TY - JOUR A1 - Rütters, H. A1 - Stadler, S. A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - Jeschke, S. A1 - Kather, A. A1 - Lempp, C. A1 - Lubenau, U. A1 - Ostertag-Hennig, C. A1 - Schmitz, S. A1 - Schütz, S. A1 - Waldmann, S. T1 - Towards an optimization of the CO2 stream composition - A whole-chain approach JF - International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control N2 - CO2 streams captured from power stations or industrial plants may contain impurities that impact the consecutive steps of the CO2 capture and storage (CCS) chain. As the basis for an optimization of CO2 purity over the whole CCS chain, impacts of different impurities were investigated at key steps including studies on (i) corrosion of metallic materials in CO2 streams and brine, (ii) fluid and interfacial properties as a function of pressure, temperature and CO2 stream composition and their implications for CO2 transport, injection and geological storage, (iii) costs of different pipeline design options, (iv) geochemical alterations at typical reservoir conditions and their implications for geomechanical rock properties. Major findings are synthesized for two exemplary single source-single sink CCS chain scenarios involving CO2 stream compositions typical for pre-combustion capture and oxyfuel combustion. Recommendations for material selection for compression, transport and injection were derived for various CO2 stream compositions. To reliably control corrosion, a limitation of water contents to 50 ppmv is recommended for pipeline transportation of all CO2 streams. At geological storage conditions, the presence of either O2, NOx or SO2 only weakly affected fluid-mineral/rock interactions that still impacted geomechanical rock properties. KW - CCS KW - Impurities KW - Associated incidental substances KW - Pipeline design KW - Corrosion KW - Fluid-rock interactions PY - 2016 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1750583616305047 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2016.08.019 SN - 1750-5836 SN - 1878-0148 VL - 54 IS - 2 SP - 682 EP - 701 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-38401 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bender, R. A1 - Féron, D. A1 - Mills, D. A1 - Ritter, S. A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - de Graeve, I. A1 - Dugstad, A. A1 - Grassini, S. A1 - Hack, T. A1 - Halama, M. A1 - Han, E.-H. A1 - Harder, T. A1 - Hinds, G. A1 - Kittel, J. A1 - Krieg, R. A1 - Leygraf, C. A1 - Martinelli, L. A1 - Mol, A. A1 - Neff, D. A1 - Nilsson, J.-O. A1 - Odnevall, I. A1 - Paterson, S. A1 - Paul, S. A1 - Prošek, T. A1 - Raupach, M. A1 - Revilla, R. I. A1 - Ropital, F. A1 - Schweigart, H. A1 - Szala, E. A1 - Terryn, H. A1 - Tidblad, J. A1 - Virtanen, S. A1 - Volovitch, P. A1 - Watkinson, D. A1 - Wilms, M. A1 - Winning, G. A1 - Zheludkevich, M. T1 - Corrosion challenges towards a sustainable society JF - Materials and corrosion N2 - A global transition towards more sustainable, affordable and reliable energy systems is being stimulated by the Paris Agreement and the United Nation's 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. This poses a challenge for the corrosion industry, as building climate‐resilient energy systems and infrastructures brings with it a long‐term direction, so as a result the long‐term behaviour of structural materials (mainly metals and alloys) becomes a major prospect. With this in mind “Corrosion Challenges Towards a Sustainable Society” presents a series of cases showing the importance of corrosion protection of metals and alloys in the development of energy production to further understand the science of corrosion, and bring the need for research and the consequences of corrosion into public and political focus. This includes emphasis on the limitation of greenhouse gas emissions, on the lifetime of infrastructures, implants, cultural heritage artefacts, and a variety of other topics. KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion costs KW - Corrosion protection KW - Preventive strategies PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-554801 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202213140 SN - 1521-4176 VL - 73 IS - 11 SP - 1730 EP - 1751 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-55480 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kratzig, A. A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - Menneken, M. A1 - Bäßler, Ralph T1 - Early Stage of Corrosion Formation on Pipeline Steel X70 Under Oxyfuel Atmosphere at Low Temperature JF - Processes N2 - The early stage of corrosion formation on X70 pipeline steel under oxyfuel atmosphere was investigated by applying a simulated gas mixture (CO2 containing 6700 ppmv O2, 100 ppmv NO2, 70 ppmv SO2 and 50 ppmv H2O) for 15 h at 278 K and ambient pressure. Short-term tests (6 h) revealed that the corrosion starts as local spots related to grinding marks progressing by time and moisture until a closed layer was formed. Acid droplets (pH 1.5), generated in the gas atmosphere, containing a mixture of H2SO4 and HNO3, were identified as corrosion starters. After 15 h of exposure, corrosion products were mainly X-ray amorphous and only partially crystalline. In-situ energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD) results showed that the crystalline fractions consist primarily of water-bearing iron sulfates. Applying Raman spectroscopy, water-bearing iron nitrates were detected as subordinated phases. Supplementary long-term tests exhibited a significant increase in the crystalline fraction and formation of additional water-bearing iron sulfates. All phases of the corrosion layer were intergrown in a nanocrystalline network. In addition, numerous globular structures have been detected above the corrosion layer, which were identified as hydrated iron sulphate and hematite. As a type of corrosion, shallow pit formation was identified, and the corrosion rate was about 0.1 mma−1. In addition to in-situ EDXRD, SEM/EDS, TEM, Raman spectroscopy and interferometry were used to chemically and microstructurally analyze the corrosion products. KW - Corrosion KW - CCUS KW - In-situ ED-XRD KW - CO2 pipeline transport KW - Oxyfuel KW - Carbon steel KW - Impurities PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506303 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8040421 SN - 2227-9717 VL - 8 IS - 4 SP - 421-1 EP - 421-19 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-50630 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - Buggisch, E. A1 - Schiller, Bernadette Nicole A1 - Beck, M. T1 - Corrosion Study on Wellbore Materials for the CO2 Injection Process JF - Processes N2 - For reliability and safety issues of injection wells, corrosion resistance of materials used needs to be determined. Herein, representative low-cost materials, including carbon steel X70/1.8977 and low alloyed steel 1.7225, were embedded in mortar to mimic the realistic casing-mortar interface. Two types of cement were investigated: (1) Dyckerhoff Variodur commercial Portland cement, representing a highly acidic resistant cement and (2) Wollastonite, which can react with CO2 and become stable under a CO2 stream due to the carbonation process. Exposure tests were performed under 10 MPa and at 333 K in artificial aquifer fluid for up to 20 weeks, revealing crevice corrosion and uniform corrosion instead of expected pitting corrosion. To clarify the role of cement, simulated pore water was made by dispersing cement powder in aquifer fluid and used as a solution to expose steels. Surface analysis, accompanied by element mapping on exposed specimens and their crosssections, was carried out to trace the chloride intrusion and corrosion process that followed. KW - Carbon capture storage KW - CCS KW - Carbon dioxide KW - Corrosion KW - Carbon steel KW - Aquifer fluid KW - Cement KW - Casing KW - Pitting PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-519774 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9010115 SN - 2227-9717 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 115 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-51977 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Le, Quynh Hoa A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Bettge, Dirk T1 - On the corrosion mechanism of CO2 transport pipeline steel caused by condensate: Synergistic effects of NO2 and SO2 JF - Materials N2 - To study the effects of condensed acid liquid, hereafter referred to as condensate, on the CO2 transport pipeline steels, gas mixtures containing a varying concentration of H2O, O2, NO2, and SO2, were proposed and resulted in the condensate containing H2SO4 and HNO3 with the pH ranging from 0.5 to 2.5. By exposing the pipeline steel to the synthetic condensate with different concentration of acidic components, the corrosion kinetic is significantly changed. Reaction kinetic was studied using electrochemical methods coupled with water analysis and compared with surface analysis (scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffractometry (XRD)) of corroded coupons. The results showed that, although the condensation of NO2 in the form of HNO3 causes faster general corrosion rate, it is the condensation of SO2 in the form of H2SO4 or the combination of SO2 and NO2 that may cause much more severe problems in the form of localized and pitting corrosions. The resulting corrosion forms were depended on the chemical nature of acids and their concentration at the same investigated pH. The effects of changing CO2 flow rate and renewing condensate on pitting corrosion were further studied. KW - Carbon capture, utilization and storage technology KW - CCUS KW - Corrosion KW - Condensate KW - Electrochemical characterisation KW - Pitting corrosion KW - Impurities KW - Carbon steel PY - 2019 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-473685 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/12/3/364 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12030364 SN - 1996-1944 VL - 12 IS - 3 SP - 364, 1 EP - 17 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-47368 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -