TY - JOUR A1 - Schulz, Eckhard A1 - Schulte, K. T1 - Fachausschuss "Gefüge und Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen" N2 - Die in zunehmenden Maße Mitte der 80er Jahre einsetzende Substitution von metallischen Materialien z. B. durch hochleistungsfähige polymere Werkstoffe und Verbundwerkstoffe wurde u. a. von der DGM zum Anlass genommen, ihre zukünftigen Aufgaben neu zu definieren und gleichzeitig mit der Gründung des Fachausschusses "Gefüge und Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen" dieser neuen Entwicklung in der Materialkunde auf dem Gebiet der Kunststoffe und ihrer Anwendungen Rechnung zu tragen. KW - Aufgaben KW - Ziele PY - 2004 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-2004-0141 SN - 0044-3093 VL - 95 IS - 9 (85 Jahre DGM) SP - 742 EP - 743 PB - Hanser CY - München AN - OPUS4-5988 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gallo, Emanuela A1 - Sánchez-Olivares, G. A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Flame retardancy of starch-based biocomposites - aluminium hydroxide-coconut fiber synergy N2 - The use of coconut fiber (CF) agricultural waste was considered as an environmentally friendly and inexpensive alternative in flame retarded biocomposites. To decrease the high content of aluminum trihydrate (ATH) required, the thermal decomposition (thermogravimetry), flammability [oxygen index (LOI) and UL 94 test] and fire behavior (cone calorimeter) of a combination of CF and ATH were investigated in a commercial blend of thermoplastic starch (TPS) and cellulose derivatives. CF induced some charring activity, slightly decreasing the fire load and burning propensity in cone calorimeter test. ATH decomposes endothermically into water and inorganic residue. Significant fuel dilution as well as a pronounced residual protection layer reduces the fire hazards. Replacing a part of ATH with coconut fibers resulted in improved flame retardancy in terms of ignition, reaction to small flame, and flame-spread characteristics [heat release rate (HRR), fire growth rate (FIGRA), etc.]. The observed ATH and CF synergy opens the door to significant reduction of the ATH contents and thus to interesting flame retarded biocomposites. KW - Biocomposites KW - Flammability KW - Starch KW - Aluminium hydroxide KW - Coconut fiber PY - 2013 SN - 0032-2725 VL - 58 IS - 5 SP - 395 EP - 402 PB - Industrial chemistry research inst CY - Warszawa, Poland AN - OPUS4-28513 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Towards evidence-based development of flame retarded polymers T2 - 243rd National ACS meeting - Spring 2012 CY - San Diego, CA, USA DA - 2012-03-25 KW - Flame retardancy KW - Halogen-free KW - Flame retardancy mechanism KW - Fire property assessment PY - 2012 SN - 978-0-8412-2727-9 SN - 1550-6703 N1 - Serientitel: PMSE Preprints – Series title: PMSE Preprints VL - 243 SP - 38-PMSE PB - Amer Chemical SOC CY - Washington, USA AN - OPUS4-26381 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Richter, K. H. A1 - Böhning, Martin ED - Morgan, A. B. ED - Wilkie, C. A. ED - Nelson, G. L. T1 - Synergistic use of talc in halogen-free flame retarded polycarbonate/Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene blends N2 - Pyrolysis, flammability, fire behavior, melt viscosity, and gas diffusion of bisphenol A polycarbonate/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (PC/ABS) were investigated, with bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BDP), with 10 wt.% talc and with BDP in combination with 5, 10 and 20 wt.% talc, respectively. Compared to PC/ABS, PC/ABS + BDP results in an increased decomposition temperature of PC, a higher char yield, a significantly increased LOI, a V-0 classification in UL 94, a reduced peak heat release rate (pHRR), and a reduced total heat release (THR) in the cone calorimeter. This efficient flame retardancy is due to mechanisms in both the gas and condensed phases. PC/ABS + 10 wt.% talc shows a decrease in the PC decomposition temperature. The fire behavior is improved in part compared to PC/ABS, with an increased LOI and reduced pHRR. PC/ABS + BDP + 10 wt.% talc shows a strong synergism in LOI, a V-0 classification, and a decrease in pHRR, whereas THR is slightly increased compared to PC/ABS + BDP. Talc decreases the gas diffusion and enhances the flow limit for low shear rates, both of which influence the pyrolysis and flammability results. Further, talc improves the protection properties of the fire residues. Nevertheless it also partly suppresses flame inhibition and the charring effect of BDP. The synergism between BDP and talc in LOI is obtained even for low talc loadings in PC/ABS + BDP + talc, whereas for higher loadings saturation is observed. KW - Flame retardancy KW - PC/ABS KW - Aryl phosphate KW - Talc PY - 2012 SN - 978-0-8412-2780-4 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2012-1118.ch002 N1 - Serientitel: ACS Symposium Series – Series title: ACS Symposium Series VL - 1118 IS - Chapter 2 SP - 15 EP - 36 PB - Oxford University Press AN - OPUS4-27563 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gallo, Emanuela A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Schmaucks, G. A1 - von der Ehe, Kerstin A1 - Böhning, Martin T1 - Effect of well dispersed amorphous silicon dioxide in flame retarded styrene butadiene rubber N2 - Spherically shaped amorphous silicon dioxide with broad size particle distribution was used in combination with aluminium trihydroxide (ATH) in styrene butadiene rubber composites. The pyrolysis, flammability, fire properties, flame spread and gas diffusion were investigated. The kind and amount of ATH, but in particular the fine silicon dioxide chosen as an additive, influenced the thermal decomposition and fire behaviour of styrene butadiene rubber composites. Gravimetric gas sorption measurements showed that the gas diffusion was systematically lower with silicon dioxide. The initial pyrolysis gas release was hindered, increasing the temperature at which decomposition begins as well as the ignition time in fire tests. During combustion, ATH and silicon dioxide accumulate on the surface of the specimen, forming a residual protective layer. A reduced peak heat release rate and fire spread were observed. The addition of a special kind of silicon dioxide is proposed to play a key role in optimising fire retardancy. KW - Flame retardancy KW - Styrene butadiene rubber KW - SBR KW - Silicon dioxide KW - Aluminium trihydroxide KW - ATH PY - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1179/1743289812Y.0000000012 SN - 1465-8011 SN - 1743-2898 VL - 42 IS - 1 SP - 34 EP - 42 PB - IOM Communications CY - London, UK AN - OPUS4-27626 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nolze, Gert T1 - Characterization of the fcc/bcc orientation relationship by EBSD using pole figures and variants N2 - The orientation relationship (OR) between fcc and bcc lattices are described by crystallographic fundamentals using the example of Kurdjumov-Sachs (K-S) and Nishiyama-Wassermann (N-W). Complete pole figures containing all variants will be used to distinguish even between slightly different ORs. EBSD on iron meteorites and duplex steel has been used to analyse a large number of crystal orientations with regard to a high statistical significance and a high probability to capture all variants in a single measurement. It is shown that the use of fixed OR models like K-S, N-W, Bain, Pitsch, or Greninger-Troiano does not satisfacturally reflect the observed experimental pole distributions. It is not convenient to use high-indexed lattice planes and directions to describe the small deviations from the given models. The Euler subspace representation offers a readily comprehensible tool to get an idea about the characteristic of the experimentally detected OR. KW - EBSD KW - Duplex steel KW - Iron meteorite KW - Pole figure KW - Orientation relationship PY - 2004 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-2004-0142 SN - 0044-3093 VL - 95 IS - 9 (85 Jahre DGM) SP - 744 EP - 755 PB - Hanser CY - München AN - OPUS4-13972 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pawlowski, Kristin A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Fichera, Mario Augusto A1 - Jäger, Christian T1 - Flame retardancy mechanisms of bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) in combination with zinc borate in bisphenol A polycarbonate/Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene blends N2 - Bisphenol A polycarbonate/acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (PC/ABS) with and without bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BDP) and 5 wt.% zinc borate (Znb) were investigated. The pyrolysis was studied by thermogravimetry (TG), TG-FTIR and NMR, the fire behaviour with a cone calorimeter applying different heat fluxes, LOI and UL 94. Fire residues were examined with NMR. BDP affects the decomposition of PC/ABS and acts as a flame retardant in the gas and condensed phases. The addition of Znb results in an additional hydrolysis of PC. The fire behaviour is similar to PC/ABS, aside from a slightly increased LOI and a reduced peak heat release rate, both caused by borates improving the barrier properties of the char. In PC/ABS + BDP + Znb, the addition of Znb yields a borate network and amorphous phosphates. Znb also reacts with BDP to form alpha-zinc phosphate and borophosphates that suppress the original flame retardancy mechanisms of BDP. The inorganic–organic residue formed provides more effective flame retardancy, in particular at low irradiation in the cone calorimeter, and a clear synergy in LOI, whereas for more developed fires BDP + Znb become less effective than BDP in PC/ABS with respect to the total heat evolved. KW - Flame retardancy KW - PC/ABS KW - Aryl phosphate KW - Zinc borate KW - Flammability PY - 2010 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2009.10.007 SN - 0040-6031 SN - 1872-762X VL - 498 IS - 1-2 SP - 92 EP - 99 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-20746 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mull, Birte A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Jann, Oliver T1 - Methode zur Bestimmung von flüchtigen Estern der Phthalsäure im Innenraum und in Emissionsmesskammern N2 - Die Analytik von Phthalaten (DMP bis DEHP) in der Luft ist mit thermischer Desorption unter Verwendung von Quarzwolle als Adsorbens erfolgreich realisierbar. Dies wurde durch eine Methodenvalidierung bestätigt. Es wurden sowohl Messungen im Innenraum als auch in Emissionskammern vorgenommen. In den Emissionskammermessungen wurden mögliche Senkeneffekte der Kammeroberfläche (Glas) untersucht. Unter Zuhilfenahme der idealen Abklingkurve wird bestätigt, dass diese Oberfläche eine Senke darstellt. PY - 2010 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-209870 UR - http://www.gefahrstoffe.de SN - 0949-8036 SN - 1436-4891 VL - 70 IS - 3 SP - 93 EP - 97 PB - VDI Fachmedien CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-20987 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Arinchtein, A. A1 - Ye, M.-Y. A1 - Yang, Q. A1 - Kreyenschulte, C. A1 - Wagner, Andreas A1 - Frisch, M. A1 - Brückner, A. A1 - Kondratenko, E. A1 - Kraehnert, R. T1 - Dynamics of Reaction-Induced Changes of Model-Type Iron Oxide Phases in the CO2-Fischer-Tropsch-Synthesis N2 - Iron-based catalysts are employed in CO2-FTS due to their ability to convert CO2 into CO in a first step and their selectivity towards higher hydrocarbons in a second CO hydrogenation step. According to the literature, iron carbides represent the active phase for hydrocarbon formation and are claimed to emerge in the presence of CO. We propose nanostructured FeOx films as model systems to assess information about the complex phase transformations during CO2-FTS. Mesoporous hematite, ferrihydrite, maghemite, maghemite/magnetite films were exposed to CO2-FTS atmospheres at 20 bar and 300°C. Up to three distinct phases were observed depending on the timeon-stream (TOS): a sintered maghemite/magnetite phase, a carbidic core-shell structure, and a low-crystalline, needle-type oxide phase. Our findings indicate that the formation of an intermediary maghemite/magnetite phase, predominant after short TOS (30 h), precedes the evolution of the carbide phase. Yet, even after prolonged TOS (185 h), no full conversion into a bulk carbide is observed. KW - Nanostructured FeOx films KW - CO2 KW - Scanning Auger Spectroscopy PY - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-549709 SN - 1867-3880 VL - 14 IS - 14 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Wiley-VCH AN - OPUS4-54970 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana T1 - Combined impact of UV radiation and nitric acid on high‐density polyethylene containers as a laboratory test N2 - In a laboratory test, transparent high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) jerrycans have been exposed to both UV radiation and 55 wt‐% nitric acid solution at (41 ± 2)°C, for up to 20 days. For comparison, UV radiant exposure (21 days) and nitric acid exposure (up to 6 weeks) were performed separately, at nearly equal temperatures. The damages are compared with FTIR spectroscopy in ATR and HT‐gel permeation chromatography(GPC) on a molecular level and with hydraulic internal pressure testing as a component test. For the used jerrycans, relevant oxidation can only be found after the combined exposure. This is caused by the decomposition of nitric acid into nitrous gases by UV radiation, which is also observed at lower concentrations (28 wt‐%). After 6 days of laboratory exposure, this is rated as critical, which corresponds to about 1/10 year in Central Europe, according to the UV radiant exposure. The gradual increase in oxidative damage shows the reproducibility of the test. KW - Molecular mass distribution KW - High-density polyethylene KW - Nitric acid KW - UV radiation PY - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-550141 SN - 0894-3214 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - John Wiley & Sons Ltd AN - OPUS4-55014 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -