TY - CONF A1 - Lin, Xuebao A1 - Tan, Yi A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Klack, Patrick A1 - Schoch, R. A1 - Lang, M. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Weathering Resistance of Halogen-free Flame Retardance in E&E Polymeric Materials N2 - Nowadays, various polymeric materials are used in E&E applications with sufficient flame retardance by adding rather different flame retardants. It doesn’t matter whether cables are used outdoor or are installed indoor as building products, the weathering exposures such as UV radiation, humidity and variation in temperature occur and influence the flame-retardant property. Recently, the lifetime of the flame retardance itself becomes an increasingly important factor. In this work, several devices were used to perform accelerated artificial ageing simulating different environment exposures. The comprehensive and global understanding of the durability of flame retardance in dependence on the weathering or ageing conditions is still a matter of discussion. Therefore, the weathering resistance of various halogen-free fire-retarded polymers was investigated in this work. Polymeric systems with different kinds of fire retardants were chosen, including various fire retardant mechanisms. Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) blends with high amounts of inorganic flame retardant such as aluminum hydroxide (ATH), boehmite and synergists, which mainly dilutes the polymer resin work as heat sink and cooling agent, and enhance residue formation was examined. Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) was modified with melamine cyanurate (MC), which mainly acts by changed melt flow and dripping behavior as well as fuel dilution. Additionally, aluminum diethylphosphinate and boehmite are induced as assistant flame retardant. Furthermore, glass fiber reinforced Polyamide 66 (PA) was investigated containing different kinds of aluminum diethylphosphinate based flame retardant mixtures, which acts by flame inhibition and additional char formation. The degradation of the surface was analyzed after the different weathering conditions. Most of the specimens exhibited an intensive material degradation at the top surface accompanied by a distinct discoloration, e.g. getting darker or showing yellowing. The weathering of the EVA samples lead to numerous cracks (already) after 4000 h. The corresponding changes in the chemical structure was investigated by ATR FT-IR for all materials. The flammability was investigated by cone calorimeter, UL-94 burning chamber, and oxygen index (LOI) using plate and bar specimens. The flame retardance of most of the materials studied degrades only slightly or were rather stable for the investigated exposure times. Interestingly, also some opposite results were found. EVA modified by different inorganic flame retardants such as ATH achieved higher LOI after exposing in the humidity chamber and the accelerated oxidation under water in the autoclaves. It is suggested that the particle size of ATH and boehmite plays an important role, when these flame retardants agglomerate at the surface during accelerated weathering. Both materials, EVA and TPU, were also investigated as cable jackets. While EVA modified with inorganic flame retardants exhibits low-smoke and non-dripping fire behavior, TPU flame-retarded with MC yields cables with pronounced melt-dripping. Cone calorimeter tests were carried out using cable rafts of the size of 100 mm * 100 mm as well as our self-made cable module test, which simulates the vertical full-scale test of a bundle of cables at the bench-scale. Both methods were used to investigate the weathering resistance of the flame retardance in cables. The results of the cable module test for the flame-retarded EVA cables were only slightly affected even when a long time hydrothermal ageing was carried out. This is because of inorganic residue which just delays the fire growth but does not extinguish. However, for the flame-retarded TPU cable jackets, the cable module test exhibited an accelerated fire spread and a melt-dripping behavior which was promoted by weathering exposure. T2 - FRPM 2019, 17th European Meeting on Fire Retardant Polymeric Materials CY - Turku, Finland DA - 26.06.2019 KW - Cable KW - Flame retardant KW - Weathering resistance KW - Durability KW - ethylene vinyl acetate KW - Thermoplastic polyurethane KW - Flammability PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48553 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zirnstein, Benjamin A1 - Schulze, Dietmar A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - The impact of polyaniline in phosphorus flame retardant ethylene-propylene-diene-rubber (EPDM) JF - Thermochimica Acta N2 - Usually elastomers are loaded with high amounts of flame retardants to fulfill fire safety requirements. In this study the potential char precursor polyaniline (PANI) and the established fire retardant pentaerythritol (PER) were implemented in ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber (EPDM). PANI and PER were used in low loadings (7 phr) and combined with two phosphorous flame retardants, Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and a piperazine-pyrophosphate/phosphoric acid compound (FP), to boost their performance. A comprehensive study is presented, explaining the impact of PANI on curing and mechanical properties, including compensation for the plasticizer-like effect of APP in EPDM, and improved flame retardancy. In the cone calorimeter test, the combination of EPDM/FP/PANI reduced the effective heat of combustion by 20%. All nine EPDM rubber compounds were investigated with the LOI and UL 94 tests, cone calorimeter, FMVSS 302 and glow wire testing to quantify fire performance. The PANI containing EPDM rubbers, EPDM/APP/PANI and EPDM/FP/PANI outperformed the corresponding PER containing, EPDM/APP/PER and EPDM/FP/PER rubbers in various tests. Moreover, the study investigated the impact of PANI and PER on the mode of action of the phosphorus species and showed that the addition of PANI increased the amount of phosphorus in the condensed phase. To receive a broader understanding of the flame retardant mode of action of PANI in combination with APP and FP, calculations were carried out to estimate the impact of PANI on the protective layer effect. KW - EPDM KW - Rubber KW - Flame retardant KW - Polyaniline KW - Pentaerythritol PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2019.01.019 SN - 0040-6031 VL - 673 SP - 92 EP - 104 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-47503 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Markwart, J. C. A1 - Battig, Alexander A1 - Kuckhoff, T. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Wurm, F. R. T1 - First phosphorus AB2 monomer for flame-retardant hyperbranched polyphosphoesters: AB2vs. A2 + B3 JF - Polymer Chemistry N2 - Branched polymers are an important class of polymers with a high number of terminal groups, lower viscosity compared to their linear analogs and higher miscibility, which makes them especially interesting for flame retardant applications, where the flame retardants (FR) are blended with another polymer matrix. Hyperbranched polyphosphoesters (hbPPEs) are gaining more and more interest in the field of flame retardancy, as low molar mass FRs often have the disadvantage of blooming out or leaching, which is not desired in consumer products. Here, we present the first phosphorus-based AB2 monomer for the synthesis of hbPPEs and assess its flame-retardant performance in an epoxy resin compared to a hbPPE synthesized by an A2 + B3 approach. The hbPPE synthesized from an AB2 monomer exhibited a slightly higher performance compared to a similar hbPPE, which was prepared by A2 + B3 polyaddition, probably due to its higher phosphorus content. KW - Polyphosphoester KW - Hyperbranched KW - Flame retardant KW - Synthesis PY - 2019 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-497570 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/c9py01156k SN - 1759-9962 VL - 10 IS - 43 SP - 5920 EP - 5930 PB - RSC AN - OPUS4-49757 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -