TY - CONF A1 - Schnieder, V. A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Additive Fertigung von Nickel-Titan-Formgedächtnislegierungen aus den Elementpulvern mittels Laserpulverauftragschweißen N2 - Additive Fertigungsverfahren gewinnen aufgrund der schnellen, flexiblen und kosten-günstigen Fertigung von Bauteilen zunehmend an Bedeutung. Das Laserpulverauf-tragschweißen (LPA) wurde anfangs hauptsächlich als Beschichtungsverfahren ein-gesetzt. Diese Technologie bewerkstelligt aber auch das Reparieren von verschlisse-nen Bauteilen, sodass diese zeitsparend und ressourcenschonend erneuert werden können. Die hohe Aufbaurate, die flexible Pulverzusammensetzung sowie die hohe Endkonturnähe ermöglichen heutzutage die Entwicklung und additive Fertigung von neuen Materialien, wie zum Beispiel Nickel-Titan-Formgedächtnislegierungen. T2 - 39. Assistentenseminar CY - Eupen, Germany DA - 12.09.2018 KW - Laserpulverauftragschweißen PY - 2019 SN - 978-3-96144-070-2 SP - 27 EP - 33 PB - DVS Media GmbH AN - OPUS4-51316 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Javaheri, E. A1 - Pittner, Andreas A1 - Graf, B. A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Instrumented indentation technique and its application for the determination of local material properties of welded steel structures N2 - The determination of mechanical properties of welded Steel structures such as strength or ductility is a subject of high interest for the majority of Companies in the area of metal Processing. The material Parameters can be obtained by performing the tensile test on the samples made from a part of a component. In some cases, it is highly expensive to produce the tensile specimens especially from the weld metal, which contains different type of microstructure such as weld seam or heat affected zone in an extremely small area. Therefore, a method is described in this paper to determine the material Parameters of high strength Steel structures and welded joints locally and without any additional effort to perform the tensile test. In this method, instrumented indentation technique (IIT), an indenter is pushed on the flat surface of a specimen in a certain period of time and simultaneously the applied force and the corresponding indentation path are measured. The data related to the force-indentation diagram is given as input to an artificial neural network (ANN) to obtain the material Parameters. The ANN can be trained by generating the large qualitative data sets with numerical Simulation of the IIT procedure. The Simulation must be run several times with the different material model parameter sets to generate the numerous force-indentation diagrams as the inputs of ANN. Then, the trained ANN is validated by performing the IIT on the welded joints and comparing the obtained material Parameters from ANN with the tensile test. Consequently, the mechanical properties of welded joints can be determined by performing the IIT and evaluating the resulting data by the ANN. T2 - 39. Assistentenseminar CY - Eupen, Germany DA - 12.09.2018 KW - Steel PY - 2019 SN - 978-396144-070-2 SP - 146 EP - 152 PB - DVS Media GmbH AN - OPUS4-51317 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schaumann, P. A1 - Schürmann, K. A1 - Pittner, Andreas A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Automatically Welded Tubular X-Joints for Jacket Substructures N2 - To increase the competitiveness of jacket substructures compared to monopiles a changeover from an individual towards a serial jacket production based on automated manufactured tubular joints combined with standardized pipes has to be achieved. Therefore, this paper addresses fatigue tests of automatically welded tubular X-joints focusing on the location of the technical fatigue crack. The detected location of the technical crack is compared to numerical investigations predicting the most fatigue prone notch considering the structural stress approach as well as the notch stress approach. Besides, the welding process of the automated manufactured tubular X-joints is presented. KW - Tubular X-joints KW - Fatigue tests KW - Technical crack detection KW - Local fatigue spproaches PY - 2019 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-513228 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/cepa.1140 VL - 3 IS - 3-4 SP - 823 EP - 828 PB - Ernst & Sohn Verlag für Architektur und technische Wissenschaften GmbH & Co. KG CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-51322 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brunner-Schwer, C. A1 - Petrat, T. A1 - Graf, B. A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Highspeed-plasma-laser-cladding of thin wear resistance coatings: A process approach as a hybrid metal deposition-technology N2 - Plasma-Transferred-Arc (PTA) welding is a process that enables high deposition rates, but also causes increased thermal load on the component. Laser metal deposition (LMD) welding, on the other hand, reaches a high level of precision and thus achieves comparatively low deposition rates, which can lead to high processing costs. Combining laser and arc energy aims to exploit the respective advantages of both technologies. In this study, a novel approach of this process combination is presented using a PTA system and a 2 kW disk laser. The energy sources are combined in a common process zone as a high-speed plasma laser cladding technology (HPLC), which achieves process speeds of 10 m/min at deposition rates of 6.6 kg/h and an energy per unit length of 39 J/mm. KW - Highspeed-plasma-laser-cladding KW - Wear resistance KW - Deposition welding KW - Tungsten carbide KW - NiCrBSi PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2019.05.003 SN - 0042-207X VL - 166 SP - 123 EP - 126 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-48294 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Javaheri, E. A1 - Pittner, Andreas A1 - Graf, B. A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Mechanical properties characterization of reisstance spot welded DP1000 steel under uniaxial tensile tests N2 - Resistance spot welding (RSW) is widely used in the automotive industry as the main joining method. Generally, an automotive body contains around 2000 to 5000 spot welds. Therefore, it is of decisive importance to characterize the mechanical properties of these areas for the further optimization and improvement of an automotive body structure. The present paper aims to introduce a novel method to investigate the mechanical properties and microstructure of the resistance spot weldment of DP1000 sheet steel. In this method, the microstructure of RSW of two sheets was reproduced on one sheet and on a bigger area by changing of the welding parameters, e. g. welding current, welding time, electrode force and type. Then, tensile tests in combination with digital Image correlation (DIC) measurement were performed on the notched tensile specimens to determine the mechanical properties of the weld metal. The notch must be made on the welded tensile specimen to force the fracture and elongation on the weld metal, enabling the characterization of its properties. Additionally, the parameters of a nonlinear isotropic material model can be obtained and verified by the simulation of the tensile specimens. The parameters obtained show that the strength of DP1000 steel and the velocity of dislocations for reaching the Maximum value of strain hardening, are significantly increased after RSW. The effect of sample geometry and microstructural inhomogeneity of the welded joint on the constitutive property of the weld metal are presented and discussed. KW - Mechanical properties KW - resistance spot welding KW - dual phase steel KW - digital image correlation PY - 2019 VL - 61 IS - 6 SP - 527 EP - 532 PB - Carl Hanser Verlag CY - München AN - OPUS4-48296 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Frei, J. A1 - Biegler, M. A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Resistance spot welding under external load for evaluation of LME susceptibility of zinc coated advanced high strength steel sheets N2 - Some zinc coated advanced high strength steels (AHSS), under certain manufacturing conditions, are known to be prone to liquid metal embrittlement (LME) during resistance spot welding. LME is an undesired phenomenon, which can cause both surface and internal cracks in a spot weld, potentially influencing its strength. An effort is made to understand influencing factors of LME better, and evaluate geometry-material combinations regarding their LME susceptibility. Manufacturers benefit from such knowledge because it improves the processing security of the materials. The experimental procedure of welding under external load is performed with samples of multiple AHSS classes with strengths up to 1200 MPa, including dual phase, complex phase and TRIP steels. This way, externally applied tensile load values are determined, which cause liquid metal embrittlement in the samples to occur. In the future, finite element simulation of this procedure gives access to in-situ stress and strain values present during LME formation. The visualization improves the process understanding, while a quantification of local stresses and strains allows an assessment of specific welded geometries. T2 - ESDAD 2019 CY - Dusseldorf, Germany DA - 24.06.2019 KW - RSW KW - LME KW - Advanced high strength steel KW - Testing method KW - Zinc coated steel PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49079 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Javaheri, E. A1 - Lubritz, J. A1 - Graf, B. A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Mechanical Properties Characterization of Welded Automotive Steels N2 - Among the various welding technologies, resistance spot welding (RSW) and laser beam welding (LBW) play a significant role as joining methods for the automobile industry. The application of RSW and LBW for the automotive body alters the microstructure in the welded areas. It is necessary to identify the mechanical properties of the welded material to be able to make a reliable statement about the material behavior and the strength of welded components. This study develops a method by which to determine the mechanical properties for the weldment of RSW and LBW for two dual phase (DP) steels, DP600 and DP1000, which are commonly used for the automotive bodies. The mechanical properties of the resistance spot weldment were obtained by performing tensile tests on the notched tensile specimen to cause an elongation of the notched and welded area in order to investigate its properties. In order to determine the mechanical properties of the laser beam weldment, indentation tests were performed on the welded material to calculate its force-penetration depth-curve. Inverse numerical simulation was used to simulate the indentation tests to determine and verify the parameters of a nonlinear isotropic material model for the weldment of LBW. Furthermore, using this method, the parameters for the material model of RSW were verified. The material parameters and microstructure of the weldment of RSW and LBW are compared and discussed. The results show that the novel method introduced in this work is a valid approach to determine the mechanical properties of welded high-strength steel structures. In addition, it can be seen that LBW and RSW lead to a reduction in ductility and an increase in the amount of yield and tensile strength of both DP600 and DP1000. KW - Mechanical property KW - Laser beam welding KW - Dual phase steel KW - Resistance spot welding PY - 2019 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-502269 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/met10010001 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 20 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-50226 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gook, Sergej A1 - Üstündag, Ömer A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Vermeidung von Schweißimperfektionen im Überlappbereich bei laserstrahlhybridgeschweißten Rundnähten N2 - Die Laserstrahl-Hybrid-Schweißtechnologie erweist sich in der schweißtechnischen Fertigung immer mehr als innovative Alternative gegenüber anderen Schweißverfahren. Obwohl das Laserstrahl-Hybridschweißverfahren viele wirtschaftliche Vorteile gegenüber herkömmlichen Schweißverfahren aufweist, wie z.B. große Einschweißtiefe und dadurch eine reduzierte Anzahl von Schweißlagen, geringe thermische Belastung des Grundwerkstoffes aufgrund reduziertem Wärmeeintrag, konnte das Schweißverfahren überwiegend für das Schweißen von Längsnähten demonstriert werden. Eine Vielzahl von Schweißaufgaben, z.B. beim Schweißen von Segmenten von Windkraftanlagen oder dem Orbitalschweißen beim Verlegen von Großrohrleitungen sieht vor, dass die zu schweißenden Bauteile mit einer Rundnaht zusammengefügt werden. Die schweißtechnische Herausforderung ist hier, dass beim Schließen einer Rundnaht mit der Entstehung eines fehlerbehafteten Überlappbereiches zu rechnen ist. Ein zentrales Problem im Überlappbereich einer laserstrahl- sowie laserhybridgeschweißten Rundnaht ist die Bildung von Imperfektionen wie Poren, Rissen sowie die Bildung eines Endkraters, welcher als geometrische Kerbe wirkt. Bisher liegen keine universellen Lösungen zur fehlerfreien Ausführung von geschlossenen Rundnähten beim Laserstrahl-Hybridschweißen vor. Diese Studie befasst sich mit der Entwicklung eines Verfahrens, mit dem die Entstehung von o.g. Schweißimperfektionen vermieden wird. Die Strategie der Prozessführung beim Schließen der Rundnaht sieht hervor, dass ein fehlerfreier Überlappbereich durch die Kontrolle der Erstarrungsbedingungen am Schweißnahtende erreicht werden kann. Die kontrollierte Wärmeführung wird durch eine Anpassung der Parameter von beiden beteiligten Schweißprozessen, dem Laserstrahl- sowie MSG-Schweißprozess realisiert. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde eine Serie von Schweißversuchen an 9,5 mm dicken Rohabschnitten aus hochfestem Pipelinestahl X100Q mit Variation der Prozessparameter wie der Laserleistung, der Defokussierung des Laserstrahls sowie der Endkraterfüllzeit im Überlappbereich der Rundnaht durchgeführt. Nachfolgend werden die erzielten Ergebnisse dargestellt und diskutiert. T2 - DVS-Studentenkongress 2019 CY - Dusseldorf, Germany DA - 16.09.2019 KW - Laserstrahlschweißen KW - Laserhybridschweißen KW - Rundnaht KW - Endkrater KW - Überlappbereich KW - Defokussierung PY - 2019 SP - 370 EP - 378 AN - OPUS4-49242 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meng, Xiangmeng A1 - Artinov, Antoni A1 - Bachmann, Marcel A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Numerical and experimental investigation of thermo-fluid flow and element transport in electromagnetic stirring enhanced wire feed laser beam welding N2 - The introduction of electromagnetic stirring to laser beam welding can bring several beneficial effects e.g. element homogenization and grain refinement. However, the underlying physics has not been fully explored due to the absence of quantitative data of heat and mass transfer in the molten pool. In this paper, the influence of electromagnetic stirring on the thermo-fluid flow and element transport in the wire feed laser beam welding is studied numerically and experimentally. A three-dimensional transient heat transfer and fluid flow model coupled with dynamic keyhole, magnetic induction and element Transport is developed for the first time. The results suggest that the Lorentz force produced by an oscillating magnetic field and its induced eddy current shows an important influence on the thermo-fluid flow and the keyhole stability. The melt flow velocity is increased by the electromagnetic stirring at the rear and lower regions of molten pool. The keyhole collapses more frequently at the upper part. The additional Elements from the filler wire are significantly homogenized because of the enhanced forward and downward flow. The model is well verified by fusion line shape, high-speed images of molten pool and measured element distribution. This work provides a deeper understanding of the transport phenomena in the laser beam welding with magnetic field. KW - Thermo-fluid flow KW - Element transport KW - Laser beam welding KW - MHD KW - Numerical analysis PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.118663 VL - 144 SP - 118663 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-49299 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Meng, Xiangmeng A1 - Artinov, Antoni A1 - Bachmann, Marcel A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - A theoretical study of influence of electromagnetic stirring on transport phenomena in wire feed laser beam welding N2 - The additional element from the filler wire in the laser beam welding is usually distributed inhomogeneously in the final weld due to the high solidification rate of weld pool. It has been found that the electromagnetic stirring produced by an external oscillating magnetic field can enhance the material mixing in the weld pool to achieve a more uniform element distribution. However, the magnetic field has a highly non-linear and multi-coupled interaction with the weld pool behavior, which makes the quantitative explanation of the physical mechanism difficult. In this study, the effect of electromagnetic stirring on the transport phenomena in the wire feed laser beam welding is investigated by a numerical modelling. A 3D transient multi-physical model considering the magnetohydrodynamics, heat transfer, fluid flow, keyhole dynamics and element transport is developed. The multiple reflections and the Fresnel absorption of the laser on the keyhole wall are calculated using the ray tracing method. The numerical results show that a Lorentz force produced by the oscillating magnetic field and its induced eddy current gives significant influence on the transport phenomena in the molten pool. The forward and downward flow is enhanced by the electromagnetic stirring, which homogenizes the distribution of the additional elements from a nickel-based filler wire in a steel weld pool. The numerical results show a good agreement with the high-speed images of the molten pool, the fusion line from the optical micrograph and the element distribution from the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. This work provides a physical base for the electromagnetic-controlled laser beam welding and some guidance for the selection of electromagnetic parameters. T2 - ICALEO 2019 CY - Orlando, US DA - 07.10.2019 KW - Magnetohydrodynamics KW - Molten pool dynamics KW - Element transport KW - Laser beam welding PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49300 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Artinov, Antoni A1 - Karkhin, V. A1 - Bachmann, Marcel A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Mathematical modeling of the geometrical differences between the weld end crater and the steady-state weld pool N2 - The geometrical characteristics of the weld end crater are commonly used for the validation of numerical results in welding simulation. A semi-analytical model calculating the cooling stage of the welding process after the moving energy source is turned off has been developed. A solution for various combinations of heat sources and workpieces has been found. The theoretical limits for the heat transfer of the absorbed energy during cooling in a thin plate and a semi-infinite body were studied. It is shown that after turning off the energy source, an additional melting of the base material in longitudinal direction may occur. The developed technique is applied to complete-penetration keyhole laser beam welding of a 2 mm thick austenitic chromium-nickel 316L steel plate at a welding speed of 20 mm/s and a laser power of 2.3 kW. The results show a theoretical increase of the weld end crater length in comparison to the length of the steady-state weld pool of up to 19 %. A shift of the centre of the end crater, in which the solidification of the liquid metal ends, towards the tail of the end crater relative to the axis of the heat source at the time of its termination, was computed. The speed and the direction of crystallization of the molten material in the weld pool and the end crater were found to be different. A good agreement between the computational results and the welding experiments was achieved. T2 - ICALEO 2019 - The International Congress on Applications of Lasers & Electro-Optics (Proceedings) CY - Orlando, FL USA DA - 07.10.2019 KW - Keyhole mode welding KW - Weld pool shape KW - End-crater KW - Heat conduction PY - 2019 UR - http://icaleo.conferencespot.org/2019-proceedings?qr=1 SN - 978-1-940168-1-42 SP - 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-49344 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Biegler, M. A1 - Khazan, P. A1 - Gazen, M. A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Improvement of numerical simulation model setup and calculation time in additive manufacturing-laser-metal-deposition components with an advanced modelling strategy N2 - Rapid localized heating and cooling during additive manufacturing using laser deposition method (LMD) lead to loss of dimensional accuracy as well as cracking of built parts. Finite-Element welding simulations allow prediction of geometrical deviations and accumulated residual stresses as well as their optimization before conducting experiments. Due to the great length of stacked welds, calculation times for fully transient thermomechanical simulations are currently long, the calculation stability suffers from the high number of contact bodies in the model and the modelling effort is high, as the geometries need to be sliced and positioned layer-wise. In this contribution, an integrated modelling approach is demonstrated for a thin-walled LMD component made from 30 layers of 1.4404 (316L) stainless steel: Instead of the layer-by-layer modelling strategy commonly found in the literature, the whole component mesh is kept in one piece and the fully transient, layer-by-layer material deposition is implemented via element sets. In contrast to prior simulations, nonlinear contact between the layers does not have to be considered, significantly decreasing calculation times. The calculated distortions are compared to recently published, in-situ digital image correlation (DIC) measurements as well as numerical simulations conducted with the established layer-wise modelling strategy to judge result quality. Finally, the improvement in calculation time and ease-of-use is compared between both modelling approaches and conclusions regarding future usage for industrial-scale components are drawn. T2 - 12th International Seminar ‘Numerical Analysis of Weldability' CY - Graz, Austria DA - 23.09.2018 KW - Additive Manufacturing KW - Laser Metal Deposition KW - Distortion simulation KW - Calculation time KW - Directed energy deposition KW - Efficient modelling PY - 2019 SN - 978-3-85125-615-4 SN - 978-3-85125-616-1 DO - https://doi.org/10.3217/978-3-85125-615-4-52 SN - 2410-0544 VL - 2019 SP - 979 EP - 1003 PB - Verlag der Technischen Universität Graz CY - Graz AN - OPUS4-49274 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Artinov, Antoni A1 - Karkhin, V. A1 - Bakir, Nasim A1 - Meng, Xiangmeng A1 - Bachmann, Marcel A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Lamé curves approximation for the assessment of the 3-D temperature distribution in keyhole mode welding processes N2 - A novel approach for the reconstruction of an equivalent volumetric heat source from a known weld pool shape is proposed. It is based on previously obtained weld pool geometries from a steady-state thermo-fluid dynamics simulation. Hereby the weld pool dimensions are obtained under consideration of the most crucial physical phenomena, such as phase transformations, thermo-capillary convection, natural convection and temperature-dependent material properties. The algorithm provides a time and calibration efficient way for the reproduction of the weld pool shape by local Lamé curves. By adjusting their parameters, the identification of the finite elements located within the weld pool is enabled. The heat input due to the equivalent heat source is assured by replacing the detected nodes’ temperature by the melting temperature. The model offers variable parameters making it flexible and adaptable for a wide range of workpiece thicknesses and materials and allows for the investigation of transient thermal effects, e.g. the cooling stage of the workpiece. The calculation times remain acceptably short especially when compared to a fully coupled process simulation. The computational results are in good agreement with performed complete-penetration laser beam welding experiments. T2 - ICALEO 2019 - 38th International congress on applications of lasers & electro-optics CY - Orlando, FL, USA DA - 07.10.2019 KW - Weld pool shape approximation KW - Keyhole mode laser beam welding KW - Numerical simulation KW - Superelliptic Lamé curves PY - 2019 UR - http://icaleo.conferencespot.org/2019-proceedings?qr=1 SN - 978-1-940168-1-42 SP - Paper # Macro 1002 AN - OPUS4-49310 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Bachmann, Marcel A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Gekoppelte numerische Untersuchung der Bildung von Mittelrippendefekten beim Hochleistungslaserstrahlschweißen N2 - Die Entstehung von Erstarrungsrissen stellt ein in der Schweißtechnik lange bekanntes Problem dar. Diese prozessseitige Herausforderung ist selbst nach dem heutigen Wissenstand schwer zu beherrschen und gefährdet die Sicherheit der gefügten Bauteile. Dieses Problem erweist sich als besonders schwierig beim einlagigen Hochleistungslaserstrahlschweißen von Metallteilen hoher Blechstärke, welche eine essentielle Rolle in vielerlei industriellen Anwendungen spielen. Gegenstand des hier bearbeiteten Forschungsprojekts war die numerische Untersuchung der Entstehungsmechanismen des Mittelrippendefekts beim Laserstrahlschweißen niedriglegierter Stähle. Mittels mehrerer gekoppelter Simulationen, für welche sowohl kommerziellen Softwares, wie COMSOL Multiphysics und ANSYS, als auch in-house entwickelte Programme eingesetzt worden sind, wurden die am stärksten ausgeprägten Mechanismen der Erstarrungsrissbildung und deren Zusammenspiel aufgeklärt. Begleitend zur Simulation wurden mehrere experimentelle Untersuchungen für den niedriglegierten Baustahl S355 an den Blechdicken 12 mm und 15 mm zu deren Validierung durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse der Simulation des Kristallwachstums, der Diffusion und der Makroseigerung von Schwefel zeigen, dass die Risse für bestimmte Werkstoffe mit einer hohen Konzentration an Verunreinigungen hauptsächlich metallurgisch bedingt entstehen können. Allerdings zeigte die Untersuchung des Einflusses der Ausbauchung (Bulging) im Mittenbereich der Schweißnaht auf das transiente Temperaturfeld und die transienten Transversalspannungen im risskritischen Bereich auch, dass die Rissbildung nicht nur metallurgisch bedingt und insbesondere auch für aus metallurgischer Sicht eigentlich rissunkritische Materialien auftreten kann. Der Bulging-Bereich hat sich in der Untersuchung als besonders kritisch in allen Teilen der Simulationskette gezeigt. Die Einflüsse dieser geometrischen Besonderheit konnten bei allen physikalischen Teilaspekten der Problematik als heißrissinduzierend identifiziert werden. Von besonderer Bedeutung wird an dieser Stelle das erkannte Zusammenspiel dieser Einflüsse hervorgehoben. Bisher wurde die Bildung der Erstarrungsrisse hauptsächlich durch einen einzelnen physikalischen Aspekt, wie z.B. rein metallurgisch oder rein thermomechanisch bedingt, isoliert betrachtet. Die gewonnen Erkenntnisse über die Einflüsse des Bulgings auf die unterschiedlichen Teilaspekte zeigen deutlich, dass alle Entstehungsmechanismen auch die Schmelzbadgeometrie als Ursprung haben. Von dieser hängen die transienten Temperatur- und Spannungsfelder, die Kristallwachsrichtung, die Erstarrungsgeschwindigkeit und die Konzentration von Verunreinigungen, welche zur Entstehung von niedrigschmelzenden Phasen führt, ab. Die Ergebnisse des Forschungsvorhabens sind vielfach in referierten Zeitschriften und auf Fachtagungen veröffentlicht worden. Hervorzuheben dabei ist der „Best Presentation Award“ auf der LANE Conference 2018 in Fürth, wodurch die Thematik einem breiten Publikum bekannt gemacht werden konnte. KW - Laserstrahlschweißen KW - Mittelrippendefekt KW - Simulation PY - 2019 SP - 1 EP - 14 AN - OPUS4-49516 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Häberle, Nicolas A1 - Pittner, Andreas A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Abschlusspräsentation SimCoLas Verbundprojekt -- Arbeitspakete BAM N2 - Die Präsentation gibt einen Überblick bezüglich der von der BAM im Rahmen des SimCoLas Verbundprojekts durchgeführten Arbeiten zum Thema "Photonische Prozessketten". Die numerisch abgebildete Prozesskette Tiefziehen/Laserstrahlschweißen wird darsgestellt und diskutiert. Fokus der Diskussion ist die entwickelte Methodik zur konsistenten Abbildung numerischer Prozessketten mit der Applikation Heissrisskritikalität beim Laserstrahlschweißen. T2 - Verbundprojekt SimCoLas Abschlusstreffen CY - Robert Bosch GmbH Corporate Research Centre, Renningen bei Stuttgart, Germany DA - 13.06.2019 KW - Laserstrahlschweißen KW - Heissrisse KW - Prozesskette PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-50033 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Biegler, M. A1 - Wang, J. A1 - Graf, B. A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Automated tool-path generation for rapid manufacturing and numerical simulation of additive manufacturing LMD geometries N2 - In additive manufacturing (AM) Laser Metal Deposition (LMD), parts are built by welding layers of powder feedstock onto a substrate. Applications for steel powders include forging tools and structural components for various industries. For large parts, the choice of tool-paths influences the build-rate, the part performance and the distortions in a highly geometry-dependent manner. With weld-path lengths in the range of hundreds of meters, a reliable, automated tool path generation is essential for the usability of LMD processes. In this contribution, automated tool-path generation approaches are shown and their results are discussed for arbitrary geometries. The investigated path strategies are the classical approaches: “Zig-zag-” and “contour-parallel-strategies”. After generation, the tool-paths are automatically formatted into g-code for experimental build-up and ASCII for a numerical simulation model. Finally, the tool paths are discussed in regards to volume-fill, microstructure and porosity for the experimental samples. This work presents a part of the IGF project 18737N “Welding distortion simulation” (FOSTA P1140) T2 - 4th European Steel Technology and Application Days CY - Dusseldorf, Germany DA - 24.06.2019 KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Directed Energy Deposition KW - Path planning KW - DED KW - Mechanical properties KW - Porosity PY - 2019 SP - 1 AN - OPUS4-50045 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - El-Sari, B. A1 - Biegler, M. A1 - Graf, B. A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Numerische Simulation einer AM-Prozesskette im DED Auftragschweißen N2 - Das DED Auftragschweißen ist ein additives Fertigungsverfahren für Metalle, bei dem das Material schichtweise auf ein Substrat aufgetragen wird. Die schnellen Temperaturzyklen rufen Spannungsgradienten im Bauteil hervor. Der schichtweise Aufbau der Bauteile verursacht eine anisotrope Mikrostruktur. Mittels nachgelagerter Wärmebehandlung können diese Effekte verringert werden. Im anschließenden Schritt der Prozesskette wird das additiv hergestellte Bauteil mittels Drahterodieren von dem Substrat abgetrennt. In diesem Beitrag wird eine thermo-mechanische Simulation der gesamten Prozesskette vorgestellt, welche den additiven Aufbau, Wärmebehandlung und das Abtrennen vom Substrat beinhaltet. Anstelle der in der Literatur üblichen schichtweisen Modellierungsstrategie für die DED Simulation wird das gesamte Bauteil in einem Stück vernetzt und der vollständig transiente, schichtweise Materialauftrag über Elementgruppen realisiert. Im Gegensatz zu früheren Simulationen muss der nichtlineare Kontakt zwischen den Schichten nicht berücksichtigt werden, was die Rechenzeiten deutlich verkürzt. Das Modell wurde validiert mittels Abgleiches des Verzugs aus Simulation und Experiment. Die Proben, bestehend aus DIN 1.4404 (AISI 316L), wurden nach jedem Prozessschritt 3D gescannt um den Verzug zu quantifizieren. Zusätzlich wurden Querschnitte und Härtetests nach Vickers von unterschiedlich behandelten Proben durchgeführt, um den Effekt der Wärmebehandlung auf die Mikrostruktur und die Härte des Bauteils zu untersuchen. T2 - 20. Roundtable Simulating Manufacturing CY - Marburg, Germany DA - 22.05.2019 KW - Numerische ISmulation KW - DED KW - AM KW - Laser-Pulver-Auftragschweißen PY - 2019 SP - 1 EP - 14 AN - OPUS4-50046 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stankevich, S. A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - Straße, Anne A1 - Rethmeier, Michael ED - Reisgen, U. ED - Schmidt, M. ED - Zaeh, M. ED - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Measurement of thermal cycle at multi-pass layer build-up with different travel path strategies during DLMD process N2 - The shape of the parts, created by the technology of direct laser metal deposition (DLMD), is influenced by various parameters, for example, the power and diameter of the laser source spot. The contribution of energy from the laser affects the temperature distribution in the formed layers. The changing temperature in the working area entails a Change in the geometry of the layers and affects the stability of the process. In this paper, experiments on the measurement of temperature cycles in the DLMD process with different directions of the filling track are carried out. An infrared camera was used to measure thermal cycles. The calibration of the acquired data (i.e. correspondence table between the intensity of thermal radiation of the material and the absolute temperature) was done with help of two-color pyrometer ex situ and in situ measurements. The experiments are carried out on two materials 316L and Inconel 718. The effect of the maximum temperature on the layer height is shown, and thermal cycles in the formation of layers for different filling strategies are presented. T2 - Laser in Manufacturing Conference 2019 CY - Munich, Germany DA - 24.06.2019 KW - Thermography KW - Direct Laser Metal Deposition PY - 2019 SP - 1 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-48716 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Brunner-Schwer, C. A1 - Graf, B. A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Laser-Plasma-Hybrid-Cladding: Possibilities in the combination 2 of arc and laser for deposition welding N2 - Plasma-Transferred-Arc (PTA) welding is a process that enables high deposition rates, but also causes increased thermal load on the component. Laser based Direct Energy Deposition (DED) welding, on the other hand, achieves a high level of precision and thus comparatively low deposition rates, which can lead to high processing costs. Combining laser and arc energy aims to exploit the respective advantages of both technologies. In this study, different possibilities of this process combination are presented using a PTA system and a 2 kW disk laser. This includes the combination in a common process zone as a highspeed plasma laser cladding technology (HPLC), which achieves process speeds of 10 m/min. Besides that it is being examined whether a pre-running plasma arc can be used to coat difficult-to-weld rail steel with a carbon content of 0.8 % due to a preheating effect. Furthermore, a smoothing of the coating by a plasma arc following the laser is investigated. T2 - Lasers in Manufacturing 2019 CY - Munich, Germany DA - 24.06.2019 KW - Plasma-Transferred-Arc KW - Direct Energy Deposition KW - highspeed plasma laser cladding KW - deposition welding PY - 2019 SP - 1 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-48724 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Artinov, Antoni A1 - Bachmann, Marcel A1 - Karkhin, Victor A1 - Rethmeier, Michael ED - Sommertisch, C. ED - Enzinger, N. ED - Mayr, P. T1 - A novel approach for calculating the thermal cycle of a laser beam welding process using a stationary CFD model N2 - This work aims to find the thermal cycles during and after fusion welding through simulation by first calculating the resulting local temperature field in the quasi-stationary part of the process. Here complete-penetration keyhole laser beam welding with a laser power of 18 kW on a 15 mm thick slab of a low-alloyed steel at a welding speed of 2 m/min is considered. In order to physically depict the laser material interaction a multi-physics numerical model including the effects of phase transformation, thermo-capillary convection, natural convection and temperature-dependent material properties up to evaporation temperature is developed. It uses a fixed keyhole geometry with a right truncated circular cone shape to introduce the laser beam energy to the workpiece. In a subsequent study, the resulting local temperature field is then used as an equivalent heat source in order to predict the unsteady thermal cycle during and after fusion welding. The translational movement of the laser beam through the workpiece is represented by a moving mesh approach. For the simulation, stationary heat transfer and fluid dynamics are described by a system of strongly coupled partial differential equations. These are solved with the commercial finite element software COMSOL Multiphysics 5.0. The results of the numerical simulation are validated by experiments, where the weld bead shapes and the thermal cycles show good correlation. T2 - 12th International Seminar "Numerical Analysis of Weldability" CY - Graz, Austria DA - 24.09.2018 KW - Equivalent heat source KW - Process simulation KW - Laser beam welding KW - Transient heat transfer KW - Moving mesh PY - 2019 SN - 978-3-85125-616-1 VL - 12 SP - Chapt. VI, 694 EP - 710 PB - Verlag der Technischen Universität Graz AN - OPUS4-48817 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bakir, Nasim A1 - Biltgen, J. A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Influence of Partial Penetration Laser Hybrid Welding Parameters on the Solidification Cracking for Thick-Walled Structures N2 - In this study, the influence of the welding speed and the arc power on the solidification crack formation for partial penetration laser hybrid welded Thick-Walled plates were investigated. Experimentally, a linear correlation between the welding velocity and the crack number was observed. That is by reducing the welding velocity the crack number was reduced. The reduced welding velocity showed a strong impact on stress, as the model demonstrated a very lower stress amount in comparison to the reference case. The reduction of the welding speed could be a helpful technique to reduce the hot cracking. The wire feed speed showed a very slight influence on the crack formation. That can be returned to the large distance between the critical region for cracking and the arc region. T2 - Lasers in Manufacturing Conference 2019 CY - Munich, Germany DA - 24.06.2019 KW - Hybrid laser-arc welding KW - Solidification cracking KW - Thick-walled steel KW - Numerical simulation PY - 2019 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - WLT Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft Lasertechnik e.V AN - OPUS4-48733 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Üstündag, Ö. A1 - Avilov, V. A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Improvement of Filler Wire Dilution Using External Oscillating Magnetic Field at Full Penetration Hybrid Laser-Arc Welding of Thick Materials N2 - Hybrid laser-arc welding offers many advantages, such as deep penetration, good gap bridge-ability, and low distortion due to reduced heat input. The filler wire which is supplied to the process is used to influence the microstructure and mechanical properties of the weld seam. A typical problem in deep penetration high-power laser beam welding with filler wire and hybrid laser-arc welding is an insufficient mixing of filler material in the weld pool, leading to a non-uniform element distribution in the seam. In this study, oscillating magnetic fields were used to form a non-conservative component of the Lorentz force in the weld pool to improve the element Distribution over the entire thickness of the material. Full penetration hybrid laser-arc welds were performed on 20-mm-thick S355J2 steel plates with a nickel-based wire for different arrangements of the oscillating magnetic field. The Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) data for the distribution of two tracing elements (Ni and Cr) were used to analyze the homogeneity of dilution of the filler wire. With a 30° turn of the magnetic field to the welding direction, a radical improvement in the filler material distribution was demonstrated. This would lead to an improvement of the mechanical properties with the use of a suitable filler wire. KW - Thick materials KW - Hybrid laser-arc welding KW - Oscillating magnetic field KW - Electromagnetic stirring KW - Full penetration PY - 2019 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-489644 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/met9050594 SN - 2075-4701 VL - 9 IS - 5 SP - 594 PB - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-48964 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jokisch, T. A1 - Marko, A. A1 - Gook, S. A1 - Üstündag, Ö. A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Laser Welding of SLM-Manufactured Tubes Made of IN625 and IN718 N2 - The advantage of selective laser melting (SLM) is its high accuracy and geometrical flexibility. Because the maximum size of the components is limited by the process chamber, possibilities must be found to combine several parts manufactured by SLM. An application where this is necessary, is, for example, the components of gas turbines, such as burners or oil return pipes, and inserts, which can be joined by circumferential welds. However, only a few investigations to date have been carried out for the welding of components produced by SLM. The object of this paper is, therefore, to investigate the feasibility of laser beam welding for joining SLM tube connections made of nickel-based alloys. For this purpose, SLM-manufactured Inconel 625 and Inconel 718 tubes were welded with a Yb:YAG disk laser and subsequently examined for residual stresses and defects. The results showed that the welds had no significant influence on the residual stresses. A good weld quality could be achieved in the seam circumference. However, pores and pore nests were found in the final overlap area, which meant that no continuous good welding quality could be accomplished. Pore formation was presumably caused by capillary instabilities when the laser power was ramped out. KW - Inconel 718 KW - Laser welding KW - Selective Laser Melting KW - Laser Powder Bed Fusion PY - 2019 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-489679 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12182967 SN - 1996-1944 VL - 12 IS - 18 SP - 2967, 1 EP - 15 PB - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-48967 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Üstündag, Ö. A1 - Gook, S. A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Mechanical Properties of Single-pass Hybrid Laser Arc Welded 25 mm Thick-walled Structures Made of Fine-grained Structural Steel N2 - The presented study deals with the performing and mechanical testing of single pass hybrid laser-arc welds (HLAW) on 25 mm thick plates made of steel grade S355J2. One of the challenges have to be solved at full penetration HLAW of thick plates is the drop formation occurring due to the disbalances of the forces acting in the keyhole and on the melt pool surface. Such irregularities mostly limit the use of high-power laser beam welding or HLAW of thick-walled constructions. To overcome this problem, an innovative concept of melt pool support based on generating Lorentz forces in the weld pool is used in this work. This method allows to perform high quality welds without sagging even for welding of 25 mm thick plates in flat position at a welding speed of 0.9 m min-1. For the obtain of full penetrated welds a laser beam power of 19 kW was needed. A high V-impact energy of up to 160 J could be achieved at the test temperature of 0 °C. Even at the most critical part in the weld root an impact energy of 60 J in average could be reached. The tensile strength of the weld reaches that of the base material. An introduce of the HLAW process with electromagnetic support of the melt pool in the industrial practice is an efficient alternative to the time- and cost-intensive arc-based multi-layer welding techniques which are established nowadays for joining of thick-walled constructions. KW - Mechanical Properties KW - Hybrid Laser Arc Welding KW - Thick-walled Structures KW - Fine-grained Steel PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2019.08.016 SN - 2351-9789 VL - 36 SP - 112 EP - 120 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-48969 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Üstündag, Ö. A1 - Gook, S. A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Investigation of the mechanical properties of single-pass hybrid laser-arc welded thick X120 pipeline steel plates N2 - With global increases in clean energy demand, the natural gas is gaining in importance. Pipelines are the safest and most cost-effective way of transporting natural gas. Due to high transport volume and resulting high operation pressure, the demand for ultra-high strength steel grades such as X120 is very strong. As a result of the fact that these steels are produced by thermo-mechanical controlled processing, the welding process must be selected accordingly. Based on investigations, a high heat input such as by submerged arc welding process leads to softening in the weld metal and loss of strength whereas pure laser beam welding results in high cooling rates and deteriorate toughness of the weld metal. The objective of this research is to investigate the influence of heat input to mechanical properties of hybrid laser-arc welded pipeline steels of grade X120. Test specimens with a thickness of 20 mm could be welded without preheating in a single-pass with different welding velocities to observe the largest possible parameter window of the heat input. The achieved V-notch impact energy for hybrid laser-arc welded samples was 144±37 J at a testing temperature of -40 °C. With a tensile strength of 930±4 MPa the requirements of API 5L was achieved. To prevent gravity drop-outs at the slow welding speeds, an electromagnetic weld pool support system was used, which works contactless and is based on generating Lorentz forces. It was therefore possible to control the cooling rate in order to meet the requirements of the mechanical properties. By adapting the electromagnetic weld pool support to the laser and laser hybrid welding process, the application potential of these technologies for industrial implementation can be drastically increased. T2 - 14th Pipeline Technology Conference CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 18.03.2019 KW - Mechanical properties KW - Hybrid laser arc welding KW - Pipeline steel X120 PY - 2019 UR - https://www.pipeline-conference.com/conferences/14th-pipeline-technology-conference-2019 SN - 2510-6716 SP - 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-48970 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Üstündag, Ö. A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Single-pass Hybrid Laser Arc Welding of Thick Materials Using Electromagnetic Weld Pool Support N2 - Hybrid laser-arc welding process allows single-pass welding of thick materials, provides good quality formation of joints with minimal thermal deformations and a high productivity in comparison with arc-based welding processes. Nevertheless, thick-walled steels with a thickness of 20 mm or more are still multi-pass welded using arc welding processes, due to increased process instability by increasing laser power. One limitation factor is the inadmissible formation of gravity drop-outs at the root. To prevent this, an innovative concept of electromagnetic weld pool support is used in this study. With help of such system a stable welding process can be established for 25 mm thick steel plates and beyond. Sound welds could be obtained which are tolerant to gaps and misalignment of the welded parts. The adaptation of this system to laser and hybrid laser-arc welding process can dramatically increase the potential field of application of these technologies for real industrial implementation. T2 - Lasers in Manufacturing Conference 2019 CY - Munich, Germany DA - 24.06.2019 KW - Full Penetration KW - Hybrid Laser Arc Welding KW - Electromagnetic Weld Pool Support KW - Thick Materials PY - 2019 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - WLT Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft Lasertechnik e.V. AN - OPUS4-48971 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gook, S. A1 - El-Batahgy, A. A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Hybrid laser arc welding of thick plates X8Ni9 for LNG tank construction N2 - Results of experimental investigations of the relationship between laser-hybrid welding process parameters, type of the filler metal and the mechanical properties of the welds made from 9% nickel cryogenic steel X8Ni9 are discussed. The results contribute to the development and conversion in the industrial practice a new laser beam-based welding technology for the automated manufacturing of LNG tanks. The remarkable heterogeneity in the chemical composition of the weld metal as well as an insufficient impact toughness could be indicated by using austenitic filler wire. The most promising results were achieved by applying 11%Ni filler wire, which is similar to the base material. A correlation between impact toughness and wire feeding speed could be shown. The highest impact toughness was 134 J at -196°C. The laser-hybrid welds passed the tensile test. The failure stress of 720 MPa with a fracture location in the base metal was achieved for all samples tested. T2 - Lasers in Manufacturing Conference 2019 CY - Munich, Germany DA - 24.06.2019 KW - X8Ni9 KW - Hybrid Laser Arc Welding KW - Cryogenic Steel KW - Low Temperature Toughness PY - 2019 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - WLT Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft Lasertechnik e.V. AN - OPUS4-48972 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rethmeier, Michael A1 - Üstündag, Ö. A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey T1 - Single-pass Hybrid Laser Arc Welding of Thick Materials Using Electromagnetic Weld Pool Support N2 - Hybrid laser-arc welding process allows single-pass welding of thick materials, provides good quality formation of joints with minimal thermal deformations and a high productivity in comparison with arc-based welding processes. Nevertheless, thick-walled steels with a thickness of 20 mm or more are still multi-pass welded using arc welding processes, due to increased process instability by increasing laser power. One limitation factor is the inadmissible formation of gravity drop-outs at the root. To prevent this, an innovative concept of electromagnetic weld pool support is used in this study. With help of such system a stable welding process can be established for 25 mm thick steel plates and beyond. Sound welds could be obtained which are tolerant to gaps and misalignment of the welded parts. The adaptation of this system to laser and hybrid laser-arc welding process can dramatically increase the potential field of application of these technologies for real industrial implementation. T2 - Lasers in Manufacturing Conference 2019 CY - Munich, Germany DA - 24.06.2019 KW - Full Penetration KW - Hybrid Laser Arc Welding KW - Electromagnetic Weld Pool Support KW - Thick Materials PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48975 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rethmeier, Michael A1 - Gook, S. A1 - Üstündag, Ö. A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey T1 - Avoidance of end crater imperfections at high-power laser beam welding of closed circumferential welds N2 - The present work deals with the development of a strategy for the prevention of end crater defects in high-power laser welding of thick-walled circumferential welds. A series of experiments were performed to understand the influence of the welding parameters on the formation of end crater defects such as pores, cracks, excessive root-side drop-through and shrinkage cavities in the overlap area. An abrupt switch-off of the laser power while closing the circumferential weld leads to a formation of a hole which passes through the whole welded material thickness. A laser power ramp causes solidification cracks which are initiated on the transition from full-penetration mode to partial penetration. Strategies with a reduction of the welding speed shows a creation of inadmissible root sagging. Defocusing the laser beam led to promising results in terms of avoiding end crater defects. Cracks and pores in the overlap area could be effectively avoided by using defocusing techniques. A strategy for avoiding of end crater imperfections was tested on flat specimens of steel grade S355J2 with a wall thickness of 10 mm and then transferred on the 9.5 mm thick pipe sections made of high-strength steel X100Q. T2 - The 72nd IIW Annual Assembly and International Conference 2019 CY - Bratislava, Slovakia DA - 07.07.2019 KW - End crater KW - Laser beam welding KW - Circumferential welds PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48976 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rethmeier, Michael A1 - Üstündag, Ö. A1 - Gook, S. A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey T1 - Mechanical Properties of Single-pass Hybrid Laser Arc Welded 25 mm Thick-walled Structures Made of Fine-grained Structural Steel N2 - The presented study deals with the performing and mechanical testing of single pass hybrid laser-arc welds (HLAW) on 25 mm thick plates made of steel grade S355J2. One of the challenges have to be solved at full penetration HLAW of thick plates is the drop formation occurring due to the disbalances of the forces acting in the keyhole and on the melt pool surface. Such irregularities mostly limit the use of high-power laser beam welding or HLAW of thick-walled constructions. To overcome this problem, an innovative concept of melt pool support based on generating Lorentz forces in the weld pool is used in this work. This method allows to perform high quality welds without sagging even for welding of 25 mm thick plates in flat position at a welding speed of 0.9 m min-1. For the obtain of full penetrated welds a laser beam power of 19 kW was needed. A high V-impact energy of up to 160 J could be achieved at the test temperature of 0 °C. Even at the most critical part in the weld root an impact energy of 60 J in average could be reached. The tensile strength of the weld reaches that of the base material. An introduce of the HLAW process with electromagnetic support of the melt pool in the industrial practice is an efficient alternative to the time- and cost-intensive arc-based multi-layer welding techniques which are established nowadays for joining of thick-walled constructions. T2 - 17th Nordic Laser Materials Processing Conference - NOLAMP17 CY - Trondheim, Norway DA - 27.08.2019 KW - Full Penetration KW - Hybrid Laser Arc Welding KW - Electromagnetic Weld Pool Support KW - Thick Materials PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48977 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Artinov, Antoni A1 - Karkhin, V. A1 - Khomich, P. A1 - Bachmann, Marcel A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Assessment of thermal cycles by combining thermo-fluid dynamics and heat conduction in keyhole mode welding processes N2 - A numerical framework for simulation of the steady-state thermal behaviour in keyhole mode welding has been developed. It is based on the equivalent heat source concept and consists of two parts: computational thermo-fluid dynamics and heat conduction. The solution of the thermo-fluid dynamics problem by the finite element method for a bounded domain results in a weld pool interface geometry being the input data for a subsequent heat conduction problem solved for a workpiece by a proposed boundary element method. The main physical phenomena, such as keyhole shape, thermo-capillary and natural convection and temperature-dependent material properties are taken into consideration. The developed technique is applied to complete-penetration keyhole laser beam welding of a 15 mm thick low-alloyed steel plate at a welding speed of 33 mm/s and a laser power of 18 kW. The fluid flow of the molten metal has a strong influence on the weld pool geometry. The thermo-capillary convection is responsible for an increase of the weld pool size near the plate surfaces and a bulge formation near the plate middle plane. The numerical and experimental molten pools, cross-sectional weld dimensions and thermal cycles of the heat affected zone are in close agreement. KW - Welding process simulation KW - Thermo-fluid dynamics KW - Heat conduction KW - High power laser beam welding KW - Finite element method KW - Boundary element method PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2019.105981 SN - 1290-0729 VL - 145 SP - 105981, 1 EP - 10 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Amsterdam [u.a.] AN - OPUS4-48652 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meng, Xiangmeng A1 - Bachmann, Marcel A1 - Artinov, Antoni A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Experimental and numerical assessment of weld pool behavior and final microstructure in wire feed laser beam welding with electromagnetic stirring N2 - Advantages such as element homogenization and grain refinement can be realized by introducing electromagnetic stirring into laser beam welding. However, the involved weld pool behavior and its direct role on determining the final microstructure have not been revealed quantitatively. In this paper, a 3D transient heat transfer and fluid flow model coupled with element transport and magnetic induction is developed for wire feed laser beam welding with electromagnetic stirring. The magnetohydrodynamics, temperature profile, velocity field, keyhole evolution and element distribution are calculated and analyzed. The model is well tested against the experimental results. It is suggested that a significant electromagnetic stirring can be produced in the weld pool by the induced Lorentz force under suitable electromagnetic parameters, and it shows important influences on the thermal fluid flow and the solidification parameter. The forward and downward flow along the longitudinal plane of the weld pool is enhanced, which can bring the additional filler wire material to the root of the weld pool. The integrated thermal and mechanical impacts of electromagnetic stirring on grain refinement which is confirmed experimentally by electron backscatter diffraction analysis are decoupled using the calculated solidification parameters and a criterion of dendrite fragmentation. KW - Magnetohydrodynamics KW - Weld pool behavior KW - Grain structure KW - Laser beam welding KW - Numerical simulation PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2019.07.021 SN - 1526-6125 VL - 45 SP - 408 EP - 418 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-48611 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Frei, J. A1 - Alexandrov, B. A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Low heat input gas metal arc welding for dissimilar metal weld overlays part III: hydrogen-assisted cracking susceptibility N2 - Dissimilar metal weld overlays of nickel-base alloys on low-alloy steel components are commonly used in the oil and gas, petrochemical, and power generation industries to provide corrosion and oxidation resistance in a wide range of service Environments and temperatures. Traditionally, dissimilar weld overlays are produced using cold or hot wire gas tungsten arc welding. This study aims to identify and evaluate potential advantages of low heat input gas metal arc welding processes over the conventional gas tungsten arc welding in the production of such overlays. Parts I and II of this publication series described characteristics of the heat-affected zone and the transition zone region of alloy 625 on grade 22 steel overlays. These results indicate a good resistance against hydrogen-assisted cracking, which is being verified within this third part of the publication series. To determine the hydrogen-assisted cracking susceptibility, welded samples are tested using the delayed hydrogen-assisted cracking test. Fractography is performed using scanning electron microscopy along with energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results confirm the suitability and efficiency of low heat input gas metal arc welding for dissimilar weld overlays. Variation of the postweld heat treatment procedure bears potential for improvement in this respect. KW - Low heat input GMA welding KW - Dissimilar metal weld overlays KW - Coarse-grained heat-affected zone KW - Grain size KW - Microstructure KW - Fusion zone KW - Nickel alloys PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-018-0674-7 VL - 63 IS - 3 SP - 591 EP - 598 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-48096 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Uhlmann, E. A1 - Düchting, J. A1 - Petrat, T. A1 - Graf, B. A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Heat treatment of SLM-LMD hybrid components N2 - Additive manufacturing is no longer just used for the production of prototypes but already found its way into the industrial production. However, the fabrication of massive metallic parts with high geometrical complexity is still too time-consuming to be economically viable. The combination of the powder bed-based selective laser melting process (SLM), known for its geometrical freedom and accuracy, and the nozzle-based laser metal deposition process (LMD), known for its high build-up rates, has great potential to reduce the process duration. For the industrial application of the SLM-LMD hybrid process chain it is necessary to investigate the interaction of the processes and its effect on the material properties to guarantee part quality and prevent component failure. Therefore, hybrid components are manufactured and examined before and after the heat treatment regarding the microstructure and the hardness in the SLM-LMD transition zone. The experiments are conducted using the nickel-based alloy Inconel 718. T2 - LiM 2019 CY - München, Germany DA - 23.06.2019 KW - Additive Manufacturing KW - Selective Laser Melting KW - Hybrid components KW - Inconel 718 KW - Laser Metal Deposition PY - 2019 SP - 1 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-48410 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Petrat, T. A1 - Brunner-Schwer, C. A1 - Graf, B. A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Microstructure of Inconel 718 parts with constant mass energy input manufactured with direct energy deposition N2 - The laser-based direct energy deposition (DED) as a technology for additive manufacturing allows the production of near net shape components. Industrial applications require a stable process to ensure reproducible quality. Instabilities in the manufacturing process can lead to faulty components which do not meet the required properties. The DED process is adjusted by various parameters such as laser power, velocity, powder mass flow and spot diameter, which interact with each other. A frequently used comparative parameter in welding is the energy per unit length and is calculated from the laser power and the velocity in laser welding. The powder per unit length comparative parameter in the DED process has also be taken into account, because this filler material absorbs energy in addition to the base material. This paper deals with the influence of mass energy as a comparative parameter for determining the properties of additively manufactured parts. The same energy per unit length of 60 J/mm as well as the same powder per unit length of 7.2 mg/mm can be adjusted with different parameter sets. The energy per unit length and the powder per unit length determine the mass energy. The laser power is varied within the experiments between 400 W and 900 W. Energy per unit length and powder per unit length are kept constant by adjusting velocity and powder mass flow. Using the example of Inconel 718, experiments are carried out with the determined parameter sets. In a first step, individual tracks are produced and analyzed by means of micro section. The geometry of the tracks shows differences in height and width. In addition, the increasing laser power leads to a higher dilution of the base material. To determine the suitability of the parameters for additive manufacturing use, the individual tracks are used to build up parts with a square base area of 20x20 mm². An investigation by Archimedean principle shows a higher porosity with lower laser power. By further analysis of the micro sections, it can be seen that at low laser power, connection errors occur between the tracks. The results show that laser power, velocity and powder mass flow have to be considered in particular, because a constant mass energy can lead to different geometric as well as microscopic properties. KW - Direct energy deposition KW - Porosity KW - Inconel 718 KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Laser metal deposition PY - 2019 SN - 2351-9789 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-50007 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rethmeier, Michael A1 - Gook, S. A1 - Üstündag, Ömer A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey T1 - Vermeidung von Schweißimperfektionen im Überlappbereich bei laserstrahlhybrid-geschweißten Rundnähten N2 - Schwerpunkte: Strategie zur Vermeidung von Schweißimperfektionen im Überlappbereich beilaserhybridgeschweißten Rundnähten für 9.5 mm dicke Rohre. Anpassung der Laserleistung in Kombination mit der Defokussierung des Laserstrahls sowie einer Endkraterfüllung am Ende der Schweißnaht führte zu einer besseren Nahtausbildung. Herausrampung der Energie des Schweißprozesses, sodass ein Übergang von Durchschweißung zu einer Einschweißung mit gewünschter kelchförmiger Nahtgeometrie stattfand. Einstellung eines Wärmestaus durch Defokussierung und Verschiebung des Laserstrahls führt zu einem gut ausgebildeten Überlappbereich ohne Poren, Risse. Schweißungen an Rohrabschnitten mit einer max. Wandstärke von 15 mm, bei gegebenenfalls weiteren Parameteranpassungen. T2 - DVS Congress 2019 CY - Rostock, Germany DA - 16.09.2019 KW - Rundnähte KW - Laserhybridschweißen KW - Endkrater PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49895 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Böhne, Chr. A1 - Meschut, G. A1 - Biegler, M. A1 - Frei, J. A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Prevention of liquid metal embrittlement cracks N2 - Advanced high strength steels are usually coated by a zinc layer for an increased resistance against corrosion. During the resistance spot welding of zinc coated steel grades, liquid metal embrittlement (LME)mayoccur. As a result, cracking inside and around the spot weld indentation is observable. The extent of LME cracks is influenced by a variety of different factors. In this study, the impact of the used electrode geometry is investigated over a stepwise varied weld time. A spot welding finite element simulation is used to analyse and explain the observed effects. Results show significant differences especially for highly increased weld times. Based on identical overall dimensions, electrode geometries with a larger working plane allow for longer weld times, while still preventing LME within the investigated material and maintaining accessibility. KW - Liquid metal embrittlement KW - Crack KW - Advanced high strength steels KW - Resistance spot welding KW - Electrode geometry PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2019.1693731 VL - 25 IS - 4 SP - 303 EP - 310 PB - Taylor & Francis AN - OPUS4-49833 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Meng, Xiangmeng A1 - Artinov, Antoni A1 - Bachmann, Marcel A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - A theoretical study of influence o f electromagnetic stirring on transport phenomena in wire feed laser beam welding N2 - The additional element from the filler wire in the laser beam welding is usually distributed inhomogeneously in the final weld due to the high solidification rate of weld pool. It has been found that the electromagnetic stirring produced by an external oscillating magnetic field can enhance the material mixing in the weld pool to achieve a more uniform element distribution. However, the magnetic field has a highly non-linear and multi-coupled interaction with the weld pool behavior, which makes the quantitative explanation of the physical mechanism difficult. In this study, the effect of electromagnetic stirring on the transport phenomena in the wire feed laser beam welding is investigated by a numerical modelling. A 3D transient multi-physical model considering the magnetohydrodynamics, heat transfer, fluid flow, keyhole dynamics and element transport is developed. The multiple reflections and the Fresnel absorption of the laser on the keyhole wall are calculated using the ray tracing method. The numerical results show that a Lorentz force produced by the oscillating magnetic field and its induced eddy current gives significant influence on the transport phenomena in the molten pool. The forward and downward flow is enhanced by the electromagnetic stirring, which homogenizes the distribution of the additional elements from a nickel-based filler wire in a steel weld pool. The numerical results show a good agreement with the high-speed images of the molten pool, the fusion line from the optical micrograph and the element distribution from the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. This work provides a physical base for the electromagnetic-controlled laser beam welding and some guidance for the selection of electromagnetic parameters. T2 - ICALEO 2019 - 38th International congress on applications of lasers & electro-optics CY - Orlando, FL, USA DA - 07.10.2019 KW - Magnetohydrodynamics KW - Molten pool dynamics KW - Element transport KW - Laser beam welding PY - 2019 SN - 978-1-940168-1-42 SP - Paper # Macro 403 AN - OPUS4-49664 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gook, S. A1 - Üstündag, Ömer A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Avoidance of end crater imperfections at high-power laser beam welding of closed circumferential welds N2 - The present work deals with the development of a strategy for the prevention of end crater defects in high-power laser welding of thick-walled circumferential welds. A series of experiments were performed to understand the influence of the welding Parameters on the formation of end crater defects such as pores, cracks, root excess weld metal and shrinkage cavities in the overlap area. An abrupt switch-off of the laser power while closing the circumferential weld leads to a formation of a hole which passes through the whole welded material thickness. A laser power ramp-down causes solidification cracks which are initiated on the transition from full-penetration mode to partial penetration. Defocusing the laser beam led to promising results in terms of avoiding end crater defects. Cracks and pores in the overlap area could be effectively avoided by using defocusing techniques. A strategy for avoiding of end crater imperfections was tested on flat specimens of steel grade S355J2 with a wall thickness of between 8 mm and 10 mm and then transferred on the 10 mm thick pipe sections made of high-strength pipeline steel API5L-X100Q. KW - Laser beam welding KW - Circumferential weld KW - End crater PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-019-00841-x SP - 1 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-50270 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Artinov, Antoni A1 - Bakir, Nasim A1 - Bachmann, Marcel A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - Na, S.-J. A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - On the search for the origin of the bulge effect in high power laser beam welding N2 - The shape of the weld pool in laser beam welding plays a major role to understand the dynamics of the melt and its solidification behavior. The aim of the present work was its experimental and numerical investigation. To visualize the geometry of the melt pool in the longitudinal section a butt joint configuration of 15 mm thick structural steel and transparent quartz glass was used. The weld pool shape was recorded by means of a high-speed video camera and two thermal imaging MWIR and VIS cameras. The observations show that the dimensions of the weld pool vary depending on the depth. The regions close to the surface form a teardrop shaped weld pool. A bulge-region and its temporal evolution were observed approximately in the middle of the depth of the weld pool. Additionally, a transient numerical simulation was performed until reaching a steady state to obtain the weld pool shape and to understand the formation mechanism of the observed bulging phenomena. A fixed keyhole with an experimentally obtained shape was used to represent the full-penetration laser beam welding process. The model considers the local temperature field, the effects of phase transition, thermo-capillary convection, natural convection and temperature-dependent material properties up to evaporation temperature. It was found that the Marangoni convection and the movement of the laser heat source are the dominant factors for the formation of the bulging-region. Good correlation between the numerically calculated and the experimentally observed weld bead shapes and the time-temperature curves on the upper and bottom surface were found. T2 - International Congress on Applications of Lasers & Electro-Optics (ICALEO®) CY - Orlando, USA DA - 14.10.2018 KW - Bulging effect KW - High power laser beam welding KW - Numerical modelling KW - Solidification cracking PY - 2019 SP - 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-47139 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Artinov, Antoni A1 - Bachmann, Marcel A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Äquivalente Wärmequellenmodellierung beim Hochleistungslaserstrahlschweißen dicker Bleche N2 - Der vorgestellte Modellierungsprozess dient zur Abschätzung einer geeigneten äquivalenten Wärmequelle und Berechnung des thermischen Verhaltens beim Laserstrahlschweißen. Die Methode Kombiniert die Vorteile von gägngigen Simulationsverfahren und reduziert die berücksichtigte Anzahl an physikalischen Aspekten und Kalibrierungsparameter. Durch die modellierten physikalischen Phänomene konnten die Informationen über die Strömung im Schmelzbad und dessen Einfluss auf die resultierende lokale Temperaturverteilung und folglich auf das transiente Temperaturfeld gewonnen werden. Dadurch wurde die Simulatioszeit(inkl. Kalibrierungsaufwand) auf weniger als einen Tag Rechenzeit verringert. T2 - 38. Assistentenseminar Füge- und Schweißtechnik CY - Rabenau, Germany DA - 06.10.2017 KW - Äquivalente Wärmequelle KW - Bewegtes Gitter KW - Hochleistungslaserstrahlschweißen KW - Prozesssimulation KW - Knotenweise Zwangsbedingungen PY - 2019 SN - 978-3-96144-028-3 VL - 342 SP - 66 EP - 76 PB - DVS Media GmbH CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-47699 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Frei, J. A1 - Biegler, M. A1 - Rethmeier, Michael A1 - Böhne, Ch. A1 - Meschut, G. T1 - Investigation of liquid metal embrittlement of dual phase steel joints by electro-thermomechanical spot-welding simulation N2 - A 3D electro-thermomechanical model is established in order to investigate liquid metal embrittlement. After calibration to a dual phase steel of the 1000 MPa tensile strength class, it is used to analyse the thermo-mechanical system of an experimental procedure to enforce liquid metal embrittlement during resistance spot welding. In this procedure, a tensile stress level is applied to zinc coated advanced high strength steel samples during welding. Thereby, liquid metal embrittlement formation is enforced, depending on the applied stress level and the selected material. The model is suitable to determine and visualise the corresponding underlying stresses and strains responsible for the occurrence of liquid metal embrittlement. Simulated local stresses and strains show good conformity with experimentally observed surface crack locations. KW - RSW KW - LME KW - Advanced high strength steel KW - Zinc coated steel KW - Testing method KW - Dual phase steel KW - Cracking KW - Electro-thermomechnical model PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2019.1582203 SN - 1362-1718 SN - 1743-2936 VL - 24 IS - 7 SP - 624 EP - 633 PB - Taylor & Francis AN - OPUS4-47747 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bakir, Nasim A1 - Pavlov, V. A1 - Zavjalov, S. A1 - Volvenko, S. A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Development of a novel optical measurement technique to investigate the hot cracking susceptibility during laser beam welding N2 - Using a novel optical measurement technique together with the optical flow algorithm, a two-dimensional deformation analysis during welding was conducted. The presented technique is the first to provide a measurement of the full strain field locally in the immediate vicinity of the solidification front. Additionally, the described procedure of the optical measurement allows the real material-dependent values of critical strain and strain rate characterizing the transition to hot cracking during laser welding processes to be determined. Furthermore, the above-mentioned technique is independet on the welding process, which means, it can be also used for arc welding processes. Dependency between the external strain rate and the critical local strain and strain rate has been observed. That is to say, the critical local strain and strain rate is increased with an increase of the strain rate.Moreover, this technique allows automatic identification of the cases that can be critical for the solidification crack formation by monitoring the state of strain on the crack-sensitive region within the mushy zone. KW - Optical measurment technique KW - Hot crack KW - Critical strain KW - Laser beam welding PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-018-0665-8 SN - 0043-2288 VL - 63 IS - 2 SP - 435 EP - 441 PB - Springer Berlin Heidelberg CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-47761 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Artinov, Antoni A1 - Bakir, Nasim A1 - Bachmann, Marcel A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - Na, S.-J. A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - On the search for the origin of the bulge effect in high power laser beam welding N2 - The shape of the weld pool in laser beam welding plays a major role to understand the dynamics of the melt and its solidification behavior. The aim of the present work was its experimental and numerical investigation. To visualize the geometry of the melt pool in the longitudinal section a butt joint configuration of 15 mm thick structural steel and transparent quartz glass was used. The weld pool shape was recorded by means of a high-speed video camera and two thermal imaging MWIR and VIS cameras. The observations show that the dimensions of the weld pool vary depending on the depth. The regions close to the surface form a teardrop shaped weld pool. A bulge-region and its temporal evolution were observed approximately in the middle of the depth of the weld pool. Additionally, a transient numerical simulation was performed until reaching a steady state to obtain the weld pool shape and to understand the formation mechanism of the observed bulging phenomena. A fixed keyhole with an experimentally obtained shape was used to represent the full-penetration laser beam welding process. The model considers the local temperature field, the effects of phase transition, thermo-capillary convection, natural convection and temperature-dependent material properties up to evaporation temperature. It was found that the Marangoni convection and the movement of the laser heat source are the dominant factors for the formation of the bulging-region. Good correlation between the numerically calculated and the experimentally observed weld bead shapes and the time-temperature curves on the upper and bottom surface were found. KW - Bulging effect KW - High power laser beam welding KW - Process simulation KW - Solidification KW - Hot cracking PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.2351/1.5096133 SN - 1042-346X SN - 1938-1387 VL - 31 IS - 2 SP - 022413-1 EP - 022413-7 PB - AIP Publishing AN - OPUS4-47848 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey A1 - Üstündag, Ö. A1 - Gook, S. A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Laserhybridschweißen von dickwandigen Stählen mit elektromagnetischer Schmelzbadunterstützung N2 - Die steigenden Anforderungen in Hinsicht auf Sicherheitsfaktoren von gefügten Bauteilen führen zu einer Zunahme der zu schweißenden Bauteildicken. Das Laserstrahl-Lichtbogen-Hybridschweißverfahren – verbreitet im industriellen Einsatz vor allem im Schiffs- und Windkraftanlagenbau – ermöglicht das einlagige Fügen von dickwandigen Strukturen. Eine Herausforderung stellt das Schweißen von dickwandigen Bauteilen mit reduzierter Geschwindigkeit in Wannenlage (PA-Position) da. Sie ist aufgrund des erhöhten hydrostatischen Druckes und die daraus resultierenden Tropfenbildung an der Wurzelseite bedingt realisierbar. Die im Rahmen dieser Studie eingesetzte elektromagnetische Schmelzbadunterstützung wirkt dem gravitationsbedingten Austropfen der Schmelze entgegen und kompensiert den hydrostatischen Druck. Dabei werden unterhalb der Schweißzone mit Hilfe eines extern angelegten oszillierenden Magnetfeldes Wirbelströme im Werkstück induziert, die eine nach oben gerichtete Lorentzkraft erzeugt. Die Lorentzkraft wirkt dem hydrostatischen Druck entgegen und stellt einen sicheren Schweißprozess ohne Tropfenbildung dar. Mit dem Hybridschweißverfahren mithilfe der elektromagnetischen Schmelzbadunterstützung gelingt es mit einem 20-kW Faserlaser bis zu 30 mm dicke Bleche in einer Lage zu schweißen. Bei 25 mm dicken einlagig geschweißten Platten aus S355 konnte ein Spalt bis 1 mm und ein Kantenversatz bis zu 2 mm sicher überbrückt werden. Die Reduzierung der Schweißgeschwindigkeit hat eine Verringerung der notwendigen Laserleistung zur Folge und begünstigt außerdem die mechanisch-technologischen Eigenschaften, infolge der reduzierten Abkühlgeschwindigkeit. Durch die geringe Martensitbildung führt dies zu einer Verbesserung der Kerbschlagzähigkeit. T2 - 19. Tagung in Hamburg - DVS CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 24.04.2019 KW - Laser-Hybridschweißen KW - Elektromagnetische Schmelzbadunterstützung KW - Schweißen von kaltzähen Stählen PY - 2019 SP - 34 EP - 46 PB - DVS AN - OPUS4-47918 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Rethmeier, Michael A1 - Biegler, M. T1 - Qualifizierung der Schweißstruktursimulation für die wirtschaftliche Bearbeitung additiver fertigungstechnischer Fragestellungen am Beispiel des Laserpulverauftragschweißens N2 - Additive Fertigungsverfahren, speziell das selektive Laserschmelzen sowie das Laserpulverauftragsschweißen, ermöglichen eine enorme Steigerung der Flexibilität und erlauben Kleinserienteile mit hoher Genauigkeit und geringen Kosten herzustellen. Für den erfolgreichen wirtschaftlichen Einsatz dieser neuartigen Fertigungsverfahren spielt die Einhaltung des First-time-right-Prinzips eine entscheidende Rolle: Bauteile sollten bereits im ersten Versuch allen Anforderungen genügen. Aufgrund der jungen Geschichte dieses Fertigungszweigs und der damit einhergehenden fehlenden Erfahrungen und Richtlinien ist diese elementare Forderung heute nur in wenigen Fällen realisierbar. Die geforderten Qualitätsstandards können aktuell nur über experimentelle Iterationsschleifen eingehalten werden, sodass das große Potential einer flexiblen und schnellen Fertigung in erheblichem Maß reduziert wird. Die Komplexität der gefertigten Bauteile und die des Prozesses an sich lassen eine erfahrungsbasierte Vorhersage der Verzüge und Eigenspannungen kaum zu. Zudem werden auch in Zukunft Richtlinien und Normen nicht das komplette Anwendungsspektrum abbilden können. Die eigenspannungsbedingten Verzüge spielen demnach eine bedeutende Rolle und stellen zusammen mit dem Erreichen der Maßhaltigkeit eine entscheidende technologische Herausforderung beim Einsatz additiver Fertigungsverfahren dar. Die numerische Simulation ermöglicht die Vorhersage von Bauteilverzügen und –spannungen und kann durch virtuelle Abprüfung von Herstellstrategien die Anzahl von Experimente reduzieren. Bisherige numerische Betrachtungen von zusatzwerkstoffbasierten Verfahren, zu denen unter anderem das Laserpulverauftragschweißen (LPA) gehört, beschränkten sich primär auf akademische Beispiele mit geringer Komplexität. Für die Simulation von konkreten Anwendungsfällen auf Bauteilebene liegen bisher keine validierten, numerischen Methoden und Ansätze vor, die eine wirtschaftliche Anwendung der Schweißsimulation ermöglichen. Dieses Projekt wird Simulationsmodelle zur numerischen Betrachtung komplexer additiv gefertigter Bauteile entwickeln. Dafür wird der Prozess in vereinfachten Simulationen nachgebildet und anhand von Experimenten validiert. Anschließend werden Methoden zur automatisierten Pfadgenerierung für komplexe Bauteile erprobt und in der Simulation implementiert. Schließlich werden zur Reduktion der Rechenzeit verschiedene Methoden zur Vereinfachung evaluiert und verglichen. Das Ziel ist die Steigerung der Verlässlichkeit in der Simulation, um prädiktive Aussagen über die Qualität additiv gefertigter Bauteile zu ermöglichen. KW - Schweißstruktursimulation KW - LPA KW - Additive Manufacturing PY - 2019 SN - 978-3-96780-042-5 SP - 1 EP - 106 PB - Forschungsvereinigung Stahlanwendungen AN - OPUS4-57321 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Fritzsche, André A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Influence of welding parameters on electromagnetic supported degassing of die-casted and wrought aluminum N2 - The paper describes a systematic investigation of the EM influenced laser beam welding of the aluminum die casting alloy AlSi12(Fe) in comparison to a reference material, a wrought aluminum alloy AlMg3. By using of a face centred CCD test plan, the influencing variables laser power, welding velocity and magnetic flux density are varied with regard to their influence on the remaining porosity. The global pore fraction of the weld seams was analyzed by X-ray images with ImageJ. This enabled a qualitatively very good regression model to be derived for the respective material, which identifies the dominant influencing variables. The results prove, statistically verified, for the investigated parameter range, that - the magnetic flux density is the main cause for the porosity reduction, - the porosity rises with increasing laser power the porosity in the weld seams rises, - the influence of the welding velocity is negligible, - the pore quantity in wrought alloy is more strongly minimized by the magnetic flux density than in die casting, - the porosity decreases due to the EM influence by approx. 70 % compared to the unaffected welds. This effect is emphasized by the contour line charts, which illustrate the relationship between laser power and magnetic flux density. With the exception of the quadratic influence of B at the wrought alloy, the statistical correlation shows a linear development of the respective influence variables for both aluminum alloys. In order to investigate these deviations, further simulations with a focus on weld pool geometry and weld pool flow are to be performed. In addition, the welding results can be classified in accordance with DIN EN ISO 13919-2 in the highest evaluation group B for AlMg3 and in evaluation group C for AlSi12(Fe) by applying a magnetic flux density of 350 mT. The analysis of the CT images at constant laser power and welding velocity allows a direct comparison both between the two alloys and also as a function of the magnetic flux density with regard to the number and size of pores. An increase in the magnetic flux density leads to a significant decrease in the number and volume of pores, which can be seen more clearly in wrought alloy than in die casting. Very acceptable results can be achieved for both materials and different welding parameters. This successfully demonstrates the desired process robustness and functionality of the EM system for practical applications. For subsequent investigations of overlap joints, the lowest possible laser power and a high magnetic flux density are recommended. T2 - 38th International Congress on Applications of Lasers & Electro-Optics CY - Orlando, FL, USA DA - 07.10.2019 KW - AISI D2 KW - Laser implantation KW - Surface texturing KW - TiB2 PY - 2019 SN - 978-1-940168-1-42 SP - Paper Macro 1202 AN - OPUS4-50009 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Spranger, Felix A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Laserimplantation von TiB2-Partikeln in X153CrMoV12 Kaltarbeitsstahl und Ihr Einfluss auf die Materialeigenschaften N2 - Die Laserimplantation erlaubt die Herstellung verschleißbeständiger, erhabener Mikrostrukturen (Implants) auf Stahloberflächen durch ein diskontinuierliches Dispergieren von keramischen Partikeln mittels gepulster Laserstrahlung. Durch die flexible Anordnung separierter Implants zu komplexen Mustern erlaubt das Verfahren eine gezielte Oberflächenstrukturierung zur Beeinflussung des Reibungs- und Verschleißverhaltens. Insbesondere erwies sich Titandiborid (TiB2) als Implantationsmaterial für geeig-net, da eine Manipulation der Implantgeometrie in einem breiten Bereich vorgenommen werden konnte, ohne dass Materialdefekte wie Risse oder Poren auftraten. Ziel der Untersuchungen war es, den Einfluss implantierter TiB2-Partikel auf die Materialeigenschaften von X153CrMoV12 zu ermitteln. Hierfür wurden im Rahmen der Arbeit die Laserparameter (Pulsleistung und -dauer) in einem breiten Parameterfeld variiert und vergleichende Untersuchungen an TiB2 implan-tierten Zonen sowie an punktuell umschmelzstrukturierten Zonen durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine reine Umschmelzstrukturierung zu einer deutlichen Reduktion der Oberflächenhärte aufgrund erhöhter Restaustenitgehalte (γR) führt. Im Gegensatz dazu führt das Laserimplantieren von TiB2-Partikeln zu einer deutlichen Härtesteigerung in den kuppel- oder ringförmigen Implants. Härtewerte von bis zu 1800 HV1 resultieren aus dispergierten TiB2-Primärpartikeln sowie in-situ ausgeschiedenen Se-kundärphasen, durch die der Restaustenitanteil zudem deutlich reduziert wird. T2 - 39. Assistentenseminar Füge- und Schweißtechnik CY - Eupen, Belgium DA - 12.09.2018 KW - Laserimplantation KW - TiB2 KW - AISI D2 KW - Laserdispergieren PY - 2019 SN - 978-3-96144-070-2 VL - Band 356 SP - 51 EP - 59 PB - DVS Media GmbH CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-48751 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Fritzsche, André A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Elektromagnetische Porenreduktion beim Laserstrahlschweißen von Aluminium-Druckgusslegierungen N2 - Innerhalb der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurde ein elektromagnetisches Schmelzbadbeeinflussungssys-tem zur Reduktion des Porenanteils beim Laserstrahlschweißen von Aluminium-Druckguss verwendet. Hierbei wird der Unterschied der elektrischen Leitfähigkeiten zwischen Gas- bzw. Lufteinschlüssen und geschmolzenem Aluminium gezielt genutzt, um die im Schmelzbad eingeschlossenen Poren während des Laserstrahlprozesses zur Oberfläche zu verdrängen. Die dafür erforderlichen Lorentzkräfte werden durch ein oszillierendes Magnetfeld erzeugt. Bei den Laserstrahlschweißversuchen handelt es sich um Ein-schweißungen in Wannenlage (PA-Position) von 6 mm dickem Aluminium-Druckguss AC-AlSi9MnMg. Über einen zuvor optimierten Laserschweißprozess wurde durch zusätzlichen Einsatz eines elektromag-netischen Feldes dessen Wirkung hinsichtlich des Porengehaltes und der Oberflächenrauheit untersucht. Die Auswertung der Schweißnähte erfolgte anhand von Querschliffaufnahmen, Röntgenbildern sowie Computer-Tomographie (CT) Aufnahmen. In Abhängigkeit von der verwendeten magnetischen Fluss-dichte konnte eine Reduktion des Porenanteils von bis zu 75 % erzielt werden, wobei vor allem großvolu-mige Poren erfolgreich aus dem Schmelzbad entfernt werden konnten. Zudem konnte eine Reduktion der Oberflächenrauigkeit von ebenfalls bis zu 75 % erreicht werden. T2 - Assistentenseminar 2017 der Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft Fügetechnik e.V. im DVS CY - Rabenau bei Dresden, Sachsen, Germany DA - 06.09.2017 KW - Laserstrahlschweißen KW - Aluminium-Druckguss KW - Auftriebskräfte KW - Elektromagnetische Porenreduktion PY - 2019 SN - 978-3-96144-028-3 VL - 342 SP - 103 EP - 110 PB - DVS Media GmbH CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-47622 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Spranger, Felix A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Anwendung der Laserimplantation zur Strukturierung verschleißgefährdeter Werkzeuge N2 - In einer Vielzahl technischer Anwendungen spielt die Aufrechterhaltung eines definierten Reibungs- und Verschleißverhaltens zwischen bewegten Oberflächen für die Sicherheit und Funktionalität eine ent-scheidende Rolle. Die Oberflächentechnik versucht durch geeignete Verfahren die Randschichten zu ertüchtigen, um Reibung und Verschleiß zu kontrollieren. Eine Verbesserung der Materialeigenschaften kann durch flächige Beschichtungen erreicht werden. Zusätzlich ermöglichen Oberflächenstrukturierun-gen breite Möglichkeiten zur Beeinflussung des Schmierungszustandes bzw. der Kontaktbedingungen. Neben Negativstrukturen bieten ebenfalls erhabene Mikrostrukturen großes Potenzial zur Beeinflussung des tribologischen Verhaltens. Ihr Einsatz ist aber aufgrund der besonderen Verschleißproblematik er-habener Strukturen momentan limitiert, so dass in der Regel zusätzliche verschleißreduzierende Be-schichtungen notwendig werden. In diesem Beitrag wurde das Verfahren der Laserimplantation angewandt, mit dem erhabene und sepa-rierte Oberflächenstrukturen hoher Verschleißfestigkeit in einem Fertigungsschritt erzeugbar sind. Das Verfahren basiert auf einem lokalisierten Dispergieren von Hartstoffpartikeln. Hierfür wurde erstmalig ein gepulster Faserlaser mit hoher Strahlqualität zur Erzeugung punkt- und linienförmiger Mikrostrukturen angewandt. Versuche wurden auf dem Kaltarbeitsstahl X153CrMoV12 unter Anwendung von Titandibo-rid als Hartstoff durchgeführt. Anhand von Härtemessungen konnte gezeigt werden, dass sowohl punkt- als auch linienförmige Strukturen mit Härten über 1000 HV1 und einer feinkörnigen Mikrostruktur mit feinverteilten Hartstoffpartikeln herstellbar sind. Des Weiteren war es möglich, die Implantgeometrien, welche an Querschliffen und durch Weißlichtinterferometeraufnahmen erfasst wurden, durch die Puls-leistung und Pulsdauer zu steuern. T2 - 38. Assistentenseminar Füge- und Schweißtechnik CY - Rabenau, Germany DA - 06.10.2017 KW - Laserimplantation PY - 2019 UR - https://www.dvs-media.eu/de/neuerscheinungen/3646/38.-assistentenseminar-fuegetechnik SN - 978-3-96144-028-3 VL - 342 SP - 24 EP - 34 PB - DVS Media GmbH CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-47637 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -