TY - CONF A1 - Altenburg, Simon A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane A1 - Straße, Anne A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - Mohr, Gunther A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai T1 - Thermography in metal AM: Comparison of high-speed NIR thermography and MWIR thermography N2 - Additive manufacturing (AM) opens the route to a range of novel applications.However, the complexity of the manufacturing process poses a challenge for the production of defect-free parts with a high reliability. Since process dynamics and resulting microstructures of AM parts are strongly influenced by the involved temperature fields, thermography is a valuable tool for process surveillance. The high process temperatures in metal AM processes allow one to use cameras usually operating in the visible spectral range to detect the thermally emitted radiation from the process. In our work, we compare the results of first measurements during the manufacturing processes of a commercial laser metal deposition (LMD) setup and a laser beam melting (LBM) setup using a MWIR camera with those from a VIS high-speed camera with band pass filter in the NIR range. T2 - Additive Manufacturing Benchmarks 2018 CY - Gaithersburg, MA, USA DA - 18.06.2018 KW - Thermography KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Laser metal deposition KW - Laser beam melting KW - ProMoAM PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45401 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Altenburg, Simon A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane A1 - Mohr, Gunther A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai T1 - Process monitoring in LBM using thermography and optical tomography N2 - Additive manufacturing (AM) opens the route to a range of novel applications. However, the complexity of the manufacturing process poses a challenge to produce defect-free parts with a high reliability. Since process dynamics and resulting microstructures of AM parts are strongly influenced by the involved temperature fields and cooling rates, thermography is a valuable tool for process monitoring. Another approach to monitor the energy input into the part during process is the use of optical tomography. Common visual camera systems reach much higher spatial resolution than infrared thermography cameras, whereas infrared thermography provides a much higher temperature dynamic. Therefore, the combined application increases the depth of information. Here, we present first measurement results using a laser beam melting setup that allows simultaneous acquisition of thermography and optical tomography from the same point of view using a beam splitter. A high-resolution CMOS camera operating in the visible spectral range is equipped with a near infrared bandpass filter and images of the build plate are recorded with long-term exposure during the whole layer exposing time. Thus, areas that reach higher maximum temperature or are at elevated temperature for an extended period of time appear brighter in the images. The used thermography camera is sensitive to the mid wavelength infrared range and records thermal videos of each layer exposure at an acquisition rate close to 1 kHz. As a next step, we will use computer tomographic data of the built part as a reference for defect detection. This research was funded by BAM within the focus area Materials. T2 - 3rd International Symposium Additive Manufacturing (ISAM 2019) CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 30.01.2019 KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Laser beam melting KW - Thermography KW - Optical Tomography PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-47299 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kindrachuk, Vitaliy A1 - Darvishi Kamachali, Reza T1 - Computational investigation of DGG kinetics by phase-field method N2 - Non-equilibrium microstructure evolution in additive manufacturing (AM) is a major barrier for establishing a safe and sustainable application of AM in industrial processes. The constant heat source in the AM continuously affects the just-solidified grains beneath the melting pool, leading to directional grain growth (DGG). While real-time measurements of the non-equilibrium microstructure evolution is challenging, here developing a computational framework to systematically explore DGG becomes imperative. We have advanced a comprehensive approach, integrating mean-field modeling and phase-field simulations, to elucidate the dynamics of DGG under an external driving force. Our simulations unveil a steady-state power-law grain growth kinetics during DGG, characterized by the interplay between curvature-driven dynamics at grain boundary junctions and directional driving forces. T2 - Tagung DGM Additive Fertigung CY - Bremen, Germany DA - 12.06.2024 KW - Directional grain growth KW - Phase-field simulation KW - Additive manufacturing PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60750 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Koerdt, Andrea A1 - An, Biwen Annie A1 - Kleinbub, Sherin T1 - Microbial corrosion coupled to methanogenesis by strains from different environments N2 - Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) of iron is usually attributed to sulfate-reducing microorganisms, either chemically (formation of hydrogen sulfide) or electrically (direct electron uptake). Methanogenetic Archaea are also known to be involved in iron corrosion, forming a multi-species biofilm on corroding metallic structures. However, mechanistic details and kinetics of the overall process in methanogen-induced MIC are poorly understood. T2 - Beirat Material CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 26.04.2018 KW - Corrosion KW - Methanogens KW - Archaea KW - Implants KW - Biofilm PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45112 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Peplinski, Burkhard A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Meyer, Christian A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Scharf, Holger A1 - Reinsch, Stefan A1 - Ostermann, Markus A1 - Nofz, Marianne A1 - Jäger, Christian A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Emmerling, Franziska T1 - Nanocrystalline and stacking-disordered beta-cristobalite AlPO4 stabilized at room temperature: synthesis and X-ray powder diffraction data N2 - X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) patterns of the high-temperature (HT) cristobalite form of SiO2 and its isoelectronic AlPO4 analogue are essentially influenced by the dynamic disorder of these crystal structures. The nature of this disorder and of the phase transition between the α- and β-form has been the subject of intensive research during the last four decades [1]. By 1989 it became possible to stabilize the HT-form of cristobalite SiO2 at room temperature in laboratory and engineering ceramic industries by applying solid solution forming techniques [2]. However, for the HT-form of cristobalite AlPO4 nothing similar has been known until 2014 when it was discovered that nanocrystalline and stacking-disordered β-cristobalite AlPO4 is the major component of the fly ash of a large incineration facility operated by the waste water treatment authorities of Frankfurt/M. [3]. Previous comprehensive investigations of this fly ash failed to interpret its complex XRD pattern – presumably mainly due to the lack of a matching experimental digital pattern in the Powder Diffraction Database. The present paper reports on a synthesis route that facilitates the crystallization of nanocrystalline and stacking-disordered β-cristobalite AlPO4 that is free of crystalline impurity phases and long-term stable at ambient. Its room temperature XRD pattern is presented with parameters traced back to certified reference materials. [1] Yuan F. and Huang L., Phys. Rev, B, 2012, 85, 134114. [2] Perrotta J.A., Grubbs D.K., Martin E.S., Dando N.R., McKinstry H.A. and Huang C.-Y., J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 1989, 72, 441. [3] Peplinski B., Adam C., Adamczyk B., Müller R., Michaelis M., Krahl Th. and Emmerling F., Powder Diffraction Journal, 2015, 30, 2, Supp. 1, S31. T2 - 15. European Powder Diffraction Conference (EPDIC15) CY - Bari, Italy DA - 12. June 2016 KW - Stabilization of HT-structures at room temperature KW - β-cristobalite structure type KW - Databases PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36727 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ciornii, Dmitri A1 - Knigge, Xenia A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Thünemann, Andreas A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Altmann, Korinna T1 - Identification of toxicologically relevant functional groups on micro- and nanoplastic particles’ surface by means of X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy N2 - Microplastic and nanoplastic particles (MNP) are spread all over the world in various types, shapes and sizes making it very challenging to accurately analyse them. Each sampling procedure, sample preparation method and detection technique needs suitable reference materials to validate the method for accurate results. Furthermore, the effects of these MNPs should be evaluated by risk and hazard assessment with test particles close to reality. To better understand MNP behavior and aid in clarification of their interactions with organisms, we produced several MNP materials by top-down procedure and characterized their properties. Since surface properties mostly determine particles’ toxicity, the aim of the present study was to determine which functional groups are present on MNPs and how the surface can be affected by the production process and particle’s environment. T2 - SETAC 34th Meeting CY - Seville, Spain DA - 05.05.2024 KW - Microplastics KW - Nanoplastics KW - Polypropylene KW - XPS KW - SEM PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60037 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Armatys, Kamila A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Galetz, M.C. A1 - Pflumm, R. T1 - Corrosion and abrasion resistant protective coatings for biomass combustion N2 - One of the alternative renewable fuels is biomass but it is a difficult fuel because of its diversity and complexity. It can contain high percentages of K and Cl responsible for corrosion together with sand that have additionally an abrasive effect during combustion. Because of permanently extending the surface reaction due to abrasion the corrosion of the materials increases. In particular in power plants, the superheater tubes are exposed to a corrosive abrasive attack that is one of the main sources of concern. The development of new alloys for multilayer surface, which combines corrosive and abrasive resistance is therefore of high importance. Those new technical approaches must be at the same time cost-effective to be an alternative to conventional materials. The aim of the presented investigation methods is to test and develop suitable alloys for coatings for the super heater tubes of biomass power plants. First results of abrasion investigations show improved abrasion resistance compared to the multi-component reference material Alloy 625. T2 - Young Researchers Conference: Energy Efficiency & Biomass CY - Wels, Austria DA - 24.02.2016 KW - Coatings KW - Corrosion PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-35713 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Ciornii, Dmitri A1 - Knigge, Xenia A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Bennet, F. A1 - Meirer, F. A1 - Duijndam, A. A1 - Thünemann, Andreas A1 - Drexel, R. A1 - Fadda, M. A1 - Sacco, A. A1 - Giovannozzi, A.M. A1 - Donskyi, I. A1 - Schusterbauer, R. A1 - Nickl, P. A1 - Reichardt, P. A1 - Altmann, Korinna T1 - Revealing surface functionalities of micro- and nanoplastic particles’ surface by means of XPS N2 - Over the last 20 years, many researchers, politicians, and citizens themselves have become increasingly aware of the growing plastic problem of our time. Inadequate recycling concepts, collection points, and careless dumping of plastic products in the environment lead to an accumulation of plastic. External weather influences can cause these to degrade and fractionate, so that today microplastics (1-1000 µm, ISO/TR 21960:2020) [1] of different polymer materials can be detected in all parts of the world. The precautionary principle applies to microplastics. The particles can break down further to form nanoplastics (<1 µm, ISO/TR 21960:2020) [1]. Whether microplastics or nanoplastics pose a toxicological hazard is being investigated in a variety of ways. Valid results are still pending, however, investigations into the frequency, transport, possible sinks and entry paths must be taken into account. This is why monitoring of microplastics is already required in the revision of the Drinking Water Framework Directive [2]. The same is still pending in the final version of the revision of the Waste Water Framework Directive this year, but is expected. Nanoplastics are particularly under discussion for having a toxic effect on humans and animals, as these particles are small enough to be absorbed by cells. For targeted toxicological studies, it is important to have test and reference materials that resemble the particles found in the environment. To mimic environmental samples, these materials should also have an irregular shape and show aging at the surface, which can be detected with XPS or SEM/EDS. BAM in collaboration with the EMPIR project "PlasticTrace" works on a reference material candidate of nano-sized polypropylene (nano-PP) [3]. The nano-PP vials were tested for homogeneity with PTA and further characterized with bulk and surface-sensitive techniques. An SEM image and a corresponding XPS spectrum are presented in Figure 1. Raman measurements as well as XPS indicate an aged surface. T2 - ECASIA 2024 CY - Gothenburg, Sweden DA - 09.06.2024 KW - Surface chemistry KW - Micro- and nanoplastics KW - X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy KW - MNP production technique PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60535 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ciornii, Dmitri A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Benismail, Nizar A1 - Altmann, Korinna T1 - Interlaboratory comparisons for obtaining reliable data on microplastic detection methods N2 - Since microplastics (MPs) can be found everywhere and are becoming a problem of high concern, it is necessary to understand their occurrence and fate in the environment. However, to obtain data of high quality is very challenging, since measurement operating procedures differ from laboratory to laboratory. Currently, there are no standardized methods to analyze microplastics. One promissing possibility to adress standardization of the methodology and operating procedures are interlaboratory comparisons (ILCs). In this contribution we report the first results of an ILC on microplastic detection methods organized under the pre-stantdardisation plattform of VAMAS (www.vamas.org/twa45/) as Project 2 “Development of standardized methodologies for characterisation of microplastics with microscopy and spectroscopy methods”, within the Technical Working Area TWA 45 “Micro and Nano Plastics in the Environment”. The ILC has gathered 84 participants all over the world representing all continents. BAM, as the project leader, produced a set of reference microplastic materials, which have been distributed to all the participants together with the measurement protocols and reporting data templates. T2 - SETAC 34th Meeting CY - Seville, Spain DA - 05.05.2024 KW - ILC KW - Microplastic KW - Py-GC/MS KW - Polyethylene KW - µ-Raman KW - µ-FTIR KW - Polyethylene Terephtalate KW - TED-GC/MS PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60038 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Drago, C. A1 - Altmann, Korinna A1 - Wiesner, Yosri T1 - Standardization Methods for the Analysis of Microplastics (10 100µm) in Food Matrix: Sample Preparation and Digestion of Milk Powder. N2 - Monitoring of microplastics in food matrices is crucial to determinate the human exposure. By direct ingestion microplastics could be released in the food during the production, through packaging and by consumer’s use. The absence of standard methods to quantify and detect different size range and type of microplastics has led to difficult and time consuming procedural steps, poor accuracy and lack of comparability. In this work, matrix characterization and laboratory experiments were used to investigate the efficiency of sample preparation in milk powder. This information is crucial to compile a standard procedure for sample preparation and digestion of common milk powder to detect different particle sizes and types of polymers. Charaterisation is done by TGA and TOC measurements. T2 - SETAC Europe 2024 CY - Sevilla, Spain DA - 05.05.2024 KW - Microplastics KW - Harmonisation in microplastics KW - Polymer 3R KW - Microplastics in milk PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60034 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mrkwitschka, Paul A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Abram, Sarah-Luise A1 - Rühle, Bastian T1 - Understanding Correlative Electron Microscopy Imaging with SEM, STEM in SEM and TEM for the Accurate Characterization of Size and Shape of FeOx Nanoparticles N2 - The recently certified reference material (CRM) BAM-N012 as cubical iron oxide FeOx nanoparticles (NPs) of 8 nm area equivalent square edge length (ESL) and the RM candidate BAM-N013 as nearly spherical NPs of 22 nm size were analyzed in detail by electron microscopy (EM). For the metrological characterization with SEM, STEM in SEM and TEM, the understanding of the imaging contrasts and sensitivities, and the correct interpretation of the (art)effects which are inherent to each detection mode is necessary. The same sample areas with NPs deposited on a TEM grid were analyzed by two SEM acquisition modes, i. e. SE InLens and STEM in SEM using a dedicated transmission sample holder, and further, correlatively, analyzed with TEM. With increasing kV, SE InLens shows increasing particle size (unless overcharging at the particle boundaries is filtered), as a known effect. For STEM-in-SEM the particle size decreases significantly and individual particles are identified easier (at 2 kV only a few single particles can be detected automatically). ❑ Documentation of the sample preparation and measurement conditions (including optimization process) is important for reproducibility. ❑ Plasma cleaning, analysis in the transmission mode at SEM is recommended for FeOx NPs. ❑ Selection of the threshold algorithm can significantly alter the reported ECD. T2 - Microscopy and Microanalysis 2024 CY - Cleveland, OH, USA DA - 28.07.2024 KW - Nanoparticles KW - Electron microscopy KW - Iron oxide KW - Reference materials KW - Correlative microscopy KW - Size and shape distribution PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60806 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ávila Calderón, Luis Alexander A1 - Shakeel, Y. A1 - Hunke, S. A1 - Gedsun, A. A1 - Forti, M. A1 - Tsybenko, H. A1 - Hammerschmidt, T. A1 - Olbricht, J. A1 - Aversa, R. A1 - Chmielowski, M. A1 - Stotzka, R. A1 - Bitzek, E. A1 - Hickel, T. A1 - Skrotzki, B. T1 - Research Data Management for Creep Reference Data of Ni Based Superalloys N2 - In times of digital data processing and sharing, a central challenge for the Materials Science and Engineering (MSE) community is the complete digital representation of materials, including their relevant processing and microstructure details and the resulting properties. This digital representation, supported by digital infrastructures, enables entirely new qualities of collaborative work and is central to how we will conduct MSE research and develop products in the future. The main challenges are the composition, shaping, and description of the data so that it can be easily interpreted, trusted, and re-used. This presentation introduces our current effort to develop a best practice framework for generating and distributing creep reference datasets for Ni-based superalloys, which builds on previous approaches. Researchers can use such datasets to compare their own experimental or simulation results, used, for instance, to perform simulation-based alloy design and optimization or in the verification of the own testing equipment. The concept includes building an easily accessible digital infrastructure to annotate and discover the datasets and the integration of an ontology that aligns with the necessary metadata schema. With the help of an ontology, the reference dataset for creep can be semantically described, thus enabling the digital representation and reusage of shared concepts from domain experts and the community. To achieve this, it is necessary to establish a defined vocabulary with corresponding relations and annotations. The interplay between a digital infrastructure, the agreement on the necessary metadata and related metadata schema, and an underlying ontology will ensure that data and results can be easily shared, taken up, and re-used, thus fulfilling the FAIR principles (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable). Furthermore, we aim to develop a widely accepted definition of reference data and data quality levels and to reach a self-supported community process. We intend to motivate the discussion about reference material datasets, necessary metadata, and future collaborations within the creep community. T2 - 16th International Conference on Creep and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures CY - Bangalore, India DA - 28.07.2024 KW - Reference Data KW - Creep KW - Data schema KW - Research Data Management PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60837 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -