TY - JOUR A1 - Valet, Svenja A1 - Burkert, Andreas A1 - Ebell, Gino A1 - Babutzka, Martin T1 - Determination of the corrosion product layer resistance on zinc and electrolytically galvanized steel samples by using gel electrolytes N2 - Although zinc and zinc coatings have been widely used for corrosion protection for decades new zinc coatings are constantly being developed. Characterizing the corrosion protectiveness of these new coatings, however, should not be underestimated. While exposure tests are time intensive, cyclic tests can only be used for a very limited field of application. Thus, electrochemical measurements provide both an efficient and an effective alternative. Conventional aqueous bulk electrolytes influence the surface layers of a tested zinc coating and are therefore not reliable. Gel electrolytes, however, have evolved over the last few years, are minimally invasive and provide reliable results. This work describes experiments with gel electrolytes made of agar. Unlike previous work, it proposes a composition of gel electrolyte for minimally invasive description of the protective power of naturally formed oxide layers on zinc and zinc coatings. Therefore, as a first part, the gel electrolyte made of agar is verified as a method for zinc and zinc-coated samples. Afterwards, this paper introduces the corrosion product layer resistance RL as a promising parameter to evaluate the protective power of zinc coatings. Results are verified with EIS and FTIR measurements. An example on a representative zinc coating demonstrates the practical application. KW - Gel electrolytes KW - Agar KW - Zinc coatings KW - Atmospheric exposure KW - Corrosion PY - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-526053 SN - 0013-4686 VL - 385 SP - 138191 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-52605 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Langklotz, U. A1 - Babutzka, Martin A1 - Burkert, Andreas A1 - Schneider, M. T1 - FT-IR spectroscopy of corrosion products formed on zinc under atmospheric conditions N2 - Zinc materials are of high importance in the field of corrosion protection. For example, almost half of the annual production of zinc is used as anti-corrosive layer for steel components, particularly under atmospheric conditions. The corrosion protection is frequently ascribed to zinc carbonate species with low solubility which form on the metal surface under atmospheric conditions. Due to the technological importance and wide use of zinc materials, its corrosion behavior and the formation of reaction products has been intensively investigated over decades. Assuming atmospheric corrosion conditions, an initial native passive film of few nanometers thickness forms spontaneously. It consists of zinc oxide and hydroxide, transforming into various species in dependence of the surrounding atmospheric conditions. This study focusses on the investigation of corrosion product layers on massive titanium-zinc sheets, formed during short- and mid-term exposure experiments by Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy. This method enables the investigation of extremely thin native passive films which form during the initial hours of exposure. Furthermore, aged surface layers are analyzed which were formed by transformation of initial passive layers over the time of several weeks. The spectroscopic investigations are complemented by scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDX) in order to obtain information on the chemical composition and morphology of the corrosion products. The combination of both methods offers a comprehensive view on the processes occurring in the early stages of zinc corrosion. T2 - EUROCORR 2019 CY - Sevilla, Spain DA - 09.09.2019 KW - Zinc coatings KW - FT-IR KW - Layer formation PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49132 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Babutzka, Martin A1 - Burkert, Andreas A1 - Langklotz, U. A1 - Schneider, M. T1 - Beschreibung der Deckschichtbildung bei Zink und Zinklegierungen mittels minimalinvasiver Korrosionsuntersuchungen und analytischer Methoden (MINIMAL) N2 - Der Vortrag stellt ein neuartiges Korrosionsprüfverfahren für Zinküberzüge auf Basis gelartiger Elektrolyte vor und führt die Vorteile gegenüber konventionellen Prüfverfahren auf. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen wird die Idee für einen IGF-Projektantrag in Kooperation mit dem Fraunhofer IKTS vorgestellt. T2 - Sitzung des GAV-Forschungsbeirates CY - Iserlohn, Germany DA - 18.09.2019 KW - Deckschichtbildung KW - Gelartige Elektrolyte KW - Korrosionsprüfung KW - Zinkdeckschichten KW - Corrosion testing KW - Gel-type electrolytes KW - Layer formation KW - Zinc coatings PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49036 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Langklotz, U. A1 - Babutzka, Martin A1 - Schneider, M. A1 - Burkert, Andreas T1 - The combination of minimally invasive electrochemical investigations and FTIR‐spectroscopy to analyze atmospheric corrosion product layers on zinc N2 - The present work describes the combination of electrochemical investigations by using a gel‐type electrolyte with Fourier‐transformed infrared spectroscopy to investigate partially extremely thin corrosion product films on titanium‐zinc. The gel pad method enables the determination of corrosion relevant parameters such as the potential and the linear polarization resistance without altering the corrosion product layers, which are extremely prone to re‐dissolution when freshly formed. Complementary infrared spectroscopy enables the determination of main compounds of even very thin surface layers of few tenth of nanometers with a certain lateral resolution. It was found that zinc forms mostly zinc carboxy‐hydroxides such as hydrozincite, under various exposure conditions. The protective properties of these hydrozincite layers depend on the structure of the corrosion product film rather than on its thickness. In mid‐term exposure tests, shallow corrosion pits were found even in the absence of corrosive agents such as chloride. KW - Gel-type electrolytes KW - Gelartige Elektolyte KW - Zinc coatings KW - Zinkdeckschichten KW - Korrosionsprüfung KW - Corrosion testing KW - FT-IR PY - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.201810696 SN - 0947-5117 SN - 1521-4176 VL - 70 IS - 7 SP - 1314 EP - 1325 PB - Wiley-VCH Verlag CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-47728 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Babutzka, Martin A1 - Burkert, Andreas A1 - Langklotz, U. A1 - Schneider, M. T1 - Lebensdauerabschätzung von Zink- und Zinklegierungsüberzügen durch elektrochemische Untersuchungen und strukturanalytische Beschreibung der gebildeten Deckschichten N2 - Der Vortrag stellt ein neuartiges Korrosionsprüfverfahren für Zinküberzüge auf Basis gelartiger Elektrolyte vor und führt die Vorteile gegenüber konventionellen Prüfverfahren auf. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen wird die Idee für einen IGF-Projektantrag in Kooperation mit dem Fraunhofer IKTS vorgestellt. T2 - Arbeitskreissitzung der GfKORR, AK "Zink und Zinküberzüge" CY - Iserlohn, Germany DA - 25.04.2018 KW - Deckschichtbildung KW - Layer formation KW - Gelartige Elektrolyte KW - Gel-type electrolytes KW - Korrosionsprüfung KW - Corrosion testing KW - Zinkdeckschichten KW - Zinc coatings PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44811 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Babutzka, Martin T1 - Corrosion investigations on zinc coatings by using gel-type electrolytes N2 - A new approach to the assessment of the corrosion behaviour of zinc coatings under atmospheric conditions can be achieved using gel-type electrolytes as an alternative to standard aqueous test electrolytes. Gel-type electrolytes allow minimally invasive corrosion investigations on zinc coatings. They also provide the possibility to carry out corrosion investigations onsite. By using gel-type electrolytes corrosion-relevant characteristic values such as corrosion currents and polarization resistanc-es can be determined. These allow to describe the formation and the stability of the formed corrosion product layers under various climatic conditions. With this knowledge, a prediction of the zinc coating life cycle is possible. In this contribution, the value of gel-type electrolytes for corrosion research on zinc coatings is presented. T2 - Intergalva 2018 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 17.06.2018 KW - Deckschichtbildung KW - Layer formation KW - Gelartige Elektrolyte KW - Gel-type electrolytes KW - Korrosionsprüfung KW - Corrosion testing KW - Zinkdeckschichten KW - Zinc coatings PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45244 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Babutzka, Martin A1 - Burkert, Andreas A1 - Heyn, A. T1 - Corrosion investigations on zinc coatings by using gel-type electrolytes N2 - A new approach to the assessment of the corrosion behaviour of zinc coatings under atmospheric conditions can be achieved using gel-type electrolytes as an alternative to standard aqueous test electrolytes. Gel-type electrolytes allow minimally invasive corrosion investigations on zinc coatings. They also provide the possibility to carry out corrosion investigations onsite. By using gel-type electrolytes corrosion-relevant characteristic values such as corrosion currents and polarization resistances can be determined. These allow to describe the formation and the stability of the formed corrosion product layers under various climatic conditions. With this knowledge, a prediction of the zinc coating life cycle is possible. In this contribution, the value of gel-type electrolytes for corrosion research on zinc coatings is presented. T2 - Intergalva 2018 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 17.06.2018 KW - Deckschichtbildung KW - Layer formation KW - Gelartige Elektrolyte KW - Gel-type electrolytes KW - Korrosionsprüfung KW - Corrosion testing KW - Zinkdeckschichten KW - Zinc coatings PY - 2018 SP - 385 EP - 392 AN - OPUS4-45245 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Babutzka, Martin A1 - Burkert, Andreas A1 - Heyn, A. T1 - Korrosionsuntersuchungen mit gelartigen Elektrolyten zur Beschreibung der Korrosionsschutzwirkung von Zinküberzügen N2 - Ein neuer Ansatz bei elektrochemischen Korrosionsuntersuchungen kann durch den Einsatz von gelartigen Elektrolyten als Alternative zu wässrigen Prüfelektrolyten beschritten werden. Gelartige Elektrolyte ermöglichen minimalinvasive Untersuchungen an natürlich gebildeten Zinkdeckschichten. Dadurch können korrosionsrelevante Kennwerte ermittelt werden, die Aussagen zur Deckschichtbildung und zur Stabilität der gebildeten Deckschichten unter verschiedenen klimatischen Bedingungen erlauben. In diesem Beitrag wird anhand verschiedener Deckschichtzustände an Zink der Mehrwert von Untersuchungen mit gelartigen Elektrolyten für die Korrosionsforschung verdeutlicht. T2 - 16. Tagung "Korrosionsschutz in der maritimen Technik" CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 25.01.2017 KW - Deckschichtbildung KW - Layer formation KW - Gelartige Elektrolyte KW - Gel-type electrolytes KW - Korrosionsprüfung KW - Corrosion testing KW - Zinkdeckschichten KW - Zinc coatings PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39039 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Babutzka, Martin A1 - Burkert, Andreas A1 - Heyn, A. T1 - Korrosionsuntersuchungen mit gelartigen Elektrolyten zur Beschreibung der Korrosionsschutzwirkung von Zinküberzügen N2 - Ein neuer Ansatz bei elektrochemischen Korrosionsuntersuchungen kann durch den Einsatz von gelartigen Elektrolyten als Alternative zu wässrigen Prüfelektrolyten beschritten werden. Gelartige Elektrolyte ermöglichen minimalinvasive Untersuchungen an natürlich gebildeten Zinkdeckschichten. Dadurch können korrosionsrelevante Kennwerte ermittelt werden, die Aussagen zur Deckschichtbildung und zur Stabilität der gebildeten Deckschichten unter verschiedenen klimatischen Bedingungen erlauben. In diesem Beitrag wird anhand verschiedener Deckschichtzustände an Zink der Mehrwert von Untersuchungen mit gelartigen Elektrolyten für die Korrosionsforschung verdeutlicht. T2 - 16. Tagung "Korrosionsschutz in der maritimen Technik" CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 25.01.2017 KW - Deckschichtbildung KW - Layer formation KW - Gelartige Elektrolyte KW - Gel-type electrolytes KW - Korrosionsprüfung KW - Corrosion testing KW - Zinkdeckschichten KW - Zinc coatings PY - 2017 SN - 978-3-935406-64-2 VL - 16 SP - 35 EP - 44 AN - OPUS4-39041 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Babutzka, Martin A1 - Burkert, Andreas A1 - Heyn, A. T1 - Korrosionsuntersuchungen mit gelartigen Elektrolyten an Zink - Eine innovative Prüfmethodik N2 - Ein neuer Ansatz bei elektrochemischen Korrosionsuntersuchungen kann durch den Einsatz von gelartigen Elektrolyten als Alternative zu wässrigen Prüfelektrolyten beschritten werden. Gelartige Elektrolyte ermöglichen minimalinvasive Untersuchungen an natürlich gebildeten Zinkdeckschichten. Dadurch können korrosionsrelevante Kennwerte ermittelt werden, die Aussagen zur Deckschichtbildung und zur Stabilität der gebildeten Deckschichten erlauben. In diesem Beitrag wird anhand verschiedener Deckschichtzustände an Zink der Mehrwert von gelartigen Elektrolyten für die Korrosionsforschung verdeutlicht. T2 - AK-Sitzung der GfKORR AK "Einstieg in die Korrosion" CY - Frankfurt a. M., Germany DA - 07.11.0217 KW - Deckschichtbildung KW - Layer formation KW - Gelartige Elektrolyte KW - Gel-type electrolytes KW - Korrosionsprüfung KW - Corrosion testing KW - Zinkdeckschichten KW - Zinc coatings PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-42775 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -