TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Yevtushenko, Oleksandra A1 - Carrillo Salgado, Irene A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa T1 - Corrosion stability of piping steels in a circulating supercritical impure CO2 environment N2 - In supercritical impure CO2 (worst case scenario) highly alloyed Steels tend to pitting corrosion; iron and carbon steel tend to General corrosion, however, with low corrosion rates (< 0.1 mm/a) T2 - Kolloquium Uni Potsdam CY - Potsdam, Germany DA - 18.3.2016 KW - CCS KW - CO2 KW - Corrosion PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36990 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Sarmiento Klapper, Helmuth A1 - Dimper, Matthias A1 - Keserović, Amela A1 - Sobetzki, Joana A1 - Zimmer, Sebastian T1 - Corrosion behavior of duplex stainless steel S31803 in artificial geothermal waters N2 - Since geothermal wells are a feasible energy source to replace fossil fuel supply, many technologies have been developed to take advantage of geothermal energy. Nevertheless, service conditions in geothermal facilities are due to the chemical composition of hydrothermal fluids and temperatures, in many cases, extreme in terms of corrosion. Therefore, materials selection based on preliminary material qualification is essential to guarantee a secure and reliable operation of the facilities. This contribution deals with the evaluation of the corrosion behavior of duplex steel S31803 (318LN, X2CrNiMoN22-5-3, 1.4462) conducted by electrochemical measurements and exposure tests in artificial geothermal waters simulating the conditions in different locations with geothermal potential in Germany. The duplex steel S31803 shows limited suitability for applications in artificial geothermal waters due to its susceptibility to pitting and crevice corrosion. For low saline geothermal waters it can be considered suitable at moderate temperatures. Slight crevice corrosion susceptibility needs to be considered. Results are being incorporated into a materials catalogue for geothermal applications which shall provide basic information for designers and users of geothermal facilities. T2 - NACE International Corrosion Conference 2016 CY - Vancouver, BC, Canada DA - 6.3.2016 KW - S31803 KW - Crevice corrosion KW - Duplex steel KW - Geothermal energy PY - 2016 SP - 7361-1 EP - 7361-8 PB - NACE International CY - Houston TX, USA AN - OPUS4-36986 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Sarmiento Klapper, Helmuth A1 - Dimper, Matthias A1 - Keserović, Amela A1 - Sobetzki, Joana A1 - Zimmer, Sebastian T1 - Corrosion behavior of duplex stainless steel S31803 in artificial geothermal waters N2 - Since geothermal wells are a feasible energy source to replace fossil fuel supply, many technologies have been developed to take advantage of geothermal energy. Nevertheless, service conditions in geothermal facilities are due to the chemical composition of hydrothermal fluids and temperatures, in many cases, extreme in terms of corrosion. Therefore, materials selection based on preliminary material qualification is essential to guarantee a secure and reliable operation of the facilities. This contribution deals with the evaluation of the corrosion behavior of duplex steel S31803 (318LN, X2CrNiMoN22-5-3, 1.4462) conducted by electrochemical measurements and exposure tests in artificial geothermal waters simulating the conditions in different locations with geothermal potential in Germany. The duplex steel S31803 shows limited suitability for applications in artificial geothermal waters due to its susceptibility to pitting and crevice corrosion. For low saline geothermal waters it can be considered suitable at moderate temperatures. Slight crevice corrosion susceptibility needs to be considered. Results are being incorporated into a materials catalogue for geothermal applications which shall provide basic information for designers and users of geothermal facilities. T2 - NACE International Annual Corrosion Conference CY - Vancouver, BC, Canada DA - 06.03.2016 KW - S31803 KW - Crevice corrosion KW - Duplex steel KW - Geothermal energy PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36987 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Yevtushenko, Oleksandra A1 - Bettge, Dirk T1 - On the corrosion mechanism of CO2 transport pipeline steels caused by impurities: roles of each impure components and benchmarks N2 - Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) has been proposed as a promising technology for the mitigation of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere from fossil-fuel-operated power generation plants. As the reliability and cost effectiveness of the pipeline transport network is crucial to the overall operability and resilience of the CCUS system, it is vital to realize the possible corrosion risks of the employed pipeline steels corresponding to the impurity level of the gas source. Recent studies have shown that even the high alloyed materials might be susceptible to general and/or localized corrosion by the condensates forming from the impurities such as SOx, NOx, CO, O2 and water [1]. Up to now, however, there is no regulation procedure which defines the maximum acceptable level of impurities and the combination of them for each employed pipeline steels. Herein, systematic experiment series were conducted by mixing pure CO2 gas with varying concentration of each impurity and with the varying combination of them. Each time, the mixture was then fed (1 L/min) into the reactor containing 12 specimens for 120-600 h at 5°C (to simulate the sub-level pipeline transport). The resulted condensate was collected and analyzed by ionic chromatography and atomic absorption spectroscopy to determine the chemical composition. In this study, the “worst-case scenario” gas mixture, containing 2.5 % H2O, 1.8 % O2, 1000 ppm NO2, and 220 ppm SO2 as impurities, resulted in the condensate containing H2SO4 0.114 M and HNO3 0.0184 M (pH 2.13). This “original” condensate was then re-produced to carry out exposure tests and electrochemical characterization including corrosion potentials and impedance spectroscopy in CO2 saturated condition for 7-14 days at the same temperature. The corrosion rate was also measured by mass loss method. We can conclude that, at the initial stage, HNO3 plays the dominant role in Fe dissolution process, while H2SO4 is responsible for the pit initiation followed by pitting corrosion. Future studies will be focused on the combination effect from the impurities and the exposure test under the regularly changing condensate to mimic the real CO2 pipeline system. T2 - Eurocorr 2016 CY - Montpellier, France DA - 11.09.2016 KW - Carbon capture utilization KW - CO2 KW - Pipeline transport KW - Condensation KW - Corrosion PY - 2016 SP - paper 69810, 1 EP - 2 PB - EFC CY - Montpellier AN - OPUS4-37747 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Keserović, Amela A1 - Sobetzki, Joana A1 - Sarmiento Klapper, Helmuth A1 - Dimper, Matthias T1 - Evaluation of Metallic Materials for Geothermal Applications N2 - Since geothermal wells are a feasible energy source to replace fossil fuel supply, many technologies have been developed to take advantage of geothermal energy. Nevertheless, service conditions in geothermal facilities are due to the chemical composition of hydrothermal fluids and temperatures, in many cases, extreme in terms of corrosion. Therefore, materials selection based on preliminary material qualification is essential to guarantee a secure and reliable operation of the facilities. The corrosion behavior of different high-alloyed metals including duplex and austenitic stainless steels as well as a nickel alloy have been evaluated in artificial geothermal fluids simulating the conditions in some locations with geothermal potential in Germany as well as two sites in Indonesia. The suitability of carbon steel 25CrMo4, stainless steels X2CrNiMo17-12-2, X2CrNiMo-22-5, X2CrNiMoCuWN25-7-4 and super austenitic steel X1CrNiMoCu32-28-7 in these geothermal fluids obtained by electrochemical measurements and exposure tests is limited. The nickel alloy NiCr23Mo16Al shows an excellent corrosion resistance against pitting corrosion. Excluding its high cost, it is a very good alternative to be used in the construction of geothermal facilities having highly saline brines. Stainless and duplex steels exhibit a limited corrosion resistance concerning pitting and crevice corrosion. Beside of the higher alloyed materials, also the low-alloyed steel 25CrMo4 could be employed as a constructional material for the geothermal power plant in stagnant highly acidic non saline environments, as long as the wall thickness of the material vs. corrosion rate is taken into account. T2 - European Geothermal Congress 2016 CY - Starsbourg, France DA - 19.09.2016 KW - Localized corrosion KW - Stainless steel KW - Ni-based alloy KW - Geothermal energy PY - 2016 SP - paper THP-248, 1 EP - 7 AN - OPUS4-37750 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Keserović, Amela A1 - Sobetzki, Joana A1 - Sarmiento Klapper, Helmuth A1 - Dimper, Matthias T1 - Evaluation of metallic materials for geothermal applications N2 - Since geothermal wells are a feasible energy source to replace fossil fuel supply, many technologies have been developed to take advantage of geothermal energy. Nevertheless, service conditions in geothermal facilities are due to the chemical composition of hydrothermal fluids and temperatures, in many cases, extreme in terms of corrosion. Therefore, materials selection based on preliminary material qualification is essential to guarantee a secure and reliable operation of the facilities. The corrosion behavior of different high-alloyed metals including Duplex and austenitic stainless steels as well as a nickel alloy have been evaluated in artificial geothermal fluids simulating the conditions in some locations with geothermal potential in Germany as well as two sites in Indonesia. The suitability of carbon steel 25CrMo4, stainless steels X2CrNiMo17-12-2, X2CrNiMo-22-5, X2CrNiMoCuWN25-7-4 and super austenitic steel X1CrNiMoCu32-28-7 in these geothermal fluids obtained by electrochemical measurements and exposure tests is limited. The nickel alloy NiCr23Mo16Al shows an excellent corrosion resistance against pitting corrosion. Excluding its high cost, it is a very good alternative to be used in the construction of geothermal facilities having highly saline brines. Stainless and Duplex steels exhibit a limited corrosion resistance concerning pitting and crevice corrosion. Beside of the higher alloyed materials, also the lowalloyed steel 25CrMo4 could be employed as a constructional material for the geothermal power plant in stagnant highly acidic non Saline environments, as long as the wall thickness of the material vs. corrosion rate is taken into account. T2 - European Geothermal Congress CY - Strasbourg, France DA - 19.09.2016 KW - Localized corrosion KW - Stainless steel KW - Ni-based alloy KW - Geothermal energy PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37751 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa A1 - Yevtushenko, Oleksandra A1 - Bettge, Dirk T1 - On the corrosion mechanism of CO2 transport pipeline steels caused by impurities: Roles of each impure components and benchmarks N2 - Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) has been proposed as a promising technology for the mitigation of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere from fossil-fuel- operated power generation plants. As the reliability and cost effectiveness of the Pipeline transport network is crucial to the Overall operability and resilience of the CCUS system, it is vital to realize the possible corrosion risks of the employed Pipeline steels corresponding to the impurity Level of the gas source. Recent studies have shown that even the high alloyed materials might be susceptible to General and/or localized corrosion by the condensates forming from the impurities such as SOx, NOx, CO, O2 and water. Up to now, however, there is no regulation procedure which defines the maximum acceptable level of impurities and the combination of them for each employed pipeline steels. Herein, systematic experiment series were conducted by mixing pure CO2 gas with varying concentration of each impurity and with the varying combination of them. Each time, the mixture was then fed (1 L/min) into the reactor containing 12 specimens for 120-600 h at 5°C (to simulate the sub-level Pipeline transport). The resulted condensate was collected and analyzed by ionic chromatography and atomic Absorption spectroscopy to determine the chemical composition. In this study, the “worstcase scenario” gas mixture, containing 2.5 % H2O, 1.8 % O2, 1000 ppm NO2, and 220 ppm SO2 as impurities, resulted in the condensate containing H2SO4 0.114 M and HNO3 0.0184 M (pH 2.13). This “original” condensate was then reproduced to carry out exposure tests and electrochemical characterization including corrosion potentials and impedance spectroscopy in CO2 saturated condition for 7-14 days at the same temperature. The corrosion rate was also measured by mass loss method. We can conclude that, at the initial stage, HNO3 plays the dominant role in Fe dissolution process, while H2SO4 is responsible for the pit initiation followed by pitting corrosion. Future studies will be focused on the combination effect from the impurities and the exposure test under the regularly changing condensate to mimic the real CO2 pipeline system. T2 - Eurocorr 2016 CY - Montpellier, France DA - 11.09.2016 KW - Pipeline transport KW - Condensation KW - Corrosion KW - Carbon capture utilization KW - CO2 PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37752 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rütters, H. A1 - Stadler, S. A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - Jeschke, S. A1 - Kather, A. A1 - Lempp, C. A1 - Lubenau, U. A1 - Ostertag-Hennig, C. A1 - Schmitz, S. A1 - Schütz, S. A1 - Waldmann, S. T1 - Towards an optimization of the CO2 stream composition - A whole-chain approach N2 - CO2 streams captured from power stations or industrial plants may contain impurities that impact the consecutive steps of the CO2 capture and storage (CCS) chain. As the basis for an optimization of CO2 purity over the whole CCS chain, impacts of different impurities were investigated at key steps including studies on (i) corrosion of metallic materials in CO2 streams and brine, (ii) fluid and interfacial properties as a function of pressure, temperature and CO2 stream composition and their implications for CO2 transport, injection and geological storage, (iii) costs of different pipeline design options, (iv) geochemical alterations at typical reservoir conditions and their implications for geomechanical rock properties. Major findings are synthesized for two exemplary single source-single sink CCS chain scenarios involving CO2 stream compositions typical for pre-combustion capture and oxyfuel combustion. Recommendations for material selection for compression, transport and injection were derived for various CO2 stream compositions. To reliably control corrosion, a limitation of water contents to 50 ppmv is recommended for pipeline transportation of all CO2 streams. At geological storage conditions, the presence of either O2, NOx or SO2 only weakly affected fluid-mineral/rock interactions that still impacted geomechanical rock properties. KW - CCS KW - Impurities KW - Associated incidental substances KW - Pipeline design KW - Corrosion KW - Fluid-rock interactions PY - 2016 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1750583616305047 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2016.08.019 SN - 1750-5836 SN - 1878-0148 VL - 54 IS - 2 SP - 682 EP - 701 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-38401 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lee, Jun-Seob A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Electrochemical behavior of UNS N08031 in Green-Death-solution N2 - The electrochemical behavior of UNS(1) N08031 was investigated as a function of electrode potential in Green-Death(2) solution at 40 °C. The UNS N08031 surface is in a stable passive state during cyclic potentiodynamic polarization without an initiation and/or propagation of localized corrosion. In potentiostatic polarization of UNS N08031 for 3600 s, passive current density increases with an increase in the passivation potential from 0.7 to 1.0 VSSE (silver/silver chloride reference electrode in saturated potassium chloride) Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Mott-Schottky (M-S) analysis showed that a more defective n-type semiconductive passive film forms as the potential increases. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed that passive film consists of mainly chromium and minor iron and nickel oxides. The mechanism of the defective passive film formation is discussed. The increase of the applied potential is considered to be a reason for the change in passive film stability. T2 - NACE International Annual Corrosion Conference CY - Phoenix, AZ, USA DA - 15.04.2018 KW - Steel KW - Passive film KW - X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy PY - 2018 SP - 10631, 1 EP - 9 PB - Omnipress CY - Houston AN - OPUS4-44915 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Aristia, Gabriela A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Roth, C. T1 - Polyaniline/silicon dioxide containing coating for use in artificial geothermal brines N2 - Geothermal brine is a complex system containing a wide variety of dissolved salts resulting from the condition s in a geothermal well. These fluids lead to corrosion in pipes and other parts of geothermal system construction and necessitate intense research efforts in finding new suitable materials. Carbon steel is susceptible to corrosion in geothermal brine especially when it is exposed to a high temperature and high-pressure medium, which is considered to be an aggressive environment. An artificial geothermal water, bas ed on a brine composition found in Indonesia, was used to investigate the performance of high alloyed materials. The electrolyte has pH 4 and contains 1,500 mg/l Cl-, 20 mg/l SO4 2-, 15 mg/l HCO3 -, 200 mg/l Ca 2+, 250 mg/l K+, and 600 mg/l Na+. In order to protect the bare material in geothermal application, it is necessary to either use high alloyed material s or coatings. In this research, a coating system consisting of polyaniline and silicon dioxide was investigated regarding its behavior to protect carbon steel. In detail, the effect of SiO2 and polyaniline (PANi) addition was evaluated by exposure and electrochemical tests for 7 days, i.e. electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and open circuit potential (OCP ) at room temperature and 150 °C with 1 MPa pressure . T2 - NACE International Annual Corrosion Conference CY - Phoenix, AZ, USA DA - 15.04.2018 KW - Geothermal KW - Coating KW - SiO 2 KW - Polyaniline KW - Corrosion PY - 2018 SP - 10708, 1 EP - 14 PB - Omnipress CY - Houston AN - OPUS4-44916 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -