TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Bertovic, Marija A1 - Kanzler, Daniel A1 - Ronneteg, U. T1 - Conclusions of the 6th European American workshop on reliability of NDE N2 - The principles of Open Space Technology (OST) were again applied to discuss burning issues in the field of NDE reliability. The results of the discussions among NDE professionals concerning new reliability methods, human factors and integrated solutions will be presented. T2 - 42nd Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY - Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA DA - 26.07.20155 KW - NDT KW - Reliability KW - Probability of detection KW - Human factors KW - POD PY - 2016 SN - 978-0-7354-1353-5 DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4940452 SN - 0094-243X VL - 1706 SP - 020006-1 EP - 020006-9 PB - AIP Publishing AN - OPUS4-36637 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pavlovic, Mato T1 - Reliability Analysis of the Phased-Array Ultrasonic System used for the Inspection of Friction Stir Welds of Copper Canisters N2 - The canister for the permanent storage of spent nuclear fuel used by SKB in Sweden consists of a cast iron insert surrounded by a five centimetre thick shell of copper. It is a safety critical component and in order to secure long-term structural integrity non-destructive methods are used to inspect 100% of the volume of each canister, before it is disposed of in the repository. One of the critical components that requires inspection is a sealing weld, joining the copper tube and the lid. The friction stir weld is inspected using an ultrasonic phased array system. The area of the weld is inspected with several inspection channels with different angles and varying coverage. To make sure that no defects that might occur in the weld are overseen, the reliability of the inspection must be quantified. The reliability of NDT is usually quantified with the probability of detection curves. The influence of the parameters that might influence the POD of the flaws in the weld is investigated analysing the experimental results, as well as with a help of a numerical simulation of the inspection. T2 - Proceedings of the 19th World Conference on Nondestructive Testing CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - Ultrasonic KW - Copper KW - NDT KW - FSW KW - JLH KW - Weld KW - POD KW - Reliability PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36703 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kanzler, D. T1 - Probability of detection in nondestructive testing N2 - Motivation: What can we learn from the history of aerospace? State of the art: Detectability as the basis of probability of failure Evaluationmethods: Consequences of decisions based on ndt Advanced approaches: Probability of Detection: Evaluation of ndt systems are important! Use of the POD: Out of the box: Finnish and Swedish project for final disposal of spent nuclear fuel T2 - InnoTesting CY - Wildau, Germany DA - 25.02.2016 KW - NDT KW - Reliability KW - POD PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37586 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bertovic, Marija T1 - Automation in NDT: new risks and risk sources N2 - Reliability of NDT depends not only on the intrinsic capability of the measuring systems and on the application factors (the conditions under which NDT is applied), but also—and to a great extent—on human factors and the organisational context under which each inspection is carried out. Adoption of a systematic approach to the identification and prevention of risks. Critical defects could be missed, even if the inspection process is semi-automated. The causes of that risk lie in the technology, people and in the organisation. Currently installed preventive measures are insufficient to prevent from risks New preventive measures could be installed, e.g. further automation, installing alarms, implementing human redundancy, developing software and hardware solutions, optimising procedures, etc. Human factors studies are not only essential for the operation but also during the development process. T2 - 55th annual Conference of the British Institute for Non-Destructive Testing CY - Nottingham, UK DA - 12.09.2016 KW - NDT KW - Risk management KW - Reliability KW - Human factors PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37589 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bertovic, Marija T1 - Automation in non-destructive testing: new risks and risk sources N2 - Over the past couple of decades Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) has seen a significant increase in the use of automation. In addition to increased reliability, objectivity, consistency, repeatability, productivity, and so on, automating parts of the process is expected to decrease the potential for human error. However, the literature on human-automation interaction suggests that automation is not only associated with benefits, but also with new risks and risk sources. First, this paper will present the methodology used to identify—for the first time—possible risks associated with mechanised data acquisition and corresponding data evaluation. Moreover, it will highlight possible risks, their causes, consequences, and ways of preventing them. Second, those preventive measures will be further analysed by examining new risks that can arise from their implementation, i.e. potential for failure that can arise from (a) working with automated defect-detection and sizing aids, (b) implementing human redundancy, and (c) improvement of the inspection procedures without due consideration of the procedure users. And third, some optimisations strategies will be provided. The purpose of this work is to show that mechanised testing is associated with potential for failure and that the sources of those risks go beyond single inspectors and need to be looked at in the interaction of people with other systems, i.e. the technology, the team and, most importantly, the organisation. T2 - 55th annual Conference of the British Institute for Non-Destructive Testing CY - Nottingham, UK DA - 12.09.2016 KW - NDT KW - Automation KW - Reliability PY - 2016 SP - 1 EP - 11 AN - OPUS4-37591 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Helmerich, Rosemarie T1 - Is data obtained through Non-destructive Testing reliable? N2 - Civil engineers, who are involved in nondestructive testing have to solve an essential task: the transfer of the results of NDT-research into practice. NDT in civil Engineering is a quite new discipline. The results must meet the needs of the infrastructure owners to convince them about the usefulness of NDT. The issue of reliability of the NDT-data was discussed. T2 - Reliability Workshop Polytechnical University HongKong CY - Hong Kong, China DA - 06.04.2016 KW - Civil infrastructure KW - Reliability KW - POD KW - NDT PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37545 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kanzler, D. A1 - Müller, Christina T1 - How much information do we need? A reflection of the correct use of real defects in POD-evaluations N2 - To evaluate the capability of a non destructive testing system the “truth” of the used defects is essential. But what exactly is the truth of a real defect? And how much information is usable for the study? This presentation gives an overview about an advanced use of multiple metallographic cuts for the POD evaluation. In the presentation an approach is shown where information of metallographic studies are reconstructed and weighted to gain the essential information about real defects and which information are important for the detection with radiographic testing equipment. Furthermore, different connection points are discussed were additional knowledge from simulation and artificial defects can be used to gain additional certainty for the result of the evaluation. The methodology is used for the evaluation for the digital radiographic testing system for the testing of electron-beam welds, which is one possible choice to seal the Finnish copper canisters for the final deposit of spent nuclear fuel. T2 - 42nd annual review of progress in quantitative nondestructive evaluation: Incorporating the 6th European-American Workshop on Reliability of NDE CY - Minneapolis, MN, USA DA - 25.07.2015 KW - NDT KW - POD KW - Radiography PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4940652 SN - 0094-243X VL - 1706 SP - 200008-1 EP - 200008-7 PB - AIP Publishing AN - OPUS4-37596 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, Christina T1 - Analysis and synthesis of NDT reliability using the extended modular model N2 - The aim of all the effort devoted to NDE reliability is to evaluate the reliability accurately, reliably and efficiently, in accordance with the specific requirements of industrial application taking into account the very different nature of influencing factors. The set up of the Modular Reliability Model in 1997 was a big step forward in the understanding of influencing mechanisms in terms of the three different main elements, i.e. the intrinsic capability (IC), the application parameters (AP) and the human factors (HF). The intrinsic capability stands for the pure physical-technological process of the signal detection caused by the waves or the rays from a material defect in the presence of noise (caused by the material and the devices). This intrinsic capability is the upper bound of the possible reliability. Already when measuring this intrinsic capability for thick walled components the original one-parameter POD should be extended to a multi-parameter POD, where, in addition to the defect size, a number of additional physical parameters, such as the grain size distribution (or attenuation), defect depth, and angle or surface roughness, must be considered. For real life cycle assessments it is necessary to evaluate the signal response from real defects. The industrial application factors, e.g. coupling conditions, limited accessibility, heat and environmental vibrations, diminish the reliability. The amount of reduction can be determined quantitatively, if the underlying conditions are controlled. In case they are not controlled it is necessary to count for a (unknown) fluctuation in the reliability in the field anyway. The third group of important influencing factors are the human factors, which do not only cover the individual performance capability of the inspectors but also the design of the working place, the procedure, the teamwork quality, interaction with systems, the organization, and finally, the relationship between the companies involved in the inspection process and to which extend the responsible parties are aware of it. Both the internal and external organizational context, affect not only the HF but also the IC and AP. After having analysed the single factors separately it is necessary to look how everything is interconnected. When comparing an “ideal inspection” with a “real inspection” it is worthwhile to look at the existing practices, rules and standards. How do they really support reliable testing? With respect to the industrial end user, it needs to be shown how the level of reliability of NDE, influenced by the different factors and their interaction, has an impact on acceptance or rejection of safety critical parts. The approach of analysis and synthesis will be illustrated by examples of the reliability investigation of the inspection of copper canisters for nuclear fuel deposit in Sweden and Finland and German Railway inspections (hollow axle testing). T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - München, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - NDT KW - Reliability KW - Modular model PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37602 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Selby, G. T1 - Observations on implementation of the BAM holistic reliability model N2 - Achieving reliability in NDE for nuclear power plants is a complex challenge. As engineers we tend to focus on the equipment and the written procedures; they are easy for us to understand, measure and control. This focus addresses only one of the four aspects of the BAM holistic model, namely, Intrinsic Capability. Another of the model's modules, Application Parameters, also is engineering-oriented as examiners work to ensure that the equipment and procedure can be applied correctly in the actual examination environment as it is found in the field, though in addition to engineering it requires organizational foresight and commitment to understand and prepare for that specific environment well in advance. The Human Factors reliability module is harder for us to think about. The procedure developers think, "Of course all the examiners in the field will understand all aspects of my procedure and execute them correctly." Most of our bad experiences with reliability occur when this happy thought turns out to be untrue. And finally, perhaps the hardest reliability module to affect is Organizational Context. Getting all of the stakeholders -- the plant owner, the NDE company, the examiners, the regulators, the qualification body, the equipment suppliers -- to think about reliability in the same way, years in advance of the examination, to think about reliability at every step in the long process leading to the day of the examination itself, is a heavy lift indeed. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - München, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - NDT KW - Reliability KW - Modular model PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37603 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kanzler, Daniel T1 - Evaluating RT systems with a new POD approach N2 - The usefulness and purpose of evaluating nondestructive testing (NDT) systems and their capabilities has changed in the last decade. The conventional method of simply applying a familiar statistical algorithm to say whether the system is usable for the tasks is history. Nowadays, multiple parameter methods which describe the probabilities of detection (POD) of different systems or real defects need new characteristics and a broader variety of statistical models to describe the true system behaviour. The appraisal of the NDT system involves diverse departments within a company (engineering, NDT-operators, and statisticians), but is, at the same time, more needed and requested than in the past. In this article, an approach is discussed in which professionals from different fields worked well together, accomplishing cost-intensive metallographic studies in correlation with well-understood physical behaviour of NDT-methods as well as deep-discussed mathematical methods to create a holistic evaluation of the technical reliability for a specific radiographic testing (RT) equipment. The first part of the publication will show the comparison between metallographic grinding and the RT indications. An essential innovation over past evaluation methods was the use of a multi-scale smoothing algorithm, which describes physical parameters, which were not used in evaluation like the POD in this way in the past. In the second part the statistical requirements for the POD take the focus. It can often be hard to make significant statements; especially in the case where only a small amount of data is available. The combination of data and the use of knowledge from simulations are essential. One possible solution will be shown for the RT evaluation. The methodology is used for evaluating the digital RT system for the inspection of electron-beam welds, which was method considered to seal the Finnish copper canisters for the final deposit of spent nuclear fuel. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - München, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - NDT KW - Reliability KW - POD KW - RT PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37607 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Trappe, Volker T1 - Infinite life of CFRP evaluated non-destructively with X-ray-refraction topography in-situ mechanical loading N2 - Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastics (CFRP) are more and more used in modern civil aircrafts. These days the whole fuselage is made of this material (B787; A350). Due to strict certification standards the normal in-service loading gives a low stress level compared to the static and even the fatigue strength of the material. Hence CFRP are assumed to have an infinite life. To evaluate this assumption, fatigue tests on CFRP-specimens were performed up to 108 load cycles and the first inter-fibre failure was evaluated non-destructively by accompanying X-ray-refraction topography. A tensile testing machine was integrated in a small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) setup. X-ray refraction topography was performed while the CFRP-samples were tensile loaded. This non-destructive technique enables the detection of micro-cracking and inter-fibre failure especially for CFRP. For Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastic (GFRP) X-ray refraction and in-situ loading has already been successfully used. The increase of inner surfaces due to inter fibre failure was measured as a function of the stress state. Fatigue tests were performed at and below the limit of inter-fibre failure strength. State of the art is to assume the failure of the samples under cyclic loading as the fatigue life. Accompanying non-destructive X-ray refraction measurements reflects the damage state and enables to trace its evolution even if the total failure of the specimens does not occur. This investigation technique is of high interest to give the engineer a design value of infinite life which is practically often reached due to knock down factors of certification standards. Finally the infinite life was found for cyclic fatigue loaded CFRP-samples even under high inter fibre transverse and shear loading investigated up to 108 load cycles. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - CFRP KW - NDT KW - Fatigue KW - Damage evolution PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37567 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Holstein, R. A1 - Müller, Christina T1 - Analyzing the reliability of non-destructive tests using the modular modell - a practical approach N2 - Non-destructive testing is an important tool to guarantee the safety of railway traffic. The infrastructure with tracks, switches and sleepers is regularly tested, the locomotives and wagons with their wheels, bogies and axles as well. Many years of experience and some events lead in Germany to a good practice in testing the railway components. Now, European authorities are drafting a system of common requirements and standards for the European Railway Market. The German practice combines an intensive training of the NDT-personnel including sufficient time for practical exercises with organizational measures of the companies, responsible for rolling stock and infrastructure. Through the example of UT-testing of railway axles it will be shown, how training and organizational measures influence the reliability of such testing. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - München, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - NDT KW - Reliability KW - Modular model KW - Railway KW - Human factors PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-375712 UR - http://www.ndt.net/article/wcndt2016/papers/mo1d4.pdf SP - id 19519, 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-37571 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kanzler, D. A1 - Müller, Christina T1 - Evaluating RT systems with a new POD approach N2 - The usefulness and purpose of evaluating nondestructive testing (NDT) systems and their capabilities has changed in the last decade. The conventional method of simply applying a familiar statistical algorithm to say whether the system is usable for the tasks is history. Nowadays, multiple parameter methods which describe the probabilities of detection (POD) of different systems or real defects need new characteristics and a broader variety of statistical models to describe the true system behaviour. The appraisal of the NDT system involves diverse departments within a company (engineering, NDT-operators, and statisticians), but is, at the same time, more needed and requested than in the past. In this article, an approach is discussed in which professionals from different fields worked well together, accomplishing cost-intensive metallographic studies in correlation with well-understood physical behaviour of NDT-methods as well as deep-discussed mathematical methods to create a holistic evaluation of the technical reliability for a specific radiographic testing (RT) equipment. The first part of the publication will show the comparison between metallographic grinding and the RT indications. An essential innovation over past evaluation methods was the use of a multi-scale smoothing algorithm, which describes physical parameters, which were not used in evaluation like the POD in this way in the past. In the second part the statistical requirements for the POD take the focus. It can often be hard to make significant statements; especially in the case where only a small amount of data is available. The combination of data and the use of knowledge from simulations are essential. One possible solution will be shown for the RT evaluation. The methodology is used for evaluating the digital RT system for the inspection of electron-beam welds, which was method considered to seal the Finnish copper canisters for the final deposit of spent nuclear fuel. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - München, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - NDT KW - Reliability KW - POD KW - RT PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-375732 UR - http://www.ndt.net/article/wcndt2016/papers/we1d4.pdf SP - id 19535, 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-37573 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pelkner, Matthias T1 - Evaluation of high spatial resolution imaging of magnetic stray fields for early damage detection N2 - Metal magnetic memory (MMM) technique with associated ISO 24497-1:3 is gaining considerable interest in the magnetic NDT community. In contrast to traditional Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) testing, the inspection objects are not intentionally magnetized by an external magnetic field. Due to the physical coupling between mechanical stress and magnetization of ferromagnetic materials, it is assumed that the distribution of the residual MFL correspond to the internal stress of the specimen, or in the most general sense, to a degradation of the material. Usually, MMM measurements are performed by relatively bulky magnetic inspection sensors. The evaluation of local magnetic field distribution is limited thereby. Highprecision GMR (Giant Magneto Resistance) measurements in the micrometer regime can provide a higher degree of information due to better spatial resolution. We present a concise summary of studies on the correlation of magnetic structure and microstructure of steels. In particular, we compare residual stress measurements in S235JRC steel welds by means of neutron diffraction with high resolution magnetic field mappings. Results indicate a qualitative correlation between residual stresses and local stray field variation. In addition, stray field measurements of plastically deformed specimens for quasi-static and cyclic loading cases are discussed. The present study concludes that GMR sensors can detect inhomogeneous plastic deformations of S235JR steel in a very early stage, without specific signal processing according to the ISO 24497-1:3. T2 - QNDE - Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY - Atlanta, Georgia, USA DA - 18.07.2016 KW - NDT KW - MMM KW - GMR PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37101 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pavlovic, Mato A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Ronneteg, U. T1 - Reliability Analysis of the Phased-Array Ultrasonic System used for the Inspection of Friction Stir Welds N2 - The canister for the permanent storage of spent nuclear fuel used by SKB in Sweden consists of a cast iron insert surrounded by a five centimetre thick shell of copper. It is a safety critical component and in order to secure long-term structural integrity non-destructive methods are used to inspect 100% of the volume of each canister, before it is disposed of in the repository. One of the critical components that requires inspection is a sealing weld, joining the copper tube and the lid. The friction stir weld is inspected using an ultrasonic phased array system. The area of the weld is inspected with several inspection channels with different angles and varying coverage. To make sure that no defects that might occur in the weld are overseen, the reliability of the inspection must be quantified. The reliability of NDT is usually quantified with the probability of detection curves. The influence of the parameters that might influence the POD of the flaws in the weld is investigated analysing the experimental results, as well as with a help of a numerical simulation of the inspection. T2 - 19th Wolrd Conference on Nondestructive Testing CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - NDT KW - Ultrasonic KW - Reliability KW - POD KW - Copper KW - FSW KW - JLH PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-366982 VL - 2016/158 SP - We.4.E.5 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (DGZfP) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-36698 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Zoёga, Andreas A1 - Kurz, J. H. A1 - Oelschlägel, T. A1 - Rohrschneider, A. A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Pavlovic, Mato A1 - Hintze, H. A1 - Kanzler, D. T1 - Investigations to introduce the probability of detection method for ultrasonic inspection of hollow axles at Deutsche Bahn N2 - Currently at Deutsche Bahn (DB) ultrasonic inspections in maintenance procedures for wheelset axles with a bore hole are, to the greatest possible extent, carried out using automated ultrasonic inspection system. Although the acceptance levels are in accordance with DIN 27201 part 7, the testing results have shown in recent years that in the case of true indications, the effective defect sizes were far below the level of acceptance. Due to this experience it can be assumed that the automated ultrasonic inspection systems are testing substantially more sensitively than required. This increased sensitivity leads to an increase in false indications, generally resulting in the unnecessary demounting of wheelsets. In Research cooperation between Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) and DB the effective flaw detection sensitivity of existing automated ultrasonic inspection system will be determined and the true/false indication ratio optimised. Through systematic investigations with the Probability of Detection method on the existing automated ultrasonic inspection system the results could be directly applied to the optimisation of existing ultrasonic inspections of wheelset axles with a bore hole in maintenance procedures and the level of reliability can be considerably increased. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - München, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - NDT KW - Reliability KW - POD KW - Railway KW - Axles KW - UT PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-375813 UR - http://www.ndt.net/article/wcndt2016/papers/we2g4.pdf SP - id 19515, 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-37581 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Trappe, Volker A1 - Müller, Alexander A1 - Hickmann, Stefan T1 - Infinite life of CFRP evaluated non-destructively with X-ray-refraction topography in-situ mechanical loading N2 - Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastics (CFRP) are more and more used in modern civil aircrafts. These days the whole fuselage is made of this material (B787; A350). Due to strict certification standards the normal in-service loading gives a low stress level compared to the static and even the fatigue strength of the material. Hence CFRP are assumed to have an infinite life. To evaluate this assumption, fatigue tests on CFRP-specimens were performed up to 108 load cycles and the first inter-fibre failure was evaluated non-destructively by accompanying Xray-refraction topography. A tensile testing machine was integrated in a small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) setup. X-ray refraction topography was performed while the CFRP samples were tensile loaded. This non-destructive technique enables the detection of micro-cracking and inter-fibre failure especially for CFRP. For Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastic (GFRP) X-ray refraction and in-situ loading has already been successfully used. The increase of inner surfaces due to inter fibre failure was measured as a function of the stress state. Fatigue tests were performed at and below the limit of inter-fibre failure strength. State of the art is to assume the failure of the samples under cyclic loading as the fatigue life. Accompanying non-destructive X-ray refraction measurements reflects the damage state and enables to trace its evolution even if the total failure of the specimens does not occur. This investigation technique is of high interest to give the engineer a design value of infinite life which is practically often reached due to knock down factors of certification standards. Finally the infinite life was found for cyclic fatigue loaded CFRP-samples even under high inter fibre transverse and shear loading investigated up to 108 load cycles. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - CFRP KW - NDT KW - Fatigue KW - Damage evolution PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-375015 UR - https://www.ndt.net/?id=19360 SN - 978-3-940283-78-8 VL - 2016 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - DGZFP CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-37501 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ronneteg, U. A1 - Grybäck, T. A1 - Bertovic, Marija A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Pavlovic, Mato T1 - Safe for 1 million years – NDT matters! N2 - The General Guidance in the Swedish regulations state that the safety assessment for a final repository for spent nuclear fuel should be 1 million years after closure. SKB developed the KBS-3 method, according to which the spent nuclear fuel is protected by three barriers. It is encapsulated in canisters with a diameter of 1 metre and a length of 5 metres. The canister consists of a cast iron insert surrounded by a 5 centimetre thick shell of copper. The canisters are disposed in the bedrock at a depth of about 500 meters surrounded by bentonite clay. In order to assess the safety over this extremely long period, an extensive quality control programme is applied to the canisters before deposit. In this programme, the use of non-destructive testing (NDT) is vital. The safety assessment of the canister in turn places high demands on the coverage, detectability, and reliability of the applied NDT inspections of the canister parts, i.e. cast iron insert, copper base, tube and lid, and the copper friction stir welds (FSW). This paper presents the extensive full-scale inspection development programme that runs at the Canister Laboratory in Oskarshamn (Sweden). In order to fulfil the high demands, phased array ultrasonic inspection techniques are developed using practical trials aided by ultrasonic modelling. The techniques apply, for example, different frequencies, inspection angles, focus depths, and both longitudinal and shear waves. Increased inspection reliability of the FSW is achieved by applying digital X-ray technique using a 9 MeV linear accelerator and a line detector. To complete the coverage, complementary surface inspections methods, i.e. eddy current array, magnetic flux sensor techniques and magnetic particle inspection, are applied. The canister safety assessment was the driving force to include reliability studies during the NDT development. Initially, the technical reliability was considered, resulting in development of advanced POD models (probability of detection). In combination with human factors studies, these models were implemented as tools in the development of the NDT techniques. Human factors studies were also applied to improve the inspection procedures to be more user-friendly enabling reliable inspections. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - München, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - NDT KW - Reliability KW - Spent nuclear fuel PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-375785 UR - http://www.ndt.net/article/wcndt2016/papers/we4e4.pdf SP - id 19464, 1 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-37578 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - McGrath, B. A1 - Holstein, R. A1 - Bertovic, Marija T1 - How NDT companies can benefit from human factors knowledge N2 - Ultrasonic phased array is, currently, the technology which is being applied as the solution to a lot of inspection problems. The perceived benefits are seen to be worth the outlay on equipment and specialised personnel. Yet, there is a source of knowledge, freely available, which can also deliver immediate benefits, through more reliable inspection results, and consequently increased client confidence, but which is largely ignored by the greater part of the NDT community. This talk will review the latest Human Factors knowledge and provide practical illustrations of how companies can use it to improve their competitive edge. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - München, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - NDT KW - Reliability KW - Human factors PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-375742 UR - http://www.ndt.net/article/wcndt2016/papers/tu4d3.pdf SP - id 19532, 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-37574 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Maack, Stefan T1 - Elastic wave propagation of ultrasound in bituminous road surfaces – simulations and measurements N2 - Maintenance costs of road infrastructure are increasing steadily. Adverse environmental impacts on infrastructure get more and more important as well. Therefore, it is important to determine how limited financial resources can be directed with an optimum pay-out. The present study takes first steps towards the usage of low-frequency ultrasound as a tool to evaluate the road condition. T2 - International Symposium Non-Destructive Testing in Civil Engineering 2015 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 15.09.2015 KW - Wave propagation KW - Ultrasonic KW - NDT KW - Simulation PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-38837 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stoppel, Markus A1 - Taffe, Alexander A1 - Wiggenhauser, Herbert A1 - Kurz, J. H. A1 - Boller, C. ED - Grantham, M. ED - Mechtcherine, V. ED - Schneck, U. T1 - Automated multi-sensor systems in civil engineering for condition assessment of concrete structures N2 - Infrastructure is subject to continuous ageing. This has given life cycle management of infrastructure an important role. Therefore an increasing demand for reliable inspection and monitoring tools is noticeable. A combination of different non-destructive test methods is often necessary to receive reliable results for material characterization, flaw detection and the determination of component specific geometry Parameters. Regarding concrete structures thickness measurements are combined with flaw detection and additional Information about reinforcement and tendon ducts is required. Therefore, a multi-sensor measurement approach is necessary with a high degree of automation. Otherwise a time consuming succession of manual measurements has to be performed which would prevent practical applications. A modular control and data acquisition approach is described and the application of two different automated measurement devices is shown. The BetoScan System consists of a self-navigating mobile robot. The System is especially designed for the Investigation of reinforced concrete floors exposed to de-icing salts. The data acquisition of the OSSCAR System, a multi-sensor Scanner, is similar to the robot approach. These different applications are based on a similar kernel allowing the modular use of different contact and non-contact sensors. The described general concept of multi-sensor data acquisition and data analysis presented here is not limited to the field of civil engineering applications. T2 - Concrete Solutions 2011 - 4th International Conference on Concrete Repair CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 26.09.2011 KW - Multi sensor KW - Data aquisition KW - Assessment of concrete structures KW - Scanner KW - NDT PY - 2012 SN - 978-0-415-61-622-5 SP - 397 EP - 403 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - London AN - OPUS4-24659 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stoppel, Markus T1 - Automated multi-sensor systems in civil engineering for condition assessment of concrete structures T2 - Concrete Solutions 2011 - 4th International Conference on Concrete Repair CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 26.09.2011 KW - Assessment of concrete structures KW - Data aquisition KW - Multi sensor KW - NDT KW - Scanner PY - 2011 AN - OPUS4-24680 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -