke und die zeitlichen Druckanstiege bei den Gasexplosionen werden nur wenig beeinflusst.
T2 - Kolloquium zur chemischen und physikalischen Sicherheitstechnik
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 14.06.2016
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Erdgasnetz
KW - Energiespeicherung
KW - Explosionsschutz
KW - Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen
PY - 2016
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-373099
SN - 978-3-9817853-5-7
SN - 0938-5533
VL - 2016
SP - 60
EP - 67
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin, Germany
AN - OPUS4-37309
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Askar, Enis
T1 - Sicherheitstechnische Eigenschaften von Erdgas/Wasserstoff-Gemischen - Auswirkungen auf den Explosionsschutz
N2 - Hinsichtlich ihrer sicherheitstechnischen Kenngrößen (STK) unterscheiden sich Wasserstoff und Erdgas zum Teil stark. Im Vortrag werden verschiedene STK von Erdgas/Wasserstoff-Gemischen im Abhängigkeit des Wasserstoffanteils vorgestellt und die Auswirkung der Beimischung von Wasserstoff zum Erdgas auf die Wirksamkeit von Explosionsschutzmaßnahmen erläutert.
T2 - DVGW-Kongress 2021 "Gasinfrastruktur für Erdgas-H2-Gemische"
CY - Online meeting
DA - 07.10.2021
KW - Explosionsschutz
KW - Explosionsgrenzen
KW - Zündenergie
KW - Power to Gas
KW - Erdgasnetz
KW - Zündquellen
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-53725
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mosquera Feijoo, Maria
T1 - Thermal-mechanical fatigue of oxide scales in cyclic water vapor oxidation of 9-12 % Cr steels
N2 - Ferritic-martensitic steels with 9-12 % Cr-content are widely used as high temperature construction materials in power plant due to their high temperature properties such as creep resistance, strength, and favorable oxidation resistances. However, typical operating conditions include cyclic thermal/mechanical loading, and as a result the oxide scale might fail; cracks are formed and the oxide scale is spalled off. The oxide spalls can cause steam tube blocking and local thermal stresses, which might provoke shorter component service life.
This work investigates the scale spallation behavior of ferritic-martensitic steels under cyclic load condition between 320°C and 620°C for up to 210 cycles in pure steam. All samples were isothermally pre-oxidized at 620°C for 500 h in water steam with 30 bar pressure to create an initial magnetite layer with low porosity. Different sample shapes, rectangular coupons, full rings and U-shape segments, are investigated to evaluate the impact of the geometry on these conditions. After oxidation experiments the oxidation kinetics in terms of mass change, metal loss and thickness scale is determined. In addition, the integrity of the oxide layer as well as its adherence to the matrix are characterized by modified hardness tests and scratch tests. Breakage of the layers at lower applied forces indicates a substantial loss of adhesion strength at intermediate cycle numbers.
T2 - EUROCORR 2017
CY - Prague, Czech-Republic
DA - 03.09.2017
KW - Geometry influence
KW - Therma-mechanical fatigue
KW - Oxide layer
KW - Cyclic test
KW - Scale adherence
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-42635
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Röhsler, Andreas
A1 - Sobol, Oded
A1 - Hänninen, H.
A1 - Böllinghaus, Thomas
T1 - In-situ ToF-SIMS analyses of deuterium re-distribution in austenitic steel AISI 304L under mechanical load
N2 - Hydrocarbons fuel our economy. Furthermore, intermediate goods and consumer products are often hydrocarbon-based. Beside all the progress they made possible, hydrogen-containing substances can have severe detrimental effects on materials exposed to them. Hydrogen-assisted failure of iron alloys has been recognised more than a century ago. The present study aims to providing further insight into the degradation of the austenitic stainless steel AISI 304L (EN 1.4307) exposed to hydrogen. To this end, samples were electrochemically charged with the hydrogen isotope deuterium (2H, D) and analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). It was found that deuterium caused a phase transformation from the original γ austenite into ε- and α’-martensite. Despite their low solubility for hydrogen, viz. deuterium, the newly formed phases showed high deuterium concentration which was attributed to the increased density of traps. Information about the behaviour of deuterium in the material subjected to external mechanical load was gathered. A four-point-bending device was developed for this purpose. This allowed to analyse in-situ pre-charged samples in the ToF-SIMS during the application of external mechanical load. The results indicate a movement of deuterium towards the regions of highest stress.
KW - ToF-SIMS
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Deuterium
KW - AISI 304L
KW - EBSD
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-505142
DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60370-2
VL - 10
IS - 1
SP - 3611
PB - Nature
AN - OPUS4-50514
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Konert, Florian
A1 - Campari, Alessandro
A1 - Nietzke, Jonathan
A1 - Sobol, Oded
A1 - Paltrinieri, Nicola
A1 - Alvaro, Antonio
T1 - Evaluation of the tensile properties of X65 pipeline steel in compressed gaseous hydrogen using hollow specimens
N2 - Hydrogen has great potential on the path towards decarbonization of the energy and transport sectors and can mitigate the urgent issue of global warming. It can be sustainably produced through water electrolysis with potentially zero emissions, and efficiently used (e.g., in fuel cell systems). Despite its environmental advantages, hydrogen-metal interactions could result in the degradation of the mechanical properties of several structural materials. In order to determine the magnitude of the material degradation in relation to hydrogen exposure, extensive material testing is required. The standardized procedure for in-situ testing for the quantification of the impact of compressed gaseous hydrogen (CGH2) relies on the utilization of an autoclave around the tested specimen. Such test set-up is complex, expensive, time-consuming and requires special equipment, trained personnel, and strict safety procedures. A relatively recent method to circumvent these issues and provide affordable results consists of using hollow specimens, thus applying the hydrogen pressure inside rather than outside the specimen. It allows to reduce the volume of hydrogen by several orders of magnitude and to perform the tests more efficiently and in a safer manner. This study focuses on evaluating the tensile properties of X65 vintage pipeline steel tested in a high-pressure hydrogen environment using hollow specimens. Tests are performed in 6 MPa H2 and Ar at the nominal strain rate of 10−6 s−1 to evaluate the reduced area at fracture and the elongation loss. The effect of surface finishing on crack initiation and propagation is investigated by comparing two different manufacturing techniques. In this way, this study provides insights into the applicability of a novel, reliable, and safe testing method which can be used to assess the hydrogen-assisted ductility loss in metallic materials.
KW - Mechanical Engineering
KW - Hydrogen Embrittlement
KW - SSRT
KW - Hollow specimen
KW - Pipeline steel
KW - In-situ tensile test
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-595887
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2024.01.074
SN - 2452-3216
VL - 54
SP - 1
EP - 8
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-59588
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Konert, Florian
A1 - Wieder, Frank
A1 - Nietzke, Jonathan
A1 - Meinel, Dietmar
A1 - Böllinghaus, Thomas
A1 - Sobol, Oded
T1 - Evaluation of the impact of gaseous hydrogen on pipeline steels utilizing hollow specimen technique and μCT
N2 - The high potential of hydrogen as a key factor on the pathway towards a climate neutral economy, leads to rising demand in technical applications, where gaseous hydrogen is used. For several metals, hydrogen-metal interactions could cause a degradation of the material properties. This is especially valid for low carbon and highstrength structural steels, as they are commonly used in natural gas pipelines and analyzed in this work.
This work provides an insight to the impact of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of an API 5L X65 pipeline steel tested in 60 bar gaseous hydrogen atmosphere. The analyses were performed using the hollow specimen technique with slow strain rate testing (SSRT). The nature of the crack was visualized thereafter utilizing μCT imaging of the sample pressurized with gaseous hydrogen in comparison to one tested in an inert atmosphere.
The combination of the results from non-conventional mechanical testing procedures and nondestructive imaging techniques has shown unambiguously how the exposure to hydrogen under realistic service pressure influences the mechanical properties of the material and the appearance of failure.
KW - Energy Engineering and Power Technology
KW - Condensed Matter Physics
KW - Fuel Technology
KW - Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment
KW - µCT
KW - Hollow Specimen Technique
KW - Hydrogen Embrittlement
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-595077
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.02.005
SN - 0360-3199
VL - 59
SP - 874
EP - 879
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-59507
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Epishin, A.
A1 - Link, T.
A1 - Svetlov, I. L.
A1 - Nolze, Gert
A1 - Saliwan Neumann, Romeo
A1 - Lucas, H.
T1 - Mechanism of porosity growth during homogenisation in single crystal nickel-based superalloys
N2 - Several mechanisms for porosity growth in single crystal nickel-based superalloys during homogenisation heat treatment have been proposed in the literature. They were carefully checked using different experimental methods, namely quantitative light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and density measurements. It is shown that the main mechanism is the Kirkendall–Frenkel effect, i.e. generation of voids due to uncompensated efflux of Al atoms from dissolving γ/γ′-eutectic areas. The Al diffusion is supported by the afflux of vacancies from surrounding γ-matrix which results in porosity growth. This conclusion is confirmed by the estimation of the vacancy afflux towards the dissolving eutectic.
KW - Ni-base superalloy
KW - Eutectic
KW - Vacancies
KW - Porosity
PY - 2013
VL - 104
IS - 8
SP - 776
EP - 782
PB - Carl Hanser Verlag
AN - OPUS4-37983
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Leo, Reinhold
T1 - Duplex stainless steels - Compatibility for high-pressure hydrogen applications
N2 - Duplex Stainless Steels (DSS) are an essential component used in the construction of transportation pipelines because of their many distinctive qualities. The choice of DSS for a particular hydrogen application mainly depends on its susceptibility level to Hydrogen Assisted Cracking (HAC). Several mechanisms have been proposed to describe the occurring microscale processes behind HAC, and these include metastable phase transformation, Hydrogen Enhanced Localized Plasticity (HELP), and Hydrogen Enhanced Decohesion (HEDE). This contribution describes the path to ascertain if DSS is suitable for high-pressure gaseous hydrogen applications. The interplay between several critical factors that result in HAC was examined using high-pressure gaseous hydrogen charging, Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD), tensile testing and hydrogen concentration measurements using Carrier Gas Hot Extraction (CGHE).
T2 - Third German-African Green Hydrogen Forum 2025
CY - Bernburg (Saale), Germany
DA - 23.09.2025
KW - Hydrogen Assisted Cracking
KW - High Pressure Hydrogen
KW - Duplex Stainless Steels
KW - Hollow Specimen Technique
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64302
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - RPRT
A1 - Askar, Enis
A1 - Grunewald, Thomas
T1 - Entzündung von wasserstoffhaltigen Atmosphären durch mechanisch erzeugte Funken („HySpark“)
N2 - Im Zuge der Energiewende finden Wasserstofftechnologien in der industriellen Praxis und im öffentlichen Raum immer mehr Anwendung. Beim Einsatz von Wasserstoff als Ersatz für andere fossile Energieträger wie Erdgas müssen u.a. Explosionsschutzmaßnahmen überprüft und angepasst werden. Eine Art von Explosionsschutzmaßnahmen ist die Vermeidung von Zündquellen. Gemäß den einschlägigen Regelwerken ist die Bildung von Funken oder heißen Aufschlagstellen beim mechanischen Schlag eine mögliche Zündquelle, die vor allem beim Wasserstoff berücksichtigt werden muss. Die Zündwirksamkeit ist dabei u.a. stark von der Werkstoffpaarung und der kinetischen Schlagenergie abhängig. Der Einsatz von funkenarmen Werkzeugen aus schwer oxidierbaren Nicht-Eisen-Metallen in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen kann z.B. eine Maßnahme sein, um diese Zündquelle zu vermeiden und wird als solche in den Regelwerken benannt. Es gibt aber kaum Quellen, die dabei helfen die Zündwirksamkeit bei Schlägen mit heterogenen Materialpaarungen einzuschätzen. In dieser Arbeit wurde zu diesem Zweck die Zündwirksamkeit von mechanischen Schlägen mit unterschiedlichen, auch nicht-metallischen Schlagpartnern in wasserstoffhaltigen Atmosphären systematisch untersucht.
KW - Explosionsschutz
KW - Zündquelle
KW - ATEX
KW - Erdgas
KW - Mechanischer Schlag
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-579869
DO - https://doi.org/10.26272/opus4-57986
SP - 1
EP - 28
AN - OPUS4-57986
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Baer, Wolfram
A1 - Wossidlo, Peter
T1 - Experimental determination and analysis of dynamic fracture toughness data of ductile cast iron
N2 - Ductile Cast Iron materials (DCI) have become important structural materials. Neverthe-less, to draw maximum benefit from DCIs property potential, tailored testing methods must be provided. The established dynamic Jd-R and CTOD 5d-R curve procedures are based on material specifically developed, independent experimental techniques but pro-vide almost matching results. This can be seen as additional validation of the Jd procedure which was mandatory.
T2 - 14th International Conference on Fracture (ICF 14)
CY - Rhodes, Greece
DA - 18.07.2017
KW - Ductile cast iron
KW - Fracture mechanics
KW - Dynamic loading
KW - Crack resistance curve
KW - CTOD
KW - J-integral
PY - 2017
SP - Track 3, 1
EP - 2
AN - OPUS4-42721
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Baer, Wolfram
A1 - Holzwarth, Marcel
A1 - Mayer, Uwe
ED - Vormwald, Michael
T1 - Untersuchung des Master Curve-Konzepts für ferritisches Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit: Versuchswerkstoff und erste Ergebnisse an SE(B)140-Großproben
N2 - In einem laufenden Kooperationsprojekt zwischen der BAM Berlin und der MPA Stuttgart wird das probabilistische Master Curve (MC) Konzept nach ASTM E1921 hinsichtlich seiner Übertragbarkeit auf ferritisches Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit (DCI) untersucht.
Zielsetzung ist die Bereitstellung einer Vorgehensweise zur Bestimmung und Bewertung der dynamischen Bruchzähigkeit von DCI im Übergangsbereich. In diesem Beitrag wird der Versuchswerkstoff der Festigkeitsklasse GJS-400 näher vorgestellt.
Ferner werden erste Ergebnisse von zwei bruchmechanischen Versuchsserien an SE(B)140-Großproben bei Belastungsraten von ca. 6∙104 MPa√ms-1 bei -40 °C und -60 °C präsentiert.
T2 - 56. Tagung des DVM-Arbeitskreises Bruchmechanik und Bauteilsicherheit
CY - Kassel, Germany
DA - 20.02.2024
KW - Dynamische Beanspruchung
KW - Bruchmechanik
KW - Master Curve-Konzept
KW - Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit
PY - 2024
DO - https://doi.org/10.48447/BR-2024-BB
SP - 49
EP - 58
PB - DVM-Verlag
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-59518
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Holzwarth, Marcel
A1 - Baer, Wolfram
A1 - Mayer, Uwe
A1 - Weihe, Stefan
ED - Vormwald, Michael
T1 - Untersuchung des Master Curve-Konzepts für ferritisches Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit: Kritische Belastungsrate und erste Ergebnisse an C(T)-Proben
N2 - Im laufenden Verbundprojekt MCGUSS untersuchen dieProjektpartner MPA Stuttgart und BAM Berlin das probabilistische Master Curve (MC) Konzept nach ASTM E1921 hinsichtlich seiner Übertragbarkeit auf ferritisches Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit (DCI).
Ziel des Projektes ist die Entwicklung einer Methode zur Bestimmung und Bewertung der dynamischen Bruchzähigkeit von DCI im Übergangsbereich. In diesem Beitrag werden die Eigenschaften des verwendeten Werkstoffs der Festigkeitsklasse GJS-400 vorgestellt und die sich daraus ergebenden Probenentnahmestellen näher erläutert.
Weiterhin werden erste Ergebnisse der C(T)25-Versuchsserien vorgestellt, die bei Belastungsraten von ca. 5∙103 MPa√ms-1, 5∙104 MPa√ms-1 und 5∙105 MPa√ms-1 und einer Temperatur von -40 °C durchgeführt wurden.
T2 - 56. Tagung des DVM-Arbeitskreises Bruchmechanik und Bauteilsicherheit
CY - Kassel, Germany
DA - 20.02.2024
KW - Dynamische Belastung
KW - Master Curve
KW - Gusseisen
KW - C(T)-Proben
PY - 2024
SP - 37
EP - 47
PB - DVM Verlag
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-59519
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Baer, Wolfram
T1 - Untersuchung des Master Curve-Konzepts für Ferritisches Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit: Versuchswerkstoff und erste Ergebnisse von SE(B)140-Grossproben
N2 - In einem laufenden Kooperationsprojekt zwischen der BAM Berlin und der MPA Stuttgart wird das probabilistische Master Curve (MC) Konzept nach ASTM E1921 hinsichtlich seiner Übertragbarkeit auf ferritisches Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit (DCI) untersucht. Zielsetzung ist die Bereitstellung einer Vorgehensweise zur Bestim-mung und Bewertung der dynamischen Bruchzähigkeit von DCI im Übergangsbe-reich. In diesem Beitrag wird der Versuchswerkstoff der Festigkeitsklasse GJS-400 näher vorgestellt. Ferner werden erste Ergebnisse von zwei bruchmechanischen Versuchsserien an SE(B)140-Großproben bei Belastungsraten von ca. 6∙104 MPa√ms-1 bei -40 °C und 60 °C präsentiert.
T2 - Jahrestagung des DVM-Arbeitskreises Bruchmechanik und Bauteilsicherheit
CY - Kassel, Germany
DA - 20.02.2024
KW - Bruchzähigkeit
KW - Sprödbruch
KW - Master Curve
KW - Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit
KW - ASTM E1921
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59860
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mayer, Uwe
T1 - Untersuchung des Master Curve-Konzeptes für ferritisches Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit
N2 - In dem Poster werden der Forschungsansatz, die Ziele, das Untersuchungsprogramm und die erwarteten Ergebnisse des BMUV-Forschungsvorhabens MCGUSS "Untersuchung des Master Curve-Konzeptes für ferritisches Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit" vorgestellt. Mit Blick auf bruchmechanische Sicherheitsbewertungen in der Kerntechnik werden Stähle momentan mit dem deterministischen ASME-Referenzkurvenkonzept, ergänzt durch das probabilistische Master Curve-Konzept nach ASTM E1921, bewertet. Das Master Curve-Konzept wird bereits für die Bewertung von ferritischen Schmiedestahlbehältern verwendet.
Bewertungsmethoden für ferritisches Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit sind im Moment
unvollständig. Normen wie die nationale BDG-Richtlinie P300 oder der internationale ASME-Code, Sect. III, Div. 3, WC-2330 decken Sprödbruch nicht ausreichend ab. Die Verwendung des Master Curve-Konzepts für ferritisches Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit würde eine bruchmechanische Bewertung via einer KJc,d Verteilung erlauben und gleichzeitig Größeneffekte und einen Temperaturbereich von 100 K berücksichtigen.
T2 - GRS-Projektstatusgespräch 2023
CY - Karlsruhe, Germany
DA - 06.11.2023
KW - Dynamische Bruchzähigkeit
KW - Sprödbruch
KW - Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit
KW - Master Curve
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-59060
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mayer, Uwe
T1 - Untersuchung des Master Curve-Konzeptes für ferritisches Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit
N2 - In dem Vortrag werden der Forschungsansatz, die Ziele, das Untersuchungsprogramm und die erwarteten Ergebnisse des BMUVForschungsvorhabens MCGUSS "Untersuchung des Master Curve-Konzeptes für ferritisches Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit" vorgestellt. Mit Blick auf bruchmechanische Sicherheitsbewertungen in der Kerntechnik werden Stähle momentan mit dem deterministischen ASME Referenzkurvenkonzept, ergänzt durch das probabilistische Master Curve-Konzept nach ASTM E1921, bewertet. Das Master Curve-Konzept wird bereits für die Bewertung von ferritischen Schmiedestahlbehältern verwendet.
Bewertungsmethoden für ferritisches Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit sind im Moment unvollständig. Normen wie die nationale BDG-Richtlinie P300 oder der internationale ASME-Code, Sect. III, Div. 3, WC-2330 decken Sprödbruch nicht ausreichend ab. Die Verwendung des Master Curve-Konzepts für ferritisches Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit würde eine bruchmechanische Bewertung via einer KJc,d Verteilung erlauben und gleichzeitig Größeneffekte und einen Temperaturbereich von 100 K berücksichtigen.
T2 - GRS-Projektstatusgespräch 2023
CY - Karlsruhe, Germany
DA - 06.11.2023
KW - Dynamische Bruchzähigkeit
KW - Master Curve
KW - Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit
KW - Sprödbruch
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-59061
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Holzwarth, M.
T1 - First results for the modification of the master curve concept for ferritic ductile cast iron
N2 - Within the scope of fracture mechanics safety, ferritic ductile cast iron (DCI) does currently not have an established and validated method to determine and assess dynamic fracture toughness values in the ductile-to-brittle transition regime. For this reason, the applicability of the fracture mechanics Master Curve concept according to ASTM E1921 to DCI is being investigated in a joint research project between MPA Stuttgart and BAM Berlin. To investigate the applicability of the Master Curve concept for DCI, a DCI material of grade GJS-400 has been procured via a detailed manufacturing specification. From this material test specimens of various geometries and sizes (Tensile, Charpy-V, Pellini, SE(B)10, SE(B)25, SE(B)140, DC(T)9, C(T)25 and C(T)50) were produced. In total, about 500 test specimens will be tested to investigate and validate the Master Curve Concept as well as other assumptions (e.g. size effects, Weakest-Link, Weibull distribution) for DCI. While the whole project has not yet concluded, several work packages have yet been completed. Selected test results using C(T)25 specimens are presented.
T2 - European Conference on Fracture 2024
CY - Zagreb, Croatia
DA - 26.08.2024
KW - Dynamic fracture toughness
KW - Ductile cast iron
KW - Master curve
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61451
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Baer, Wolfram
A1 - Ohm, Katrin
A1 - Holzwarth, Marcel
A1 - Mayer, Uwe
T1 - Master Curve-Auswertungen und fraktographische Analysen zum Bruchmechanismus – neue Ergebnisse zur Untersuchung des Master Curve Konzepts für ferritisches Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit bei dynamischer Beanspruchung (Projekt MCGUSS)
N2 - In diesem Beitrag werden erste Master Curve (MC)-Auswertungen und fraktographische Analysen zum Bruchmechanismus aus dem laufenden Kooperationsprojekt MCGUSS zwischen der BAM Berlin und der MPA Stuttgart diskutiert. Für zwei SE(B)140-Großprobenversuchsserien mit je 6-8 Versuchen bei -40 °C bzw. -60 °C und Belastungsraten von 5-8x10^4 MPa√m/s wurden Referenztemperaturen T0 bestimmt. Ergänzt wird dies für erste Versuchsreihen an SE(B)25-Kleinproben, die bei -60 °C und Belastungsraten von ca. 2x10^5 MPa√m/s geprüft wurden. An ausgewählten Bruchflächen dieser Versuche wurden detaillierte fraktographische REM-Analysen vorgenommen. Im Vordergrund stand die Charakterisierung des Bruchmechanismus in Abhängigkeit von den Einflussfaktoren Temperatur und Probengröße. In Richtung der Zähigkeitstieflage werden die Analysen komplettiert durch die Ergebnisse von zwei SE(B)140-Großprobenversuchen bei -100 °C bzw. -140 °C und Belastungsraten von ca. 5-8x10^4 MPa√m/s.
T2 - 57. Tagung des DVM-Arbeitskreises Bruchmechanik und Bauteilsicherheit
CY - Köln, Germany
DA - 18.02.2025
KW - Dynamische Beanspruchung
KW - Bruchmechanik
KW - Master Curve-Konzept
KW - Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit
PY - 2025
DO - https://doi.org/10.48447/BR-2025-467
SP - 113
EP - 122
PB - DVM-Verlag
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-62554
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Holzwarth, Marcel
A1 - Baer, Wolfram
A1 - Mayer, Uwe
A1 - Weihe, Stephan
T1 - Investigation of the Master Curve Concept for Ferritic Ductile Cast iron
N2 - Within fracture mechanics safety assessment for steels in nuclear technology, the probabilistic master curve (MC) concept according to ASTM E1921 is currently used for quasi-static loading conditions as a supplement to the established deterministic ASME reference curve concept. However, for ductile cast iron (DCI), a systematic review of potential modifications to the assumptions and the procedure according to ASTM E1921 and an associated validation are still lacking. For this reason, the application of the fracture mechanics MC concept to ferritic ductile cast iron is being investigated in a recently started joint research project between MPA Stuttgart and BAM Berlin. According to the IAEA guidelines SSG 26, the safety assessment of DCI containers for transport as well as storage of radioactive materials is based on the fracture mechanics criterion of general crack initiation exclusion. Within this context, the focus of the current research project is on the further development of brittle fracture safety assessment methods. Therefore, a methodology shall be established to determine and assess dynamic fracture toughness values of DCI in the ductile-to-brittle transition regime, using samples extracted from a component. For the experimental program, a DCI material will be produced as it is generally used for transport and storage containers. A basic mechanical-technological material characterization consisting of tensile, Charpy and Pellini tests is planned and a comprehensive fracture mechanics test program was compiled covering dynamic testing of DC(T)9, C(T)25, C(T)50, SE(B)10, SE(B)25, and SE(B)140 specimens. Numerical analyses of different specimen geometries and test setups are planned to investigate the influences of stress triaxiality and loading rate. Throughout the experimental program, the microstructure-property relationship will be investigated based on quantitative metallographic and fractographic analyses. Finally, different MC assessment strategies will be considered and modifications will be made if necessary.
T2 - 21st International Symposium ASTM/ESIS Symposium on Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics
CY - Washington, D.C., USA
DA - 08.11.2023
KW - Dynamic Fracture Toughness
KW - Cleavage fracture
KW - Master Curve Concept
KW - Ductile Cast Iron
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-59063
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Holzwarth, Marcel
T1 - Investigation of the Master Curve Concept for Ferritic Ductile Cast Iron
N2 - Within fracture mechanics safety assessment for steels in nuclear technology, the probabilistic master curve (MC) concept according to ASTM E1921 is currently used for quasi-static loading conditions as a supplement to the established deterministic ASME reference curve concept. However, for ferritic ductile cast iron (DCI), a systematic review of potential modifications to the assumptions and the procedure according to ASTM E1921 and an associated validation are still lacking. For this reason, the application of the fracture mechanics MC concept to ferritic ductile cast iron is being investigated in a joint research project between MPA Stuttgart and BAM Berlin. According to IAEA SSG-26, the safety assessment of DCI containers for transport as well as storage of radioactive materials is based on the fracture mechanics criterion of general crack initiation exclusion. Within this context, the focus of the research project is on brittle fracture. The goal is the establishment of a methodology to determine and assess dynamic fracture toughness values of DCI in the ductile-to-brittle transition regime, using samples extracted from a component.
The experimental program uses a DCI material of grade GJS-400, which is generally used for transport and storage containers of radioactive materials. Firstly, a basic mechanical-technological material characterization will be performed consisting of tensile, Charpy and Pellini tests. Following the material characterization, the loading rate relevant for brittle fracture will be determined using instrumented C(T)25-fracture tests at a temperature of -40°C. To be able to transfer the relevant loading rate to other specimen geometries or sizes, the time-dependent course of the Weibull stress is assessed via numerical analyses. With this information an extensive experimental program consisting of DC(T)9, C(T)25, C(T)50, SE(B)10, SE(B)25 and SE(B)140 specimens is performed. These experimental results will be further supported by numerical and fractographic analyses. The empirical experimental database developed for DCI materials will be used to assess the applicability of the MC concept for DCI materials under dynamic loading.
At the current time manufacturing and precracking of test specimens is ongoing. The authors provide first results concerning the mechanical-technological material characterization, the relevant loading rate for brittle fracture determined via C(T)25 tests, and some early results of other specimen types. These experimental results are also supported by preliminary numerical and statistical analyses.
T2 - Conference SMiRT27
CY - Yokohama, Japan
DA - 04.03.2024
KW - Dynamic fracture toughness
KW - Ductile cast iron
KW - ASTM E1921
KW - Master curve
KW - Brittle fracture
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-59859
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Holzwarth, Marcel
A1 - Mayer, Uwe
A1 - Baer, Wolfram
A1 - Weihe, Stefan
T1 - Investigation of the Master Curve Concept for Ferritic Ductile Cast Iron
N2 - Within fracture mechanics safety assessment for steels in nuclear technology, the probabilistic master curve (MC) concept according to ASTM E1921 is currently used for quasi-static loading conditions as a supplement to the established deterministic ASME reference curve concept. However, for ductile cast iron (DCI), a systematic review of potential modifications to the assumptions and the procedure according to ASTM E1921 and an associated validation are still lacking. For this reason, the application of the fracture mechanics MC concept to ferritic ductile cast iron is being investigated in a joint research project between MPA Stuttgart and BAM Berlin. According to Hojo et al. (2008) the MC concept is already in use for the brittle fracture safety assessment of ferritic forged steel containers, which would suggest an extension to ductile cast iron containers. In compliance with IAEA SSG-26, the safety assessment of DCI containers for transport as well as storage of radioactive materials is based on the fracture mechanics criterion of general exclusion of crack initiation. Within this context, the focus of the current research project is on the further development of brittle fracture safety assessment methods. Therefore, a methodology shall be established to determine and assess dynamic fracture toughness values of DCI in the ductile-to-brittle transition regime, using only a low number of small fracture mechanics test specimens extracted from a component. For the experimental program, a DCI material of grade GJS-400 (GGG-40) has been produced as it is generally used for transport and storage containers for nuclear material. A basic mechanical-technological material characterization consisting of tensile, Charpy, and Pellini tests has been planned and a comprehensive fracture mechanics test program was compiled covering dynamic testing of DC(T)9, C(T)25, C(T)50, SE(B)10, SE(B)25, and SE(B)140 specimens at various loading rates and temperatures. The specimen testing is divided between the project partners based on specimen geometry. MPA Stuttgart has been tasked with the testing of the C(T), DC(T) and Pellini specimens, while BAM Berlin was assigned the SE(B), Charpy and tensile tests. These tests allow for the determination of the loading rate relevant for brittle fracture via C(T)25 specimens and an assessment of size effects by transferring the relevant loading rate to other specimen geometries and sizes. Numerical analyses of different specimen geometries and test setups are planned to investigate the influence of stress triaxiality and loading rate. Furthermore, the time-dependent course of the Weibull stress is assessed via these numerical analyses. Throughout the experimental program, the microstructure-property relationship will also be investigated based on quantitative metallographic and fractographic analyses like scanning electron microscope images and metallographic sections. With the acquired experimental database fundamental assumptions of the MC concept, like the weakest link model and the Weibull distribution, will be assessed for the application to DCI. In the end, the applicability of the MC concept will be evaluated and if necessary, modifications to the MC concept for DCI will be proposed. This paper will present the preliminary results of the GJS400 material characterization and the related selection of test specimen extraction points. First results of the C(T)25 and SE(B)140 specimen testing will also be discussed supported by first metallographic analyses.
T2 - SMiRT27 Conference
CY - Yokohama, Japan
DA - 03.03.2024
KW - Ductile Cast iron
KW - Dynamic Fracture Toughness
KW - Safety Assessment
KW - Master Curve Concept
PY - 2024
SP - 1
EP - 10
AN - OPUS4-59302
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Holzwarth, Marcel
A1 - Baer, Wolfram
A1 - Mayer, Uwe
A1 - Weihe, Stefan
T1 - On the Applicability of the Master Curve Concept for Ductile Cast Iron based on experimental and microstructural results
N2 - Based on the state-of-the-art research and regulations, the application of the fracture mechanics master curve (MC) concept to ferritic ductile cast iron (DCI) is being investigated in a joint research project (MCGUSS) between BAM Berlin and MPA Stuttgart.
The experimental program included a basic mechanical-technological material characterization consisting of tensile, Charpy and Pellini tests. To determine the relevant loading rate for brittle fracture, instrumented C(T)25 fracture tests were performed at different loading rates at a temperature of -40°C. The relevant loading rates are 5x10^3 MPa√ms-1 and 5x10^4 MPa√ms-1. A series of dynamic fracture tests consisting of DC(T)9, C(T)25 and C(T)50 specimens were performed at MPA. BAM performed corresponding test series with SE(B)10 (pre-cracked Charpy), SE(B)25 and SE(B)140 specimens to cover the influence of specimen geometry. In total about 400 tests were performed during this project.
The experimental program is complemented by extensive fractographic and metallographic studies using scanning electron microscopy and cross sectioning, as well as characterizations of the chemical composition of the material and of the morphology and distribution of the graphite particles. KJcd values were evaluated for all C(T)25 specimens and some C(T)50 and DC(T)9 specimens. First Master Curve analyses suggest that modifications on the Master Curve setup will be neccessary for instance changing the coefficient from 0.019 to 0.045. This modification requires further validation and is only one of many possible modifications.
The SE(B) specimen results clearly show an inverse size effect. This does not correlate with the weakest link effect attributed to steels which dictates lower fracture toughness values for larger specimens. Due to the presence of graphite particles in the DCI material, it is currently assumed that these particles play a significant role in the failure behavior of DCI materials and the following fracture mechanism is proposed: “Specimen size-dependent arrest of local brittle fracures before global brittle failure by weakest link”.
T2 - 9th SEDS Workshop: Safety of Extended Dry Storage, 20.-22. Mai 2025
CY - Garching, Germany
DA - 20.05.2025
KW - Statistics
KW - Dynamic fracture toughness
KW - Ductile cast iron
KW - Master curve
KW - Safety assessment
PY - 2025
SP - 1
EP - 3
AN - OPUS4-63566
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Castells-Gil, Javier
A1 - Zhu, Jinjie
A1 - Itskou, Ioanna
A1 - Wolpert, Emma H.
A1 - Hunter, Robert D.
A1 - Tidey, Jeremiah P.
A1 - Pedersen, Angus
A1 - Solvay, Elisa
A1 - Tyrrell, Helen
A1 - Petit, Camille
A1 - Barrio, Jesús
T1 - Impact of N-heterocyclic amine modulators on the structure and thermal conversion of a zeolitic imidazole framework
N2 - The zeolitic imidazole framework-8 (ZIF-8) is a crystalline porous material that has been widely employed as template to fabricate porous nitrogen-doped carbons with high microporosity via thermal treatment at high temperatures. The properties of the carbon scaffold are influenced by the pore structure and chemical composition of the parent ZIF. However, the narrow pore size distribution and microporous nature from ZIF-8 often results in low mesopore volume, which is crucial for applications such as energy storage and conversion. Here we show that insertion of N-heterocyclic amines can disrupt the structure of ZIF-8 and dramatically impact the chemical composition and pore structure of the nitrogen-doped carbon frameworks obtained after high-temperature pyrolysis. Melamine and 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine were chosen to modify the ZIF-8 structure owing to their capability to both coordinate metal ions and establish supramolecular interactions. Employing a wide variety of physical characterization techniques we observed that melamine results in the formation of a mixed-phase material comprising ZIF-8, Zn(Ac)6(Mel)2 and crystallized melamine, while 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine induces the formation of defects, altering the pore structure. Furthermore, the absence of heterocyclic amine in the ZIF-8 synthesis leads to a new crystalline phase, unreported to date. The thermal conversion of the modified ZIFs at 1000 °C leads to nitrogen-doped carbons bearing Zn moieties with increased surface area, mesopore volume and varying degree of defects compared to ZIF-8 derived carbon. This work therefore highlights both the versatility of heterocyclic amines to modify the structure of framework materials as well as their role in tuning pore structure in nitrogen-doped carbons, paving the way to targeted design of high-performance electrodes for energy storage and conversion.
KW - Zeolitic imidazole framework
KW - Heterocyclic amine
KW - Triaminopyrimidine
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-639177
DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D5TA04831A
SN - 2050-7488
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
AN - OPUS4-63917
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Braga, Daniel S.
A1 - Pedersen, Angus
A1 - Riyaz, Mohd
A1 - Barrio, Jesús
A1 - Bagger, Alexander
A1 - Neckel, Itamar T.
A1 - Mariano, Thiago M.
A1 - Winkler, Manuel E. G.
A1 - Stephens, Ifan E. L.
A1 - Titirici, Maria‐Magdalena
A1 - Nagao, Raphael
T1 - In situ structural evolution and activity descriptor of atomically dispersed catalysts during nitrate electroreduction
N2 - Single‐Atom Catalysts (SAC) have emerged as a promising class of materials for various catalytic applications, including the electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (eNO3RR) and consequently ammonia production. While the efficiency and selectivity of these materials have been extensively highlighted for the eNO3RR, the in situ evolution to their structure and composition during electrocatalysis is largely unexplored and lacks catalyst design principles. To solve this, we investigated a series of high utilization metal‐nitrogen‐carbon (MNC) SACs (M = Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu) for eNO3RR. Except for CuNC, which selectively produced nitrite, all catalysts exhibited Faradaic efficiencies (FE) for ammonia exceeding 50%. NiNC demonstrated the highest performance (FE of 78.0 ± 2.9% at −0.4 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) at pH 13 and maximum ammonia production rate of 615.7 ± 176.5 µmol·h−1·, corresponding to an energy efficiency of 15.1 ± 1.4% at −0.6 VRHE), followed by CoNC. In situ Synchrotron X‐ray fluorescence (SXRF) mapping at various cathodic potentials (from open circuit potential to 0.0 VRHE and then −0.6 VRHE at 100 mV steps) revealed significant mobility of Ni within the carbon matrix, leading to the formation of metallic clusters from 0.0 VRHE. Similar in situ metal clustering is observed for CoNC. Structure‐activity plots are generated from both MNC literature and results obtained here, finding a clear trend between OH binding energy and turnover frequency, with the high activity of NiNC and CoNC in this work explained by their stronger OH binding in the metallic structure compared to their SAC coordination. This work therefore, reveals the structure‐activity‐stability of MNCs for eNO3RR and provides a simple descriptor for identifying highly active eNO3RR catalysts and their in situ structural evolution.
KW - Single atom
KW - Nitrate reduction
KW - Structure-activity-selectivity
KW - In situ
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-640353
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202510282
SN - 2198-3844
VL - 12
IS - 39
SP - 1
EP - 14
PB - Wiley-VCH
CY - Weinheim
AN - OPUS4-64035
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Butz, Adam
T1 - Experimental and analytical investigation of notched components of a Nickel based superalloy under high temperature cyclic loading
N2 - While the increase in use of renewable energy sources is a necessity in times of climate change the use of gas turbines as back-up requires them to be run in a much more flexible manner in order to compensate for side effects like sudden fluctuations of energy generation. The significant changes of stress and temperature levels in turbine blades due to start-up and shut down can cause crack initiation and growth in the blades‘ alloy. The aim of this research project is to identify a model for lifetime prediction for gas turbine components made of a Nickel base superalloy under high temperature with a Focus on stress concentration points such as cooling holes.
T2 - HIDA-7 Conference on Life/Crack Assessment & Failures in Industrial Structures, UK
CY - Portsmouth, UK
DA - 15.05.2017
KW - LCF
KW - Gas turbine
KW - Service life model
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-42274
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Morcillo, Dalia
A1 - Winckelmann, Alexander
A1 - Oelze, Marcus
A1 - Leonhardt, Robert
A1 - Schmidt, Anita
A1 - Richter, Silke
A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian
A1 - Vogl, Jochen
A1 - Panne, Ulrich
A1 - Abad Andrade, Carlos Enrique
T1 - Exploring Age-Induced Lithium Isotope Fractionation in Lithium-Ion Batteries using Microwave-Induced Cold Nitrogen Plasma Mass Spectrometry
N2 - This study explores Microwave-Inductively Coupled Atmospheric-pressure Plasma Mass Spectrometry (MICAP-MS) as a cost-effective alternative to Multi-Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) for analyzing lithium isotopic composition in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). We investigate the performance of MICAP-MS in measuring Li isotope ratios in new and aged commercial lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) batteries. Our results show that MICAP-MS, operating under cold plasma conditions at 800 W with an 8 mm torch position, achieves results metrologically compatible with MC-ICP-MS, with a precision ranging from 0.6‰ to 3.4‰ for δ7Li values. MICAP-MS benefits from a dielectric resonator for uniform plasma, better ion velocity control, and higher energy efficiency. Optimal settings were identified with dwell times of 10 ms for 6Li and 1 ms for 7Li. The study of LIBs revealed that 6Li migrates towards the anode over multiple charge–discharge cycles, causing 7Li to accumulate in the cathode, a fractionation effect that becomes more pronounced with prolonged cycling. MICAP-MS provides a cost-effective, precise alternative to MC-ICP-MS, with lower operational costs and enhanced portability, advancing the study of isotopic fractionation and aging in lithium-ion batteries.
KW - MICAP-MS
KW - Lithium
KW - Battery aging
KW - Lithium isotopes
KW - Nitrogen plasma
KW - Isotope fractionation
KW - lithium cobalt oxide
KW - LCO
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-643777
DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ja00324a
SN - 0267-9477
SP - 1
EP - 11
PB - Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
AN - OPUS4-64377
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Abad Andrade, Carlos Enrique
T1 - Data-Driven Spectrochemical Sensing for Elemental and Isotopic Analysis—from Energy Systems to Biomedicine
N2 - High-resolution optical spectrometers generate spectra containing tens of thousands of data points per sample. Picometre-scale isotope shifts, matrix-induced line broadening, and strong inter-feature correlations render classical peak fitting unreliable. Current analytical challenges, therefore, require rigorous algorithms able to expose latent structure, quantify uncertainty, and remain chemically interpretable.
The research program presented in this lecture integrates state-of-the-art spectrochemical instrumentation with mathematically disciplined data models. Principal Component Analysis and Partial Least Squares provide chemically meaningful latent variables, while gradient-boosted decision trees or deep neural networks (ANNDL) capture residual non-linearity without sacrificing traceability. All models are trained on isotope-enriched or synthetically generated spectra and distributed with full validation workflows.
Two research areas illustrate this strategy:
(1) Isotopic analytics for materials, environment, and medicine.
(2) Data-fusion diagnostics for battery ageing and failure.
T2 - Temple University: Mechanical Engineering Transformative Science and Technology Engineering Lecture Series
CY - Philadelphia, PA, USA
DA - 02.10.2025
KW - Isotope
KW - Data analysis
KW - Machine learning
KW - Elemental analysis
KW - Battery
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64877
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Abad Andrade, Carlos Enrique
T1 - Tracking Lithium-Ion Battery Ageing via Lithium Isotope Fractionation
N2 - Lithium-ion batteries power portable devices, electric vehicles, and stationary power grids, yet hidden aging reactions still shorten their service life and raise concerns about cost and safety. An analytical proxy is needed to report these reactions and accelerate product development, quality control, and recycling. Here, we demonstrate that subtle shifts in the natural 7Li/6Li ratio accurately record the two decisive stages of cell aging, solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation and field-driven aging, which can be detected using multi-collector ICP-MS.
Because Li is easily stripped from digested electrodes or electrolyte in a one-step cation-exchange column, high-purity solutions reach the spectrometer in minutes. A streamlined MC-ICP-MS run yields a δ7LiLSVEC precision of 0.4 ‰, enabling dozens of battery fractions to be analyzed per day.
Applying the workflow to LiCoO2 coin cells as models, sampled from pristine to 700 cycles, reveals a clear isotopic narrative. During the first ≈45 cycles, 7Li leaves the LiCoO2 lattice, dissolves into the electrolyte, and is locked in the SEI on graphite, driving cathode δ7Li from +8 to –10 ‰ and raising the anode to +13 ‰ while capacity drops by 10 %. After the interphase matures, the electric field takes over: the lighter 6Li migrates faster to the anode, 7Li accumulates in the contracting Li1-xCoO2 lattice, and the bulk separation factor rises to α≈1.045 by 700 cycles. The δ7Li curve flattens roughly 70 cycles before capacity falls to 80%, providing an early warning of end-of-life. Isotopic gradients scale linearly with impedance growth, SEI thickness, and crack density confirmed by LA-ICP-MS mapping, FIB-SEM, XANES, and EXAFS.
Although each data point requires one cell, lithium-isotope fractionation provides direct, element-specific, and structural fatigue insight unavailable from non-destructive tests. The straightforward chemistry and fast MC-ICP-MS routine make the approach practical for targeted aging studies, additive screening, and forensic autopsies, complementing high-throughput electrochemical methods and supporting the design of longer-lived batteries.
T2 - SciX 2025
CY - Covington, KY, USA
DA - 05.10.2025
KW - Isotope
KW - Lithium
KW - MC-ICP-MS
KW - MICAP-MS
KW - Isotope fractionation
KW - Battery
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64879
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mesquita Silva da Veiga, Marcia
T1 - Ultrasonic-assisted leaching of Li and Co from black mass using deep eutectic solvent
N2 - The recovery of critical metals from spent lithium-ion batteries is a key strategy for sustainable resource management and the circular economy. Conventional hydrometallurgical processes typically rely on strong mineral acids and elevated temperatures, which, although effective, generate hazardous waste and demand high energy inputs. As a greener alternative, deep eutectic solvents (DES) combine low toxicity, non-volatility, simple synthesis, and tunable physicochemical properties,
making them promising media for selective metal recovery1-2. Here, we report for the first time the use of ultrasound (US) to assist the leaching of Li and Co from LiCoO₂ black mass employing a deep eutectic solvent based on choline chloride and formic acid (ChCl:HCOOH, 1:2 molar ratio). The DES was synthesized at 90 °C for 3 h under stirring (300 rpm) and was characterized in terms of its molecular structure and formation by 1H-NMR and FT-IR, as well as by its viscosity and density. For each experiment, ~0.100 g of LiCoO2 was treated with 5 g of DES-FA in an ultrasonic bath (35 kHz, 60 °C) for different irradiation times (30–120 min), followed by three sequential extractions. All measurements were performed by ICP OES. Lithium solubilization reached ~80% at 90 min, while cobalt extraction was stabilizing at ~79% after 120 min. The enhanced performance under US is attributed to sonochemical effects that promote cavitation and microjets, leading to the disruption of particle agglomerates, the thinning of diffusion layers, and the generation of highly reactive local environments. These processes accelerate deintercalation and mass transfer
within the solid–liquid interface. Combined with the mild acidity of DES-FA, which enables simultaneous leaching of both metals while favoring faster kinetics for Li,
ultrasound provided a synergistic effect that enhanced the overall process and preserved the distinct extraction profiles of Li and Co. The extraction behavior of the
two metals can be explained by their different speciation in the DES-FA medium. Cobalt is likely reduced from Co(III) to Co(II) by formic acid and stabilized through the formation of chloro-complexes such as [CoCl4]2- with chloride anions from ChCl, favoring its solubilization. In contrast, lithium does not form stable complexes with chloride under these conditions. It is primarily extracted as a solvated cation, stabilized by the extensive hydrogen-bond network of the DES. This difference accounts for the faster leaching kinetics observed for Li compared to Co. Selective recovery was achieved by pHcontrolled precipitation, with cobalt oxalate at pH 4-5 and lithium carbonate at pH 10. The Eco-Scale score of 85 confirmed the greenness of the method. This pioneering approach highlights the potential of coupling DES chemistry with ultrasound. Together, they represent a sustainable and efficient route
for recovering critical metals from battery waste.
T2 - 17th Rio Symposium on Atomic Spectrometry (17th RSAS)
CY - São Pedro City, Brazil
DA - 09.11.2025
KW - Black mass
KW - deep eutectic solvent
KW - Lithium
KW - Cobalt
KW - Lithium-ion battery recycling
KW - Ultrasound-assisted extraction
KW - Lithium and cobalt recovery
KW - Green hydrometallurgy
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64956
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Askar, Enis
T1 - Challenges for hydrogen technologies - Activities of H2Safety@BAM
N2 - In this presentation the drivers for the rise of hydrogen technologies are outlined and main challenges for the market ramp-up are shown. Finally, the activities and capabilities of the competence center H2Safety@BAM are characterized and some of the current projects at BAM adressing the main challenges for hydrogen technologies are presented focussing on the hydrogen transport and infrastructure.
T2 - Wasserstoff-Dialog - Stakeholder-Konferenz des Wasserstoff-Kompass
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 10.10.2022
KW - Hydrogen strategy
KW - ModuH2Pipe
KW - Hydrogen transport
KW - Hydrogen infrastructure
KW - Liquid hydrogen (LH2)
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-57065
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Grimault de Freitas, Tomás
T1 - Comprehensive Standardisation of the Hollow Specimen Technique for Tests in High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas
N2 - The hollow specimen technique is a simple and economical method
that has the potential to overcome the limitations and complement
the current techniques for qualifying metallic materials under highpressure
hydrogen gas.
In this technique, an axial hole is manufactured in a tensile
specimen, which is then filled with hydrogen gas, sealed, and
placed in a standard testing machine. This method requires
significantly lower amounts of hydrogen, resulting in fewer safety
measures and does not require complex equipment or a specialised
laboratory, unlike the conventional autoclave technique.
Initial studies have demonstrated the feasibility of assessing
hydrogen effects in metallic materials using the hollow specimen
technique. This led to the establishment of the committee ISO/TC
164/SC 1/WG 9 to standardise the method, however, there are still
open questions that currently prevent the technique from being
standardised for hydrogen testing. These open questions are being
addressed in the H2HohlZug project, which is presented in this
contribution.
T2 - Oxford - EPRI Hydrogen Embrittlement Workshop
CY - Oxford, United Kingdom
DA - 23.06.2024
KW - Hollow Specimen Technique
KW - High-pressure Gaseous Hydrogen
KW - Hydrogen Embrittlement
KW - Tensile Testing
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60501
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sobol, Oded
T1 - Hydrogen assisted cracking phenomena in duplex stainless steels elucidated by in- and ex-situ ToF-SIMS experiments
N2 - In the presented research, the high potential and abilities of secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) to detect and locally map the hydrogen distribution in two types of duplex stainless steels are shown. The research validates certain proposed mechanisms by combining ToF-SIMS with high-resolution scanning electron microscopy and electron-backscattered diffraction. The combination of data from several techniques on the same region was conducted in this field for the first time by applying data treatment of the ToF-SIMS raw data and data fusion approach. This powerful combination of methods allows reviewing of the occurring processes related to hydrogen assisted cracking. The step beyond the state of the art in this field was gained here by developing permeation and mechanical loading experiments within the ToF-SIMS during chemometric imaging of the hydrogen distribution in the microstructure. The research presents the necessary correlation between the hydrogen distribution and the resulted structural changes, the diffusion behavior in a duplex microstructure and stress induced diffusion of hydrogen by applying external load at the microscale.
T2 - 6th WMRIF Early Career Scientist Summit
CY - NPL Teddington UK
DA - 18.06.2018
KW - ToF-SIMS
KW - Duplex stainless steel
KW - LDX
KW - EBSD
KW - Data-fusion
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-46865
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Junias, Josua Kondja
T1 - Prediction of Explosion Characteristics of Hydrogen Mixtures Using Machine Learning Models
N2 - An understanding of Hydrogen-Oxygen/Air-Diluents gas mixtures combustion characteristics and their accurate prediction is crucial for ensuring the safety of hydrogen-related applications, reducing accidents risk, and protecting lives and property. Hydrogen detonation propagations are characterized by the detonation cell size, used to quantitatively predict for a mixture to detonate including, among others, the initiation energy, critical and minimum tube diameters. For the prediction of explosion limits, detonation run-up-distances and cell sizes, various empirical, semi-empirical and numerical models can be found in literature. These models are usually limited to a narrow range of explosion process or geometrical experimental parameters. Moreover, based on the limited availability of the detonation cell widths measurements, current estimation models are seemingly inaccurate. Machine learning models can be utilized to make justifiable prediction on the detonation cell sizes of hydrogen-air mixtures and other gaseous explosive mixtures cell sizes, explosion limits or run-up distance to detonation based on the mixture type, temperature, pressure, equivalence ratios as well as on geometrical parameters with consideration of highly diverse experimental data measurements uncertainties. Therefore, an up-to date database for explosion characteristics will be established and machine learning models will be developed, trained, tested, and validated using experimental data to predict explosion characteristics of hydrogen mixtures. The models predicted results will be validated against existing models. It will be tested whether machine learning models are able to predict the explosion characteristics of hydrogen mixtures with better accuracy and more comprehensively than conventional empirical and numerical models to be found in literature.
T2 - Combustion Institute 40th International Symposium
CY - Milano, Italy
DA - 21.07. 2024
KW - Prediction, detonation
KW - Machine Learning
KW - Flammability limits
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60769
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Nietzke, Jonathan
T1 - Evolution of tensile testing methodologies for hydrogen embrittlement in austenitic steels: a comparative study
N2 - The energy transition towards hydrogen utilisation has increased the demand for reliable testing methods to evaluate the susceptibility of metallic materials to hydrogen degradation. However, traditional electrochemical pre-charging techniques have limitations in represent-ing realistic gaseous hydrogen exposure conditions. This study presents three comparative analyses of tensile testing methodologies, focusing on the differences between electrochem-ical pre-charging, gaseous pre-charging, and in-situ testing using hollow specimens for aus-tenitic steels AISI 304L and 316L type austenitic steels.
Based on the results obtained, the first comparison reveals that electrochemically pre-charged and gaseously pre-charged specimens exhibit different behaviours regarding the impact on the mechanical properties. This effect can be retraced to the varying distribution of hydrogen throughout the specimens. Although comparable embrittlement was observed for similar hydrogen concentrations, the relationship appears to be non-systematic.
The second comparison evaluates the performance of pre-charged hollow specimens (300°C, 100 bar, 21 days) in comparison to hollow specimens tested in-situ under 200 bar hydrogen during slow strain rate tensile tests (SSRT). While pre-charged specimens show a slight de-crease in elongation at fracture and a noticeable decrease in reduction of area (RA), in-situ tested specimens exhibit significantly more pronounced embrittlement. This is in accord-ance with the results of Michler et. al.
In the third comparison, geometry effects between pre-charged conventional and pre-charged hollow specimens are explored. In this case, the hydrogen effect appears to be of the same order of magnitude for both specimen types, although some differences are ob-served.
The study's findings underscore the importance of considering differences between test methods when assessing materials’ compatibility with hydrogen. It specifically emphasises the need for in-situ testing with gaseous hydrogen to better represent real conditions in ap-plications within the hydrogen sector. Furthermore, the study provides an initial compari-son between conventional and hollow specimens, demonstrating their capability to reveal hydrogen effects. However, additional research is essential to enhance the comparability of results yielded by these testing methods.
T2 - European Conference on Fracture 2024
CY - Zagreb, Croatia
DA - 26.08.2024
KW - Hollow Specimen Technique
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Austenitic Stainless Steel
KW - Hydrogen Testing
KW - AISI 316L
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60929
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Nietzke, Jonathan
T1 - The relationship between surface condition and the influence of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of additively manufactured 316L
N2 - The following contribution presents the analyses of additively manufactured (AM) 316L using hollow specimens at 200 bar hydrogen and a strain rate of 1E-5 s-1. The work includes a comparison of three types of hollow specimens: mechanically extracted from fully additively manufactured cylinders, near-net-shape additively manufactured specimens, i.e. as printed, and specimens made of conventional 316L. AM specimens were manufactured via powder bed fusion with laser beam of metals (PBF-LB/M). For the near-net-shape specimens the inner hole remained without any mechanical processing. The inner holes of the cylindric specimens were manufactured by drilling with subsequent honing.
The susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement was found to be strongly dependent on the surface being in contact with hydrogen. While specimens with a clean surface had a relative reduction of area (RRA) of around 78 %, those with an as-printed surface showed a significantly larger RRA of around 90 %. One possible reason for this are oxide layers formed due to small amounts of oxygen during the AM-process.
Further research is required to determine if the lower effect on the mechanical properties is permanently for as printed parts or e.g. time dependent. Additionally, further work with variation in the nominal strain rate is required.
T2 - IIW 77th Annual Assembly 2024
CY - Rhodes, Greece
DA - 07.07.2024
KW - Austenitic steel 316L
KW - Additive manufacturing
KW - PBF-LB/M
KW - Hydrogen degradation
KW - Hydrogen embrittlement
KW - Hollow specimen technique
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-60618
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Nietzke, Jonathan
T1 - Stainless Steels and Hydrogen Applications
N2 - The contribution was presented at the Stainless Steel World Conference 2022. The presentation shows the influence of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of steel. Some test methods are shown and selected results are presented.
T2 - Stainless Steel World Conference 2022
CY - Maastricht, Netherlands
DA - 27.09.2022
KW - Gaseous hydrogen
KW - Hydrogen Embrittlement
KW - Hydrogen assisted cracking
KW - SSRT
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55913
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Grimault de Freitas, Tomás
T1 - Hollow Specimen Technique for Tests in High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas: The Path Towards Standardisation and the Case Study of a Pipeline Steel and its Weld
N2 - The hollow specimen technique is a simple method that has the potential to make material qualification with gaseous pressurized hydrogen widely applicable for the hydrogen industry at low cost. The feasibility of this method has been demonstrated in several studies, leading to the establishment of an ISO committee for its standardization. Questions have emerged during this process, that currently prevent the method from being standardized for hydrogen testing. These questions relate to specimen geometry, specimen manufacturing and gas quality and are being systematically addressed in the TransHyDE-H2HohlZug project. The aim is to close the identified gaps towards the standardization of this method for hydrogen testing.
This contribution presents the structure and milestones of the project, followed by the results regarding the influence of specimen production and its response to hydrogen effects. Depending on the production method, different roughness and residual stresses can be expected on the inner hole surface of the specimens. This is of importance since an increase in stress concentration sites have been found to be associated to a higher severity of hydrogen effects. This influence has been investigated after applying the following machining processes: a) drilled only; b) drilled and reamed; c) drilled and honed; d) electro-discharge machining (EDM) and honed; e) EDM and reamed.
Roughness measurements using a profilometer, electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis and microhardness tests have been performed previous to mechanical testing to infer on the effect of the different production methods on the surface of the inner hole. Next, the specimens were mechanically tested via slow strain rate tensile tests in a argon and in hydrogen, both at 150 bar and room temperature. Here, a strain-rate sensibility analysis was also performed to identify an optimal strain-rate for the mechanical tests. Based on the results an optimal production method is identified and proposed.
T2 - ASTM Conference on Hydrogen Materials
CY - La Rochelle, France
DA - 03.06.2025
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Hydrogen Embrittlement
KW - Hollow Specimen Technique
KW - High-Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen
KW - Austenitic Stainless Steel
KW - H2HohlZug
KW - TransHyDE
KW - Tensile Test
KW - Pipeline Steel
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63329
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sobol, Oded
T1 - Challenges with metallic materials in hydrogen technologies
N2 - The contribution was presented in the Joint European Summer School in Athens as part of several contributions from BAM in the field of hydrogen safety. These presentations are given in order to provide an overview about the activities of BAM as part of the competence center H2Safety@BAM
T2 - JOINT EUROPEAN SUMMER SCHOOL (JESS)
CY - Athens, Greece
DA - 12.09.2022
KW - Gaseous hydrogen
KW - Hydrogen Embrittlement
KW - Hydrogen assisted cracking
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55822
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Battistella, Beatrice
T1 - Isotopic Fractionation in Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs): A New Key to Understand Degradation
N2 - The presentation summarizes the research work of division 1.6 on Li isotope fractionation in Li-ion batteries (LIB). This work interrogates whether changes in Li isotopic distribution in LIB components can be used as a diagnostic tool to monitor interphases growth at the electrodes surfaces and as a benchmark to track battery degradation. For this purpose, different analytical techniques have been employed to study the electrodes of commercial and lab-scale cells, providing bulk (MC-ICP-MS) and local (GD-MS, LA-ICP-MS) information about the Li isotope distribution changes upon cells cycle aging. The results show Li isotope fractionation in full Li ion cells upon aging, suggesting that the 6Li accumulation on the surface of the negative electrode might be used as a new benchmark to track the solid electrolyte interphase growth
T2 - ADLERSHOFER KOLLOQUIUM Analytik – Abteilung 1
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 28.10.2025
KW - MC-ICP-MS
KW - Li-ion Batteries
KW - Li Isotopes
KW - LA-ICP-MS
KW - GD-MS
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64511
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wosniok, Aleksander
A1 - Schukar, Marcus
A1 - Breithaupt, Mathias
A1 - Kriegsmann, Andreas
T1 - Distributed Fibre Optic Monitoring of Hydrogen Storage Composite Pressure Vessels for Automotive Use
N2 - We present our research work on the condition monitoring of hydrogen storage composite pressure vessels using distributed fibre optic sensors. The sensing fibres are integrated into the composite structure by wrapping them over the polymer liner in the helical and circumferential direction during the manufacturing process of the carbon fibre reinforced polymer. The following use of optical backscatter reflectometry allows for continuous condition monitoring and precise detection and localization of structural damages during the entire service life. To account for the time-dependent strength degradation of the composite pressure vessels, both slow burst and ambient hydraulic cycling tests, respectively, were conducted on five 70 MPa pressure vessels with integrated fibre optic sensors. The results achieved via distributed fibre optic strain sensing demonstrate a near linear strain response to pressure suitable for sensitive condition monitoring and confirm the required robustness of the selected sensor solution.
T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2025
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 26.05.2025
KW - Distributed fibre optic sensor (DFOS)
KW - Composite pressure vessel
KW - Optical backscatter reflectometry
KW - Slow burst test
KW - Ambient hydraulic cycling test
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-653067
DO - https://doi.org/10.58286/32344
SP - 1
EP - 8
PB - NDT.net
AN - OPUS4-65306
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Becker, Ben
A1 - Duffner, Eric
A1 - John, Sebastian
T1 - Storage systems for CGH2- systematic improvement of RC&s composite storage systems for compressed hydrogen - systematic improvement of regulations for more attractive storage units
N2 - Hydrogen is an attractive energy carrier that requires high effort for safe storage. For ensuring safety they have to undergo a challenging approval process. Relevant standards and regulations for composite cylinders used for the transport of for on-board storage of hydrogen are currently based on deterministic (e.g. ISO 11119-3) or semi-probabilistic (UN GTR No. 13) criteria. This paper analysis the properties of such methods in regards to the evaluation of load cycle strength. Their characteristics are compared with the probabilistic approach of the BAM. Based on Monte-Carlo simulations, the available design range (mean value and scatter of strength criteria) of current concepts were exemplarily estimated. The aspect of small sample sizes is analysed and discussed with respect to the evaluation procedures.
T2 - 10th International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Environmental Protection
CY - Bled, Slovenia
DA - 27.06.2017
KW - Probabilistic
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Composite
KW - Cylinder
KW - Regulations
KW - Load cycles
KW - GTR 13
KW - ISO 11119
PY - 2017
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-416820
SN - 978-961-286-054-7
DO - https://doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-054-7
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - University of Maribor Press
CY - Maribor, Slovenia
AN - OPUS4-41682
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Olejko, Lydia
A1 - Bald, Ilko
T1 - FRET efficiency and antenna effect in multi-color DNA origami-based light harvesting systems
N2 - Artificial light harvesting complexes find applications in artificial photosynthesis, photovoltaics and light harvesting chemical sensors. They are used to enhance the absorption of light of a reaction center which is often represented by a single acceptor. Here, we present different light harvesting systems on DNA origami structures and analyze systematically the light harvesting efficiency. By changing the number and arrangement of different fluorophores (FAM as donor, Cy3 as transmitter and Cy5 as acceptor molecules) the light harvesting efficiency is optimized to create a broadband absorption and to improve the antenna effect 1 (including two energy transfer steps) from 0.02 to 1.58, and the antenna effect 2 (including a single energy transfer step) from 0.04 to 8.7, i.e. the fluorescence emission of the acceptor is significantly higher when the light-harvesting antenna is excited at lower wavelength compared to direct excitation of the acceptor. The channeling of photo energy to the acceptor proceeds by Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) and we carefully analyze also the FRET efficiency of the different light harvesting systems. Accordingly, the antenna effect can be tuned by modifying the stoichiometry of donor, transmitter and acceptor dyes, whereas the FRET efficiency is mainly governed by the spectroscopic properties of dyes and their distances.
KW - DNA origami
KW - Light-harvesting
KW - FRET
KW - Antenna effect
PY - 2017
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-405867
UR - http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2017/ra/c7ra02114c#!divAbstract
DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA02114C
VL - 7
IS - 39
SP - 23924
EP - 23934
PB - The Royal Soc. of Chemistry
AN - OPUS4-40586
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - THES
A1 - Schneider, Ronald
T1 - Time-variant reliability of deteriorating structural systems conditional on inspection and monitoring data
N2 - The current practice of operating and maintaining deteriorating structural systems ensures acceptable levels of structural reliability, but it is not clear how efficient it is. Changing the current prescriptive approach to a risk-based approach has great potential to enable a more efficient management of such systems. Risk-based optimization of operation and maintenance strategies identifies the strategy that optimally balances the cost for controlling deterioration in a structural system with the achieved risk reduction. Inspections and monitoring are essential parts of operation and maintenance strategies. They are typically performed to reduce the uncertainty in the structural condition and inform decisions on future operation and maintenance actions. In risk-based optimization of operation and maintenance strategies, Bayesian updating is used to include information contained in inspection and monitoring data in the prediction of the structural reliability. All computations need to be repeated many times for different potential inspection and monitoring outcomes. This motivates the development of robust and efficient approaches to this computationally challenging task.
The reliability of deteriorating structural systems is time-variant because the loads on them and their capacities change with time. In most practical applications, the reliability analysis of deteriorating structural systems can be approached by dividing their lifetime into discrete time intervals. The time-variant reliability problem can then be represented by a series of time-invariant reliability problems. Using this methodology as a starting point, this thesis proposes a novel approach to compute the time-variant reliability of deteriorating structural systems for which inspection and monitoring data are available. The problem is formulated in a nested way in which the prediction of the structural condition is separated from the computation of the structural reliability conditional on the structural condition. Information on the structural condition provided by inspections and monitoring is included in the reliability assessment through Bayesian updating of the system deterioration model employed to predict the structural condition. The updated system reliability is obtained by coupling the updated deterioration model with a probabilistic structural model utilized to calculate the failure probability conditional on the structural condition. This approach is the first main outcome of this thesis and termed nested reliability analysis (NRA) approach. It is demonstrated in two numerical examples considering inspected and monitored steel structures subject to high-cycle fatigue.
An alternative – recently developed – approach, which also follows the strategy of discretizing time, describes deteriorating structural systems with hierarchical dynamic Bayesian networks (DBN). DBN combined with approximate or exact inference algorithms also enable the computation of the time-variant reliability of deteriorating structural systems conditional on information provided by inspection and monitoring data. In this thesis – as a proof of concept – a software prototype is developed based on the DBN approach, which can be used to assess the reliability of a corroding concrete box girder for which half-cell potential measurements are available. This is the second main outcome of this thesis.
Both approaches presented in this thesis enable an integral reliability analysis of inspected and monitored structures that accounts for system effects arising from (a) the correlation among deterioration states of different structural elements, (b) the interaction between element deterioration and system failure, and (c) the indirect information gained on the condition of all unobserved structural elements from inspecting or monitoring the condition of some structural elements. Thus, both approaches enable a systemwide risk-based optimization of operation and maintenance strategies for deteriorating structural systems.
The NRA approach can be implemented relatively easily with subset simulation, which is a sequential Monte Carlo method suitable for estimating rare event probabilities. Subset simulation is robust and considerably more efficient than crude Monte Carlo simulation. It is, however, still sampling-based and its efficiency is thus a function of the number of inspection and monitoring outcomes, as well as the value of the simulated event probabilities. The current implementation of the NRA approach performs separate subset simulation runs to estimate the reliability at different points in time. The efficiency of the NRA approach with subset simulation can be significantly improved by exploiting the fact that failure events in different years are nested. The lifetime reliability of deteriorating structural systems can thus be computed in reverse chronological order in a single subset simulation run.
The implementation of the DBN approach is much more demanding than the implementation of the NRA approach but it has two main advantages. Firstly, the graphical format of the DBN facilitates the presentation of the model and the underlying assumptions to stakeholders who are not experts in reliability analysis. Secondly, it can be combined with exact inference algorithms. In this case, its efficiency neither depends on the number of inspection and monitoring outcomes, nor on the value of the event probabilities to be calculated. However, in contrast to the NRA approach with subset simulation, the DBN approach with exact inference imposes restrictions on the number of random variables and the dependence structure that can be implemented in the model.
T3 - BAM Dissertationsreihe - 168
KW - Reliability
KW - Structural systems
KW - Deterioration
KW - Bayesian analysis
KW - Inspection
KW - Monitoring
KW - Zuverlässigkeit
KW - Tragstrukturen
KW - Schädigungsprozesse
KW - Bayes'sche Analyse
KW - Inspektion
KW - Monitoring
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-512977
SN - 1613-4249
VL - 168
SP - 1
EP - 188
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-51297
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Stengel, Dominik
A1 - Mehdianpour, Milad
T1 - Finite element modelling of electrical overhead line cables under turbulent wind load
N2 - This paper presents a finite element model of an overhead transmission line using so called cable elements which allow reproducing the cable's nonlinear characteristics accurately employing only a few elements. Aerodynamic damping is considered in the equation of motion by taking into account the relative velocity between the flow of the wind and the moving structure. The wind flow itself is simulated by wave superposition making necessary assumptions on the lateral correlation between the wind velocities along the cable length. As result from the simulation, the following conclusions can be drawn. The first natural frequency of generally used wide spanning cables lies well below 1 Hz where also most of the energy content of the wind excitation is to be expected. Aerodynamic damping is significant for the moving cables holding very low structural damping which leads to a suppression of resonant amplification. This is particularly of interest regarding the support reaction which is dominated by the mean value and the so called background response. The latter is mostly influenced by the randomness of the wind flow, especially lateral to the main wind direction.
KW - Nonlinear Finite Element Formulations
KW - Nonlinear Equation of Motion
KW - Turbulent Wind Excitation
PY - 2014
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-304567
DO - https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/421587
SN - 2314-6494
SN - 2356-766X
VL - 2014
IS - Article ID 421587
SP - 1
EP - 8
PB - Hindawi Publ.
CY - New York, NY ; Cairo
AN - OPUS4-30456
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hüllmann, Dino
A1 - Kohlhoff, Harald
A1 - Neumann, Patrick P.
ED - Bársony, I.
ED - Zolnai, Z.
ED - Battistig, G.
T1 - Embedded control of a PMSM servo drive without current measurements
N2 - A permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) servo drive for lightweight robotic platforms that have a high torque demand at low rotational speeds has been developed. First, a current-independent torque controller is derived and cascaded with a speed and position controller, while merely an encoder is used as a sensor device in combination with a speed estimator. Finally, the speed estimator output is compared to gyroscope measurements and the overall functioning is verified on a real system.
T2 - 30th Eurosensors Conference - Eurosensors 2016
CY - Budapest, Hungary
DA - 04.09.2016
KW - BLDC
KW - PMSM
KW - Motor control
KW - Servo drive
KW - Optical incremental encoder
PY - 2016
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-388973
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.11.487
SN - 1877-7058
VL - 168
SP - 1671
EP - 1675
PB - Elsevier B.V.
CY - Amsterdam, Netherlands
AN - OPUS4-38897
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kuroiwa, T.
A1 - Zhu, Y.
A1 - Inagaki, K.
A1 - Long, S.
A1 - Christopher, S.
A1 - Puelles, M.
A1 - Porinsky, M.
A1 - Hatamleh, N.
A1 - Murby, J.
A1 - Merrick, J.
A1 - White, I.
A1 - Saxby, D.
A1 - Caciano de Sena, R.
A1 - Dominguez de Almeida, M.
A1 - Vogl, Jochen
A1 - Phukphatthanachai, Pranee
A1 - Fung, W.-H.
A1 - Yau, H.-P.
A1 - Okumu, T. O.
A1 - Kang'iri, J. N.
A1 - Tellez, J. A. S.
A1 - Campos, E. Z.
A1 - Galvan, E. C.
A1 - Kaewkhomdee, N.
A1 - Taebunpakul, S.
A1 - Thiengmanee, U.
A1 - Yafa, C.
A1 - Tokman, N.
A1 - Tunc, M.
A1 - Can, S. Z.
T1 - Report of the CCQM-K123: trace elements in biodiesel fuel
N2 - The CCQM-K123 key comparison was organized by the Inorganic Analysis Working Group (IAWG) of CCQM to assess and document the capabilities of the national metrology institutes (NMIs) or the designated institutes (DIs) to measure the mass fractions of sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium phosphorous and sulfur in biodiesel fuel (BDF). The National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ) and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) acted as the coordinating laboratories.
Results were submitted by 11 NMIs and DIs. The participants used different measurement methods, though most of them used inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), isotope dilution technique with ICP-MS and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) with microwave acid digestion.
The material was quite challenging and a number of questions were raised at the IAWG meeting. Concerning S, the variation in S results between participants, particularly those using IDMS methods was discussed at the IAWG meeting. BAM, NIST and NMIJ reviewed their experimental conditions, results and/or uncertainty calculations for IDMS. According to the additional evaluation and investigation, the variances between the revised results became smaller than the original one, the revised results were overlapping between IDMS measurements of S content at the k=2 level. It is not possible to calculate a KCRV with values being modified after submission. It was concluded that this KC does not support S measurements.
Accounting for relative expanded uncertainty, comparability of measurement results for each of Na, Ca, K, Mg and P was successfully demonstrated by the participating NMIs or DIs. It is expected that sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium and phosphorus at mass fractions greater than approximately 0.1 mg/kg, 0.1 mg/kg, 0.05 mg/kg, 0.05 mg/kg and 0.1 mg/kg respectively in biodiesel fuel and similar matrices (fuels and oils etc.) can be determined by each participant using the same technique(s) employed for this key comparison to achieve similar uncertainties mentioned in the present report. Furthermore, the results of this key comparison can be utilized along with the IAWG core capability approach.
KW - Biodiesel
KW - Fuel
KW - Sulphur
KW - Reference measurement
PY - 2017
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-393941
UR - http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0026-1394/54/1A/08008/meta
DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/54/1A/08008
SN - 0026-1394
SN - 1681-7575
VL - 54
SP - Tech. Suppl. 2017, 08008, 1
EP - 47
PB - IOP Publishing
CY - Bristol, UK
AN - OPUS4-39394
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - THES
A1 - Kanzler, Daniel
T1 - Zuverlässigkeitsanalyse von digitalen Radiographie-Systemen bei der Prüfung von realen Materialdefekten
N2 - Die zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (ZfP) ist aus solchen Bereichen unseres Lebens nicht mehr wegzudenken, in denen Schäden mit hohen Folgekosten oder Gefährdungen von Menschenleben entstehen können (Beispiele: Transportwesen, Energieerzeugung, Chemieindustrie). In der Praxis kann ein Prüfsystem an seine Grenzen geraten, z.B. bei kleinen Defekten. Defekte mit kritischer Größe werden möglicherweise nicht detektiert. Daher müssen probabilistische Bewertungsverfahren das Prüfsystem beschreiben.
Es wird eine objektive Qualitätskennzahl gesucht, auf deren Basis die Anwendbarkeit der Prüfmethode definiert werden soll. Die Auffindwahrscheinlichkeit (engl. probability of detection - POD) erfüllt diese Anforderung. Die POD zeigt auf Basis des Zusammenhangs und der Streuung der Daten, ob das Verfahren für die Prüftätigkeit akzeptiert werden kann oder noch verbessert werden muss.
Das ursprüngliche POD-Verfahren wurde für quasi eindimensionale Defekte in dünnen Luftfahrtbauteilen entwickelt. In der industriellen Realität ist diese Bewertung ein Balanceakt zwischen Statistik und Durchführbarkeit: Die Prüfung soll mit realen Defektdaten für die spätere Produktion des Bauteils (bzw. wiederkehrende Wartungsprüfung) bewertet werden. Doch die notwendige Gegenüberstellung zwischen Schliffdaten, für die Erfassung der wahren Defektgröße von räumlich ausgeprägten Defekten und dem Signal eines ZfP-Systems stellt sich als herausfordernde und kostenintensive Aufgabe heraus. Sowohl die Aufstellung eines gemeinsamen Koordiantensystems als auch die Beschreibung und Angleichung der Daten stellen eine notwendige Vorarbeit dar. In dieser Arbeit wird ein mögliches Vorgehen entwickelt, dass im Weiteren eingesetzt werden kann. Während in der Literatur zum Thema POD häufig die Begrenzung des Einsatzes einer eindimensionalen POD (POD mit einem Defektparameter) für reale Defekte bereits erkannt wurde, soll außerdem in dieser Arbeit das Verfahren auf der Signalseite umfassender erweitert werden, um die Einbeziehung realer Defekte in die POD-Bewertung zu ermöglichen. Hierfür werden mit Hilfe dieser Arbeit zwei wesentliche Neuerungen in der POD-Bewertung eingeführt:
1. Die Anzeigenfläche wird als wichtiges Indiz zur Detektion in die Bewertung eingeführt. Dabei zeigt der Ansatz einer Observer-POD, bei dem der Detektierbarkeit eines Defekts beschrieben wird, eine Möglichkeit in die Bewertung zu erweitern. Jedoch wird die notwendige Datenanzahl die für eine Observer-POD selten mit Experimenten erreicht. Daher schlagen wir die Einführung eines Glättungsalgorithmus vor, um auch auf der Basis von wenigen Daten die Flächenabhängigkeit zu erfassen. Der Algorithmus wird hierbei durch simulierte Daten auf seine Funktionsfähigkeit überprüft, bevor er auf reale Defekte angewendet wird. Gleichzeitig helfen die simulierten Daten einen Vergleich zu den vorhergegangenen Ansätzen zu ermöglichen.
2. Darüber hinaus reichen die Daten der realen Defekte häufig nicht aus, um die statistische Forderung zu gewährleisten, so dass es notwendig, wird künstliche Defekte mit einzubeziehen. Deshalb sollen die vorhanden künstlichen Defekte in Form von Referenzdefekten mit einbezogen werden, um die statistische Grundlage zu erhöhen. Für die Prüfung von Referenzdefekten sind jedoch wichtige Einflussgrößen (z.B. Oberflächenrauhigkeit) nicht vorhanden. Wegen der unterschiedlichen Aussagekraft der Daten und zur Vermeidung einer zu optimistischen Abschätzung, ist eine einfache Mischung der Daten ausgeschlossen. Um realen Defekten eine Möglichkeit dafür zu schaffen, dass die Eigenschaften der realen Defekte angemessen auf das Ergebnis der Bewertung des Verfahrens Einfluss nehmen können, wird eine gewichtete Kombination der Defektdaten für die Bewertung vorgestellt. Das Vorgehen wird am Beispiel der radiographischen Prüfung einer elektronenstrahlgeschweißten Naht durchgeführt. Die Schweißnaht verbindet den Deckel zur Außenwand eines Kupferbehältern, der für die spätere Endlagerung von verbrauchten Brennstäben aus Kernkraftwerken entwickelt wurde. Die Messergebnisse stammen aus von der Firma Posiva Oy, dem zuständigen Unternehmen für die Endlagerung von verbrauchten Brennstäben aus Kernkraftwerken in Finnland. Hierbei stellt die POD-Bewertung ein wichtiges Element in der Gesamtrisikobewertung für das Endlagersystem dar.
T3 - BAM Dissertationsreihe - 153
KW - Radiographie
KW - POD
KW - Zuverlässigkeit
KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (ZfP)
KW - Probabilistische Bewertung
PY - 2016
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-388723
SN - 978-3-9818270-1-9
SN - 1613-4249
VL - 153
SP - iii
EP - 134
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-38872
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kinne, Marko
A1 - Thöns, Sebastian
T1 - Fatigue Reliability Based on Predicted Posterior Stress Ranges Determined from Strain Measurements of Wind Turbine Support Structures
N2 - In the present paper, an approach for updating the continuous stress range distribution of a welded connection of a wind turbine support structure with predicted information from strain measurements is presented. Environmental conditions, such as wind or, in offshore fields, waves and currents, in combination with rotor excitations generate cyclic stresses affecting the reliability of welded joints of the support structure over the service life. Using strain measurements, these conditions can be monitored, and the resulting stress ranges, under consideration of measurement, mechanical and material uncertainties, can be reconstructed. These stress ranges can be used as an input for updating the prior probability density function (PDF) of the stress ranges predicted by the overall dynamics and a detailed design analysis. Applying Bayesian probability theory and decision theoretical implications, the predicted posterior probability density of the stress ranges is calculated based on the design information and uncertainties. This approach is exemplified, and it is shown how the predicted stress ranges and the design stress ranges are distributed. The prior and the predicted posterior stress ranges are used for a reliability calculation for potentially entering a pre-posterior decision analysis
KW - Strain measurements of wind turbine support structures
KW - Bayesian updating of stress ranges
KW - Posterior fatigue reliability
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-572663
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/en16052225
VL - 16
IS - 5
SP - 1
EP - 26
PB - MDPI
AN - OPUS4-57266
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kinne, Marko
A1 - Farhan, Muhammad
A1 - Schneider, Ronald
A1 - Thöns, Sebastian
T1 - Influence of the structural integrity management on the levelized cost of energy of offshore wind: a parametric sensitivity analysis
N2 - The levelized cost of energy (LCoE) is an important measure to quantify the macro-economic efficiency of an offshore wind farm and to enable a quantitative comparison with other types of energy production. The costs of the structural integrity management - which is required to ensure an adequate lifetime reliability of the turbine support structures - are part of the operational expenditures of an offshore wind farm. An optimization of the structural integrity management may reduce the operational expenditures and consequently the LCoE. However, the effect of the structural integrity management on the LCoE is hardly known. To investigate this effect, this paper presents a sensitivity analysis of the LCoE of a generic offshore wind farm. The probabilistic models of the parameters influencing the LCoE are based on a literature study including an explicit model for the structural integrity management.
The analysis reveals that LCoE may potentially be reduced if an optimization of the structural integrity management enables a service life extension.
T2 - International Probabilistic Workshop 2022
CY - Stellenbosch, South Africa
DA - 08.09.2022
KW - Structural integrity management
KW - Levelized cost of energy
KW - Sensitivity analysis
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-572724
DO - https://doi.org/10.14311/APP.2022.36.0090
VL - 36
SP - 90
EP - 98
PB - Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings
AN - OPUS4-57272
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Sauermoser-Yri, M.
A1 - Veldurthi, N.
A1 - Wölfle, C. H.
A1 - Svartvatn, P. J.
A1 - Flo Hoem, S. O.
A1 - Lid, M. J.
A1 - Bock, Robert
A1 - Palko, J.
A1 - Torgersen, J.
T1 - On the porosity-dependent permeability and conductivity of triply periodic minimal surface based porous media
N2 - With the fast development in the field of additive manufacturing, triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) based porous media have recently found many uses in mechanical property tuning. However, there is still a lack of understanding in their porosity-dependent permeability and electrical as well as thermal conductivity. Here, we perform finite volume simulations on the solid and void domains of the Schoen gyroid (SG), Schwarz primitive (SP) and Schwarz primitive beam (SPB) TPMS with porosities between 63% and 88% in Ansys Fluent. A simple cubic lattice (CL) of equivalent porosity served as reference. The SPB and CL showed up to one order of magnitude higher permeabilities than the SG and SP. However, SG and SP have about 1.3 and 2.6 times the electrical and thermal conductivity of SPB and CL, respectively. Furthermore, the properties of SPB and CL are largely affected by the surface area density, whereas tortuosity variation does not impact permeability and conductivity to a major extent. Finally, empirical relations are adapted to describe the presented data and thus, they may enable future designers of TPMS based porous structures to fine-tune the geometries according to the requirements on permeability and electrical as well as thermal conductivity.
KW - Metals and Alloys
KW - Surfaces, Coatings and Films
KW - Biomaterials
KW - Ceramics and Composites
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-585250
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.09.242
SN - 2238-7854
VL - 27
SP - 585
EP - 599
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-58525
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bock, Robert
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Tiebe, Carlo
A1 - Melzer, Michael
A1 - Klaus, Christian
A1 - Nattuveettil, Keerthana
A1 - Engel, Thomas
A1 - Prager, Jens
T1 - Eine digitale QI für technische Anlagen: Beispiel Wasserstofftankstelle (H2)
N2 - Mit der Initiative QI-Digital werden völlig neue Perspektiven für das Sicherheitsmanagement und die Qualitätssicherung technischer Anlagen erschaffen. Unsere Forschung im Kontext einer Wasserstofftankstelle zeigt, wie digitale Innovationen und Verfahren die Herausforderungen effizienter und verlässlicher Qualitätssicherung für komplexe Anlagen bewältigen können.
In diesem Vortrag werden Potentiale und Beispiele der digitalen QI für technische Anlagen demonstriert und diskutiert: Moderne Anlagenüberwachung mit digitalen Zwillingen und KI sowie Kalibriermanagement mithilfe digitaler Kalibrierscheine und elektronischem Siegel.
T2 - 2. QI Digital Forum
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 10.10.2023
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Sensorik
KW - Qualitätsinfrastruktur
KW - Digitalisierung
KW - Druckspeicher
KW - Verwaltungsschale
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58599
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bock, Robert
T1 - Pilotprojekt Wasserstofftankstelle - Session 2: Verlässliche Wassertofftankstellen
N2 - Was ist QI?
Qualitätsinfrastruktur – Das Zusammenwirken von nationalen Institutionen im Bereich der Metrologie, Normung und Standardisierung, Akkreditierung, Konformitätsbewertung und Marktüberwachung, mit dem Ziel die Qualitätssicherung bei Produkten und Prozessen in Deutschland zu gewährleisten.
Unser Ziel ist es, unsere bewährte Qualitätsinfrastruktur (QI) noch besser zu machen und so einen Beitrag zur Lösung von sozioökonomischen, ökologischen und technologischen Herausforderungen unserer Zeit zu leisten. Eine der bedeutendsten technologischen Herausforderungen unserer Zeit ist die Digitalisierung. Die zentralen Akteure der deutschen QI wollen diese digitalisieren. Beteiligte Institutionen sind aktuell BAM (Konformitätsbewertungen in bestimmten Bereichen), DAKKS (Akkreditierung), DIN/DKE (Normung), PTB (Metrologie). Wir wollen also ein Reallabor errichten, das die Wertschöpfungskette einer Tankstelle abbildet, also eine Wasserstofftankstelle beinhaltet, die dann mit erweiterter Sensorik ausgestattet werden soll. Somit sollen digitale Prozesse abgebildet werden können sowie sensorgestützte Verfahren zur qualitätsgesicherten Datenerfassung und -auswertung genutzt werden. Diese gesammelten Daten sollen dann in eine Dateninfrastruktur eingehen und mithilfe eines Datenmanagementsystems sowie künstlicher Intelligenz in einem Digitalen Zwilling zusammenlaufen, der die digitale Prozessüberwachung der Sicherheit möglich macht. Schließlich sollen die in QI Digital entwickelten digitalen Strukturelemente der QI erprobt werden, insbesondere die QI Cloud, Smart Standards und digitalen Zertifikate. Im Zusammenspiel ermöglicht das unter anderem die Entwicklung von Predictive Maintenance Verfahren für:
1. die Optimierung von Wartungszyklen und Minimierung von Ausfallzeiten
Erhöhung der Betriebssicherheit durch frühzeitige Identifikation kritischer Zustände im Gesamtsystem
2. Entwicklung verlässlicher Qualitäts- und Sicherheitsstandards
3. Digital-gestützte Risikobeurteilung und Konformitätsbewertung
Die im Pilotprojekte betrachteten Sicherheitsaspekte sind also zusammenfassbar als:
a) Auswirkungsbetrachtungen bei möglichen Fehlfunktionen oder Defekten
b) Die genannte vorrauschauende Instandhaltung und damit verbundene Lebensdauerprognose, die in Kombination eine bessere allgemeine Verfügbarkeit garantieren sollen
Als Grundlage hierfür benötigen wir aber Änderungen im Bereich der technischen Regeln und Normen, um die neuen digitalen Werkzeuge zuzulassen und nutzbar zu machen.
T2 - QI Forum 2022
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 11.10.2022
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Qualitätsinfrastruktur
KW - Digitalisierung
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-61356
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Orellana Pérez, Teresa
T1 - QI Digital Use Case Hydrogen Refueling Station
N2 - BAM is part of the “Quality Infrastructure Digital” (QI Digital) initiative of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action (BMWK). This initiative aims at coordinating a large cooperation project, “QI Digital” for making German and European quality management systems fit for the digital transformation. It is a fact that the digitization of new products and services is occurring much faster than quality management systems can be accordingly updated. Thus, the digital transformation of quality management is necessary to preserve the competitiveness of the German and European industries that stand for quality and safety in the global market. The Use Case “Reliable Hydrogen Refueling Station” of QI Digital aims at creating new solutions that are transferable to other technical systems and at further developing standards and technical rules as a contribution to technology transfer and innovation.
T2 - 4th German-Korean Hydrogen Conference
CY - Seoul, Republic of Korea
DA - 31.10.2023
KW - Hydrogen refueling station
KW - Digital quality infrastructure
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-59303
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bock, Robert
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Pilotprojekt "Verlässliche Wasserstofftechnologie" - Beispielanwendung für eine technische Anlage
N2 - Kurzvorstellung des Pilotprojektes Verlässliche Wasserstofftechnologie in QI Digital. Anwendung der QI Digital Werkzeuge an einer technischen Anlage beispielhaft gezeigt anhand von sechs im Projekt entwickelten Demonstratoren.
Unser erklärtes Ziel ist die Unterstützung des Markthochlaufs von Wasserstofftechnologien durch Digitalisierung der QI. Bei der Qualitätsinfrastruktur von technischen Anlagen geht es vor allem die Themen QI Dokumentation und Zugänglichkeit, Verfügbarkeit der Anlage und Informationen darüber, sowie Inspektionszyklen mit zeitaufwändigen und teuren manuellen Prüfungen. Mit dem Übergang zu einer digitalen QI streben wir hier an, eine kontinuierliche Überwachung des momentanen Gesundheitszustandes der Anlage und automatisierter Dokumentation hierüber, die fälschungssicher und vertraulich zugänglich gemacht werden kann, zu erreichen. Hierzu sollen die im Gesamtprojekt entwickelten QI Digital Werkzeuge zum Einsatz kommen.
T2 - QI Forum 2024
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 09.10.2024
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Qualitätsinfrastruktur
KW - Digitalisierung
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61354
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kehr, Torsten
T1 - Project QI-Digital - Quo vadis Use Case H2 Refueling Station?
N2 - As a part of the QI-Digital cooperation project, BAM is setting up a hydrogen refuelling station research platform at the Test site for Technical Safety in Horstwalde. Based on this platform, BAM intends to develop, to test and to optimize new measurement techniques as well as data acquisition and processing methods for hydrogen refuelling stations and their periphery in close cooperation with partners from the quality infrastructure and industry. The presentation will introduce the hydrogen refuelling station use case and provide insights into the issues and research goals of the associated subprojects.
T2 - H2-Colloquium of the Competence Centre „H2SAFETY@BAM”
CY - Online meeting
DA - 16.02.2022
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Safety
KW - QI-Digital
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-54361
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Aspekte einer digitalen Lebenslaufakte (Impulsvortrag)
N2 - Durch Einsatz neuer Technologien im Transport von komprimiertem Wasserstoff konnte eine Verdreifachung des Nutzlastverhältnisses erreicht werden. Diese neuen Speicher auf den Transportfahrzeugen müssten aber anders auf ihre Sicherheit überprüft werden, als dies heute gefordert wird.
Mit dem Markthochlauf Wasserstoff vervielfacht sich zudem die Anzahl der Transporteinheiten. Da sich im Zuge der neuen H2-Transportfahrzeuge aber auch die Anzahl der einzelnen Speicher pro Fahrzeug etwa verzwanzigfacht hat, kommen die Kapazitäten für die erforderliche wiederkehrende Prüfung an ihre Grenzen.
Dies könnte evtl. durch eine entsprechende Erhöhung der Prüfkapazitäten gelöst werden. Da dies aber weder praktisch machbar ist noch technisch wirklich sinnvoll, müssen alternative Ansätze z.B. durch digital erfasste zerstörungsfreie Prüfkonzepte gesucht werden. Hierzu bedarf es aber einer Lebenslaufakte, die beginnend von der Definition einer Bauweise über die Baumusterprüfung, Zulassung, Herstellung, erstmalige Prüfung, Verwendung und wiederkehrenden oder begleitenden Prüfungen bis zum Verschrotten alle Daten erfassen und verwalten kann.
Eine solche Lebenslaufakte könnte auch als eine Art digitaler Produktpass (DPP) verstanden werden.
T2 - QI-digital Forum 2023
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 10.10.2023
KW - Wasserstoffspeicher
KW - Lebenslaufakte
KW - Digitaler Produktpass DPP
KW - Wiederkehrende Prüfung
KW - Lebensdauerüberwachung
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58559
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tiebe, Carlo
T1 - Error prevention, damage prevention, and safety management in hydrogen technologies
N2 - This tutorial presents requirements and properties of sensor systems and shows application examples of these technologies for safety and process control for hydrogen technologies. Sensor systems are widely used in hydrogen technologies. The focus is on gas sensors as well as sensors for pressure, temperature, and gas flow. These systems are applied, among other things, for monitoring and control of operating conditions, indication of hazardous conditions and triggering of alarms. To integrate the error avoidance and loss prevention strategy into hydrogen technologies. This includes the implementation of preventive measures as elements of safety management to identify and eliminate potential sources of error. In addition, training should be specifically focused on avoiding errors and the safe use of hydrogen technologies. A well-thought-out strategy for error prevention makes a significant contribution to preventing accidents and increasing overall safety when using hydrogen.
T2 - Sensor and Measurement Science International (SMSI)
CY - Nuremberg, Germany
DA - 06.05.2025
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Safety Management
KW - Gas Sensors
KW - Performance Testing
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63280
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Flege, J. I.
T1 - BTU-BAM Graduate School “Trustworthy Hydrogen”
N2 - Beim Online-Meeting des Wasserstoffnetzwerks Lausitz mit dem Titel "Wirtschaft trifft Wissenschaft und Forschung" wurde die BTU-BAM-Graduiertenschule Trustworthy Hydrogen vorgestellt. Es handelt sich um die erste Graduiertenschule in Deutschland, die sich mit der Vertrauenswürdigkeit von Wasserstoff beschäftigt und die einzigartigen Kompetenzen von BAM und BTU zur Ausbildung der nächsten Generation von
interdisziplinären Wasserstoff-Wissenschaftlern bündelt.
N2 - The BTU-BAM graduate school Trustworthy Hydrogen was presented at the online meeting of the Lausitz Hydrogen Network entitled "Business meets Science and Research". It is the first graduate school in Germany to focus on the trustworthiness of hydrogen and combines the unique competencies of BAM and BTU to train the next generation of
interdisciplinary hydrogen scientists.
T2 - Lausitzer Netzwerktreffen DurcH2atmen "Wirtschaft trifft Wissenschaft und Forschung" "
CY - Online meeting
DA - 22.11.2022
KW - H2Safety@BAM
KW - Graduate School
KW - Trustworthy Hydrogen
KW - Graduiertenkolleg
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56443
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Holtappels, Kai
T1 - Competence Centre H2Safety@BAM
N2 - Deutschland hat mit verschiedenen Ländern Energiepartnerschaften geschlossen, darunter auch mit Japan. Im Rahmen des 3. Treffens der Wasserstoff-Arbeitsgruppe wurde das strategische Vorgehen beider Länder zu Entwicklungen von Wasserstoffrichtlinien, Zertifizierung und Sicherheit vorgestellt und diskutiert. Die BAM hat in einem Vortrag wichtige Themen aus dem Bereich der Sicherheitsforschung sowie zu sicherheitstechnischen Fragestellungen über die Wertschöpfungskette vorgestellt. Außerdem wurde das Arbeitsprogramm und ausgewählte Projekte des Kompetenzzentrums H2Safety@BAM vorgestellt.
N2 - Germany has concluded energy partnerships with various countries, including Japan. During the 3rd meeting of the Hydrogen Working Group, the strategic approach of both countries on developments of hydrogen guidelines, certification and safety was presented and discussed. BAM gave a presentation on important topics in the field of safety research and on safety-related issues along the value chain. Furthermore, the work program and selected projects of the competence center H2Safety@BAM were presented.
T2 - 3rd Meeting of the Hydrogen Working Group - Japanese-German Energy Partnership
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 27.02.2023
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Japanese-German energy partnership
KW - Safety
KW - H2Safety@BAM
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57126
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Holtappels, Kai
T1 - Offene Fragestellungen bei der Sicherheit von H2-Anwendungen aus Sicht der BAM
N2 - Um die Energiewende voranzubringen, wird neben dem Ausbau der Erneuerbaren Energien ein schneller Markthochlauf bei Wasserstoff-Erzeugung, Transport und Anwendung angestrebt. Dieser Markthochlauf geht derzeit insbesondere einher mit Fragen der Wirtschaftlichkeit und der Umsetzung einer Serienfertigung von Elektrolyseuren. Bei Fragen der Sicherheit wird üblicherweise auf das bestehende Regelwerk verwiesen. Da der Umgang mit Wasserstoff und die Technologien zur Wasserstoff- Erzeugung nicht neu sind, geht man davon aus, dass durch die Einhaltung der bestehenden Regelwerke die Anlagen ausreichend sicher sind. Aber ist das wirklich so? Decken die bestehenden technischen Regelwerke alle derzeitigen Entwicklungen im Zusammenhang mit der Wasserstofferzeugung und -nutzung in allen notwendigen Facetten ab, um die Sicherheit zu gewährleisten? Der Experten-Workshop soll die Möglichkeit bieten, sich über die Sicherheit bei Wasserstofferzeugung und -nutzung auszutauschen sowie offene Fragestellungen und Lücken im Regelwerk zu identifizieren. Hierzu sind sowohl Impulsvorträge als auch ein offener Austausch mit allen Teilnehmenden geplant.
T2 - GRS-Online-Workshop Wasserstoffsicherheit
CY - Online meeting
DA - 06.07.2023
KW - H2Safety@BAM
KW - Wasserstoffsicherheit
KW - Regelwerke
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57908
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Holtappels, Kai
T1 - Forschungsnetzwerk Wasserstoff
N2 - Die BAM beteiligt sich sehr aktiv am Forschungsnetzwerk Wasserstoff, eines von neun Forschungsnetzwerken Energie der Bundesregierung. Der Vortragende ist Sprecher des Cluster IV "Sicherheit, Akzeptanz und nachhaltige Markteinführung" vom Forschungsnetzwerk und wurde vom Geschäftsführer des Center of Safety Excellence GmbH gebeten, die aktuellen Forschungsbedarfe des Netzwerkes, die in der Expertenempfehlung 2023 dem BMWK übermittelt wurden, vorzustellen.
T2 - Beiratssitzung des Center of Safety Excellence GmbH
CY - Online meeting
DA - 20.04.2023
KW - H2Safety@BAM
KW - Forschungsnetzwerk Wasserstoff
KW - Forschungsbedarfe
KW - Sicherheit
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57373
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hörmann, Anja Franziska
T1 - (Grazing Incidence) Small-angle X-ray Scattering for STOP
N2 - We remind project partners of the principles of SAXS, GISAXS and X-ray reflectivity and their applicability to the antimicrobial particles and coatings developed within the STOP project.
T2 - M25 project meeting: Surface Transfer of Pathogens (STOP)
CY - Bucharest, Romania
DA - 19.09.2024
KW - X-ray Scattering
KW - Nanomaterial
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62774
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Holtappels, Kai
T1 - Hydrogen - Safety of Energy Carriers
N2 - Eine sichere Versorgung mit Energie stellt für moderne Industriegesellschaften eine elementare Grundvoraussetzung dar. Inwieweit in Deutschland die Energiewende im Sinne von zum Beispiel Energiepolitik, Förderung aber auch gesellschaftlicher Entwicklung gestaltet wird, wurde im Rahmen der 12. Wildauer Wissenschaftswoche diskutiert. Die BAM hat einen Beitrag zum Thema Sicherheit von Energieträgern beigetragen und das Kompetenzzentrum H2Safety@BAM vorgestellt.
N2 - A safe supply of energy is a fundamental prerequisite for modern industrial societies. The extent to which the energy turnaround is being shaped in Germany in terms of, for example, energy policy, promotion, but also social development was discussed during the 12th Wildau Science Week. BAM contributed to the topic of safety of energy sources and presented the competence center H2Safety@BAM.
T2 - 12. Wildauer Wissenschaftswoche
CY - Wildau, Germany
DA - 27.02.2023
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Safety
KW - H2Safety@BAM
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57125
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Holtappels, Kai
T1 - Impulse zum Hochlauf einer Wasserstoffwirtschaft in Deutschland
N2 - Wasserstoff als sauberer, vielseitig einsetzbarer Energieträger spielt bei der dringend benötigten Energiewende eine entscheidende Rolle. Die Etablierung einer Wasserstoffwirtschaft wird tiefgreifende Auswirkungen auf verschiedene Sektoren der deutschen Wirtschaft haben und diese grundlegend transformieren. Die vorliegende Publikation fokussiert Herausforderungen und Maßnahmen für den Hochlauf einer Wasserstoffwirtschaft in Deutschland und ist in einem knapp einjährigen Multi-Stakeholder-Dialog gemeinsam mit führenden Expertinnen und Experten aus Industrie, Wissenschaft, Gesellschaft (NGOs) sowie Vertretern aus der Politik-entstanden.
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Markthochlauf
KW - Zukunftsdialog
KW - Herausforderungen
PY - 2025
SN - 978-3-911670-07-4
SP - 1
EP - 62
PB - VDI Verein Deutscher Ingenieure e.V.
CY - Düsseldorf
AN - OPUS4-63941
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - THES
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
T1 - Untersuchung der Gefährdung von Personen und Bauwerken in Folge des Versagens von LNG-Kraftstoffspeichern für Fahrzeuge in Tunneln
N2 - Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) aus regenerativen Quellen, stellt einen potenziellen Kraftstoff für den Schwer- und Fernverkehr des Straßenverkehrs dar. Gegenüber seinen positiven Eigenschaften zu dem in diesem Verkehrssektor häufig verwendeten Kraftstoff Diesel birgt der Kraftstoff aber auch Gefahren für Personen und Bauwerke durch seine sehr niedrige Temperatur bei der Speicherung von ca. -160 °C und seine Explosionsfähigkeit in der Gas-Phase. In der Arbeit wurde sich mit der Gefährdung von Personen und Bauwerken hinsichtlich der von LNG ausgehenden Gefahren in Tunneln auseinandergesetzt.
Tunnel stellen besonders schützenswerte Bauwerke dar, da aus vorhergehenden Störfällen in Tunneln bekannt ist, dass diese mit hohen Personen-, Bauwerks-, und Volkswirtschaftlichen-Schäden einhergehen können.
Untersuchungsschwerpunkt bei der Bewertung von Gefährdungen durch LNG stellte eine Ereigniskaskade bestehend aus Freisetzung, Verdampfung, Stoffausbreitung und Zündung des sich gebildeten explosionsfähigen LNG-Gas/Luft-Gemisches dar. Mit dem Ziel eine solche Ereigniskaskade realitätsnah vorhersagen und zukünftig hierzu Risikoanalysen durchführen zu können wurden innerhalb der Arbeit Parameterstudien sowie Kalibrierungen und Validierungen gegenüber experimentellen Untersuchungen durchgeführt.
Mit den Modellen wurden in der Arbeit exemplarische Fallbeispiele zu Störfällen untersucht. Ergebnisse dieser waren, dass Gefährdungen insbesondere von flüssigem LNG nach dessen Freisetzung und der Verbrennung von LNG-Gas/Luft-Gemischen ausgingen.
N2 - Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) from regenerative sources is a potential fuel for heavy and long-distance road traffic. In contrast to its positive properties compared to diesel, which is often used in this transport sector, the fuel also contains hazards from its very low storage temperature of approx. -160 °C and its explosiveness in the gas phase for personal and structural safety. The dissertation dealt with the dangers to persons and infrastructures according to the hazards by LNG in tunnels. Tunnels are especiallyworth protecting structures since it is known from previous incidents in tunnels that they can go hand in hand with high damage to the people, the structure, and the economy.
The main focus of the investigation into the assessment of hazards from LNG was an event cascade consisting of release, evaporation, dispersion, and ignition of the explosive LNG-vapor/air-mixture formed. To realistically predict such an event cascade and being able to carry out risk analyzes for this purpose in the future, parameter studies such as calibrations and validations were carried out concerning experimental investigations.
Exemplary case studies on incidents were examined in the thesis with the validated models. The results of this were that there were especially hazards in particular from liquid LNG after its release and the combustion of LNG-vapor/air-mixtures.
KW - Verflüssigtes Erdgas
KW - Erneuerbare Energien
KW - Numerische Strömungsmechanik
KW - Sicherheitstechnik
KW - Liquefied Natural Gas
KW - LNG
KW - Renewable fuels
KW - CFD
KW - Safety engineering
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-521145
DO - https://doi.org/10.14279/depositonce-11346
SP - 1
EP - 240
PB - TU Berlin
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-52114
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hajhariri, Aliasghar
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
A1 - Perrone, Luca Pakj
A1 - Cozzani, Valerio
A1 - Otremba, Frank
A1 - Seidlitz, Holger
T1 - Study the impact of spacer at thermal degradation process of MLI-based insulation in fire condition
N2 - To reduce CO2 emissions, energy carriers such as hydrogen are considered to be a solution. Consumption of hydrogen as a fuel meets several limitations such as its low volumetric energy density in gas phase. To tackle this problem, storage as well as transportation in liquified phase is recommended. To be able to handle this component in liquid phase, an efficient thermal insulation e.g., MLI insulation is required. Different studies have been addressed the vulnerability of such insulation against high thermal loads e.g., in an accident engaging fire. Some of research works have highlighted the importance of considering the MLI thermal degradation focusing on its reflective layer. However, limited number of studies addressed the thermal degradation of spacer material and its effect on the overall heat flux.
In this study, through systematic experimental measurements, the effect of thermal loads on glass fleece, glass paper as well as polyester spacers are investigated. The results are reported in various temperature and heat flux profiles. Interpreting the temperature profiles revealed that, as the number of spacers in the medium increases, the peak temperature detectable by the temperature sensor on the measurement plate decreases. Each individual spacer contributes to mitigating the radiative energy received by the measurement plate. Stacks of 20–50 spacers (this is the number of layers in commercial MLI systems applied for liquid hydrogen applications) can potentially reduce the thermal radiation by 1–2 orders of magnitude.
An empirical correlation to predict a heat flux attenuation factor is proposed, which is useful for further numerical and analytical studies in the temperature range from ambient to 300 ◦C.
KW - Cryogenic
KW - Liquid Hydrogen
KW - Multi-Layer Insultation
KW - Heat Transfer
KW - Hydrogen Storage Safety
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-614919
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105461
SN - 0950-4230
VL - 92
SP - 1
EP - 7
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-61491
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico
T1 - Sicherheitstechnische Fragestellungen bei statioären EES - Istzustand und zukünftige Entwicklung/Projekte
N2 - Der Vortrag stellt potentielle sicherheitstechnische Fragestellungen beim weiterten Ausbau der stationären elektrischen Energiespeicher (EES) in Deutschland dar. Darüber hinaus werden aktuelle Aktivitäten und Projekte der BAM mit Bezug zur Sicherheit von Lithiumbatterien und stationären elektrischen Energiespeichern vorstellt.
T2 - Fachgespräch „Stationäre elektr. Energiespeicher (EES) und Anlagensicherheit“
CY - Online meeting
DA - 29.01.2021
KW - Stationäre Energiespeicher
KW - Elektrische Energiespeicher
KW - EES
KW - Auswirkungsbetrachtungen
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-52116
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Risk management and consequence control in hydrogen transport - volume dependent pressure limitation as a scientific approach for consequence control
N2 - With technological development, the transport units for compressed gases are becoming larger and their number is increasing. Simultaneously, the filling pressure for hydrogen in transport has increased far beyond the 200 bar, which has been the common European standard for decades. In total, this increases the potential consequences of an incident, which needs to get limited for ensuring acceptance in current practice with pressure vessels from large serial production.
Consequently, the measures for new developments of extremely large and highly pressurised pressure vessels should meet a risk based higher level of requirements. For this purpose, the so-called pressure-volume product was proposed as a safety related criteria to the relevant regulatory bodies in 2020. The approach was accepted, and a working group was set up at the United Nations for developing a broadly accepted limitation of today's established pressure vessels compared to future units with even more gas content. The path to the finally decided limit value of 1.5 million bar litres is presented here for hydrogen with its individual steps: ‘Boundary between major accident and disaster’, ‘The effect of pressure waves on the human body’, ‘The propagation of pressure waves’, ‘The reference value for population density’ and ‘Impact of pressure waves’. This result of the UN working group has been accepted in December 2023 and will lead to a binding limitation of the pressure volume product for the so called pressure receptacles by 2027. The work on units larger than this pV-limit is going on at ISO level.
T2 - 11th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety ICHS 2025
CY - Seoul, South Korea
DA - 22.09.2025
KW - Safety
KW - Hydrogen transport
KW - Major accident
KW - Pressure wave
KW - Population density
KW - Science with impact
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64198
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kröll, Mirco
T1 - Harmonising Tribotests of Polymers in Hydrogen
N2 - This talk harmonised methods to investigate friction and wear of commercial and experimental polymer compounds in hydrogen using several tribometers.
T2 - Surface Ventures - Symposium on Hydrogen Tribology
CY - Online meeting
DA - 31.07.2025
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Polymers
KW - Tribometer
KW - Wear
KW - Coefficient of Friction
KW - Interlaboratory comparison
KW - Comparability
KW - Harmonisation
KW - Standardisation
KW - Tribology
KW - Oil-coupled compounds
KW - FAIR data
KW - Database
KW - i-TRIBOMAT
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63838
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Camplese, Davide
T1 - Safety assessment of MLI super-insulation systems for cryogenic liquid-hydrogen tanks in fire scenarios
N2 - In the context of green energy transition, cryogenic tanks featuring MLI systems are emerging as a leading solution to store hydrogen in heavy-duty vehicles. However, the integrity of such tanks can be jeopardized by fire. In such a scenario, MLI materials degradation can occur, leaving the tank unprotected from the fire heat flux, with consequent rapid pressurization and a high risk of failure. This study presents an assessment of aluminum-based MLI for liquid hydrogen cryogenic tanks under fire exposure based on the estimation of the time to mechanical failure of the equipment. This is calculated through an innovative model that simulates the thermomechanical response of the tank, including the MLI thermal degradation and the pressure-relief valve (PRV) operation. The application to several case studies that consider a typical LH2 tank featuring a wide range of MLI configurations demonstrated the likelihood of failure in case of exposure to a hydrocarbon pool fire, providing also comprehensive insights into the impact of the insulation characteristics and operating conditions on the time to failure.
T2 - 18th EFCE International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries
CY - Bologna, Italy
DA - 08.06.2025
KW - LH2
KW - Insulation
KW - Tanks
KW - Fire
KW - LNG
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63427
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Holtappels, Kai
T1 - Overview of Hydrogen Safety and remaining challenges
N2 - Die Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung
und die Delegation der Deutschen Wirtschaft in Nigeria führt eine "Nigeria Hydrogen Future Webinar Series" durch. Die vierte Veranstaltung wurde unter dem Titel "Safe and Sustainable Hydrogen Production in Nigeria" durchgeführt. Die BAM bzw. das Kompetenzzentrum H2Safety@BAM wurde eingeladen, einen Übersichtsvortrag zur Wasserstoffsicherheit und zukünftigen Herausforderungen mit Blick auf sicherheitstechnische Fragestellungen zu halten. Der Vortrag bildete neben zwei weiteren Vorträgen der Kern des Webinbars.
N2 - The Konrad Adenauer Foundation
and the Delegation of German Business in Nigeria is conducting a "Nigeria Hydrogen Future Webinar Series". The fourth event was held under the title "Safe and Sustainable Hydrogen Production in Nigeria". BAM respectively the Competence Centre H2Safety@BAM was invited to present an overview lecture on hydrogen safety and future challenges with regard to safety-related issues. The lecture formed the core of the webinbar along with two other presentations.
T2 - 4th Nigeria Hydrogen Future Webinar Series
CY - Online meeting
DA - 27.07.2022
KW - H2Safety@BAM
KW - Safety challenges
KW - Hydrogen safety
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55393
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Nattuveettil, Keerthana
A1 - Brunner, Nanine
A1 - Tiebe, Carlo
A1 - Melzer, Michael
A1 - Johann, Sergej
A1 - Neumann, Patrick P.
A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias
T1 - Einsatz von Sensortechnologien an einer Wasserstofftankstelle als Beitrag zur digitalen Qualitätsinfrastruktur
T1 - Use of sensor technologies at hydrogen test platform as a part of QI Digital
N2 - Die Optimierung und Validierung des digitalen Wasserstofftankstellenmanagements mit Sensortechnologien ist das übergeordnete Ziel des Teilprojekts Digitale Qualitätsinfrastruktur mit Sensortechnologien (QIST) am Use Case H2, im Rahmen der digitalen Qualitätsinfrastruktur (QI digital[1]). Hierfür sollen u.a. Sensornetzwerke mit digital-gestützten Auswertungsstrategien intelligent gestaltet werden (Stichwort KI bzw. digitaler Zwilling). Verschiedene, sich ergänzende Sensoren, Systemkomponenten und KI-Methoden stehen als Bausteine intelligenter Sensorsysteme zur Verfügung, mit dem Zweck, die physikalischen und chemischen Parameter an und in Anlagen umfassend und effizient zu überwachen sowie Fehlfunktionen zuverlässig zu detektieren und zu interpretieren, Abbildung 1.
Konkrete Arbeitsschritte sind, nach dem Aufbau der Versuchsplattform „Wasserstofftankstelle“, die Instrumentierung von Sensorik und deren digitale Integration in das Tankstellenmanagementsystem sowie die Validierung im Realbetrieb. Die somit erzielten Messergebisse sowie die Messunsicherheiten, Historien und Verfahren werden in digitaler Form aufbereitet, gespeichert und fortlaufend in die KI-basierte Datenauswertung einbezogen, inkl. der Anbindung an die metrologische Rückführungskette.
Ziele sind:
• Einführung eines neuen messtechnischen Ansatzes und eines digitalen Zwillings für den Anwendungsfall "Wasserstofftankstelle" auf Basis der H2-Sensorik sowie der Zustandsgrößen Druck und Temperatur
• Qualitätssicherung durch Applikationen zuverlässiger Gassensorik, Manometer und Thermometer sowie KI-Methoden zur Prozesskontrolle und Detektion von Fehlfunktionen
• Nutzung von digitalen Kalibrierscheinen (DCCs) insbesondere für die Messgröße Temperatur zur Realisierung der metrologischen Rückführung in einer digitalen Qualitätsinfrastruktur
T2 - Sensorik für die Digitalisierung chemischer Produktionsanlagen
CY - Frankfurt a. M., Germany
DA - 13.06.2022
KW - QI Digital
KW - H2Safety@BAM
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Sensorik
KW - Digitalisierung
KW - Digitalisation
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55399
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Theiler, Geraldine
T1 - Effect of temperature on the friction behaviour of rubber materials in hydrogen
N2 - Safety and reliability are the major challenges to face for the development and acceptance of hydrogen technology. It is therefore crucial to study deeply material compatibility, in particular for tribological components that are directly in contact with hydrogen. Some of the most critical parts are sealing components that face high risk of damage due variation of pressure, temperature and mechanical stress. In this study, the friction and wear behaviour of several rubber materials was evaluated in hydrogen environment at ambient and low temperature. Tests were performed against 316L disks in a reciprocation motion. Results reveal that the hydrogen affects the friction and wear behaviour of most materials. The friction mechanism is dominated by deformation for most rubber materials at ambient temperature while sliding occurs at low temperature due to the increased hardness of the rubbers.
T2 - Polytrib 2024
CY - Portorož, Slovenia
DA - 03.10.2024
KW - Reciprocating sliding
KW - Rubber materials
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Low temperature
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62019
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Holtappels, Kai
T1 - Wasserstoff - Energieträger der Zukunft
N2 - Im Rahmen des internationalen Wissenschaftsfestivals, der Berlin Science Week 2021, hat die BAM in einem Beitrag das Kompetenzzentrum H2Safety@BAM, dessen Vision und die vier wissenschaftlichen Kompetenzfelder sowie den dort bearbeiteten Themen bzw. Projekten vorgestellt.
T2 - Berlin Science Week 2021
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 01.11.2021
KW - H2Safety@BAM
KW - Materialeignung und -kompatibilität
KW - Bauteilprüfung, -sicherheit und -zertifizierung
KW - Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit
KW - Sensorik, Analytik und Referenzmaterialien
KW - Sicherheit
KW - Vertrauen in Wasserstofftechnologien
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-55136
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Theiler, Geraldine
T1 - Effect of high-pressure hydrogen environment on the physical and mechanical properties of elastomers
N2 - This presentation deals with the exposure of HNBR rubbers to high pressure hydrogen (100 MPa) at 120 °C for 7 and 21 days under static conditions followed by characterization of their physical and mechanical properties.The core areas include swelling, rapid gas decompression, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), tensile strength and compression set properties. This study will assist in expanding the knowledge base of elastomer compatibility with hydrogen and therefore contribute significantly to the selection and development of polymer materials deploying hydrogen as a future energy carrier.
T2 - EHEC European Hydrogen Energy Conferecne 2022
CY - Madrid, Spain
DA - 18.05.2022
KW - Rubbers
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Characterization
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-62084
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tiebe, Carlo
T1 - Sensors for safety and process control in hydrogen technologies
N2 - This tutorial provides an overview of the utilization of sensor systems in hydrogen technologies. It discusses the necessary criteria and characteristics of sensor systems, and also demonstrates practical applications of these technologies in terms of safety and process control. Emphasis is placed on various types of sensors such as gas sensors, pressure sensors, temperature sensors, and gas flow sensors. These systems find application in monitoring and regulating operational parameters, detecting potentially dangerous situations, and activating alarm systems.
T2 - Sensor and Measurement Science International - SMSI 2023
CY - Nuremberg, Germany
DA - 08.05.2023
KW - H2Safety@BAM
KW - SensRef
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Gas sensor
KW - Functional safety
KW - Uncertainty
KW - QI-Digital
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57532
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Baensch, Franziska
A1 - Hofmann, Detlef
A1 - Johann, Sergej
A1 - Tiebe, Carlo
A1 - Basedau, Frank
A1 - Sturm, Patrick
A1 - Lay, Vera
A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst
T1 - Multi-sensor conception for safe sealing structures in underground repositories
N2 - The project "SealWasteSafe" of the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM, Berlin) deals with sealing structures applied for underground disposal of nuclear waste from two perspectives: (1) material improvement for application in sealing constructions and (2) feasibility study regarding multi-sensor approaches to ensure quality assurance and long-term monitoring.
One specimen of 150 l made of alkali-activated material, which was found innovative and suitable for sealing constructions based on preliminary laboratory studies, and, for comparison purpose, another one made of salt concrete, are manufactured with an integrated multi-sensory setup for quality assurance and long-term-monitoring. The specimens were left in their cast form and additionally thermally insulated to simulate the situation in the repository. The multi-sensory concept comprises RFID technology embedded in the specimens suppling material temperature and moisture measurements, integrated fibre optic sensing allowing strain measurement and acoustic emission testing for monitoring possible crack formation. Overall, the suitability and the functionality of the sensors embedded into and attached to strongly alkaline (pH > 13 for the AAM) and salt corrosive (NaCl) environment was proven for the first 672 h.
First temperature measurement based on RFID succeeded after 626 h for the alkali-activated material and after 192 h for the conventional salt concrete. Strain measurement based on distributed fibre optic sensing turned out the alkali-activated material with > 1 mm m-1 undergoing approximately twice the compression strain as the salt concrete with strains < 0.5 mm m-1. In contrast, the acoustic emission first and single hits representing crack formation in numbers, was found for alkali-activated material half of that detected at the salt concrete.
T2 - SMIRT 26
CY - Berlin/Potsdam, Germany
DA - 10.07.2022
KW - SealWasteSafe
KW - Monitoring
KW - Acoustic emission
KW - Fibre optic sensing
KW - RFID technology
KW - alkali-activated material
PY - 2022
SP - 1
EP - 10
AN - OPUS4-55371
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kröll, Mirco
T1 - Harmonised tribological testing of polymers in hydrogen
N2 - The focus of this work is to study the tribological performance of polymers in hydrogen atmosphere. Additionally, tests were carried out with up to three different tribometers at two institutions. The challenge to compare and harmonise equipment, procedures, and methods is an important part of the study.
T2 - PolyTrib 2024
CY - Portoroz, Slovenia
DA - 03.10.2024
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Tribometer
KW - Comparability
KW - Harmonisation
KW - Oil-coupled compounds
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61224
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Camplese, Davide
A1 - Scarponi, Giordano Emrys
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
A1 - Hajhariri, Aliasghar
A1 - Otremba, Frank
A1 - Cozzani, Valerio
T1 - Modelling Fire Response of Cryogenic Liquid Hydrogen Tanks Equipped with Multilayer Insulation (MLI) Systems
N2 - In the context of the growing global interest in hydrogen-based green energy, cryogenic tanks equipped with multi-layer insulation (MLI) are emerging as a leading solution for storing hydrogen in vehicles. The integrity of these systems might be threatened during fire exposure. This can trigger the degradation of the MLI materials and induce rapid pressurization of the tank with a high risk of catastrophic failure. In this work, a novel lumped model to simulate the thermal response of MLI-equipped cryogenic liquid hydrogen tanks is presented. The model integrates the accurate database “Coolprop” for hydrogen thermodynamic properties and sub-models for detailed simulation of MLI degradation, providing a realistic simulation of the experimental data obtained under normal operating conditions. The application of the model to several case studies considering different numbers of MLI layers and tank geometries demonstrates that aluminum-based MLI offers scarce protection in case of exposure to a hydrocarbon poolfire.
T2 - CISAP 11
CY - Neapel, Italy
DA - 15.09.2024
KW - LH2
KW - LNG
KW - Cryogenic storage tank
KW - Insulation
KW - MLI
PY - 2024
DO - https://doi.org/10.3303/CET24111076
SN - 2283-9216
VL - 111
SP - 451
EP - 456
PB - AIDIC The Italian Association of Chemical Engineering
AN - OPUS4-61384
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Camplese, Davide
T1 - Modelling Fire Response of Cryogenic Liquid Hydrogen Tanks Equipped with Multilayer Insulation (MLI) Systems
N2 - In the context of the growing global interest in hydrogen-based green energy, cryogenic tanks equipped with multi-layer insulation (MLI) are emerging as a leading solution for storing hydrogen in vehicles. The integrity of these systems might be threatened during fire exposure. This can trigger the degradation of the MLI materials and induce rapid pressurization of the tank with a high risk of catastrophic failure. In this work, a novel lumped model to simulate the thermal response of MLI-equipped cryogenic liquid hydrogen tanks is presented. The model integrates the accurate database “Coolprop” for hydrogen thermodynamic properties and sub-models for detailed simulation of MLI degradation, providing a realistic simulation of the experimental data obtained under normal operating conditions. The application of the model to several case studies considering different numbers of MLI layers and tank geometries demonstrates that aluminum-based MLI offers scarce protection in case of exposure to a hydrocarbon poolfire.
T2 - CISAP 11
CY - Neapel, Italy
DA - 15.09.2024
KW - Liquefied hydrogen
KW - LNG
KW - Fire
KW - Insulation
KW - MLI
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61389
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Harwege, Finn
T1 - Characterisation of vacuum insulation panel based cryogenic insulation
N2 - Current medium to large scale hydrogen storage tanks utilize a double walled tank with vacuum and a low thermal conductivity powder as bulk fill between the two tank walls. This approach offers poor failure resistance and is not economic to build at a large scale. In NICOLHy an alternative cryogenic insulation concept using vacuum insulation panels (VIP) targeted for tanks with capacities from 40 000 m³ to 100 000 m³ is in research.
VIPs consist of a gas tight envelope that surrounds a low conductivity core material. Within the envelope, a vacuum is created, which supresses convective heat transfer. Since the core material is typically very low thermal conductivity, while the envelope material has a relatively high thermal conductivity, thermal bridges where two adjoining panels meet cannot be avoided.
Modeling of the thermal behaviour of VIPs exists for the building industry, but not for cryogenic temperatures or applications with multiple layers of VIPs, both of which present a new challenge. Here, these challenges and goals for the thermal modeling within the project are presented, alongside an overview over the project itself.
T2 - Themenvorstellung beim BTU Arbeitsgebiet Technische Akustik
CY - Cottbus, Germany
DA - 23.09.2024
KW - Liquefied Hydrogen
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61122
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Holtappels, Kai
T1 - Renewable energies in Germany – Safety aspects with respect to pipelines
N2 - BAM was asked to present German strategies and Projects with respect to Pipelines. Beside an introduction to BAM three Major Topics were presented: Power-to-Gas strategy in Germany, an application of distributed acoustic and fiber optic sensors for the continuous monitoring of pipes and so-called West-Jefferson Tests.
T2 - 1st International Cold Regions Oil & Gas Seminar
CY - Seoul, Korea
DA - 07.12.2016
KW - Pipelines
KW - Power-to-gas
KW - Distributed acoustic sensors
KW - Fiber optics
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-38708
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Prewitz, Marc
T1 - Glaskapillaren für die Wasserstoffhochdruckspeicherung
N2 - Wasserstoff spielt eine wichtige Rolle im Bereich der erneuerbaren Energien. Um die hohe gravimetrische Energiedichte auszunutzen, bietet sich die die Hochdruckspeicherung an.
Um die theoretische Festigkeit, die geringe Wasserstoffpermeabilität vom Werkstoff „Glas“ und das Wissen von Griffith auszunutzen, sollten Glaskapillaren zum Einsatz kommen. Glas bietet diverse Möglichkeiten solche Kapillaren anzuordnen. Es beginnt bei der Bündelung von Einzelkapillaren und geht bis hin zu ganzen Strukturen.
Allerdings stellt sich auch die Frage wie die Berstdruckfestigkeit optimal ausgenutzt und dabei noch die Permeation und das mechanische Langzeitverhalten beachtet werden kann. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die wichtigen Einzelkomponenten diesbezüglich zu untersuchen und einen Langzeitspeicher mithilfe von Simulationen auszulegen.
T2 - Fachausschuss I der DGG
CY - Würzburg, Germany
DA - 09.03.2016
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Hochdruckspeicherung
KW - Glaskapillaren
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-38389
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Holtappels, Kai
T1 - Trust in Hydrogen Technologies - Safety Issues in the Hydrogen Value Chain
N2 - In June 2020, updated in July 2023, the German government presented the National Hydrogen Strategy (NHS), its first strategy for achieving the goals of its hydrogen policy. The NHS sets out a coherent framework for action for the future production, transportation and use of hydrogen and its derivatives, including the corresponding research, innovations and investments. Various measures have been defined to achieve goals such as the decarbonization of various sectors and the market introduction of hydrogen technologies. This will ultimately lead to the introduction of many “new” technologies in many areas of our daily lives, which will only be successful if decision-makers and the public are convinced that these technologies are safe. Therefore, the safety of hydrogen technologies is an important pillar in gaining and maintaining confidence in these new technologies. Safety must keep pace with, or better still, anticipate trends in technological development in order to avoid overly conservative and expensive safety solutions, and at the same time demonstrate the usability and safety of hydrogen. Otherwise, single incidents – not necessarily explosions – can easily lead to uncertainties and therefore to a decrease in trust and acceptance. The presentation will give an overview of how safety issues are addressed in Germany.
T2 - Department Seminar - Public Lecture
CY - Windhoek, Namibia
DA - 12.09.2025
KW - Trustworthiness
KW - Hydrogen value chain
KW - Safety
KW - Public lecture
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64438
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Holtappels, Kai
T1 - Understanding the science and technology of hydrogen and clean energy projects
N2 - As part of the Global African Hydrogen Summit, participating young people and students in Namibia and Africa learned how science and technological developments are interrelated and influence the development of a hydrogen infrastructure in Namibia. There is a global shortage of skilled workers, particularly in Namibia, who are needed now to build pilot plants and in the future to operate large-scale plants in Namibia. The presentation was intended to motivate the audience to pursue a relevant course of study and thus create prospects for the future.
T2 - Global African Hydrogen Summit - Youth Programme
CY - Windhoek, Namibia
DA - 09.09.2025
KW - Science and technology
KW - Open research topics
KW - Skilled workers
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64437
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kröll, Mirco
T1 - Tribological performance of polymer compounds in gaseous hydrogen
N2 - In this study, friction and wear of conventional and alternative high performance polymer compounds, typically used for components of compressors, were investigated in gaseous hydrogen and nitrogen up to 80 bar of gas pressure. The compounds used were a commercial PEEK matrix with 10 wt.% each of PTFE, graphite, and short carbon fibres, a PPS matrix with 10 wt.% each of PTFE and graphite, and an experimental PA12 matrix with PTFE chemically coupled with an oleyl alcohol. Due to the cylindrical shape of the polymer samples, the contact area and pressure change if wear occurs. Therefore, experimental results of pre-screening tests have been used as input for FEM and an analytical model to determine the decreasing contact pressure over time. Afterwards, the outcome of the models was used to determine the duration of the experiments to reach typical contact pressures of seals in hydrogen compressors.
T2 - ASMET TriboCorrosion International Conference 2025
CY - Vienna, Austria
DA - 23.10.2025
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Polymer
KW - Tribometer
KW - Comparability
KW - Harmonisation
KW - Oil-coupled compounds
KW - Coefficient of Friction
KW - Wear
KW - FAIR data
KW - Standardisation
KW - Tribology
KW - Database
KW - i-TRIBOMAT
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64473
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Harwege, Finn
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
T1 - Testing of vacuum insulation panels for liquefied hydrogen storage tanks
N2 - For the future use of liquefied hydrogen (LH2) as a green energy carrier, new concepts for storage tanks and in particular their insulation are necessary. The methodology applied in current LH2 tanks has some disadvantages while manufacturing and operation of large tanks that may be required in the future. While liquefied natural gas tanks exist in the necessary capacities, they are incompatible with LH2 due to its significantly lower storage temperature. In this paper, the possibility of using vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) as an alternative to the conventional double walled, powder filled vacuum insulation is presented. The two systems are introduced and compared on a conceptual level with a focus on the loss of vacuum failure mode. Furthermore, a test rig that enables the testing and quantification of thermal properties of VIP based insulations in ordinary and loss of vacuum conditions is presented. The test rig is a boil-off calorimeter using liquefied nitrogen and features a square cold surface with a side length of 3 m. An overview over the planned testing and its goals is given.
KW - Liquefied Hydrogen
KW - Insulation
KW - Vacuum Insulation Panel
KW - LH2
KW - Cryogenics
PY - 2025
DO - https://doi.org/10.3303/CET2511612
SN - 2283-9216
VL - 2025
IS - 116
SP - 769
EP - 774
PB - AIDIC
CY - Milano, Italy
AN - OPUS4-63716
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Thünemann, Andreas
T1 - Structure Analysis of Functional Hydrogels with Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS)
N2 - Hydrogel properties are largely determined by their network structure. Here, we report on the capabilities of SAXS methods for characterizing polymer-network gels. SAXS provides rich insight into different types and levels of nanostructural inhomogeneities in these soft matter materials. The structure analysis of alginate hydrogels, typically utilized in tissue engineering applications, will be discussed in detail.
T2 - Polydays 2024
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 30.09.2024
KW - SAXS
KW - Small-angle X-ray scattering
KW - Polymer
KW - Gel
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61184
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Holtappels, Kai
T1 - Nationale Allianz für Wasserstoff-Sicherheit
N2 - Im Rahmen des jährlich stattfindenden BAM-UBA-Behörden-Erfahrungsaustauschs wurde vorrangig Mitarbeitenden aus örtlich zuständigen Vollzugs- und Genehmigungsbehörden die in Planung befindliche Nationale Allianz für Wasserstoff-Sicherheit vorgestellt. Die Allianz besteht aus insgesamt acht Institutionen mit einer breit aufgestellten Expertise zur Sicherheit von Wasserstoff und verfolgt das Ziel, die Entwicklung fehlender Methoden und Kriterien zur technischen Sicherheit von Wasserstoff voranzutreiben, Wissenslücken zu identifizieren und diese durch gemeinsame Forschung zu schließen sowie unabhängige und wissenschaftlich fundierte Bewertungen technischer Risiken bei Wasserstoffanwendungen vorzunehmen.
T2 - BAM-UBA-Behördenerfahrungsaustausch
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 02.06.2025
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Sicherheit
KW - nationale Allianz
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63429
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Theiler, Geraldine
A1 - Gradt, Thomas
T1 - Comparison of the sliding behavior of several polymers in gaseous and liquid hydrogen
N2 - The development of hydrogen technologies entails high safety requirements in distribution and dispensing infrastructure. Therefore, it is necessary to pursue research on material compatibility in hydrogen, especially for critical parts with tribological issues.
The focus of this study is to evaluate the influence of hydrogen on a wider range of commercially available polymer materials. Thereby, the friction and wear behavior of different grades of TPE, POM, PA66, PA12, PPA, PEEK, PPS, PTFE, PAI, PI and PBI were investigated against a rotating steel disk (AISI 304). Filled and unfilled polymers from different suppliers were evaluated at room temperature in air, vacuum and hydrogen gas (H2) as well as in liquid hydrogen at - 253°C (LH2).
The sliding behavior of the polymer materials is discussed by means of surface analyses, whereby special attention is paid to the formation of a transfer film.
According to the results at ambient temperature, the effect of hydrogen environment on the tribological behavior of neat polymers may be related to lack of moisture, but also to saturated hydrocarbons in gaseous hydrogen. In liquid hydrogen, the best tribological performances were achieved with neat PA polymers as well as PPS and PI composites.
KW - Polymers
KW - Composites
KW - Sliding wear
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Cryogenic temperature
PY - 2023
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-597123
DO - https://doi.org/10.2474/trol.18.217
SN - 1881-2198
VL - 18
IS - 5
SP - 217
EP - 231
PB - Japanese Society of Tribologists
AN - OPUS4-59712
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Holtappels, Kai
T1 - Sicherheit von Wasserstoff und Wasserstofftechnologien
N2 - Der Nationale Wasserstoffrat (NWR) hat in einem Online-Seminar das Thema Sicherheit von Wasserstofftechnologien und aktueller Sachstand bzw. Herausforderungen in Deutschland aufgearbeitet. Dazu wurde ein Behördenvertreter (BAM), zwei Forschungsinstitutionen (FzJ und FhG IWM) sowie eine benannte Stelle (TÜV) eingeladen und die vorgestellten Themen in einem offenen Plenum diskutiert.
T2 - Online-Seminar des Nationalen Wasserstoffrats
CY - Online meeting
DA - 07.06.2024
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Sicherheit
KW - Herausforderungen
KW - Elektrolyse
KW - Dichtungswerkstoffe
KW - Sicherheitsabstände
KW - Reallabor BAM TTS
KW - Nationale Allianz Wasserstoff-Sicherheit
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61483
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Theiler, Geraldine
A1 - Gradt, Thomas
T1 - Comparison of the sliding behaviour of several polymers in hydrogen
N2 - The work presented here deals with the friction and wear behaviour of polymer materials in hydrogen. Commercially available grades of PEEK, PA, PPA, PAI, PI and PBI were investigated at room temperature in air and hydrogen gas (H2) as well as in liquid hydrogen at -253°C (LH2).
T2 - 7th World Tribology Congress, WTC 2022
CY - Lyon, France
DA - 10.07.2022
KW - Friction
KW - Wear
KW - Polymers
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Cryogenic
PY - 2021
SP - 1
AN - OPUS4-62089
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schmidt, Anita
T1 - Irrungen, Wirrungen und Lichtblicke - Überarbeitung des Gefahrguttransportrechts für Lithium- und Natrium-Ionen-Batterien
N2 - Die Überarbeitung des Gefahrgutrechts hinsichtlich der Einstufung von Lithium- und Natrium - Ionen Batterien nach Gefährlichkeit trägt so einige Stilblüten - wie zuletzt den Vorschlag von 135 neuen UN Nummern für Lithiumbatterien. Die BAM trägt mit ihrer Kompetenz aus eigenen Untersuchungen und Forschung dazu bei, dass die deutsche Delegation bei den Vereinten Nationen, wo die Regelwerke weiterentwickelt werden, gezielte Vorschläge einbringen kann. Der Artikel beschreibt die aktuellen Entwicklungen.
KW - Lithiumbatterien
KW - Gefahrguttransport
KW - Regelwerksentwicklung
PY - 2024
VL - 2024
IS - 6
SP - 29
EP - 32
PB - Verkehrs-Verlag J. Fischer GmbH & Co. KG
CY - Düsseldorf
AN - OPUS4-62334
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schmidt, Anita
T1 - Transport von Lithium-Batterien
N2 - Im Bereich des Transports von Lithium-Batterien erfüllt die BAM gesetzliche Aufgaben. Diese betreffen insbesondere den Transport von Lithium-Batterien und die entsprechenden zulässigen (und von de BAM zugelassenen) Gefahrgutverpackungen.
T2 - Erfa Verpackungen 2018
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 27.09.2018
KW - Gefahrguttransport
KW - Gefahrgutverpackungen
KW - Lithium-Batterien
PY - 2018
AN - OPUS4-47121
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Günzel, Stephan
A1 - Saul, Herbert
A1 - Bock, Robert
T1 - Die volumenabhängige Druckbegrenzung als Maßnahme zur Konsequenzsteuerung im Wasserstofftransport
N2 - Mit der technologischen Entwicklung werden auch die Transporteinheiten für Druckgase größer und die zu transportierenden Gase wie Wasserstoff deutlich über die lange als Standard geltenden 200 bar hinaus komprimiert. Damit steigt das Konsequenzpotenzial eines Zwischenfalls, das nun begrenzt werden soll, um die bisherige Praxis mit wenigen Zwischenfällen von den Maßnahmen für die neuen Entwicklungen extrem großer Transportdruckbehälter abgrenzen zu können.
Hierzu wurde – ausgehend von einer technologisch und sicherheitstechnisch störenden Begrenzung des Volumens von Bergungsdruckgefäßen – das sogenannte Druck-Volumen-Produkt als Kenngröße und Konsequenzmaß vorgeschlagen. Um eine breit akzeptierte Abgrenzung der heute etablierten Druckgefäße gegenüber den zukünftigen Einheiten mit noch mehr Gasinhalt erarbeiten zu können, wurde eine Arbeitsgruppe bei den Vereinten Nationen eingerichtet, deren Weg zu ihrem Ergebnis „Einführung einer Obergrenze von 1.5 Mio. bar-Liter für das Druck-Volumen-Produkt von Druckgefäßen“ mit den Wasserstoff-
spezifischen Einzelschritten „Grenze zwischen Großunfall und Katastrophe“, „Die Wirkung von Druckwellen auf den menschlichen Körper“, „Die Ausbreitung von Druckwellen“, „Der
Referenzwert für die Bevölkerungsdichte“ und „Die Druckwellenberechnung“ hier dargestellt ist. Dieses Ergebnis der UN-Arbeitsgruppe wird bis 2027 zu einer verbindlichen Begrenzung
des Druckvolumenproduktes in Druckgefäßen führen.
KW - Risikosteuerung
KW - Druck-Volumen-Produkt
KW - Katastrophe
KW - Bevölkerungsdichte
KW - Druckwelle
PY - 2024
SN - 2191-0073
VL - 14
IS - 05-06
SP - 8
EP - 17
PB - VDI Fachmedien GmbH & Co. KG
CY - Düsseldorf
AN - OPUS4-64309
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Theiler, Geraldine
T1 - Polymer materials in hydrogen
N2 - This presentation provides an overview of the applications and challenges related to polymer materials in hydrogen. The effects of hydrogen on polymers are described and test methods to evaluate the interactions between polymers and hydrogen are presented along with case studies.
T2 - Masterstudiengang Wasserstofftechnologien DIU
CY - Online meeting
DA - 25.08.2023
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Polymers
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-61964
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Farhan, Muhammad
A1 - Schneider, Ronald
A1 - Thöns, Sebastian
T1 - Corrigendum to Predictive information and maintenance optimization based on decision theory: a case study considering a welded joint in an offshore wind turbine support structure
N2 - This article has been revised and republished due to substantial changes to the text of the original article, as published Online First on January 31, 2021.
Most of the change were minor grammatical changes. The following changes are more significant and will be highlighted below.
PY - 2022
DO - https://doi.org/10.1177/14759217211040385
SN - 1475-9217
VL - 21
IS - 4
SP - 1956
EP - 1956
PB - Sage Publications
CY - London
AN - OPUS4-55165
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sauer, Hannah
A1 - Okpeke, Bright Ebikemefa
A1 - Dzielendziak, Agnieszka Sylwia
A1 - Batcke, Lars
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
A1 - Ehlers, Sören
T1 - Comparative life cycle assessment of different vacuum insulation panel core materials for cryogenic storage tanks – with a focus on glass bubbles as a novel core material
N2 - Developing a sustainable hydrogen supply chain is important in facilitating the energy transition towards climate neutrality. Hydrogen in its free form can be stored and transported either as a gas or a liquid. Due to gaseous hydrogen's comparatively low energy density, liquefied hydrogen (LH 2) is often preferred, especially with regard to long-distance transportation and storage in bulk. A notable challenge associated with LH2 is the inherent requirement to preserve it at a low temperature of -253°C. Consequently, the utilisation of thermally insulated tanks is necessary to minimise LH 2 evaporation. There is a lack of literature on the environmental impacts of insulation materials and concepts for cryogenic storage tank applications in the hydrogen supply chain. Hence, this study investigates a novel concept, namely vacuum insulation panels (VIPs), focusing on their core materials, with a view to assessing their environmental sustainability and circularity. A cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment (LCA) model is employed to investigate six distinct VIP core materials, namely, silica aerogel, rigid polyurethane foam, expanded perlite, glass fibre, fumed silica, and glass bubbles (hollow glass microspheres), with a special focus on the latter. The LCA results show that polyurethane foam and silica aerogel rank low in environmental performance, making them less suitable as primary choice. Expanded perlite is the most environmentally friendly material option, followed by glass fibre, glass bubbles, and fumed silica. Improvements to the environmental impact of glass bubbles can be achieved via the implementation of closed-loop recycling in their life cycle.
T2 - The World Hydrogen Technologies Convention 2025
CY - Dublin, Ireland
DA - 21.10.2025
KW - LH2
KW - Insulation
KW - Life cycle assessment
PY - 2025
UR - https://www.whtc2025.com/conference-proceedings
SP - 65
EP - 67
AN - OPUS4-64668
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Holtappels, Kai
T1 - Kompetenzzentrum H2Safety@BAM - Wir schaffen Vertrauen in Wasserstofftechnologien
N2 - Im Rahmen des 4. Netzwerktreffens der Wasserstoffakteure im Landkreis TF und Region kamen auf Einladung der Bürgermeister der Gemeinden Baruth/Mark, Am Mellensee, Ludwigsfelde Akteure und Vertreter aus der Region zusammen, um den Aufbau einer Wasserstoffinfrastruktur zur wirtschaftlichen Förderung der Region zu diskutieren bzw. auch laufende Projekte vorzustellen. Die BAM hat ihre Wasserstoffaktivitäten auf dem BAM Testgelände Technische Sicherheit vorgestellt.
T2 - 4. Netzwerktreffen der Wasserstoff-Akteure im Landkreis TF und Region
CY - Glashütte, Germany
DA - 26.05.2025
KW - Brandenburg
KW - Netzwerk
KW - Wasserstoffinfrastruktur
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63430
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hajhariri, Aliasghar
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
A1 - Camplese, Davide
A1 - Emrys Scarponi, Giordano
A1 - Otremba, Frank
A1 - Cozzani, Valerio
A1 - Seidlitz, Holger
T1 - A Comprehensive Numerical Study of the Behaviour of an LH2 Storage Tank in the Event of a Fire
N2 - As the world moves towards green energy production, effective storage and transportation solutions become essential. To support this transition, energy carriers with minimal or zero environmental impact are required. Liquified hydrogen represents a promising candidate due to its emissions-neutral properties. However, its highly flammable nature necessitates adherence to strict safety codes and standards. Storing hydrogen often requires advanced super-insulation materials. To enhance the safety of cryogenic hydrogen storage tanks under extreme conditions, such as those encountered during fire accidents, it is crucial to understand the thermal behaviour of the tank. Predicting pressurization and potential failure in advance demands a robust and comprehensive model. However, still such models suffer lack of detailed heat transfer models which account for various sub-processes during an accident scenario. Hence, this study introduces a comprehensive model for the pressurization of cryogenic tanks equipped with multi-layer insulation (MLI) systemsin the event of fire, which comprises several sub-models. These sub-models account for heat transfer phenomena through the thermal insulation at nominal conditions and its thermal degradation during fire exposure, the fluid, the internal pressurization, and the performance of the pressure relief valve. This study provides valuable insights into the safety and the behaviour of hydrogen storage tanks under thermal loads.
KW - Heat transfer
KW - Multi-Layer Insulation
KW - Cryogenic
KW - Liquid Hydrogen
PY - 2025
DO - https://doi.org/10.3303/CET25116114
VL - 116
SP - 679
EP - 684
PB - AIDIC
AN - OPUS4-63813
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Cano Murillo, Natalia
T1 - Effect of high-pressure hydrogen environment on the physical and mechanical properties of different kinds of carbon black filled elastomers.
N2 - As the transition towards the usage of renewable energy is getting urgent, the fluctuations of clean energy production require efficient storage alternatives. Hydrogen offers not only the possibility of energy storage but also, acts as an energy carrier. It is then important to study the effect of highly pressurized hydrogen atmosphere on the materials destinated for its storage and transport, in order to assure the reliable performance of the sealing materials containing hydrogen. In this study, a set of carbon black (CB) filled rubbers comprising hydrogenated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR), acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) and ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM) was tested under high pressure hydrogen atmosphere (1000 bar) and at different temperature conditions: 120°C for HNBR, room temperature and 85°C for NBR and EPDM. The influence of hydrogen on the materials properties was measured after 7 days of exposure under hydrogen and evaluated again after 48h. Density and volume change, as well as hardness, tensile tests, compression set, dynamic mechanical measurements and infrared spectroscopy evaluations were conducted to estimate the impact of high-pressure hydrogen on the rubber grades. Our study reveals, an effect on the physical and mechanical properties, possibly related to small changes in the matrix-filler interaction after the hydrogen exposure. All materials, however, show a trend to recover most of their properties 48h after hydrogen exposure.
T2 - RubberCon 2023
CY - Edinburgh, Scotland
DA - 09.05.2023
KW - Elastomers
KW - Hydrogen exposure
KW - Mechanical properties
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-62007
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Holtappels, Kai
T1 - Eine Frage der Technik? Verfahren und Kriterien für den sicheren Betrieb von Wasserstoffanlagen
N2 - Das Webinar wird im Rahmen von TransHyDE Systemanalyse (AP5.3 Akzeptanzbewertungen) durchgeführt und adressiert aus einer interdisziplinären Perspektive relevante Aspekte der Sicherheit und öffentlichen Risikowahrnehmung von Wasserstoffprojekten. Dabei erfolgt ein Überblick über Standards der sicherheitstechnischen Forschung, Einblicke aus der Projektkommunikation mit Akteuren und Bürger*innen sowie die Vorstellung aktueller Forschungsergebnisse zur öffentlichen Wahrnehmung der Risiken von Wasserstofftechnologien. Die Diskussion geht den u.a. Fragen nach, welche Rolle das Thema Sicherheit in der aktuellen Planungspraxis spielt, wie transparent über Risiken kommuniziert werden kann, ohne Vertrauen zu gefährden und welche Kommunikationsansätze sich als zielführend zeigen, um gesellschaftlichen Unsicherheiten zu begegnen. Der Vortrag zeigt auf, dass der sichere Betrieb von Anlagen nicht nur mit der Technologie alleine gewährleistet werden kann.
T2 - Lunch Talk: Wasserstoff im Fokus: Sicherheit, Risikowahrnehmung und Kommunikation
CY - Online meeting
DA - 08.12.2025
KW - Gefahrenanalyse
KW - Methoden
KW - Kriterien
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65040
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Theiler, Geraldine
T1 - Comparison of the sliding behaviour of several polymers in hydrogen
N2 - The work presented here deals with the friction and wear behaviour of polymer materials in hydrogen. Commercially available grades of PEEK, PA, PPA, PAI, PI and PBI were investigated at room temperature in air and hydrogen gas (H2) as well as in liquid hydrogen at - 253°C (LH2).
T2 - 7th World Tribology Congress, WTC 2022
CY - Lyon, France
DA - 10.07.2022
KW - Friction
KW - Wear
KW - Polymers
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Cryogenic
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-62087
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
T1 - Systeme mit tiefkalt verflüssigten Gasen in Brandereignissen
N2 - Die volumetrische Energiedichte eines Gases kann durch Verflüssigung erhöht wer-den. Diese findet statt, wenn das Gas unter den Siedepunkt abgekühlt wird. Verflüs-sigte Gase mit großer Bedeutung für die Energiewende sind verflüssigter Wasser-stoff (LH2) und verflüssigtes Erdgas (LNG), dessen Verflüssigung Temperaturen von unter -160 °C bedarf. Systeme zur Speicherung dieser verflüssigten Gase müssen in der Regel für Überdrücke ausgelegt sein und benötigen thermische Superisolierun-gen (TSI), um die tiefkalten Bedingungen über längere Zeit halten zu können und Verluste durch Boil-Off gering zu halten. TSI mit Vakuum und MLI oder Perlit sind für viele Anwendungen mit LNG und LH2 geeignet. Bei solchen Systemen handelt es sich in der Regel um doppelwandige Strukturen, bei denen die Innenwand mit dem tiefkalten Fluid in Kontakt steht. Die Lücke, zwischen der Innen- und der Außen-wand befindet sich unter Vakuumbedingungen und enthält zudem MLI oder Perlite. Diese Kombination von Isolationsmethoden ermöglicht es auf kleinstem Raum sehr gute thermische Isolationswirkung zu erreichen. Aus wirtschaftlicher Sicht sind die Systeme gut durchdacht. Das Wissen über das Verhalten dieser Systeme bei einem typischen Ereignis wie einem Brand ist jedoch begrenzt. Dieses Wissen ist aber not-wendig, um die Sicherheit der wachsenden Zahl von Anwendungen auf dem Markt bewerten zu können.
T2 - H2-Kolloquium des Kompetenzzentrum „H2Safety@BAM”
CY - Online meeting
DA - 04.07.2022
KW - Tiefkalt
KW - Verflüssigt
KW - Isolation
KW - Auslegungsüberschreitend
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55178
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Henning, Ricky
A1 - Sturm, Patrick
A1 - Keßler, S.
A1 - Gluth, Gregor
ED - Lothenbach, B.
ED - Wieland, E.
ED - Altmaier, M.
T1 - Influence of salt aggregate on the degradation of hybrid alkaline cement (HAC) concretes in magnesium chloride-rich saline solution simulating evaporite rock
N2 - Concretes produced from salt aggregate and hybrid alkaline cements, an alkali-activated slag/fly ash blend, or a Portland cement were exposed to a magnesium chloride-rich saline solution ([Mg2+] = 3.6 m, [Cl−] = 8.3 m), representing a solution formed after contact of surface water with evaporite rock (rock salt) in a nuclear waste repository. The hydration and deterioration of the concretes were studied with X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, pH mapping and permeability measurements. The results show that calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) or sodium-substituted calcium aluminium silicate hydrate (C-N-A-S-H) and Friedel's salt were the major reaction products in the concretes prior to exposure to the saline solution. During exposure to the saline solution, increasing amounts of C-S-H/C-N-A-S-H dissolved, and gypsum and a secondary AFm phase formed. The durability of the concretes improved with increasing amounts of Portland clinker in the cements, due to the associated differences in permeability and chemical resistance. Nevertheless, a massive increase of permeability occurred for all concretes, likely caused by crack formation due to the formation of gypsum from anhydrite in the salt aggregate. Thus, the behavior of the concretes differed from, and was more complex than, the behavior of plain cement pastes.
T2 - Joint 6th International Workshop on Mechanisms and Modelling of Waste/Cement Interactions (JCCW 2023)
CY - Prague, Czech Republic
DA - 20.11.2023
KW - Nuclear waste repository
KW - Evaporite rock
KW - Magnesium chloride brine
KW - Concrete
KW - Hybrid alkaline cement
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-599928
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2024.106027
SN - 0883-2927
SN - 1872-9134
VL - 168
SP - 1
EP - 14
PB - Elsevier
AN - OPUS4-59992
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hajhariri, Aliasghar
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
A1 - Camplese, Davide
A1 - Scarponi, Giordano Emrys
A1 - Cozzani, Valerio
A1 - Otremba, Frank
A1 - Seidlitz, Holger
T1 - Non-combustible MLI based insulation behavior under fire condition - Experimental and numerical investigation
N2 - The number of applications that demand zero-emission energy carriers, such as liquified hydrogen (LH2), is increasing worldwide. LH2 is typically transported or stored under cryogenic conditions. Storage in such conditions requires super thermal insulations which maintain very low boil-off for a prolonged time. Multi-Layer insulation (MLI) finds widespread use in cryogenic applications, designed to effectively restrict heat inleak towards cryogenic fluids. However, recent studies evidenced that exposure to high heat fluxes, such as in the event of a fire accident, can cause the thermal degradation of the insulation material, resulting in the severe collapse of its heat resistance performance. Therefore, the risk of rapid tank pressurization and its connection to the risk of BLEVE may be possible. This study proposes a numerical model to assess the performances of aluminum-based MLI materials under fire conditions. The model offers insights into the total heat transfer rate through the insulation, serving as a
KW - Multi-Layer Insulation
KW - Cryogenic
KW - Liquid Hydrogen
KW - CFD
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-617780
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2024.11.037
VL - 193
SP - 603
EP - 620
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-61778
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
A1 - Hajhariri, Aliasghar
T1 - A modular concept for protection against debris flight - Design, properties and usage
N2 - With advances in technological development, stationary and mobile storage units for compressed hydrogen are becoming larger and larger. Their number is also increasing. At the same time, their design has evolved from steel and aluminium to pressure vessels made of composite materials. For safety reasons the design approval of those composite cylinders requires fire engulfment tests, which are mainly organised as open-air tests always needs dedicated protection measures. Under some conditions those protections measures even reduce the effort for organisational safety measures if e.g. the emission of splinters can get totally prevented. Another aspect is the improved reproducibility of fire tests by reducing the influence of wind, especially wind turbulence. Between 2017 and 2019, BAM developed a stackable protective frame made of steel to safely capture splinters for the safe execution of high-energy impact tests. However, this frame was not flexible enough for the follow up project, which led to a completely new protection concept for (potentially) destructive tests on gas-filled pressure vessels. This concept is based on very robust building blocks with knobs and holes of a dimension of 1m x 0.5m x 0.5m made from welded steel. Despite their considerable weight of around 500 kg, they can be combined and stacked very easily like ‘Lego bricks’. The presentation will show the flexibility of the concept, some results of tests on the robustness against pressure waves and the effectiveness in wind attenuation. Finally, the interaction with a new, also modular burner concept for localised fires and full engulfment fires will be presented.
T2 - 11th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety ICHS 2025
CY - Seoul, South Korea
DA - 24.09.2025
KW - Splinter protection
KW - Pressure vessel testing
KW - Fire engulfment
KW - Destructive tests
KW - Rupture
KW - Gaseous tests
KW - Pressure wave
KW - Test equipment
KW - Precaution measures
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65099
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Mair, Georg W.
T1 - Safety challenges of the hydrogen market ramp-up
N2 - The presentation will provide some thoughts on the key safety challenges for staying safe during the market ramp-up phase of the rapidly expanding hydrogen economy. The focus is on storage aspects, but other topics are also covered. Each brief description of an aspect is followed by a proposal for solving the problem. Key words are safety aspects of hydrogen transport (CGH2 and LH2), risk control, consequence limitation, structural reliability control, safety monitoring through destructive and non-destructive testing, improvement of RCS through impact simulation, new approaches to safety assessment, outlook on the potential of NDT and digital product passports.
T2 - 6th Germany–Korea Hydrogen Conference 2025
CY - Seoul, South Korea
DA - 03.12.2025
KW - Risk-control
KW - Regulatory measures
KW - Operational safety
KW - Mass transport
KW - Full scale tests
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65102
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
A1 - Tugnoli, Alessandro
A1 - Okpeke, Bright
A1 - Campoari, Alessandro
A1 - Zervaki, Anna
T1 - NICOLHy - 2nd Stakeholder Advisory Board meeting
N2 - The NICOLHy project aims to develop a novel insulation concept based on Vacuum Insulation Panels (VIP) that enables the safe, cost- and energy efficient storage of large quantities of LH2. Such large scale LH2 storage technology is necessary for establishing a hydrogen economy with dimensions between 40.000 m³ and more than 200.000 m³ of LH2. However, new design concepts are needed because the currently available technologies used in small and medium storages today are not suitable for up-scaling. The main problems prohibiting the up-scaling are the long production time due to the process chain, the low failure tolerance and the spherical shape, which reduces the payload in technical applications by up to 50% compared to other shapes. The novel concept will change these conditions by a system which is modular, open-form, time-and cost efficient while production, operation and service, multi-failure tolerant and applicable for onshore and offshore applications. The presentations shows details to the concept and presents several safety concerns the project has to deal with.
This document contains all presentations from NICOLHys second Stakeholder Meeting.
T2 - NICOLHy 2nd Stakeholder Meeting
CY - Athens, Greece
DA - 22.01.2025
KW - Liquefied hydrogen
KW - Insulation
KW - Tanks
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62564
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
A1 - Hajhariri, Aliasghar
A1 - Camplese, D.
A1 - Scarponi, G. E.
A1 - Cozzani, V.
A1 - Otremba, Frank
T1 - Insulation Materials Used in Tanks for the Storage of Cryogenic Fluids in Fire Scenarios
N2 - The importance of tanks for storing cryogenic fluids in the energy industry is increasing because of ongoing political conflicts and the implementation of more environmentally friendly energy sources. Key representatives for the application of cryogenic tanks are natural gas in the form of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) and hydrogen, e. g. in the form of Liquefied Hydrogen (LH2), for which significantly higher transport capacities can be achieved with the same transport volume using cryogenic storages than with storages based solely on overpressure.
What applies to all cryogenic transported fluids in common is their condition that must be maintained. Hence heat flows into the preserved fluid must be minimized. Thermal super Insulations (TSI) based on e. g. multilayer insulations (MLI), perlites, and vacuum are utilized for this purpose and have already proven themselves in similar applications. However, for the use of tanks for cryogenic fluids in the transport sector, there is insufficient knowledge regarding the course and consequences of incidents, which is due to the still short period of use and the few documented incidents, hence few investigations carried out in this field. Typical scenarios in the transport sector represent car accidents with collisions, fires, and their combination, which are associated with extraordinary loads on the tank.
The focus of this study is to investigate the behavior of TSI as a result of their thermal exposure to a heat source representing a fire. It is worth mentioning that this could lead to an increase of the heat flux into a tank by several orders of magnitude, and to permanent damage of the TSI, ultimately rapid release of flammable gas as well as a Boiling Liquide Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE). For this purpose, a high temperature thermal vacuum chamber (HTTVC) has been developed that allows thermal loading of MLI or perlites in a vacuum and simultaneous measurement of heat flow through this TSI. The HTTVC is designed to represent realistic insulation conditions and to withstand thermal loads from typical design fires.
The HTTVC was applied to investigate TSI based on MLI and vacuum. It is shown that the thermal stress caused permanent damage to the TSI, with shrinkage, phase change, pyrolysis, and condensation being significant damage mechanisms. The results are relevant for the evaluation of accident scenarios and can thus contribute to the improvement of TSI and the development of emergency measures for the protection of persons and infrastructures.
T2 - ASME 2023 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference (PVP2023)
CY - Atlanta, Georgia, USA
DA - 16.07.2023
KW - LH2
KW - LNG
KW - MLI
KW - Fire
PY - 2023
SP - 1
EP - 8
PB - ASME
AN - OPUS4-57973
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
A1 - Scarponi, Giordano Emrys
A1 - Cozzani, Valerio
A1 - Otremba, Frank
T1 - Lh2 Tanks In Fire Incidents - The Cryogenic High Temperature Thermal Vacuum Chamber Enables In-Depth Insights
N2 - Liquefied Hydrogen (LH2) and Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) establish themselves as important energy carriers in the transport sector. Their storage requires tanks with thermal super-insulations to keep them at cryogenic conditions for a long time. These insulation systems have proven itself in various applications over a long time. However, these insulations are still new in land transportation, where accidents involving collisions, fires, and their combination are to be expected. This study summarizes the results of the ongoing research program in which insulations commonly used in industry were analysed through experimental and numerical studies under fire-like conditions. It was found that there are strong differences among the various insulation systems. Several safety concerns and research gaps exists for layered insulations, which are typically used in land transport. To further analyse these insulation systems, a new test concept called Cryogenic High Temperature Thermal Vacuum Chamber (CHTTVC) was developed and manufactured. This concept enables the testing of large insulation samples under industrial conditions and the consideration of cryogenic conditions relevant for the investigation of various phenomena. The results are important for the evaluation of accident scenarios, the improvement of thermal super-insulations, and the development of emergency measures.
T2 - IMECE 2024
CY - Oregon, Portland, USA
DA - 17.11.2024
KW - LH2
KW - LNG
KW - Fire
KW - Insulation
KW - Safety
PY - 2024
SN - 978-0-7918-8869-8
SP - 1
EP - 7
PB - ASME
AN - OPUS4-61751
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Camplese, D.
A1 - Chianese, C.
A1 - Scarponi, G.
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
A1 - Otremba, Frank
A1 - Cozzani, V.
T1 - Analysis of high temperature degradation of multi-layer insulation (MLI) systems for liquid hydrogen storage tanks
N2 - The interest in hydrogen-based green energy is increasing worldwide, and the same is true for hydrogen-powered vehicles. Among the possible solutions to store hydrogen in such vehicles, cryogenic tanks equipped with multi-layer insulation (MLI) are the most promising to increase the amount of energy stored per unit volume. However, MLI is affected by severe deterioration when exposed to an external source of heat such as a fire following a car accident, leaving the tank unprotected and leading to failure in a relatively short time. In this work, a one-dimensional model to evaluate MLI thermal degradation when a liquid hydrogen tank is exposed to fire is presented. The relevance of taking MLI degradation into account when simulating the pressure increase due to external fire exposure is here demonstrated through the analysis of several case studies. The results show that MLI systems performance depletes within a few minutes of exposure to hydrocarbon poolfire.
T2 - ICheaP 16
CY - Naples, Italy
DA - 21.05.2023
KW - LH2
KW - MLI
KW - Tiefkalt
KW - Fire
KW - Tank
PY - 2023
SN - 2283-9216
VL - 2023
SP - 1
EP - 6
PB - AIDIC Servizi S.r.l.
AN - OPUS4-57584
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
T1 - Wasserstoff - Kryogene Anwendungen
N2 - Wasserstoff wird als ein potenzieller alternativer Energieträger gesehen, mit dem die für 2050 gesetzten Klimaziele erreicht werden könnten. Der Transport von Wasserstoff ist mittels verschiedener Speichertechniken möglich, von denen der kryogene Transport mit den größten volumetrischen Energiedichten einhergeht. Hierdurch eignen sich diese Speicher besonders für die energieintensiven Verkehrsmittel im Land-, See- und Flugverkehr.
Im Vortrag werden Speichertechniken, Gefahren im Umgang mit kryogenen Gasen sowie bisherige Störfälle dargestellt. Darauf aufbauend wird ein Teil der aktuellen Forschungsarbeit an der BAM vorgestellt, die die Sicherheit dieser Speicher unter außergewöhnlichen Belastungen adressiert.
T2 - 26. Gefahrgutkongress Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
CY - Rostock, Germany
DA - 03.11.2022
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - H2
KW - LNG
KW - LH2
KW - Tank
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-56181
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Camplese, D.
T1 - Analysis of high temperature degradation of multi-layer insulation (MLI) systems for liquid hydrogen storage tanks
N2 - The interest in hydrogen-based green energy is increasing worldwide, and the same is true for hydrogen-powered vehicles. Among the possible solutions to store hydrogen in such vehicles, cryogenic tanks equipped with multi-layer insulation (MLI) are the most promising to increase the amount of energy stored per unit volume. However, MLI is affected by severe deterioration when exposed to an external source of heat such as a fire following a car accident, leaving the tank unprotected and leading to failure in a relatively short time. In this work, a one-dimensional model to evaluate MLI thermal degradation when a liquid hydrogen tank is exposed to fire is presented. The relevance of taking MLI degradation into account when simulating the pressure increase due to external fire exposure is here demonstrated through the analysis of several case studies. The results show that MLI systems performance depletes within a few minutes of exposure to hydrocarbon poolfire.
T2 - ICheaP 16
CY - Naples, Italy
DA - 21.05.2023
KW - LH2
KW - MLI
KW - Fire
KW - Tank
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57553
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
T1 - Tanks For The Large-Scale Transport And Storage Of Liquefied Hydrogen
N2 - Hydrogen is seen as a potential energy source that enables us to achieve our climate targets. Hydrogen can be well integrated into the electrical energy infrastructure, and its production and use is free of direct GHG emissions. However, tanks are needed for worldwide storage and transportation, which need to be further developed and up-scaled. In the EU-funded NICOLHy project, BAM investigates a novel insulation concept based on Vacuum Insulation Panels (VIP) that enables the safe, cost- and energy-efficient storage of large quantities of LH2. Such large-scale LH2 storage technology is necessary to build tanks with capacities of 40.000 m³ to more than 200.000 m³ of LH2, as it is in application for LNG today. However, new design concepts are needed because the currently available technologies used in small and medium storages today are not suitable for up-scaling. The main problems prohibiting up-scaling are the long production time due to the process chain, the low failure tolerance, and the spherical shape of the tank, which reduces the payload in technical applications by up to 50% compared to other shapes. The novel concept will change these conditions by a system which is modular, open-form, time-and cost-efficient during production, operation and service, multi-failure tolerant and applicable for onshore and offshore applications. The NICOLHy consortium is ideally suited for this ambitious project. It brings together experts from the fields of thermodynamics, cryogenics, marine, chemistry, process, and safety engineering. Thereby, NICOLHy will accelerate the integration of hydrogen into the European energy economy and industry, which is necessary to be in line with the European Green Deal and to build trust of society in the policy and the technology.
T2 - BAM Akademie H2 Safety - Colloquium
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 06.11.2024
KW - LH2
KW - Insulation
KW - Liquefied Hydrogen
KW - Tank
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61540
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
T1 - Systems for the storage of cryogenic liquefied gases
N2 - Liquefied Hydrogen (LH2) or Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) establish themselves as important energy carriers in the transport sector. Its storage requires tanks with Thermal Super Insulations (TSI) to keep the transported fluid cold. The presentation includes 2 main topics of the department.
First TSI has proven itself in various applications over a long time, but not in the land transport sector, where accidents involving collisions, fires, and their combination are to be expected. To analyze fire scenarios a High-Temperature Thermal Vacuum Chamber (HTTVC) was developed that allows the thermal loading of thermal insulation material in a vacuum and measuring the heat flow through the TSI in parallel. Within this chamber, 5 samples were tested regarding 3 different types of MLI, rock wool, and perlites. In the presentation, the results are presented.
Second, the studying of accident scenarios enables the improvement of thermal superinsulation and to find novel insulation concepts. This is necessary for LH2 large-scale storages, for which state-of-the-art solutions are not suitable. Within the presentation, a novel insulation concept will be presented.
T2 - Specialist Meeting - Threats to HAZMAT Pressure Vessels and BLEVE
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 25.04.2023
KW - Crygenic
KW - LH2
KW - LNG
KW - Fire
KW - MLI
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-57414
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
T1 - LH2 Tanks In Fire Incidents - The Cryogenic High Temperature Thermal Vacuum Chamber Enables In-Depth Insights
N2 - Liquefied Hydrogen (LH2) and Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) establish themselves as important energy carriers in the transport sector. Their storage requires tanks with thermal super-insulations to keep them at cryogenic conditions for a long time. These insulation systems have proven itself in various applications over a long time. However, these insulations are still new in land transportation, where accidents involving collisions, fires, and their combination are to be expected. This study summarizes the results of the ongoing research program in which insulations commonly used in industry were analysed through experimental and numerical studies under fire-like conditions. It was found that there are strong differences among the various insulation systems. Several safety concerns and research gaps exists for layered insulations, which are typically used in land transport. To further analyse these insulation systems, a new test concept called Cryogenic High Temperature Thermal Vacuum Chamber (CHTTVC) was developed and manufactured. This concept enables the testing of large insulation samples under industrial conditions and the consideration of cryogenic conditions relevant for the investigation of various phenomena. The results are important for the evaluation of accident scenarios, the improvement of thermal super-insulations, and the development of emergency measures.
T2 - IMECE 2024
CY - Portland, OR, USA
DA - 17.11.2024
KW - LH2
KW - LNG
KW - Fire
KW - Insulation
KW - Safety
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61752
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Camplese, Davide
A1 - Scarponi, Giordano Emrys
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
A1 - Hajhariri, Aliasghar
A1 - Otremba, Frank
A1 - Cozzani, Valerio
T1 - Comparative performance assessment of multilayer insulation (MLI) systems for liquid hydrogen vessels in fire scenarios
N2 - Multilayer Insulation (MLI) systems are a mature technology for cryogenic liquid hydrogen (LH2) tank thermal insulation. Recent tests evidenced that MLI materials may be damaged when exposed to fire, resulting in critical safety issues in the case of accidents. Thus, an innovative approach to the performance assessment of aluminum and polyester-based MLIs for LH2 tanks in fire scenarios was developed. A specific model integrating the hightemperature degradation of MLIs and the thermodynamic modeling of the tank lading was coupled to specific key performance indicators. Results of the analysis applied to a vehicle-scale tank equipped with 80 MLI layers indicate that MLI degradation and consequent tank failure may occur in less than 20 min for external shell temperatures above 1160 K in the presence of full engulfment, regardless of insulation used. Conversely, degradation does not occur earlier than 3600s below 603 and 928 K for polyester and aluminum-based MLI, respectively.
KW - LH2
KW - LNG
KW - Cryogenic storage tank
KW - Fire
KW - Insulation
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-630841
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.04.534
SN - 0360-3199
VL - 135
SP - 537
EP - 552
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-63084
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Denora, Isabella
A1 - Clute, Clara
A1 - Murillo, Natalia Cano
A1 - Theiler, Geraldine
A1 - Balasooriya, Winoj
A1 - Kaiser, Andreas
A1 - Fasching, Michael
A1 - Schwarz, Thomas
A1 - Marano, Claudia
T1 - A study on the mechanical behaviour of carbon black and Struktosil-filled NBR compounds for hydrogen applications
N2 - This study investigates the effect of the addition of a 2D filler (Struktosil) to a carbon black-filled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber, developed for seals in hydrogen applications. Several characterization methods have been adopted. The addition of Struktosil increases the stiffness of the material up to a strain of about 100%, to a lesser extent in presence of a plasticizer. The dissipative response of the material is increased by Struktosil addition and decreased in presence of the plasticizer. Concerning fracture behaviour, the crack initiation and Rapid Gas Decompression (RGD) resistance were not affected by the addition of Struktosil but decreased in presence of plasticizer. Furthermore, the addition of Struktosil had a positive effect on crack propagation resistance. The effects of pressurized hydrogen exposure on physical-mechanical properties were also evaluated and correlated with the results. A correlation between fracture toughness and RGD resistance has been also attempted.
KW - Acrylonitrile Butadiene rubber
KW - Fracture mechanics
KW - 2D filler
KW - High-pressure hydrogen
KW - Rapid gas decompression
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-648285
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.122
SN - 0360-3199
VL - 118
SP - 407
EP - 416
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-64828
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Neumann, Patrick P.
A1 - Holtappels, Kai
T1 - Overview of hydrogen safety & remaining challenges in a green economy and energy transition
N2 - In this talk, general aspects of the safety and acceptance of hydrogen technologies were presented. How can trust in new technologies be built when past accidents led to myths and fairy tales? The presentation does away with general prejudices and shows that handling hydrogen is neither more unsafe nor safer than handling other fuel gases. The basis for the safe handling of hydrogen is always a risk analysis.
T2 - 6th SAF€RA Symposium - Safety in the new economy and energy transition
CY - Rome, Italy
DA - 19.05.2022
KW - Sicherer Umgang
KW - Sicherheit
KW - Wasserstoff Hydrogen
KW - Safety
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-54925
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Holtappels, Kai
T1 - National Alliance for Hydrogen Safety
N2 - Hydrogen as an energy carrier offers the possibility of establishing a global and local CO2-neutral energy economy. The Hydrogen Clusters4Future bundle already existing expertise in the field of hydrogen technologies in and around Aachen with actors from Industry, Science and Society. All while considering the entire hydrogen life cycle – from production to storage and distribution to use. Safety is also an important issue and independant analysis on a national level is actually not possible in Germany. Other countries like the US and Canada established national safety alliances to offer support to companies and authorities. BAM, together with other independant institutes in Germany started to establish the National Alliance for Hydrogen Safety and presented this alliance to the community of the Hydrogen Clusters4Future.
T2 - Aachen Hydrogen Colloquium
CY - Aachen, Germany
DA - 14.05.2024
KW - Hydrogen Safety
KW - National Alliance
KW - Networking
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61403
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Theiler, Geraldine
A1 - Cano Murillo, Natalia
A1 - Sawae, Y.
A1 - Shinmori, H.
A1 - Hashimoto, H.
A1 - Aoyagi, A.
A1 - Dobbelaar, E.
T1 - Towards sustainable and hydrogen compatible sealing materials
N2 - Materialien auf PTFE-Basis werden in der Regel als Kolbenringe in Hochdruck- und/oder kryogenem Wasserstoff verwendet. In diesem Projekt werden neu formulierte und nachhaltigere Polymerwerkstoffe mit herkömmlichen Materialien verglichen. Auf Grundlage der tribologischen Ergebnisse werden vielversprechende Kandidaten zusammen mit Reibungsmechanismen sowohl bei Hochdruck- als auch bei Niedrigtemperatur-Wasserstoff vorgeschlagen.
T2 - 66. GfT Tribologie-Fachtagung 2025
CY - Wernigerode, Germany
DA - 29.09.2025
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Reibung
KW - Verschleiß
KW - Kolbenring
KW - Dynamische Dichtung
PY - 2025
VL - 09
SP - 1
EP - 4
AN - OPUS4-64314
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schaad, C.
A1 - Tiebe, Carlo
A1 - Groth, Katrina M.
T1 - A Framework for Transforming Process Control System Data from a Hydrogen Fueling Station into HyCReD Data
N2 - Reliability data for hydrogen infrastructure components is essential for developing Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) for these technologies, which in turn is necessary for a safer deployment and expansion of the hydrogen market. However, there is currently a lack of hydrogen component reliability data available for these systems, thus limiting the usefulness of insights obtained from these QRA. The Hydrogen Component Reliability Database (HyCReD) has been proposed as a tool for reliability data collection and as a source for future QRAs. In this paper, we develop a digital tool that automatically processes data coming from Process Control System (PCS) in a hydrogen fueling station, detects the relevant failure events for hydrogen systems during its operation, and then logs the event information into HyCReD. To build this tool, we first categorized the station components in hydrogen service, their specific failure modes, and the specific failure mechanisms that are relevant to a QRA. Then, we identified the data available in the station PCS and the methods available for diagnosing the relevant failure events. The resulting tool is divided into three steps: (1) PCS data collection through an API, (2) data analysis for the detection and diagnosis of new failure events, and (3) logging that event into HyCReD. Finally, we discuss the potential for expanding the detection and diagnosis to more complex failure modes present in a hydrogen fueling station. This digital tool is set for implementation and validation on an experimental hydrogen fueling site. The goal for this digital tool is to be applicable to every kind of hydrogen fueling station and to be extendable to similar hydrogen technologies.
T2 - 35th European Safety and Reliability Conference (ESREL2025) and the 33rd Society for Risk Analysis Europe Conference (SRA-E 2025)
CY - Stavanger, Norway
DA - 15.06.2025
KW - Reliability data
KW - Hydrogen safety
KW - HyCReD
KW - Hydrogen Component Reliability Database
KW - Hydrogen fueling station
KW - Hydrogen refuelling station
KW - HRS
PY - 2025
UR - https://rpsonline.com.sg/proceedings/esrel-sra-e2025/html/ESREL-SRA-E2025-P6264.html
SN - 978-981-94-3281-3
DO - https://doi.org/10.3850/978-981-94-3281-3-procd
SP - 2663
EP - 2670
PB - Research Publishing
CY - Singapore
AN - OPUS4-63532
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Theiler, Geraldine
T1 - An overview of tribology in gaseous Hydrogen
N2 - In this presentation, an overview in gaseous hydrogen is given along with examples related to metal, coatings, polymers and rubbers materials.
T2 - International Seminar, Hydrogen & Materials 2024
CY - Espoo, Finland
DA - 06.06.2024
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Friction
KW - Wear
KW - Materials
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61408
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tiebe, Carlo
T1 - Hydrogen sensing - Sensors for safety and process control in Hydrogentechnologies
N2 - The success of this energy transition and the efficient utilization of green hydrogen as a pristine energy carrier hinge upon the cultivation of hydrogen readiness, swift market expansion, and the establishment of crucial value chains within national and European contexts. Paramount to these objectives are reliable quality and safety standards, essential for ensuring supply safety, environmental compatibility, and instilling confidence in these technologies.
In the realm of safety management systems, gas sensors emerge as vital components for detecting hydrogen. This presentation delves into the imperative role of hydrogen systems, emphasizing their capability to monitor and control operations, issue warnings, signal hazardous conditions, and sound alarms. It explores the intricate landscape of functional safety considerations and addresses the challenges associated with measurement uncertainty in sensor testing.
A diverse array of sensors catering to hydrogen, pressure, temperature, and flow are available, each contributing significantly to the safety and efficiency of hydrogen technologies. Applications are envisaged to adhere meticulously to quality infrastructural regulations, codes, and standards, ensuring seamless integration and operation within the broader hydrogen ecosystem.
This discussion underscores the ubiquitous presence of sensor systems across various fields within hydrogen technologies, illustrating their multifaceted contributions to safety, reliability, and overall success in realizing the transformative potential of green hydrogen.
T2 - Summer School 2023 Characterization of micro- and nano-materials at BTU Cottbus
CY - Cottbus, Germany
DA - 11.09.2023
KW - H2Safety@BAM
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Sensor
KW - Gas detection
KW - Process control
KW - Safety
KW - Sensor testing
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-59227
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hajhariri, Aliasghar
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
T1 - Cryogenic storage system behaviour under fire : A study of the insulation impact
N2 - The transition from fossil fuels to low-emission alternatives is essential to mitigate carbon emissions in energy-intensive sectors. Liquid hydrogen (LH2) is a promising energy carrier due to its high gravimetric energy density, but its storage requires advanced insulation to minimize heat ingress and prevent excessive boil-off losses. Multilayer insulation (MLI), perlite, and microspheres are commonly used under vacuum conditions, yet their performance under fire exposure remains a critical concern. This study investigates the thermal degradation of insulation materials and its impact on heat transfer in an event with extreme thermal load conditions using the Cryogenic High-Temperature Thermal Vacuum Chamber (CHTTVC). The heat flow dynamics are analyzed, and an equivalent heat transfer coefficient is proposed to quantify the impact of insulation deterioration as the outer wall temperature increases. Additionally, a novel liquid-vapor interface monitoring method is introduced to improve real-time detection of phase changes within the tank. The results highlight that insulation failure substantially increases the heat flow, which, if not mitigated, can lead to boiling liquid expanding vapor explosions (BLEVE), jet fires, or catastrophic tank failure. The findings provide valuable insights into optimizing LH2 storage safety and improving emergency response strategies for cryogenic tanks exposed to extreme thermal conditions.
T2 - 11th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety ICHS 2025
CY - Seoul, South Korea
DA - 22.09.2025
KW - Multi-Layer Insulation
KW - Cryogenic
KW - Liquid Hydrogen
KW - Heat transfer
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64200
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
T1 - Repeatable Testing of a Cryogenic Storage Tank with Variable Insulation Material in Fire Like Conditions
N2 - For decarbonizing the energy industry and transport, cryogenic energy carriers have great potential. The storage takes place in tanks with thermal super-insulations, which are in application for decades, but there is only limited knowledge about its behaviour in a fire scenario. This represents a major incident that may generate extraordinary loads on the tank and its insulation system, and that eventually lead to a sudden tank failure. This paper presents a test rig called the Cryogenic High Temperature Thermal Vacuum Chamber (CHTTVC), which can be used to test typical thermal superinsulation’s under cryogenic and fire-like conditions in parallel. The test method makes it possible to measure the heat flow through the thermal superinsulation over time and to investigate the degradation behaviour of the insulation within a test. In the paper results from the first tests are presented.
T2 - 18th Cryogenics 2025, IIR Conference
CY - Prague, Czech Republic
DA - 07.04.2025
KW - LH2
KW - LNG
KW - Fire
KW - Insulation
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62979
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Prewitz, M.
A1 - Gaber, M.
A1 - Müller, Ralf
A1 - Marotzke, C.
A1 - Holtappels, Kai
T1 - Polymer coated glass capillaries and structures for high-pressure hydrogen storage: Permeability and hydrogen tightness
N2 - The hydrogen tightness of high-pressure hydrogen storage is a Basic criterion for long-term storage. The H2 permeation coefficients of epoxy resin and a glass lacquer were determined to enable the geometric optimization of a glass capillary storage. It was found that the curing conditions have no significant influence on the H2 permeation coefficient of resin.
The H2 permeation coefficient of epoxy resin is only about three orders of Magnitude greater than that of borosilicate glass. This suggests that the initial pressure of 700 bar takes about 2.5 years to be halved in capillary array storage. Therefore, a high-pressure hydrogen storage tank based on glass capillaries is ideally suited for long-term storage in mobile applications.
KW - Permeability
KW - Glass capillaries
KW - Coating
KW - Hydrogen storage
KW - Long-term calculation
KW - Epoxy resin
PY - 2018
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.12.092
SN - 0360-3199
VL - 43
IS - 11
SP - 5637
EP - 5644
PB - Elsevier
AN - OPUS4-44327
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Holtappels, Kai
T1 - Trust in Hydrogen Technologies - Safety Issues in the Hydrogen Value Chain
N2 - In June 2020, updated in July 2023, the German government presented the National Hydrogen Strategy (NHS), its first strategy for achieving the goals of its hydrogen policy. The NHS sets out a coherent framework for action for the future production, transportation and use of hydrogen and its derivatives, including the corresponding research, innovations and investments. Various measures have been defined to achieve goals such as the decarbonization of various sectors and the market introduction of hydrogen technologies. This will ultimately lead to the introduction of many “new” technologies in many areas of our daily lives, which will only be successful if decision-makers and the public are convinced that these technologies are safe. Therefore, the safety of hydrogen technologies is an important pillar in gaining and maintaining confidence in these new technologies. Safety must keep pace with, or better still anticipate, trends in technological development in order to avoid overly conservative and expensive s
T2 - 10th World Energy Congress (WEC 2024)
CY - Singapore
DA - 12.11.2024
KW - Hydrogen Safety
KW - Trustworthiness
KW - Safety research
KW - Accidents
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62174
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Theiler, Geraldine
A1 - Halder, Karabi
A1 - Balasooriya, Winoj
T1 - Effect of high-pressure hydrogen environment on the physical and mechanical properties of elastomers
N2 - This paper deals with the exposure of HBNR rubbers to high pressure hydrogen (100 MPa) at 120 °C for 7 and 21 days under static conditions followed by characterization of their physical and mechanical properties.
T2 - EHEC European Hydrogen Energy Conference 2022
CY - Madrid, Spain
DA - 18.05.2022
KW - Rubbers
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Characterization
PY - 2022
SP - 1
EP - 2
AN - OPUS4-62085
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Harwege, Finn
T1 - Testing of vacuum insulation panels for liquefied hydrogen storage tanks
N2 - For the future use of liquefied hydrogen (LH2) as a green energy carrier, new concepts for storage tanks and in particular their insulation are necessary. The methodology applied in current LH2 tanks has some disadvantages while manufacturing and operation of large tanks that may be required in the future. While liquefied natural gas tanks exist in the necessary capacities, they are incompatible with LH2 due to its significantly lower storage temperature. In this paper, the possibility of using vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) as an alternative to the conventional double walled, powder filled vacuum insulation is presented. The two systems are introduced and compared on a conceptual level with a focus on the loss of vacuum failure mode. Furthermore, a test rig that enables the testing and quantification of thermal properties of VIP based insulations in ordinary and loss of vacuum conditions is presented. The test rig is a boil-off calorimeter using liquefied nitrogen and features a square cold surface with a side length of 2 m. An overview over the planned testing and its goals is given.
T2 - 18th International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries
CY - Bologna, Italy
DA - 08.06.2025
KW - Liquefied Hydrogen
KW - LH2
KW - Cryogenics
KW - Vacuum
KW - Vacuum Insulation Panel
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63426
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Böttcher, Nils
T1 - Nominal and Off-Nominal Battery / High Energy Storage Testing Off-Nominal cell and battery testing at BAM
N2 - The abuse testing of electrochemical energy storage systems poses a major safety challenge. Thanks to its core competence in ensuring safety in technology and chemistry, BAM has the capabilities to carry out safety tests from small to large scale. Tests up to approx. 200Wh (lithium-ion batteries) can be carried out in the cell test center and abuse tests up to 20kWh are possible in the open field test on the TTS.
T2 - Europe Energy Storage Safety Summit
CY - Petten, Netherlands
DA - 08.10.2024
KW - Battery Safety
KW - Abuse testing
KW - Lithium-ion batteries
KW - Safety critical tests
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62321
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Holtappels, Kai
T1 - Markthochlauf von Wasserstofftechnologien - Vertrauen durch Sicherheit
N2 - Beim BAM-UBA-Behördenerfahrungsaustausch 2022 hat die BAM zu dem Schwerpunktthema Wasserstoff den von der Bundesregierung avisierten Markthochlauf und das Thema Vertrauen durch Sicherheit vorgestellt. Dabei wurde das Kompetenzzentrum H2Safety mit seinen derzeitigen Aktivitäten ebenso vorgestellt wie sicherheitstechnische Fragestellungen, die über die Wertschöpfungskette hinweg derzeit existieren. Dabei handelt es sich um Fragestellungen zur Materialeignung und -kompatibilität, Leckageüberwachung, Schutzkonzepte und Unfallszenarien. Darüber hinaus gibt es Themen, die keinen direkten Bezug zur Sicherheit haben, aber das Vertaruen in Wasserstofftechnologien deutlich fördern können. Neben Aus- und Weiterbildungskonzepten wurden auch die Themen Akzeptanz und Risikokommunikation sowie Normung und Standardisierung behandelt.
T2 - BAM-UBA-Behördenerfahrungsaustausch 2022
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 27.06.2022
KW - H2Safety@BAM
KW - Markthochlauf
KW - Vertrauen
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55138
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Harwege, Finn
T1 - Testing of vacuum insulation panels for liquid hydrogen storage tanks
N2 - Vacuum insulation panel (VIP) based insulation could present an alternative to the common double walled vacuum insulation for large liquefied Hydrogen (LH2) storage tanks. In this paper a brief introduction on VIPs and the envisioned design of VIP-based LH2-tank insulation is given. The design of a flat plate boil-off calorimeter for the testing of the insulation concept is shown, with regard to thermal design, mechanical design and instrumentation. Finally, an overview over the particular challenges for modelling VIP-based insulation and the proposed testing to be performed on the test rig is presented.
T2 - 18th Cryogenics IIR International Conference
CY - Prague, Czech Republic
DA - 07.04.2025
KW - Liquefied Hydrogen
KW - Insulation
KW - Calorimeter
KW - LH2
KW - VIP
KW - Vacuum Insulation Panel
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-62988
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schmidt, Anita
T1 - Neues Klassifizierungssystem für Lithiumbatterien
N2 - Um Lithiumbatterien sicherer aber gleichzeitig auch dem Gefährdungszustand angemessener und damit wirtschaftlich effizienter transportieren zu können, wird aktuell bei UN ein Klassifizierungssystem nach Gefährlichkeit ausgearbeitet. Als eine der intensiv mitarbeitenden zuständigen Behörden weltweit hat die BAM zahlreiche Untersuchungen selbst durchgeführt und arbeitet an Lösungsansätzen mit.
T2 - Gefahrguttag des BMDV im Rahmen der IAA
CY - Hannover, Germany
DA - 19.09.2024
KW - Lithiumbatterien
KW - Klassifizierung
KW - Gefahrguttransport
KW - Gefährlichkeit
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62326
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
T1 - New concepts in liquid hydrogen storage
N2 - On the way to the energy transition, cryogenic fluids such as Liquefied Hydrogen (LH2) or Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) are very important. They enable the large-scale economic transport and storage of energy as well as they represent alternative fuels for energy-intensive mobile applications such as aircrafts, ships and HGVs. For the last one, the number of vehicles and fuel stations has increased rapidly in the last 10 years all over Europe. Does this also entail new risks, for instance from a BLEVE in case of fires? To answer this question, BAM has conducted several research projects over the last decades and intensified the research recently with several experimental, numerical, and empirical outcomes on how a tank with insulation behaves in a fire. The presentation shows an overview of this research. The findings are relevant for global standardization procedures and to improve the overall safety in chemistry and technics.
T2 - Hydrogen Refueling Station Opening
CY - Baruth/Mark, Germany
DA - 03.07.2025
KW - LH2
KW - Insulation
KW - Fire
KW - LNG
KW - Safety
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63628
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Nattuveettil, Keerthana
T1 - Hydrogen safety- Dealing with Closed Spaces
N2 - This work focuses on the detection and monitoring of hydrogen concentration in closed spaces, to improve safety by developing a sensor network-based leak detection system. This will help in prevention of accumulation of hazardous mixtures. Furthermore, the study details the implementation of a hydrogen sensor network within a container, analysing sensor placement, data collection, and safety improvements.
T2 - SMSI 2025
CY - Nuremberg, Germany
DA - 06.05.2025
KW - Sensor Network
KW - Hydrogen safety
KW - QI-Digital
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63199
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tiebe, Carlo
T1 - Hydrogen sensing - Sensors for safety and process control in Hydrogentechnologies
N2 - The success of this energy transition and the efficient utilization of green hydrogen as a pristine energy carrier hinge upon the cultivation of hydrogen readiness, swift market expansion, and the establishment of crucial value chains within national and European contexts. Paramount to these objectives are reliable quality and safety standards, essential for ensuring supply safety, environmental compatibility, and instilling confidence in these technologies.
In the realm of safety management systems, gas sensors emerge as vital components for detecting hydrogen. This presentation delves into the imperative role of hydrogen systems, emphasizing their capability to monitor and control operations, issue warnings, signal hazardous conditions, and sound alarms. It explores the intricate landscape of functional safety considerations and addresses the challenges associated with measurement uncertainty in sensor testing.
A diverse array of sensors catering to hydrogen, pressure, temperature, and flow are available, each contributing significantly to the safety and efficiency of hydrogen technologies. Applications are envisaged to adhere meticulously to quality infrastructural regulations, codes, and standards, ensuring seamless integration and operation within the broader hydrogen ecosystem.
This discussion underscores the ubiquitous presence of sensor systems across various fields within hydrogen technologies, illustrating their multifaceted contributions to safety, reliability, and overall success in realizing the transformative potential of green hydrogen.
T2 - Joint European Summer School 2023 on Fuel Cell, Electrolyser, and Battery Technologies
CY - Vravrona, Greece
DA - 17.09.2023
KW - H2Safety@BAM
KW - SensRef
KW - Hydrogen
KW - KICstartH2
KW - Gas detection
KW - Sensor testing
KW - Hydrogen gas sensor
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-59228
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
A1 - Heßmann, Jennifer
A1 - Werner, Jan
A1 - Scarponi, Giordano Emrys
A1 - Cozzani, Valerio
A1 - Otremba, Frank
T1 - Investigation of Realistic Fire Scenarios Involving Cryogenic Storage Tanks
N2 - The number of vehicles using or transporting cryogenic fuels such as Liquefied Hydrogen (LH2) or Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) increases fast in the land transportation sector. Does this also entail new risks for instance from a BLEVE? A key to answer this question is to research representative fires by its characterization and its effect on the insulation. At BAM’s technical test side in Germany, a test series was started to answer this question among others. This paper presents results on a pool fire under a colorimeter, that simulates a tank. The investigation points out, that the full fire characterization approach allows to represent the fire. The findings are relevant for the investigation of a representative design fire that is applicable for the approval and improvement of tanks as well as to research accident scenarios and their consequences.
T2 - Loss Prevention 2025
CY - Bologna, Italien
DA - 09.06.2025
KW - LH2
KW - LNG
KW - Fire
KW - Tank
KW - Safety
PY - 2025
DO - https://doi.org/10.3303/CET25116031
SN - 2283-9216
IS - 116
SP - 181
EP - 186
PB - AIDIC
AN - OPUS4-63738
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tiebe, Carlo
T1 - Error Prevention, Damage Prevention, and Safety Management in Hydrogen Technologies
N2 - In order to integrate the error prevention and damage prevention strategy into hydrogen technologies, it is important to proactively look out for potential weaknesses in the systems and processes. This includes the implementation of preventive measures as elements of safety management in order to identify and eliminate potential sources of error. In addition, training should be specifically focussed on avoiding errors and the safe use of hydrogen technologies. The principial approach of a gas sensor testing laboratory shows how to ensure reliable results, it is advisable to conduct sensor testing under controlled conditions, focusing on identifying specific properties
and quantifying performance criteria. A well thought-out strategy for error prevention makes a significant contribution to preventing accidents and increasing overall safety when using hydrogen.
T2 - 5th Germany-Korea Hydrogen Conference
CY - Halle (Saale), Germany
DA - 22.10.2024
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Safety
KW - Safety Management
KW - Error Prevention
KW - Reference Procedure
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62563
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tiebe, Carlo
A1 - Maiwald, Michael
A1 - Schukar, Marcus
T1 - Beiträge der Prozessanalytik und Sensorik zur Sicherheit in Wasserstofftechnologien
N2 - Intelligent sensor systems, certified reference materials and instrumental analytical-chemical methods contribute to safety and functionality in hydrogen technologies.
This article gives a brief overview of SensRef activities in the Competence Centre H2Safety@BAM on the issues: Analytical methods for the determination of hydrogen purity, certified reference materials as measurement standards with regard to gas quality (primary calibrators) of BAM, test methods for gas sensor systems to detect hydrogen in air as well as the application of fibre-optic sensor systems to monitor the expansion and ageing behaviour of composite containers in hydrogen technologies.
T2 - Berlin Brandenburger Optik-Tag "Einsatz von Sensorik und Mikroelektronik in der Wasserstoffwirtschaft"
CY - Online meeting
DA - 29.11.2021
KW - H2Safety@BAM
KW - SensRef
KW - Gas analysis
KW - Gas purity
KW - Fibre-optic sensors
KW - Sensor response
KW - Certified reference materials
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-54138
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tiebe, Carlo
T1 - Introduction of H2Safety@BAM
N2 - This contribution for the Open Forum of the 8th HSN Symposium introduces the SensRef activities of the Competence Centre H2Safety@BAM.
T2 - 8. HSN-Symposium - HybridSensorNet e. V.
CY - Online meeting
DA - 11.11.2021
KW - H2Safety@BAM
KW - SensRef
KW - Hydrogen
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-54137
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Theiler, Geraldine
T1 - Effect of hydrogen pressure on the fretting behavior of elastomers
N2 - In this study, the fretting behavior of several elastomer materials against 316L were evaluated in air and hydrogen environment up to 10 MPa. Furthermore, aging experiments were conducted for 7 days under static conditions in 100 MPa hydrogen and the physical and mechanical properties of the rubber materials were examined before and after hydrogen exposure. Fretting tests revealed that the wear of these compounds is significantly affected by the hydrogen environment compared to air, especially with NBR grades. After aging experiment, the friction response of HNBR grades is characterized by increased adhesion due to elastic deformation, leading to partial slip.
T2 - 4th Int. Conf. on Polymer Tribology, PolyTrib 2022
CY - Stockholm, Sweden
DA - 05.12.2022
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Fretting
KW - Elastomers
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-62006
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tiebe, Carlo
T1 - Hydrogen Sensing - Sensors for Safety and Process Control in Hydrogen Technologies
N2 - The success of this energy transition and the efficient utilization of green hydrogen as a pristine energy carrier hinge upon the cultivation of hydrogen readiness, swift market expansion, and the establishment of crucial value chains within national and European contexts. Paramount to these objectives are reliable quality and safety standards, essential for ensuring supply safety, environmental compatibility, and instilling confidence in these technologies.
In the realm of safety management systems, gas sensors emerge as vital components for detecting hydrogen. This presentation delves into the imperative role of hydrogen systems, emphasizing their capability to monitor and control operations, issue warnings, signal hazardous conditions, and sound alarms. It explores the intricate landscape of functional safety considerations and addresses the challenges associated with measurement uncertainty in sensor testing.
A diverse array of sensors catering to hydrogen, pressure, temperature, and flow are available, each contributing significantly to the safety and efficiency of hydrogen technologies. Applications are envisaged to adhere meticulously to quality infrastructural regulations, codes, and standards, ensuring seamless integration and operation within the broader hydrogen ecosystem.
This discussion underscores the ubiquitous presence of sensor systems across various fields within hydrogen technologies, illustrating their multifaceted contributions to safety, reliability, and overall success in realizing the transformative potential of green hydrogen.
T2 - Joint European Summer School JESS 2024
CY - Vravrona, Greece
DA - 16.09.2024
KW - H2Safety@BAM
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Sensor
KW - Sensor technology
KW - Safety
KW - Process control
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61677
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Theiler, Geraldine
T1 - Toward sustainable and hydrogen compatible sealing materials
N2 - As sealing components, polymeric materials are used in a wide range of applications e.g. as O-rings and piston rings in high-pressure and/or cryogenic hydrogen. For these extreme demanding application, PTFE or PPS based materials are often used as high-performance polymer matrix. This project aims to provide a safe and sustainable sealing solutions for hydrogen applications. New materials with improved sustainability were investigated and compared with conventional grades. Tests were performed in hydrogen over a wide range of temperature and pressure (0.1 MPa to 40 MPa, and 100°C down to -150°C) at Kyushu University and BAM using a pin-on-disk apparatus in a continuous sliding motion. Polymer samples ran against 316L disk at 0.5 m/s and 3 MPa contact pressure. Based on the tribological results and surface analyses, promising candidates are suggested along with friction mechanisms in both high-pressure and low temperature hydrogen.
T2 - STLE Meeting
CY - Atlanta, Georgia, USA
DA - 18.05.2025
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Friction
KW - Wear
KW - Piston ring
KW - Reciprocating seals
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63809
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bock, Robert
T1 - Introduction Living Lab Hydrogen Refueling Station
N2 - Die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) forscht und prüft für Sicherheit in Technik und Chemie an drei Standorten in Berlin, sowie auf dem Testgelände Technische Sicherheit in Horstwalde in Brandenburg. Hier haben wir weitreichende Möglichkeiten, Großversuche im Realmaßstab durchzuführen. Besonderes Augenmerk richten wir heute auf das Reallabor Wasserstofftankstelle. Diese voll digitalisierte technische Anlage, die die Wertschöpfungskette von Wasserstoff abbildet, wurde gerade eröffnet und steht nun Partnern aus Industrie und Forschung sowie kleinen mittelständischen Unternehmen oder Start-Ups zum gemeinsamen Forschen und Erproben neuer Technologie zur Verfügung. Ihre Besonderheiten umfassen z.B. eine umfassende Prozessüberwachung nach Industrie 4.0, die dafür nötige IT/OT Infrastruktur, Digitale Zwillinge auf verschiedenen Ebenen, großflächige Aufstellung und baulicher Schutz, Gas-Probenahmestellen auf dem Weg durch die Anlage und H2-Sensornetzwerke zur frühzeitigen Erfassung und Ortung von Leckagen.
T2 - Sonderkolloquium H2safety@BAM
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 04.11.2025
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Reallabor
KW - Digitalisierung
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64699
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tiebe, Carlo
A1 - Melzer, Michael
T1 - Sensors for safety and process control in hydrogen technologies - Part II - Seminar about the expression of uncertainty in measurement
N2 - The determination of the measurement uncertainty of quantitative and qualitative results is an important quality management tool, for example to describe measuring equipment, procedures, measurement results and the quality of products. The lecture presents the process description for the determination of the measurement uncertainty according to GUM, the determination of uncertainties in qualitative measurement results and the application of the measurement uncertainty for conformity assessment.
T2 - Joint European Summer School 2021 on Fuel Cell, Electrolyser, and Battery Technologies
CY - Online meeting
DA - 12.09.2021
KW - Quality management tool
KW - Measurement uncertainty
KW - Quantiative results
KW - Qualitative results
KW - Conformity assessment
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-54132
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tiebe, Carlo
T1 - Sensors for safety and process control in hydrogen technologies
N2 - Sensor systems are widely used in hydrogen technologies. The lecture presents requirements and properties of sensor systems and shows application examples of these technologies for safety and process control for hydrogen technologies. The focus is on gas sensors as well as sensors for pressure, temperature and gas flow. These systems are applied, among other things, for monitoring and control of operating conditions, indication of hazardous conditions and triggering of alarms.
T2 - Joint European Summer School 2021 on Fuel Cell, Electrolyser, and Battery Technologies
CY - Online meeting
DA - 12.09.2021
KW - Sensor
KW - Safety
KW - Process control
KW - Hydrogen technologies
PY - 2021
AN - OPUS4-54131
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Theiler, Geraldine
T1 - Comparative evaluation of the sliding performance of polymers materials in gaseous and liquid hydrogen
N2 - The focus of this study is to evaluate the influence of hydrogen on the friction and wear behavior of a wide range of commercially available polymer materials. Thereby, Filled and unfilled polymers from different suppliers were evaluated at room temperature in air and hydrogen gas (H2) as well as in liquid hydrogen at - 253°C (LH2).
T2 - 2023 Hydrogenius & I2CNER Tribology Symposium
CY - Fukuoka, Japan
DA - 03.02.2023
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Tribology
KW - Cryogenic
KW - LH2
KW - Polymers
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-61961
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Harwege, Finn
A1 - Schmidt, Heiko
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
T1 - Testing of vacuum insulation panels for liquid hydrogen storage tanks
N2 - Vacuum insulation panel (VIP) based insulation could present an alternative to the common double walled vacuum insulation for large liquefied Hydrogen (LH2) storage tanks. In this paper a brief introduction on VIPs and the envisioned design of VIP-based LH2-tank insulation is given. The design of a flat plate boil-off calorimeter for the testing of the insulation concept is shown, with regard to thermal design, mechanical design and instrumentation. Finally, an overview over the particular challenges for modelling VIP-based insulation and the proposed testing to be performed on the test rig is presented.
T2 - 18th Cryogenics IIR International Conference
CY - Prague, Czech Republic
DA - 07.04.2025
KW - Liquefied Hydrogen
KW - Insulation
KW - Calorimeter
KW - Vacuum Insulation Panel
KW - LH2
PY - 2025
SN - 0151-1637
DO - https://doi.org/10.18462/iir.cryo.2025.0010
SN - 978-2-36215-053-1
VL - 2025
SP - 168
EP - 174
PB - ICCEX
CY - Prag
AN - OPUS4-62959
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Tiebe, Carlo
T1 - Fehlervermeidung, Schadenverhütung und Sicherheitsmanagement in der Wasserstofftechnologie
N2 - Um den Aspekt der Strategie zur Fehlervermeidung und Schadenprävention in Wasserstofftechnologien zu integrieren, ist es entscheidend, proaktiv auf potenzielle Schwachstellen in den Systemen und Prozessen zu achten. Dies beinhaltet die Implementierung von präventiven Maßnahmen als Elemente des Sicherheitsmanagements, um mögliche Fehlerquellen zu identifizieren und zu eliminieren. Darüber hinaus sollten Schulungen gezielt auf die Vermeidung von Fehlern und die sichere Anwendung von Wasserstofftechnologien ausgerichtet sein. Eine durchdachte Strategie zur Fehlervermeidung trägt wesentlich dazu bei, Unfälle zu verhindern und die Gesamtsicherheit bei der Nutzung von Wasserstoff zu erhöhen.
T2 - Forum Schadenverhütung am 12.10.2023 der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Berlin Brandenburg (AGS) in Kooperation mit der AGBB Berlin e.V
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 12.10.2023
KW - H2Safety@BAM
KW - Gassensorik
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Fehlervermeidung
KW - Schadenverhütung
KW - Sicherheitsmanagement
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-59226
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Lay, Vera
T1 - Multi-sensor conception for safe sealing structures in underground repositories
N2 - The project "SealWasteSafe" of the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (Berlin) deals with sealing structures applied for underground disposal of nuclear waste from two perspectives: material improvement for application in sealing constructions and feasibility study regarding multi-sensor approaches to ensure quality assurance and long-term monitoring.
One specimen of 150 l made of alkali-activated material, which was found innovative and suitable for sealing constructions based on preliminary laboratory studies, and another one made of conventional salt concrete, are manufactured with an integrated multi-sensory setup for quality assurance and long-term-monitoring. The specimens were left in their cast form and additionally thermally insulated to simulate the situation in the repository. The multi-sensory concept comprises RFID technology embedded in the specimens suppling material temperature and moisture measurements, integrated distributed fibre optic sensing allowing strain measurement and acoustic emission testing for monitoring crack formation. Overall, the suitability and the functionality of the sensors embedded into and attached to strongly alkaline (pH > 13 for the AAM) and salt corrosive (NaCl) environment was proven for the first 672 h.
First RFID measurement succeeded after 626 h for the alkali-activated material and after 192 h for the conventional salt concrete. Strain measurement based on fibre optic sensing turned out the alkali-activated material (> 1 mm/m) undergoing approximately twice the compression strain as the salt concrete (< 0.5 mm/m). In contrast, the acoustic emission first and single hits representing crack formation in numbers, was found for alkali-activated material half of that detected at the salt concrete.
T2 - SMIRT 26
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 10.07.2022
KW - SealWasteSafe
KW - Monitoring
KW - Acoustic emission
KW - Fibre optic sensing
KW - RFID technology
KW - Alkali-activated material
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-55372
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Holtappels, Kai
T1 - The critical role of safety in hydrogen and energy projects across the continent
N2 - Safety plays a critical role in the success and sustainability of hydrogen and energy projects across Africa, where the push for clean and renewable energy is rapidly gaining momentum. Given hydrogen’s flammability and the complex infrastructure required for its production, storage, and transport, strict safety protocols are essential to protect workers, communities, and the environment. In regions with developing regulatory frameworks, establishing robust safety standards and fostering a culture of safety is vital to attract investment, ensure public trust, and prevent accidents that could derail progress. Prioritizing safety not only safeguards lives but also supports the long-term viability and credibility of Africa’s emerging hydrogen economy.
T2 - Global African Hydrogen Summit - Technical Seminar Programme
CY - Windhoek, Namibia
DA - 09.09.2025
KW - Safety
KW - Namibia
KW - Hydrogen infrastructure
KW - Acceptance
KW - Expert recommendations
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64435
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Gomes, Bruna F.
A1 - Prokop, Martin
A1 - Bystron, Tomas
A1 - Loukrakpam, Rameshwori
A1 - Melke, Julia
A1 - Lobo, Carlos M. S.
A1 - Fink, Michael
A1 - Zhu, Mengshu
A1 - Voloshina, Elena
A1 - Kutter, Maximilian
A1 - Hoffmann, Hendrik
A1 - Yusenko, Kirill V.
A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana
A1 - Röder, Bettina
A1 - Bouzek, Karel
A1 - Paulus, Beate
A1 - Roth, Christina
T1 - Following Adsorbed Intermediates on a Platinum Gas Diffusion Electrode in H3PO3-Containing Electrolytes Using In Situ X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy
N2 - One of the challenges of high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells is the poisoning of the Pt catalystwith H3PO4. H3PO4 is imbibed into the routinely used polybenzimidazole-based membranes, which facilitate Proton conductivity in the temperature range of 120−200 °C. However, when leached out of the membrane by water produced during operation, H3PO4 adsorbs on the Pt catalyst surface, blocking the active sites and hindering the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR).
The reduction of H3PO4 to H3PO3, which occurs at the anode due to a combination of a low potential and the presence of gaseous H2, has been investigated as an additional important contributing factor to the observed poisoning effect. H3PO3 has an affinity toward adsorption on Pt surfaces even greater than that of H2PO4 −. In this work, we investigated the poisoning effect of both H3PO3 and H3PO4 using a half-cell setup with a gas diffusion electrode under ambient conditions. By means of in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy, it was possible to follow the signature of different species adsorbed on the Pt nanoparticle catalyst (H, O, H2PO4 −, and H3PO3) at different potentials under ORR conditions in various electrolytes (HClO4, H3PO4, and H3PO3). It was found that H3PO3 adsorbs in a pyramidal configuration P(OH)3 through a Pt−P bond. The competition between H3PO4 and H3PO3 adsorption was studied, which should allow for a better understanding of the catalyst poisoning mechanism and thus assist in the development of strategies to mitigate this phenomenon in the future by minimizing H3PO3 generation by, for example, improved catalyst design or adapted operation conditions or changes in the electrolyte composition.
KW - H3PO4 life cycle
KW - XAS
KW - In situ coupling
KW - High-temperature fuel cells
KW - H3PO3,
KW - Δμ XANES
PY - 2022
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.2c02630
SN - 2155-5435
VL - 12
IS - 18
SP - 11472
EP - 11484
PB - American Chemical Society (ACS)
AN - OPUS4-64733
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Peters, Stefan
A1 - Bartling, Stephan
A1 - Parlinska-Wojtan, Magdalena
A1 - Wotzka, Alexander
A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana
A1 - Wohlrab, Sebastian
A1 - Abdel-Mageed, Ali M.
T1 - Stabilization of intermediate Mo oxidation states by Nb doping enhancing methane aromatization on Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts
N2 - The dehydroaromatization of methane is a promising process to produce aromatics and ultra-pure hydrogen. Increased yields and stability of Mo/HZSM-5 against irreversible deactivation were achieved via a redox interaction by doping with otherwise inert Nb.
KW - General Materials Science
KW - Sustainability and the Environment
KW - General Chemistry
KW - Renewable Energy
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-597670
DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D3TA07532J
SN - 2050-7488
SP - 1
EP - 16
PB - Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
AN - OPUS4-59767
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - C. Pardo Pérez, L.
A1 - Arndt, A.
A1 - Stojkovikj, S.
A1 - Y. Ahmet, I.
A1 - T. Arens,, J.
A1 - Dattila, F.
A1 - Wendt, R.
A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana
A1 - Radtke, Martin
A1 - Davies, V.
A1 - Höflich, K.
A1 - Köhnen, E.
A1 - Tockhorn, P.
A1 - Golnak, R.
A1 - Xiao, J.
A1 - Schuck, G.
A1 - Wollgarten, M.
A1 - López, N.
A1 - T. Mayer, M.
T1 - Determining Structure-Activity Relationships in Oxide Derived CuSn Catalysts During CO2 Electroreduction Using X-Ray Spectroscopy
N2 - The development of earth-abundant catalysts for selective electrochemical CO2 conversion is a central challenge. Cu-Sn bimetallic catalysts can yield selective CO2 reduction toward either CO or formate. This study presents oxide-derived Cu-Sn catalysts tunable for either product and seeks to understand the synergetic effects between Cu and Sn causing these selectivity trends. The materials undergo significant transformations under CO2 reduction conditions, and their dynamic bulk and surface structures are revealed by correlating observations from multiple methods—X-ray absorption spectroscopy for in situ study, and quasi in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for surface sensitivity. For both types of catalysts, Cu transforms to metallic Cu0 under reaction conditions. However, the Sn speciation and content differ significantly between the catalyst types: the CO-selective catalysts exhibit a surface Sn content of 13 at. % predominantly present as oxidized Sn, while the formate-selective catalysts display an Sn content of ≈70 at. % consisting of both metallic Sn0 and Sn oxide species. Density functional theory simulations suggest that Snδ+ sites weaken CO adsorption, thereby enhancing CO selectivity, while Sn0 sites hinder H adsorption and promote formate production. This study reveals the complex dependence of catalyst structure, composition, and speciation with electrochemical bias in bimetallic Cu catalysts.
KW - Electrochemical CO2 conversion
KW - Cu catalysts
KW - X-ray absorption spectroscopy
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-547116
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202103328
SN - 1614-6832
VL - 12
IS - 5
SP - 2103328
PB - Wiley-VCH GmbH
AN - OPUS4-54711
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Sturm, Patrick
A1 - Moye, J.
A1 - Gluth, Gregor
A1 - Vogler, Nico
A1 - Taffe, A.
A1 - Kühne, Hans-Carsten
ED - Rossignol, S.
ED - Gluth, Gregor
T1 - Properties of alkali-activated mortars with salt aggregate for sealing structures in evaporite rock
N2 - Concrete structures for sealing of tunnels in the host rock are an essential part of systems for nuclear waste storage. However, concretes based on blended cements or magnesium oxychloride cements, which are commonly considered for this application, can deteriorate severely due to a significant heat of hydration and associated deformation and cracking. Alkali-activated materials (AAMs) offer a potential solution to this problem because of their low heat release during hardening. To explore their suitability for the construction of sealing structures in evaporite rock, various AAMs with salt aggregate were studied regarding fresh properties, heat release, mechanical properties and microstructure. The heat of reaction of the AAMs was up to 55% lower than that of a blended cement designed for sealing structures, indicating significant benefits for the intended application. Other relevant properties such as mechanical strength and permeability depended strongly on the mix-design of the AAMs and curing conditions.
KW - Alkali-activated materials
KW - Geopolymers
KW - Nuclear waste storage
KW - Sealing structures
KW - Evaporite rock
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-519422
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceram.2020.100041
SN - 2666-5395
VL - 5
IS - Special issue: Alkali-activated materials and geopolymers in ceramics and beyond
SP - 1
EP - 8
PB - Elsevier
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-51942
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kästle, Emanuel
A1 - Duffner, Eric
A1 - Ghaznavi, Ali
T1 - DAVID Project meeting 23.09.2025
N2 - Yearly report on the DAVID project, presented in front of the consortial partners. The report shows the progress achieved by the DAVID project team at BAM in terms of testing newly developed carbon-fiber reinforced pressure vessels of type IV.
T2 - DAVID project meeting
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 23.09.2025
KW - Acoustic Emission
KW - Pressure Vessels
KW - DAVID project
KW - Damage monitoring
KW - Fiber reinforced polymers
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65289
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Baer, Wolfram
T1 - On the assessment of dynamic fracture toughness of ferritic ductile cast iron using the master curve concept
N2 - An established and validated method to determine and assess dynamic fracture toughness values of ferritic ductile cast iron (DCI) in the ductile-to-brittle transition regime is currently not available. Although the ASME-Code, Sect. III, Div. 3, WC-2330 explicitly requires safety assessment considerations for dynamic loading, sufficiently substantial information on the procedure is not given. Therefore, the applicability of the probabilistic Master Curve (MC) concept according to ASTM E1921 to DCI is being investigated in the joint German research project MCGUSS conducted by BAM Berlin and MPA Stuttgart. Using a tailored manufacturing specification, a DCI material of grade GJS-400 has been casted to provide a test material which is very homogeneous but typical for heavy-sections. The experimental test program covers test specimens of various geometries and sizes (Tensile, Charpy-V, Pellini, SE(B)10, SE(B)25, SE(B)140, DC(T)9, C(T)25 and C(T)50). In total about 500 specimens will be tested to investigate and validate the Master Curve concept and its background for DCI (e.g. size effects, weakest-link, Weibull distribution, microstructure-property correlation). While the whole project has not yet concluded, several work packages have already been completed. This presentation is focused on dynamic large-scale fracture mechanics test series using SE(B)140 specimens and instrumented Charpy impact testing using ISO-V specimens.
T2 - European Conference on Fracture 2024
CY - Zagreb, Croatia
DA - 26.08.2024
KW - Dynamic fracture toughness
KW - Ductile cast iron
KW - Master curve concept
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-61452
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Baer, Wolfram
T1 - Recent Results on the Investigation of the Master Curve Concept for Ferritic Ductile Cast Iron
N2 - Within the current framework for safety assessment of ferritic ductile cast iron (DCI) containers for transport as well as interim and final storage of radioactive materials, the IAEA guidelines SSG 26 apply fracture mechanics principles. Crack initiation in either, stable or unstable modes is generally forbidden. Additionally, for DCI, the ASME-Code, Sect. III, Div. 3, WC-2330, explicitly requires a safety proof regarding dynamic loading conditions. Nevertheless, corresponding information given in the ASME Code does not seem to be sufficient to appropriately perform a dynamic fracture mechanics safety assessment for DCI. To address and improve this status of the dynamic brittle fracture safety assessment framework for DCI, the application of the fracture mechanics master curve (MC) concept to DCI is being investigated in an ongoing joint research project (acronym MCGUSS) between BAM Berlin and MPA Stuttgart. For ferritic DCI, the MCGUSS project addresses the currently lacking systematic review of applicability and potential modifications to the assumptions and the procedure according to ASTM E1921. The aim is to establish a methodology to determine and assess dynamic fracture toughness values of DCI in the ductile-to-brittle transition regime using small samples extracted from a component. The research approach and the planned investigations were outlined in more detail earlier. This paper is focused on the discussion of recent experimental results to establish the dynamic fracture mechanics toughness data base and its MC analyses. MCGUSS fracture mechanics test setups and the dynamic fracture toughness data base achieved at the time of abstract submission is discussed (covering 128 specimens). Current application limits of ASTM E1921 MC to DCI are discussed, and planned investigations to further investigate and modify the MC procedure for DCI are outlined.
T2 - ASTM 23rd International ASTM/ESIS Symposium on Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics
CY - Atlanta, GA, USA
DA - 12.11.2025
KW - Dynamic fracture toughness
KW - Ductile cast iron
KW - Safety assessment
KW - Master curve
KW - Statistics
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64746
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Holzwarth, Marcel
A1 - Baer, Wolfram
T1 - Investigation of the Master Curve Concept for Ferritic Ductile Cast Iron
N2 - The current framework for safety assessment of ferritic ductile cast iron (DCI) containers for transport and storage of radioactive materials applies fracture mechanics principles. As established by the IAEA safety standard SSG 26, prevention of crack initiation is the governing criterion and no reliance in design should be placed on any predicted ductile tearing resistance. Similarly, the ASME-Code, Sect. III, Div. 3 explicitly deals with DCI and requires a safety proof for dynamic loading conditions. However, information given in the guidelines does not seem to be sufficient to appropriately perform such dynamic fracture mechanics safety assessments. The ongoing German research project MCGUSS is tailored to tackle this status. In MCGUSS, the application potential of the probabilistic fracture mechanics master curve (MC) concept according to ASTM E1921 is being systematically investigated and potential modifications specific for dynamic brittle fracture of DCI will be identified. While MCGUSS covers testing of a high number of SE(B)- and C(T)-type specimens, this poster focuses on preliminary C(T) results. The obtained data was statistically analyzed, and current results of MC analyses are discussed. Special emphasis of MCGUSS is on using optical and scanning electron microscopy to link microstructural damage and failure processes to the fracture toughness data gained. A fracture mechanism called "specimen size-dependent arrest of local brittle fractures before global brittle failure by weakest link" is proposed to describe the established dynamic toughness data. Concerning the MC concept, it was shown that the ASTM E1921 procedure cannot simply be adopted to dynamic DCI toughness data on a one-to-one basis. Material specific modifications are being investigated and the DCI dynamic fracture toughness data base is to be expanded.
T2 - MPA Conference 2025
CY - Stuttgart, Germany
DA - 06.10.2025
KW - Dynamic fracture toughness
KW - Ductile cast iron
KW - Safety assessment
KW - Master curve
KW - Statistics
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-64367
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Baer, Wolfram
T1 - Experimental determination and analysis of dynamic fracture toughness data of ductile cast iron
N2 - Ductile Cast Iron materials (DCI) have become important structural materials. Neverthe-less, to draw maximum benefit from DCIs property potential, tailored testing methods must be provided. The established dynamic Jd-R and CTOD 5d-R curve procedures are based on material specifically developed, independent experimental techniques but pro-vide almost matching results. This can be seen as additional validation of the Jd procedure which was mandatory.
T2 - 14th International Conference on Fracture (ICF 14)
CY - Rhodes, Greece
DA - 18.07.2017
KW - Ductile cast iron
KW - Fracture mechanics
KW - Dynamic loading
KW - Crack resistance curve
KW - CTOD
KW - J-integral
PY - 2017
AN - OPUS4-42727
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Holzwarth, Marcel
A1 - Baer, Wolfram
A1 - Mayer, Uwe
A1 - Weihe, Stephan
T1 - Investigation of the Master Curve Concept for Ferritic Ductile Cast Iron
N2 - Within fracture mechanics safety assessment for steels in nuclear technology, the probabilistic master curve (MC) concept according to ASTM E1921 is currently used for quasi-static loading conditions as a supplement to the established deterministic ASME reference curve concept. However, for ductile cast iron (DCI), a systematic review of potential modifications to the assumptions and the procedure according to ASTM E1921 and an associated validation are still lacking. For this reason, the application of the fracture mechanics MC concept to ferritic ductile cast iron is being investigated in a recently started joint research project between MPA Stuttgart and BAM Berlin. According to the IAEA guidelines SSG 26, the safety assessment of DCI containers for transport as well as storage of radioactive materials is based on the fracture mechanics criterion of general crack initiation exclusion. Within this context, the focus of the current research project is on the further development of brittle fracture safety assessment methods. Therefore, a methodology shall be established to determine and assess dynamic fracture toughness values of DCI in the ductile-to-brittle transition regime, using samples extracted from a component. For the experimental program, a DCI material will be produced as it is generally used for transport and storage containers. A basic mechanical-technological material characterization consisting of tensile, Charpy and Pellini tests is planned and a comprehensive fracture mechanics test program was compiled covering dynamic testing of DC(T)9, C(T)25, C(T)50, SE(B)10, SE(B)25, and SE(B)140 specimens. Numerical analyses of different specimen geometries and test setups are planned to investigate the influences of stress triaxiality and loading rate. Throughout the experimental program, the microstructure-property relationship will be investigated based on quantitative metallographic and fractographic analyses. Finally, different MC assessment strategies will be considered and modifications will be made if necessary.
T2 - 21st International Symposium ASTM/ESIS Symposium on Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics
CY - Washington, DC, USA
DA - 08.11.2023
KW - Ductile Cast Iron
KW - Dynamic Fracture Toughness
KW - Cleavage Fracture
KW - Master Curve Concept
PY - 2023
SP - 1
EP - 5
PB - ASTM International
CY - West Conshohocken, PA
AN - OPUS4-59064
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Holzwarth, Marcel
A1 - Baer, Wolfram
A1 - Mayer, Uwe
A1 - Weihe, Stefan
T1 - Master Curve-Auswertungen und Untersuchung des Größeneffekts für c(t)-proben - Aktuelle Erkenntnisse zur Untersuchung des Master Curve Konzepts für ferritisches Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit bei dynamischer Beanspruchung
N2 - Ausgehend vom Stand des Regelwerkes und der Forschung wird in einem BMUV-Verbundprojekt zwischen der MPA Stuttgart und der BAM Berlin die Anwendung des Master Curve (MC)-Konzepts auf ferritisches Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit (DCI) untersucht. Ziel des Verbundprojekts ist die Anwendbarkeit des MC-Konzepts näher zu untersuchen und ggf. Modifikationen vorzunehmen, um eine Bewertungsmethode für die dynamische Bruchzähigkeit von DCI im Übergangsbereich zu erarbeiten. Auf den Jahrestagungen 2023 und 2024 des DVM-AK Bruchmechanik und Bauteilsicherheit wurden bereits der Forschungsansatz sowie erste Ergebnisse des Projekts MCGUSS präsentiert. Der Beitrag für die diesjährige Tagung soll nun MC-Auswertungen und den Größeneffekt für C(T)-Proben aus DCI diskutieren.
T2 - 57. Tagung des DVM-Arbeitskreises Bruchmechanik und Bauteilsicherheit
CY - Köln, Germany
DA - 18.02.2025
KW - Versuche
KW - Master Curve
KW - Bruchmechanik
KW - Dynamische Beanspruchung
KW - Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit
PY - 2025
DO - https://doi.org/10.48447/BR-2025-495
SP - 123
EP - 129
PB - DVM-Verlag
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-62555
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Holzwarth, Marcel
A1 - Mayer, Uwe
A1 - Baer, Wolfram
T1 - Investigating the Applicability of the Master Curve Concept for Ductile Cast Iron – Early Results for 2 Different Test Temperatures
N2 - Based on the state-of-the-art research and regulations, the application of the fracture mechanics master curve (MC) concept to ferritic ductile cast iron (DCI) is being investigated in a joint research project between MPA Stuttgart and BAM Berlin. This paper outlines the research approach, the planned investigations and first results of the experimental program.
T2 - 8th SEDS Workshop: Safety of Extended Dry Storage
CY - Garching, Germany
DA - 15.05.2024
KW - Dynamic fracture
KW - Brittle fracture
KW - Ductile cast iron
KW - Master Curve
PY - 2024
SP - 1
EP - 4
AN - OPUS4-60013
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Ha, Q. L. M.
A1 - Armbruster, U.
A1 - Atia, Hanan
A1 - Lund, H.
A1 - Agostini, G.
A1 - Radnik, Jörg
A1 - Vuong, H. T.
A1 - Martin, A.
T1 - Development of active and stable low nickel content catalysts for dry reforming of methane
N2 - Methane dry reforming (DRM) was investigated over highly active Ni catalysts with low metal content (2.5wt%) supported on Mg-Al mixed oxide. The aim was to minimize carbon Deposition and metal sites agglomeration on the working catalyst which are known to cause catalyst deactivation.
The solids were characterized using N2 adsorption, X-ray diffraction, temperature-programmed reduction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The results showed that MgO-Al2O3 solid solution phases are obtained when calcining Mg-Al hydrotalcite precursor in the temperature range of 550–800 °C. Such phases contribute to the high activity of catalysts with low Ni content even at low temperature (500 °C). Modifying the catalyst preparation with citric acid significantly slows the coking rate and reduces the size of large octahedrally coordinated NiO-like domains, which may easily agglomerate on the surface during DRM. The most effective Ni catalyst shows a stable DRM course over 60 h at high weight hourly space velocity with very low coke deposition. This is a promising result for considering such catalyst systems for further development of an industrial DRM technology.
KW - Dry reforming of methane
KW - Carbon dioxide
KW - Ni
PY - 2017
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-402904
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/catal7050157
SN - 2073-4344
VL - 7
IS - 5
SP - 157, 1
EP - 157, 17
PB - MDPI
AN - OPUS4-40290
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Broichert, C.
A1 - Klingenhof, M.
A1 - Frisch, M.
A1 - Dresp, S.
A1 - Kubo, N.M.
A1 - Artz, J.
A1 - Radnik, Jörg
A1 - Palkovits, S.
A1 - Beine, A.K.
A1 - Strasser, P.
A1 - Palkovits, R.
T1 - Particle size-controlled synthesis of highperformance MnCo-based materials for alkaline OER at fluctuating potentials
N2 - For the large-scale generation of hydrogen via water electrolysis the design of long term stable and active catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) remains a key challenge. Most catalysts suffer from severe structural corrosion that becomes even more pronounced at fluctuating potentials. Herein, MnCo based cubic particles were prepared via a hydrothermal approach, in which the edge length of the micron-sized particles can be controlled by changing the pH value of the precursor solution. The cubes are composed of varying amounts of MnCo2O4, CoCO3 and a mixed (Mn/Co)CO3 phase. Structure–activity relationships were deduced revealing a volcano-type behavior for the intrinsic OER activity and fraction of spinel oxide phase.
A low overpotential of 0.37 V at 10 mA cm−2 and a stability of more than 25 h was achieved in 1.0 M KOH using a rotating disc electrode (RDE) setup. The best performing catalyst material was successfully tested under dynamic process conditions for 9.5 h and shows a superior catalytic activity as anode for the Overall water splitting in an electrolyser setup in 1.0 M KOH at 333 K compared to a reference NiCo-spinel catalyst.
KW - Water electrolysis
KW - Oxygen evolution reaction
KW - Structure activity relationships
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-536050
DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d1cy00905b
SN - 2044-4753
VL - 11
IS - 12
SP - 7278
EP - 7286
PB - Royal Society of Chemistry
AN - OPUS4-53605
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Baer, Wolfram
T1 - Statistische Auswertung der SE(B)-Bruchzähigkeitsdatenbasis und Untersuchungen zum Bruchmechanismus - Neue Ergebnisse zur Untersuchung des Master Curve Konzepts für ferritisches Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit bei dynamischer Beanspruchung (Projekt MCGUSS)
N2 - Die Zielstellung des laufenden Kooperationsprojektes MCGUSS zwischen der BAM Berlin und der MPA Stuttgart ist es, das probabilistische Master Curve (MC)-Konzept hinsichtlich seiner Übertragbarkeit auf ferritisches Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit (DCI) zu untersuchen. Über Teilergebnisse der Arbeiten wurde bereits auf den Jahrestagungen 2023 bis 2025 des DVM-AK Bruchmechanik und Bauteilsicherheit berichtet. Der vorliegende Beitrag hat zwei Schwerpunkte.
Zum einen wurde die Datenbasis der dynamischen Bruchzähigkeit für SE(B)-Proben der Dicken 10 mm, 25 mm und 140 mm auf insgesamt 101 Versuche bei Temperaturen von -40 °C bis -140 °C erweitert, statistisch ausgewertet sowie MC-Analysen unterzogen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Daten sich zwar mit einer Weibullverteilung gut beschreiben lassen, die MC-Methode nach ASTM E1921 jedoch nicht ohne Weiteres anwendbar ist, sondern Modifikationen erforderlich sind.
Des Weiteren werden neue Ergebnisse zum werkstoffspezifischen Bruchmechanismus bei dynamischer Belastung im unteren Übergangsbereich der Zähigkeit diskutiert. Die fraktographische Datenbank wurde durch REM-Analysen weiterer Bruchflächen von SE(B)25-Proben bei -40 °C, -60 °C und -80 °C ergänzt. Die Ergebnisse unterstreichen die prägende Rolle, die Rissarrestereignissen im Verlauf des dynamischen Sprödbruchversagens bei DCI zukommt. Der in MCGUSS zur Erklärung eines gegenüber Stahl inversen Probengrößeneinflusses vorgeschlagene Mechanismus „Specimen size-dependent arrest of local brittle fractures before global brittle failure by weakest link“ wird dadurch weiter unterstützt.
T2 - DVM-Jahrestagung 2026 des Arbeitskreises Bruchmechanik und Bauteilsicherheit
CY - Stuttgart, Germany
DA - 24.02.2026
KW - Dynamic fracture toughness
KW - Ductile cast iron
KW - Safety assessment
KW - Master curve
KW - Statistics
PY - 2026
AN - OPUS4-65593
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sander, Luise
T1 - Linking material and electrode properties to the cell performance of commercially available sodium-ion cells
N2 - As the first commercial sodium-ion-batteries (SIBs) are available for purchase, it is possible to investigate material composition. Gaining an insight into the material composition of these SIBs is of interest not only for the classification of possible safety risks and hazards, but also in regard to recycling. Herein we report the preliminary investigations of the chemical and structural composition of first commercial SIB-cells.[1,2] Two different SIB-cell types were compared in terms of electrode size, thickness, loading etc. Furthermore, the composition of the active materials and electrolyte was investigated and compared. Finally, the gained results were linked to the different data sheet performance of the two cell types.
T2 - Batterieforum Deutschland 2026
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 20.01.2026
KW - Electrochemical Energy Storage
KW - Battery
KW - Sodium-ion-battery
KW - EES
KW - Energy Storage
PY - 2026
AN - OPUS4-65588
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Lange, Diana
A1 - Hahn, Oliver
T1 - Colours on Maps - Purpose and Materiality
N2 - Colours are an inseparable attribute of most maps. While colouring seems at first glance simply superficial ‘prettifying’ of maps, most maps were given colours for other reasons: colour is an important key to understanding the function and use of maps. The use of colours, the choice of where to assign them and the meaning given to them has accordingly never been static but has changed over time. In this context, the three aspects: colour system, colour scheme, and colour code are of particular importance.
Material scientific analysis makes it possible to find out more about the material composition of colourants (pigments and dyes) on maps. The study of colourants provides insights into the production conditions and use of maps. Furthermore, it offers clues about colour changes and forms the basis for appropriate restoration concepts.
T2 - Maps. Digital. Analogue
CY - Oxford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
DA - 26.02.2026
KW - Maps
KW - Colours
KW - Archaeometry
KW - Aging
PY - 2026
AN - OPUS4-65599
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Rautenberg, Max
A1 - Gernhard, M.
A1 - Radnik, Jörg
A1 - Witt, Julia
A1 - Roth, C.
A1 - Emmerling, Franziska
T1 - Mechanochemical synthesis of fluorine-containing Co-doped zeolitic imidazolate frameworks for producing electrocatalysts
N2 - Catalysts derived from pyrolysis of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising candidates to replace expensive and scarce platinum-based electrocatalysts commonly used in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. MOFs contain ordered connections between metal centers and organic ligands. They can be pyrolyzed into metal- and nitrogen-doped carbons, which show electrocatalytic activity toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Furthermore, metal-free heteroatom-doped carbons, such as N-F-Cs, are known for being active as well. Thus, a carbon material with Co-N-F doping could possibly be even more promising as ORR electrocatalyst. Herein, we report the mechanochemical synthesis of two polymorphs of a zeolitic imidazole framework, Co-doped zinc 2-trifluoromethyl-1H-imidazolate (Zn0.9Co0.1(CF3-Im)2). Time-resolved in situ X-ray diffraction studies of the mechanochemical formation revealed a direct conversion of starting materials to the products. Both polymorphs of Zn0.9Co0.1(CF3-Im)2 were pyrolyzed, yielding Co-N-F containing carbons, which are active toward electrochemical ORR.
KW - Mechanochemistry
KW - Metal-organic-frameworks
KW - Nobel-metal free electrocatalysis
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-546833
DO - https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2022.840758
SN - 2296-2646
VL - 10
IS - 840758
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - Frontiers Media
CY - Lausanne
AN - OPUS4-54683
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - THES
A1 - Hesse, Almut
T1 - Entwicklung immunchemischer Methoden zur Spurenanalytik der Sprengstoffe Nitropenta und Trinitrotoluol
N2 - Pentaerythrityltetranitrat (PETN), ein in jüngster Vergangenheit häufig von Terroristen verwendeter Sprengstoff, ist äußerst schwer zu detektieren. Ein verbesserter Antikörper gegen PETN wurde durch Anwendung des Konzepts des bioisosteren Ersatzes entwickelt,indem ein Nitroester durch einen Carbonsäurediester ersetzt wurde. Biostere Moleküle haben eine ähnliche Struktur wie die Referenzsubstanz und zeigen eine vergleichbare biologische Wirkung. Dieser Ansatz führte zu polyklonalen Antikörpern mit extrem guter Selektivität und Sensitivität. Die Nachweisgrenze des Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISAs) beträgt 0,15 μg/L. Der Messbereich des Immunassays liegt zwischen 1 und 1000 μg/L. Die Antikörper sind sowohl hinreichend pH-stabil als auch robust gegen Lösungsmittelzusätze. Das Antiserum könnte auch für Schnelltests, Biosensoren, Mikro-Arrays und andere analytische Methoden verwendet werden.
Für die Umweltanalytik von Trinitrotoluol (TNT) wurde eine Hochdruckflüssigkeitschromatographie (HPLC)-kompatible Affinitätssäule hergestellt. Druckbeständiges, poröses Glas hat sich als ein hervorragendes Trägermaterial herauskristallisiert. Um selektive anti-TNT-Antikörper für die Herstellung der Affinitätssäule aus den beiden verwendeten TNT-Seren zu isolieren, wurde eine Trennung an einer Dinitrophenyl-Affinitätssäule durchgeführt. Zur Optimierung der Immobilisierungsmethode wurden orangefarbene Dabsyl -Proteine synthetisiert und auf der Oberfläche gebunden. Die Färbung wurde als Indikator für die Immobilisierungsdichte verwendet. Wegen der hohen Affinitätskonstanten der polyklonalen anti-TNT-Antikörper der beiden Seren (5,1 bzw. 2,3∙109 L/mol) lässt sich TNT durch eine typische saure Elution der TNT-Affinitätssäule nur schwer eluieren. Aus diesem Grund wurde eine neuartige Elutionsmethode entwickelt, die irreversible, denaturierende, thermische Online -Elution.
Diese eröffnet ein weites Anwendungsfeld, da so Affinitäten, die klass ischerweise aufgrund zu hoher Bindungskonstanten zwischen Ligand und Rezeptor nicht für die Affinitätschromatographie genutzt werden können, für die Analytik besser handhabbar werden. Die maximale Kapazität einer im Rahmen dieser Arbeit hergestellten Affinitätssäule (64,8 μL) betrug 650 ng TNT bzw. 10 μg/mL Säulenvolumen.
Um die Immobilisierungsdichte der produzierten Affinitätssäulen zu bestimmen, wurde ein neues Verfahren entwickelt, da die üblichen spektroskopischen Proteinbestimmungsmethoden aufgrund der hohen unspezifischen Wechselwirkung mit dem Trägermaterial zur Proteinbestimmung nicht geeignet waren. Zur Quantifizierung von Proteinen oder Peptiden,die auf festen Trägern immobilisiert sind, wurde auf Grundlage einer HPLC-Trennung der aromatischen Aminosäuren Tyrosin (Tyr) und Phenylalanin (Phe) ohne vorherige Derivatisierung eine gegenüber der klassischen Aminosäureanalytik vereinfachte HPLC/UV-Methode entwickelt. Die Hydrolyse der Proteine und Peptide wurde durch Einsatz von Mikrowellentechnik beschleunigt, sodass nur 30 Minuten statt ca. 22 Stunden für das Standardprotokoll benötigt wurden, bei dem ein Hydrolyseröhrchen verwendet wird. Zur internen Kalibrierung wurden zwei Standardverbindungen, Homotyrosin (HTyr) und 4-Fluorphenylalanin (FPhe) verwendet. Die Nachweisgrenze (limit of detection, LOD) bei 215 nm ist sowohl für Tyr als auch für Phe 0,05 μM (~ 10 μg/L). Dieses neue Verfahren, das als Aromatische Aminosäureanalyse (Aromatic Amino Acid Analysis, AAAA) bezeichnet werden kann, wurde zur Proteinbestimmung von homogenen Proben mit Rinderserumalbumin (BSA) des Nationalen Instituts für Standards und Technologie der USA (NIST) validiert, wobei die Nachweisgrenze für Proteine mit 16 mg/L (~ 300 ng BSA) mit gängigen spektroskopischen Verfahren vergleichbar ist. Es liefert incl. der Hydrolysestufe eine verbesserte Genauigkeit mit einer relativen Standardabweichung von ca. 5%.
T3 - BAM Dissertationsreihe - 158
KW - Affinitätschromatographie
KW - Affinity chromatography
KW - Polyklonale TNT-Antikörper
KW - Immunassay
KW - Aromatische Aminosäureanalyse
KW - Polyclonal TNT-antibodies
KW - Polyclonal PETN-antibodies
KW - Immunoassay
KW - Aromatic amino acid analysis
KW - Polyklonale PETN-Antikörper
PY - 2017
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-417566
SN - 1613-4249
VL - 158
SP - I
EP - 234
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-41756
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Frechilla, A.
A1 - Martínez, E.
A1 - del Moral, J.
A1 - López-Santos, C.
A1 - Frechilla, J.
A1 - Nuñez-Gálvez, F.
A1 - López-Flores, V.
A1 - de la Fuente, G.F.
A1 - Hülagü, Deniz
A1 - Bonse, Jörn
A1 - González-Elipe, A.R.
A1 - Borrás, A.
A1 - Angurel, L.A.
T1 - Influence of near-edge Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS) on the electrical properties of fs-laser-machined ITO microcircuits
N2 - Scalable, cost-effective methods for processing transparent electrodes at the microscale are pivotal to advancing in electrochemistry, optoelectronics, microfluidics, and energy harvesting. In these fields, the precise fabrication of micrometric circuits and patterns plays a critical role in determining device performance, material compatibility, and integration with added-value substrates. In this context, Laser Subtractive Manufacturing stands out as a suitable microfabrication technique for its adaptability to diverse materials and complex configurations, as well as its straightforward scalability, affordability, and eco-friendly nature. However, a challenge in micromachining metals and metal oxides is the inherent formation of Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS), which can significantly impair electrical conductivity, particularly when circuit dimensions fall within the micrometer range. Herein, we investigate the micromachining of electrical microcircuits using ultrashort pulse laser systems applied to transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films. We analyze the formation of LIPSS at the edges of the micromachined regions associated with the Gaussian distribution of the energy within the laser spot, and the impact of these structures on the electrical properties of the circuits. Thus, we systematically evaluate the influence of LIPSS orientation and periodicity by fabricating various circuit patterns using femtosecond lasers at green (515 nm) and ultraviolet (UV) (343 nm) wavelengths. A correlation between electrical resistivity measurements and microstructure analysis, as determined by field emission scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy, reveals distinct effects of the formed nanostructures depending on the laser source and its polarization. For the green wavelength, the edge side regions where LIPSS are oriented perpendicular to the ITO track exhibit a resistance higher by a factor just above two compared to those where LIPSS are parallel. Additionally, UV laser processing results in a pronounced reduction of ITO thickness at the boundary between the LIPSS region and the substrate. The mechanisms for the formation of LIPSS with both wavelengths are also discussed. Furthermore, we have determined that in narrow conductive tracks with a width ranging from 6 to 8 µm, the impact of LIPSS is particularly significant because the LIPSS structured region occupies a dominant fraction of the total width.
KW - ITO
KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS)
KW - Laser subtractive manufacturing
KW - fs-laser processing
KW - Electrical properties
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-655921
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2026.166415
SN - 0169-4332
VL - 731
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-65592
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Baer, Wolfram
A1 - Ohm, Katrin
A1 - Holzwarth, Marcel
T1 - Statistische Auswertung der SE(B)-Bruchzähigkeitsdatenbasis und Untersuchungen zum Bruchmechanismus – neue Ergebnisse zur Untersuchung des Master Curve Konzepts für ferritisches Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit bei dynamischer Beanspruchung (Projekt MCGUSS)
N2 - Die Zielstellung des laufenden Kooperationsprojektes MCGUSS zwischen der BAM Berlin und der MPA Stuttgart ist es, das probabilistische Master Curve (MC)-Konzept hinsichtlich seiner Übertragbarkeit auf ferritisches Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit (DCI) zu untersuchen. Über Teilergebnisse der Arbeiten wurde bereits auf den Jahrestagungen 2023 bis 2025 des DVM-AK Bruchmechanik und Bauteilsicherheit berichtet. Der vorliegende Beitrag hat zwei Schwerpunkte.
Zum einen wurde die Datenbasis der dynamischen Bruchzähigkeit für SE(B)-Proben der Dicken 10 mm, 25 mm und 140 mm auf insgesamt 101 Versuche bei Temperaturen von -40 °C bis -140 °C erweitert, statistisch ausgewertet sowie MC-Analysen unterzogen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Daten sich zwar mit einer Weibullverteilung gut beschreiben lassen, die MC-Methode nach ASTM E1921 jedoch nicht ohne Weiteres anwendbar ist, sondern Modifikationen erforderlich sind.
Des Weiteren werden neue Ergebnisse zum werkstoffspezifischen Bruchmechanismus bei dynamischer Belastung im unteren Übergangsbereich der Zähigkeit diskutiert. Die fraktographische Datenbank wurde durch REM-Analysen weiterer Bruchflächen von SE(B)25-Proben bei -40 °C, -60 °C und -80 °C ergänzt. Die Ergebnisse unterstreichen die prägende Rolle, die Rissarrestereignissen im Verlauf des dynamischen Sprödbruchversagens bei DCI zukommt. Der in MCGUSS zur Erklärung eines gegenüber Stahl inversen Probengrößeneinflusses vorgeschlagene Mechanismus „Specimen size-dependent arrest of local brittle fractures before global brittle failure by weakest link“ wird dadurch weiter unterstützt.
T2 - DVM-Jahrestagung 2026 des Arbeitskreises Bruchmechanik und Bauteilsicherheit
CY - Stuttgart, Germany
DA - 24.02.2026
KW - Statistics
KW - Dynamic fracture toughness
KW - Ductile cast iron
KW - Master curve
KW - Safety assessment
PY - 2026
SP - 1
EP - 12
PB - DVM-Verlag
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-65591
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Askar, Enis
T1 - Safety in Energy Gases "Explosion Protection"
N2 - The legal framework and standards for explosion protection are presented briefly and than the three basic principles of explosion protection are shown one by one: Avoiding Explosive Mixtures, Avoiding Ignition Sources and Mitigation of Consequences. For each of these the relevant safety characteristics and methods of implementation are shown. Finally references for Safety characteristic data and literature sources are shown and the safety characteristics of different fuel gases are summarized and compared.
T2 - European Metrology Network for Energy Gases Training Session
CY - Online meeting
DA - 25.02.2026
KW - Safety characteristics
KW - Energy carrier
KW - Ignition
KW - Safety
PY - 2026
AN - OPUS4-65582
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - THES
A1 - Oberleitner, Lidia
T1 - Immunochemical determination of caffeine and carbamazepine in complex matrices using fluorescence polarization
N2 - Pharmacologically active compounds are omnipresent in contemporary daily life, in our food and in our environment. The fast and easy quantification of those substances is becoming a subject of global importance. The fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) is a homogeneous mix-and-read format and a suitable tool for this purpose that offers a high sample throughput. Yet, the applicability to complex matrices can be limited by possible interaction of matrix compounds with antibodies or tracer.
Caffeine is one of the most frequently consumed pharmacologically active compounds and is present in a large variety of consumer products, including beverages and cosmetics. Adverse health effects of high caffeine concentrations especially for pregnant women are under discussion. Therefore, and due to legal regulations, caffeine should be monitored. Automated FPIA measurements enabled the precise and accurate quantification of caffeine in beverages and cosmetics within 2 min. Samples could be highly diluted before analysis due to high assay sensitivity in the low μg/L range. Therefore, no matrix effects were observed.
The antiepileptic drug carbamazepine (CBZ) is discussed as a marker for the elimination efficiency of wastewater treatment plants and the dispersion of their respective effluents in surface water. The development of a FPIA for CBZ included the synthesis and evaluation of different tracers. Using the optimum tracer CBZ-triglycine-5-(aminoacetamido) fluorescein, CBZ concentrations in surface waters could be measured on different platforms: one sample within 4 min in tubes or 24 samples within 20 min on microtiter plates (MTPs). For this study, a commercially available antibody was used, which led to overestimations with recovery rates up to 140% due to high cross-reactivities towards CBZ metabolites and other pharmaceuticals.
For more accurate CBZ determination, a new monoclonal antibody was produced. In this attempt, methods for improving the monitoring during the production process were successfully applied, including feces screening and cell culture supernatant screening with FPIA. The new monoclonal antibody is highly specific for CBZ and showed mostly negligible cross-reactivities towards environmentally relevant compounds. Measurements at non-equilibrium state improved the sensitivity and selectivity of the developed FPIA due to slow binding kinetics of the new antibody. Additionally, this measure enables for CBZ determination over a measurement range of almost three orders of magnitude. The comprehensively characterized antibody was successfully applied for the development of sensitive homogeneous and heterogeneous immunoassays.
The new antibody made the development of an on-site measurement system for the determination of CBZ in wastewater possible. After comprehensive optimization, this automated FPIA platform allows the precise quantification of CBZ in wastewater samples only pre-treated by filtration within 16 min. Recovery rates of 61 to 104% were observed. Measurements in the low μg/L range are possible without the application of tedious sample preparation techniques.
Different FPIA platforms including MTPs, cuvettes and tubes were successfully applied. For the choice of the right format, the application field should be considered, e.g. desired sample throughput, usage for optimization or characterization of antibodies or if a set-up for routine measurements is sought for. For high sample throughput and optimization, FPIA performance on MTPs is advantageous. The best results for the application to real samples were obtained using kinetic FP measurements in cuvettes.
T3 - BAM Dissertationsreihe - 154
KW - Antibody
KW - Coffee
KW - ELISA
KW - Fluorophore tracer
KW - Wastewater
PY - 2016
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-392506
SN - 978-3-9818270-2-6
SN - 1613-4249
VL - 154
SP - 1
EP - 124
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-39250
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Rautenberg, Max
A1 - Bhattacharya, Biswajit
A1 - Witt, Julia
A1 - Jain, Mohit
A1 - Emmerling, Franziska
T1 - In situ time-resolved monitoring of mixed-ligand metal–organic framework mechanosynthesis
N2 - The mechanism of mixed-ligand metal–organic framework (MOF) formation, and the possible role of intermediate single-ligand metal complexes during mechanosynthesis, have not been explored yet. For the first time, we report here in situ real-time monitoring of the mechanochemical formation mechanism of mixed-ligand MOFs. Our results show that binary phases can act as intermediates or competing products in one-pot and stepwise synthesis.
KW - Mechanochemistry
KW - Metal-organic-frameworks
KW - In situ X-ray diffraction
KW - Mixed-ligand MOFs
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-558167
DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D2CE00803C
SP - 1
EP - 4
PB - Royal Society of Chemistry
AN - OPUS4-55816
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - INPR
A1 - Morcillo, Dalia
A1 - Oelze, Marcus
A1 - Seena Prem, Pranav
A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana
A1 - Emmerling, Franziska
A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian
A1 - Panne, Ulrich
A1 - Abad Andrade, Carlos Enrique
T1 - Lithium isotope fractionation as an early indicator of degradation mechanisms in lithium-ion batteries
N2 - Aging in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) degrades performance and hinders sustainability, demanding advanced diagnostics for early failure prediction. We investigate lithium isotope fractionation (LIF) as an innovative probe of degradation in lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) coin cells aged over 0−700 cycles. High-precision multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) quantified δ7Li variations across cell stages: non-cycled (0 cycles), newly formed (5 cycles), semi-aged (250 cycles), and fully aged (700 cycles). During early cycling (≤ 45 cycles), chemical processes drive 7Li enrichment at the anode (δ7Li vs LSVEC = +12 ‰) through solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation, while the cathode depletes in 7Li (δ7Li vs LSVEC = −0.7 ‰). Beyond 45 cycles, electric field-induced migration predominates, promoting 6Li intercalation into the anode and increasing the δ7Li of the cathode by 8.1 ‰. Mass balance verifies isotope conservation, attributing shifts to redistribution and trapping. Complementary electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy and diffraction confirm SEI expansion, cobalt oxidation, lattice shrinkage, and changes in electrode structure, corroborating LIF trends. Notably, a δ7Li inflection at approximately 270 cycles anticipates end-of-life by 70 cycles, surpassing traditional methods in sensitivity. LIF emerges as a predictive indicator of aging mechanisms, informing optimized designs for durable LIBs.
KW - Lithium isotope fractionation
KW - Lithium-ion batteries
KW - Degradation mechanisms
KW - LiCoO2 cathodes
KW - LCO
KW - Isotopic tracing
KW - Lithium isotopes
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-650945
DO - https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv-2025-16lvq
SP - 1
EP - 19
AN - OPUS4-65094
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Chakraborty, Gouri
A1 - Das, Prasenjit
A1 - Bhattacharya, Biswajit
A1 - Prinz, Carsten
A1 - Emmerling, Franziska
A1 - Thomas, Arne
T1 - Room-temperature superprotonic conductivity in COOH-functionalized multicomponent covalent organic frameworks
N2 - In solid materials, the development of hydrogen bonding (H-bonding) networks within pores is crucial for efficient proton conductance. In this study, a chemically stable carboxylic acid-functionalized, quinoline-linked 2D microporous covalent organic framework (COF) (Qy-COOH) was synthesized using the Doebner multicomponent reaction (MCR) and compared to a similar framework lacking the –COOH functionality (Qy-H), prepared via an MC Domino reaction. The proton conductivity of the –COOH-functionalized MCR-COF was significantly enhanced, reaching 10−2 S cm−1, attributed to strong H-bonding interactions between water molecules and the dangling –COOH groups within the COF pores. In contrast, the analogous Qy-H framework exhibited a much lower proton conductivity of 10−5 S cm−1, while an imine-based COF showed only 10−6 S cm−1. This work represents the first demonstration of a general strategy to achieve efficient proton conduction in a class of layered 2D –COOH-functionalized COFs, offering superprotonic conductivity without requiring additives at room temperature. The MCR-COF design approach provides a promising pathway for developing highly stable and high-performance proton-conducting materials.
KW - Multicomponebt
KW - COF
KW - Proton Conductivity
KW - Superprotonic
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-653526
DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SC06953J
SN - 2041-6520
SP - 1
EP - 9
PB - Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
AN - OPUS4-65352
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bhattacharya, Biswajit
A1 - Akhmetova, Irina
A1 - Rautenberg, Max
A1 - Emmerling, Franziska
T1 - Mechanochemical synthesis of phosphonate-based proton conducting metal organic frameworks and hydrogen-bonded metal phosphonates
N2 - Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are one of the most promising alternative green energy technologies that deliver high energy density without CO2 emissions. The proton conductivity of proton exchange membranes (PEM) contributes to the overall efficiency of a PEMFC. Materials being used as PEMs must exhibit high proton conductivity at the working conditions of the targeted PEMFC. To date, Nafion and Nafion-like polymers with acidic functionality are widely used as membrane materials due to their high proton conductivity in the range of 10-1 to 10-2 Scm-1 at higher relative humidity. However, these materials suffer from high costs, hazardous production process, and poor performance at high temperatures, limiting their versatility.
In this context, crystalline porous materials are recognized as promising proton conductors for the proton exchange membrane (PEM) in fuel cell technology, owing to their tunable framework structure. However, it is still challenging bulk synthesis for real-world applications of these materials. Herein, we present mechanochemical gram-scale synthesis of series of mixed ligand metal organic frameworks (MOFs) and metal hydrogen‐bonded organic frameworks (MHOFs) using phenylene diphosphonic acid and 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid with different bipyridyl type of ligands, respectively. In all cases, the existence of extensive hydrogen bonds with amphiprotic uncoordinated phosphonate hydroxyl and oxygen atoms, the frameworks exhibited high proton conductivity. The study demonstrates the potential of green mechanosynthesis for preparations of framework-based proton conducting materials in bulk scale for green energy generation.
T2 - 4th International Conference on Phosphonate Chemistry, Science and Technology, ICOPHOS-4
CY - Crete, Greece
DA - 02.10.2023
KW - Proton exchange membrane fuel cells
KW - Metal organic frameworks
KW - Proton conducting materials
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58837
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana
A1 - Radtke, Martin
A1 - Yusenko, Kirill
A1 - Stawski, Tomasz
A1 - Kulow, Anicó
A1 - Cakir, Cafer Tufan
A1 - Röder, Bettina
A1 - Naese, Christoph
A1 - Britzke, Ralf
A1 - Sintschuk, Michael
A1 - Emmerling, Franziska
T1 - BAMline - A real-life sample materials research beamline
N2 - With increasing demand and environmental concerns, researchers are exploring new materials that can perform as well or better than traditional materials while reducing environmental impact. The BAMline, a real-life sample materials research beamline, provides unique insights into materials’ electronic and chemical structure at different time and length scales. The beamline specializes in x-ray absorption spectroscopy, x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and tomography experiments. This enables real-time optimization of material properties and performance for various applications, such as energy transfer, energy storage, catalysis, and corrosion resistance. This paper gives an overview of the analytical methods and sample environments of the BAMline, which cover non-destructive testing experiments in materials science, chemistry, biology, medicine, and cultural heritage. We also present our own synthesis methods, processes, and equipment developed specifically for the BAMline, and we give examples of synthesized materials and their potential applications. Finally, this article discusses the future perspectives of the BAMline and its potential for further advances in sustainable materials research.
KW - Extended X-ray absorption fine structure
KW - Energy storage
KW - Environmental impacts
KW - Nondestructive testing techniques
KW - X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
KW - Corrosion
KW - Near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy
KW - X-ray absorption spectroscopy
PY - 2023
DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0157194
VL - 158
IS - 24
SP - 1
EP - 22
PB - AIP Publishing
AN - OPUS4-57824
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Dietzmann, Simon
T1 - Between Homogenous and Heterogenous Catalysis: Single-Atom-Catalysts
N2 - Catalysis is a very important process in chemistry as it lowers the energy barrier for chemical reactions. This saves energy and/or some reactions are only possible with a catalyst under the desired conditions (temperature and pressure). Catalysts can be roughly categorized depending on the phase they interact with the substrates in homogenous and heterogenous catalysis.
T2 - 5. Deutsche Tagung für Forschung mit Synchrotronstrahlung, Neutronen und Ionenstrahlen an Großgeräten (SNI2022)
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 05.09.2022
KW - Single-atom-catalyst
KW - Electrochemistry
KW - Porous carbons
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-61989
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hörmann, Anja Franziska
T1 - Next Level Grazing Incidence, Part I: Standardization of Calibration and Alignment for Grazing Incidence Small-Angle (X-ray) Scattering
N2 - We present initial results of our survey on grazing incidence methods which focuses on hardware, software, sample alignment and instrument calibration. We illustrate both sample alignment and sample-to-detector distance calibration with data recorded at the MOUSE and conclude with promising results from our Bayesian beam optimization procedure based on Gaussian Process regression.
T2 - XIX edition of the International Small-Angle Scattering Conference (SAS2024)
CY - Taipei, Taiwan
DA - 04.11.2024
KW - Standardisation
KW - Grazing incidence
KW - Sample alignment
KW - Instrument calibration
PY - 2024
AN - OPUS4-62775
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Völzke, Holger
A1 - Nieslony, Gregor
A1 - Noack, Volker
A1 - Hagenow, Peter
A1 - Kovacs, Oliver
T1 - Current developments in container design testing for the Konrad repository
N2 - The Konrad repository for not heat generating radioactive wastes was licensed first in 2002. But due to legal actions this license has not been finally confirmed before 2007. Subsequently, the Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS) began scheduling backfitting of the former iron ore mine into a repository. The licensed repository volume is 303,000 m3 based on estimations of expected waste volumes to be disposed off although the mine itself would offer a much larger volume. Once the repository is ready for Operation, waste packages can be disposed, but this is not expected before the end of this decade. Nevertheless, there is already today a great interest in qualified and certified waste conditioning and packaging for disposal requiring Containers, tested, evaluated and certified by BAM and BfS.
Key points of the Konrad license concern comprehensive requirements for waste products and Containers. Details are described in BfS reports, which constitute the basic documents for the license. Following the final license confirmation a revision of these documents has been requested in order to include considerations of water poisoning substances. This work is currently done by BfS in Cooperation with the NLWKN of Lower Saxony and the Institute for Safety Technology (ISTec). Concerning the specification for Containers themselves no or only minor changes are expected.
T2 - KONTEC 2011 - 10. Internationales Symposium "Konditionierung radioaktiver Betriebs- und Stilllegungsabfälle"
CY - Dresden, Germany
DA - 06.04.2011
KW - Cask
KW - Safety
KW - Repository
KW - Design testing
KW - Radioactive waste
PY - 2011
SP - 683
EP - 695
AN - OPUS4-23672
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Völzke, Holger
A1 - Nieslony, Gregor
A1 - Noack, Volker
A1 - Hagenow, Peter
A1 - Kovacs, Oliver
T1 - Current developments in container design testing for the Konrad repository
N2 - At present BAM works on numerous applications for Container design testing for the Konrad repository. Some licensing procedures were successfully finished in the past and BfS certified several Container types like Steel sheet, concrete until cast iron containers which are now available for waste packaging for final disposal. However, large quantities of radioactive wastes had been placed into interim storage using containers which are not already approved for the Konrad repository. Safety assessment of these so-called “old” containers is a big challenge for all parties because documentation sheets about container design testing and fabrication often contain gaps or have not yet been completed. Appropriate solution strategies are currently under development and discussion. Furthermore, BAM has successfully initiated and established an Information forum, called “ERFA QM Konrad Containers”, which facilitates discussions on various issues of common interest with respect to Konrad container licensing procedures as well as the interpretation of disposal requirements under consideration of operational needs. Thus, it provides additional, valuable supports for container licensing procedures.
T2 - KONTEC 2011 - 10. Internationales Symposium "Konditionierung radioaktiver Betriebs- und Stilllegungsabfälle"
CY - Dresden, Germany
DA - 06.04.2011
KW - Radioactive waste
KW - Container
KW - Testing
KW - Konrad repository
PY - 2012
SN - 1431-5254
VL - 57
IS - 5
SP - 343
EP - 346
PB - Inforum
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-25988
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - RPRT
A1 - Völzke, Holger
A1 - Wolff, Dietmar
A1 - Barnabas, I.
A1 - Ordogh, M.
A1 - Shirai, K.
A1 - Saegusa, T.
A1 - Cho, C.-H.
A1 - Kook, D.
A1 - Lopez, J. F.
A1 - Conde, J. M.
A1 - Alejano, C.
A1 - Lloret, M.
A1 - Quecedo, M.
A1 - Shea, J.
A1 - Ross, P. J.
A1 - White, N.
A1 - Rossiter, G.
A1 - Hodgson, Z.
A1 - Sorenson, K.
A1 - McConnell, P.
A1 - Hanson, B.
ED - Sorenson, K.
ED - Shirai, K.
ED - Völzke, Holger
T1 - Extended storage collaboration program - International subcommittee report - International perspectives on technical data gaps associated with extended storage and transportation of used nuclear fuel
N2 - The US Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) chartered a volunteer committee in November 2009 to share information and data related to extended storage and subsequent transportation of used nuclear fuel. This committee is named the Extended Storage Collaboration Program (ESCP) and was initially comprised of representatives from industry (fuel and cask vendors, utilities, the Nuclear Energy Institute, and EPRI), as well as government (e.g., US Department of Energy) and the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The primary motivation for establishing this committee was the recognition that used fuel will need to be stored past the regulatory licensing timeframe. In the US, this is mainly a result of the cessation of licensing activities for the planned Yucca Mountain repository.
Recognizing that there is a global interest in extended storage and transportation, the International Subcommittee was established in December 2010 to extend the reach of ESCP internationally in order to fully address extended storage and transportation issues, as they apply to different systems, national policies, and regulations around the world. This Subcommittee serves to deepen the overall understanding of degradation mechanisms associated with storage and transportation systems, expand the access to data and programs related to extended storage and transportation, and strengthen the overall technical basis for programmatic decisions.
The International Subcommittee established three basic objectives:
1. Conduct a technical data gap survey
2. Assess opportunities to leverage specific research to benefit the larger international group
3. Integrate our work with relevant International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) committee work
This report constitutes completion of Objective #1. The International Subcommittee worked to identify and prioritize technical gaps that need to be addressed to support licensing activities within their own countries. Because there are varying types of storage and transportation system designs, national policies and regulations, there are identified commonalities as well as differences that stress the importance of this work on an international scale.
Section 5 of this report identifies and prioritizes all of the identified data gaps for each participating organization. However, important data gaps were identified that had a consensus of opinion of being a high priority. These technical gaps, as a function of storage system component are:
1. Fuel – hydride effects on fuel cladding and retrievability of fuel after storage
2. Canister – general canister corrosion and stress corrosion cracking of canister closure welds, particularly in marine environments
3. Closure – degradation of bolts and seals (metallic and organic)
4. Overpack – concrete degradation
Dry storage systems were originally designed for limited periods. With extended dry storage, it is generally believed that used fuel can be stored safely and securely past the regulatory time period. However, the technical arguments need to be made to justify extended licensing periods. Addressing the data gaps will provide the necessary arguments to justify license extensions.
In the development of this report, the International Subcommittee met five times over a period of 18 months to work through the issues of identifying and prioritizing the data gaps, and discussing of technical issues as they pertain to the safety of used fuel storage and transportation. The meeting locations and dates were:
1. Vienna June 2010
2. London October 2010
3. Charlotte December 2010
4. Berlin June 2011
5. Charlotte December 2011
This report is not meant to be a technical document. Rather, it is an overview of country regulatory policy, a review of in-country operational status and used fuel inventory, followed by a role-up of identification and prioritization of technical data gaps. Technical documents that were used in the data gap assessments are referenced.
It is important to note that this document represents only the opinions of the contributors. This document in no way represents any official country position. The organizations providing support to the writing of this report are:
Germany:
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung
Hungary:
- Radioaktiv Julladekokat Kezelo Kozhasznu
- Som System Kft.
Japan:
- Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry
South Korea:
- Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute
- Korea Radioactive Waste Management Corporation
Spain:
- Consejo de Seguridad Nuclear
- ENRESA Empresa Nacional de Residuos Radiactivos
- ENUSA Industrias Avanzadas
United Kingdom:
- EDF Energy
- National Nuclear Laboratory Ltd.
United States:
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Sandia National Laboratories
KW - Used/spent fuel dry storage
KW - Used/spent fuel transportation
KW - Extended used/spent nuclear fuel storage
KW - High burnup spent fuel storage and transportation
KW - Spent fuel storage and transportation
KW - Extended Storage Collaboration Program (ESCP)
KW - ESCP International Subcommittee
PY - 2012
UR - https://www.epri.com/research/products/1026481
N1 - This final report was prepared as part of the volunteer Extended Storage Collaboration Program (ESCP).
VL - 1026481
SP - 1
EP - 132
PB - Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)
CY - Palo Alto, CA, USA
AN - OPUS4-27405
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Sauer, Hannah
A1 - Okpeke, Bright E.
A1 - Dzielendziak, Agnieszka S.
A1 - Eberwein, Robert
A1 - Baetcke, Lars
A1 - Ehlers, Sören
T1 - Comparative life cycle assessment of vacuum insulation panel core materials for liquid hydrogen storage tanks – glass bubbles compared to conventional core materials
N2 - The environmental performance of insulation materials for liquid hydrogen storage tank application is important to the development of sustainable supply chains. As new materials keep evolving, there is a need to assess their environmental impact. Therefore, this study investigates the environmental sustainability and circularity of cryogenic insulation concepts, namely vacuum insulation panels (VIPs), exclusively focussing on their core materials. Employing a cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment model, the VIP core materials are investigated with a special focus on glass bubbles. Based on the results, the global warming potential of the considered core materials, namely, glass bubbles, silica aerogel, fumed silica, expanded perlite, glass fibre, and polyurethane foam is 9.21∗10^−2, 7.00, 2.50∗10^−1, 3.63∗10^−2, 6.68∗10^−2, and 1.88 kg CO2 eq. per functional unit, respectively. In general, silica aerogel and polyurethane foam are the least environmentally friendly materials, while the most sustainable is expanded perlite, followed by glass fibre, glass bubbles, and fumed silica.
KW - LH2
KW - Insulation
KW - Cryogenic storage tank
KW - Life Cycle Assessment
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-655445
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.153937
SN - 0360-3199
VL - 219
SP - 1
EP - 11
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-65544
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Roy, Arkendu
A1 - Kumar, Sourabh
A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana
A1 - Prinz, Carsten
A1 - Götz, Emilia
A1 - Retzmann, Anika
A1 - Hickel, Tilmann
A1 - Bhattacharya, Biswajit
A1 - Emmerling, Franziska
T1 - Synergistic Catalytic Sites in High‐Entropy Metal Hydroxide Organic Framework for Oxygen Evolution Reaction
N2 - AbstractThe integration of multiple elements in a high‐entropy state is crucial in the design of high‐performance, durable electrocatalysts. High‐entropy metal hydroxide organic frameworks (HE‐MHOFs) are synthesized under mild solvothermal conditions. This novel crystalline metal–organic framework (MOF) features a random, homogeneous distribution of cations within high‐entropy hydroxide layers. HE‐MHOF exhibits excellent electrocatalytic performance for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), reaching a current density of 100 mA cm−2 at ≈1.64 VRHE, and demonstrates remarkable durability, maintaining a current density of 10 mA cm−2 for over 100 h. Notably, HE‐MHOF outperforms precious metal‐based electrocatalysts despite containing only ≈60% OER active metals. Ab initio calculations and operando X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) demonstrate that the high‐entropy catalyst contains active sites that facilitate a multifaceted OER mechanism. This study highlights the benefits of high‐entropy MOFs in developing noble metal‐free electrocatalysts, reducing reliance on precious metals, lowering metal loading (especially for Ni, Co, and Mn), and ultimately reducing costs for sustainable water electrolysis technologies.
KW - Electrocatalysis
KW - Green Hydrogen
PY - 2024
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202408114
SP - 1
EP - 14
PB - Wiley
AN - OPUS4-61739
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Dietzmann, Simon
T1 - Between Homogenous and Heterogenous Catalysis: Single-Atom-Catalysts
N2 - Catalysis is a very important process in chemistry as it lowers the energy barrier for chemical reactions. This saves energy and/or some reactions are only possible with a catalyst under the desired conditions (temperature and pressure). Catalysts can be roughly categorized depending on the phase they interact with the substrates in heterougenous and heterogenous catalyst
T2 - RÅC international summer school
CY - Varberg, Sweden
DA - 14.08.2022
KW - Single-atom-catalyst
KW - Electrochemistry
KW - Porous carbons
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-61983
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Dietzmann, Simon
T1 - XAS for structural characterization of atomically dispersed materials
N2 - metal and nitrogen enriched carbons (M-N-C) are promising electrocatalysts for small molecule activation. It is proposed that the nitrogen is forming a stabilizing N4-site for the catalytically active metal. This can be proven by XAS measurements to confirm the coordination sphere around the metal.
T2 - Bessy User Meeting
CY - Online meeting
DA - 08.12.2024
KW - Single-atom-catalyst
KW - Structural characterization
KW - Porous carbons
PY - 2022
AN - OPUS4-61994
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Trappe, Volker
T1 - Roving-Alterung und mechanische Eigenschaften
N2 - Im statistischen Mittel steht eine Windkraftanlage (WKA) in Deutschland alle 6 Jahre wegen eines Schadens an den Rotorblättern und verursacht Kosten von 20k€-40k€ infolge Ertragsausfall und Reparaturkosten. Bei über 30.000 WKA in Deutschland verursacht dies jährlichen Kosten von 100-200 Mio. €. Zu 70% sind die Ursachen Fertigungsfehler. Diesem Themenkomplex widmet sich FB-5.3 in Kooperation mit FBs der Zerstörungsfreien Prüfung (Abt. 8) schon seit Jahren.
Im aktuellen Projekt geht es um einen vorzeitigen Verschleiß der Rotorblätter infolge der Verwendung gealterter Glasfaser-Rovings. (GF). Die Entwicklung moderner Windkraftanlagen hatte in Europa seinen Ursprung in den 90er Jahren. OEMs und GF-Hersteller waren dicht beisammen. Die Globalisierung des Marktes führt heute zu einer weltweiten Verschiffung der GF in feucht-warmen Containern. Je nach Beschaffenheit (Chemie) der Schlichten (Oberflächenbehandlung) von GF können diese stark altern (Hydrolyse-Effekte) und die Festigkeit kann im Bauteil um bis zu 50% abgemindert sein.
In einer Kooperation mit der Rotorblattallianz, einem Zusammenschluss der OEMs, Halbzeugherstellern und Forschungsinstituten, wurden schon vor 5 Jahren in einem Forschungsprojekt (FB-5.3; VH 5538) die chemischen Mechanismen der Alterung exemplarisch für eine Glasfaser-Roving-Type aufgeklärt. Im aktuellen Projekt (FB-5.3; VH 5304) wird ein beschleunigtes Alterungsverfahren (erhöhte Temperatur und Feuchte) am Roving im un-impregnierten Zustand entwickelt und die Festigkeit nachfolgend nach Einbettung in eine Epoxid-Harz-Matrix bestimmt. Je nach Alterungszustand zeigt sich eine Abnahme der Zwischenfaserbruchfestigkeit von bis zu 50%. Nicht alle Glasfaser-Roving-Typen zeigen diesen Effekt. Es ist gelungen für OEMs und Halbzeughersteller ein handhabbares Verfahren zur innerbetrieblichen Qualitätssicherung zu entwickeln, da die wenigsten Firmen über komplexe Analyseverfahren, wie an der BAM, verfügen.
T2 - Composite United - AG Faserverbund in der Windenergie
CY - Braunschweig, Germany
DA - 09.05.2023
KW - Faserkunststoffverbunde
KW - Windenergie
KW - Alterung
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58409
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Chaudhuri, Somsubhro
A1 - Krankenhagen, Rainer
A1 - Lapšanská, Ivana
A1 - Stamm, Michael
T1 - Modeling Temperature Responses of a Wind Turbine Blade Section Under Climate Chamber Conditions – Part 1: Challenges for FEM Simulations
N2 - The rapid expansion of wind energy infrastructure over the past 20–30 years has led up to a situation where advanced non‐destructive testing (NDT) technologies are the need‐of‐the‐hour, not only for new wind turbine blades (WTBs) that are being installed, but also for older infrastructure which is reaching their designed lifetime. NDT technologies that improve both the quality as well as reduce the time required for the inspection are sought after, and one such example is passive infrared thermography (IRT). For passive IRT to provide significant information/insight into the integrity of the WTB, there needs to exist certain thermal contrast to both visualize and distinguish between features in WTB. These features could be surface features, subsurface structure or defects. The temperature variations due to air temperature fluctuations and the sun assist (passively) to obtain the necessary thermal contrast. To better understand the thermal response of composite structures such as WTBs, a validation study was conducted using a WTB section subjected to controlled temperature transients within a climate chamber, without external irradiation. Infrared measurements were recorded using a thermographic camera, and the same specimen was modeled using finite element methods (FEM) in COMSOL Multiphysics. While a direct validation of the simulation is limited due to transient and unmeasured variables in the experimental data, qualitative comparison provides valuable insight into the applicability of FEM for predicting thermal behavior in passive IRT scenarios. This article represents the first part of a two‐part study, focusing on the FEM modeling approach and associated challenges. The second part will address the experimental investigation in more detail, with an emphasis on thermal contrast behavior under varied transient conditions.
KW - Finite element modeling
KW - Non- destructive testing
KW - Passive infrared thermography
KW - Thermal contrast
KW - Wind turbine blades
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-655330
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/we.70102
SN - 1095-4244
VL - 29
IS - 3
SP - 1
EP - 14
PB - Wiley
AN - OPUS4-65533
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Czeskleba, Denis
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Wandtke, Karsten
A1 - Irfan, Muhammad Dary
A1 - Kannengiesser, Thomas
T1 - Hydrogen diffusion in thick-walled S690 saw joints: part 1—experimental determination of microstructure-dependent diffusion coefficients
N2 - High-strength low-alloyed steel S690 is widely used in heavy-duty applications, such as structural components, mobile cranes, and industrial plant construction, owing to their high strength and weldability. However, thick-plate submerged arc welding (SAW) can introduce elevated hydrogen levels and residual stresses that promote time-delayed hydrogen-assisted
cold cracking (HACC). Accurate, microstructure-specific diffusion data are scarce, limiting predictive HACC assessments. This study presents an experimental determination of hydrogen diffusion coefficients (DH) in two S690 variants: thermomechanically rolled (S690MC) and quenched and tempered (S690Q). Multi-layer SAW welds were produced from 30 mm thick plate material at three heat input levels, and diffusion membranes were extracted from weld metal (WM), heat-affected zone (HAZ), and base material (BM). Hydrogen permeation tests, conducted in accordance with DIN En ISO 17081, yielded flux curves normalized in time from which DH was derived using the inflection-point method. At room temperature, DH values ranged from 6 × 10−5 mm2/s to 9 × 10−5 mm2/s across all regions and heat inputs, with no significant difference between S690MC and S690Q. Weld metal exhibited marginally lower DH, attributed to enhanced hydrogen trapping, while base material measurements showed greater variability. These microstructure-resolved diffusion coefficients add quantitative data for modern S690 SAW welds and provide internally consistent input parameters for the numerical simulations presented in part 2. The results support improved parameterization for subsequent assessments of HACC risk through the optimization of welding parameters.
KW - Hydrogen assisted cracking
KW - Submerged arc welding
KW - Diffusion
KW - Electrochemical permeation
KW - Microstructure
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-655711
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-026-02400-7
SN - 0043-2288
SP - 1
EP - 15
PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC
AN - OPUS4-65571
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Czeskleba, Denis
A1 - Rhode, Michael
A1 - Wandtke, Karsten
A1 - Irfan, Muhammad Dary
A1 - Kannengiesser, Thomas
T1 - Hydrogen diffusion in thick-walled S690 SAW joints: part 2 – predictive modeling of heat input and microstructure influence
N2 - High-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels such as S690 are widely employed in thick-walled welded structures, where hydrogen-assisted cold cracking (HACC) remains a persistent concern. While microstructure-specific hydrogen diffusion coefficients (DH) for weld metal (WM), heat-affected zone (HAZ), and base material (BM) were experimentally established in Part 1 of this study, their quantitative influence on hydrogen accumulation and effusion has not yet been fully clarified. This work presents a transient, spatially resolved numerical model for simulating hydrogen transport in multi-pass submerged arc welds. The model integrates experimentally determined DH values with realistic thermal cycles and temperature-dependent boundary conditions. Developed in Python, the simulation tool is purpose-built for hydrogen diffusion in welded joints. It offers a focused, transparent alternative. It offers a focused, transparent alternative to general-purpose finite element platforms. Parametric analyses demonstrate that, although the diffusion coefficients vary by up to 50%, their impact on overall hydrogen retention is minor. In contrast, plate thickness, bead geometry, cooling time (t₈/₅), and interpass temperature exert a dominant influence on hydrogen distribution. Despite clear microstructural differences between the thermomechanically rolled (S690MC) and quenched and tempered (S690Q) variants, including opposite HAZ hardness responses (softening in S690MC, hardening in S690Q) in the (pen)ultimate weld bead, the simulations confirm that their diffusion behavior and hydrogen solubility are closely aligned. Consequently, differences in DH and solubility exert only a minor influence on hydrogen retention compared to thermal exposure and joint geometry. These findings support the interchangeable use of both steel grades in terms of HACC risk due to hydrogen diffusion kinetics under comparable welding conditions.
KW - Hydrogen assisted cracking
KW - Numerical simulation
KW - Diffusion
KW - Submerged arc welding
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-655721
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-026-02395-1
SN - 0043-2288
SP - 1
EP - 16
PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC
AN - OPUS4-65572
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hahn, Sarah-K.
T1 - Second Life Batterien - Alterungsverhalten und Brandversuche
N2 - Der Vortrag gibt zunächst einen Themeneinstieg in den Bereich der Second-Life-Batterien sowie rechtliche und technische Grundlagen zu Lebenszyklus und Alterung. Im Weiteren werden experimentelle Ergebnisse aus Versuchen zum thermischen Durchgehen mit Batteriemodulen aus dem BMBF-Vorhaben SEE-2L vorgestellt. Darüber hinaus wird ein eigens entwickelter Ausbildungsdemonstrators vorgestellt, welcher einen wesentlichen Baustein des Ergebnistransfers aus dem Vorhaben darstellt.
T2 - 19. Fachkonferenz Lithiumbatterien
CY - Göttingen, Germany
DA - 26.01.2026
KW - Auswirkungsbetrachtungen
KW - Elektrische Energiespeicher
KW - Lithium-Ionen-Batterie
KW - Second Life
KW - Thermisches Durchgehen
PY - 2026
AN - OPUS4-65621
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Bayat, Mehmet Emin
T1 - Traceable dynamic and gravimetric preparation of trace ammonia in hydrogen gas standards for ISO 14687
N2 - Trace ammonia impurities in hydrogen fuel poison proton-exchange-membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), causing irreversible performance degradation. Accurate quantification of ammonia in so-called Grade D hydrogen fuel is crucial for ensuring PEMFCs long-term operational stability and performance. According to ISO 14687 grade D hydrogen fuel sets a stringent threshold value of just 100 nmol/mol for ammonia impurities. Given the potential of an ammonia-based hydrogen supply chain, reliable quantification of ammonia contamination appears even more relevant.
Hydrogen quality assessments for ammonia impurities typically employ techniques such as gas chromatography, cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy, or mass spectrometry. These techniques, however, require stable reference gases for calibration and long-term method validation. Typically, gravimetrically produced reference gases are used. However, ammonia poses unique challenges due to its chemical reactivity and stickiness. By applying (ultra )long-path Optical Feedback Cavity Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy we observed that above a certain amount of ammonia, the gravimetric amount deviates from the analytically determined amount. This discrepancy most likely arises due to strong adsorption of ammonia onto the inner surface of the gas cylinder. Therefore, we investigated the lowest gravimetrically preparable amount of ammonia in hydrogen for which the analytically measured amount of the cylinder remains congruent with the gravimetric amount of substance. We further investigated the applicability of passivated cylinders for trace ammonia gas standards and compared their performance to aluminum alloy cylinders. To confirm reproducibility of our results, we conducted three independent gravimetric preparation campaigns, each employing optimizations, or changes in methodology, at different times. Finally, we investigated whether those gravimetrically prepared trace amounts of ammonia in hydrogen gas standards were long-term-stable.
Beyond gravimetrically prepared gas standards, we evaluated how a cutting-edge dynamic dilution system could reliably extend trace-ammonia calibration down to the ISO limit of 100 nmol/mol. For this purpose, we developed an advanced dynamic dilution system capable of a one-in-a-billion dilution ratio, validated for its SI traceability, reproducibility, and operational limits by applying an internal standard.
In summary, our results demonstrate that precise dynamic dilution, coupled with concentrated gravimetrically prepared ammonia gas mixture, provides a route to full SI-traceable trace-ammonia reference sample gases.
T2 - Gas Analysis Symposium 2026
CY - Paris, France
DA - 27.01.2026
KW - Ammonia
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Gravimetric preparation
KW - OF-CEAS
KW - ISO 14687
PY - 2026
AN - OPUS4-65620
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Gleim, Tobias
T1 - Großbrandversuche von Elektrofahrzeugen zum Transport Gefährlicher Güter
N2 - Der zunehmende Einsatz von batterieelektrischen Transportfahrzeugen (Battery Electric Transport Vehicles – BETVs) im Verkehrswesen wirft Sicherheitsfragen beim Transport gefährlicher Güter auf. Obwohl Batteriebrände auf Zell-, Modul- und Fahrzeugebene umfassend untersucht wurden, fehlen systematische Daten zu deren thermischen Auswirkungen auf Gefahrgutverpackungen. Um diese Lücke zu schließen, führt die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) auf ihrem Testgelände Technische Sicherheit (BAM-TTS) groß angelegte Brandtests durch, in denen konservative Unfallszenarien mit unterschiedlichen Zellchemien und -kapazitäten nachgestellt werden. Die Tests kombinieren fahrzeugbedingte Brandlasten mit standardisierten Propan-Referenzbränden und erfassen mittels hochauflösender Instrumente zentrale Messgrößen wie Wärmefluss, Temperatur und Strahlung. Der daraus entstehende Datensatz liefert erstmals eine direkte Quantifizierung der thermischen Auswirkungen von BETV-Bränden auf Verpackungen und unterstützt Expertengremien bei der Bewertung, ob bestehende regulatorische Anforderungen für alternative Antriebssysteme weiterhin angemessen sind.
T2 - Informationsaustausch zur verkehrsrechtlichen Aufsicht bei der Beförderung radioaktiver Stoffe
CY - Salzgitter, Germany
DA - 03.02.2026
KW - Batteriebrand
KW - IAEA
KW - Gefahrgut
KW - Transport
PY - 2026
AN - OPUS4-65626
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Rautenberg, Max
A1 - Bhattacharya, Biswajit
A1 - Das, Chayanika
A1 - Emmerling, Franziska
T1 - Mechanochemical Synthesis of Phosphonate-Based Proton Conducting Metal-Organic Frameworks
N2 - Water-stable metal−organic frameworks (MOFs) with proton-conducting behavior have attracted great attention as promising materials for proton-exchange membrane fuel cells. Herein, we report the mechanochemical gram-scale synthesis of three new mixed-ligand phosphonate-based MOFs, {Co(H2PhDPA)(4,4′-bipy)H2O)·2H2O}n (BAM-1), {Fe(H2PhDPA)(4,4′-bipy) (H2O)·2H2O}n (BAM-2), and {Cu(H2PhDPA)(dpe)2(H2O)2·2H2O}n (BAM-3) [where H2PhDPA = phenylene diphosphonate, 4,4′-bipy = 4,4′-bipyridine, and dpe = 1,2-di(4-pyridyl)ethylene]. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurements revealed that BAM-1 and BAM-2 are isostructural and possess a three-dimensional (3D) network structure comprising one-dimensional (1D) channels filled with guest water molecules. Instead, BAM-3 displays a 1D network structure extended into a 3D supramolecular structure through hydrogenbonding and π−π interactions. In all three structures, guest water molecules are interconnected with the uncoordinated acidic hydroxyl groups of the phosphonate moieties and coordinated water molecules by means of extended hydrogen-bonding interactions. BAM-1 and BAM-2 showed a gradual increase in proton conductivity with increasing temperature and reached 4.9 × 10−5 and 4.4 × 10−5 S cm−1 at 90 °C and 98% relative humidity (RH). The highest proton conductivity recorded for BAM-3 was 1.4 × 10−5 S cm−1 at 50 °C and 98% RH. Upon further heating, BAM-3 undergoes dehydration followed by a phase transition to another crystalline form which largely affects its performance. All compounds exhibited a proton hopping (Grotthuss model) mechanism, as suggested by their low activation energy.
KW - Mechanochemistry
KW - Metal-organic-frameworks
KW - Proton conductivity
PY - 2022
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01023
VL - 61
SP - 10801
EP - 10809
PB - ACS Publications
AN - OPUS4-55448
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Ghazanfari, M. R.
A1 - Vittadello, L.
A1 - Al-Sabbagh, Dominik
A1 - Santhosh, A.
A1 - Frankcom, C.
A1 - Fuß, F.
A1 - von Randow, C. A.
A1 - Siemensmeyer, K.
A1 - Vrijmoed, J. C.
A1 - Emmerling, Franziska
A1 - Jerabek, P.
A1 - Irmlau, M.
A1 - Thiele, G.
T1 - Remarkable Infrared Nonlinear Optical, Dielectric, and Strong Diamagnetic Characteristics of Semiconducting K3[BiS3]
N2 - The ternary sulfido bismuthate K3[BiS3] is synthesized in quantitative yields. The material exhibits nonlinear optical properties with strong second harmonic generation properties at arbitrary wavelengths in the infrared spectral range and a notable laser-induced damage threshold of 5.22 GW cm−2 for pulsed laser radiation at a wavelength of 1040 nm, a pulse duration of 180 fs, and a repetition rate of 12.5 kHz. K3[BiS3] indicates semiconductivity with a direct optical band gap of 2.51 eV. Dielectric and impedance characterizations demonstrate κ values in the range of 6−13 at 1 kHz and a high electrical resistivity. A strong diamagnetic behavior with a susceptibility of −2.73 × 10−4 m3 kg−1 at room temperature is observed. These results suggest it is a promising nonlinear optical candidate for the infrared
region. The synergic physical characteristics of K3[BiS3] provide insight into the correlation of optical, electrical, and magnetic properties.
KW - Electrical properties
KW - Insulators
KW - Materials
KW - Nonlinear optics
KW - Quantum mechanics
PY - 2022
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01689
VL - 13
IS - 30
SP - 6987
EP - 6993
PB - ACS Publications
AN - OPUS4-55456
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Wu, Shu-Han
T1 - MOF-derived Synthetic Carbon Anode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries
N2 - Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), particularly the zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) family, are attractive precursors for advanced energy-storage materials. Upon pyrolysis, ZIFs can be transformed into electrically conductive carbon materials while preserving their original particle morphology, which is crucial for achieving high-performance sodium-ion battery anodes. Despite these advantages, large-scale implementation remains challenging due to the need for synthesis routes that balance performance, cost, and sustainability. The present study addresses these challenges by developing environmentally benign and economically feasible strategies for the scalable production of ZIF-8-derived carbon anodes suitable for industrial applications.
T2 - Batterieforum Deutschland 2026
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 20.01.2026
KW - Sodium-ion battery
KW - Negative electrode
KW - Metalorganic frameworks
PY - 2026
AN - OPUS4-65644
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Pauw, Brian Richard
T1 - A place for everything: traceable science using metadata from syntheses and characterisation
N2 - In our laboratory, we rely heavily on automation for synthesis and measurement. Done right, automation can deliver reliable quantities of excruciatingly detailed data, produced in a reproducible and traceable way. This data then needs sorting and organising, and a good structure of metadata is a good start to long-lasting data.
This metadata collection is an essential part of our “holistic experimentation”-approach. In this approach, we try to ensure that all aspects of the experimental chain are performed to a high standard, so that experimental integrity is maintained. In other words: as a failure in one of the components of the chain can make an entire experiment worthless, we must ensure each component is done (and documented) well.
In this talk, we show how we 1) synthesise well-documented sample series, 2) apply a complete end-to-end X-ray scattering characterisation methodology to those samples, and 3) can link the data from the synthesis to the structural details obtained from the scattering experiments in a visual dashboard. Furthermore, we will show examples on how data can be organised in hierarchical structures in HDF5-based datafiles, and how this helps move towards more trustworthy, traceable science.
About the speaker: Brian Pauw is a full-stack X-ray scattering expert with over 15 years of experience in materials science. After earning a Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from the Technical University of Denmark in 2009, Brian advanced scattering techniques at Japan’s National Institute for Materials Science before joining BAM (Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing) in Germany as a permanent researcher.
At BAM, Brian focuses on small-angle scattering of polymers, metals, catalysts, and more – developing precise methodologies for data collection, correction, and analysis. They also lead efforts in laboratory automation, including robotic systems for reproducible sample preparation, aiming to enhance the efficiency and reliability of experimental workflows.
T2 - Helmholtz Metadata Collaboration: FAIR Friday Lecture Series
CY - Online meeting
DA - 09.05.2025
KW - Methodology
KW - X-ray scattering
KW - Traceability
KW - Data provenance
KW - Metadata
KW - Lab automation
KW - Holistic science
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63078
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Brirmi, M
A1 - Chabbah, T.
A1 - Chatti, S.
A1 - Schiets, F.
A1 - Casabianca, H.
A1 - Marestin, C.
A1 - Mercier, R.
A1 - Weidner, Steffen
A1 - Errachid, A.
A1 - Jaffrezic-Renault, N.
A1 - Ben Romdhane, H.
T1 - Effect of the pendent groups on biobased polymers, obtained from click chemistry suitable, for the adsorption of organic pollutants from water
N2 - In this work, four triazole-based poly(ether-pyridine)s polymers were synthesized and used as an adsorbent for the removal of phenolic compounds from aqueous solutions. For this purpose, new fluoromonomers containing 1,2,3-triazole units were prepared by the Cu(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction and then used for the elaboration of novel poly(ether-pyridine-triazole)s (PEPTs) by direct polyconden-sation with isosorbide and bisphenol A. Chemical structure of fluorinated pyridinicmonomers as well as resulting polymers was confirmed by 1H and 19F NMR spectroscopic methods. The thermal behavior of the obtained PEPTs was characterized using differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. Results of sorption showed that polymers can be effectively used as a sorbent for the removal of polarorganic pollutants. The isosorbide-based poly(ether-pyridine-triazole) which contains hydrophilic hydroxyl groups as pendants chains (P4) exhibited the highest sorption efficiencies (78%–100% after 1 h). In order to explain the results an adsorption mech-anism mainly based on π–π interactions and hydrogen bonding with the pendent groups is proposed.
KW - Adsorption
KW - Biobased polymers
KW - Cycloaddition
KW - Pentafluoropyridine
KW - Phenolic compounds
PY - 2022
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.5809
SN - 1042-7147
SP - 1
EP - 21
PB - Wiley online library
AN - OPUS4-55389
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Aliyah, K.
A1 - Berger, A.
A1 - Lazaridis, T.
A1 - Appel, C.
A1 - Prehal, C.
A1 - Menzel, A.
A1 - Guizar-Sicairos, M.
A1 - Smales, Glen J.
A1 - Pauw, Brian Richard
A1 - Gasteiger, H. A.
A1 - Gubler, L.
A1 - Büchi, F. N.
A1 - Eller, J.
T1 - Impact of Microporous Layer Composition on the Water Content in the Membrane Electrode Assembly of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells
N2 - Polymer electrolyte fuel cells are paramount for future emission-free mobility. One of the vital challenges for prospering commercialization of PEFCs is water management in the cells. A microporous layer (MPL) is typically positioned between the gas Diffusion layer (GDL) and the catalyst layer (CL) to boost the cell performance and facilitate water management. In this study, three different MPLs were investigated, namely, carbon black-based MPLs with different PTFE binder contents (20 wt % PTFE as a base case and 40 wt % PTFE), as well as perforated MPLs with micron-sized pores coated on the same GDL- Substrate (Freudenberg H14). The water content in the membrane, catalyst layers (CL), and MPLs was explored using operando scanning small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (S/WAXS). At Tcell = 80 °C, relative humidity = 100%, pabs = 3 bar, the MPL with larger pores exhibits slightly higher performance than the base case, while a considerably lower cathode CL and MPL saturation levels were observed for the MPL. In contrast, the MPL with higher amounts of PTFE binder shows lower performance than the base case, with considerably higher cathode CL and MPL saturation levels. 3D representations of how the pores could be filled in the cathode CLs were obtained from operando SAXS profiles using representative structure modeling for the different materials and operating conditions.
KW - Polymer electrolyte fuel cell
KW - Catalyst layer saturation
KW - Microporous layer saturation
KW - Membrane hydration
KW - Small and wide-angle scattering
KW - MOUSE
KW - SAXS
KW - X-ray scattering
KW - Energy storage materials
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-656691
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c22540
SN - 1944-8244
SP - 1
EP - 17
PB - American Chemical Society (ACS)
AN - OPUS4-65669
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Berger, J.
A1 - Zahedi-Azad, S.
A1 - Voss, H.
A1 - Ernst, O.C.
A1 - Hammerschmidt, R.
A1 - Boeck, T.
A1 - Martin, J.
A1 - Bonse, J.
A1 - Krüger, J.
A1 - Schmid, M.
T1 - CuInSe2-based micro-concentrator solar cells fabricated from In islands grown by laser-assisted MO-CVD
N2 - Micro-concentrator solar cells offer a promising route for reducing material usage in photovoltaics. For Cu(In,Ga)Se2, multiple micro-concentrator manufacturing methods have already been evaluated. All of them involve either high preparation complexity or post-processing to recycle unused precursor or absorber materials. In this work, a new method using laser-assisted metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (LA-MOCVD) was applied to directly grow arrays of indium micro-islands. These arrays are examined and further processed to CuInSe2 micro-solar cell arrays. The geometry and morphology of the islands were investigated and compared before and after absorber formation. The investigation shows that the absorber growth is limited to the vertical direction normal to the substrate surface and that the starting morphology is preserved. Furthermore, the absorber island arrays are processed into micro-modules and operational solar cells are achieved as a proof of principle. These not yet optimized arrays reach a conversion efficiency of 0.65% under 1 sun illumination. Under 17 suns of light concentration, the efficiency gain is between 60 and 250%. This work demonstrates the method's viability for the fabrication of micro-solar cell arrays, with clear potential for achieving higher conversion efficiencies through future optimization.
KW - Micro-concentrator solar cells
KW - Laser-assisted chemical vapor deposition
KW - CISe
KW - Bottom-up fabrication
KW - Resource efficiency
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-656711
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2026.114284
SN - 0927-0248
VL - 301
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-65671
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Ekici, Nilsah
A1 - Sobol, Oded
T1 - SHIMMER Database for Hydrogen Integration in European Gas Grids
N2 - The integration of hydrogen into existing natural gas infrastructure is an important pathway for achieving the European Union’s climate neutrality goals. However, hydrogen blending in gas networks raises technical challenges related to material compatibility, operational safety, and the lack of harmonized assessment methodologies across Europe. These challenges are addressed within the Safe Hydrogen Injection Modelling and Management for European Gas Network Resilience (SHIMMER) project, funded by the Clean Hydrogen Partnership under the Horizon Europe programme.
A key outcome of the project is the development of an openly accessible database designed to support the assessment of hydrogen readiness in European gas networks and to facilitate knowledge sharing. The database compiles infrastructure data provided by project partners, including several European transmission and distribution system operators. It contains detailed information on gas network components such as pipelines, valves, fittings, gaskets, and compressors.
In addition, a new category has been introduced focusing on the hydrogen compatibility of gas grid components and materials. This section provides structured information linking infrastructure components with material types and their hydrogen compatibility, enabling more systematic evaluation of hydrogen injection scenarios. By organizing heterogeneous datasets into a harmonized and user-friendly structure, the SHIMMER database supports research, best-practice development, and the safe integration of hydrogen into existing European gas infrastructure.
T2 - EHEC 2026
CY - Seville, Spain
DA - 11.03.2026
KW - Database
KW - Gas Grid
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Low-carbon
KW - Pipeline Steel
PY - 2026
AN - OPUS4-65683
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Averin, Anton
A1 - Hirsch, Philipp Daniel
A1 - Lecompagnon, Julien
T1 - Thermographic Reference Dataset: Defect Detection in Nuclear Waste Barrel Cutouts Using Long Pulse Thermography
N2 - We introduce a thermographic dataset for subsurface defect detection in radioactive waste storage drums, comprising thermal sequences from 7 barrel specimens with artificially manufactured internal defects. The dataset was acquired using cost-effective halogen-lamp excitation (2kW per lamp) as an alternative to laser-based systems, with dual-camera thermal imaging (CMOS and bolometric) to enable performance comparison across imaging modalities. The specimens include both new and aged barrel types with controlled defects — FBHs, lines, crosses, triangles, and rectangles — simulating internal corrosion at varying scales (4mm to 60mm). Three heating regimes (both lamps, left only, right only) were systematically applied across multiple measurement regions per sample, yielding normalized thermal sequences. To lower the barrier for machine learning practitioners without thermography expertise, the dataset provides pre-computed features derived from principal component analysis, pulse phase thermography, and independent component analysis extracted using experimentally optimized time windows. Ground-truth binary masks mapping defect locations are included to enable supervised learning. This resource is designed to support the development and benchmarking of automated defect detection algorithms for non-destructive testing of curved, thin-walled metallic structures under realistic surface conditions (paint inhomogeneity, dirt, geometric artifacts), while validating low-cost thermographic inspection alternatives for industrial deployment.
KW - Nondestructive Testing
KW - Corrosion detection
KW - Waste storage
KW - Thermography
KW - Safety
PY - 2026
DO - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18916290
PB - Zenodo
CY - Geneva
AN - OPUS4-65666
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Engelking, Lorenz
A1 - Eissel, A.
A1 - Madia, Mauro
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Treutler, K.
A1 - Kruse, Julius
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
A1 - Wesling, V.
T1 - Influence of ultrasonic-assisted milling on surface integrity of additively manufactured components using MSG processes
N2 - Additive manufacturing (AM) is increasingly used for producing complex metallic components. Subsequent machining is essential to achieve final geometries and surface conditions. The resulting surface integrity, particularly the near-surface residual stress state, plays a crucial role in component performance and fatigue life. This study investigates the potential of ultrasonic-assisted milling (USAM), a hybrid machining process, to improve surface integrity and machinability compared to conventional milling (CM). Three materials were investigated, two difficult-to-cut materials CoCr26Ni9Mo5W and FeNi36 and a low-alloy steel S355J2C. The CoCr26Ni9Mo5W and FeNi36 were additively manufactured via Directed Energy Deposition (DED)-Arc and then machined with varying cutting speeds and feed rates within a Design of Experiments. USAM exhibited enhanced machinability and surface integrity, particularly at low cutting speeds, by reducing cutting forces up to 40% and shifting near-surface residual stresses from tensile to compressive. For S355J2C, USAM reduced cutting forces by approximately 45% and induced near-surface compressive residual stresses up to approximately −700 MPa. Rotating bending tests (DIN50100) show that USAM increases the technical fatigue limit from 307 MPa (CM) to 341 MPa (USAM), i.e., by ∼11%. These findings highlight the advantages of ultrasonic assistance in post-AM machining, offering enhanced fatigue performance and surface quality for various metallic materials.
T2 - 4th International Conference on Advanced Joining Processes 2025
CY - Coimbra, Portugal
DA - 16.10.2025
KW - Ultrasonic-assisted milling
KW - Residual stress
KW - Surface integrity
PY - 2026
DO - https://doi.org/10.1177/14644207261416395
SP - 1
EP - 12
PB - Sage Journals
AN - OPUS4-65682
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Scharf-Wildenhain, R.
A1 - Engelking, Lorenz
A1 - Hälsig, A.
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
A1 - Hensel, J.
T1 - Influence of build‑up height on residual stresses in additive repair and modification using DED‑Arc with high‑strength filler metals
N2 - Directed energy deposition (DED)-Arc is suitable for the hybrid additive manufacturing, modification and repair of large metal components with high deposition rates. Residual stresses and distortion are of central importance when characterizing the manufactured components and the sensitive transition area between additive manufactured (AM) component and semifinished product. Residual stresses caused by the thermal cycles during the manufacturing process can impair the mechanical properties of the manufactured parts and can lead to component failure, especially for high-strength steels. Therefore, understanding and controlling residual stresses, when combining different base and feedstock materials, is critical to improve the quality and efficiency of the hybrid DED-Arc process. This article deals with the influence of the build-up height on the residual stress distribution of additively manufactured components with a selected base and feedstock material from commercial high-strength steels. Using a robot-assisted DED-system and a controlled short arc, AM welding experiments were carried out with close to the application parameters at working temperature (200 °C) and heat input (650 kJ/m). Five hybrid AM specimens (AM wall on upright structural steel plate) were produced using a one bead per layer strategy and selected AM-wall heights between 15 and 300 mm. The influence of the AM build height on the longitudinal residual stress in the whole hybrid AM specimen (in welding direction) was analyzed and discussed. All experiments exhibit comparable stress distributions in the area of the substrate plate up to the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and the transition zone, regardless of the building height. The height significantly influences the residual stress distribution of the deposited AM-component. Tensile residual stresses with a maximum range between 300and 400 MPa were always found in the last approx. 18 component layers (upper 40 mm). This is due to restraint of the shrinking of the top layers by the layers below. The lower layers show homogeneous residual stress distributions characterized by low compressive stresses due to the process-related tempering during the deposition of each layer on top of each other. As a result, the significant difference between the various AM build-up heights of the hybrid AM specimens is the extent (or height) of this tempered zone with low compressive stresses. These correlations contribute to the understanding of residual stress development with increasing structure height or ratio of component heights of substrate semi-finished product and AM component in hybrid additive manufacturing.
T2 - 78th IIW Annual Assembly and International Conference
CY - Genoa, Italy
DA - 22.06.2025
KW - DED-Arc
KW - Residual stress
KW - Heat control
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-656793
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-026-02417-y
SN - 1878-6669
SP - 1
EP - 12
PB - Spriner
AN - OPUS4-65679
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Markötter, Henning
A1 - Sintschuk, Michael
A1 - Bruno, Giovanni
T1 - X-ray computed tomography scanning schemes and reconstruction capabilities at the BAMline (BESSY II)
N2 - The BAMline at the BESSY II synchrotron (Berlin, Germany) is a multipurpose beamline that is used for computed tomography, among other techniques. For more than 20 years it has been used in various scientific fields to access and analyze internal structural features such as porosity, cracks or delamination. The general trend of tomographic X-ray imaging is moving towards in situ and operando studies to access the above-mentioned features under the most realistic conditions. This article presents the X-ray computed tomography (XCT) capabilities and the software suite, such as live reconstruction available to imaging users. Direct XCT reconstruction plays an important role in the quality control of the performed experiments and is particularly crucial for in situ and operando experiments. The BAMline now offers a sequence-based step-scan XCT that enables preview reconstruction during the scan to gain early insight into the scanned sample even while the scan is in progress. In addition, the sequence-based scheme includes lateral shifts, thereby mitigating ring artifacts and improving image quality. Finally, since XCT scan parameters, such as sample–detector distance and beam energy, are of utmost importance, we devised calculation software allowing control of monochromators to set the desired beam spectrum.
KW - Synchrotron X-ray imaging
KW - Computed tomography
KW - Preview reconstruction
KW - CT scan scheme
KW - Software workflow
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-655792
DO - https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600577526001177
SN - 1600-5775
VL - 33
SP - 543
EP - 550
AN - OPUS4-65579
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Petitdemange, Eliot
A1 - Zhu, Jinjie
A1 - Pedersen, Angus
A1 - Parker, Joseph
A1 - Balaghi, Esmael
A1 - Li, Shaohua
A1 - Favero, Silvia
A1 - Ignacio Martínez, José
A1 - Haigh, Sarah
A1 - Titirici, Maria-Magdalena
A1 - Fischer, Anna
A1 - Barrio, Jesús
T1 - High-Yield Synthesis of Fe-NC Electrocatalysts Using Mg2+ Templating and Schiff-Base Porous Organic Polymers
N2 - The decoupled synthesis of Fe-NC single-site electrocatalysts mediated by Lewis acids enables high active site density and utilization. However, current approaches often rely on small organic molecules and suffer from low synthesis yields due to the high Lewis acid-to-precursor ratios required to achieve highly porous carbons. Here, a porous organic polymer (POP) based on 2,4,6-Triaminopyrimidine (TAP) is utilized as a carbon-nitrogen-based scaffold for the synthesis of Fe─NC electrocatalysts. By tuning the amounts of MgCl2 ·6H2O used both as porogen and active site templating agent, synthetic yields exceeding 45% are achieved, a significant improvement compared to the 6% yield from the molecular analogue and the highest reported forMg2+ templated systems. Subsequent low-temperature exchange with Fe leads to atomically dispersed FeNx, minimizing Fe aggregation. The resulting materials exhibit high specific surface areas (>1000 m2 g−1) with micro-, meso-, and macropores, which promote mass transport and active site accessibility. Compared to Fe─NC synthesized via direct pyrolysis of Fe-coordinated POP, the decoupled method enables significantly higher catalytic activity in both alkaline and acidic media, and delivers 1 A cm−2 at 0.687 ± 0.004 VRHE in an alkaline gas diffusion electrode, highlighting its potential for practical oxygen reduction devices.
KW - Porous Organic Polymers
KW - Single Atom
KW - Oxygen reduction
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-652618
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202518944
SN - 1616-3028
SP - 1
EP - 15
PB - Wiley-VCH GmbH
AN - OPUS4-65261
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - INPR
A1 - Battistella, Beatrice
A1 - Revill, Adam
A1 - Venzago, Cornel
A1 - Hoffmann, Volker
A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo
A1 - Al-Sabbagh, Dominik
A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian
A1 - Abad Andrade, Carlos Enrique
T1 - Depth-Resolved Lithium Isotope Fractionation as a Diagnostic of Interphase Evolution and Degradation in Lithium Ion Batteries
N2 - Lithium isotopic fractionation is well-established in dynamic geochemical systems; however, its role in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) remains uninvestigated. Herein, we report the first depth-resolved demonstration that isotopic separation occurs during Li-ion cell operation whose magnitude depends on the cycling history. Using depth-resolved glow discharge mass spectrometry, we monitored the 7Li/6Li ratio in LiNi0.333Mn0.333Co0.333O2 (NMC111)||graphite coin cell electrodes at defined life-cycle stages. Different charging rates were examined to get mechanistic insight into kinetic and thermodynamic control in the fractionation process. Although pristine electrodes exhibit a uniform isotopic ratio, cycled electrodes show a distinct 7Li enrichment in the positive electrode and a corresponding accumulation of 6Li at the surface of the negative electrode. The degree of isotopic separation varies with the charging rate. Isotopic signatures correlate with capacity fading, indicating lithium isotope mapping as a sensitive diagnostic tool for tracking electrode degradation and the evolution of the electrode–electrolyte interphases in LIBs.
KW - Li-ion batteries
KW - Lithium isotopes
KW - Post-mortem analysis
KW - GD-MS
KW - Depth profile
KW - Mass spectrometry
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-651287
DO - https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv-2025-5rvlk
SP - 1
EP - 19
AN - OPUS4-65128
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Witte, Julien
A1 - Treutler, Kai
A1 - Schroepfer, Dirk
A1 - Kannengiesser, Thomas
A1 - Wesling, Volker
T1 - Influence of microstructure on the machinability and surface integrity of additively manufactured iron aluminides
N2 - The increasing global focus on energy and resource efficiency has stimulated a growing interest in additive manufacturing. AM offers economic advantages and enables an efficient use of materials. However, AM components often require subsequent mechanical post-processing, such as machining (e.g., milling), to achieve the final contours or surfaces. This is a particular challenge due to the heterogeneous and anisotropic nature of AM structures, which affect machining and the resulting component properties. High-performance materials such as iron aluminide represent a promising alternative to conventional high-temperature materials with a significant economic advantage. However, the strength and hardness properties, which are advantageous for applications in highly stressed lightweight components, pose a challenge for economical machining in addition to the AM microstructure properties. The difficult-to-cut material causes accelerated tool wear and insufficient surface quality. This study shows that crack-free additive manufacturing of the three-component system of iron-nickel-aluminum is possible, and advantages in terms of machinability compared to FeAl-AM components are achieved. The more homogeneous microstructure leads to a reduction in cutting forces, with positive effects on the machinability and optimized surface integrity. Ultrasonic assisted milling (USAM) offers great potential to address the major challenges posed by difficult-to-cut materials and additively manufactured weld structures. Therefore, this study focuses on assessing the transferability of previous positive results by USAM to the selected iron aluminide alloys. The machinability of the aluminides is analyzed by varying significant influencing variables in finish milling experiments and evaluated in terms of the loads on the tool and the resulting surface integrity.
KW - Iron aluminide
KW - Additive manufacturing
KW - Machinability
KW - Surface integrity
KW - Ultrasonic-assisted milling process
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-656993
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-026-02382-6
SN - 0043-2288
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC
AN - OPUS4-65699
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Battistella, Beatrice
T1 - Plasma-Based Analytical Approaches for the Investigation of Li-ion Battery Degradation
N2 - The research conducted at the Federal Institute for Material Research and Testing (BAM) focuses on key challenges of the energy transition, spanning hydrogen technologies, electrical energy storage, and renewable energy systems. In the field of energy storage, our primary areas of interest include the safety of electrical energy storage systems, sustainable energy materials, and advanced battery diagnostics.
One of our central objectives is to deepen our understanding of the processes contributing to lithium-ion cell degradation, an essential step toward improving next-generation systems and meeting the rapidly growing demand for lithium-ion battery technology. The complexity of these systems, which comprise organic and inorganic compounds in multiple aggregation states, presents significant analytical challenges.
To address these challenges, we are developing novel analytical methods to further expand our insight into battery degradation mechanisms. Using GD-MS for depth-resolved lithium isotope analysis, we have recently established a correlation between lithium isotope fractionation and the growth of electrode–electrolyte interphases at electrode surfaces. In addition, we are developing GD-OES and LIBS methods for depth-resolved and lateral fluorine analysis, respectively, of lithium-ion battery electrodes to monitor electrolyte and additive degradation. These approaches might also provide valuable analytical tools for assessing the homogeneity of fluorinated active materials.
T2 - Berkeley Lab - Prof. Dr. Zorba group seminar (Energy Technologies Area)
CY - Berkeley, CA, USA
DA - 27.02.2026
KW - Li-ion Batteries
KW - Li Isotopes
KW - Diagnostic on batteries
PY - 2026
AN - OPUS4-65695
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Battistella, Beatrice
T1 - Plasma-Based Analytical Approaches for the Investigation of Li-ion Battery Degradation
N2 - The research conducted at the Federal Institute for Material Research and Testing (BAM) focuses on key challenges of the energy transition, spanning hydrogen technologies, electrical energy storage, and renewable energy systems. In the field of energy storage, our primary areas of interest include the safety of electrical energy storage systems, sustainable energy materials, and advanced battery diagnostics.
One of our central objectives is to deepen our understanding of the processes contributing to lithium-ion cell degradation, an essential step toward improving next-generation systems and meeting the rapidly growing demand for lithium-ion battery technology. The complexity of these systems, which comprise organic and inorganic compounds in multiple aggregation states, presents significant analytical challenges.
To address these challenges, we are developing novel analytical methods to further expand our insight into battery degradation mechanisms. Using GD-MS for depth-resolved lithium isotope analysis, we have recently established a correlation between lithium isotope fractionation and the growth of electrode–electrolyte interphases at electrode surfaces. In addition, we are developing GD-OES and LIBS methods for depth-resolved and lateral fluorine analysis, respectively, of lithium-ion battery electrodes to monitor electrolyte and additive degradation. These approaches might also provide valuable analytical tools for assessing the homogeneity of fluorinated active materials.
T2 - Applied Spectra Inc.
CY - Sacramento, CA, USA
DA - 05.03.2026
KW - Lithium-Ion Battery
PY - 2026
AN - OPUS4-65696
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Battistella, Beatrice
T1 - Plasma-Based Analytical Approaches for the Investigation of Li-ion Battery Degradation
N2 - The research conducted at the Federal Institute for Material Research and Testing (BAM) focuses on key challenges of the energy transition, spanning hydrogen technologies, electrical energy storage, and renewable energy systems. In the field of energy storage, our primary areas of interest include the safety of electrical energy storage systems, sustainable energy materials, and advanced battery diagnostics.
One of our central objectives is to deepen our understanding of the processes contributing to lithium-ion cell degradation, an essential step toward improving next-generation systems and meeting the rapidly growing demand for lithium-ion battery technology. The complexity of these systems, which comprise organic and inorganic compounds in multiple aggregation states, presents significant analytical challenges.
To address these challenges, we are developing novel analytical methods to further expand our insight into battery degradation mechanisms. Using GD-MS for depth-resolved lithium isotope analysis, we have recently established a correlation between lithium isotope fractionation and the growth of electrode–electrolyte interphases at electrode surfaces. In addition, we are developing GD-OES and LIBS methods for depth-resolved and lateral fluorine analysis, respectively, of lithium-ion battery electrodes to monitor electrolyte and additive degradation. These approaches might also provide valuable analytical tools for assessing the homogeneity of fluorinated active materials.
T2 - California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
CY - Pasadena, CA, USA
DA - 06.03.2026
KW - Lithium-Ion Battery
KW - Li Isotopes
KW - Diagnostic on batteries
KW - LA-ICP-MS
KW - GD-MS
PY - 2026
AN - OPUS4-65697
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Battistella, Beatrice
T1 - Lithium Isotope Fractionation inLithium-Ion Batteries:a Benchmark for Performance and Aging?
N2 - Since their introduction, Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have revolutionized the world of portable electronics and sustainable mobility[1]. LIBs currently play a pivotal role across several sectors, thanks to their long cycle life, fast-charging capabilities, unmatched energy densities, and a broad operating temperature range. Given the increasing demand of this technology[2,3], challenges including safety concerns, limited resource availability, and environmental impact need to be addressed. To improve the next-generation systems, understanding the cell degradation pathways is crucial. However, the complexity of these systems, comprising organic and inorganic compounds in various aggregation states, poses challenges to studying the involved degradation processes.
Inspired by geochemical studies, which displayed lithium isotope fractionation in dynamic natural systems, attributed to the high mass difference (ca. 16%) between the heavier (ca. 7Li, 92.5%) and the lighter isotope (ca. 6Li, 7.5%)[4], this work investigates weather a difference in Li isotope distribution within battery components can serve as a diagnostic and/or predictive tool for determining the remaining useful lifetime (RUL) of batteries[5].
Initial observations of Li isotope variation during battery aging were made in commercial cells. This was followed by systematic studies based on lab-scale coin-cells fabricated with different cathode materials[6]. While multicollector ICP-MS (MC-ICP-MS) investigation of each cell component enabled quantification of Li isotope fractionation in new and aged batteries with a 0.2 ‰ precision, glow discharge mass spectrometric (GD-MS) analysis provided spatially resolved information on Li isotopic distribution variation upon cells aging. The results display a meaningful correlation between post-mortem chemical analysis and electrochemical cells’ performance, highlighting the potential of Li isotope distribution in the electrodes as both a benchmark for battery degradation and a valuable indicator for assessing battery RUL.
T2 - 2026 United States Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry
CY - Tucson, AZ, USA
DA - 10.01.2026
KW - Lithium-Ion Battery
KW - Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry
KW - Li isotopes
PY - 2026
AN - OPUS4-65694
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Battistella, Beatrice
A1 - Revill, Adam
A1 - Venzago, Cornel
A1 - Hoffmann, Volker
A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo
A1 - Al-Sabbagh, Dominik
A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian
A1 - Abad, Carlos
T1 - Depth-Resolved Lithium Isotope Fractionation as a Diagnostic of Interphase Evolution and Degradation in Lithium-Ion Batteries
N2 - Lithium isotopic fractionation is well-established in dynamic geochemical systems; however, its role in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) remains uninvestigated. Herein, we report the first depth-resolved demonstration that isotopic separation occurs during Li-ion cell operation whose magnitude depends on the cycling history. Using depth-resolved glow discharge mass spectrometry, we monitored the 7Li/6Li ratio in LiNi0.333Mn0.333Co0.333O2 (NMC111)||graphite coin cell electrodes at defined life-cycle stages. Different charging rates were examined to get mechanistic insight into kinetic and thermodynamic control in the fractionation process. Although pristine electrodes exhibit a uniform isotopic ratio, cycled electrodes show a distinct 7Li enrichment in the positive electrode and a corresponding accumulation of 6Li at the surface of the negative electrode. The degree of isotopic separation varies with the charging rate. Isotopic signatures correlate with capacity fading, indicating lithium isotope mapping as a sensitive diagnostic tool for tracking electrode degradation and the evolution of the electrode–electrolyte interphases in LIBs.
KW - Lithium-Ion Battery
KW - Li Isotopes
KW - Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry GD-MS
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-657229
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.5c0413737
SN - 2380-8195
VL - 11
IS - 3
SP - 2851
EP - 2857
PB - ACS Publications
AN - OPUS4-65722
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Determination, Assessment and Quantification of Hydrogen in Multi-pass / Multi-layer Weld Joints by Adapted ISO 3690 Samples - DEAQuade -
N2 - High-strength, low-alloy (HSLA) structural steels, such as S690 and higher grades, are used in numerous applications, enabling sustainable, lightweight structural construction. However, the welded joints of these steels can be susceptible to hydrogen-assisted cold cracking (HACC), especially in the hardened weld metal (WM) or heat-affected zone (HAZ). HACC in high-strength welds basically involves a critical combination of local, mutually dependent parameters consisting of: (1) a crack-critical microstructure; (2) sufficiently high mechanical stress; and (3) a diffusible hydrogen concentration (HD). In this context, thick-walled steel weld joints typically involve multi-layer welding with several passes. This leads to an effective, empirically known reduction in the global HD in the weld seam. This reduction is due to the repeated reheating of subsequently welded beads or layers, which reduces the local HD in the individual weld beads or layers. However, this has not yet been adequately quantified or described. Bead-on-plate tests, such as ISO 3690, cannot correctly reproduce the local HD distribution in individual welding passes (and thus, the global HD in the entire seam). Therefore, these tests lead to an extremely conservative evaluation of hydrogen ingress and the potential for "self-reduction" of HD due to increased interpass temperature during multi-layer welding, which has not yet been adequately addressed in the literature. Ideally, the local HD in each pass and the global (average) HD of the multi-layer weld would be known immediately after welding. For this reason, the study proposes an approach to address the local, track-, and layer-dependent, as well as global, hardness (HD) of multi-layer welds via a modified ISO 3690 test. To this end, representative welding parameter combinations for selected practical welding processes (e.g., SAW, GMAW, or SMAW) will be carried out as conventional bead-on-plate samples. These samples will be systematically extended by an increasing number of welding passes. Several sample series with an increasing number of beads or layers will be examined. Additionally, the initial HD is varied by methods such as targeted shielding gas variation (e.g., addition of hydrogen in GMAW) or moistened flux/coating (e.g., SAW/SMAW). Based on experimental data (temperature field measurements during welding and determination of temperature-dependent HD coefficients), a numerical hydrogen diffusion model is created. This model calculates the local HD (in the beads) and the HD across the weld cross-section. Additional variation calculations represent heat transfer conditions that were not recorded experimentally and their influence on HD distribution. Finally, we investigate the potential use of the modified ISO 3690 multi-layer geometry for application cases such as (1) predicting the effectiveness and necessity of hydrogen removal heat treatment procedures for given welding parameter sets and (2) extending the HD classification definition (e.g., allowing HD10 use for HSLA steels with RP0.2 > 690 MPa instead of HD5). Finally, an international round robin should be initiated once the concept has been successfully confirmed and verified.
T2 - IIW Intermediate Meeting, Com. II-A
CY - Bangkok, Thailand
DA - 17.03.2026
KW - Hydrogen assisted cracking
KW - Multi-pass welding
KW - Diffusion
KW - Cold cracking test
PY - 2026
AN - OPUS4-65716
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Engelking, Lorenz
A1 - Madia, Mauro
A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk
A1 - Kruse, Julius
A1 - Saliwan Neumann, Romeo
A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas
T1 - Influence of Ultrasonic-Assisted Milling on Surface Integrity and Fatigue Strength of a Low Alloy Steel
N2 - The milling process significantly influences the surface integrity of metallic components through machining induced near surface residual stresses. Modern hybrid machining processes, such as ultrasonic-assisted milling (USAM), offer the potential to induce beneficial near-surface compressive residual stresses compared to the near-surface tensile residual stresses typically resulting from conventional milling (CM). This study investigates the effects of USAM compared to CM on the near-surface residual stress state and fatigue performance of a S355J2C low-alloy steel. Milling experiments and subsequent rotating bending tests revealed that USAM significantly reduces cutting force by approximately 45% and induces near-surface compressive re sidual stresses as low as −733MPa. This leads to a significant improvement in fatigue strength estimated in approximately 34% compared to polished specimens and 11% compared to the CM. These findings highlight the potential of USAM to enhance the fatigue performance of components made of steel.
KW - Fatigue strength
KW - Residual stress
KW - Surface integrity
KW - Surface roughness
KW - Ultrasonic-assisted milling
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-657358
DO - https://doi.org/10.1111/ffe.70259
SP - 1
EP - 11
PB - Wiley
AN - OPUS4-65735
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Roy, Arkendu
T1 - Hydroxide Based High Entropy MOF for Oxygen Evolution Reaction
N2 - The energy crisis becomes more prominent in higher altitude countries like Germany, with higher annual energy demand. Thus, the generation of higher energy density fuel like hydrogen from renewable resources become the only way to solve the zero-emission energy system while avoiding the expensive batteries as an energy storage option. Therefore, water electrolysis cells to produce hydrogen and oxygen by storing of solar/wind energy in chemical bonds is a fruitful alternative for renewable and long-term energy generation. Thus, designing inexpensive water-splitting electrocatalyst material becomes a field of research of utmost importance. High entropy metal hydroxide organic frameworks (HE-MHOFs) are composed of high entropy hydroxide layer inside MOFs, resulting in a high degree of structural complexity and diversity than conventional MOFs. The concept of ‘high entropy’ refers to multiple types of metal ions (Metal = TM) in a near equimolar ratio in the same framework, creating a high degree of disorder and many possible structural configurations. Here, the HE-MHOF successfully synthesized by a conventional solvothermal process, crystallizes in the single phase with significant lattice distortion. A special-quasi-random (SQS) structure was simulated with equimolar compositions (~20% TM = Mn, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn) and a comparison was made with the ICP-AES (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy), XANES (X-ray absorption near edge structure) and XAFS (X-ray absorption fine structure) observations. Further, the elemental mapping (Energy dispersive Spectroscopy) of HE-MHOF shows the presence of all five different metals in the same crystallite to substantiate the ‘high entropy’ state of the MOF. The HE-MHOF offers improved thermal stability than mono-metallic MHOF and exhibit unique properties compared to traditional monometallic (Ni2+) MOF variants. Firstly, to elucidate the effect of the multimetallic system on the catalytic performance, we have performed density functional theory (DFT) calculations to investigate pre-redox cycles involved in the catalytic activation of HE (and Ni)-MOFs. HE-MHOF is further investigated as an electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) due to its special high entropy hydroxide layered structure and electronic properties. Our DFT results have examined the traditional proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) steps involving the single transition-metal site. The scrutiny of d-band centers and their behaviour in catalytic upgradation is investigated with density of states (DOS) analysis. It exhibits outstanding performance towards oxygen evolution reaction (OER) comparable to the experimental findings, which is also comparable to state-of-the-art OER catalysts based on precious metals such as iridium oxide and platinum carbon. We have considered different electrolyte solutions to elucidate the fast kinetics oxygen evolution reaction in the presence of various external nucleophilic anions. In hydroxyl-based MOFs, electrolytes' influence can substantially enhance catalytic activities. Here, with the help of DFT simulations, we have investigated the effect of the nucleophilicity of anion on each elementary reaction involved in the PCET mechanism of OER.
T2 - EuroMOF 2023
CY - Granada, Spain
DA - 24.09.2023
KW - Metal-organic Framework
KW - High Entropy Materials
KW - Electrocatalysis
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58971
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Dietzmann, Simon
A1 - Mehmood, Asad
A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana
A1 - Emmerling, Franziska
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
A1 - Thomas, A.
T1 - Characterization of Solid-State Complexes by XAS
N2 - Atomically dispersed metal-nitrogen doped carbons (M-N-C) are
promising catalysts for the activation of small molecules such as O2
and CO2. These single atom catalysts (SAC) operate at the interface
between homogenous and heterogenous catalysts. Currently, many
examples of M-N-C are known with good oxygen reduction reaction
activity but lacking a controlled synthesis of the specific active sites of
the precatalyst. Recently, our group facilitated the synthesis of pure
pyrrolic M-N4 sites using Zn ions as imprinters.[1] These amorphous
materials obtained by active site imprinting method are characterized
at the BAMline (Bessy II) by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS).
In-situ/operando measurements will be crucial in future work for a
better understanding of the dynamic changes of the active site.
T2 - InSynX Workshop 2023
CY - Sao Paulo, Brazil
DA - 06.03.2023
KW - Solid-State Complexes
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58933
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Gugin, Nikita
T1 - Large-Scale Synthesis of ZIF-8 for Hydrogen Storage: Batch and Continuous Modes
N2 - We report the scale-up of a batch solid synthesis of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) for reactive extrusion. The crystalline product forms in the extruder directly under the mixture of solid 2-methylimidazole and basic zinc carbonate in the presence of a catalytic amount of liquid. Highly crystalline ZIF-8 with a Brunauer−Emmett−Teller (BET) surface area of 1816 m2 g−1 was quantitatively prepared at mild temperature using a catalytic amount of ethanol and a small excess of the linker. Extruded ZIF-8 is an affordable alternative to commercial Basolite Z1200 as a reference material for H2 cryoadsorption.
T2 - Metrology for Advanced Hydrogen Storage Solutions (MefHySto) Closing Conference
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 03.07.2023
KW - In situ Raman
KW - Large-scale processing
KW - Mechanochemistry
KW - Twin-screw extrusion (TSE)
PY - 2023
AN - OPUS4-58926
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Opitz, P.
A1 - Besch, L.
A1 - Panthöfer, M.
A1 - Kabelitz, Anke
A1 - Unger, R.
A1 - Emmerling, Franziska
A1 - Mondeshki, M.
A1 - Tremel, W.
T1 - Insights into the In Vitro Formation of Apatite from Mg‐Stabilized Amorphous Calcium Carbonate
N2 - A protein‐free formation of bone‐like apatite from amorphous precursors through ball‐milling is reported. Mg2+ ions are crucial to achieve full amorphization of CaCO3. Mg2+ incorporation generates defects which strongly retard a recrystallization of ball‐milled Mg‐doped amorphous calcium carbonate (BM‐aMCC), which promotes the growth of osteoblastic and endothelial cells in simulated body fluid and has no effect on endothelial cell gene expression. Ex situ snapshots of the processes revealed the reaction mechanisms. For low Mg contents (<30%) a two phase system consisting of Mg‐doped amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) and calcite “impurities” was formed. For high (>40%) Mg2+ contents, BM‐aMCC follows a different crystallization path via magnesian calcite and monohydrocalcite to aragonite. While pure ACC crystallizes rapidly to calcite in aqueous media, Mg‐doped ACC forms in the presence of phosphate ions bone‐like hydroxycarbonate apatite (dahllite), a carbonate apatite with carbonate substitution in both type A (OH−) and type B (PO43−) sites, which grows on calcite “impurities” via heterogeneous nucleation. This process produces an endotoxin‐free material and makes BM‐aMCC an excellent “ion storage buffer” that promotes cell growth by stimulating cell viability and metabolism with promising applications in the treatment of bone defects and bone degenerative diseases.
KW - Total Scattering
KW - XRD
KW - Mechanochemistry
PY - 2020
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202007830
VL - 31
IS - 3
SP - 7830
PB - Wiley VHC-Verlag
AN - OPUS4-51761
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Moss, Caitlin
T1 - Framework Materials for the Electrocatalytic Reduction of Nitrate to Ammonia
N2 - The electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate to ammonia offers a sustainable alternative to the energy-intensive Haber-Bosch process while simultaneously addressing the pressing issue of nitrate pollution in water sources. Developing efficient catalysts for this reaction is therefore vital for both environmental remediation and green ammonia production. Framework materials such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and coordination polymers present an emerging class of electrocatalytic materials due to their high surface area, tunable porosity, and structural modularity. Their ability to incorporate diverse metal centers and functional groups makes them promising candidates for selective and efficient nitrate reduction. In order to change and improve catalytic properties, different synthesis strategies can be pursued, such as metal alloying or calcination under different conditions. To fully understand and optimize these materials, advanced characterization techniques are essential to correlate structural features with catalytic performance, alongside in-situ methods for real-time mechanistic insights.
T2 - Tag der Chemie 2025
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 03.07.2025
KW - Electrocatalysis
KW - Electrochemisty
KW - Framework Materials
KW - Ammonia Synthesis
KW - Nitrate Reduction
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63815
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schmalz, Alina
T1 - Framework Materials for the Electrocatalytic Reduction of Nitrate to Ammonia
N2 - The electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate to ammonia offers a sustainable alternative to the energy-intensive Haber-Bosch process while simultaneously addressing the pressing issue of nitrate pollution in water sources. Developing efficient catalysts for this reaction is therefore vital for both environmental remediation and green ammonia production. Framework materials such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) or metalated covalent organic frameworks (COFs) present an emerging class of electrocatalytic materials due to their high surface area, tunable porosity, and structural modularity. Their ability to incorporate diverse metal centers and functional groups makes them promising candidates for selective and efficient nitrate reduction. In order to change and improve catalytic properties, different synthesis strategies can be pursued, such as metal alloying, doping or calcination. To fully understand and optimize these materials, advanced characterization techniques are essential to correlate structural features with catalytic performance, alongside in-situ methods for real-time mechanistic insights.
T2 - 10th European Crystallography School
CY - Ohrid, North Macedonia
DA - 23.06.2025
KW - Electrocatalysis
KW - Electrochemistry
KW - Framework Materials
KW - Ammonia Synthesis
KW - Nitrate Reduction
PY - 2025
AN - OPUS4-63846
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Scholl, Juliane
A1 - Scharpmann, Philippa
A1 - Bagheri, Abbas
A1 - Lisec, Jan
A1 - Meiers, Emelie
A1 - Jaeger, Carsten
A1 - Leonhardt, Robert
A1 - Haase, Hajo
A1 - Koch, Matthias
T1 - Beyond the lab: Real-world composition of commercial Li-ion battery electrolytes
N2 - This study presents a systematic, characterization of electrolytes from commercial lithium-ion batteries (LIB), encompassing 90 batteries from leading global manufacturers across diverse formats and application sectors. An integrated, complementary mass spectrometric workflow combining LC–MS/MS, GC–MS, and high-resolution MS was employed. To ensure robust structural annotation, molecular identifications were assigned confidence levels following Schymanski et al. (2014).
Across all formats, PF6− was confirmed as the dominant Li+ counterion, frequently coexisting with BF4−, PO2F2−, and bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI−), forming binary and ternary salt systems optimized for both conductivity and safety. Solvent systems revealed the widespread use of propylene carbonate (PC) combined with diverse carbonate mixtures, demonstrating trends in performance optimization specific to cell format. A variety of additives were identified, reflecting a clear shift towards multifunctional, synergistic additive packages and the gradual replacement of fluorinated species with environmentally safer alternatives. Cycling studies demonstrated that electrolyte degradation mechanisms are strongly influenced by electrode composition and additive chemistry, with oxidative degradation pathways dominating.
Together, these findings provide rare empirical insight into the evolving formulation strategies of electrolytes in commercial LIB, still employing classic carbonates and LiPF6, but highlighting a trend toward safer, more robust, and sustainable electrolyte architectures by using synergistic multifunctional systems.
KW - Mass Spectrometry
KW - Lithium-ion batteries
KW - Electrolyte degradation
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-656254
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239739
SN - 0378-7753
VL - 673
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - Elsevier B.V.
AN - OPUS4-65625
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Werner, Jan
A1 - Böttcher, Nils
A1 - Soderer, Hannes
T1 - Batterieelektrisch betriebene FL/AT-Fzg.-Vorschriften und Sicherheit
N2 - Überblick über Vorschriftenlage, Technik der Batterien und aktuelle Forschung.
Aufzeigen bestehender Unschärfen in der Rechtslage, Sicherheitsfragestellungen zu Batterietechnik sowie Interaktion mit Gefahrgut.
T2 - E-Mobilität in der Chemielogistik
CY - Duisburg, Germany
DA - 04.03.2026
KW - Batterieelektrische Antriebe
KW - Gefahrgut
KW - ADR
KW - Unfallfeuer
KW - Wärmeübertragung
KW - Lithium Ionen Batterien
PY - 2026
AN - OPUS4-65663
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Böttcher, Nils
T1 - Kick-off LiBaTra - WP4: Safety Tests
N2 - Die BAM ist Projektpartner im vom BMWE geförderten Verbundvorhaben LiBaTra („Lithium-Ionen-Batterie Transport und sichere Deaktivierung für das Recycling“). Weitere Projektpartner neben der BAM sind die Universität Braunschweig mit dem iPAT (Institut für Partikeltechnik) sowie die Firmen Siemens Energy SE sowie No Canary. Die BAM bearbeitet das Teilvorhaben „Risikobestimmung tiefenentladener Energiespeicher“ (FKZ: 03EI6145A-D). Die Präsentation gibt die wesentlichen Arbeitsinhalte des Teilvorhabens der BAM wieder.
T2 - Kick-off Meeting des Verbundvorhabens LiBaTra
CY - Online meeting
DA - 17.02.2026
KW - Auswirkungsbetrachtungen
KW - Elektrische Energiespeicher
KW - Lithium-Ionen-Batterie
KW - Stationäre Energiespeicher
KW - Thermisches Durchgehen
PY - 2026
AN - OPUS4-65657
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Ammerman, D. J.
A1 - Bignell, J. L.
A1 - Bjorkman, G. S.
A1 - Breach, M. R.
A1 - Broz, V. A.
A1 - Jordan, J.
A1 - Kuehner, S.
A1 - Molitoris, D. P.
A1 - Reinhardt, W.
A1 - Rigato, A. B.
A1 - Rosvall, E. S.
A1 - Sakalaukus Jr., P. J.
A1 - Shih, P. Y.-K.
A1 - Siromani, D.
A1 - Snow, S. D.
A1 - Tso, C.-F.
A1 - Yaksh, M. C.
A1 - Zencker, Uwe
A1 - Zhang, X.
T1 - Guidance document - Use of explicit finite element analysis for the evaluation of radioactive material transport packages and storge casks in energy-limited impact events
N2 - The purpose of this document is to provide guidance for developing quality finite element models to ensure, with reasonable certainty, that the model produces accurate results for comparison with the strain-based or stress-based acceptance criteria of Section III, Division 3 of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, but could be applicable to other Sections of the Code or other codes. Models developed following the guidance provided in this document meet the definition of a "Quality Model," as described in Paragraph EE 1240 of the Nonmandatory Appendix EE (Strain-Based Acceptance Criteria Definitions and Background Information). It cannot be emphasized enough, however, that the guidance supplied here does not constitute requirements. Rather, the intent of the guidance is to give practical direction to analysts (i.e., this is not a set of regulatory requirements). This guidance document is an "evolving" document. It will undergo revision as computing capability and FEA techniques progress, and as example problems are developed.
KW - Computational modeling
KW - Explicit dynamics
PY - 2025
SN - 978-0-7918-7749-4
VL - NTB-6
SP - 1
EP - 153
PB - Americal Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
CY - New York, NY
ET - 2025
AN - OPUS4-65759
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Richter, Matthias
A1 - Baldan, A.
A1 - Beelen, R.
A1 - de Boed, E. J.J.
A1 - Tuma, Dirk
A1 - Kipphardt, Heinrich
A1 - Wilke, Olaf
A1 - van der Veen, A. M.H.
T1 - Primary gas standards for the determination of sulfur-based impurities at trace level in hydrogen
N2 - Hydrogen fuel quality needs to comply with ISO 14687:2025 to avoid harmful impact on applications using proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. For total sulfur as one of the most impactful contaminants, an amount fraction of 4 nmol/mol has been set as threshold (so-called Grade D quality). In this study, novel gaseous primary gas standards (PGS) of seven sulfur compounds were prepared either gravimetrically at 1000 nmol/mol, 100 nmol/mol, and 10 nmol/mol, or dynamically diluted down to 4 nmol/mol in hydrogen and argon matrices with relative expanded uncertainties well below 10 % (k = 2) and proven stability of at least 9–12 months. Two different cylinder passivation treatments were compared, with one treatment identified as unsuitable since reactions took place within the mixture. By performing a cross-check study, equivalence between both sets of PGS could be demonstrated (≤ 5 % relative deviation for most of the sulfur species).
KW - Hydrogen quality
KW - ISO 14687
KW - Sulfur impurities
KW - Primary gas standards
KW - TD-GC/SCD
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-656759
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.154461
SN - 0360-3199
VL - 224
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-65675
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Pedersen, Angus
A1 - Zhu, Jinjie
A1 - Barrio, Jesús
A1 - Parker, Joseph
A1 - Hunter, Robert D.
A1 - Haigh, Sarah J.
A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick
A1 - Stephens, Ifan E. L.
A1 - Titirici, Maria-Magdalena
T1 - Contribution of Mg-templated porosity to activity and durability in Fe–N–C O 2 reduction catalysts
N2 - Atomically dispersed Fe in N-doped carbon (Fe–N–C) catalysts are leading platinum-group-metal-free candidates for the O2 reduction reaction in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) derived Fe–N–C present the most promising performance; however, they possess a narrow distribution of small micropores, which limits active site accessibility. Here, to induce hierarchical porosity in Fe–N–C, we report a systematic study on MgCl2·6H2O-templated ZIF-8-derived Fe–N–C catalysts for the O2 reduction reaction. MgCl2·6H2O addition induced complete Zn removal, collapse of the ZIF-8 framework, and formation of large micro- and mesopores, with graphene-like structures. N content was markedly reduced, with conversion from pyridinic to pyrrolic N species. Rotating disc electrode tests showed a progressive increase in O2 reduction activity with MgCl2·6H2O, which is strongly correlated (R2 = 0.98) to the formation of large micropores and small mesopores (1–4 nm). This introduces an indirect structure–activity design principle for Fe–N–Cs. The enhanced Fe–N–C porosity also leads to increased degradation rates under accelerated stress test conditions, which we attributed to the oxidation of disordered carbon domains and active Fe loss. This study highlights a key trade-off between porosity-driven O2 reduction activity and durability in Fe–N–C catalysts.
KW - Porosity
KW - Single atom
KW - Oxygen reduction
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-657549
DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d5ma01488c
SN - 2633-5409
SP - 1
EP - 8
PB - Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
AN - OPUS4-65754
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Kaiser, Sebastian
T1 - Schweißen an druckführenden Wasserstoff-Ferngasleitungen im Betrieb – Ein Überblick über aktuelle FuE-Ergebnisse
N2 - Grüner Wasserstoff wird als zukünftiger Energieträger eine wichtige Rolle bei der Dekarbonisierung der Energieversorgung spielen. Der Transport über große Entfernungen wird mittels eines Wasserstoff-Fernleitungsnetzes erfolgen. Ein solches Netz erfordert regelmäßig Schweißarbeiten zu Reparatur-, Wartungs- oder Erweiterungszwecken. Im Erdgasnetz ist das Schweißen im laufenden Betrieb gängige Praxis, da eine Außerbetriebnahme der Leitung technisch und wirtschaftlich sehr schwierig ist. Wasserstoff kann jedoch in den Rohrleitungsstahl eindringen, insbesondere bei erhöhten Temperaturen. Dies könnte zu einer Degradation der Materialeigenschaften oder sogar zu einem Versagen führen, bedingt durch die bekannten Effekte der wasserstoffinduzierten Versprödung und der wasserstoffunterstützten Rissbildung. Im Forschungsprojekt H2-SuD wird dies gezielt untersucht. Hierfür werden unter anderem Druckgasbeladung, Schweißversuche an vereinfachten Ersatzgeometrien und an realitätsnahen Demonstratoren, sowie numerische Simulation auf Basis gewonnener experimenteller Daten eingesetzt.
T2 - Sitzung DIN NA 092-00-05 GA
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 24.03.2026
KW - Pipeline
KW - Schweißen
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Ferngasleitung
PY - 2026
AN - OPUS4-65744
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - El Harrab, H.
A1 - Askar, E.
A1 - Franken, T.
A1 - Mauss, F.
T1 - Investigation of the impact of base oils on the auto-ignition behavior of hydrogen–air mixtures
N2 - Using hydrogen as a fuel in internal combustion engines (ICEs) poses several challenges that have yet to be resolved. One issue is the difficulty of controlling combustion, arising from the interaction of lubricant oil during the combustion process. This study examines the effect of lubricant oil on hydrogen's ignition behavior by measuring the minimum auto-ignition temperature (AIT) using a heated constant-volume autoclave at 20 bar. AIT measurements were performed in air and stoichiometric hydrogen–air mixtures to evaluate the effect of the base oil on ignition characteristics. Experimental results demonstrate that auto-ignition of a small volume of 0.2 ml in a total volume of 200 ml of base oil significantly altered the ignitability of H2, reducing the AIT of a stoichiometric H2-air mixture from 460 °C to 270 °C. Further increases in base oil volume up to 1 ml result in a further decrease in AIT in both air (260 – 240 °C) and H2-air mixtures (270 – 250 °C), indicating the need for further investigation into whether this suggests a higher risk of pre-ignition in H2 ICEs. Four common base oils – two mineral oils (Groups II and III) and two synthetic oils (Groups IV (polyalphaolefin) and V (ester)) – were tested to assess their ignition characteristics. The experimental results revealed that all four base oils exhibited similar AITs in air (260 °C) and in hydrogen–air mixtures (270 °C). However, their reactivity differed at a given temperature and pressure; the synthetic oils were less reactive than the mineral oils. Of the synthetic oils tested, the ester base oil exhibited the lowest reactivity, reflected in its longer ignition delay time. Additionally, a numerical investigation was conducted in an adiabatic, constant-volume reactor to examine the impact of base oil surrogates on H2 ignition across the temperature range. The simulated results showed that the base oil surrogates are more reactive than H2 at low temperatures. Of these tested oils, the ester showed the lowest reactivity at a given temperature and pressure, indicating its beneficial potential as a base lubricant for hydrogen engines.
KW - Reactivity
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Pre-ignition
KW - Auto-ignition temperature
KW - Base oil
KW - Ignition delay time
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-657683
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.154564
SN - 0360-3199
VL - 226
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - Elsevier Ltd.
AN - OPUS4-65768
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Ruehle, Bastian
T1 - The Role of Analytics for Closing the Loop in Self-Driving Labs
N2 - The recent emergence of self-driving laboratories (SDL) and material acceleration plat-forms (MAPs) demonstrates the ability of these systems to change the way chemistry and material syntheses will be performed in the future. Especially in conjunction with nano- and advanced materials which are generally recognized for their great potential in solving current material science challenges, such systems can make disrupting con-tributions. Consequently, new tools that enhance the development and optimization cycle of nano- and advanced materials are crucial. In this contribution, we present our Self-Driving Lab (SDL) for Nano and Advanced Materials [1], that integrates robotics for batched autonomous synthesis – from molecular precursors to fully purified nano-materials – with automated characterization and data analysis, for a complete and reli-able nanomaterial synthesis workflow. By automating the processing and characteriza-tion steps for seven different materials from five representative, completely different classes of nano- and advanced materials (metal, metal oxide, silica, metal organic framework, and core–shell particles) that follow different reaction mechanisms, we demonstrate the great versatility, reproducibility, and flexibility of the platform.
The system also incorporates in-line characterization measurement of hydrodynamic diameter, zeta potential, and optical properties (absorbance, fluorescence). In general, the interface with data analysis algorithms from in-line, at-line, and off-line measure-ments is of great importance for closing the design-make-test-analyze cycle and using these platforms efficiently. Here, we will give examples of how automatic image seg-mentation of electron microscopy images with the help of AI [2] can be used for reduc-ing the “data analysis bottleneck” from an off-line measurement. We will also discuss various machine learning (ML) algorithms that are currently implemented in the backend and can be used for ML-guided, closed-loop material optimization in our SDL. Lastly, we will show our recent efforts [3] in making the workflow generation on SDLs more user-friendly by using large language models to generate executable workflows automatically from synthesis procedures given in natural language and user-friendly graphical user interfaces based on node editors that also allow for knowledge graph extraction from the workflows. In this context, we are currently also working on a com-mon description or ontology for representing the process steps and parameters of the workflows, which will greatly facilitate the semantic description and interoperability of workflows between different SDL hardware and software platforms.
These features underscore the SDL’s potential as a transformative tool for advancing and accelerating the development of nano- and advanced materials, offering solutions for a sustainable and environmentally responsible future.
T2 - Analytica Conference 2026
CY - Munich, Germany
DA - 24.03.2026
KW - Self-Driving Labs
KW - Materials Acceleration Platforms
KW - Advanced Materials
KW - Nanomaterials
KW - Automation
KW - Digitalization
KW - Ontologies
PY - 2026
AN - OPUS4-65760
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hübner, Martin
T1 - (K)ein explosives Thema? - Schweißen an und auf zukünftigen Wasserstoffpipelines im Betrieb unter Druckgasfluss
N2 - Das Schweißen an druckführenden Leitungen im Betrieb ist beim Erdgas-Fernleitungsnetz Stand der Technik, beispielsweise beim Setzen von Abgängen durch „Hot-Tapping“. Diese Technik wird auch beim zukünftigen Wasserstoff-Kernnetz eine bedeutende Rolle spielen. Verfahrensbedingt ist daher eine bestimmte Wasserstoffaufnahme während des Schweißens unvermeidbar. Aus diesem Grund werden derzeit in mehreren Forschungsprojekten wie umfassende Erkenntnisse zum Schweißen an Rohrleitungen unter Druckwasserstoff gewonnen. Die grundsätzliche Übertragbarkeit des „Hot-Tapping“ auf zukünftige Wasserstoff-Rohrleitungen wurde bereits bestätigt (u. a. DNV-Projekt und HyTap). Allerdings besteht allein das zukünftige Wasserstoff-Kernnetz in Deutschland aus einer Vielzahl von Bestands- und Neuwerkstoffen mit unterschiedlichen Festigkeiten, Durchmessern und Wandstärken. Für diese ist eine umfassende Betrachtung notwendig. In diesem Bereich leistet das Projekt H2-SuD wesentliche Beiträge, insbesondere zur Frage der Anpassung der Mindestwandstärke für sicheres Schweißen. Hierzu bieten die Demonstratoren eine ideale Grundlage zum Screening vieler Schweißparameter-Werkstoff-Kombinationen. Eine erhöhte Wasserstoffkonzentration beim Schweißen wurde experimentell belegt (DNV-Projekt und H2-SuD), allerdings im allgemein nicht als kritisch erachteten Bereich. Zudem wurde eine Wasserstoffversprödung der Schweißnaht während des Schweißens an druckwasserstoffführenden Demonstratoren bisher nicht beobachtet. Dies liegt u.a. an den mechanischen Eigenschaften der Rohrleitungswerkstoffe (gute Dehnfähigkeit, auch im geschweißten Zustand).
T2 - Vortragsreihe des Bezirksverbandes Berlin des Deutschen Verbandes für Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren (DVS) e.V.
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 25.03.2026
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - Rohrleitung
KW - Schweißen
KW - Demonstrator
KW - Bauteilprüfung
PY - 2026
AN - OPUS4-65774
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Holtappels, Kai
T1 - Ammoniak als Energieträger in Deutschland: Zwischen Sicherheitsanforderungen, Infrastruktur und Akzeptanz
N2 - Die Gewährleistung einer sicheren, zuverlässigen und klimaneutralen Energieversorgung stellt eine der zentralen Herausforderungen der kommenden Jahrzehnte dar. Als zentraler Baustein für die Energiewende wird Grüner Wasserstoff gesehen. Allerdings müssen bis zum Hochlauf einer flächendeckenden Wasserstoffinfrastruktur effektive Speicher- und Transportlösungen bereitgestellt werden. Verschiedene Wasserstoff-derivate, insbesondere Ammoniak, Methanol, synthetisches Methan und flüssige organische Wasserstoffträger (LOHCs), können dabei eine tragende Rolle spielen.
Aufgrund seiner etablierten globalen Infrastruktur und der vorhandenen industriellen Produktions- und Handelsketten (weltweit über 170 Mio. Tonnen jährlich) stellt Ammoniak, besonders kurzfristig, eine vielversprechende Option für die energetische Nutzung dar. Zusätzlich zeichnet sich Ammoniak durch seine hohe Energiedichte und, im Vergleich zu Wasserstoff, einfache Lager- und Transportfähigkeit aus. Auch langfristig bietet Grüner Ammoniak, insbesondere der in sonnen- und windreichen Regionen aus erneuerbaren Energiequellen erzeugte, das Potenzial für eine wirtschaftliche Produktion und eine vielversprechende Option für künftige Energieimporte.
Aufgrund der toxischen Eigenschaften und potenziellen Umweltrisiken sind allerdings umfassende sicherheitstechnische Maßnahmen sowie eindeutige regulatorische Rahmenbedingungen erforderlich. Darüber hinaus gilt es, technologische Herausforderungen zu lösen, die sich in Abhängigkeit von der Nutzung von Ammoniak ergeben. Hierzu zählen unter anderem die Emissionskontrolle bei der direkten Verbrennung von Ammoniak sowie die Verbesserung der Effizienz bei der Rückumwandlung von Ammoniak in Wasserstoff (Ammoniak-Cracking).
Vor diesem Hintergrund hat die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) im Rahmen zweier Workshops in Kooperation mit relevanten Stakeholdern aus Behörden, Wirtschaft und aus der Wissenschaft zentrale Handlungsempfehlungen für die Politik abgeleitet, mit dem Ziel, den Einsatz von Ammoniak als Energieträger in Deutschland voranzubringen. Diese Handlungsempfehlungen werden im Beitrag päsentiert und anschließend zur Diskussion gestellt.
Zusammenfassend lässt sich festhalten, dass Ammoniak ein vielversprechendes Wasserstoffderivat für die Dekarbonisierung darstellt, sofern politischer Wille und eine klare Strategie den zielgerichteten Ausbau der notwendigen Infrastruktur, die Schaffung regulatorischer Rahmenbedingungen sowie die Förderung technologischer Innovationen vorantreiben.
T2 - 1. Berliner Fachtagung Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 24.03.2026
KW - Ammoniak
KW - Wasserstoffderivate
KW - Energieträger
KW - Herausforderungen
PY - 2026
AN - OPUS4-65766
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hartwig, Peter
T1 - Sichere Wasserstoffnetze ModuH2Pipe
N2 - Der Wasserstofftransport durch Pipelines in Deutschland und Europa ist von zentraler Bedeutung für die zukünftige Energieversorgungssicherheit. Neben dem Neubau einer Wasserstoff-Transportinfrastruktur wird vor allem die kosteneffiziente Umwidmung bestehender Erdgasnetze für den Wasserstofftransport vorangetrieben. Dabei ergeben sich zahlreiche sicherheitstechnische Fragestellungen, insbesondere zur Materialeignung und -kompatibilität, der Zustandsanalyse und -überwachung von Pipelines sowie der Gewährleistung der Gasqualitäten. Die Validierung der wissenschaftlich-technischen Tragfähigkeit der Antworten zu diesen Fragen unter realen Bedingungen ist erforderlich für die erfolgreiche Transformation des Energietransports. Hierzu stellt die BAM eine neue, einzigartige Prüfinfrastruktur vor, die ab Juli 2026 zur Verfügung stehen wird.
T2 - 1. Fachtagung für Anlagen- und Prozesstechnik
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 24.03.2026
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - ModuH2Pipe
KW - Modulare-Testplattform
KW - Realmaßstab
KW - Wasserstoffkernnetz
PY - 2026
AN - OPUS4-65767
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Askar, Enis
T1 - Sicherheitstechnische Eigenschaften von Wasserstoff-Sauerstoff-Gemischen unter Prozessbedingungen der Elektrolyse
N2 - Die Bildung von Wasserstoff-Sauerstoff-Gemischen, beispielsweise aufgrund von Cross-Over, Fehlfunktionen oder An- und Abschaltvorgängen, stellt eine für Elektrolyseprozesse ganz spezifische Gefahr dar, die angemessen berücksichtigt werden muss. In dieser Arbeit wurden die Explosionsgrenzen von Wasserstoff-Sauerstoff-Gemischen bei Prozessbedingungen von bis zu 30 bar und 300 °C experimentell bestimmt. Es zeigte sich, dass die vorhandenen experimentellen Daten mithilfe empirischer Ansätze mit guter Genauigkeit interpoliert werden können. Darüber hinaus wurden auch die Explosionsgrenzen unter atmosphärischen Bedingungen mit reduzierter Zündenergie bis hinunter zu 1 mJ bestimmt. Obwohl in der Literatur zu finden ist, dass die Zündenergie von brennbaren Gasen stark ansteigt, wenn die Konzentration von stöchiometrisch in den Bereich nahe den Explosionsgrenzen wechselt, wurde innerhalb des getesteten Zündenergiebereichs für H₂/O₂-Gemische kein signifikanter Einfluss der Gemischkonzentration festgestellt. Schließlich wurde die Zündung an heißen Oberflächen für Gemische mit 6 Mol-% Wasserstoff in Sauerstoff, also leicht oberhalb der Explosionsgrenze, experimentell bei verschiedenen Drücken bis zu 30 bara untersucht. Auch hier wurden nur geringe Abweichungen von den für stöchiometrische Gemische ermittelten Zündtemperaturen festgestellt. Zur Berechnung der Zündtemperaturen wurde ein 0D-Reaktormodell mit adiabatischem, konstantem Volumen verwendet. Das Modell wurde hinsichtlich seiner Vorhersage der Zündtemperaturen von Wasserstoffgemischen bei verschiedenen Drücken getestet.
T2 - 1. Berliner Fachtagung Prozess- und Anlagensicherheit
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 24.03.2026
KW - Elektrolyse
KW - Explosionsgrenzen
KW - Zündenergie
KW - Zündtemperatur
PY - 2026
AN - OPUS4-65782
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Rhode, Michael
T1 - Praktikable Prüfung der Wasserstoffverteilung in Mehrlagenschweißungen in Anlehnung an die DIN EN ISO 3690
N2 - Das Forschungsvorhaben adressiert eine zentrale Lücke und damit einhergehende Einschränkung für geschweißte hochfeste Werkstoffe in der aktuellen Normung: Die DIN EN ISO 3690 erlaubt ausschließlich die Bestimmung des diffusiblen Wasserstoffs in einlagigen Prüfraupen und bildet damit die realen Bedingungen in mehrlagigen Schweißnähten hochfester Stähle nicht ab. Durch das mehrfache wiederholte Aufwärmen wird die eingebrachte Wasserstoffkonzentration deutlich unter die konservativen, einlagigen Prüfraupen bereits während des Schweißens abgesenkt. Hierzu fehlt jedoch eine einfache, experimentelle Methoden, um die tatsächliche lokale lagenabhängige bzw. globale Wasserstoffverteilung quantifizieren zu können. Das Vorhaben entwickelt daher erstmals eine Versuchsmethodik, der reale Diffusions- und Entgasungsbedingungen von Mehrlagenschweißungen experimentell reproduziert. Dadurch werden die Nachteile der ISO 3690 (einlagige Prüfraupe, konservative Bewertung) aufgehoben und mit dem Hauptvorteil (robuste, einfache Handhabung) kombiniert. Durch gezielte Variation von Wärmeführung, Zwischenlagentemperaturen und Wasserstoffangebot werden lokale und globale Wasserstoffverteilungen quantifiziert. Ergänzt durch ein numerisches Diffusionsmodell entsteht ein skalierbares Bewertungswerkzeug, das die experimentellen Daten generalisiert und auf reale Schweißnähte überträgt. Die Ergebnisse ermöglichen: (1) eine realitätsnahe Bewertung verbleibender Wasserstoffgehalte, Kaltrisssicherheit, damit die (2) die mögliche Ausweitung der HD Klassifizierung hochfester Schweißzusätze, und (3) die Beurteilung der Effektivität und Notwendigkeit von Wärmenachbehandlungs-maßnahmen (wie „Wasserstoffarmglühen“).
T2 - Sitzung des NA 092-00-05 GA Gemeinschaftsarbeitsausschuss NAS/NMP: Zerstörende Prüfung von Schweißverbindungen (DVS AG Q 4/Q 4.1)
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 24.03.2026
KW - Schweißen
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - ISO 3690
KW - Prüfung
KW - Mehrlagennaht
PY - 2026
AN - OPUS4-65784
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Funnemann, Patrick
T1 - Nachhaltige TiFe‑basierte H2-Speicher: Sicherheit entlang des Lebenszyklus - Ex-Kenngrößen eines hybriden Staub/H2 (2 %)/Luft‑Gemischs
N2 - Der sichere Umgang mit Legierungen auf TiFe-Basis ist für deren Einsatz als reversible Wasserstoffspeichermaterialien von entscheidender Bedeutung. Während der Herstellung, des Betriebs und des Recyclings werden diese Legierungen häufig in Form feiner Pulver verarbeitet, die zündfähige Staubwolken und hybride Gemische mit Wasserstoff bilden können. In diesem Vortrag werden die Explosionscharakteristika einer pulverförmigen TiFe–Mn-Legierung unter zwei verschiedenen Atmosphären systematisch untersucht: Luft und Luft mit 2 % Wasserstoff, was 50 % der unteren Explosionsgrenze entspricht. Schlüsselparameter, darunter der maximale Explosionsdruck (pmax), die maximale Druckanstiegsrate ((dp/dt)max) und der Kst-Wert, wurden mittels standardisierter Versuche in einem 20-Liter-Kugel-Apparat bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Wasserstoff in Konzentrationen unterhalb der unteren Explosionsgrenze (UEG) in Kombination mit Staub die Druckanstiegsrate und den Kst-Wert tendenziell erhöht, während der maximale Explosionsdruck aufgrund der verringerten Sauerstoffverfügbarkeit leicht absinkt. Diese Ergebnisse unterstreichen, dass bereits geringe Wasserstoffzugaben die Flammenausbreitung beschleunigen und die Explosionsschwere erhöhen können, was für die Risikobewertung und die Auslegung von Explosionsschutzmaßnahmen in Wasserstoffspeichersystemen von entscheidender Bedeutung ist. Darüber hinaus liefert die durchgeführte umfassende chemische Charakterisierung eine solide Grundlage für zukünftige Untersuchung der sicherheitstechnischen Eigenschaften und unterstützt damit die Entwicklung sicherer und nachhaltiger Wasserstoffspeicher-Technologien.
T2 - 1. Berliner Fachtagung Prozess- und Anlagen-sicherheit
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 24.03.2026
KW - Staubexplosionen
KW - Hybride Gemische
KW - Wasserstoffspeicherung
KW - Wasserstoffsicherheit
PY - 2026
AN - OPUS4-65781
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Askar, Enis
T1 - HICON Experimental Campaign 3 - Ignition of Hydrogen due to Single Impact
N2 - The experimental campaigns within HICON aim to obtain quantitative and qualitative data through experiments for statistics and understanding of ignition probabilities. Based on that hydrogen ignition models are developed transfering the risk-based models from the natural gas applications. Within the presented experimental campaign the focus was on impacts with gravel and with contaminated surfaces. It was found that the ignition probabilty of hydrogen atmospheres by mechanical impacts can be highly increased when gravel is involved and when surfaces are contaminated with oil or with fine sand (sandblasted surfaces), while natural gas atmospheres cannot be ignited under similar conditions.
T2 - FABIG Fire and Blast Information Group 111th UK Technical Meeting
CY - London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
DA - 24.03.2026
KW - Explosion protection
KW - Ignition sources
KW - Mechanical sparks
KW - Natural gas
KW - Safety
KW - Risk assessment
PY - 2026
AN - OPUS4-65783
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Hartwig, Peter
T1 - Sichere Wasserstoffnetze ModuH2Pipe
N2 - Modulare Testplattform für den sicheren Transport von Wasserstoff in neuen und vorhandenen Gasverteilnetzen Die BAM schafft mit der modularen Testplattform ModuH2Pipe erstmals in Europa eine Testinfrastruktur, welche die Betrachtung sicherheitstechnischer Fragestellungen im Realmaßstab und zugleich unter kritischen Bedingungen erlaubt, die sich im Zusammenhang mit Wasserstoff-und Wasserstoff-Erdgas-Pipelines stellen. Ziel ist, Gasnetzbetreibern u. a. ein Dienstleistungsangebot zur Verfügung zu stellen, welches die umfassende Beantwortung dieser und weiterer sicherheitstechnischer Fragestellungen ermöglicht. Die Testplattform ModuH2Pipe wird auf dem BAM Testgelände Technische Sicherheit (BAM TTS) stehen und integriert zwei Module, die für die experimentelle Untersuchung von Pipelinesegmenten, -komponenten (Dichtungen, Ventile etc.) und Polymerkomponenten im Originalmaßstab ausgelegt sind. Aber auch digitale Aspekte für Wasserstoffnetze können betrachtet werden.
T2 - 1. Fachtagung für Anlagen- und Prozesstechnik
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 24.03.2026
KW - Wasserstoff
KW - ModuH2Pipe
KW - Testplattform
KW - Realmaßstab
KW - Wasserstoffkernnetz
PY - 2026
AN - OPUS4-65765
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Ibrahim, Ahmed A. S.
A1 - Bochmann, Arne
A1 - Löhnert, Romy
A1 - Mieller, Björn
A1 - Wilde, Lutz
A1 - Capraro, Beate
A1 - Stelter, Michael
A1 - Töpfer, Jörg
T1 - Performance Enhancement of Ca3Co4O9‐based Transverse Multilayer Thermoelectric Generators for Low‐Power Applications
N2 - Transverse thermoelectric generators (TTEG) enable conversion of thermal into electrical energy with perpendicular directions of the applied temperature gradient and the induced thermoelectric voltage. We report on the fabrication of transverse multilayer thermoelectric generators (TMLTEG) based on p‐type Ca3Co4O9 (CCO) ceramic tapes and printed silver which were conventionally sintered (CS) in air at 920°C or using pressure‐assisted sintering (PAS) at 920°C and 1.5 MPa. The thermoelectric performance of TMLTEGs was evaluated using analytical calculations and simulations. The transverse thermoelectric power factor and thermoelectric figure‐of‐merit of an artificial layered structure composed of CCO and silver were calculated and simulated as functions of layers tilt angle φ and metal‐to‐ceramic thickness ratio. TMLTEG devices with various CCO layer thicknesses of 150 µm, 100 µm, or 33 µm were fabricated and cofired at 920°C in air, which exhibit power outputs of 2.3 mW, 3.2 mW, and 4.1 mW at ΔT = 160 K, respectively. TMLTEGs which were cofired using PAS show a higher power density of 16.4 mW/cm3 at ΔT = 225 K. This enhancement in power (≈ 80%) is crucial for thermoelectric modules comprising multiple TMLTEG devices. The device measurements were compared with 3D simulations.
KW - Ceramic multilayer
KW - Thermoelectric generator
KW - Pressure-assisted sintering
PY - 2026
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-657868
DO - https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.70656
SN - 0002-7820
VL - 109
IS - 3
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - Wiley Periodicals LLC.
AN - OPUS4-65786
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -