TY - CONF A1 - Mrkwitschka, Paul T1 - Comparative study of suitable preparation methods to evaluate irregular shaped, polydisperse nanoparticles by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). N2 - Reliable characterization of materials at the nanoscale regarding their physio-chemical properties is a challenging task, which is important when utilizing and designing nanoscale materials. Nanoscale materials pose a potential toxicological hazard to the environment and the human body. For this reason, the European Commission amended the REACH Regulation in 2018 to govern the classification of nanomaterials, relying on number-based distribution of the particle size. Suitable methods exist for the granulometric characterization of monodisperse and ideally shaped nanoparticles. However, the evaluation of commercially available nanoscale powders is problematic. These powders tend to agglomerate, show a wide particle size distribution and are of irregular particle shape. Zinc oxide, aluminum oxide and cerium oxide with particle sizes less than 100 nm were selected for the studies and different preparation methods were used comparatively. First, the nanoparticles were dispersed in different dispersants and prepared on TEM-supported copper grids. Furthermore, individual powders were deposited on carbon-based self-adhesive pads. In addition, the samples were embedded by hot mounting and then ground and polished. The prepared samples were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (including the transmission mode STEM-in-SEM) and Dynamic Light scattering. The software package ImageJ was used to segment the SEM images and obtain the particle sizes and shapes and finally the number-based particles size distribution with size expressed as various descriptors. T2 - Ceramics 2021 CY - Online meeting DA - 19.04.2021 KW - Nanoparticles KW - Preparation KW - Characterization PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53272 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan T1 - New reference material candidates for traceable size measurement of non-spherical nanoparticles N2 - New model nanoparticles with well-controlled shape were synthesized within the EMPIR project nPSize - Improved traceability chain of nanoparticle size measurements. Their systematic characterization takes place by the traceable methods scanning/transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and small angle X-ray scattering. Following reference nanoparticle candidates are under investigation with respect to their homogeneity and stability: titania nanoplatelets (10-15 nm x 50-100 nm), titania bipyramides (~60 nm x 40 nm), titania acicular particles (100 nm x 15-20 nm; aspect ratio 5.5/6), gold nanorods (~10 nm x 30 nm), and gold nanocubes (~55 nm x 55 nm x 55 nm). T2 - HyMET Workshop on optical surface analysis methods for nanostructured layers CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 10.10.2019 KW - Nanoparticles KW - Reference materials KW - Traceability KW - Particle size distribution PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49285 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan T1 - Surface and Microbeam Analytical Methods @BAM N2 - An overview of the activities in the field of surface and microbeam analysis at BAM-6.1 is given with focus on physico-chemical characterization at the nanoscale. Ideas of potential joint activities are presented: structural and chemical analysis of graphene, deposition techniques for nanoparticles, EBSD on steel for a broader range of methods, instruments and types of steel, soft X-ray Analysis of low-Z materials, analysis of mesoporous thin films, etc. T2 - BAM-IFW Workshop CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 28.03.2019 KW - PC characterisation KW - Nanoscale KW - Nanoparticles PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-47860 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Knigge, Xenia A1 - Guo, Z. A1 - Valsami-Jones, E. A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Radnik, Jörg T1 - Influence of Sterilization on the Surface of Nanoparticles Studied with XPS / HAXPES in Comparison to SEM / EDS N2 - Nanosafety is becoming increasingly important as nanomaterials are widely used in industrial processes and consumer products. For nanotoxicity measurements prior sterilization of the samples is necessary, but as structure activity relationships are made with properties of pristine particles, the question arises, if the sterilization process has an impact on the physico-chemical properties of nanoparticles and thus on the biological behavior. This question will be addressed in this talk. For this purpose, results from SEM and EDS measurements are combined with those of a novel lab-based HAXPES spectrometer in order to obtain a more complete picture. At the end, an influence of sterilization will be evident, which indicates a restructuring of the nanoparticles owing to sterilization. T2 - Microscopy & Microanalysis 2022 CY - Portland, USA DA - 31.07.2022 KW - XPS KW - HAXPES KW - SEM KW - EDS KW - Nanoparticles PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927622004287 VL - 28 SP - 986 EP - 988 PB - Cambridge University Press AN - OPUS4-55352 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan T1 - VAMAS interlaboratory comparisons on nanoparticles associated with the outcomes of the EMPIR project nPSize N2 - Following points are presented and discussed: i) nPSize as an EMPIR project on the nanoparticle size and shape distribution of (more) complex particles including sample preparation and machine learning approaches; ii) parallel development of ISO 21363 (PSSD by TEM), ISO 19749 (PSSD by SEM), ISO 22292 (3D TEM), ISO 52408 (NP Prep for AFM and EM), iii) VAMAS and pre-standardisation, TWA 34 „Nanoparticle Populations“ with two nPSize ILC projects P15 & P16 – results to be published and integrated in ISO 21363 (PSSD by TEM); iv) Remaining challenges: platelets, 2D materials (TiO2 and GR2M); v) Reference data sets as part of a complete Characterisation Workflow. T2 - How to identify Nanomaterials more effectively? Good Practices and Ways to Progress CY - Paris, France DA - 11.05.2023 KW - Nanoparticles KW - VAMAS KW - nPSize KW - Particle size distribution KW - Nanoparticle concentration KW - Interlaboratory comparison PY - 2023 UR - https://www.lne.fr/fr/service/formation/journee-technique-nanomateriaux-comment-identifier-efficacement-nanomateriaux?utm_source=Twitter&utm_medium=Tweet&utm_campaign=JT2301 AN - OPUS4-57485 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan T1 - Ongoing VAMAS ILC s on Nanoparticles and Graphene Oxide N2 - This contributions shows the first results of the ongoing interlaboratory comparisons under VAMAS/TWA 34 Nanoparticle populations related on the determination of pasrticle size distribution and relative concentration of nanoparticles and an example of an ILC running under VAMAS/TWA 41 Graphene and Related 2D Materials on the determination of the lateral diemsnions of graphene oxide flakes by Scanning Electron Microscopy. The link to related standardisation projects at ISO/TC Nanotechnologies are explained. T2 - Webinar Building the Foundation: Interlaboratory Comparisons and Reference Products for Advanced Materials CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 16.05.2024 KW - Nanoparticles KW - VAMAS KW - Interlaboratory comparison KW - Standardisation KW - Electron microscopy KW - AFM KW - SAXS PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60097 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan T1 - Ongoing International Interlaboratory Comparisons on Size, Shape and (Relative) Concentration of Complex Nanoparticles under the Pre-Standardization Platform of VAMAS N2 - Traceable morphological and chemical characterization of nanomaterials with respect to the various possible sizes, size distributions, shapes, and concentrations of real-world nanoparticles (NPs) is a challenging task. Particularly for the nonspherical, non-monodisperse nanoparticles – as typically for most of the commercial particles, including their strong tendency to agglomerate, there is a lack of standard operation procedures providing accurate nanoparticle characterisation. In the framework of the pre-standardisation framework of VAMAS (Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards, www.vamas.org) two interlaboratory comparison (ILC) studies are being carried out under the Technical Working Area (TWA) 34 “Nanoparticle Populations”:i) Project #15 addresses the analysis of the size and shape distribution of TiO2 bipyramidal NPs by traceable imaging methods such as TEM, SEM, STEM-in-SEM, AFM as well as with SAXS as an ensemble method. This ILC is thought as the next level development of the case studies exemplified in the published ISO standards ISO 21363 and ISO 19749. It was agreed to complete the first ILC with the NPs already prepared according to the same procedure on a TEM grid, and, at a later stage, to carry out second ILCs with the same NPs distributed to the participants as liquid suspensions together with protocols for the uniform NP deposition on suited substrates - as developed and optimized within the European project nPSize. Once having good deposition protocols available, the door for automated image analysis gets opened. Corresponding image analysis protocols and reporting templates have been distributed to the ILC participants, too. ii) Project #16: two spherical SiO2 NP samples with bi-modal size distributions in two nominal relative number concentrations were prepared and distributed also as liquid suspensions accompanied by sample preparation, measurement, and image analysis protocols and reporting templates. Here, the NP concentration is the primary parameter to be measured. For the imaging methods it is targeted to measure the relative nanoparticle concentrations (relative populations of the two modes). The results of all the participating laboratories, in both ILCs, compiled in comparative representations will be shown and discussed for the first time. The reduction of the measurement uncertainties associated to the size, shape and number-concentration results induced by the significant improvement of the sample preparation on substrates (as single particles with a high-density coverage), combined with well-defined image analysis procedures will be highlighted. Finally, a very recent 3rd ILC an the determination of lateral size of Graphene Oxide flakes by SEM is presented as project P13 under VAMAS TWA41 Graphene and Related 2D. T2 - Microscopy and Microanalysis 2024 CY - Cleveland, OH, USA DA - 28.07.2024 KW - VAMAS KW - Interlaboratory comparison KW - Imaging KW - Nanoparticles KW - Electron microscopy KW - Graphene oxide KW - Particle size distribution PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60875 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan T1 - Correlative imaging analysis of non-spherical nanoparticles N2 - It sounds like being a simple analytical task, it is definitely not. The way toward accurate measurement of the size distribution of nanoparticles (NPs) with complex shape, having a broad size polydispersity, with inhomogeneous chemistry, and with a high degree of agglomeration/aggregation is very challenging for all available analytical methods. Particularly for the NPs with complex shape, the access to the smallest dimension (as e.g. required for regulatory purposes) can be enabled only by using imaging techniques with spatial resolution at the nanoscale. Moreover, the full 3D-chacterisation of the NP shape can be provided either by advanced characterization techniques like 3D-TEM tomography or by correlative analysis, i. e. synergetic/complementary measurement of the same field-of-view of the sample with different probes. Examples of the latter type of analysis are: i) electron microscopy for the lateral dimensions and AFM for the height of the NPs, ii) SEM with STEM-in-SEM (also called T-SEM), iii) Electron Microscopy with TKD (Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction) for determination of the geometrical orientation of crystalline NPs, iv) Raman and SEM for e.g. thickness of graphen flakes, or v) Electron Microscopy for descriptive NP shape and SAXS for the NP concentration, the latter as a NP property able to be measured with higher and higher accuracy. For all these types of measurement, reference NPs are necessary for the validation of the measured size. Particularly non-spherical reference NPs are still missing. Examples of such new reference NPs as characterized by the correlative analyses enumerated above will be presented in detail in the contribution. T2 - 2021 Fall Meeting of the European Materials Research Society (E-MRS) CY - Online meeting DA - 20.9.2021 KW - Nanoparticles KW - Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction (TKD) KW - Correlative imaging KW - Electron microscopy KW - AFM KW - TiO2 KW - VAMAS PY - 2021 UR - https://www.european-mrs.com/meetings/2021-fall-meeting AN - OPUS4-53367 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Thünemann, Andreas T1 - (Bio)polymers tune the catalytic activity of silver nanoparticles N2 - We report on the development of ultra-small core-shell silver nanoparticles synthesized by an up-scaled modification of the polyol process. It is foreseen to use these thoroughly characterized particles as reference material to compare the catalytic and biological properties of functionalized silver nanoparticles. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis reveal a narrow size distribution of the silver cores with a mean radius of RC = 3.0 nm and a distribution width of 0.6 nm. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) provides a hydrodynamic radius of RH = 10.0 nm and a PDI of 0.09. The particles’ surface is covered with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) forming a shell with a thickness of 7.0 nm, which provides colloidal stability lasting for more than six months at ambient conditions. The PAA can be easily exchanged by biomolecules to modify the surface functionality. Replacements of PAA with glutathione (GSH) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) have been performed as examples. We demonstrate that the particles effectively catalyze the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol with sodium borohydride. The tunable catalytic activity of (436 ± 24) L g-1 s-1 is the highest reported in literature for silver nanoparticles. T2 - POLYDAYS 2016 CY - Potsdam, Germany DA - 28.09.2016 KW - Nanoparticles KW - Small-angle X-ray scattering KW - SAXS KW - Silver PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37622 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schneider, Ralf T1 - Investigation and control of protein adsorption for fluorescent nanosilver reference material N2 - Upon interaction of nanomaterials like noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) with biological systems like body fluids such as serum, a protein corona is formed.[1] This reversibly bound layer of proteins controls the transport of the NPs and their subsequent interaction with biological components.[2] The plasmonic properties of nobel metal NPs like Au and Ag can considerably affect the fluorescence properties of fluorophores in their vicinity, i.e., within a near field distance. Depending on the chemical composition, size and shape of these noble metal NPs, the spectral properties of the dye, and the particle-fluorophore distance, the fluorescence is quenched or in some cases enhanced.[3,4,5] This can be monitored by fluorescence intensity and lifetime measurements, with the latter effect being accompanied by an increase in fluorescence intensity and reduction in fluorescence lifetime due to an increase in radaiative rate constant. We utilized these effects to study and manipulate noble metal NP-protein interaction exemplarily for fluorophore-labeled bovine serum albumin (BSA) modified e.g. by succinylation, amination and the introduction of thiol groups, resulting in different binding affinities of the proteins.[6] Our results show that the fluorescent corona allows monitoring of the interaction of our accordingly protein-functionalized particles with biological model systems like solutions containing different amounts of various proteins. This can be eventually used for further in vitro and in vivo studies to assess the uptake, digestion, and excretion of surface functionalized noble metal NPs. T2 - EBS 2017 CY - Potsdam, Germany DA - 20.03.2017 KW - Nanoparticles KW - Reference material KW - Fluorescence probes KW - Plasmonics PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39552 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Darvishi Kamachali, Reza T1 - Melting upon Coalescence of Solid Nanoparticles N2 - The large surface-to-volume ratio of nanoparticles is understood to be the source of many interesting phenomena. The melting temperature of nanoparticles is shown to dramatically reduce compared to bulk material. Yet, at temperatures below this reduced melting point, a liquid-like atomic arrangement on the surface of nanoparticles is still anticipated to influence its properties. To understand such surface effects, here, we study the coalescence of Au nanoparticles of various sizes using molecular dynamics simulations. Analysis of the potential energy and Lindemann index distribution across the nanoparticles reveals that high-energy, high-mobility surface atoms can enable the coalescence of nanoparticles at temperatures much lower than their corresponding melting point. The smaller the nanoparticles, the larger the difference between their melting and coalescence temperatures. For small enough particles and/or elevated enough temperatures, we found that the coalescence leads to a melting transition of the two nominally solid nanoparticles, here discussed in relation to the heat released due to the surface reduction upon the coalescence and the size dependence of latent heat. Such discontinuous melting transitions can lead to abrupt changes in the properties of nanoparticles, important for their applications at intermediate temperatures. KW - Nanoparticles KW - Molecular Dynamics KW - Surface-induced Melting PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-552183 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/solids3020025 VL - 3 IS - 2 SP - 361 EP - 373 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-55218 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - INPR A1 - Pauw, Brian Richard A1 - Smales, Glen Jacob A1 - Anker, A. S. A1 - Balazs, D. M. A1 - Beyer, F. L. A1 - Bienert, Ralf A1 - Bouwman, W. G. A1 - Breßler, Ingo A1 - Breternitz, J. A1 - Brok, E. S. A1 - Bryant, G. A1 - Clulow, A. J. A1 - Crater, E. R. A1 - De Geuser, F. A1 - Giudice, A. D. A1 - Deumer, J. A1 - Disch, S. A1 - Dutt, S. A1 - Frank, K. A1 - Fratini, E. A1 - Gilbert, E. P. A1 - Hahn, Marc Benjamin A1 - Hallett, J. A1 - Hohenschutz, Max A1 - Hollamby, M. J. A1 - Huband, S. A1 - Ilavsky, J. A1 - Jochum, J. K. A1 - Juelsholt, M. A1 - Mansel, B. W. A1 - Penttilä, P. A1 - Pittkowski, R. K. A1 - Portale, G. A1 - Pozzo, L. D. A1 - Ricardo de Abreu Furtado Garcia, P. A1 - Rochels, L. A1 - Rosalie, Julian A1 - Saloga, P. E. J. A1 - Seibt, S. A1 - Smith, A. J. A1 - Smith, G. N. A1 - Annadurai, V. A1 - Spiering, G. A. A1 - Stawski, Tomasz A1 - Taché, O. A1 - Thünemann, Andreas A1 - Toth, K. A1 - Whitten, A. E. A1 - Wuttke, J. T1 - The human factor - Results of a small-angle scattering data analysis round robin N2 - A Round Robin study has been carried out to estimate the impact of the human element in small-angle scattering data analysis. Four corrected datasets were provided to participants ready for analysis. All datasets were measured on samples containing spherical scatterers, with two datasets in dilute dispersions, and two from powders. Most of the 46 participants correctly identified the number of populations in the dilute dispersions, with half of the population mean entries within 1.5 % and half of the population width entries within 40 %, respectively. Due to the added complexity of the structure factor, much fewer people submitted answers on the powder datasets. For those that did, half of the entries for the means and widths were within 44 % and 86 % respectively. This Round Robin experiment highlights several causes for the discrepancies, for which solutions are proposed. KW - Round robin KW - Sall-angle scattering KW - Nanostructure quantification KW - Nanostructure KW - SAXS KW - MOUSE KW - X-ray scattering KW - Size distribution KW - Nanoparticles PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-571342 DO - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2303.03772 SP - 1 EP - 23 PB - Cornell University CY - Ithaca, NY AN - OPUS4-57134 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Thünemann, Andreas T1 - SAXS for the development of reference materials: Silver nanoparticles, a case study N2 - Today there are hundreds of products available containing silver in form of nanoparticles, so-called nanosilver. This situation and the foreseeable future growing market of nanosilver will supposedly cause an increased release of silver into the environment. In this way, silver can be also incorporated into the human body and accumulated in different organs, which can be toxic or at least an unknown risk to human health. For these reasons, it is important to constantly study materials containing silver nanoparticles, their production, application in products and technical processes, dissemination of silver nanoparticles in the environment, and effects on humans and nature. The state-of-the-art nanoparticle size and concentration characterization are illustrated in an extensive interlaboratory comparison. To guarantee the traceability of measurements and to secure the comparison of results of different analytical methods, reference materials (RM) and certified reference materials (CRM) are essential. As a case study, the objective of the presented project was to provide an aqueous suspension of silver nanoparticles as a reference material with a nominal diameter below 10 nm for application in the determination of the size and concentration of nanoparticles in an aqueous surrounding. Measurands are the particles’ diameter D, size distribution width σ, number density N, and concentration c. Target uncertainties, defined as one sigma of the measurand values, are 5% for D, 10% for σ, 20% for N, and 20% for c. The certification was carried out based on ISO 17867 and the relevant ISO-Guides to produce reference material. The process of using SAXS as a reliable method for testing homogeneity and short-term and long-term stability of the material is reported. The particle preparation is described in detail so that the user can carry out the steps of synthesis and characterization in his own laboratory if required. Optionally, one can also contact the author for the provision of the silver nanoparticles. Detailed information can be found elsewhere (BAM Certification Reports, BAM-N008 (2022)). T2 - SAXS excites CY - Graz, Austria DA - 04.04.2023 KW - Nanoparticles KW - SAXS KW - Nanosilver KW - Small-angle x-ray scattering PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57283 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Michalchuk, Adam A1 - Stolar, Jasna A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana A1 - Bhattacharya, Biswajit A1 - Gugin, Nikita A1 - Casali, Lucia T1 - Mechanochemical pathways to sustainability: from molecular insights to applications N2 - Mechanochemical Innovations for Sustainable Synthesis of Framework Materials and Industrial ScaleUp Mechanochemistry has emerged as a powerful approach for sustainable materials synthesis and processing, with significant potential to meet the UN Sustainable Development Goals. This presentation will highlight our recent advancements in understanding, monitoring, and scaling-up mechanochemical synthesis of framework materials, focusing on the balance between fundamental understanding of reaction mechanisms and its practical applications in energy storage and energy transfer materials. A central focus of our work has been the development and application of time-resolved in situ monitoring techniques for mechanochemical processes. Our research on real-time synchrotron X-ray diffraction has enabled unprecedented insights into reaction pathways and kinetics. Recently, we have successfully applied energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction for time-resolved in situ monitoring of reactive extrusion, marking a significant step towards ‘lighting up’ industrial-scale mechanochemistry. Bridging fundamental understanding with practical applications, we have explored the mechanochemical synthesis of functional materials for energy storage and transfer, making process in the mechanochemical synthesis of highly proton-conductive metal phosphonates, demonstrating the potential of mechanochemistry to manufacture advanced materials for energy applications. T2 - GDCh Universität Marburg CY - Marburg, Germany DA - 10.02.2025 KW - Situ investigation KW - Nanoparticles KW - Metal phosphonates PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64844 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - INPR A1 - Schroeder, Barbara A1 - Le Xuan, Hoa A1 - Völzke, Jule L. A1 - Weller, Michael G. T1 - Preactivation crosslinking – An efficient method for the oriented immobilization of antibodies N2 - Crosslinking of proteins for their irreversible immobilization on surfaces is a proven and popular method. However, many protocols lead to random orientation and the formation of undefined or even inactive by-products. Most concepts to obtain a more targeted conjugation or immobilization requires the recombinant modification of at least one binding partner, which is often impractical or prohibitively expensive. Here a novel method is presented, which is based on the chemical preactivation of Protein A or G with selected conventional crosslinkers. In a second step, the antibody is added, which is subsequently crosslinked in the Fc part. This leads to an oriented and covalent immobilization of the immunoglobulin with a very high yield. Protocols for Protein A and Protein G with murine and human IgG are presented. This method may be useful for the preparation of columns for affinity chromatography, immunoprecipitation, antibodies conjugated to magnetic particles, permanent and oriented immobilization of antibodies in biosensor systems, microarrays, microtitration plates or any other system, where the loss of antibodies needs to be avoided, and maximum binding capacity is desired. This method is directly applicable even to antibodies in crude cell culture supernatants, raw sera or protein-stabilized antibody preparations without any purification nor enrichment of the IgG. This new method delivered much higher signals as a traditional method and, hence, seems to be preferable in many applications. KW - Antibody coating KW - Proximity-enhanced reaction KW - Immunoglobulins KW - IgG KW - Protein G KW - Protein A KW - Immunoprecipitation KW - Immunocapture KW - Stabilization KW - Biosensor KW - Biochip KW - Microarray KW - ELISA KW - Immunoassay KW - Immunosensor KW - Crosslinker KW - Nanoparticles KW - Click chemistry KW - Herceptin KW - Trastuzumab PY - 2019 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-478797 DO - https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201904.0205.v1 SN - 2310-287X SP - 1 EP - 17 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-47879 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -