TY - JOUR A1 - Zocca, Andrea A1 - Wirth, Cynthia A1 - Mühler, T. A1 - Günster, Jens T1 - Powder-bed stabilization for powder-based additive manufacturing N2 - The most successful additive manufacturing (AM) technologies are based on the layer-by-layer deposition of a flowable powder. Although considered as the third industrial revolution, one factor still limiting these processes to become completely autonomous is the often necessary build-up of support structures. Besides the prevention of lateral shifts of the part during the deposition of layers, the support assures quality and stability to the built process. The loose powder itself surrounding the built object, or so-called powder-bed, does not provide this sustenance in most existent technology available. Here we present a simple but effective and economical method for stabilizing the powder-bed, preventing distortions in the geometry with no need for support structures. This effect, achieved by applying an air flow through the powder-bed, is enabling an entirely autonomous generation of parts and is a major contribution to all powder-based additive manufacturing technologies. Moreover, it makes powder-based AM independent of gravitational forces, which will facilitate crafting items in space from a variety of powdery materials. KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Powder bed PY - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-314244 SN - 1687-8132 SN - 1687-8140 N1 - Geburtsname von Wirth, Cynthia: Gomes, C. M. - Birth name of Wirth, Cynthia: Gomes, C. M. VL - 2014 SP - 491581-1 - 491581-6 PB - Hindawi Publishing Corporation CY - New York, NY ; Cairo AN - OPUS4-31424 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhang, Lei A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas T1 - Austenite grain growth and microstructure control in simulated heat affected zones of microalloyed HSLA steel N2 - The roles of microalloying niobium, titanium and vanadium for controlling austenite grain growth, microstructure evolution and hardness were investigated at different simulated heat affected zones (HAZ) for high strength low alloy (HSLA) S690QL steel. High resolution FEG-SEM has been used to characterize fine bainitic ferrite, martensite and nanosized second phases at simulated coarse and fine grain HAZs. It was found that for Ti bearing steel (Ti/N ratio is 2) austenite grain had the slowest growth rate due to the presence of most stable TiN. The fine cuboidal particles promoted intragranular acicular ferrite (IGF) formation. Nb bearing steel exhibited relatively weaker grain growth retardation compared with titanium bearing steels and a mixed microstructure of bainite and martensite was present for all simulated HAZs. IGF existed at coarse grain HAZ of Ti+V bearing steel but it was totally replaced by bainite at fine grain HAZs. Hardness result was closely related to the morphology of bainitic ferrite, intragranular ferrite and second phases within ferrite. The microstructure and hardness results of different simulated HAZs were in good agreement with welded experimental results. KW - Hardness measurement KW - Microstructure KW - Microalloyed steel KW - Welding KW - Grain growth PY - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.06.106 SN - 0921-5093 VL - 613 SP - 326 EP - 335 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-36520 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Winkelmann, Aimo A1 - Lühr, T. A1 - Westphal, C. A1 - Nolze, Gert T1 - Improved analysis of EBSD patterns N2 - The presentation demonstrates how crystal structures can be derived from EBSD patterns. T2 - EBSD Meeting CY - London, UK DA - 31.03.2014 KW - Electron backscatter diffraction KW - Kikuchi pattern KW - Crystal structure analysis PY - 2014 AN - OPUS4-37893 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vöse, Markus A1 - Fedelich, Bernard A1 - Otto, F. A1 - Eggeler, G. T1 - Micromechanical modeling of creep damage in a copper-antimony alloy N2 - A micromechanical model of creep induced grain boundary damage is proposed, which allows for the simulation of creep damage in a polycrystal with the finite element method. Grain boundary cavitation and sliding are considered via a micromechanically motivated cohesive zone model, while the grains creep following the slip system theory. The model has been calibrated with creep test data from pure Cu single crystals and a coarse-grained polycrystalline Cu-Sb alloy. The test data includes porosity measurements and estimates of grain boundary sliding. Finally, the model has been applied to Voronoi models of polycrystalline structures. In particular the influence of grain boundary sliding on the overall creep rate is demonstrated. T2 - ECF20 - 20th European conference on fracture CY - Trondheim, Norway DA - 28.06.2014 KW - Creep damage KW - Grain boundary sliding KW - Cohesive zone KW - Micromechanical model KW - Polycrystal PY - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-309914 SN - 2211-8128 VL - 3 SP - 21 EP - 26 PB - Curran CY - Red Hook, NY, USA AN - OPUS4-30991 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Vasilic, Ksenija A1 - Geiker, M. A1 - Hattel, J. A1 - Martinie, L. A1 - Martys, N. A1 - Roussel, N. A1 - Spangenberg, J. ED - Roussel, N. ED - Gram, A. T1 - Advanced methods and future perspectives N2 - The one-phase methods described in Chapter 2 were shown to be able to predict casting to some extent, but could not depict segregation, sedimentation and blockage occurring during flow. On the other hand, the distinct element methods described in Chapter 3 did not take into account the presence of two phases in the system and describes concrete as distinct elements interacting through more or less complex laws. A reliable numerical model of a multiphase material behaviour shall take into account both phases (solid and liquid). From the numerical point of view, concrete flow shall be seen therefore as the free surface flow of a highly-concentrated suspension of rigid grains. KW - SCC KW - Numerical simulation PY - 2014 SN - 978-94-017-8883-0 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8884-7_5 VL - 15 SP - 125 EP - 146 PB - Springer Netherlands AN - OPUS4-37443 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Trappe, Volker A1 - Basan, Ricardo A1 - Grasse, Fabian ED - Paris, Federico T1 - Stiffness and fracture of shear loaded laminates with unidirectional and biaxial fibre orientation investigated with a picture frame test N2 - Fibre Reinforced Plastics (e.g. CFRP, GFRP) characteristically show nonlinear stress-strain behaviour due to intralaminar shear loading. The determination of the in-plane shear stiffness and strength for this class of material is difficult and common test standards and methods of analysis are partially inaccurate. The identification of the in-plane shear properties was made with an especial designed “picture frame test device” which enables shear loading up to 950N/mm. Therefore the strength limit can be reached at specimens with adequate thickness and a high safety factor against buckling. Due to the chosen design the maximum of the shear loading and the final failure occur in the centre of the specimen. The experiments match with the numerical analysis. T2 - ECCM16 - 16TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON COMPOSITE MATERIALS CY - Seville, Spain DA - 22.06.2014 KW - Picture frame test KW - Fibre reinforced plastics (FRP) KW - Shear strength and stiffness KW - In-situ effect PY - 2014 SN - 978-84-616-9798-4 VL - 2014 SP - ID0263 - 1 EP - 8 PB - ECCM CY - Sevilla AN - OPUS4-37617 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas T1 - Online Monitoring of Reaction Forces and Stresses in Welded Components N2 - Today’s light weight design trends lead to a growing application of high-strength structural steels (yield strength ≥ 690 MPa). The mechanical properties of the weld and the component safety have to meet the increased requirements of these steel grades. However, high residual stresses in welded components are detrimental to their safety and integrity. Analyses concerning weld stresses in high-strength steels welded under component related restraint conditions revealed that heat control significantly affects global and local stresses. This occurs especially in highly restrained joints due to superimposing local and global stresses and may cause crack-critical stress-levels. In this study weld tests were performed with plates of high-strength steel in a special test facility. The experimental setup allowed transferring defined restraint conditions to the test welds similarly to real components. Temperature and reaction forces due to restraint were observed online while welding and cooling of multilayer-component MAG-welds. Mobile X-ray diffraction was used for local stress determination in the weld seam areas of the restrained specimens. It was found that interpass temperature has a major influence on the local and global welding forces and stresses. Thus, among the analysed results especially transverse residual stresses of the heat affected zone were strongly affected. T2 - The International Symposium on Visualization in Joining & Welding Science through Advanced Measurements and Simulation CY - Osaka, Japan DA - 26.11.2014 KW - Residual Stress KW - GMA welding KW - High-strength steel PY - 2014 VL - 2014, Volume 1 SP - 115 EP - 116 PB - Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University CY - Osaka AN - OPUS4-47716 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas T1 - Kurzdarstellung der Projektergebnisse - Einfluss der Wärmeführung auf die Eigenspannungsausbildung und Kaltrisssicherheit in geschweißten Konstruktionen aus hochfesten Feinkornbaustählen - IGF-Vorhaben IGF-Nr. 17267 N (P 922) N2 - Aus wirtschaftlichen, konstruktiven sowie ästhetischen Aspekten werden moderne Stahlbaukonstruktionen immer schlanker und leichter ausgeführt. Dazu werden zunehmend hochfeste Feinkornbaustähle mit Dehngrenzen ≥ 690 MPa eingesetzt, wodurch eine Gewichtsreduzierung von 30 % bis 50 % und eine Kostenersparnis von 5 % bis 15 % erreicht werden kann. Das Potential hochfester Feinkornbaustähle ist unter Beachtung der heutigen Richtlinien und Regelwerke jedoch nicht ohne weiteres nutzbar. Durch das Forschungsvorhaben wurde der Einfluss der Wärmeführung auf die Eigenspannungsausbildung und Kaltrissbildung unter Berücksichtigung realitätsnaher Steifigkeitsbedingungen untersucht. Auf der Grundlage dieser Erkenntnisse wurde ein Beitrag zur Verbesserung der Verarbeitungsrichtlinien erarbeitet, welche dem Verarbeiter eine sichere schweißtechnische Verarbeitung bei verbesserter Ausnutzung der Materialeigenschaften ermöglicht. Vor allem die Tragfähigkeit und die Sicherheit der Schweißverbindung bestimmen die Bemessung der Konstruktion und somit den nachhaltigen und ökonomischen Einsatz dieser Güten. Der Zusammenhang zwischen der Höhe der entstehenden Eigenspannungen und der Wärmeführung in realen Konstruktionen ist zurzeit nur qualitativ überschaubar und führt zu einer eher konservativen Auslegung heutiger Schweißkonstruktionen. Die wirtschaftliche Verarbeitung hochfester Stähle wird neben dem Erreichen anforderungsgerechter mechanischer Eigenschaften im Schweißnahtbereich vor allem durch die Vermeidung von Kaltrissen bestimmt. Die diesbezüglichen Empfehlungen in den geltenden Regelwerken beruhen jedoch vornehmlich auf Erkenntnissen aus Laborschweißungen an Kleinproben unter freier äußerer Schrumpfung. Die Hauptursachen für die Entstehung von Eigenspannungen wie inhomogene, lokale Erwärmung und Abkühlung der schweißnahtnahen Bereiche und insbesondere die konstruktive Schrumpfbehinderung infolge umgebender Montagegruppen werden damit jedoch nicht abgebildet. Der Einfluss der Wärmeführung, insbesondere der lokalen Vorwärmung, auf die Eigenbeanspruchung einer Konstruktion ist derzeit weitgehend unbekannt. Ziel des Forschungsvorhabens war es, den Einfluss der Wärmeführung auf die Eigenspannungsausbildung in geschweißten Konstruktionen zu quantifizieren sowie Aussagen zur Beeinflussung und Absenkung der Eigenspannungen und somit der Gesamteigenbeanspruchung von Schweißkonstruktionen zu erarbeiten. Dazu wurden durch die sukzessive Steigerung des Einspanngrades der Zusammenhang zwischen Wärmeführung und resultierender Eigenspannung unter zusätzlicher Schrumpfbehinderung geklärt. Ferner wurde die Übertragbarkeit der den Regelwerken zugrundeliegenden Kleinprobenergebnisse auf reale Konstruktionen untersucht. Mithilfe systematischer Klein- und Großlastschweißversuche an definiert schrumpfbehinderten Proben konnte der Einfluss der Wärmeführung sowohl auf die lokalen nahtnahen Eigenspannungen als auch globale Eigenbeanspruchungen durch Reaktionsspannungen analysiert werden. Es zeigte sich, dass eine Reduktion der lokalen Eigenspannungen und der Eigenbeanspruchung von geschweißten Konstruktionen durch eine geringere Wärmeeinbringung möglich ist. Eine Absenkung der Zwischenlagentemperatur erwies sich dabei unter anderem als besonders günstig. Damit ist es möglich vorhandene Wärmeführungskonzepte für hochfeste Stähle zu optimieren und dadurch die Kaltrissbildung zu vermeiden. KW - MAG-Schweißen KW - Eigenspannungen KW - Hochfester Stahl KW - Kaltrisssicherheit PY - 2014 SP - 1 EP - 2 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-59256 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Van Zomeren, A. A1 - Hjelmar, O. T1 - Laboratory leaching tests on treated wood according to different harmonised test procedures N2 - -Background- Laboratory leaching tests on treated wood were performed during a European robustness study in the framework of the validation of a tank leaching test procedure that has been proposed for construction products in order to determine the potential release of dangerous substances which can be transferred to soil and groundwater. The release of substances has to be determined also for materials treated with biocidal products according to the requirements of the European Biocidal Products Regulation. A similar leaching test procedure was already harmonised for treated wood for this purpose. Both test procedures were applied in parallel to wood treated with the same preservative to investigate whether the results of these tests can replace each other. Additional experiments were performed to further investigate unexpected effects of L/A ratio on leaching of copper and duration of storage of treated test specimens. -Results- Both procedures generate similar results concerning cumulative emissions of tebuconazole, copper, dissolved organic carbon and total nitrogen. The emission rates with time are in comparable ranges for both leaching protocols. Emissions of copper increased with decreasing L/A ratios. Strong correlation of copper concentrations and dissolved organic carbon as well as total nitrogen concentrations in eluates indicates that this observation is caused by co-elution of copper with organic substances. Duration of storage of treated test specimens affected emissions for the investigated wood preservative. -Conclusions- Based on these findings, results from both test procedures can be used to describe leaching characteristics and avoid double testing of treated wood to fulfil the requirements of the European regulations for either biocides or construction products. Leaching of substances from treated wood is a complex process that depends on its chemical composition and ageing processes. KW - Construction products KW - Biocidal product KW - Emission KW - Leaching KW - Tank leaching test KW - Treated wood KW - European regulation PY - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-317320 UR - http://www.enveurope.com/content/26/1/25 SN - 2190-4715 SN - 2190-4707 VL - 26 SP - 25, 1 EP - 10 PB - Springer CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg AN - OPUS4-31732 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - THES A1 - Schmidt, Wolfram T1 - Design concepts for the robustness improvement of self-compacting concrete - Effects of admixtures and mixture components on the rheology and early hydration at varying temperatures N2 - In Europe a multi-national research project was initiated entitled “Rational Production and Improved Working Environment through Using Self-Compacting Concrete”, followed by another project entitled “Testing SCC”, which helped spreading the benefits of SCC to a wide range of appliers. This project was also the basis of a widely accepted European guideline on Self compacted concrete published by the European industry association bibm, CEMBUREAU, EFCA, EFNARC, ERMCO, which again builds the basis of the European standards for the testing of SCC (EN 12350, Parts 8 to 12) as well as for the actual modernisation of the European concrete standard EN 206-1. PY - 2014 SN - 978-90-386-3598-9 U6 - https://doi.org/10.6100/IR771936 VL - 193 SP - 1 EP - 308 PB - Eindhoven University of Technology CY - Eindhoven, The Netherlands AN - OPUS4-30826 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -