TY - CONF A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander T1 - Do Microbes like Additively Manufactured Aluminium? N2 - The use of laser-additively manufactured metallic components in the industrial sector is gaining traction, with the process now entering its application phase. Consequently, the materials are exposed to corrosive microbes, which this study examines in order to determine the implications of this exposure. Specifically, the study examines the exposure of laser powder bed fused AlSi10Mg (PBF-LB/AlSi10Mg) components to sulphate-reducing bacteria in an anaerobic environment. Is the specific PBF-LB microstructure a potential factor in determining or aiding biocorrosion? A prismatic specimen was exposed to sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) for two weeks. The sample was scanned by X-ray computed tomography (XCT) before and after SRB exposure. The two data sets were registered to each other (using the internal void distribution as markers, due to the corrosion of the specimen’s surface) to enable the evaluation of the corrosion damage. Virtual cuts of the 3D XCT reconstructions show a loss of volume and localised damage. The damage distribution aligns with the hatching pattern of laser exposure from laser powder bed fusion. T2 - Konferenz iCT 2026 CY - Linz, Austria DA - 10.02.2026 KW - Computed tomography KW - Biokorrosion KW - Additive manufacturing KW - PBF-LB KW - Laser powder bed fusion KW - Sulphate-reducing bacteria PY - 2026 AN - OPUS4-65570 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander T1 - Do Microbes like Additively Manufactured Aluminium? First Details of a Corrosion Test using Sulphate-Reducing Bacteria N2 - Additively manufactured metals become relevant for industrial application. Although many studies on wet corrosion of these metals have been conducted, to the authors knowledge no study seems to contain microbiological corrosion (MIC). In the presented study an experiment was conducted on PBF-LB/AlSi10Mg to test this material's susceptibility for MIC. The tested specimen were analysed using Computed Tomography before and after the MIC experiment to enable a detailed characterisation the damage on the specimens' global and local level. A global reduction of material was observed. In addition, localised damage along process inherent features of the materials microstructure was observed. T2 - Beiratssitzung TF Umwelt CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 17.03.2025 KW - Computed Tomography KW - Additive Manufacturing KW - Biocorrosion KW - Sulphate-reducing Bacteria KW - Microbially influenced corrosion PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-62772 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gupta, Kanhaiya A1 - Poka, Konstantin A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander A1 - Waske, Anja T1 - Identification and authentication of additively manufactured components using their microstructural fingerprint N2 - In the field of additive manufacturing, the ability to uniquely identify and authenticate parts is crucial for certification, logistics, and anti-counterfeiting efforts. This study introduces a novel methodology that leverages the intrinsic microstructural features of additively manufactured components for their identification, authentication, and traceability. Unlike traditional tagging methods, such as embedding QR codes on the surface or within the volume of parts, this approach requires no alteration to the printing process, as it utilizes naturally occurring microstructural characteristics. The proposed workflow involves the analysis of 3D micro-computed tomography data to identify specific voids that meet predefined identification criteria. This method is demonstrated on a batch of 24 parts manufactured with identical process parameters, proving capable of achieving unambiguous identification and authentication. By establishing a tamper-proof link between the physical part and its digital counterpart, this methodology effectively bridges the physical and digital realms. This not only enhances the traceability of additively manufactured parts but also provides a robust tool for integrating digital materials, parts databases, and product passports with their physical counterparts. KW - Authentication KW - Additive manufacturing KW - X-ray Computed Tomography KW - Digital fingerprint KW - Unique identification PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-630356 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113986 SN - 1873-4197 VL - 254 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-63035 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Poka, Konstantin A1 - Ali, Sozol A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander A1 - Schröder, Jakob A1 - Khambayat, Jiganesh A1 - Scholz, Maik A1 - Saeed, Waleed A1 - Merz, Benjamin A1 - Epperlein, Martin A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai T1 - Reduction of extraneous variance in powder bed fusion with laser beam of metals by means of advanced digital preprocessing N2 - Data-driven quality assurance and reproducibility are critical for advancing the industrial maturity of Powder Bed Fusion with Laser Beam of Metals (PBF-LB/M). This study addresses the extraneous variance in scan vectors that arises even for identical cross sections of nominally identical components but located at different positions on the build platform. This inherent variance, common across most PBF-LB/M machines, is caused by scan vector computation relative to the machine coordinate origin and subsequent projection of the resulting pattern onto individual component cross sections. In this work, scan vectors are computed still following conventional slicing, but relative to the workpiece origin of each component, using an EOS M 300-4. This digital preprocessing approach homogenizes fabrication conditions, ensuring that anomalies, such as scan vector overlaps, occur consistently across identical components. The impact during fabrication is assessed through powder bed imaging, melt pool monitoring, and operational data from the multilaser PBF-LB/M machine. Components are manufactured from AlSi10Mg for each scan vector computation origin and subsequently qualified using x-ray computed tomography, optical coordinate measurement, and optical surface measurement. A comprehensive evaluation is conducted, comparing the results in terms of component density, geometric accuracy, and surface roughness to those obtained using conventional preprocessing. Based on these findings, practical recommendations are provided, focusing on achieved quality criteria to identify potential drawbacks, while also considering the life cycle analysis of fabrication. Finally, the study emphasizes the significance of consistent scan vector provisioning for identical components placed at different build platform positions, assuming no roll or pitch during nesting. T2 - ICALEO CY - Orlando, FL, USA DA - 13.10.2025 KW - Quality assurance KW - Data management KW - 3D printing KW - Laser fabrication KW - Life cycle analysis PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-642104 DO - https://doi.org/10.2351/7.0001890 SN - 1042-346X VL - 37 IS - 4 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - American Institute of Physics Publishing CY - New York AN - OPUS4-64210 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chand, Keerthana A1 - Fritsch, Tobias A1 - Oster, Simon A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander A1 - Poka, Konstantin A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - A Comparative Study of Rigid Three-Dimensional Image Registration Methods for Powder Bed Fusion with Laser Beam of Metals Using a Gold Standard Approach N2 - In Additive Manufacturing (AM), precise rigid three-dimensional (3D) image registration between X-ray Computed Tomography (XCT) scans and Computer-Aided Design (CAD) models is an important step for the quantification of distortions in produced parts. Given the absence of standardized benchmarks for image registration in AM, we introduce a gold standard for 3D image registration, using a reference base plate beneath the build structure. This gold standard is used to quantify the accuracy of rigid registration, with a proof of concept demonstrated in PBF-LB/M. In this study, we conduct a comparative analysis of various rigid 3D registration methods useful for quality assurance of PBF-LB/M parts including feature-based, intensity-based, and point cloud-based approaches. The performance of each registration method is evaluated using measures of alignment accuracy based on the gold standard and computational efficiency. Our results indicate significant differences in the efficacy of these methods, with point cloud based Coherent Point Drift (CPD) showing superior performance in both alignment and computational efficiency. The rigidly registered 3D volumes are used to estimate the deformation field of the printed parts relative to the nominal CAD design using Digital Volume Correlation (DVC). The quality of the estimated deformation field is assessed using the Dice score metric. This study provides insights into methods for enhancing the precision and reliability of AM process. KW - Digital volume correlation KW - 3D image registration KW - 3D image processing KW - X-ray computed tomography KW - Computer-aided design KW - Displacement field estimation PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-627043 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-025-01174-0 SN - 1573-4862 VL - 44 IS - 30 SP - 1 EP - 20 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-62704 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander T1 - Formation of Creep Damage of 316L Produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion N2 - The damage mechanisms of metallic components produced by process laser powder bed fusion differ significantly from those typically observed in conventionally manufactured variants of the same alloy. This is due to the unique microstructures of additively manufactured materials. Herein, the focus is on the study of the evolution of creep damage in stainless steel 316L specimens produced by laser powder bed fusion. X-ray computed tomography is used to unravel the influence of the process-specific microstructure from the influence of the initial void distribution on creep damage mechanisms. The void distribution of two specimens tested at 600 °C and 650 °C is analyzed before a creep test, after an interruption, and after fracture. The results indicate that the formation of damage is not connected to the initial void distribution. Instead, damage accumulation at grain boundaries resulting from intergranular cracking is observed. T2 - 4th Symposium on Materials and Additive Manufacturing - Additive 2024 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 12.06.2024 KW - AISI 316L KW - Additive Manufacturing KW - Computed Tomography KW - Creep KW - Laser Powder Bed Fusion KW - Microstructure KW - PBF-LB/M/316L PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-60295 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Oster, Simon A1 - Breese, Philipp Peter A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander A1 - Mohr, Gunther A1 - Altenburg, Simon T1 - A deep learning framework for defect prediction based on thermographic in-situmonitoring in laser powder bed fusion N2 - The prediction of porosity is a crucial task for metal based additive manufacturing techniques such as laser powder bed fusion. Short wave infrared thermography as an in-situ monitoring tool enables the measurement of the surface radiosity during the laser exposure. Based on the thermogram data, the thermal history of the component can be reconstructed which is closely related to the resulting mechanical properties and to the formation of porosity in the part. In this study, we present a novel framework for the local prediction of porosity based on extracted features from thermogram data. The framework consists of a data pre-processing workflow and a supervised deep learning classifier architecture. The data pre-processing workflow generates samples from thermogram feature data by including feature information from multiple subsequent layers. Thereby, the prediction of the occurrence of complex process phenomena such as keyhole pores is enabled. A custom convolutional neural network model is used for classification. Themodel is trained and tested on a dataset from thermographic in-situ monitoring of the manufacturing of an AISI 316L stainless steel test component. The impact of the pre-processing parameters and the local void distribution on the classification performance is studied in detail. The presented model achieves an accuracy of 0.96 and an f1-Score of 0.86 for predicting keyhole porosity in small sub-volumes with a dimension of (700 × 700 × 50) μm3. Furthermore, we show that pre-processing parameters such as the porosity threshold for sample labeling and the number of included subsequent layers are influential for the model performance. Moreover, the model prediction is shown to be sensitive to local porosity changes although it is trained on binary labeled data that disregards the actual sample porosity. KW - Laser Powder Bed Fusion (PBF-LB/M, L-PBF) KW - Selective Laser Melting (SLM) KW - SWIR thermography KW - Online monitoring KW - Flaw detection KW - Machine learning KW - Convolutional neural networks (CNN) PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-575148 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10845-023-02117-0 SN - 0956-5515 SP - 1 EP - 20 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-57514 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander T1 - Evolution of Creep Damage of 316L Produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion N2 - The damage mechanisms of metallic components produced by process laser powder bed fusion differ significantly from those typically observed in conventionally manufactured variants of the same alloy. This is due to the unique microstructures of additively manufactured materials. Herein, the focus is on the study of the evolution of creep damage in stainless steel 316L specimens produced by laser powder bed fusion. X-ray computed tomography is used to unravel the influence of the process-specific microstructure from the influence of the initial void distribution on creep damage mechanisms. The void distribution of two specimens tested at 600 °C and 650 °C is analyzed before a creep test, after an interruption, and after fracture. The results indicate that the formation of damage is not connected to the initial void distribution. Instead, damage accumulation at grain boundaries resulting from intergranular cracking is observed. T2 - Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium CY - Austin, TX, USA DA - 14.08.2023 KW - AISI 316L KW - Additive Manufacturing KW - Computed Tomography KW - Creep KW - Laser Powder Bed Fusion KW - Microstructure KW - PBF-LB/M/316L PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58285 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander A1 - Ávila Calderón, Luis A1 - Sommer, Konstantin A1 - Mohr, Gunther A1 - Evans, Alexander A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Evolution of Creep Damage of 316L Produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion N2 - The damage mechanisms of metallic components produced by process laser powder bed fusion differ significantly from those typically observed in conventionally manufactured variants of the same alloy. This is due to the unique microstructures of additively manufactured materials. Herein, the focus is on the study of the evolution of creep damage in stainless steel 316L specimens produced by laser powder bed fusion. X-ray computed tomography is used to unravel the influence of the process-specific microstructure from the influence of the initial void distribution on creep damage mechanisms. The void distribution of two specimens tested at 600 °C and 650 °C is analyzed before a creep test, after an interruption, and after fracture. The results indicate that the formation of damage is not connected to the initial void distribution. Instead, damage accumulation at grain boundaries resulting from intergranular cracking is observed. KW - Creep KW - Computed Tomography KW - PBF-LB/M/316L KW - Laser Powder Bed Fusion KW - Microstructure KW - AISI 316L KW - Additive Manufacturing PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-574127 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202201581 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Wiley-VCH GmbH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-57412 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Oster, Simon A1 - Fritsch, Tobias A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander A1 - Mohr, Gunther A1 - Bruno, Giovanni A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane A1 - Altenburg, Simon T1 - On the Registration of Thermographic In Situ Monitoring Data and Computed Tomography Reference Data in the Scope of Defect Prediction in Laser Powder Bed Fusion N2 - The detection of internal irregularities is crucial for quality assessment in metal-based additive manufacturing (AM) technologies such as laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF). The utilization of in-process thermography as an in situ monitoring tool in combination with post-process X-ray micro computed tomography (XCT) as a reference technique has shown great potential for this aim. Due to the small irregularity dimensions, a precise registration of the datasets is necessary as a requirement for correlation. In this study, the registration of thermography and XCT reference datasets of a cylindric specimen containing keyhole pores is carried out for the development of a porosity prediction model. The considered datasets show variations in shape, data type and dimensionality, especially due to shrinkage and material elevation effects present in the manufactured part. Since the resulting deformations are challenging for registration, a novel preprocessing methodology is introduced that involves an adaptive volume adjustment algorithm which is based on the porosity distribution in the specimen. Thus, the implementation of a simple three-dimensional image-to-image registration is enabled. The results demonstrate the influence of the part deformation on the resulting porosity location and the importance of registration in terms of irregularity prediction. KW - Selective laser melting (SLM) KW - Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) KW - Additive manufacturing (AM) KW - Process monitoring KW - Infrared thermography KW - X-ray computed tomography (XCT) KW - Defect detection KW - Image registration PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-549412 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/met12060947 VL - 12 IS - 6 SP - 1 EP - 21 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-54941 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ávila Calderón, Luis A1 - Rehmer, Birgit A1 - Schriever, Sina A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo A1 - Sommer, Konstantin A1 - Mohr, Gunther A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Evans, Alexander T1 - Creep and creep damage behavior of stainless steel 316L manufactured by laser powder bed fusion N2 - This study presents a thorough characterization of the creep properties of austenitic stainless steel 316L produced by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF 316L) contributing to the sparse available data to date. Experimental results (mechanical tests, microscopy, X-ray computed tomography) concerning the creep deformation and damage mechanisms are presented and discussed. The tested LPBF material exhibits a low defect population, which allows for the isolation and improved understanding of the effect of other typical aspects of an LPBF microstructure on the creep behavior. As a benchmark to assess the material properties of the LPBF 316L, a conventionally manufactured variant of 316L was also tested. To characterize the creep properties, hot tensile tests and constant force creep tests at 600 °C and 650 °C are performed. The creep stress exponents of the LPBF material are smaller than that of the conventional variant. The primary and secondary creep stages and the times to rupture of the LPBF material are shorter than the hot rolled 316L. Overall the creep damage is more extensive in the LPBF material. The creep damage of the LPBF material is overall mainly intergranular. It is presumably caused and accelerated by both the appearance of precipitates at the grain boundaries and the unfavorable orientation of the grain boundaries. Neither the melt pool boundaries nor entrapped gas pores show a significant influence on the creep damage mechanism. KW - 316L KW - Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) KW - Creep behavior KW - Additive Manufacturing KW - AGIL PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-539373 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.142223 SN - 0921-5093 VL - 830 SP - 142223 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-53937 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Oster, Simon A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane A1 - Mohr, Gunther A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander A1 - Altenburg, Simon T1 - Investigation of the thermal history of L-PBF metal parts by feature extraction from in-situ SWIR thermography N2 - Laser powder bed fusion is used to create near net shape metal parts with a high degree of freedom in geometry design. When it comes to the production of safety critical components, a strict quality assurance is mandatory. An alternative to cost-intensive non-destructive testing of the produced parts is the utilization of in-situ process monitoring techniques. The formation of defects is linked to deviations of the local thermal history of the part from standard conditions. Therefore, one of the most promising monitoring techniques in additive manufacturing is thermography. In this study, features extracted from thermographic data are utilized to investigate the thermal history of cylindrical metal parts. The influence of process parameters, part geometry and scan strategy on the local heat distribution and on the resulting part porosity are presented. The suitability of the extracted features for in-situ process monitoring is discussed. T2 - Thermosense: Thermal Infrared Applications XLIII CY - Online meeting DA - 12.04.2021 KW - SWIR camera KW - Additive manufacturing (AM) KW - Selective laser melting (SLM) KW - Laser beam melting (LBM) KW - In-situ monitoring KW - Infrared thermography PY - 2021 SN - 978-1-5106-4324-6 DO - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2587913 VL - 11743 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - SPIE - The international society for optics and photonics AN - OPUS4-52535 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander T1 - Tales from Within: Residual Stress and Void Formation in LPBF 316L N2 - An unusual microstructure, inherent residual stresses and void formation are the three key aspects to control when assessing metallic parts made by LPBF. This talk explains an experiment to unravel the interlinked influence of the two mechanisms for the formation of residual stresses in LPBF: the temperature gradient mechanism and constricted solidification shrinkage. The impact of each mechanism on the shape and magnitudes of the residual stress distribution is described. Combined results from neutron diffraction, X-ray diffraction, computed tomography and in-situ thermography are presented. Also, influence of scan strategies as well as surface roughness of subjacent layers on void formation is shown. Results from computed tomography and in-situ thermography of a specimen dedicated to study the interaction of the melt pool with layers of powder underneath the currently illuminated surface are presented. T2 - 2nd Workshop on In-situ Monitoring and Microstructure Development in Additive Manufacturing CY - Online meeting DA - 19.04.2021 KW - Neutron diffraction KW - Laser powder bed fusion KW - In-situ thermography KW - Computed tomography KW - X-ray diffraction KW - Residual stress KW - Pore formation KW - AISI 316L PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52819 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander A1 - Mohr, Gunther A1 - Altenburg, Simon A1 - Oster, Simon A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane A1 - Bruno, Giovanni ED - Czujko, T. ED - Benedetti, M. T1 - Can Potential Defects in LPBF Be Healed from the Laser Exposure of Subsequent Layers? A Quantitative Study N2 - Additive manufacturing (AM) of metals and in particular laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) enables a degree of freedom in design unparalleled by conventional subtractive methods. To ensure that the designed precision is matched by the produced LPBF parts, a full understanding of the interaction between the laser and the feedstock powder is needed. It has been shown that the laser also melts subjacent layers of material underneath. This effect plays a key role when designing small cavities or overhanging structures, because, in these cases, the material underneath is feed-stock powder. In this study, we quantify the extension of the melt pool during laser illumination of powder layers and the defect spatial distribution in a cylindrical specimen. During the LPBF process, several layers were intentionally not exposed to the laser beam at various locations, while the build process was monitored by thermography and optical tomography. The cylinder was finally scanned by X-ray computed tomography (XCT). To correlate the positions of the unmolten layers in the part, a staircase was manufactured around the cylinder for easier registration. The results show that healing among layers occurs if a scan strategy is applied, where the orientation of the hatches is changed for each subsequent layer. They also show that small pores and surface roughness of solidified material below a thick layer of unmolten material (>200 µm) serve as seeding points for larger voids. The orientation of the first two layers fully exposed after a thick layer of unmolten powder shapes the orientation of these voids, created by a lack of fusion. KW - Computed tomography KW - Laser Powder Bed Fusion KW - In situ monitoring KW - infrared Thermography KW - Optical Tomography KW - Additive manufacturing KW - AISI 316L PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-528778 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/met11071012 VL - 11 IS - 7 SP - 1012 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-52877 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Portella, Pedro Dolabella A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander A1 - Evans, Alexander A1 - Altenburg, Simon A1 - Ehlers, Henrik A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai A1 - Mohr, Gunther T1 - Monitoring additive manufacturing processes by using NDT methods N2 - In this presentation we discuss the online monitoring of metallic AM parts produced by the Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) process by using optical, thermographic and electromagnetic methods. In a first approach we present the detection of defects generated during the process and discuss how to improve these methods for the optimization of design and production of metallic AM parts. T2 - ABENDI - Workshop CY - Online meeting DA - 19.11.2020 KW - Additive Fertigung PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-52042 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -